Regional EnvironmentalAssessment (REA) of the Kribi Region National HydrocarbonCorportion (SNH) 25 February 2008 Report 9S9906 -a*a, s a a ROYAL HASKONIIYQ HASKONING NEDERLAND B.V. ENVIRONMENT George Hintzenweg85 P.O.Box 8520 Rollerdam 3009 AM The Netherlands t31 (0)lO443 36 66 Telephone 00 31 104433688 Fax info@ronerdam.royaIhaskoning.com E-mail www.royalhaskoning.com Internet Arnhem 09122561 CoC Document title RegionalEnvironmentalAssessment (REA) of the Kribi Region Document short title REA Kribi Status Report Date 25 February 2008 Project name Project number 9S9906 Client National HydrocarbonCorportion (SNH) Reference 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Drafted by A.Corriol, R.Becqu6, H.Thorborg, R.Platenburg, A.Ngapoud, G.Koppert, A.Froment, Checked by F.Keukelaar Datelinitials check ...................... ...................... Approved by R.Platenburg Datelinitials approval ...................... ...................... REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Abbrevlatlon Engllsh Engllsh French French usedIn report Abbrevlation Full text Abbreviation Full text NP NP National park PN Parc national OlTBC OlTBC Office lntercommunalede Tourismede la Bande CGtiere PAP PAP ProjectAffected People PASEM PASEM Projetd'accompagnement socio economique(du barrage Memve'ele) PNUDIUNDP UNDP United Nations Development PNUD Progammedes Nations Program Unies pour le Developpement PPPA Plan for the preservationof PPPA Plan pour la preservationdes indegeneouspeople peuplesautochtones PRS PRS Pressure ReductionStation RAP RAP Resettlement Action Plan PAR Pland'Action de Reinstallation RCA RCA Republic of CentralAfrica RepubliqueCentrafricaine ReCESSE Projectof Environmentaland ReCESSE Projetde Renforcementdes SocialCapacity Capacites Enhancement in the Energy Environnementaleset Sociales pour le Secteur de lPinergie SNH National hydrocarbon SNH Societe Nationaldes Corporation Hydrocarbures TOR Terms of references TdR Termes de references LIN UN United Nations NU Nations Unies UNlDO UNlDO United nations Industrial Development Organisation USAlD USAID United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment UTO Integratedmanagementarea UTO UniteTechnique of Campo-Ma'an OperationnelleCarnpo Ma'an VESHCs VESHCs Valued envitronmental,social and healthcomponents WB World Bank BM Banque Mondiale --- REA Kribi 9S99061R000051AC01Rott Report 25 February2008 CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT CONTEXT ................................................. 1 1.1 THEKRIBI REGION.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC BACKGROUND ............................................................................. 1 1.3 CLIENT ANDSTAKEHOLDERS .................................................................................................. 2 1.4 DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF AN REA ...................................................................................2 1.5 OBJECTNES OF THE REA ....................................................................................................... 3 1.6 SCOPE..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.6.1 Geographical scope....................................................................................................... 3 1.6.2 Aspects covered ............................................................................................................. 5 1.6.3 Project considered......................................................................................................... 5 1.6.4 Document and information considered ......................................................................... 5 1.7 STRUCTURE THISREA REPORT OF ..........................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 POLICY. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................7 2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................7 2.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Cameroon legislationframework ................................................................................ 7 2.2.2 International legislation .............................................................................................. 11 2.3 INST~~UTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Cameroons administrative institutions involved ....................................................... 14 2.3.2 Main Cameroons institutionsfor thisproject .............................................................. 14 2.3.3 Other institutions involved .......................................................................................... 15 2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE, FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANISATION .................................................16 2.4.1 Administrative and local organisation of the populations ...........................................16 2.4.2 Administrative structure .............................................................................................17 2.4.3 Organisation at village level ....................................................................................... 18 2.4.4 Formal and informal organisations ............................................................................ 18 2.5 OTHERIMPORTANTSTAKEHOLDERS FORTHIS STUDY...........................................................9 1 CHAPTER 3 BASELINE ............................................................................................................ 22 3.1 ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT........................................................................................................ 2 2 3.I .1 Geologyand ~ e d o l o ~ ~ ................................................................................................ 22 3.1.2 Climatic conditions...................................................................................................... 22 3.1.3 Hydrology and hydrology............................................................................................ 23 3.1.4 Marine environment and littoral ................................................................................. 24 3.2 BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Terrestrial environment............................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Protected areas and areas of high biodiversity...........................................................27 3.2.3 Marine environment .................................................................................................... 32 3.2.4 Biotic environment in the Kribi core region................................................................ 34 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ................................................................................................................. 35 3.3.1 Demography ................................................................................................................ 35 3.3.2 Population groups in the area..................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Administrative and local organisation of thepopulations...........................................42 3.3.4 Land tenure ................................................................................................................. 45 3.3.5 Publicfacilities ............................................................................................................ 47 REA Kribi - v - 9S9906/R00005/ACO~Rott Repon 25 February2008 3.3.6 Cultural heritage and archaeology ............................................................................. 51 3.4 ECONOMICACTIVITIES ......................................................................................................... 52 3.4.I Agro-industry ..............................................................................................................52 3.4.2 Forestry industry (logging concessions) ..................................................................... 54 3.4.3 Oil & Gas exploration and exploitation and related development............................. 57 3.4.4 Coastal sand mining.................................................................................................. 61 3.4.5 Mining ......................................................................................................................... 61 3.4.6 Industrialfishery ......................................................................................................... 62 3.4.7 Port traflc ...................................................................................................................63 3.4.8 Other industries...........................................................................................................64 3.4.9 Trade........................................................................................................................... 64 3.4.10 Tourism........................................................................................................................ 64 3.4.11 Eco-tourism ................................................................................................................. 67 3.5 FORESTRYMANAGEMENTAND CONSERVATION .................................................................... 67 3.5.1 Forest concessions system.......................................................................................... 67 3.5.2 Forestry in Kribi region.............................................................................................. 68 3.5.3 Responsibilities of stakeholders................................................................................... 69 3.5.4 Management ofprotected areas .................................................................................. 71 3.5.5 Generalproblem inprotected areas management.....................................................73 3.6 SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................... 75 3.6.1 Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 76 3.6.2 Fishing.........................................................................................................................78 3.6.3 Hunting........................................................................................................................ 81 3.6.4 Arts and crafts ............................................................................................................. 82 3.6.5 Local industry and trade ......................................... ................................................... 82 3.6.6 Periodic markets.......................................................................................................... 83 3.6.7 Summary of women's activities and gender issues...................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4 PROJECTS PLANNED AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS ................................85 4.1 PROJECTS............................................................................................................................. 85 4.1.1 Sanaga Sud gas exploitation and Central Processing Facility (CPF)........................87 4.1.2 Kribi Power Project (powerplant and transmission line).......................................... 89 4.1.3 Pipeline between the CPF and thepower station........................................................ 90 4.1.4 Industrial site at Bipaga 1............................................................................................ 92 4.1.5 Deep sea harbour and related development................................................................ 92 4.1.6 industrial estate (around deep sea harbour)............................................................... 95 4.1.7 LRs Mamelles iron mine exploitation (operator?)....................................................... 95 4.1.8 Precious stones exploration ........................................................................................96 4.1.9 Memve'ele dam N/A ....................................................................................................97 4.1.10 Marine Park ................................................................................................................98 4.1.11 Agro-industry andforestry expansion........................................................................99 4.1.12 Tourism...................................................................................................................... 100 4.1.13 Eco-tourismpromotion and developmenf................................................................ 100 4.1.14 Transport infrasfrucfureprojects .............................................................................. 100 4.2 DEVELOPMENT LAND USE PLANS ................................................................................100 AND 4.2.1 The dra8 zoning plan of the MEAO........................................................................... 100 4.2.2 Strategyfor Sustainable land useplanning in the coastal zone Kribi-Campo (2004)102 4.2.3 Integrated coastal zone managementproject ........................................................... 104 4.2.4 Other specific plans for the management of Campo-Ma'anNational Park ..............106 CHAPTER 5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................108 ... . REA Kribi - vi - 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 5.1 GENERAL APPROACH .......................................................................................................... 108 5.2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 108 5.2.1 Regional Environmental Assessment.........................................................................108 5.2.2 Cumulative efSects ..................................................................................................... 110 5.3 IMPACT SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 112 5.3.1 Industrial activities.................................................................................................... 112 5.3.2 Tourism...................................................................................................................... 112 5.3.3 Conservation ............................................................................................................. 112 5.3.4 Subsistence activities................................................................................................. 112 5.3.5 Housing ..................................................................................................................... 113 5.3.6 Induced sources of impacts ....................................................................................... 113 5.4 IMPACTED ELEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 115 5.4.1 Abiotic environment .................................................................................................. 115 5.4.2 Biotic environment .................................................................................................... 115 5.4.3 Climate change.......................................................................................................... 116 5.4.4 Socio-economic environment..................................................................................... 116 5.4.5 Health ........................................................................................................................ 116 5.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON THE ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................................... 117 5.5.1 Air quality.................................................................................................................. 117 5.5.2 Noise.......................................................................................................................... 119 5.5.3 Su$ace water quality and erosion /sedimentation ................................................... 120 5.5.4 Groundwater ............................................................................................................. 121 5.5.5 Marine water quality ................................................................................................. 122 5.5.6 Coastal erosion /sedimentation ................................................................................ 123 5.5.7 Landscape.................................................................................................................. 124 5.5.8 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 125 5.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON THE BIOTlC ENVIROhMENT .......................................................127 5.6.1 Vegetation................................................................................................................ 127 5.6.2 Terrestrial ecology .................................................................................................... 132 5.6.3 Marine ecology.......................................................................................................... 138 5.6.4 Habitats .....................................................................................................................142 5.6.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 145 5.7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND GREENHOUSEGAS ANALYSIS .........................................................148 5.7.1 Theproduction and use of electric energy ................................................................ 148 5.7.2 Fossilfuels................................................................................................................. I48 5.7.3 Changes in carbon stock ........................................................................................... 149 5.7.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 150 5.8 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ...................................................... 151 5.8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1.51 5.8.2 Zoning of the coastal area....................................................................................... 1.53 5.8.3 Cumulative impact of parallel projects ..................................................................... 154 5.8.4 Population ................................................................................................................ 155 5.8.5 Land use and patterns of land ownership and tenure.........................................155 5.8.6 Economic activities.................................................................................................... I56 5.8.7 Health and nutrition related impacts....................................................................... 158 5.8.8 Relations between industries and the localpopulation ............................................. 159 5.8.9 Planned development activities .................................................................................160 5.8.10 Community structure ................................................................................................. I61 5.8.11 Publicfacilities ........................................................................................................161 5.8.12 Cultural Heritage and archaeology .......................................................................... 161 5.8.13 Indigenous people...................................................................................................... 161 REA Kribi vii 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 5.8.14 Customs aspirations and attitudes............................................................................. 162 5.8.15 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 162 CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS TOWARDS AN OPTIMAL REGIONAL JNVESTMENT PLAN ...................................................................................................................165 6.1 SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PLANNING .................................................................................... 165 6.1.1 The draji zoning plan of the MEAO...........................................................................165 6.1.2 Strategyfor sustainable landplanning in the coastal zone Kribi-Campo (Tchawa. 2004) 167 6.1.3 Integrated coastal zone managementproject (GLCME. UNDP. ongoing)...............167 6.1.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).............................................................. 167 6.1.5 Follow up of the REA ................................................................................................167 6.2 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL. SOCIAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT ................................168 6.2.1 Preparation of appropriate environmental infrastructure ........................................ 169 6.2.2 Natural conservation................................................................................................. 169 6.2.3 Transport infrastructure management....................................................................... 170 6.2.4 Environmental control of marine traffic and practices at sea...................................170 6.2.5 Ensuring short-term and long-term benefitsfor the local populations .....................170 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ALTERNATIVES FOR PROJECTS ................................................... AND 170 6.4 FURTHER PROCESS TO INVESTMENT PLANNING .................................................................. 170 6.5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE.AND PRINCIPLES ................................................. 171 6.5.1 Sustainability and environmentalprinciple applicable............................................ 171 6.5.2 Instruments................................................................................................................ 174 CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONS TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY .................................................................................................5 1 7 7.1 M ~ G A T I OMEASURES...................................................................................................... N 175 7.1.1 Main relevant mitigation measuresfor a sustainable development of the Kribi region 175 7.1.2 Other relevant mitigation measures......................................................................177 7.1.3 Otherguidance onpossible mitigation measures......................................................178 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .......................................................................................... 178 7.3 INSPECTION ENFORCEMENT ........................................................................................ AND 179 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ........................................................................................... 180 7.5 CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING ...................................... 180 7.5.1 Consideration of the local context............................................................................. 180 7.5.2 General................................................................................................................... 180 7.5.3 Main recommendations............................................................................................. 181 7.5.4 Specific recommendations........................................................................................182 7.6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES RECOMMENDED ............................................................................... 184 CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR PROJECTS ...........200 8.1 RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVES OVERVIEW .......................................................................200 8 . 2 TRANSPORT CORRIDORS .....................................................................................................201 8.3 SUSTAINABLETRANSPORT IN THE REGION ..........................................................................203 8.4 COASTAL ZONE: KRIBI-LOLABE ......................................................................................... 203 8.5 K R ~CITY GROWTH ........................................................................................................... I 204 8.6 INTEGRATED NATURE CONSERVATION ZONING ................................................................... 204 8.7 DEEPSEA PORT................................................................................................................... 206 8.8 GAS-TO-POWER PROJECT ....................................................................................................206 8.8.1 The situation..........................................................................................................206 REA Kribi viii . 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 8.8.2 Recommendations which can still be applied considering the stage of advancement of the project .................................................................................................................................. 207 8.8.3 LRssons learned ......................................................................................................... 210 CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 212 CHAPTER 10 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................... 220 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 TABLES Table 1.1 . Methodologysteps of the REA for this project ................................................ 6 Table 2.1 . RelevantCameroonian Legislation.................................................................. 8 Table 2.2 . InternationalEnvironmentalAgreements relevant to Cameroon................... 12 Table 2.3 .Other ministries relevantfor this project........................................................ 15 Table 2.4 . Political structure in Cameroon:from the presidentto the village chief........17 Table 2.5 . Stakeholdersfor the Kribi regionto review.................................................... 19 Table 3-1. Rainfal (in mm) in the Kribi region.................................................................. 23 Table 3.2 . Biggesttowns and villages in the Ocean division according to the national census of 1987 ................................................................................................................ 36 Table 3.3 .Analysis of the Bagyeli-BakolaPygmies as a vulnerable indigenousgroup in regard to the World Bank's OP 4.20................................................................................ 41 Table 3.4 . Political structure in Cameroon: from the presidentto the village chief........42 Table 3.5 . Electricity supply in the southern province. Source (adapted from (Panerp, December2005)..............................................................................................................48 Table 3.6 . Electricity supply to public services. Source (adapted from (Panerp, December2005).............................................................................................................. 48 Table 3.7 . Presenceof hospitals, integrated health centers and other health facilities in the Ocean division (source: adapted from PNUD, 2000, page 74)................................. 50 Table 3.8 . Educationalfacilities in the Ocean division (source: adapted from PNUD, 2000, page 77)................................................................................................................ 50 Table 3.9 .Typical agricultural rotations in the Kribi area................................................77 Table 3-10. Maritime, continental and fish-pond fishing in the south province (source: PNUD, 2000) ................................................................................................................... 79 Table 4.1 . Project activities planned in the Kribi region.................................................. 85 Table 4.2 .Summary of the coastal zoning plan as part of the Sustainable land use strategy of the Kribi-Campocoastal zone .................................................................... 102 Table 5-1. Impactson air quality ................................................................................... 118 Table 5.2 . Overview of cumulative potential impactsof the abiotic environment,their magnitude, major sources and locations.......................................................................125 Table 5.3 . Overview of potential cumulative impactsof the biotic environment,their magnitude, major sources and locations....................................................................... 145 Table 5.4 .-Summary of present knowledge of projects related study area............... 151 Table 6-1: Basic principlesof Sustainabilityfor businesses......................................... 173 Table 7-1. Recommendationtable ................................................................................ 185 Table 10.1 . Comparisonof impacts of planned situation and alternatives for the Gas-to- power project ..................................................................................................................... 3 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 FIGURES Figure 1-1Vissualisationof the Core Kribi region and the Kribi region.............................4 Figure 3-1. Landcover .................................................................................................... 26 Figure3.2 . Map of high conservationhotspotsin Campo Ma'an ...................................30 Figure3.3 . Landuse visualizationthrough Google Earth map.......................................37 Figure3.4 . Logging concessions in the area: situation by May 31'' 2006......................56 Figure 3.5 . Fish and shrimp productionin the littoral province by industrial and artisanal fishing.(Source. drawnfrom data of MlNEPlA littoral,cited by Envi, 2007)....................63 Figure3.6 . Import and Export volume of the autonomous port of Kribi. (Source: graph derivedfrom data compiledby Envi (2000))................................................................... 64 Figure3.7 . FMU Management Plan Status.................................................................... 69 Figure3.8 .Zoning Plan-Timber Extraction.................................................................. 69 Figure3.9 . Irregularitiesin logging license activities in the 1997-1998 period...............74 Figure3-10. Time budgetsof men and women among Yassa fishermen, Mvae agriculturalistand Bakola hunter-gatherers(adaptedfrom Pasquet eta1. 1996)...........78 Figure4.1 . Map of the Kribi region with all projects planned in the region.....................86 Figure4.2 . SanagaSouth gas exploitation and CPF site location.................................87 Figure4.3 . Site map of the EIA (Oct.2006).................................................................... 88 Figure4.4 . Site map of SNH (Dec.2007) ....................................................................... 88 Figure4.5 . Locationof the Kribi Power Project (power plant andtransmissionline).....89 Figure4.6 .Site description.............................................................................................. 90 Figure4.7 . Routeof the pipeline betweenthe CPF (Bipanga I)andthe power plant (Mpongowe 11) .................................................................................................................. 91 Figure4.8 . Locationof Mbalam Iron ore mine................................................................ 93 Figure4.9 . Possiblelocationsof the deep sea port (Grand Batangaand Lolabe)........ 95 Figure4.10 . Schematizationof the Draft zoning planof the MEAO.............................101 Figure4-11.Visualisationof the zoning plan as part of the Sustainableland use strategy of the Kribi-Campocoastal zone ................................................................................... 103 Figure4.12 . Master ManagementPlanfor the development of the UTO of Campo Ma'an ................................................................................................................................. 106 Figure4.13 . Compatibilityof Land UtilisationTypes.................................................... 106 Figure5.1 . Illustrationof the cumulativeeffects of direct and indirect sources of impacts and impacts ................................................................................................................... 110 Figure5.2 . Illustrationof the cumulativeeffects of direct and indirectsources in the future.............................................................................................................................. 111 Figure5-3: Focussingon Effectson VESHCs .............................................................. 111 Figure5.4 . Illustrationof the importanceof inducedimpacts....................................... 113 Figure5.5 . Heavilydisturbedvegetation in part of the Kribi region.............................. 128 Figure5.6 . Map showing the disturbanceof areas in Campo Ma'an and surroundings ....................................................................................................................................... 144 Figure5-7.- Main livingconditions improvement actions ac cited by the households classified as "poor". (source: Ecam2, 2002. table 7.3)..................................................162 Figure6-1.Smart growth principles .............................................................................. 172 Figure6.2 . Interventionlevels and activities in a multi-levelstakeholder approachto sustainableland management (source: [4])..................................................................174 Figure8.1 .Overview of all existing activtities (blue).projects planned (red)and recommendedalternative (orange)............................................................................... 200 Figure 10.1 . Gas-to-powerproject such as plannedand alternativesproposed..............2 Figure 10-2:Costs comparisonof locationalternatives from the Kribi power project ESHlA................................................................................................................................ 9 REA Kribi .xi . 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 ANNEXES Annex 1. Terms of Reference Annex 2. Planning of the project execution Annex 3. Cumulativeeffects assessment using VESH's Annex 4. Environmentaland social impacts of mining Annex 5. Health impacts of industrialdevelopmentprojects Annex 6. Socio-economicanalysis of the gas-to-power project Annex 7. Location of the Bakola Pygmy settlements and huntingareas in South West Cameroon Annex 8. Inflation monitoringduring the pipeline construction Annex 9. Archaeology within the region of Kribi Annex 10. a) Minutes of the Stakeholders'workshop,at Kribi, 14 February2008 b) Workshop agenda, list of presence, opening and closure speech. Annex 11 Lessons learned: Example of analysis of alternitivesfor the gas-to-power project which could have been carried out -~ REA Kribi - xii - 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONAND PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 The Kribi region The Kribi regionlies at the Gulf of Guinea coast, in Cameroon. Administratively, it is locatedin boththe department of the Ocean, Province of the South and in the department of the Sanaga-Maritime,from the Province of Littoral. The region is relatively densely populated along the coast and is known for its tourist activities. The town of Kribi is a beach resort and sea port at the mouth of the Kienke River. It has an estimated populationof 60,000(2007). It services sea traffic in the Gulf of Guinea. Lately, few Oil and Gas developments have taken place (e.g. Chad-Cameroonpipeline, which terminus ends South of Kribitown) and moredevelopments are planned (especiallydevelopment of the gas field Sanaga South and construction of the AES SONEL power station, as indicatedinthe Terms of Reference). AES Sonel and SNH / PERENCOhave preparedtwo project based Environmental Assessment Reports (EAs). These EAs analyze the direct impactsof the respective projects, but do not analyzethe indirect,inducedand cumulative environmental and social impacts on a wider regional scale taking into account economic activities which are already existing, which are under construction and which are being planned in a 10 to 15year time frame. 1.2 Politicaland strategic background Electricityshortage The country of Cameroonfaces a serious problem on energy supply, and especially electricitysupply. It is expectedthat if no other power is supplied, the country will encounter extreme shortage of electricity in three years time. To remedy this in the short term, a power plantof a 88 MW will be urgently set up in the coming years, South of Douala. This plant will be poweredby oil. In this respect, the implementation of the AES Sonel power plant in Kribi, which will supply 155 MW (at first, and can be later increasedto 300MW) is essential for the development of the country as a whole. Inthis, the stake of this project,goes beyondthe Kribi region, and is of national interest. WB project In line with the above mentioned energy problem, the REA KribiProject is also meant to give a basis for a new World Bank (WB) programme "Project of Environmentaland Social Capacity Enhancementin the Energysector" in Cameroon, named in short ReCESSE, which stands in French for "Projet de Renforcementdes Capacites Environnementaleset Sociales pour le Secteur de ~'~nergie". This WB Project was formulated after a mission of the World Bank in Cameroon in November 2007. The objective of this programme is to: REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO~Rott Report - 1 - 25 February2008 "Alignthe investments in the energy and hydrocarbonsare to international norms and practices in environmentaland social management." The project should have the following components in order to achieve the above objective: 1) Support of the CPSP in order to sustainthe gain of the CAPECE Project. 2) Support to the Ministry of the Environmentand Nature Protectionof (MINEP) in order to ensure that MINEPcan play its role properly (i.e. control of environmentaland social aspects) in the big infrastructureprojects. 3) Supportto the Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEE) in order to enable it to implement the Energy Master Plan (PDSE,from the French"Plan de Developpementdu Secteur de ll~nergie"). 4) Set up of a nationalframework for the management of social aspects in big projectsaccording to International norms and practices by the Ministries of Social, Health, Culture, andTerritory Affairs. This should be done together with the support of NGOs and the civil society. Inthis, the project under consideration,i.e. REA Kribi,should bear in mind ReCESSEobjectives and components and aim to provide a basis for later implementationof the ReCESSEfour components. 1.3 Client and stakeholders The National Hydrocarbons Corporation (SNH) is the client. The project was advised by the World Bank which may support SNH technically in managingthis study. This study involves the consultation of the public on the results of the REA. That means that local stakeholders,potentially affected people, nationals NGOs and interestedparties will be consulted. 1.4 Definitionand purpose of an REA According to the World Bank,the definition of an REA is as follow: Reglonal environmental assessment (REA) is a tool to help developmentplannersdesign investmentstrategies, programsand projectsthat are environmentallysustainablefor a region as a whole. REAstake into accountthe opportunitiesand limitationsrepresentedby the environmentof a region and assesses on-going and plannedactivities from a regionalperspective. REA Sourcebookupdatenb 15of the WorldBank(1996) An REA is a Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment (SEA)for a region. The definitionof a SEA is, accordingto the World Bank: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool for includingenvironmentalconsiderations into policies, plans, and programsat the earliest stages of decisionmaking.SEA extends the applicationof environmentalassessments(EAs) from projects to policies, programs,and plans. Ideally, SEA is participatory,giving voice to those affected by policy, programs, and plans. EnvironmentalStrategy Notes nb 14, (June 2005), Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment Concept and Practice - An SEA serves for planning purposes. It is it a great tool to integrate all existing governmentorientations,directions and policies as well as requirementsof existing and REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 applicable national and international regulations in a concrete land use planning and/or environmental strategy. The essence of a SEA or REA is to compare the carrying (or absorption) capacity of an area to the types of impacts inducedby a certain number of projects planned. The absorption capacity for these developmentsalso determines to what extent negative effects will occur; it can have important impacts on people living in the area. The carrying capacity of an area is a combinationof: , Its ecolological carrying capacity (i.e. how much pollutioncan a fish absorb before it dies) The managingcapacity (if potentialimpacts can be properly mitigated, less impacts can be expected. However,if the managingcapacity is low, high impactscan be expected.) Inthis, recommendationsof this REA study focus on Minimising the negative impacts by proposing mitingationsandlor compensation measures Enhancingthe carrying capacity of the regionby environmental conservation, ESH managementand capacity enhancement and institutional strengthening. 1.5 Objectives of the REA The main objective of the Regional EnvironmentalAssessment is to look beyondthe Environmental, Health and Socio-economicimpact assessments (ESHIA) of the known energy-relatedprojectslactivities' and specifically analyze the indirect, inducedand cumulative environmental and social impacts in the Kribi region (with a focus on the core Kribi region) from existing projects, projects under construction and plannedwithin a 10 to 15 year time frame. The REA shall also evaluate how the region would look like in 15 years from now if no adequate action is taken. Basedon this analysis an Action Plan needsto be developed to keep the economic developmentof the Kribi region on a sustainable development path. 1.6 Scope 1.6.1 Geographical scope After the first scoping mission,the geographical scope was agreed on, as well as the distinction between the 'Kribi region' and the 'Core Kribi region'. These two geographical areas are defined below for the purpose of this study. the Kribi region: The Kribi region is approximatelydefined by the Ocean department (South province) and the Western part of the Sanaga Maritimedepartment (Littoral province). The known energy-related projectslactivities in the Kribi region are defined by: Projects (i) the Sanaga Sud offshore gas exploitation and related onshore gas treatment plant (project of SNH 1Perenco), and (ii) the power plant and transmission line (project of AES Sonel) and, On-goingactivities: (i) the Chad - Cameroon Oil Pipeline (COTCO), (ii) Ebomb oil exploitation platform (Perenco) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 o Northernborder: till and includingthe Edba-DoualaFauna reserve, o Southern border: till the boarder with Equatorial Guinea o Western border:the marine area off the coast will be considered.There is no exact limit agreed on how far off the coast, however, marineactivitieswhich have influenceon the Kribi region should be considered. o Easternborder: the one of the Oceandepartment The REA study will describethe environmental, socio-economic and health context within the Kribi region, within the limitationof time, resources and informationavailable. the 'Core Kribi region': The Core Kribi region focuses on the closer surrounding of Kribi city, about 40 Kms North, South, East andWest of Kribi city. o Northern border: till and includingthe SNH site, for the gas exploitation and treatment project. This area is called Bipaga. o Southernborder:till and includingthe mine exploitationproject site of Camlron. This area is called 'Les Mamelles', close to 'Le Rocher du Loup'. o Western border:the marine area off the coast up to and includingthe offshore petroleuminstallations(FSU, Perencooil platforms). o Eastern border: about 20 Kms East of Kribitown The REA study will assess the environmental,socio-economicand health impactsof the projects and activitieswithin the Core Kribi region, consideringthe broader context of the Kribi region. The Core Kribi region will be the focus of this study, as indicatedin the Terms of Reference (TOR,see Annex 1). Figure 1-1Vissualisatlonof the Core Kribl regionand the Krlbi region - - -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/R0tt Report -4 - 25 February 2008 1.6.2 Aspects covered The REA will cover environmentaland socio-economicaspects, which will be defined as follows for the purpose of this project: the natural environment(on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, water quality in the rivers and streams, flora and fauna, protectedareas) the physical environment (water, air, soil,), human health ((e.g. AIDS and other health impacts, requirements for medical facilities) and the socio-economicsetting (e.g. safety, community, cultural, heritage, regional economical activities,quality of life, recreationalareas) 1.6.3 Projectconsidered The study will consider the projects having possible impacts on the Kribi region (see previous section for geographicaldefinition). In this, nationalprojects further away from the Kribi regionwill not be considered, but the infrastructurepassing through the Kribi region will be considered (when known). A lot of projects have been identified.The implementationof some projects of those is sometimes ambiguous. This will be mentionedand further research will attempt to get a more concrete idea of the realisticimplementationof those projects. 1.6.4 Document and informationconsidered The REA study will take as a basis, as indicated in the TOR: the two EA reportsprepared by AES Sonel and SNH1PERENCO, the EA prepared by Exxon for the Chad CameroonOil Pipeline, - EAs prepared for other projectsin the Kribi regionand the MEAO (Missiond'Etude pour I'Amenagementde I'Oceana Kribi) documents which deals with the planningof the zoning and sustainable development in the Kribi region. Further,a lot of informationand documentswere sought through Internet. Documentsused and sources of informationare listed in the Chapter 9, References. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 0 F1 n n r n U U U ROYAL WnTIoI~ma Structure of this REA report 'The structureof the REA report will follow the steps of the REA study, as indicatedin Table 1-1The methodology is further explain in section 5.1. Table 1-1. Methodologysteps of the REAfor thls project REA step Step 1. (incl. Environmentaland socio-economic Iselected actions on ulative analysis of the REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 CHAPTER 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction Internationally,the World Bank provides guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment and REA (REA sourcebook, update nb 15, dated June 1996). Only few countries in the world have integratedthe regional andlor cumulative assessment intheir impact assessment regulation and recommendedmethods. Canada has specific regulation on cumulative impacts and has developed methodology guidelines for cumulative assessment.The Netherlands,the concept of cumulative impacts is integratedin the impacts assessment regulation. In Cameroon, there is no legislation, nor guideline on Regional Environmental Assessment and/or cumulative impacts. However, there is legislation on Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA). Being at its early days, the EIA legislationis getting slowly in the Cameroons business culture. Notably,the EIA fees that project developers needto pay makethe application of the EIA legislation possible only to large companies 1 projectsfor the time being. The chapter "Policy, legal and administrativeframework"of the REA report will list the policy and regulation which affects the most this project, for instance,the Cameroons EIA regulation and the applicable World Bank guidelines. Moreover,the administrative institutionsconcerned will be listed. 2.2 Legislativeframework 2.2.1 Cameroon legislationframework lntroductionto Cameroon'slegislativeframework 'The leaal system The legal framework in Cameroonis made up of legislative and regulatory instruments: Legislative instrumentsare made up of Laws; and Regulatory Instrumentsare composed of Decreesand Rules. Laws are preparedby Sectorial Ministries and forwarded to the national assembly. Duringworking sessions, these are adopted by membersof parliament and later on enactedby the headof state. A law is generally a framework of interventionwithin a specific sector. To be implemented, it needs regulatory instruments,which are called decrees of application. Ministrieswho have preparedthe concerned law preparedecrees, which are then signed by the Prime Minister Head of Government. To be more detailed, a Decree sometimes needs implementation Rules. The Rule is preparedby the Ministry and signed by the Minister, after a visa from the Services of Prime Minister. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 The application of all legislative and regulatoryinstruments is compulsoryfor all citizens and project promoters.These instrumentsare therefore provided with sanctions for defaulters, which vary from prison sentence to fine payment, dependent on the gravity of the fault. Awareness of environmental issues All land use, construction, equipment or settlement projects which are likely to be prejudicialto the environmentin Cameroondue to their size, their nature or the impacts of associated activities on natural environment,have been, since the1990's, governed by the environmental regulation,with the issuance of the lawn "96112 of 5th~ugust, 1996on environmental management. This law was reinforced with implementation rules in 2005, includingthe decree n "2005 105771pm of 23rd February,2005 on the proceduresfor the implementationof environmentalimpacts assessments, and the order n"0069lMINEP of 8th March, 2005 to determinethe different types of activities to be carried out according to prescribed specifications,an impact assessmentto evaluate the direct or indirect impacts of such activities on the environmentalequilibrium of the establishmentarea or any other region,the livingenvironmentof the populationsand the quality of their life, as well as the impacts on environment in general The considerationof environmentalconcerns by the State falls in line with the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as this resultedin the establishment,inthe same year (1992),of the Ministerede IIEnvironnementet des For& (MINEF)(Ministryof Environmentand Forest resources) by Decree n"921069 of 9th April, 1992. This environmental awareness was translated into facts in the mid of 1990'sthrough the establishmentof specific bodies in charge of environmental issues within the organisationalcharts of several ministries and State-own-companies;these includethe ministries in charge of mines,Water, Energy and Public works,, ...the enactment of the law on environmental management sanctioned the adoption of a number of principles applicableto all economicoperators, includingthose in the oil and gas industry,officially makingthem responsiblefor not offsettingleliminating environmentalrisks that are potentially linkedto their activities. Overview of Cameroon legislation, standards and guidelines The main laws and regulations of relevanceto this project are summarised in Table 2-1 below.There are currently no specific nationalstandardsfor water quality, air quality and noise limits. Acceptable levels for environmental noise are in preparation. Inthe absence of national standards, recognised internationalstandardscan be adopted. Table 2-1. Relevant Cameroonian Legislation Subject LawJD~reeJOrder Environmental Law N "96/12 of 5thAugust 1996 Relating to Environmental Managementin Cameroon Management Decree N"2001/718/PMof 3 September2001 The organization and functioning of the Interministerialcommittee on the Environment Decree 94/25!3/PM of 31 May 1994. Creation of a Nationalconsultative Commission on the Environmentaland sustainable Development. Decree N "2005/0577/PMof 23 February2005 Defining the conditions for undertaking EIA Ministerial OrderNo0069/MINEPof 08 March2005 Defining the categories of - operations subject to EIA Rule n "0070/MINEPof 22nd April 2005 fixing the differentcategoriesof operations submitted to the realizationof an ElA (art~cle19of thelaw) Cultural Law N "91/008 of 30 July 1991 - Theprotection of cultural and national heritage. Heritage Thts law identifies the procedures for protection of sites and materials of cultural and REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 national heritage. It appliesto cultural sites that may be found along the projected line corridor. Dangerous Law n" 9 ~ 0 1of5 14July 1998 Relating to installations classifiedas dangerous, - Substances insalubrious, and inconvenient Decree N "9W81WPM of November 1999- Laying down conditionsfor construction and operation of installationsclassifiedas dangerous, insalubrious,and inconvenient Water Law No. 98/005dated 14April 1998-relating to water (the Water Act"); Decree No.2001/1W P Mdated 8 May 2001 "Decreeon Utilisation of Water", which sets - the conditions of utilisationof water for business or industrialpurposes Decree No. 2001/165/PMof 8 May 2001decree on the "Protectionof Water",which sets the conditions of the protection of surfaceand groundwater against pollution Wildlifeand Law N"94/01of 20th January 1994to lay down Forestry, Wildlifeand Fisheries Regulations Forestry This law and the implementing instruments thereof lay down forestry,wildlife and fisheries policy,withinthe framework of an integrated management ensuring sustainable conservationand use of the said resources and of variousecosystems. Under this law, forests means any land covered by vegetation,with a predominance of trees, shrubs and other species capable of providing products other than agricultural produce. Wildlifewithin the context of this law means all the species belonging to any natural ecosystem as well as all animal species captured from their natural habitat for domestication purposes. Fisheries or fishing,withinthe context of this law, means the act of capturing or of harvesting any fishery resources or any activity that may lead to the harvesting or capturing of fishery resources,includingthe proper management and use of the aquatic environment,with a view to protecting the animal species therein by the total or partial control of their life cycle. Fishery resources within the context of this law, means fish, seafood,molluscs and algae from the marine,estuarine and fresh water environments,including sedentary animals in such environments. Decree n "95-531-PMof 23rdAugust 1995to determine the conditionsfor implementation of Forestry Regulations TheDecree n "95-466-PMof 20thJuly 1995to lay down the conditions for the implementation of WildlifeRegulations Decree n "95-678-PMof 18thDecember 1995to establishan indicativeframework for land use in the southern forested areas. -- Electricity Law N"9W022of 24 December 1998. TheRegulation of the ElectricityIndustry. The law enables the government to operate the electricity generation and supply industry through a concession and establishes the Agence de Regulation du Secteur Electricite - ARSEL (the Electricity Regulation Agency)to regulate the industry.ARSEL is required to ensure that electricity operations respect environmental legislation. Decree N "99/125of 15Jan 1999;The Organizationand functioningof the Agency for the Regulation of the ElectricityIndustry;Electricity Decree 2000/464of 20 June 2000 Register of Activitiesof the Electricity Industry. Land OrdinanceNo. 74-2dated 6July 1974- relating to the status of the public domainin Cameroon (the "LandCode'?. Decree No. 76-166 dated 27April 1976-relatingto the management of the national domain (the "National Domain Decree'?; Decree No. 76-167dated 27April 1976-relating to themanagement of the private domain (the "PrivateDomain Decree"). Compulsory Law n "85/009of 4 July 1985- CompulsoryAcquisitionof a Public Utility Decree (PUD)and Acquisition payment of compensation the Environment. MinisterialOrder N "0136/Y.14.4/MINDAF/D220and 0137N.14.4/MINDAF/D220of 26th August 2005 - DeclarirrgPublic Utility for the Constructionof the Kribi Gas firedpower plant and the 225KV Transmissionline from Kribi to Edea respectively.- Valuation Rule n "00832/4-15-1/MINUH/D.000of 1985providing the basis for calculation constructionsvalues Rule n"13-MINAGRIIDAGof 19thFebruary 1982modifying the Rule n "58/MINAGRIof 13thAugust 1981fixing the indemnity tariffs to owners of crops and houses destroyed during a project implementation REA Kribi 9S9906/ROOOO5IACOIRott Report - 9 - 25 February 2008 Focuson environmentallaw General ~rovisionsof the framework law The CameroonianConstitution's preambleprovidesthat each individual has the right to clean environment and that, even though environmental protection is a duty for each citizen, the State is ultimately responsiblefor the management andthe protectionof the environment. The "Plan Nationalde Gestion Environnementale"(National Environmental Management Plan) in Cameroon (PNGE) was developedand adoptedin 1996.This plan is supportedby the framework law n "96112 of 5th August, 1996on environmental management in the country. The Ministry of Environmentand Nature Protectionis in charge of the implementationof the PNGE. The Law 96112 of 5th August, 1996establishes the general legal frameworkfor environmental management in Cameroon, and providesfor the issuance of implementationdecrees, a couple of which were issued in 2005 through the Prime Minister's Decree n "2005 I0577lpm of 23rd February, 2005, which laid down the proceduresfor the implementationof the EnvironmentalImpacts Assessments, and the ministerial order n "0069 / MlNEP of 8IhMarch,2005 determiningthe different types of activities that are subject to preliminaryenvironmentalimpact assessments. 1) Public and private institutions shall, within the framework of their competencies, sensitize all the populationson environmentalissues; 2) Therefore, institutions shall include in their programmesactivities aiming at disseminating better environmentalknowledge. The promoter or owner of any development activity, labour, equipments or projects which can be a threat to the environmentdue to their size, their nature or the impact of these activities on the natural environment,shall carry out an impact assessment, in accordancewith the prescribed specifications.This assessment determinesthe direct or indirectimpact of this project on the environmentalequilibrium of the area where the factory is locatedor in any other region,the physicalenvironment of the populations and the quality of their life, as well as the impact on the environment in general. S~ecificationsof the environmental reaulation The implementationdecree (n "2005 105771PMof February23rd 2005) of the framework law, stipulatesthe regulatoryproceduresfor the realisation of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Cameroon. Focuson the legalframework for forestry management in Cameroon The Forestry law (No 94-01) of January 1994lays downthe regulations of forest management in Cameroon. Severaldecrees of implementationhavesince followed that give a more detaileddescription of various aspects of the forestry law. Examples are decree No 95-531-PM of august 1995 (conditionsof implementationof forestry regulations),decree no 95-678-PMof 18 December 1995 (establishan indicative framework for land use in the Southern Forestedareas) and decree no 96-238-PMof 10 April 1996 (todeterminethe enumerationfor services rendered under the implementationof forestry and wildlife regulations) [FGF, 20071. In addition to the national legal framework, Cameroon has signed several internationaltreaties that affect forest management in Cameroon, notablythe 1992 'Rio convention on biodiversity', REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 1995 'Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance' and the Convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES). The 1994 Forestry law recognizestwo main types of forest [Cominsud, 20071: 1) Permanentforest, landthat is used solely for forestry or as a wildlife habitat. 2) Non permanentforest, forested landthat may be used for other purposes than forestry. Within the permanentforest domain, there are dominial forests, ownedby the state or privateentities, and communalforests, owned by a municipality. Within the non-permanentforest domain, there are communityforests, managedby a community but owned by the state, and other forests, which may include privateforests or forests that await designation. The forestry law identifies two categories of protectedareas and forest reserves: 1. Protectedareas for wildlife: o National parks o Game reserves o Huntingareas o Game ranches belonging to the state o Wildlife sanctuaries o Buffer zones o Zoological gardens belongingto the state 2. Forest reserves: o Integratedecological reserves o Productionforests o Protectedforest o Recreationforest o Teaching and researchforest o Plant life sanctuary o Forest plantation[Cominsud,20071 International legislation World Bank and IFC standards This REA being financed by the World Bank (WB),WB standards apply and will prevail. 'The WB standards applicable are: The World Bank Safeguard Policies,the most relevantfor this project are: o Operational Policy 4.01: EnvironmentalAssessment, January 1999 o Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats,January 2001 o Operational Policy4.36: Forestry,January 2002 o Operational Policy 4.10: Indigenous Peoples,July 2005 o Operational Policy7.60: Projects in DisputedAreas, January 2001 PollutionPreventionand Abatment HandbookGuidelines, 1998 Some other specific guidance of the WB relevantfor this projectare: Environmental Assessment Source book and updates, and particularly: Update No. 7 - Coastal Zone Management and EnvironmentalAssessment, March 1994 ( Update No. 15 - Regional EnvironmentalAssessment, June 1996( Update No. 20 - Biodiversityand EnvironmentalAssessment, October 1997 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 In addition, some of the privatedevelopers of the projectspart of this REA have applied or may apply for IFC financing. It is the case of the Kribi power projectfrom AES Sonel. The following lFCs documents and policies may be applicable (dependingon the projects andfinancing): lFCs 1998 Procedurefor EnvironmentalandSocial Review Projects; lFCs Policy on Social and EnvironmentalSustainability (30 April 2006); lFCs PerformanceStandards on Social and EnvironmentalSustainability (30 April 2006); IFC Environmental,Health and Safety Guidelines lFCs Policy on Disclosureof Information(30 April 2006);and InternationalProtocols,Agreements and Treaties In line with OP4.01, Tables 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 identifythe internationalenvironmental and social Protocols,Agreements and Treaties to which Cameroonis a party respectively.In addition, Cameroonis a party to the following regional agreements: African Conventionon the conservationof Nature and Natural Resources (Maputo Convention of 11th July 2003) Bamako Conventionon the ban of the import into Africa and the control of transboundary movement and management of hazardous wastes within Africa (or Agreement of implementationof Basel convention in Africa). Treaty relative to the conservationof biodiversityand sustainable management of forest ecosystems in Central Africa (April2006). Table2-2. InternationalEnvironmentalAgreements relevant to Cameroon Issue Conventionand Objective Cameroon Status Biodiversity Conventionon BiologicalDiversity Ratified Objective: To develop national strategies for the 19 October 1994 conservation and sustainableuse of biologicd diversity (Openedfor signature: 5 June 1992, in force as of: 29 ---- December 1993) Climate Change UnitedNations Framework Conventionon Climate Change Ratified Objective: To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas 19 October 1994 concentrations in the atmosphereat a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interferencewith climate system (Openedfor signature: 9 May 1992, in force : 21 March 1994) Desertification UnitedNations Conventionto CombatDesertificationin Ratified, 1994 ThoseCounMesExperiencingSerious Droughtand/or Desertification,ParticularlyinAfrica Objective: to combat desertification and mitigatethe effects of drought through national actionprograms that incorporate long-termstrategies supported by internationalcooperation and partnership arrangements (Openedfor signature: 14 October 1994,in force as of: 26 December 1996) -- Endangered Conventionon the InternationalTrade in Endangered Partyto. Species Species of WildFloraandFauna[CITES) L- Objective: to protectcertainendangeredspecies from overexploitationby means of an importiexport permits (Openedfor signature: 3 March 1973, in force: 1 July 1975 Endangered Conventionon the Conservationof MigratorySpecies of Partyto Species WildAnimals Hazardous BaselConventionon the Contrqlof Transboundary Party to. Wastes Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal Objective: to reducetransboundary movementsof wastes REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005/ACO/Rolt Reporl 25 February 2008 Issue Conventlon and ObJectlveCameroon Status subject to the Conventionto a minimumconsistentwith the environmentally sound andefficientmanagement of such wastes; to minimizethe amount and toxicity of wastes generatedand ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation;and to assist Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in environmentallysound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate (Openedfor signature: 22 March 1989, inforce as of: 5 May 1992) Lawof the sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Party to. Objective:to set up a comprehensive new legal regimefor the sea and oceans; to includerules concerning environmentalstandardsas well as enforcement provisions dealingwith pollutionof the marine environment (Opened for signature: 10 December 1982, in force as of: 16 November 1994) Naturaland Convention on Protection of Natural and CulturalHeritage Ratified 1982 Cultural Heritage -- Nature and African Conventionon the Conservationof Nature and Ratified Natural Natural Resources 29 September Resources Objectiveisto ensure the conservation, utilisationand 1978 development of soil, water, flora and faunal resources in accordancewith scientificprinciples and with due regardto the best interests of the people (Algiers, 1968) Ozone layer Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Ratified protection Layer 30 August 1989 Objective: To protectthe ozone layer by controlling emissions of substances that deplete it (Openedfor signature: 16 September 1987, inforce as of: 1January 1989) Timber International TropicalTimberAgreement, 1994 Partyto to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropicaltimber originatefrom sustainably managedsources;to establish a fund to assist tropicaltimber producersin obtainingthe resourcesnecessaryto reachthis objective (openedfor signature - 26 January 1994, entered into force - 1 January 1997) Wetlands Conventionon Wetlandsof InternationalImportance Ratified2006 Especially as WaterfowlHabitat (Ramsad Objective: to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizingthe fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value (Openedfor signature: 2 February 1971, in force as of: 21 December 1975) Women's United Nations Conventionon the eliminationof all Forms of Ratified, Rights Discriminationagainst Women 1979 23 August 1994 'For the purposes of the presentConvention, the term "discriminationagainstwomen" shall mean any distinction, exclusionor restrictionmade on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairingor nullifyingthe recognition,enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their maritalstatus, on a basis of equalityof men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social,cultural,civil or any other field.' Rights of United Nations Conventionon the Rights of the Child 1989. Ratified, Children This outlines children's civil, politicaland basic humanrights January 1993 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 1 I I I Issue Convention and Objective Cameroon Status I - 1 l and includestheir right to education and to end child labour 1 and other forms of economic and or sexual exploitation. Torture The ConventionAgainst Tortureand Other Cruel, Inhuman Acceded, or DegradingTreatmentor Punishment(1984) 19 December Objective to achieve the abolition of torture and ill treatment 1986 worldwide 2.3 Institutional framework 2.3.1 Cameroons administrative institutionsinvolved While the President of the Republic is the supreme authority responsible for the formulation of the NationalEnvironmentalPolicy in Cameroon, the Government (i.e, the different ministries),in collaborationwith decentralizedterritorialcommunities, are in charge of the implementationof the said policy. Regarding the upstream hydrocarbon sector (explorationand production), the Ministry of mines, as the manager of the nationalmining sector, is the governmental partner to investors. This ministry is technically supportedby the "Societe Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH)" (National Hydrocarbon Company) which monitors and managesthe interestsof the State in this area of activity.Within the framework of the move to take environmentalconcerns into account, the Ministryof Environmentcoordinates the interventionof the State and is assisted by other technical ministries, includingthose in charge of Emergency Preparedness, fisheries, forest resources and fauna, .... Inthe event that the proposed projectcovers downstream activities with an impacton the productionof electrical energy, there is a needto recallthe roles and responsibilitiesof the institutionsin charge of this area of activity. These mainly includethe Ministryof Industry, the different Regulatory Agencies. 2.3.2 Main Cameroons institutionsfor this project The maint institutionsinvolvedin the implementation and monitoringof environment law in Cameroonand relevantto this REA project are: The Ministryof environment and nature protection(MINEP). The Ministryof planninification,development and land use (MINPLAPDAT) The Ministry of energy and water resources (MINEE) The Ministry of mines, industry and technicaldevelopment (MINIMIDT) The Inter-MinisterialCommittee of Environmentwhich is underthe responsibility of Ministry of Environment and Forestry; Consultative nationalcommissionof environment and sustainabledevelopment; The National Hydrocarbon Corporation (SNH) A short description of those Ministriesis given below. The Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection Establishedin 2005,the Ministryof Environment and Nature Protection(MINEP) is responsiblefor the development and the implementation of the nationalenvironmental policy, the mapping out of strategiesfor a sustainable managementof natural resources and the preventionof pollution. MlhlEP is responsible for the monitoring of the Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 The MINEP has integratedthe responsibilitiesof the formal MlNEF of the Permanent Secretariatfor Environmentwhose specific mandate is to : Approve reportson both the EIA and the Environmental Management Plan; Ensure the managementof the nationalfunds for environmentand sustainable development; Develop environmentalstandards and regulationsaimed at protectingthe qualityof the environment and to ensure their administration; Conduct environmentalinspections; Promoteenvironmentaland sensitizationeducation; Participatein initiativesaiming at preventingand managing naturaldisasters and risks. The Inter-ministerialCommission for Environment (ICE) is under the tutelage of the MINEP; this commissionis establishedby Prime Minister Decree n "2001/718/PM of 3rd September,2001. It assists the government inthe development, the coordination, the implementationand the control of nationalenvironmentaland sustainable development policies (art. 2 (I)). The ministryof Industry, MinesandTechnological Development(MINIMIDT) The Ministry of Industry,Mines and Technological Development promotes mining and geologicalactivities; it is also responsiblefor the surveillance of oil explorationand productionactivities. Regardingenvironmentalissues,the role of the ministry includes : The identificationof natural hazards as well as the surveillanceand the protectionof individualsand goods, in collaborationwith all other ministriesinvolvedin natural hazardand disaster management; The surveillanceof industrial and commercial facilities with regardto risks of pollution, security, hygieneand industrial nuisances. The ministryof TerritorialAdministrationand Decentralisation(MINPLTDAT) It intervenesthrough its Department in charge of Emergency Preparedness. They are responsiblefor the protectionof individuals,goods and the environmentagainst the risks of serious accidents or disasters and their impacts. The NationalHydrocarbonCompany The National HydrocarbonCompany (Societ6Nationaledes Hydrocarbures- SNH) is the NationalOil Company of Cameroon, falling under the direct supervision of the office the President of the Republic. SNH is responsible for: the managementof the State's interest in the oil sector; The promotionof all activities pertainingto hydrocarbonsin Cameroon. SNH representsthe State in all oil and gas explorationactivities as well as in production partnership.The State vested it with the responsibilityto ensurethat independentoil explorationand productioncompanies comply with the standards and regulationsrelatedto the conduct of hydrocarbons activities,with a special concern for environmentalprotection. Other institutionsinvolved In addition,other ministriesof relevanceare listedin Table 2-3. Table 2-3. Other ministries relevantfor this project -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 5 - 25 February2008 Ministerede I'agricultureet de developpement ruralI Ministryof agricultureand rural devlopement Ministerede I'administrationterritoriale et de la decentralisationI Ministry of territorial administrationand decentralization Ministeredes domaines et des affaires foncieres I Ministryof land use affairs Ministerede developpement urbainet de I'habitatI Ministryof urban development and public housing Ministerede I'eau et de I'energie I Ministryof energy and water resources Ministerede I'environnementet de la protection de la nature I Ministry of environment and nature protection Ministerede I'elevage, des peches et des industriesanimalesI Ministry of livestock,fishing and animal industries Ministeredes for& et de lafaune I Ministryof forestry and wildlife Ministerede I'industrie,des mines et du developpement technologiqueI Ministry of mines, industry and technical development MINJUSTICE Ministerede justice 1 Ministry of justice MINPLAPDAT Ministerede la planificationdu developpement et de I'amknagementdu territoire 1 Ministryof planning and regional development Ministerede la recherche scientifique et technique1 Ministry of scientic and technical research Ministerede la sante publique1 Ministry of public health Ministeredes transports1 Ministryof transports Ministerede tourisme 1 Ministryof tourism Ministeredes travaux publiques1 Ministryof public works Other relevant institutions are ARSEL (Agence de regulation du secteur de I'electricite- authority responsiblefor regulationof the energy sector; 2.4 Administrative, formal and informalorganisation 2.4.1 Administrativeand local organisationof the populations This section describes the administrativestructure, as empoweredby the central governmentfollowed by the various traditional structuresthat exist in and between communities. REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005IACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 2.4.2 Administrativestructure The administrativestructure in Cameroonfollows the following order: Table 2-4. Political structure in Cameroon: from the presidentto the village chief. I / 1 1 I French English Minlstries/ Obsemions denomination denomination Governmentl Yinistv I services) n- > Province 'Province (Gouverneur 1 Provincialdelegates ( Namedby the government I 1 1representing the 1 I Ministers > Dbartement Division Prefet Departmentaldelegates Namedby.the government 1 - representing the The prefect is at the department ministries level and the departmental, the arrondissement delegationsas well as the municipalitiesand the districts are under hislher ! Sub-division Arrondissement the ministries administrativeauthority of the I prefect. Hetsheexercises histher functions/power at both the arrondissement and district levels, i.e. administratively, the arrondissement delegates, the municipalitiesand the head of the district re ort to himlher. I - Chef de district None Namedby the government Chef de canton 1 None 1 Electedby the local population, Igroupernent Maire None 5year term - > village Village Chef du village None Electedby the local population, unlimitedterm The ministriesfollow the same organization: The official organizationpoweredby the central state, concerns provincethroughout the district, where the generalgovernment names the people in charge. The other functionariesare elected by the local populationand in general namedfor their lifetime. Village chiefs are classed into three groups, according to their importance: 1'' degree, 2"ddegree and 3rddegree. Mayors are elected for 5 years by the council of directly elected "conseillersmunicipaux", and usually serve only one term2 Many different ethnic groups live in the project area but they may be re-groupedin about four categories, who speak related languages, and have relatedcultures: Each of the main ethnic groups has its own, officially recognized,"Chef de groupement", usually a inherited position3. htt~://w.mairiedekribi.net/chiffre.~h MAlRlE DE KRIBI. (2007) The present maire de Kribi, since September 2007 and until 2012, is Martin Hervb Bell Benab. Carte des groupements 1/200.000, J. Robert Kameni, INC, Yaoundb, 1998. and E. Dounias (1993), adapte d'anciennes sources. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 2.4.3 Organisation at village level Available data Envi-report (2007)~describes the villages as "stateless societies" without a strong central power structure. Lineages of people live in "quartiers", and authority is mainly exercisedwithin the extendedfamily. Adult men of such a group tend to eat together in special designated hut "Abba", where they receive food of the various households and discuss common matters.The spheres of influenceconcernfamily-lineage-clanin its execution of diplomacy, defence, management of personsand goods), law maker,judge (especiallyland disputes which re numerous in the region).The religious sphere polices and censors behaviour, to guarantee the social order and stability.Membersof secret societies have knowledge of and use myth and traditional practices. Mostvillages are made up of one ethnic group, clan and even usually clan, and not muchtrade is passing betweenthe various villages. The only uniting force is the matrimonysystem which obliges people to take their spouse in another village, to which they then become indebtedthroughthe bonds and obligations of maritalduties5,that are especially visible in momentsof grief when all peoplewho recognize themselves as kin come together. Village chiefs are elected, generallyfrom the same family -even women chiefs,though rare, are possible- and decisions are taken by an assembly in which the elders ("anciens"or "notables") and important people who have left the village ("elites exterieures") play a r61e. (Envi, 2007). Analysis and discussion The absence of a well defined leadership in the villages is an importantconstraint for any project:it does not suffice to consult a chief or a couple of elders of the village, and obtain their agreement to havethe same agreement of the population. Chiefs and elders may also retain informationas something valuable through which they can have power on their fellow villagers. Villagers know that the chief has first his own relatives, and then only the other villagers. So everybody wants to be informedand consultedindividually- in a meetingor privately about any outsidedevelopments. - The lack of authority, and the lack of trust in the authority means that people often rather trust the rumours than the words of their leadership. The Cameroonian term for "Rumours" is "kongosa"which means a 'Pruthvehicled by word of mouth in a community" which it is very difficult, if not impossibleto counter by corrective information6. 2.4.4 Formal and informalorganisations Available data Envi (2007) describes the most important local formal and informal organisations: churches, traditionalsocieties, GICs, rotatingsystems and political parties. Dataon the first 4 groups are presentedbelow. Section 3.4.4 page 47. Adapted from the analysis described by Salem-Murdock, Muneera. Mfoulou J. and Ndonko F.. (1999) Human environment: Socioeconomic and culturalsurvey in the ProjectArea. A few of the more national "kongosa" during the last decades have been the fear that infant vaccination would render girls sterile, the belief that one of Cotco's subcontractors measured the height of its employees in order to prepare their gasketsbecause they were sure to die on the job. Peopledon't come for aids-testsin Yaoundb. because 'one Cameroonianprofessor has discovered a cure that will free you from aids within 12 days... REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 18- 25 February 2008 Churches.- The most important organisations in the area are the churches, which are mostly Christian (catholic,various protestant denominations) and many newer churches like the neo-apostolics, Jehovahwitnesses, . .. Envi (2007) notesthat despite a very apparent and vibrant religious practice, the mentality of the populationremains strongly marked by sorcery and great attachment to the graves of their ancestors. SW (2007a) observes that churches are most often cited as the most important place where people go for leisureactivities. Traditionalsocieties. Organisationslike ngondo exist, groups of people born the same - year exist with Yassa and Batanga. (see Envi, 2007) Groupesd'lnteret Commun (GICJ. Agriculture and artisanalgroups unite in a GIC - (groupe d'intkret commun = common interest group) which is legalised through simple notificationat the prefects office, and may be assisted by several governmental and agriculturalservices. Envi (2007) cites that especially GlCs unitingfishermen have gained importance: 77 GlCs are present and affiliated to the FAPA' Artisanal Fishermen Associations. GlCs unitingcraftswere not observed. Hunting, except for domestic use being mostly consideredpoaching,whatever organisation may exist is also not formalized. Envi providesno data on the organization of farmers. Rotating Saving Groups. Saving is usually practicedthrough rotating saving groups: - tontines or njangi in pidgin. They have a mixed social and financial function of saving and borrowingmoney. It is basically a membership-basedorganization that requires each of its membersto pay a certain sum of money on a regular basis (weekly, bi- weekly, or monthly),which enters into a common savings "account." Which distributed among the members or partly borrowedfor maximum a few months, in order to profit from interestswhich may be up to 10%per month8. Analysis and discussion In terms savings and loans, tontines essentially serve short-timeneedsgoing from one month to one year, but they are easy to managefor people who have no access to formal credit without collateral. An other, less often cited advantage of borrowingfrom a tontine is, that as the money has to be repaidrapidly, people rarely accumulateso much debt that they can't repay anymore, like is often the case with bank generated easy loans. 2.5 Other important stakeholders for this study The relevant stakeholders for this study are listed in Table 2-5. Table 2-5. Stakeholdersfor the Kribi regionto review 'Recensement FQderationdes Associations de la PBcheArtisanale. Cited in Envi. 3.5.3.8page 87). htt~://w.entre~rene~rnewsonline.com/2006/lfive million ca.html. Sika et al. (2006). Five Million Cameroonians Rely on Tontines and Njangi to Fight Poverty. See this article for a detailed description of the financialfunctioningof various tontines. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 19- 25 February2008 Stakehoklertype (Stakeholdern a ~ -- .- Governmentalauthorities Sub-prefet, delegates at different level departmental, (see section 2.4 listedabove) district ~em~~overnmentalorganissations Port authorities Port Autonome de Kribi Port Autonome de Douala Maritime author~ties(for maritimetraffic) -- Private sector Ibusinesses industries, commerces, etc. lndustrialactivities Industrialfederation GlCAM Agro-industry FermeSuisse, Socapalm (Palmplantation) -Rubber plantation) - Forestexploitingcompanies I Oil 8 Gas exploration and exploitationand Perenco,(Oil exploitation Ebome, Gas exploitationSanaga relateddevelopment Sud, CPF) COTCO ( FSU, Chad/Cameroonpipeline) )gy companies AES Sonel Operator of the Membe'ledam Ore mining exploiting company SundancelCam Iron (in Mbalam,deep sea port), Steelcam (in Mamelles h m C o a s m m company Industrialfishery FishingCentre in Kribi 1t-- Largefishery i n d m f i s h e r y industries basedin Douala) Port developments: Deep sea harbour 1 1 1SundanceICam iron . Ministryof Transport Other industries (processing of agro-productsnear Kribi port + ( new industrialestateon the SNHsite and around 1 1 the d e e m o r t ) -Commercial 1trading sector Transport companies Marinetransport companies (cargos, tankers) Roadtransport companies (trucks) - Tourism hotel and other tourism facilities developers tour operators Eco-tourism I ( Advisory bodies (Consultancies, Knowledge 1 I institutes, U n w Research centre IRAD, Kribi- ------- ---- Universities Universityof YaoundL- Renownscientists Mr. Folack Prof. P. Tchawa I ~ ~ 0 s h ihave been active or follow the c h 1CWCS I --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 20 - 25 February 2008 [ . Stakeholdertyee_ Stakeholdername . development in the Kribi region and which are Tropenboos involvedin protectedareas conservation World Wide Fundfor Nature(WWF) Unlon Mondialepour la Nature(UICN) Wildlife ConservationSociety(WCS) Global Forest Watch (GFW) Bird Life International Centre Internationaldes Etudes Forestieres et Environnementales (CIEFE?) FondationCamerounaise&Actions Rationalis6es et de Formationsur I'Environnement(FOCARFE) Cameroon EnvironmentalWatch (CEW)(Nguiffo) Groupe de Concertationet d'Action (GCA) Etude, RBalisationet Assainissement au Cameroun (ERI Cam) Responsablede I'Organisation Nkrlandaisede Dheloppement (SNV) Centre pour I'Environnementet le DCeloppement (C (SamuelNguiffo) Fondationpour I'Environnementet du Developpeme~ Cameroun(FEDEC) Service d'Appui aux InitiativesLocalesde DBveloppeme~ (SAILD) -- CBOs and population Representativesfrom differentvillages in the Villagers from Kribi regionand havingdifferentsubsistence Campo, EbodjB activities: Llolabe (Substance) farming (cropsand oldcoffee Grand Batanga plantation) Kribi Subsidence fishing Londji Hunting Eboudawa6 Crafts (relevant?); Bidou I Representativeof the differentpigmiesethnic The fishermen: Batanga, Yassa groups Kwasio agriculturalists Various Beti-fanggroups Various relatedgroups: Basa and Bakoko Bagyeli-Bakolahunter-gathers Various other Camerooniangroups (Bamileke,Nigerians other small minorities) -- REA Kribi SSS906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 21 - 25 February 2008 CHAPTER 3 BASELINE 3.1 Abiotic environment The Kribi region is located in the Southern province mainly made up of the Cameroonian Southern plateau, especially on the costal plains stretchingwestward at an altitude between 0 and 300 m. 3.1.1 Geology and pedology 'The geology of the Kribi region is dominated by a foliated crystalline basement composed of lithostratic units known as 'the Ntem complex'. This complex is composed of lower precambrianformations with foliated crystalline rocks (pyroxenegneiss, pyroxenites, pyroxeno-amphilitesand grenue galbres) as well as metamorphicrocks; the main metamorphic rocks are made up of schists, micaschists,gneiss. More precisely, the geological formations known of the Nyong's mouth at Campo include: Quaternary deposits made up of coastal sands and sludge of the mangroves in the mouth of Nyong river at Londji; Originator series (conglomerates,limestone,schists and marlsj in the Campo basin with a limited surface area of 45 ~ m ' . With regardsto its soils, Core kribi region is mainly made up of several types of ferralitic soils, including: Yellow ferralitic soils that are predominant in the region mainly in the surrounding of Kribi. These soils are permeable, highly bleached out and have a poor mineral and organic potential.They are not muchfertile, with a low bearing capacity. Yellow ferralitic soils on gneiss outcrop covering the bulk of the area between Campo and Kribi. They are not much humid and their surface texture is made up of sand and clay, due to the degradation of the parent rock. Therefore, their content in organic materials is low (3 to 4 % in surface). These soils present an acidic pH and a low exchange capacity due to abundant iron and aluminium hydroxides. 3.1.2 Climatic conditions Rainfall The Kribi region is located in the wet equatorial climate zone. This climate is determined by the dynamics of the Inter Tropical Convergence. It receivesthe Guinean monsoon from the South-West,which strongly influences both air moisture and rainfall. This climate is characterized by two main seasons: A rainy season with variable intensity,covering the monthsof March, April, May, June, September, October and half of November; A dry season from the second half of November, December, January, February. The Ombrothermalgragh in the Kribi region is bimodal, and this translates into four seasons distributed as follows: o A short rainy season (March - June) ; o A short dry season (July - August); o A longer rainy season (September - November); o A longer dry season (November- February). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 22 - 25 February2008 Core Kribi region receives an average annual rainfallof 2900 mm distributed over 204 days. However, a maximum rainfallof 3000 mm Iyear is recorded. Generally,the rainfall decreases from South to North and from the coast into the inland. Table 3-1. Rainfal (in mrn) in the Kribi region - -- - Station J F M A M J J A S 0 N D Total Kribi 92 118 201 260 343 274 112 231 502 492 201 94 2836 Campo 113 132 201 269 327 182 66 140 426 500 243 86 2696 Source: Master plan for the development of the southern coast of the Cameroonian littoral Temperatures The average air temperature recordedat the Kribi station is 25%. This temperature is highly influencedby the forest ecosystem as well as the air blast within the low strata of the tropical Atlantic. These averages often increaseto reach 27 "C in the dry season with a maximum of 31.5% in March. The average minimaltemperaturesare in the region of 23.4"C, with 32.5% as monthly maxima. Winds The speed of the winds is generally lower and moderate (0.5 to 2 rnls), they rarely exceed 19 rnls (Ibe ela/.,1999). Generallyspeaking, morning breezes blowfrom South-West to North-East(monsoon), followed by a shift of directionduring the day. However, winds blowingfrom North-west to South-east (tradewinds) are predominantin the afternoon. 3.1.3 Hydrologyand hydrology Surface water Many streams of different importanceflow across the Kribi region. These streams are influenced by the equatorial climate characterisedby two periods of high water (longer and shorter rainy seasons) and two low-waterperiods (longerand shorter dry seasons), correspondingto the four seasons of the equatorialseason.. These streams include the Nyong,the Lokoundj6, the Kienk6, the Lobe, the Ntem. These surfacewaters are scarcely used by the local populations as they are of brackish. Some of them flow into the Atlantic Ocean and have a high biological load due to plant residue from the littoral forest. The watercourses, though not much navigable, are often used by the populations as waterways, usingcanoes or other navigationfleet. They are equally usedfor traditionalfishing for householdconsumption. Groundwater Informationon groundwater (descriptionbelow) was sourced out Sanaga South EIA (Perenco)and Kribi power project (AES Sonel). No other informationon groundwater was found in other sources comsulted. Previousstudies show that, the Kribi region, as being in a coastal basin, presents a series of groundwater layers on the vertical plane.. Accordingto investigationmade by AES Sonel on the Mpolongwesite, groundwater was found between3 and 11m depth. A second groundwater layer can be captured North of the Kribi region, and is deeper: 60 to 70 m from the ground level. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 23 - 25 February 2008 Accordingto planimetric coordinates, the upper groundwater layer almost reacts instantlywith the arrival of rains. This can be explained by the presence of many swampy zones in both rural and urbanised zones. It can have a local artesian character that is relativelyweak. The observationconducted on some wells suggests that there is a high iron concentration. However,it should be notedthat it is not yet proved that the surface brackishwaters flow into the wells. Groundwater (from the upper layer) is mostly exploited by industrials and richer householdsestablished in the basin. The deepest groundwater layerss are almost not exploited. There is no authority in charge of the surveillanceof groundwater in the region. 3.1.4 Marine environment and littoral The littoral area in the study zone is in general divided into three coastal ecosystems: In the region between the Nyong River and Londji, the littoral is made up of low lands and large beaches with mangrovesat the mouths of Nyong, Lokoundje Rivers and estuarine swamps. From Londji to Grand Batanga, the continentalshelf is rocky. It encompasses a coastal plain with sandy beaches including rocks and upland zones. From Grand Batanga to Campo, there are high coasts and sandy beaches interruptedby big rocks. The Kribi Kribi - Campo region is affected by a serious erosion ( Folack, 1998). Accordingto S.Morin and M.Kuete (1989), this erosion is due to the movement of the oceanic waves, which run aground the Kribiancoasts. This natural phenomenon occurs during the equinoctial gale where the wave action entails an important backlash. The current zones that are mostly affected includethe Palm Beach visitor reception centre and the area from Grand Batangato Eboundja. The erosion of the Kribi region is compounded by the destruction of the mangroves,the permissive occupation of the sea frontage. The latter is due to human action in connexion with land demand for the constructionof all sorts of structures,with arable land demand and the exploitationof sand quarries. Tides In the Kribi region, the amplitude of the tides is low. They are semi diurnal in the region and are estimated at 1.5 m. Swells Swells come from the South to South-westsector andoriginate from afar (Chaubert et al, 1977).They are caused by the South Atlantic Ocean's westerliesand are not much influenced by the prevailing winds (Guilcher, 1954).Observations on the southern zone show heightsvarying between 1.5 and 3m, with a period of 7 to 8s (LCHF, 1985). Currents Generally speaking, ocean currents on the Kribian coast are more or less calm. It is a convergence zone between the north equatorial current and the Guinean current. The latter is influenced by both monsoon and harmattan.The Guinean current reaches two maxima, the first maximaof 60 cmls in July- August and the second maximaof 40cm/s in February(Gouriou, 1993).When this current flow is closer to the coasts, it is -- REA Kribi 9S9906/ROOOOS/ACO/Rott Report - 24 - 25 Februaly2008 influencedby the floods of the rivers (Wouri,Sanaga, Nyong etc.), as previously mentioned. Marinewater quality The Kribi region is an industrialised zone. It includesthe big agro-industrial plantations (Hevecam, Socapalm) and the proposed industrialports (deep water port of Grand Batanga). The disposalof industrialwaste and urban refuse as well as other toxic products from the neighbouringcities, the big plantations and oil tankers, contributes to the degradation of the aquatic ecosystems. The presence and the distribution of tar balls on the beachesdue to offshore disposal of oil tankers, and to other hydrocarbon exploitationactivities, show that the coasts are highly polluted.The highest concentration of tar balls on the Cameroonian coasts (16,34 glm2) was noted around the mouth of Lokoundje River, at only 6 km south of the mouth of Nyong River (Folack et Ngassa, 1994). This pollution was equally notedin the field: duringthe exploratory programme,tar balls were found on the sand ban at the mouth of the Nyong River. 3.2 Bioticenvironment 3.2.1 Terrestrial environment Flora and fauna Cameroon'sforests and other habitats are renownedfor their rich diversity of flora and fauna. At least 8,000 species of higher plants are found in Cameroon, while over half of Africa's bird and mammalspecies are reportedlywithin the country. The interior region consists mostly of tropical moist evergreen forests. Inthe coastal area wetlands and mangrovescan be found. Wetlands (as well as estuaries, mangroves, and floodplains) act as natural pollutionfilters, and provide unique habitat for aquatic species. Mangroves act as an important interfacebetweenterrestrial and marine ecosystems, often providingfood and refuge for marine organisms, such as the endangered manatee, as well as providing an effective coastaldefense mechanism against floods. Roughly6 percentof the forest area is, at least on paper, protectedwithin national parks and reserves covering over one million hectares of land; however,e.g. agricultural encroachment, poaching, and loggingthreaten all these areas. Although species number data are known to be incomplete, Cameroon ranksamong the top six countries in Africa in terms of total numbersof mammals, birds, and higher plants, with muchof this diversity found within lowlandforests and in the Atlantic coastal forests. The Kribi region is knownto containa large number of animal species, including large mammals such as forest elephants, chimpanzees, Western lowlandgorillas and mandrills, of which mainlythe species in the Campo Ma'an NationalPark and to a lesser extent in the Doula-Edeawildlife reserve have been reasonablydocumented. With regardto avian fauna, the presenceof red-tailedgrey parrots as well as large variety of (migratory) water birds is indicated.Among the 924 bird species observed or -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 25 - 25 February 2008 heard in Cameroon, 300 have been observed in the southern-westernpart of the countryg. The vegetation is characterized by its valuable and diverse species, with the dominant forest types consisting of swamp forests, mangrovesand Atlantic moist evergreen forests. Forest cover Land use in the Kribi region has significantly evolved over the last decades, as shown in the next figure. Total forest cover in the region has diminished by about 15%. Degradedforests, which amounted about 20% in 1973, have increasedto 46%. Major increases in deforestation havecome through the two major agro- industrialcomplexes, and in a lesser way through village agriculture. Figure 3-1. Landcover Bulk up area Farmlands and Forests Degraded Total forest Agro lndustry Ago Industry 1 fallow5 forests mver SOCAPAW HEMCAM - Logging roads increasedfrom 210 km in 1973,to 582 km in 1989 and 1251 km in 20011°. The logging industry has been mainly responsiblefor the transformation of moist evergreenforests into degradedforests. Mangrove wood is mainly being used for fish smoking and constructionpurposes. An impact assessment by the Cameroon Wildlife ConservationSocietyshowedthat in the Doula-Edearegionmangrovewood extractedfor this purposebetween 1998 and2004 contributed to an annual lossof 180,000 m3 or 140 hectares.This representsan annual decline in the total mangrove forest cover in the regionof almost 1% per year". Languy and Demey R, 2000 ornithological inventories in Campo- Ma'an region loGraphically adapted from data of Tchawa P. (2007) Regional course on integrated Coastal management. Environmental Management in Cameroon: Problematic Situations and Success stories. consulted 19 Dec. 2007. "WWFIIUCNI FriendsoftheEarth,Goodpracticesfromthenatureandpovertyprogram,February2007 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Protectedareas and areas of high biodiversity ProtectedAreas In the Kribi region there are two officially protected areas, being the Douala- Edea wildlife reserve and the Campo-Ma'an National Park. Douala-Edeawildlife reserve In 1932, the Douala -Edea areas was gazetted as a forest reserve. By 1971 Cameroon responding to international pressure, designated the Douala-Edea forest reserve in the central coastal area as Wildlife Reserve for scientific purposes. Wildlife exploitation was prohibited, timber exploiters evicted and local residents economically dependent upon the exploiters re-educated. By 1974 the Douala-Edea reserve had a conservator appointed and a guard post, however, full park status has been frustrated by discovery of oil in the Cameroonian coastal areas and the possibility that the Douala-Edeaarea may hold important oil reserves'25.The Park received full research status in 1997. The reserve however has for decades been ill- equipped and staffed. The reserve is locatedin the Littoral province,department of the river Sanaga.The wildlife reserve covers a surface area of about 1,600 km2and is made up of two uneven parts. The larger part, in the south, is located betweenthe mouths of the river Sanaga in the north and the Nyong river in the south; the other, smaller part stretches along the northern coast of the river Sanaga to the point of Souelaba and is limited in the east by the Kwa Kwa creek. The reserve is locatedon low sedimentary land, with a 0 to 50 m altitude above sea level (occasionally reaching upto 80 m height), containing various watercourses and swamps. The major part of the northern area of the reserve is exposedto tidal waters. In additionto the dominance of coastal Atlantic forest, also swamp and flood forests, mangroves,and a range of tropical littoral vegetation on the dunes and the former barrier breaches, behindthe dunes can befound. Near the villages concentrated along the rivers and the lakes, the vegetation is made up of diverse crops and secondary forests. Especiallyat the northern and eastern boundaries of the reserve,degraded forests zones exist as a result of logging and the construction of a network of exploration roadsduring oil drilling activities in the early 1980's. As in many sites in Cameroon, no systematic inventory of wildlife has been undertaken. I\levertheless,the variety of species among the mammalianpopulation is reasonably well known.Arboreal monkeys,typical of the African forests, are well represented.The abundanceof the swampy zones does however not favour terrestrialprimates. The chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) is present but not common.The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) and the gorilla (Gorillagorilla) seem to be non existent. Several threatened mammal species such as forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and West- African manatees (Trichechussenegalensis) are present in the reserve. In 1980,there were a considerable number of elephants mainly in the coastalswamp forests, but it is likely that they have been decimated. The reserve is also hometo a primate species that is endemicto the southern part of the Cameroon-Gabonforest; the REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 black colobus monkey (Colobussatanas), which is present within the northernboundary of the reserve. The reserveis also home to over 10,000 people in some 60 villages, including indigenousgroups such as Bakoko and Malimbe, which are mainly found along the Sanaga river, and villages with a migrant population of Nigerian, Beninese and Ghanaian fishermen, established alongthe Atlantic coast. Important economic activities for the villages are fishing (of river species such as cichlids (Tilapia and others), catfish and shrimps, as well as from the sea, such as Atlantic herring 'mbonga'), the cultivation of crops and hunting. Huntingcamps are scatteredthrough out the reserve,with meat beingtransported inside the reserve by the network of watercourses At least two plantspecies in the reserve are endemic to the Camerooniancoastal forests (Leonardoxa africana) or to the Cameroon-Gabonforest Librevilleaklaine~).The presence of the latter species has been indicatedin Cameroon on only two sites that are localisedon highly sandy coastal soils. The Douala-Edeareserve is one of three classified sites of the Cameroon-Gabon coastal forest in Cameroon, a region of high biological endemicityand diversity. Within this zone, the Doula-EdeaWildlife Reserve is particularly important as the area is relatively 'young' considering its sediments and still in continuous transition, including different stages of plant invasion and successionfrom active dunes to the biafran forest. Another point of interest is the fact that the Sanaga River creates a natural boundaryto several primate species or subspecies,with geneticallydiversifiedpopulations on both banksof the river. The Campo-Ma'anNational Park is located in the south-westernpart of the Kribi region provinceand covers a surface area of 2,640 km2. The Park is part of the Campo Ma'an UTO (Unite Technique Operationnelle),an 'integrated management area' of 7772 km2 that bordersthe Atlantic Ocean to the west and EquatorialGuinea to the South and is covered mainly with Guinea-Congolian rainforest, ranging between 0 to 1100 m. In January 2000, the National Park was established within the UTO, consisting of 2640 km2, or 34% of the area. Loggingconcessions and agricultural plantations are part of the UTO and frequently conflict with sustainable management of the area, includingthe National Park. Poachingis a major issue in the area. The Campo Ma'an National Park is an environmentalcompensationzone, as a result of the Chad-Cameroonpipeline.The World Bank, GEF ,the European Union, SNV, GTZ , WWF and IUCNhavefinanced projects in the area. The FondspourI'Environnementel le Developpementdu Cameron(FEDEC) and the WWF are presentlyfinancing conservationprojects in the National park. The park is marked by outstanding biologicaldiversity, with Atlantic biafran, Atlantic littoral, mixed Atlantic, semi-caducifoliated,subtropical montane,mangroveand swamp forests. Campo-Ma'an is home to about 80 species of largeand medium-sized mammals, including elephants (Loxodontaafrican cyclotis), buffalo (synceruscaffer- nanus),gorillas (Gorillagorilla), giant pangolin (Manis gigantean), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and panthers (Pantherapardus). Of the 29 species of primates found in Cameroon, 19are in the Campo-Ma'anarea. It is also hometo 302 species of birds, 122 species of reptiles, more than 80 species of amphibians, and 249 fish species. In REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 addition, some 390 species of invertebrates havebeen identified,includingseven species not yet officially recordedin Cameroon12. Out of the 80 mammal species recorded,23 are consideredthreatened under the IUCN- World conservation Union Red List. They include forest elephant (Loxodontaafricana cyclotis), leopard (Pantherapardus), gorilla (Gorillagorilla), chimpanzee (Pantroglodytes), mandrill(Mandrillus sphinx), black colobus (Colobus satanas), giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis), giant otter shrew (Potamogalevelox), and manatee (Trichechussenegalensis). According to Birdlife International,the Campo-Ma'anarea is also a key area for bird conservation, home to e.g. the grey-neckedrockfowl(Picathartesoreas) and Bates' weaver (Ploceus batesi) - two species threatenedby extinction - andthe forest swallow (Hirundofuliginosa)and Rachel's malimbe (Malimbus racheliae) - two species which only live in the Atlantic coastalforest of northern Gabonand south-westernCameroon. With 122species of reptiles,the area is also considered one of the richest herpetological sites throughout the African continent. Three crocodile species threatened by extinctionaccordingto the IUCN Red List live here: the African slender-snoutedcrocodile (Crocodyluscataphractus), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), and African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemustetrapis). In addition,four threatened species of turtles have also been recordedon the coast near the Campo-Ma'an park, being: hawksbill(Eretmochelysimbricata), leatherback (Dermochelyscoriacea), green (Chelonia mydas) and olive ridley (Lepidochelysolivacea). The Campo-Ma'anUTO, includingthe coastal zone, is hometo 249 fish species. This represents 46 per cent of all fish species already recordedin Cameroon. Four of these species can only be found here. The reserve is made up of five units, including: Nationalpark 34%; Agro-forestryzone 25.5%; Forest management units 31.4%; Rubber and palm oil plantations7.5% ; Protectedforest 1.6% l2WWF Campo Ma'anproject - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 29 - 25 February 2008 For the seven ethnic groups inthe Campo-Ma'anarea, with over 60,000 people, slash- and-burnsubsistence agriculture, fishing, huntingand gathering, logging and agro- industry are the leading sources of income. The population though oftenfaces extreme povertyand lack basic infrastructure. Non-protectedbiodiversity hotspots Campo Ma'an area High biodiversity (andthereby conservation) hotspots have been indicatedat the Massif des Mamelles and Mont dlElephant,which are not located within the boundariesof the Campo Ma'an National Park, but are part of the UTO. These areas are 'non-permanent'forest estates, which according to law can be allocatedfor human activities such as logging, agro-industry,agriculture, agro- forestry, community forest, communalforest or private forest. Moreover, hunting, fishing, mineral exploitation or any other form of economic activities is allowed if done in accordanceto the 1994forest law. These areas do not have any conservationstatus13. A map of high conservation hotspots in Campo Ma'an and surroundings is shown below13. Figure 3-2. Map of highconservation hotspotsin Campo Ma'an La. 2 Figure 5.7 (hdinurykriping rwp rhowing lhcdtstrihuuun oT 2(WI; I l i a conrr.rvaci>n ralw ( l5L1::(iflli21Kl); >ltderate ~ o n u . ~ o l i cvalue (101) ~ n rGHI < 150);L ) w c o ~ i m a l i u s value (505 (;HI < 100) and very I()\).c<>n.WVdi~n value ((;HI '.50). ''Biodivenity hobpots and conservationpriorities in Central-African rain forests, Gildas Peguy Tchouto Mbatchou Tropenbos REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 FMU 09-028 The FMU (Forest Management Unit) 09-028 next to Douala - Edea wildlife reserve is expected to have the potential to contain a high biodiversity of animal species as it is located adjacent to the reserve. As no reliable data exists, currently biodiversity investigations should take place. The presence of manatees in its coastal area has been recorded. Coastalzone, Ntem basin, Lobe and Memve'ele waterfalls The coastal zone is a narrow strip (65 km lorlg) along the Atlantic Ocean from the Lobe waterfalls to the Ntem estuary in the Dipikar Island that extends about 2-3 km inland. It has suffered and continues to suffer from increasing human pressure which has ledto the destruction of much of its natural vegetation. Valuable coastal forests still exist though, especially in the areas adjacent to the 2 protected areas Campo Ma'an and Doula - Edea. Other areas From other (forest) areas in the region very few data on their biodiversity level exist. However, in 1999 surveys were executed for the Kribi-Yaounde portion of the Chad Cameroon pipeline. The pipeline route runs roughly from Kribi via Bipindi and Lolodorf to Yaounde (and continues to Chad). Most surveys were executed along the stretch of Kribi to Bipindi, with several surveys executed along the coastjust south of Douala - Edea wildlife reserve, north of Kribi, to the town of Campo14. Fromthese studies a few of the animals reportedto be present along the Kribi - Yaounde strech includeda wide range of monkeys, such as colobus monkeys and mangabeys, and large mammals like forest elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, hippopotamus,leopards,buffalos and giant pangolin. Also a high number of bird species, amphibiansand reptilessuch as crocodileswere recorded. More in specific, small numbers of large animals were reportedto be presentseveral kilomters (in less-disturbedareas) north and south of the Kribi- Lolodorf road, especially inthe Lokoundje area, includinggorillas, chimpanzees, mandrills,and possiblyblack colobus monkeys, leopardsand forest elephants. Species abundance and diversity increaseeastwards intothe forests, away from the coast. Gorillaswere reported 10 kilometersnortheast of Bipindi, as well as between Bipindiand Ebimimbang (southeastof Bipindi),with in the latter area chimpanzees being reported as well. These animals live in areas that are not protectedand are under increasing pressureof e.g. human settlements, roads, agricultureand fallow land, forest degradationand poaching. Especiallythe forest between Kribi and Bipindi is heavilydisturbed, and villages occur several kilometersintothe forests. The area is still relativelyrich in game meat though. A high number of marketsfor bushmeat in the Kribi-Yaounde region were identifiedin these studies as well, includingmethods to transportthe bush meat to these markets.The latter mainly took place by means of loggingtrucks and other vehicles using all-weather roads, and by making use of regulartrains, to which the meat is delivered at train stations and unofficial stopping points alongthe railway by logging trucks, canoes across the Sanaga river, porters on foot and other vehicles. In this way dozens of metrictons of bushmeat are suppliedto the markets every week. l4 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT, SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS, VOLUME 5: CAMEROON BIOLOGICALSTUDIES, MAY 1999 -- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 31 - 25 February 2008 Marine environment Benthicfauna The benthic biomass is relatively poor. The productivity is essentially linked to the amount of terrestrial organic materialsand to salinity variation. The fauna is mainly made up of invertebrates.Among these, polychaetaare the most represented,followed by amphipodaand other small crustaceans.Polychaetaare particularto mud bottoms with low turbidity. These species encounteredconstitute the basic diet for scienidaethe main species of which is Pseudotolithus sp (Youmbi, 1989).Among these, bristle worms (polychaeta) are the most represented, followed by mollusks, amphipods and other small crustaceans. Bristle worms are particular to mud bottoms with low turbidity. Shrimps There mainly four shrimp species on the continentalshelf. Their distribution is relatedto the bathymetry. From coast to offshore, the following species are found (Corsi, 1991): Paleamonhastatus Peaneus kerathurus Parapenaeopsisatlantica Penaeusduorarum Juvenile stages occur in lagoons and estuaries, and then the species migrateoffshore during the adult phase. The mangroves in the mouths of the Nyong, Lokoundjeand Ntem rivers play a vital role in the cycle of shrimps and molluscs. There is no biological study available on shrimps on the Camerooniancoasts. The Paelamon hastatus is the main shrimp speciestargeted by artisanal fishing and constitutes about one-sixthof the total landing of artisanal fisheries. On the Camerooniansouth- west coasts, landings in 2003 were estimated at 12 000 tons over a total of 62 000 ton landed. The other 3 shrimp species are mainly caught by the industrial fishing industry from Douala. In 2003, the shrimp catch countedfor 530 tons out of a total industrialfishing catch of 7,400 tons, with a value of 7.6 million US dollar (3,448 millions FCFA) Fishspecies Fiftythree species of river fish are found in the Nyong River. These species belong to 30 families and are particular to coastal rivers in the south of Cameroon. As far as sea fish is concerned,about 381 species are listed in the Camerooniancoastal waters (UNEP, 1999), includingeuryphaline species (species that can adapt to a wide range of sa1inities)relatedto the ecosystem in the estuaries. A total of 57 endemicfish species are listedfor Cameroon. In the Campo Ma'an zone 249 fish species were identified. On the coasts of the Douala - Edeawildlife reserve, an incompleteobservation by Gabche (1997) mentioned43 commercialspecies. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Cetaceans No detailed studies have been conducted concerning cetaceans on the Cameroonian coasts. However, in general howeverthe following species of cetaceans have been recordedoff the coast of ~ameroon'~: Humpbackwhales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Cameroondolphinor Atlantic hump-backeddolphin (Sousateuszi) Blainville's BeakedWhale (Mesoplodondensirostris) Clymene Dolphin (Stenellaclymene) Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis) Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) Fraser's Dolphin (Lagenodelphishosei) Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata ) Humpback Dolphin (protectedspecies,IUCN Red List) The favorite habitatfor the Cameroondolphin, or Sousateuszi, are coastal and estuary waters, less than 20m deep, with a temperature between 17"and 28%. It particularly likes mangrove estuaries as well as migrates along watercoursesduring high tides for feeding purposes. Its reproduction period is between March and April. Inthe project zone, this species is likelyto be found in the mouths of the Lokoundjeand Lobe rivers. Potentialdisturbances inthese estuary and mangrove areas may impact on these species. Humpback whale (~rotectedspecies) The Guinean Gulf zone is the main feeding areafor whales. Former studies indicate an abundant presence of humpback whales in this area between 1900-1950. The current trend of their abundance is unknown.These species are capable of distant migrationsto provide for their biologicalneeds (the indicatedspecies on the Cameroonian coasts migrate all the way to the northern hemisphere). Humpbackwhales are most likelyto be found in September - October. No study is available on Cameroon, however,their presencein Gabon has been confirmed and both countries have similar ecologic conditions. Marineturtles There are four threatened (and protected) species of turtles occurring in the waters off the coast of Kribi: hawksbill (Eretmochelysimbricata), leatherback (Dermochelyscoriacea), green (Cheloniamydas) and olive ridley (Lepidochelysolivacea) Different studies indicate the presence of turtle eggs on the beaches in the Kribi coastal zone. They lay their eggs duringthe dry season, from Novemberto March. Manatee (protected species) Manatees (Trichechus senegalensis)occur within mangrove areas and estuaries on the coast of Kribi. They reproduce during the annual low water period (December-March), l5 IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies:MammalsofCameroon,IUCN(2001) The REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 after which the calf stays with its mother for more than one year. Manatees are exclusively herbivorousand feed on aquatic and terrestrial plants. 3.2.4 Biotic environment in the Kribi core region The core Kribi region is located in the Biafreen district of the Nigerian-camerounese- Gaboneeseevergreen forest, which lies as an arc aroundthe Bay of Biafra. This forest is known to be part of one of the most species-richareas in Africa and therefore is very important for conservation. It hosts species of high conservation priorities (e.g. endemic, rare, new and threatened species). The core region is locatedwithin several internationalconservation priorities, including Conservation International's"Congo Forests of Central Africa High Biodiversity WildernessArea"; WWF's "Atlantic EquatorialCoastal Forest ecoregion"; and BirdLife's "Cameroon-Gabon Lowlands Endemic Bird Area". The coastal section is however a vulnerable ecosystem due to its limited area and ease of access. From northto south the coastal forest extendsfrom Nigeriato Gabon. From west to east the width rarely exceeds 150 km. However the first roads in this region were built along this belt and in the century since the road building started, a large proportion of suitable land along the road network has been disturbed, resulting in intense human pressure on the habitat and the naturalflora andfaunal6. Kribi Power Project AES Sonel - The plant site and the transmission line corridor are both situated within heavily disturbed habitat. A large majorityof the plant species therefore identifiedwithin the project area are common in littoral forests with low conservationvalue due primarily to the level of existing disturbancefrom nearby villages and their residents resulting in a severely degraded habitat. The fauna of the project site is restrictedto small mammals,snakes and insects. Hunting in the area is common, especially in neighboringforests as animals species are rare at the project site. Fauna species identified included several species of monkeys, pangolins, porcupine and various species of duikers (small deer), snakes, monitor lizards and mongooses. None of the animals identifiedwere protected species. Most of the endangered larger mammals, reptiles and birds of the regionwere absent, even in the neighbouring forests''. Sanaga Sud gas exploitationand CentralProcessing Facility(CPF) SNH - Four habitatswithin the area of influence of this project harbour IUCN red-listed species": Sandy shoreline provides nesting habitatfor at least two IUCN-listed species of marineturtle (Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea and Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea). l6Scott Wilson (October 2006)-Kribi Power Project (AES Sonel): l5OMW Gas Plant & 225kV Transmission Line, Environmentaland Social Impact Assessment Report ''Sanaga Gas Project Biodiversity Assessment, Second Draft Report 14 January 2008, The Biodiversity Consultancy - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/AGOIRott Report 25 February 2008 Pelagicwaters almost certainly providedevelopmental habitator migration routes for at leastfour IUCNlistedturtle species (Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea, Olive Ridley Lepidochelysolivacea, Hawksbill Eretmochelysimbricata and Atlantic Green Cheloniamydas) and some cetaceans (SpermWhale Physetermacrocephalus,possiblyAtlantic Hump-backedDolphinSousa tseuzii, and possiblyothers dependent on migratio routes). Pelagic waters are also of unquantifiedimportancefor local livelihooduse (subsistencefishing). Coastal humidforest (andassociatedsmall freshwatersystems) provides habitat for at least six species of IUCN listed mammals and two crocodiles.. A small area of mangrove and lagoondownstream of the CPF site is within the project area of influence and provideshabitat for two species of IUCN listed crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis and Crocodyluscataphractus) and possibly some other fauna of global conservationconcern. However,the populationsare not large. Thereforekey species determinedto be present within the project area of influence includethe following fauna: Leatherback Turtle Dermochelyscoriacea(Critically Endangered) Olive RidleyTurtle Lepidochelysolivacea (Endangered) Green Turtle Chelonia mydas(Endangered) HawksbillTurtle Eretmochelysimbricata(CriticallyEndangered) Sperm Whale Physetermacrocephalus (Vulnerable) African Dwarf CrocodileOsteolaemustetraspis (Vulnerable) Allen's Bushbaby Galago alleni(Near Threatened) Collared Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus(Near Threatened) Yellow-backedDuiker Cephalophussilvicultor(NearThreatened) Bay Duiker Cephalophus dorsalis(NearThreatened) Sitatunga Tragelaphusspekeii(Near Threatened) Species listedby the Conventionon InternationalTrade of EndangeredSpecies (CITES) andthe Conventionon Migratory Species (CMS) were also found. African Manatee (Trichechussenegalensis) was not determinedto be within the immediateproject area of influence, but a population exists ca. 20 km north in the mouthof the Nyong river. The following IUCN listed flora species were also found in the terrestrial impact sites: Lophira alata (Vulnerable) Diospyroscrassiflora (Endangered) Danielliaoblonga (Vulnerable) 3.3.1 Demography Available data Official populationdata are basedon the general NationalCensuses (RGPH) carried out in 1987 and in 2005'. Only data of 1987have been officiallypublished and its crude data were available for this study (RGPH, 1987).Of the more recently carried out census (2005),no results were available at the time of writing this report. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 35 - 25 February 2008 - n n o n r n U U U *OVAL *.SRQ*I1M In 1987, the average householdsize was 4.7, and about 39% of the population was younger than 15 yearsi8. Population in the area is mainly scattered along the major routes with main population centres in Kribi and Edea, and smaller ones in Londji, Bipindi, Campo, Ipono. In 1987, only 15 population centres had morethan 100 households,two of which directly linked to agro-industrialcomplexes. Kribi (then nearly 20,000 inhabitants) was by far the largest agglomeration,followed by Lolodorf,Bidjouka, Akom I1town, and Campo town. Inthis list, only Bidjoukais not an administrative centre, and has no secondary school. Other medium sized villages are locatedalong the Kribi-Lolodorfandthe Kribi-Eseka roads. Table 3-2.Biggesttowns and villages inthe Oceandivisionaccording to the nationalcensusof 1987 Bikoka 104 558 Lobe 103 494 Analvsis and discussion Apart from extrapolation of demographicdata from 1987to 2007 using estimatedgrowth percentagesfor urban and rural areas, satellite data from Google earth -though mostly basedon satellite images dated 2000-2002-can be usedto get animpressionof the impact of the population on the environment: areas of degradedforest are visible near the main axis: as are Kribi-Edea,Kribi-Bipindi-Lolodorf,Bipindi-Bela-ElogBatindi, Bipindi-Eseka, Elog-Batindi Eseka,Kribi-Campo,Campo-Nko'elon. Land use, as visible on the images extendsin general less than 1 km inlands from the roads. lB RGPH, 1987, crude data obtainedfrom officialsources. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 36 - 25 February 2008 Figure3.:3. Land usevisualizationthroughGoogle Earthmap REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 The rubber plantations of Hevecamare clearly visible as light green areas, while the oil palm plantationsof Socapalm and the Ferme Suisse can also be discernedon the image (see indicated). Other extensive impact on the environment results from the various logging roads, that are also visible on the image. Loggingconcerns only few trees (less than 5 trees/ha are of commercial value),and the smaller roads tend to overgrow within a few years, but damage occurs on remainingtrees, and the tree biodiversity is reduced. Comparedto the use of the environmentfor livelihood supportingactivities by the local population, logging and commercial farming have a far greater impact. The Bakola/Bagyeli hunter-gathersusually livebetween 30 minutes and 2 hours from the main road, as is the case for about 50% of the settlements. Between 1997and 2000, morethan 150settlementsexistedin the area. They do not settle in thick undisturbed forest, but tend to use logging roads and lumberstorage sites for their settlements. This choice has two advantages: they can travel more easily to these places, and there is less risk of falling trees on the settlements during heavy rain and thunderstorms.Often, both Pygmies and loggingcompanies,usethe tracks made by elephantsto find their way through the forest more easily. Only temporary hunting camps tend to be located in the deepforest, but also then often near clearances and water sources. Populationgroups in the area In terms of major livelihood,three local groups of populationscan bedistinguished:the fishermen alongthe coast, most of whom practice some limited cassavaproduction;the agriculturalist-hunters,who grow multiplefood cropseverywhere,and cocoawhen inland; and bakola-bagyeli hunter-gatherers,often referredto as "Pygmies".A fourth group are the non locals: mostly foreign fishermen and nationalsinvolvedin commerce, trade, and the administrativesector. Eachpopulationgroup is composedof different, more or less related ethnic groups. 'The fishermen: Batanga, Yassa There are two ethic groups BatangalVordand BatangaSud) which includesthe Yassa of Ebodie. Batangaand Yassa are mainlyfishermen who practice limitedagriculture almost entirely basedon cassava, with hardlyany other crops. Contraryto the other groups, whose exogamy means change of residencefor women, their villages are often inhabited by different clans, young men en women can marry within the village. Yassa live in a few villages around Ebodie and Campo beach, and further south in EquatorialGuineawhile Batangalive along the coast from north of Ebodieto the estuary of the Nyong. Kwasio agriculturalists: In the project area, the groupement Mabea includesthe area around Kribi, and Ngoumba Fangthe road Kribi-Bipindi.They are mostly agriculturalist (cassava,cocoa) and hunters. A small group of Mabi lives along the coast (Kribi area and a village near Campo) A bigger group of Ngumbatowards the interior of Bipindi-Lolodorf REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 38 - 25 February 2008 Various Beti-fang groups These groups speak various dialects of a more or less common language. They are eager agriculturalistand hunters.The main groups are Ewondo and Evouzok: northof Lolodorf and alongthe Kribi-Edea highway, where they have two groupements; Fang: a few villages along the Kribi-Bipindiand Kribi Akom II roads (Chef de groupement in Bidou I); Boulou:an importantgroup in the south-westernquarter of the study area, along the Kribi-Alom I1road and further in the south western area; they area characterizedby vast cocoa plantations; Mvae-Doumessandjang:Campo (Mintom),a few villages betweenCampo and Ebodje,villages between Campo and the ferry over the Ntem in Ebianemeyong (chef de groupement Doum Essandjang lives in Akak). Other Mvae live further to the east in Cameroon, and to the south in EquatorialGuinea. Their main activitiesare agriculture, hunting and fishing, but they grow little cocoa as the "sea winds does not allow for good yields"; Ntoumou, in the Ntem Valley and further south in EquatorialGuinea.They specialise in agriculture, cocoa, huntingand fishing. Various related groups: Basa and ~ a k o k o ' ~ Bakokowere the first inhabitantsof the area. They are divided in several clans (Elog), each with its ancestor, of which Adie is at the origin of the name Edea and the Canton (sub-division)Adie. The Bassa,being mainly agriculturalists,have migratedduring the 17Ihand 18Ihcenturies from tha Admawa Plateau, to Douala, where they left the Duala, and continued their movement to the Sanaga Maritimeand the Nyongand Kelle divisions. Being more numerous than the other groups, their language has becomethe main language of the area. Bagyeli-Bakola hunter-gathers The Bagyeli-Bakolahunter-gathers("~ygmies~~")speak an almost inter-comprehensible languagewith the Kwasio group, with whom they are supposedto have come to the area from the Congo basin during a long voyage to the Lokoundjevalley wher they arrived during the nineteenth century2'. They distinguishtwo groups among themselves, with slightly different dialects:the Bagyeli (along the coast and up to Bipindi-Bidjouka), and the Bakola (around Lolodorf -Nyong River). Bakola livefrom the southern bank of the Nyong river to the Ntem river on border between Cameroon and EquatorialGuinea. Eastward, they do not cross 11 E. Not very numerous, counting less than 4,000 persons,the majority of the groups live betweenthe Nyong River and the Kribi - Akom II road. The Bagyeli-Bakolamainlyinhabit the area along the Kribi-Lolodorf-Esekaroad, while small communitieshave occupiedother areas. A small number of settlementsis present in the Bassa area north of Bipindi, '' Envi-Rep (2007). Etude pour le suivi de la protection de la zone cdiere et de I'environnementmarin dans le cadre du projet Capece- Cameroun. 20 Pygmies:by some environmental pressure groups, the name "Pygmies"nowadays is considered a pejorative name for the traditional hunter-gathererswith their very particular lifestyle of which representativeslive in more than 10 central African countries, with similar life styles, and without often being aware of each others existence. The current attention of an ecological lifestyle and the resulting interest in their way of life has, besides all the real problemsof citizenship, access to land and loss of environment, created a sense of "Pygmy pride"among the more organized fraction of the various Pygmy groups. The capitalization of the name is a recognitionof this particularlifestyle. '' PNUD (2000) South Province,page 15. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 39 - 25 February 2008 others on the Kribi- Akom IIroad, and a few settlements south of the area. The Nyongis the norhernlimit of their extension, and the first 10km eastwards from the Lolodorf - Eseka roadthe eastern limit. Between 1997 and 2002,some 150 settlements have been identified,with an average populationof 23 people. For all settlements data about its origin and detailed demographic data were gathered. Most of the more important settlements had existedat the same spot or in the area since over 25 years, while during the same period about 25% of the settlements had moved. Very small settlements tend to move often between forest sites, and individualpeoplecan easily movefrom one settlement to another for very long periods, or find a houseor hut near a "Bantu-protector" in a village. Census was done in the 1980'sby Professor Loung, assistedby Dr G. Ngima Mawoung, however except for a general map22(Map I),results were not published. In December 1999,several settlements and individualfamilies were found alongthe Kribi-Edearoad, including the settlement of Bonguen, locateddirectly under the 90 KV powerline.All 150 settlements localized in 1997-2002are shown on the map in Annex 7. 22 LOUNG. J. F., (1996). - L'insuffisance des fBculents sauvages comestibles et ses consbquences chez les Pygmbes Bakola du Cameroun. I n : Froment A., I. de Garine, Ch. Binam Bikoi et J.F. Loung (eds.). Bien manger et bien vivre. Anthropologie Alimentaire et DBveloppementen Afrique intertropicale, Paris, ORSTOM- L'Harmattan,pp. 173-194. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 The excta settlements location alongthe Kribi-AkomIIroad and in the Nyabezan Ma'an area is not known. The status of the Bagyeli-Bakolaandthe impact of the project have been serious issues duringconstruction of the Chad-Cameroonpipeline.This populationgroup received ample attention from Cotco and localand internationalNGOs. Detailedbaseline data exist on the settlements and their inhabitants' ~ivelihood~~. An Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP), based on an initialcapitalof 600 K$, has been outlinedand is supposed to function during construction. Twenty-three Bagyeli-Bakola Pygmy settlements of the minority Bakola (Bagyeli) ethnic group are located within a zone of 2 km from the pipeline. Inthese 23 settlements,detaileddata on present livelihood(origin, history, agricultural fields) and on perceiveddevelopment priorities were gathered as a baselinefor the IPP.Additionally,there are 20 settlements having the Kribi-Bipindi-Lolodorf-Akongoroadas their main access. An estimated 1,000 Bakola Pygmies live in these 43 settlements. All would benefit from this IPP.Table 3-3 lists the considerationsthat makethe Bakola-Bagyelieligiblefor the status of "indigenous people" under the World Bank Operational Policy4.20: Table 3-3. Analysis of the Bagyeli-Bakola Pygmies as a vulnerable indigenous group inregard t o the World Bank's OP 4.20. World Bank Characteristic Bagyeli-Bakola Pygmies A close attachmentto ancestralterritories and Applicable to Bakola Pygmies. to the natural resourcesin these areas. Self-identificationand identificationby others as Bakola Pygmies view themselves, and are recognized by others, membersof a distinct culturalgroup. as a distinct cultural group. An indigenous language, often different from The Bakola language is close to the Kuassio language. the nationallanguage. Presence of customary social and political Some customary social and politicalinstitutionsexist. Primarilya subsistence-orientedlifestyle, with agriculture Primarily subsistence-orientedproduction. gaining in importance. Besides these, the World Bank is consideringan additional characteristicz4to identify indigenous peoples - "vulnerabilityto being disadvantaged as social groups in the development process" -which applies well to the Bakola Pygmiesas during the AES- Sonel powerline consultations,four Bagyeli groups2' were localized. 23Various reports are available, the most important are : 1. KOPPERT, G.I.A., FROMENT, A., BAHUCHU, S., NGIMAMAWOUNG, G., LOUNGJ.F. (1997) -Survey of Pygmy Population, Lolodorf to Kribi area, Republic of Cameroon. 45 p. Carte de localisation des campements pygmees. Rapport pour le Chad Development and Export System project. Groupe d'Etude des PopulationsForestieres Equatoriales, Paris. 2. KOPPERTG., NKOUMBELEF., NGIMA MAWWNGG., LOUNG,J. F., A. FROMENT.(2002a). Report Consultationsfor the Indigenous Peoples Plan and socioeconomic baseline studies conducted in the Kribi-Lolodorf area June 28 to August 04, 2001 with referenceto the pre-construction consultations in 1997, 1998 and 1999 (version 1.01, October 2002) 3. INDIGENOUSpeoplesplanfortheBakolapygmiesKribi-Lolodorfarea, PEOPLESPLAN(1999). Indigenous Cameroon. EMP, Vol 4, part 3,pages 1.1-7.1. 2qWorld Bank Policy on IndigenousPeoples, Approach Paper for Revisionof OP 4.10. (July 14, 1998). ''These, and other groups, had already been localized in 1999 by the Gepfe team, As the settlements are closely linkedto individualBantu villagers, these settlements are not always very permanent. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 q g a n r n UCIL! R O Y I L I ~ I I Q U I I I Q Various other small groups: 1. Bamileke, who are mostly engaged in small and larger trade; 2. Nigeriansare numerous among the fishermen along the coast. In 1995there were 25,000 fishermenwith 83% of them beingforeigners. Inthe Ocean province715 fishermenwith 20% foreigners, in Sanaga Maritime 639 with 45% foreigners (Envi- report, table 5); 3. Other small minorities in governmental and commercial services. Migration In the south province in general, and Kribi in particular, during the last century or so, migration has only taken place to sites where there was specific demandfor labor such as Kribi, Edea, lpono (logging company).Besides, Nigerianfishermen minorities are found along the coast. Even during the pipeline construction,far fewer job seekers came to the southern constructioncamps than to the northernones. This is quite a peculiar situation, the reasons for which are not clear. The villages are composedof people closely relatedby family ties, and all the land around the villages is owned by individualsandlor their extendedfamilies, and the land is not particularly fertile. It can be expected that there would be huge populationincrease around existingtowns and new industrialplants, but so far there is no traditionof mushrooming villages or rapid growth in other villages. The wider Kribi area is a regionwhere, outside the towns, only indigenous (traditional) people live and villages in the countrysidehardly grow. 3.3.3 Administrative and local organisation of the populations This section describes the administrative structure as empowered by the central government followedby the various traditionalstructuresthat exist in and between communities. Administrativestructure The administrative organisation in Cameroon is structured as follows: Table 3-4. Political structure InCameroon: from the president to the vlllage chief. French denomination English Headed by Observtions denomination Etat State Prksident Electedby the population > Province Province Gouvemeur Appointed by the government > Departement Division Prefet Appointedby the government > Arrondissement Sub-division Sous-prkfet Appointed by the government > District District Chef de district Appointedby the government >canton/groupement Chef de canton Elected by the local population, Igroupement indefiniteterm >Commune Maire Elected by municipal councillors, 5 year term > village Village Chef du village Elected by the local population, indefiniteterm --- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005/ACO/Rott Report - 4 2 - 25 February 2008 The official organization powered by the central state is structured from provinces down to districts. At all these levels, it is the central government that appoints the persons in charge. The other functionaries are elected by the local population and are in general appointed for their lifetime. Village chiefs are classified into three groups, according to their importance: 1'' degree, 2"ddegree, and 3rddegree. Mayors are elected for 5 years by the council of directly elected "conseillers municipaux", and usually serve only one 5- year term26. Many different ethnic groups live in the project area. However,they can be re-grouped in 4 categories, who speak related languages, and have related cultures. Each of the main ethnic groups has its own, officially recognized, "Chef de groupement", usually an inherited position27. Organisation at village level Available data Envi-report (2007)~~describes the villages as "stateless societies" without a strong central power structure. Lineages of people live in "quartiers",and authority is mainly exercised within the extended family. Adult men of such a group tend to eat together in special designated huts, called "Abba", where they receive food from the various households and discuss communal issues. The spheres of influence concernfamily- lineage-clan in their execution of diplomacy, defence, managementof persons and goods, formulation of laws and regulations,jurisdiction (especially on land disputes which happen to be numerous in the region).The religious sphere polices and censors behaviour in order to guarantee the social order and stability. Members of secret societies have knowledge of and use myths and traditional practices. Most villages are made up of one ethnic group, and even usually one clan, and not much trade is passing between the different villages. 'The only binding force is the matrimony system which obliges people to find their spouse in another village, to which they then become indebted through the bonds and obligations of the marital status2', that are especially visible in moments of grief when all people who recognize themselves as kin come together. Village chiefs are elected, generally from the same family -also female chiefs, though rare, are possible -and decisions are taken by an assembly in which the elders ("anciens" or "notables") and important people who have left the village ("elites exterieures") play a role (Envi, 2007). Analvsis and discussion The absence of well defined leadership in the villages is an important constraint for any project: it does not suffice to consult a chief or a couple of elders of the village, and obtain their agreement to have the same agreement of the population. Chiefs and elders may also retain information as something valuable through which they can have power on their fellow villagers. Villagers know that the chief has first his own relatives, and then 26htt~:/l~~ww.mairiedekribi.net/chiffre.oh~ MAlRlE DE KRIBI. (2007) The present maire de Kribi, since September 2007 and until 2012, is MartinH e ~ Bell Benae. e ''Carte des groupements 1/200.000, J. Robert Karneni, INC, Yaounde, 1998. and E. Dounias (1993), adapt6 d'anciennes sources. 28Section 3.4.4 page 47. Adapted from the analysis described by Salem-Murdock, Muneera, Mfoulou J. and Ndonko F.. (1999) Human environment:Socioeconomic and culturalsurvey in the ProjectArea. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 only the other villagers to take care of. So everybody wants to be informed and consulted individually -in a meeting or privately about any external developments. - The lack of authority, combined with the lack of trust in the authority, means that people often rather trust the rumours than the words of their leaders. The Cameroonianterm for "rumours" is "kongosa"which means "a truth vehicled by word of mouth in a community" and it is very difficult, if not impossible to counter this by corrective inf~rmation~~. Formaland informalorganisations Available data Envi (2007) describesthe most imponant formal and informal local organisations: churches, traditional societies, GICs, rotating systems, and political parties. Information on the first four groups is presented below. Churches.- The most important organisationsin the area are the churches, which are mostly Christian (catholic and various protestant denominations)and many newer churches like the neo-apostolics,Jehovah witnesses, etc. Envi (2007) notes that despite a very apparent and vibrant religious practice,the mentalityof the population remains strongly characterized by sorcery and strong feelings of bonding with the graves of their ancestors. SW (2007a)observes that churches are most often cited as the most important place where people go for leisure activities. Traditionalsocieties.-Organisationslike ngondo exist, groups of people born the same year exist with Yassa and Batanga. (see Envi, 2007) Groupes d'lntergt Commun(GIC).-Agriculture and artisanal groups unite in a GIC (grouped'interet commun = common interest group) which is legalised through simple notificationat the prefects office, and may be assisted by several governmental and agricultural services. Envi (2007) cites that especially GlCs uniting fishermen have gained importance: 77 GlCs are presentand affiliated to the FA PA^' Artisanal FishermenAssociations. GlCs uniting craftsmen were not observed. With respect to hunting, except for domestic use being mostly consideredas poaching, whatever organisation may exist is also not formalized. Envi provides no data on the organization of farmers. Rotating Saving Groups.-Saving is usually practiced through rotating saving groups: tontinesor njangi in pidgin. They have a mixed social and financial function of saving and borrowing money. It is basically a membership-basedorganizationthat requires each of its members to pay a certain amount of money on a regular basis (weekly, bi- weekly, or monthly), which enters into a common savings "account."This total amount is distributed among the members or can be partly borrowed for a maximumperiod of a few months, in order to profit from interestswhich may be up to 10%per month32. A few of the more national "kongosa"during the last decades have been the fear that infant vaccination would render girls sterile. the belief that one of Cotco's subcontractorsmeasuredthe height of its employees in order to preparetheir gaskets because they were sure to die on the job. People don'tcome for aids-testsin YaoundB, because 'one Cameroonianprofessor has discovered a cure that will free you from aids within 12 days... 31Recensement FMBration des Associations de la PChe Artisanale. Cited in Envi, 3.5.3.8 page 87). 32 Sika et al. (2006). Five Million Cameroonians Rely on Tontines and Njangi to Fight Poverty. See this article for a detailed description of the financial functioning of various tontines. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 4 4 - 25 February 2008 Analvsis and discussion In terms of savings and loans, tontinesessentially serve short-time needs between one month and a year; they are easy to managefor people who have no access to formal credit without collateral. Another, less often cited advantage of borrowingfrom a tontine is that as the borrowedmoney is to be repaid in a short period, people rarely accumulate debts beyondtheir carrying capacity, like is often the case with bank generated easy loans. 3.3.4 Landtenure This sectiondescribes the main characteristics of the legal land tenure and the traditional landtenure, and describes the main pointsof conflict betweenthe two. Landtenure depends on two different and often opposing sets of rules: legal aspects as present in nationallaws, decrees and arrests, andtraditional rights as evolved locally within and betweenthe traditional ethnic groups. Legalaspects Available data Dataon landtenure are provided in ~ o t c (1999) o ~ ~ ~ n v(2007)and completed by i ~ ~ Njomgang (2006)~~who analyses the recent new decree on land titling. The details are provided in Annex 8. The Resettlement Action Planfor the Transmission line provides the following summary36: Ordinance No. 74-1 of 6 July 1974to establish rules governing landtenure - This law relatesto rules governing landtenure. The following categories of land are distinguished: Private Property-land that is held by privatepersons or entities in possessionof a certificate of occupancy (theterms and conditions of issue being determined by decree); PrivateProperty of the State and other Public Bodies-this includespersonal and real property acquired by the State or public body either without considerationor for a value consideration accordingto the rules of expropriationfor public utility and common law; NationalLands - landthat is not classed as public or private property, sub-divided into two categories; o land occupiedwith houses; o land free of any effective occupation. NationalLands are administered bythe state and allocatedto customary communities providedthey are of Cameroonian nationality, peacefully occupying or usingthe land.As such, customary communities can apply for land certificates in line with the provisionsof the law. 33 COTCO (1999) Compensation plan. Legal Frameworkfor LandAcquisition,occupationand use. Section 3.0 and appendix E. 34Envi report (2007) section3.4.3. 35NJOMGANG H. (2006) Enjeux et perspectives d'une reforme fonciere au Cameroun. Land Administration Issues in Africa. In: Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance, 5th FIG Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana, March 8-11, 2006. h t t ~ : / / ~ . f i 4 . n e f f o u b / a ~ ~ r a / ~ a ~ e r04 t ~ 1 2 ~ 1 2 ~ / niornaana.~df 3%ee Scot Wilson (2007a) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 45 - 25 February 2008 Public Property comprises all personal or real propertyset apart for either direct - use by the public or for public services. Publicproperty is subdivided into two categories; o naturalpublic property, beingcoastland (first50 meters from the coast line); o artificialpublic property,being roads, railways, telecommunications,ports, national monuments,and traditional concessions (chiefdoms). Public property of the state is inalienable,imprescriptableand non-attachable.Land occupation or land use rights may be granted by the administratorsof such lands as temporary or revocable rights. Traditionallandtenure Based on interviews during previous studies3' the traditional aspects of land ownership rules can be described. The traditional landtenuresystem is basedon the "right of the hoe": whoever is the first to clear the land owns the land, evenwhen it returnsto fallow. In practice this is not always respected,as all land belongstraditionally to (extended)families, even if it has never been cultivated. Traditional boundaries betweenfamiliesand villages are often only vaguely definedand are source of disputes. In the southern province,all land is said to belongto someone: a village, an extended family, a person. Villagerssay that there is no landthat belongs to nobody. This was confirmed during the crop inventory for the pipelineconstructionwhere, as could be expected, all cultivated land belongedto individuals,but also non cultivated land and all wild forest resourcesthat were compensatedby the project. Only east of Yaounde, outside the Beti area, the notion of communal landand communal resources appeared to be present in all villages. Traditionally, in most of Africa, it is very easy for outsiders to acquire landwhen they settle in an area, especially if there is sufficient land available.The various migratory movements alongthe coast that lastedto the beginning of the twentieth century have created a mosaic of ethnic groups. Peoplecoming from the inlands were given land on the coast, which they could freely cultivate and which they were believedto own. However, once the land supply becomesshort, or land gets a compensationvalue, the land donors recallthat they hadprovidedthe land in the past, and reclaim a right on the profits. Between2 villages in the Kribi area such disputes, involvingcourt rules, have been going on for the last fifty years3' without a real solution. Tensions betweentraditionaland legallandtenure systems Cameroonianlaw recognizesthe right of communitieshaving customary rules, and their members,to continue to occupy and use National Land that they had developed before Ordinance 7411 of July 6, 1974took effect on August 5, 1974 (Envi,2007; Cotco, 1999). Ingeneral, lands occupiedwith houses, farmlands, plantations,grazing lands,and paths are recognized. 37 Gepfe(2006) Baseline and monitoringstudies along the pipelineChad-Cameroun) - Koppert G. Loung J.F. (1999) Evaluation of socio-economic impacts ate the Lolodorf, Bipindi and Ngoumou Storage yards, Belabo Pumpstationand Kribi Pressure ReductionStation. GEPFE 1998. -- - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 46 - 25 February 2008 Occupationof thistypeof landmust be manifestedthrough an effective humanpresenceand visible improvement. Forinstance,Cocoaplantations,even as they are no more maintained, areconsideredto denote effective humanpresenceandvisible improvement.Landsfree of any effectiveoccupation are notrecognized (Cotco, 1999). Analvsis and discussion Only legallytitled land is eligible for compensation. For all other land occupied under traditionalrules, only the "value adding improvements" (misesen valeur)are compensated.Though in this way traditional ownership of cultivatedland is recognized, this is not the case for fallow land. However,fallow is part of the agricultural system, and fields are returned to fallow after a relatively short periodof 3-4 years. Farmers need to have access fallow land, which after a periodof 3-10 years will again be usedfor agriculture. In practice,outsiders only happento have right to land if locals do not need it. Where land shortage exists, or land becomes a financially valuable asset, non locals (Pygmies, widows, foreigners) often are chased away. Tensions between projects and local populations are createdbecause traditionally ownership is not recognizedin compensationschemes. In this aspect, agro-industrial plantations -in whose interestin most of Africa the legal system has been created during the colonial period-are especially unpopular among villagers as they need thousands of hectares that were formerly possessedif not used by local populations. 3.3.5 Publicfacilities Transport: roads and railroads ~vailabledata BYthe end of 2007, the Edeato Kribi road and the Bounyabel-Eseka-Lolodorfare the only tarred roads i" the region: the former is a good quality heavy road, the latter only has a thin tarred surface. Logging companies maintain roads in areas where they have their concessions. Road improvementprojects concern: Kribito Yaounde: via Lolodorf-Mvengue-Ngoumou,of which the first part from Yaounde is actually underconstruction39with some dissatisfactionamong the locals about compensation rates and payments. The actual roadKribi-Bipindi-Lolodorfis regularly maintainedbut the pavement is such that the road rapidlydegrades during the rainy season; mud pools and a steep hill near Lolodorf make passageoften difficultduring the rainy season. The tarring of the Kribi-Campo road is one of the future projects. Sincethe improvement of the bridgesalong this road inthe 1990's, traffic has been possible during all seasons. The Kribi-AkomII Ebolowaroad has some very difficult sections around~ m b a m ~ . - No information was available about a plannedroad improvementfor this roadwhich would link the main divisioncapitals of the south Province. Railroads- new railroads are directlylinkedto the creationof a deep water port in Kribi. Various projectsof railroads are projected, and some contracts have already 39 TAMBA E. (2007) htt~:i/edouardtamba.centerbloq.neVrub-Yaounde-Kribi-La-route-Dasse-la-colere-suit.html consulted December 20,2007. In: Le Messager du 23-10-2007. 40PNUD (2000) page 68. --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 47 - 25 February2008 been signed: with Hydromine for the Edea to Kribi railroad4'for the exportation of aluminium; and for the wide gauge railroadfrom Mbalam to Kribifor the export of lron Ore (the most advanced project). No details are available on the Mamellesto Kribi railroadfor similar iron ore e~portation~~. The deep water port - this is the oldest developmentproject (PNUD 2000) planning to create a 20 meter deep port near Grand Batanga, where this depth is reached closest to the shore. Accordingto the US Department of State (2007),feasibility studies are advancedand a contractwith Hydromine has been signed for its development.The Mbalam lron project has planned its railroadtowards the deep sea port. Access to electricity Available data In 2004 the southern province had 585,437inhabitantsin 113,074households,with 12 inhabitantsper km2. he province has 2,332 km power lines, 547 distribution post, 16 service stations of which 14 in division capitals. Minimum solar potentialis 3,95 kwh/mZ/day (Panerp, annexe 2, December 2005)~~ Table 3-5. Electrlclty supply in the southern province. Source (adapted from (Panerp, December 2005) Division capital- Sub-division capital Sub-division capita- Villages Total Departement - Arrondissement District Total number 4 21 -- 1 1209 1235 Access to electricity 0 411 % access 100% 69% 0% 34% Table 3-6.Electricity supply to public services. Source (adapted from (Panerp, December 2005) South-Province Total (2004) O/OElectricity Education Health facilities 194 Rural Development Environment Analvsis and discussion For local populations,the construction of a powerplantand the electrification of their villages are two naturally linked developments: one cannot be acceptedwithout the other. However, the high tension facilities of a powerplant and the low tension needed for electrifyingthe villages are technically not compatible. Arguments in favor of linkingtransmission lines with rural electrification are obvious:the transmission line negatively affects the local population'slivelihood, and electrifyingthe US departmentof state (2007) htt~:llwww.state.oovleleeb/ifd/2007/80687.htm See for instance. IMF (2006, points 168) htt~://www.~aner~-cm.ora/Docs/Document~/1149581749-nnexe.df. PANERP (2007). - Plan d'Action National Energie pour la RMuctionde la Pauvrete, Rapport d'avancement annexe 2. ------ REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/R0tl Report - 4 8 - . 25 February 2008 villages, with subsidizedconnection of new lines can be part of the community compensation process. In ruralvillages the first problem usually is access to the electricity grid. Once that exists, however,a second problem that emerges: the payment of the monthly bills. This explains why in many electrifiedvillages there are so many unhookedelectricity meters. To avoid this, prepaymentmeters-that function similarly to scratch cards used for mobiletelephones -could be installed.Though prepayment meters are probably more expensive, costs of recuperatingpaymentswill be much less than with a post-payment system. Access to cleandrinking water Available data Clean drinkingwater is a rare commodity in the south province. The PNUD (2000) report indicatesthat pipedwater is only available in Kribi and Campo, but supply is irregular or insufficient. Only five public faucets are functioning in Kribi, none in Campo, while only a small minorityof houses is directly linked to the grid. Various drinkingwater projects have failed because their installations require too much attention from the villagers. Of 43 Scanwater motorised water towers in the south province (built in the 1980's), PIVUD (2000) reportsthat only 10 are still working. The ESlA (Scot Wilson, 2006) report indicatesthat very few villages have clean drinking water throughdrilled wells, but most people drink surface water. Analysis and discussion The small size of most villages as well as their spatial lay-out (linear buildingalongthe roads) make drilling of wells uneconomicalas it meansthat drilledwells often serve only a very small number of families. Surface water is usually available at a short distance from most of these hamletsu. It may be drawn from open rivers or "natural sources"which in fact are in most cases unprotected river heads. The importance of clean drinking water clearly shows from the frequent presenceof diarrheal epidemics in the area. Healthfacilities Available data An updated list of healthfacilities in the area has not been available for this report. Hospitals are present, among other sites, in Kribi, Campo, Bipindi, and Lolodorf; integratedhealth centres are available in some of the more important villages. PNUD (2000) indicatesthat more than the number of health structures, the quantity and quality of health personnelappears often as the limiting factor. Table 3-7 has been deductedfrom this report and showsthe inventory of healthfacilities inthe Ocean division. M Locationsand descriptions of water supplies in some 30 villages of the pipelinebetween Kribi and the Chadian border were part of the baselines studies (Koppert et a1.,2006) and opinions expressed in this section are basedon thesedata. A - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 49 - 25 February 2008 Table 3-7. Presence of hospitals,Integratedhealthcentersand other health facilitiesin the Ocean division(source: adapted from PNUD, 2000, page 74) Health facility (private and public) Number present in 1998-99 Hospitals 8 CSI (Integrated Health Centres) 43 Other health centres 39 Private pharmacies 2 Education Primary education is well representedin the area (mostlygovernmentschools but also private and religious institutions),but qualified teachers and educationalsupplies are lacking. Over 60% of the schools are builtwith semi-definitive materials. PNUD (2000) indicates on average 35 pupils per class in the Ocean division. Secondary education had 21,000 pupils in the general sections and 7,400 in the vocational sections that have become more important during the 1990's.There is a teacher's school in Kribi. School fees, accordingto ECAM2 (2002, p.68) were 13,600 FCFA per child for the poor and 32,600 FCFA for the non-poor population,or respectively4.5% and 3.5% of the household income. With many householdshaving4-5 children in school, the financial burden for providing educationto one's children is high. Since 2000, the implementationof the Poverty Reduction has modestly improvedthe situation by means of recruitmentand integration of more teachers, improvementsin school buidings, and subsidizinga minimum package of free supplies for pupils and schools. Table3-8.Educationalfacilitiesinthe Oceandivision(source:adaptedfrom PNUD, 2000, page 77) Educationalfacility (private and public) Number present in 1998-99 Kindergarten 32 Primary school 185 Post-primaryeducation 10 Secondary education (general) Secondaryeducation (vocational) Teachers training schools 1 Analvsis and discussion As the present levelof technical skills of the localpopulationis low, projects should maketechnical and vocational training (both through on-the-jobtraining and promoting newtechnical schools) an integratedpartof their ESHAP. Inthe long term, improved technical training will allow more recruitmentamongthe locals, which is beneficial to the local economy and economicallyadvantageousto the companies. Also, recruitmentof trained locals46will havea positive impact on the attitudetowards education among the local population. 45IMF (2006) - The nationalpoverty reductionstrategy includedsince adoption of the strategy the construction and rehabilitationof 3768 classrooms, recruitmentof 1700probationary teachers and absorptioninto the public service of 987 graduates of the AdvancedTeachers'Training School (ENS). 46Between 1960and 1985, any completededucation was almost a guarantee to a job, most often a government position, and parents and children were highly motivatedto education. Since then, access to education has REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Recreationaland culturalfacilities Available data Facilities like cinemas, libraries, swimming pools and cultural centres are mostly absent (PNUD, 2000),but were often cited as developmental prioritiesduring consultation meetings in villages crossed by the Chad-Cameroonpipeline. The PNUD report indicatesfor the Ocean division (Kribi): a theatre, a library, an expositionhall, and a youth centre. Kribi is the only site in the divisionwhich has access to a commercial bank. Since 2005, Kribi also owns a centre for artisanal fishery. Analvsis anddiscussion As the political structure of the local populations is traditionally weak andcharacterized by poor collaboration and rapid emergenceof tensions within and betweenvillages and ethnic groups, recreational and cultural facilities can help to improve coherence among the local populations. 3.3.6 Cultural heritage and archaeology The Nyong-Ntem region has been important inthe Bantu expansion from the grassfields into centralAfrica. Archaeological research has been especially interestedin the Kribi region during the last 10years, mainlyin conjunctionwith the Campo-Ma'anpark and the Chad-Cameroon pipeline, but also via unrelatedresearch programs (see detailed report in Annex 9). Late Stone Aae This is estimated from around 30,000 to 5,000 years ago and characterized by the presenceof stone tools made from a cloudy ortranslucent quartz, many flakes, notched tools, scrapers, bifacial tools and points. Neolithic staae (first Bantuexpansion1 This stage is known in west-Cameroonsince 4,000 BP and in the regionKribi-Campo, around3,000 BP. Populationscreated their settlements on hilltops and along crest lines. Stone pebbles were usedto hew axe-hoetools for use in farming. They had good knowledgeand mastery inthe different techniques of stone polishing and pottery. This periodcan be estimatedbetween 1,000and 300 BC. Accordirlg to Oslisly (2001) the chronological sequence presented above points to an irrefutablecontinuous human presence along the coast of Cameroonfor about a millennium, beingfrom 2,600 to 1,800 BP. This can be explained by the rich coastal flora andfauna that favoured hunting, and the slash and burn farming together with fishing in the sea. Between 1,800BP and 600 BP populationdecreased (Nlend, 2004). Old IronAae (Iron Aae I,second Bantu exaansion) This era is situated around the second century BC and is characterised by the presence of slag and highly corroded iron tools. Duringthis period, iron ore of very good quality may have been obtained from the Mamelles hills where it was knownto occur since a longtime. much improved, but access to employment has strongly diminished, leading to many highly educated unemployedpeople, and diminishing motivationfor schools. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 51 - 25 February 2008 Late Iron Aae (Iron Aae Ill This mainlyconcerns the pre-colonial period(between900 and 400 BPI, and is representedfrom xllthcentury by many villages creatednear beachesat the sea shore. Conclusion Archaeological research undertakenin the area, especially since 2000, shows not only the importanceof the coastal area, but also an abundanceof archaeologicalfindings. The results obtainedshow that since about 5,000 BP most of the sites were either locatedon hilltops or on crest lines. Most of the artefacts that were found,are revealed intwo ways: firstly,the hewed stones are always found in a stratigraphic level enclosed in lateriticpieces of gravel. Potterysherds on the other handare either found in the clayey-sandyformation at the surface of the lateritic horizon for settlement levelsor most often in dug structures commonly known as pits which are older. The high demographic pressuretranslates into an increasednumber of archaeological sites but also hadconsiderable impact on the coastal forest. Palynologicalanalysis revealthe presence of specific plant species knownfrom open landscapes as Pycanthus angolensisand those highly influencedby man as Pennisetum (millet) comparableto species present nowadays (Oslisly etal. 2006). The archaeologicalpotentialof the Kribi region, in line with international agreementson cultural heritage, necessitatesfor the integrationof archaeologicalresearch in environmentalassessments. This processwill lead to improved knowledge of the early history of southern-Cameroonin general and that of the coastal band in particular. African history will be better understoodthrough cross studies using different research methods, amongst which archaeologycan be a major one. / Livingpopulations have the knowledgeandthe use of various manifestationsof cultural heritagesuch as well described sites like tombs, sacred sites, churches, and specific knowledgeand techniques used. Each of the over 10ethnic groups in the area, has its own cultural heritage,that is to be taken into account by any development related project. 3.4 Economic activities Available data Duringthe writing of this report only few datawere available about local labour in the various companies. In 1998-2000,peopleform the two villages Talla and Mpangou, informedthe consultation teams that no locals were involved among the thousands of people working on the Socapalm and Hevecam plantations.Suchdata will have to be double checked against administrativedata4' from the companies. Hevecam Hevecamwas established in 1975 and exploited 15,000 hectares of rubber during the oil boom, with supportfrom the World Bank and the FrenchGovernment 47 In general, during consultations about employment one discovers that more people are recruited in projects than villagers admit, especially because workers tend to leave the village, but the total number is in general inferior to what the villages expect. - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 (Mouafo, 1992)@.The company was privatisedin 1996 and bought by the Malayan registered GMC. According to the Envi report (2007, p.81) the plantationcovers a concession of 42,000 ha., 17,000of which are in productionand 5,000 in extension; in total 5,250 persons are employed by the company. Rough measurementsfrom Google Earth satelliteimages (dated appr. 2000) show that the disturbedarea is already about 45.000 ha, probably because it includes land clearedby the project workers. Socapalm This former state company has been privatisedand now belongs to the international Sofincogroup. According to the Envi report (2007, pp.81-8214' it covers a total area of 20,000 ha, of which 16,000 are within the Campo-Ma'an UFO. Only 8,000 ha are actually in production and produce an annual 26,000 T of palm oil. The plantations are too old for optimal production. The total number of dependents amounts to appr. 1,500 people,being 375 employees andtheir families. A village plantationprogram buys up producedpalm bunchesfrom the neighbouringvillages. Socapalm also owns a herd of 950 head of tryposoniasis resistant cattle,that by grazing clear the plantations and assist with the transport of producedbunches. Part of the cattle is butcheredevery year and sold to the employees. Nodata on future developments are available, but as the actual occupied area is only a small proportionof the total concession area, real extensions should not be expected. Societe des Palmeraiesde la Ferme Suisse (SPFS) Duringthe last few years, prices of rubber and palm oil on the word markets have increased,which meansthat the dire financial situation of the Cameroonian agro- industrialplantations at the turn of the century have improved. Envi (2007) indicates that Hevecam is expanding. News paper reports in December2007~'indicate that since 2007, SPFS has started a bio-fuelproject and already has producedits first bio-fuel: 1,700 litresper day to be increasedto 2,500 litres per day in the near future. No other data on future extension are available, but with the growing importance of bio fuel, and the technical knowledge of the plantation,extensions could be sound economic policy. Fernadez No data are available about the existence of such an oil palm project at the time of writing of this report. Analvsis and discussion This section of the report suffers from lack of official data on actual activities and plannedextensions of the agro-industrialprojects inthe area. Currently, high prices are beingpaid at the world market for rubber and palm oil, while bio-fuelfrom oil palms also appears to have a bright future, at least as long as oil prices remain as high as they are right now (around 100 USD per barrel). Discussions in the developed world about bio-fueland its impact on the environment may have an important impact on the financing of bio-fuelprojectsin the tropicalforest. Initially, there was a general enthusiasm of cultivating bio-fuelin the tropics as a means * In : htt~:l/www.wrm.or~.uv/deforestation/Afrion2.htm. Ndoye O., Kaimowitz D. (1998). - Macro- Economics, Markets, and the Humid Forests of Cameroon, 1967-1997. 49 Data for Socapalm and Hevecam seem to have been copied from an earlier FA0 report : Akogo G. (2002) Etude de cas d'amenagement forestier exemplaire en Afrique centrale : La zone de Campo-Ma'an, Cameroun. Doc FM/lOF, FAO, Rome, Italie ft~://R~.fao.oraldocre~lfao/008/v9382f/v9382f.~df 50htt~:/lwww.kwalai.com/index.~h~?o~tion=com content&task=view&id=4846&Itemid=45 KAI WALL~(13-12- 2007) -Le bio-carburantest desormais produit et consomme au Cameroun. (accessed 02 January 2008) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 to simultaneouslydiminish climatic change and alleviate tropical povertys1.Recently, however,awareness has risen5' about the negative impact of bio-fuel growing on the destruction of the rain forest as well as the amount of energy necessaryto produce chemical inputs,to transform the base product and to transport the produced fuel, and its impact on consumer pricess3for essential foodstuffs. The total area occupied by the four main agro-industrialplantations in the study area is about as much as the area occupied by village agriculture. The land now occupied by the plantationscovers part of the traditional.domainof the surroundingvillages, and villagers claim some sharing of the profitsthrough employment and development. Developmentalactions should include income related projects, as well as participationin local social, health, and educationalfacilities. Land is also occupied by employees of the companies, and in general such occupation is not managed (see also Envi (2007),p.79). IVospecific data has been found, but if each worker uses about 1 hectare of fields, for Hevecam with its 5,000+ workers this would mean that more than 5.000 hectareextra -being 3O0I0of the area occupied by rubbertrees -is needed. Such strong impacts are to be taken into account in the projects. 3.4.2 Forestryindustry (logging concessions) Available data Since 1986,exports of timber and derived products (particularlyplywood panels) have played a growing role in Cameroon's economy. This growth was concurrent with the fall in prices of exported raw materials (coffee, cocoa, etc.). The forestry sector, which contributes some 6% to GDP, currently generates around 45,000 jobs, half of which are in the informal economy. The adoption of the forest code in 1994 and the partial haltto exports of logs in 1999 pavedthe way for the rapid industrializationof the sector. Cameroon has one of the most highly developed processing industry in the West-African region. In 2003, exports of timber and derived products, second only to petroleum products, represented 16% of all exports (around380 million dollars). The industrial logging in Cameroonand Kribi region is generally of low intensity, the number of trees being felled for sale being less than 5 per hectare (trees of commercial value). The process is very selective, in which only the very highest value specimens are taken (ecremage- literally creaming off the best specimens), but often not ecologically sustainable. Damageoccurs on remainingtrees, the tree biodiversity diminishes, logging removes nutrients and escalates forest fragmentation. Main logging companies in the area are HFC (Forestierede Campo, belonging to a French international group) located in Campo with a sawmill capacity of 60,000 m3 per year, and Wijma (GWZ)~~,in Kribi, with a sawmill in Bidou Iof a capacity of 75-90,000 "EU(2008)h t t D : / / e ~ . e ~ r ~ ~ a . e U / e n e r a y / T e S / l e c l i S l ahe Europeancommissions t web site on biofuel. 52 BBC (2008) htt~:llne~~.bb~.~0.~k/lIhil~0rldle~r0~el7186380.stmwith interview EU Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas. 53 Due to competitionfrom bio fuel, the price of palm oil has risen in Cameroon from around 500 FCFAIL to 900 FCFA according to 1 54 h t i ~ : / / w w . w i i r n a d o u a l a ~ r I'UFA 09-021 et la scierie de Bidou.~df:WlJMA (GWZ). (2006). - RBsume de I'amBnagement et de la REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 m3. The latter company has been certifiedFSC (the ForestStewardshipCouncil), a sustainableforest management Accordingto rumours, Wijma would have recently bought HFC. Other companiesin the area are MMG (Mba MbaGeorges), CUF, SCIEB, and EFFA, each exclusive users of large loggingconcessions. Logging companies have beenclosely monitoredand scrutinizedby various environmental NGOs, and are in general accusedof poor environmentalmanagement and illegal logging56. Besideslegalpaymentsto the villages (50% of the officialfees ate to be remained locally, of which 10%to adjacentvillages) Wijma proposesa fixedfee of 1,000 FCFA per m3 of logs for social projects like wells, schoolsupplies,school repairs, and health. Analvsis and discussion Environmentalimpact studies possiblyexist for other major loggingcompanies, especially for HFC,working around Campo, but could not be locatedfor this study. Contraryto agro-industrialconcessions, forestry concessionsare obliged by law to share a fixed proportionof their turnover with the local populations. unfortunately5', this money often is usedfor consumptiveprojects rather than being investedin development actions. Loggingcompaniesare popular with the localpopulationsbecause (1) they create roads; (2)they employ some localpeople; (3) often transport people in their trucks and assist during funerals; and (4)they participate in local development through the forest tax. These short term positive impactsusuallyoverwhelm latent fear among the local populationof the longterm negative impactson the environment and especiallyon hunting. demarche FSC pour I'UFA 09-021et la scierie de Bidou (EISA publishedon the official website of the logging company). UFOsare 09-21, 09-024, 11-002and with CFK, 09-013. . .. 55http:Nw.fsc- watch.orqlarchivesl2006/1ll05lCarneroon Wilma still certified as official observer finds new illeaalities - comments The company's actions remain criticised by international forest watch NGOs. According to the company's website, the certificationwas suspended in May 2007. Chibani-JacqotP. (2511012006)- Polemique autour de I'attribution du label FSC au Cameroun. In French http:l/www.novethic.fr/novethic/sitelarte.is?id=l03567, 56 http:llw.illeaal-loaaina,infoluoloadslGreen~eaceWiimaDestroyinCameroon~df:Greenpeace (2002). - Wijma: destroying Cameroon's raln forests. A report of the Dutch chapter of Greenpeace about Wijrna and affiliatedcompanies. See for instance NZOA G. (2003) - Gestion decentralisee des revenus forestiers et developpement local durable: le cas de la commune de Yokadouma est - Cameroun. ~ ~ D : ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ D O C R E P ~ A R T I C L E MXI1WorldXForestry~Congress, Quecbec I F C ~ I I ~ O ~ ~ - C ~ . H T M REA Kribi 9S9906lR00005/ACO/Rott Report - 55 - 25 February 2008 3.4.3 Oil & Gas exploration and exploitation and related development Pipeline Chad-Cameroon Available data The Chad-Cameroonpipeline was completed in 2003. The Kribi part of the project concerns are Pressure ReductionStation (PRS) and a Floating Storage Facility, linked with a 10km pipelineto the shore, with a 500 m exclusionzone aroundthe underwater pipeline.Nodirect employment has beencreatedby the pipeline and as the company, Cotco, is registeredin Douala, notaxes are beingpaid locally. The local population states that they do not gain any profitsfrom this billiondollar project. During the construction phase, the impact of the project on the local communities has been evaluated. Study results58from 29 communities along the pipeline among the male population over 15years, show that 25% had at any moment been employed by the project for and average duration of 95 days, resulting in a revenueof 400-600,000 FCFA. The positive economic impact on the populationwas thus well-distributed, but had a short livespan. Compensationwas paid individuallyto farmers in-cashand in-kind,and collectivelyto the affectedcommunitiesfor general loss of use of the pipelineeasement, as collectively selected communal assets. Indirectly,project money is available through FEDEC that is in charge of the Indigenous Peoples Plan (based on an investedgrant of 600,000 USD) and the Camp-Ma'an reserve which, through WVC, has a financing through the product of a trust fund containing 3.5 million USD usedfor the Campo-Ma'an and Mbam-Djeremprojects. Analvsis anddiscussion The Chad-Cameroonpipeline was the first project inwhich, besides government and donor organisations, also the civil society was actively involved(via NGOs). Many of their actions have had a considerable impact on the project: re-routesin the environmentally sensitive areas of Deng Deng andthe Mbam valley, revision of compensation rates paid to farmers, and the importance of the BakoldBagyeli Pygmies. Before the start of the project, all 240 villages were visited by a social team. The team providedinformation about the project and about its very limited long-term impact on local employment andeconomic development. ~ocals'~were invitedto indicate their mainsources of revenue,their main problems and main priorities.This exercise has helpedthe project in developing its strategy for community compensation. However,as the reportedpriorities were so much more expensivethan the available community compensation, it also created sentiments of frustrated expectations. Since the completion of the pipeline, its impact on the local economy has been almost negligible, apart from some maintenanceoperations (bush clearing) along the easement. KOPPERT et al. (2006). -Baseline and monitoring reportsChad-Cameroon Pipeline. Cotco, Gepfe (1998-2006). 59Separate groups of men, women and young were formed, who would each report their main revenues, problems, and priorities., See Gepfe (2000). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Ever since the start of the project, the local authorities have regrettedthat Kribi would have the pressure reductionstation andthe off-shore vessel, but no income from the presence of a main Cotco office or the payment of local taxes. Off-shore oil and gas explorationand exploitation PERENCO is exploiting oil rigs in the Ebodjeand Kombe-Nsepeblocs. They are managingthe Ebome rig and the rigs around Ebodje. The company mostly uses labour imported from outside the area and as all exploitation is outside the direct 2 miles coastal waters, taxes are being paid in Douala. The local population states that they do not gain many profits from this project. Central Processingplant and Electricityproductionfacilities around Kribi The Sanaga South will be carried out by Perenco, who will sell all produced gas to AES- Sonel to be used in its powerplant.The gas project includestwo exploitation gas wells off-shore; an about 14 km long pipeline to a Central Processing plant; a Central Processing plant on-shore (planned in the village Eboudawae), (4a) a 21 km pipeline to transport waste for re-injectionat the Ebome-platform;a 14km pipelineto inject glycol in the exploration holes; a gas pipeline of 10-20km to the Power Production Plant in Mpolongwe 11, 9 km North of Kribi; and a 150KVpower transport line between Kribi and the national electricity grid in Edea. The population is supposed to benefit from this project in the following ways: Construction: employmentwill be mainly in the constructionof the on-shorefacilities as off-shore facilities require highly qualified personnel; Construction of the CPF, 30-50 people will be employed during a period of 6 to 12 months; the ESHtA; 150 MW Power Station and 225kV transmission line. All construction activities will need qualified as well as unqualifiedlabour. Construction of each of the plants may take 6-12 months,the construction of the powerline up to 6 monthswith a continuous presenceof about 1 month in a given area. For the constructionof both the power plant and the power line the labour needs are estimated at about 900 workers, with an estimated 10% to be recruited in the area. As the line crosses 30 village, this would mean about 3 jobs per village; Production: local preferencesfor qualified as well as unqualified staff. Staff is estimated to be around 30 people during the exploitation phase but no estimates are provided in the ESHIA on the proportion of locally attracted labour. Annual maintenanceof the powerlineeasementwill be subcontractedto companies who may hire locals for the clearing. The two ESHlA of the CPF, powerplant,and transmission line indicatethat local employmentin the projectwill probablybe very limited. Unfortunately,during the consultation more emphasis has been put on "sharing employment with the local population"than on the very limited amount of employmentavailable. Such consultations may leadto unwarrantedexpectationsamong the local population, which will lead to disappointments. - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 58 - 25 February2008 Memve'ele hydroelectric project Available data There is an official website for the project exist6' on which the first environmental scoping reports (Feasibilitystudy of Coyne and Bellier) are available. The planneddam will have a height of 20 meters, and a maximumwidth of 395 m. The retention lake will have a surface of 1900 ha, and a capacity of 130million m3.The installedgenerators have a capacity of 201 MW, and will be located 56 meters lower than the dam. For the transmission of the produced electricity three options are considered: 1) via Ebolowa and Mbalmayoto Yaounde (285km); 2) via Hevkcamto Kribi (problem:will have to cross the Campo Ma'an NationalPark), or 3) via the interconnectedCameroon- Gabon-Guinea grid towards the south6'.The locationof the access roaddepends on the transmission line, but potentialinitially access will be through Ebolowa and Nyabizan (see pp. 4-15 and 4-33), and would so improvethe roadsystem in the region. The project proposesto avoid impactingthe Campo Ma'an NationalPark, through roads and transmission lines. It acknowledgesits potential negative impacts on the Park. Proposed bush-meat mitigation measures include prohibitionof bush meat consumption, creationof markets, shortening of the construction period, increased policing of hunting activities, and limitinginduced access to protected areas (p. 4.41-42) Mainsocial impacts evaluated in 1993were (Coyneet Bellier,2006, pp. 4.9-10) the resettlementof a hamletwith 9 households, 116 Ha. of food crops, fruit and palm trees, annual loss of 7.2 Tons of bush-meat but increased annual fishing potentialof 60 tons, construction impacts,and migrationimpacts. A new social impact evaluation is proposed in the report to take into account missing elements like recent legislation concerning ESHIA, Campo Ma'an national Park, impacts on fishing, bushmeat, and compensation. A new inventory of the exact extension of the retention lake and impacted human settlements is necessary. Roadwidening, betweenthe Dam and Ebolowa,would destroy accordingto recent estimations 155 houses, a chapel, a few tombs and 75 other buildings.The resettlementand compensation plan propose necessary mitigation measures. Replacementland usablefor agriculture is abundantly present in the region. The Wijma logging company,with 2 loggingconcession in the area, has offices in Nyabizan, and created roads linkingthe areato the Kribi-Ebolowaroad. This is an importantstakeholder. Locals have a positiveopinion about the project, and also high expectations of its positive impacts on the economy. However,tensions exist between environmental protectionmeasures andthe local population especially about hunting restrictions inthe NationalPark. Fishing Impactsare both negative (species like shrimps will disappear) and positive - (new species will develop and retention lakes in Cameroontend to be very rich in fish). "htt~://www.~roiet-rnernveeie.ora/ 61 htt~:l/w.~roiet-rnernveele.orcl/Volume%f Coyne et Bellier, (2006). Arnenagernent hydroelectriquede Mernve'ele sur le Ntern. Actualisation des Etudes de faisabilite. Vol 11. Les etudes techniques. pages 3-11 and 3-12. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 59 - 25 February 2008 - nno E l + & 0CJ U ROYAL WIsICIIIma As fishermen from other regions will probablymigrateto the area, this may be reasonfor social tension. Tourism-Positive impacts of the project are improvedaccess to the National Park and the potentialof the retention1ake;negativeimpact is the disappearanceof the Ntem falls. Influx of people during the three-years construction period (employees, families, other migrants)may be as muchas 5,000 people and may so quadruple the actual population of about 1,700in the area. The report proposes initialideas about mitigation measures including housing,drinkingwater, sanitary measures, schools, agricultural areas, recreation,commerce, induced access, and consultationwith local representatives. Health impacts are discussedand initial mitigation measures are proposed (ibid, p. 4- 44). Vulnerable indigenousgroups are actually absent from the area but the managementof their interests should be included in the IPP of FEDEC (p. 4-46). A socio-economicdevelopment plan (PASEM) is part of the report (section 5) and should be based on priorities expressedby the local population.The project is planned to start 2 years beforethe construction starts, havinga duration of about 10 years, and gradually diminishes its impact over the years. Projectcosts are estimated at 2.5 million USD, for an estimated populationof 13,000. Unofficialinformation Unofficialinformationfound on the internet" agrees on the main characteristicsof the project. The project, with a cost of 144 billion FCFA (about300 million US$), and completed in 2011will have a productioncapacity of 200 MW to be shared with EquatorialGuinea, Hevecam,Socapalm,the Wijma logging company, and Alucam in Edea, as well as for rural electrification. Cost of produced electricity is estimated to be only 12 FCFAlkwh, the reasonfor which already almost 70% of its potentialproduction hasbeen sold. The project will be built by Sud ~ n e r g i eCDC, ~ ~ . ownedby the British government, owns 100% of Globeleq,which in turn controls Bermuda-basedSud Energie. Globeleqwas founded in 2002 by Britain's CDC, a private equity fund investor formerly known as the CommonwealthDevelopment Corporation,to generate safe, reliablepower in emerging markets in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. According to the feasibility study, most of the impacts of the Memve'ele hydroelectric project would be located east of the Campo-Ma'anNational Park: both access roads and the transmission line are plannedin the direction of Ma'an and Ebolowa,with the transmission line linkedto the national grid in Mbalmayo.Although the feasibility study proposes interesting social and environmentalmitigationactions, there is no guarantee that these actions will be part of the subsequentdetailed ESHIA. As part of the producedelectricity is neededin the Kribiarea, it would be interesting to link the existing Ebolowa-Kribiroad,the powerline,and the railroadcorridorin an httD://www.camer.bellndexlCameroun:lebarragedeMemve'eleaudetail. 62 83h t t ~ : / / ~ 1 ~ ~ . r e ~ t e T S . C O m l a r t l C l e l C O m D a n y N ~ ~ 8 0 9 ? ~ a g e N u m b e r = 2 & ~ 1 r t u a 1 B r a n d C hanne~=O&s~=trueTANSA MUSA (2007). . -UK state firm to build 200 MW Cameroon hvdro ~lant.P~blished , . , Aug 9 2007, consulted 19-12-2007. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 integratedregional sub-project which would cross the already developed Kribi South West areawhich includes the Hevecamand Socapalm plantations and the Bidou saw mill. 3.4.4 Coastal sand mining Sand that is being used in construction sector is currently extractedat several points along the coast of the Kribi region. The major points of extraction are: the estuary of the Kienke river; the Bogandoue south side beach; the beachof NziouNorthof Kribi city. In the past,the sand was extracted and traded by transporterswhile nowadaysthe Kribi urban municipalitycontrolsthe exploitation and trade of the sand. In Bongandoue and Nziou, the sand is extractedfrom the beaches and sometimesfrom the water during low tide, thus negatively affecting the beach's landscape. This activity is mainly practicedby young unemployedpeople or youngsters who have quit their studies, while also some adults have this as their main activity. In total, 25 to 30 people work on the beaches and extract a volume of 5 to 20 trucks per day. Sand extraction, which occurs every year from May till October, contributes to reduction the physical extent of the beaches.64 3.4.5 Mining Available data Cameroon has several iron deposits65,including the 300 million metric ton (Mt) Mamellesdeposit near Kribicontaining 30 to 35% magnetiteand the Mbalamdeposit in southeast Cameroon near the border with Congo containingan estimated220 Mt at 60% iron (or 587 Mt at 30 to 40% iron). Rumoursand projectsconcerning iron-miningabound in the area. The exploitation of the Mamelles hills near Ebodie have been part of local projects at the same time as the deep sea port in Grand Batanga. Forthis report no new written informationhas been found, though the Mamelles project is still under consideration and would include a small railroad to a new deep sea port in Grand ~ a t a n g aAccording to an official ~ ~ . IMFprogress report on the Povertyreductionstrategy paper67,"explorationpermits were issuedto CAMINCO for gold, to HYDROMINEInc.for bauxite in the Adarnawa, to STEEL CAM for iron at Kribi, and to CAM IRONfor iron at Mbalam (IMF, 2006, point 168). 64 Tchawa, Prof. Paul (2004) StratBgie d'Am6nagementet de gestion durable de la bande CBtiere Kribi-Campo 65 http://minerals.usas.qovlminerals/pubslcount/l998/9204098.~df Mobs (1998) The Miniral Industry of Cameroon. Who cite the following primary sources that are not active anymore: (Ministere de Mines, d'l'Eau, et de I'Energie, written commun., undated; Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau et de I'Energie, 1998, Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau, et de I'Energie-Ressources Minibre, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL http://www.camnet.cm/invistir/minmee/resmine.htm; Ministere du DBveloppement Industriel et Commercial, 1998, Produits du Cameroun, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL htt~://www.camnet.cm/invistir/mindic/produits.htm) 66 htt~://www.sedfinance.com/~erso-25617.htmprovides some information about the project which has to be counter checked. 67 IMF (2006) Cameroon: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Third Annual Progress Report. IMF Country report no 061260, July 2006. http://www.imf.orq/external/~ubs/Wscr/2006/cr06260.~df and fthelatestreportissuedin2008. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005iAGOIRott Report 25 February 2008 Official reports are available ",69 aboutthe Mbalam Mine project by Camlrona subsidiary of Sundance Resources,which would include a 490 km railroadto Kribi. Estimatedcosts of the project are 2.46 billion USD, including all mining and crushing facilities, the 490 km railroad, and port facilitiesto handle250,000 DWT cape size vessels for an estimated productionof 35 miilliontpa. (project flyer7', 2007). Production is scheduledto start in 2011. According to national radioCRTV, a memorandum of understandingbetweenthe company andthe GOC is plannedto be signed in March 2008. The preliminaryscoping study (ProMet Engeneers,2006) providesthe following technical details: transport options of the ore include: 1)through Gabon, which would meanconstruction of a 200 km railroadto Belingawhere a Chinese lron Ore mining company will buildthe remaining 150km to the Gabonesegrid; 2) through a new railroadto Mbalmayo (approx.350 km); 3) a new wide-gauge railroadto the Kribi- Campo area with a deep water berthcapable of acceptingcape size vessels. The latter solution is preferred. The project prefersto create the deep sea port near Lolobe, about 10 km south of the apparentlypreferredsite of the government, becausedeep water (20 m) is closer to the shore in that area. The preferredrailroadcorridor (before environmentalstudies) would leadthe railwayalong the Ntem Valley, probablythrough the Campo-Ma'an National Park,east of the Mamelles hills and ending between Lolabe or Grand Batanga. Analvsis anddiscussion The Mbalam mine project is locatedoutside the wider Kribi area, but will have important impactsthrough its associated500 km long railroad,which will cross during its entire length more or less disturbedtropical forest and through the specific terminal neededat the deep sea harbour south of Kribi. The preliminaryscoping report does not yet take into account environmentaland social aspects, but indicatesthe various studiesto be completedto complywith environment, sustainabledevelopment,and social license. A summary table of expected impacts is provided7',but may underestimatethe environmental(forest) and social consequences of the project., Local, national and foreign employment, minorities, and migration may all become future issues. 3.4.6 Industrialfishery Available data Industrialfishing in the area is based on trawlers that have their home harbour in Douala.The most recent data available (cited in Envi 2007, p.73) indicatethat in 2005 11trawlers and 53 shrimp boats were active along the coast. No data are available 68 PROMET ENGINEERS, HEYLING E. (2006). Mbalam lron Ore Project Scoping Study. Sundance Resources Limited. Report C5243-RP-001 Rev 1.(Scanned report, not available on Internet). 69 h t t ~ : / / i m a a e s i a n a l . c o m s e c . c o m . a u / a s x d a t ~Sundance resources, quarterly report f for the period ending 30 June 2007. 70 htt~://www.sundanceresources.com.au/~roiects cameroon.asp (2007) A flyer with a general overview of the Mbalam project. 71 Promet Engeneers (2006). Table 10.1 page 47. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 about the presence of boats from other ports or foreign boats alongthe coast of the littoral and south provinces. According to the Envi report, the shrimp fishing trawlers with their fine mesh nets are responsiblefor the sharp decrease in fish and shrimp stocks alorlg the coast, form 20,000 Tonneslyear in 1980to less than 5,000 Ton in 2005. Figure3-5 shows data for recent years derivedfrom official data from the littoralprovince.As trawlers from Douala also fish in the Kribi area, the industrialfish production probably also includesfish caught in the Ocean division. Figure3-5. Fish and shrimp productionin the littoral province by industrialandartlsanal fishing.(Source: drawn from data of MlNEPlAlittoral, cited by Envi, 2007) Fish and shrimp production in the Littoral province by industrial and artisanal fishing 6 000 T 4000T ? 000 T I 0T I lndustnal I I Industrial 1 Industrial 1 lndustnal I ArtlsanalI 1ndustl.ral IArt~sanal Industrial ( I ArtlsanalI Industrial Imtisanal IMisanal IAnisanal Misanal Analysis and discussion The ministry of fishing, through MINEPIA,is responsiblefor the gathering and compiling of data on fish production. The large variations observed between the years, as well as the increasein fish production by artisanal fishing, could reflect real changes in production. However, they may also be a result of the difficulties of gathering correct data. 3.4.7 Porttraffic The Kribi port consistsof 250 m of quays, a storage area of 10.000 m2for logs72and a specific fishing quay recentlytransformed into a artisanal fishing centre. (Envi, 2007, p.84). The port is managedby the ONPC~~. As the water is shallow, boats haveto throw ancre 2-3 km from the coast. Though Kribi is officially an independentport, in practice it belongsto the autonomous port of Douala. The Envi report indicatesthat in 2004, 11,000 Tonnes (mostlylumber) were exported, while only 11Tons were imported by 10vessels. Traffic has decreased 72 Managed by the Societk d'Exploitationdes Para a Bois au Cameroun (SEPBC) 73 Office National des Ports du Cameroun. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 from 100-200,000Tonnes in the 1980's and 1990's to the mere 11 Tonnes observed in 2004 (see Figure 3-6 below and Envi, p.85:table 21) Figure3-6. Importand Exportvolume of the autonomousportof Kribl. (Source: graph derived from data compiled by Envi (2000)) I Importand export volumes of the Autonomous Port of Kribi between 1966 & 2004 I 3.4.8 Other industries Besidesthe agro-industriesbased on palm oil and rubber,the logging companieswith a sawmill in Bidou and in Campo, and oil companies,there are no further industrial development in the Wider Kribi Area. 3.4.9 Trade Kribi is the main commercialcentre in the area, and the only one with a daily market, shops, supermarket, hardwareshops, pharmacy, bank, post office, overland telephone link, and some other facilities that are found in urban areas. Trade concerns mostly imports of food and consumer goods to Kribi, smuggling of cheap goods from Equatorial Guinea through Campo and Campo beach (cigarettes, liquor,wines), and export of manufacturedconsumer goods (PNUD, 2000). The data on the Autonomous Port of Kribi in Figure3-6 show that both imports and export have diminished strongly and are now almost non existent. The rubber and oilpalm plantationstake care of their own transport. 3.4.10 Tourism Tourism (standard / 'mass' tourism) Available data Tourism is a major but underdevelopedasset of the Kribi region. The following sections summarizedata on infrastructure,major assets, and major conflicts relatedto the coastal band in general, and to tourism in particular. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 6 4 - 25 February 2008 Infrastructure and occupancy rate The beaches of Kribiwith their white sand, heavy waves, and beautifulpalm trees are among the main assets of the region, and are a potentialaxes of development. Tourism in Kribi has significantly developed over the last 20 years, especially through the creationof many new hotels along the coast. However,the impact of tourism remains limitedas it mostlyconcerns weekend and holidaytraffic from Douala,Yaounde and Edea,where people stay only 1-2nights. Kribi has 4 3-star hotels (139 rooms), 6 2-star hotels (161 rooms), and 6 1-starhotels (199 rooms) + 34 unclassifiedsmaller hotels. In 2003, 927 beds were available74.Officially,during the period 1999-2005therewas an average of about 8,000 officialtourists, while the estimated occupancy ratewas only 1 7 % ~Duringthe construction of the Chad- ~ . Cameroon pipeline, over 10,000 officialtourists were counted (amongthem many pipeline relatedvisitors andworkers), but since then tourism has diminished. Major assets Besides the beaches, tourists visit the Pygmy settlementsthat are locatedalongthe Kienke and Lokoundjethat can be visited by pirogues, and visit the Campo-Ma'an nationalpark. A small hostelwith a few rooms has been built by Tropenbos in Nkoelonfor the tourists. The village of Ebodje also providessome simpletourist accomodation and is quite popular with its localpresenceof beach,sea turtles, and tropicalforest. Campo and lpono do not yet have lodgingfacilitiesthat are sufficiently sophisticated to accomodatetourists. Developmentof tourism remains modest, as is its impact on the local economy. Salaried work in the sector is extremely poorly paid (one report cites 30,000 FCFA (50 USD)/yearfor a menialjob, 100,000 FCFA (200 USD) for a managementjob. Major conflicts Major sources of conflicts in coastal planning are cited to be those relatedto agro- industries,conflictsbetween industrialand artisanalfishing, sharing of the tourism benefitsthroughoccupation of the sea front, and unmanagedsea front occupation (Tchawa,2007).Access to land and resources seems to be the major problem inthe area. General issues in the coastal area - Expansionof agro-industrialestates and relatedconflictswith communities:the agro-industrialplantations havebeen created and expanded without taking into account local land rights. Now that land has become a financial asset, the locals feel cheated out of their traditional rights. Communitiestend to rely too much on alleviation of their poverty from agro-businesses. - Campo-Ma'an National Park andlocal communitiesface similar problems: locals are not allowed to hunt inthe park, and receive no compensation when game destroys their crops. Without a more sensitive approach, local participation,and 74 Tchawa P. (2007) Regional course on integrated Coastal management. Environmental Management in Cameroon: Problematic Situations and Success stories. http://ww.ics.trieste.iVP0rtal/ActivityDocument.as~x?id=5O7consulted 19 Dec. 2007. http:llwww.somrnets-tourisme.ora/flprix/218.pdf Nzeugah Fangue (2004) Projet 18 - Plan d'amdnagementde la bande cotlbre de Kribi-Campo,Cameroun consulted 19 Dec. 2007. The consultationteam was composed of Pr. Tchawa Paul, Tsobze Albert, Schaler Wouter, Fangue Hubert and Kana Collins and visited the area between June 14 and August 26,2004. 75EIE Sanaga Sud, Haskoning, page 70. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 local (socio-economic)compensation,the position of the National Park will be very weak. - Conflictsto control productivefishing area: mainly industrialtrawler that destroy artisanal nets. Lack of control and reinforcementof existing laws are at the basis. - Pygmy Bantu land issues: Pygmiesare often evicted by Bantus from their - land. Tchawa sees as main cause the temporary nature of the Pygmy settlements,and as consequencemarginalisationof the Pygmy community and regular conflicts. - Some conflicts of competency among institutionalactors, and difficulties to implement existing development master plans (like for Kribi). Tourism related issues in the coastal area - Small tourist operatorsfacing vulnerability in land occupation: local (young) villagers who manage portions of beach for their own profit are menaced by outsiders who buy land at the sea front. The problem is one of lack of rules and their enforcement,but according to Tchawa, may lead to violent confrontation. - Rapid developmentof the built-up area at the sea front, with uncontrolledand unplanneddevelopment of tourist facilities. The report by Tchawa et.al. describes a number of the major issues in the area that have the potential to evolve into major conflicts in the future. It clearly indicates the lack of a mutual development goal between locals and projects:fishermen are in conflict with oil-companiesand industrial trawlers about fishing rights; villagers are in conflict with agro-industrialindustries about land-rights; coastal villagers are in conflict with wealthy people who buy and title land on the coast; the National Park is in conflict with local people about hunting restrictionsand police harassment. In all cited cases, the industrial projects appearto have a negative impact on local development. The coastal area suffers from mismanaged developments: in the Kribi area all coastal land has been bought and/or titled, and hotels are built - against all rules -directly in the sea, while further down towards Campo, beaches are claimed by individualvillagers, without any legal basis. With respectto the mismanagement of the National Park and the forest, it's not only the lack of bushmeat that leads to a poorer quality diet for the local population, but also damage to field crops caused by game. Villagers may wonder if animals are more important than people. The Pygmy culture is a powerful tourist attraction. Still in 2000, informal guides took tourists to settlements where "Pygmies"were still supposed to live their traditional lives - in real, however, the guides instructedthem to dance and play for tourists, not to speak French, to pretend not to know money, and to build a traditional style camp in the forest that can be shown to the tourists, while not to show their normal settlements.. The tourists are told to bring soap and salt as gifts, and money for the guides who take them there. Cotco's Indigenous Peoples Plan recognizedthe importanceof tourism to the BagyeliIBakolapeople as a way of providing income and of valuing the Pygmy culture. However,in the present way the settlements that are being visited hardly benefit from this approach. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 66- 25 February 2008 Eco-tourism opportunities are currently being investigated and implemented at a small scale by WWF, in cooperation with local stakeholders,for the Campo Ma'an National Park.This may include e.g. gorilla watching,turtle watching, dug-out canoe rides, small lodges,guestroomsand bungalows,watchtowersfor wildlife viewing and a canopy walk. 3.5 Forestry managementand conservation 3.5.1 Forest concessions system Forest Concessions apply to the Permanent Forest Domain only. The overall goal of granting"Forest Concession"titles are to generate revenuesfor the state and, to a lesser extent, for the immediateconcerned local communities,on a long-term sustainable basis. There are two titles, for long-term and mediumterm purposes,these are describedbelow. 1. Long-termexploitation is through Forest Management Units. A FMU is a timber extractionconcession coveringan area of not morethan 200,000 ha, granted for a period of up to 30 years. The annual cut may not exceedthe Annual Standing Volume which covers an area defined as 1130thof the approved tree inventory of the entire FMU. Therefore, operations of this type demand extensive technical and administrative planning in order to meet these requirements. For example, ecological and socio-economic impact studies must be carried out, a sound managementschemewith complete tree inventories undertaken, and reforestation activities organized. The regulationsexpect that strict implementationand enforcement of these managementstipulations will leadto a significant reduction in fraudulent and illegal extraction activities in the long term. 2. Medium-scaleexploitation of PermanentForests is undertaken via Sales of Standing Volumes. An SSV is a permit granted to extract timber in a 2,500 ha area, in a three year period. This type of title is the most profitablesince no expensive planning is required. In 2002, a quota systemwas imposedby the Cameroonian government whereby a specified number of permits must be allocated to Cameroonian operators. Logging concessions assigned by Forest ManagementUnits are given out by the MINFOFfor 15years. A managementplan has to be preparedduring the 3-year provisional agreement. This provisional agreement (PA) periodallows the concessionaire limitedexploitation over a maximum of three years. If MINFOFaccepts the managementplan,the concessionaire can sign a 15-year renewableforest concession agreement (convention definitive) with MINFOF. The forest management plan is reviewed every five years, when the boundaries of the FMU and its subdivisions may be adjusted as necessary. In practiceseveral PASin the Kribi region have already passedthe specified 3 years without an approvedmanagement plan. Forestry in the Non Permanent Forest Domain: 3. In the "Non-permanent Forests",communitiesare entitledto utilizevarious forest resources in a range of economic activities in Community Forests (CF), including logging activities on a limitedbasis. Communitiesdo, however, have the "Right of Pre-emption",that is the right to have an area of permanentforest that has been designatedSale of Standing Volume converted to a Community Forest. REA Kribi 9S99061R00005/ACO/Rott Report -67- 25 February2008 In addition,the law providesfor four other ways to access limited quantities of timber in the Non Permanent Domain: 4. Exploitation Permitscan be granted by the Minister responsiblefor forestry for the extractionof timber for commercialpurposes, special timber products, as well as poles and firewood. The volume must not exceed 500m3,and the exploitationperiod must not exceed one year. 5. Loggingof trees of a volume upto 30m3for private, non-commercialpurposes can be granted by the Provincial Forest Authorities as a Personal Logging Authorization. The certificate's validity must not exceedthree months. 6. When wood isfound abandonedin a forest, a Sale by PublicAuction (SPA)is organized by the forest authorities.After the wood is auctioned,the purchaser is granted the right to evacuate the wood via the issuing of an OSO. Timber removal must be completed within a 30 day period followingthe public auction. 7. The Timber RecoveryPermit (TRP) authorizesthe 'salvage logging' of trees in the context of a developmentproject (roadconstruction,establishmentof a plantation, etc.), during a period of up to one year, on an area not exceeding 1,000 ha. This permit is also granted to recover timber which, for good reasons,could not be evacuatedfrom a concession in due time, or which was found at road sides or as driftwood. Becauseof widespread abuse of authorizationsgranted to recover this timber, all these four small permits were suspended by Ministerial DecisionNo.0944/D/MINEF/DF, on 30 July 1999. Followingthis suspension, a number of permits were devised by the forest minister for timber alreadyfelled, such as the Timber RecoveryAuthorization (TRA) and Timber RecoverySpecial Authorization (TRSA),Coupe de Sauvetage de Bois etc. None of these are specificallyaddressed by any Cameroonian law or legal document. Furthermore,it is suspectedthat the beneficiariesof such permits are, in most cases, those responsiblefor cutting and abandoning the wood -and that this methodof extractingtimber is pursued in an effort to avoid payingthe Annual Forest Licence Fee and felling tax [Global Witness, 20051 3.5.2 Forestryin Kribi region In the Figure 3-7 below the current Forest Management Units (FMUs) in the Kribi region and the current zoning plan for timber extraction are shown76.The figures indicate that most of the forests in the region have been assigned as Forest Management Units, suitable for logging, including parts of the Campo Ma'an National Park and buffer zone which have in the past been allocated (and have or are still being used) as logging concessions. The FMU 09-028 between the Douala-Edeareserveand the proposed CPF project, a 'buffer' zone which is expected to contain valuable wildlife and plant species, has not been allocated yet for logging. Illegallogging in this area, near the village of Yawanda has been reported in 2001n. 76 Interactive ForestryAtlas of CameroonVersion 2.0 77AN OVERVIEW OF LOGGING IN CAMEROON, Linkingforests & people, A Global ForestWatch Cameroon Report,2000 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 - i:i ROYAL IasIOYiIa Figure3-7. FMU Management Plan Status Figure3-8.Zoning Plan-Timber Extraction 3.5.3 Responsibilities of stakeholders The competent government services shall draw up a managementplan for stateforests. Inthis plan the objectives and the rules for the forest are described, as well the way in which the local population may exercise their logging rights. The government services are to providetechnical services free of charge to local communitiesto promote managementof forest resources. Each year, the forestry services shall determine the volume that can be loggedfrom state forests. Wildlife exploitation is subject to a managementplan drawn up by the forestry services. Keeping and trafficking in REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 69 - 25 February2008 protected species within Cameroonis subject to a certificate of origin, to be issued by the administrationin charge of wildlife. The local populationkeeps their rights to traditional activities like harvesting nontimber forest products from state forests. Timber and firewood may only be collected for domestic private use, not for sale. Huntingis subjectto a permit. Local administrativeauthorities set conditions for lighting fires, set up bush fire control centres, and give permits for burning of grazing areas. The Governor can declare ecologicallyfragile zones, subject to restrictivemeasures. Publicand private institutions (NGOs, schools etc) are to sensitizethe publication in environmentalproblems. Schools shall introduce environmentaleducation intheir curricula. Projects that may have a negative impact on the environmentare subject to an EIA [Forestry law (No 94-01) of January 19941. The government of Cameroon has embarkedon several nationaland international programsto improveforest management in Cameroon. The meetingof heads of state in Yaounde (1999) and Brazzaville(2005) has resultedin the document Plan de s< Convergencepour la Conservationet la Gestion Durabledes Ecosystemes Forestiers dlAfrique Centrale ,,. The COMIFAC (Conference des Ministresen charge des Forets d'Afrique Centrale)was installed as a result of the Yaounde summit and is an institution aimed at knowledge sharing, consultationand decision makingand has prepared a plan for better managementand conservationof the forests of the central African region, this institution monitors the implementationof the Yaounde declaration. In October 2003, the first AFLEG (African ForestCaw Enforcementand Governance) was held. Since 2005, Cameroonis partner in the FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and trade) program supportedby the European Union. To date, these programs are still largely active only at the ministerial level, while at local level implementingagencies lack of knowledge of these projects and programs hampers effective implementation. The CEFDHAC (Conference sur les Ecosystemes de For& Denses et Humides d'Afrique Centrale) or Processusde Brazzaville is also a framework for dialogue and exchange of various actors (politics, administrations, private sector, NGO and civil society) in the forest sector aimed at equitable and sustainable managementof forest ecosystems in the central African region. The 'Partenariatpour les Forets du Bassindu Congo' (PFBC) was initiated by the US governmentwith an initial US$53 million budget from USAlD for a 4 year period. This partnership aimed to 'promote economic development, poverty reduction, improve governance, conservationof natural resourcesthrough support of a network of protected areas, well managed forest concessionsand support to local communities. USAlD has a major presence in the region through the CentralAfrican Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), initiated in 1995 for a periodof 20 years. CARPE is the major channel for US funding for the PFBC. Other internationaldonors in the PFBC include France (Fonds de Solidarite Prioritaireet de I'Agence Fran~aisede Developpement, AFD), Germany (GTZ),etc. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 70- 25 February2008 At institutionallevel, international donors have started yet another initiative,the Forest Governance Facility, a basketfundto stimulate collaboration betweenthe civil society and the state in forest management and improve transparency in the sector7'. New initiativesfor the establishmentof protected areas in the coastal zone of Cameroon includethe future Mount Cameroon National Park (supportfrom GTZ, KtW, DED and WWF), protectionof the mangrovesswamps alongthe Cameroon coast DnJTG,20081, extension of the Douala-Edeareserve to include the lower SanagaRiver and estuary (MINFOFin collaboration with CWCS) [CWCS,20081, and the south Cameroon marine park (MINEP). For all these initiatives, long term sustainable funding is not yet secured, but industrialdevelopments in the region are seen as potentialfunders through their environmental compensation obligations. However,there is yet no clear legal obligation for economic operators to make longterm financial commitments as environmental compensation for new activities. 3.5.4 Managementof protectedareas According to Cameroon law, in protectedareas the local population is allowed: to keeptheir rights to traditional activities like harvesting non timber forest products from state forests to collect timber and firewood for domestic privateuse, notfor sale to hunt, but a permit is obligatory. In protected areas, it is however forbidden to: Dumptoxic products Usethe genetic resource of the national heritagefor scientific, commercial or cultural purposes without prior authorizationfrom the competent authorities Light fires that may damage the forest without authorization Clear or exploit forest Without special authorization: - Pursuit, approach or shoot game from a motor vehicle - Hunt at night with lights - Huntwith drugs, poisonedbait,tranquilizer guns or explosives - Huntwith unconventionaldevices - Trade in hunting lamps - Huntwith fixed guns and Daneguns - Huntwith a modern net Any hunting method, includingtraditional,which endangers conservation of certain animals may be forbiddenor regulated by the service in charge of wildlife. Sanctionsfor defaulters range from fines (5.000 to maximum 1.000.000 FCFA, equivalent to 11 to 2247 US$), or imprisonment (from 1day to 6 months). For each protectedarea, the competent authority employs a conservatorto implement the managementplan on site. This conservator has at its disposal a budget, staff and office. The Cameroon forestry laws are among the most detailed in the region and Cameroon has a range of legal and institutional measuresto provide protectionto sensitive areas, includingprotectedareas and internationally recognized protected sites like Ramsar sites. "Fometeet al, 2006 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 a In practice,in the last 5 years the various stakeholders in managementof protected areas often failed to effectivelytake their responsibilities, leadingto degenerationof protectedareas and its wildlife. A few examples are given. The Benoue National Park has been the subject of an extensive internationalsupport program in the 1980sand 1990s.Tourist facilitieswere good, wildlife abundant. Since some 5 years, the state is solely responsiblefor managingthe park. Tourist facilities are seriously degraded, lodging facilities disintegrating, and wildlife levels seriously reduced through poaching. The Korup national park is one of the older national parks in Cameroon.A management plan was drawn for the park, including resettlementof several villages insidethe park, employing ecoguards, ecological monitoring and an extensive ecotourism program. In the 1990s,a largetechnical and financial support programwas launchedby the internationalcommunity to supportthe government of Cameroon in implementing this managementplan. When this aid came to an end, the governmentof Cameroonwas to managethe park in collaborationwith local NGOs. The conservator is still in place in Mundemba,but until recently did not have a technical staff and equipment that would allow proper managementof the park. There are no means to relocatethe villages, and villagers encroach into the park. Poaching is increasing. The NGOs do not get financial support from the government and have a very weak financial basis to performtheir ecotourismactivities. The governmentauthoritiesdo little or no maintenance on the park infrastructure,leadingto disintegrationof paths, bridges, trails and huts. Incomefrom tourism through entrance fees is collected at nationallevel and not reinvestedintothe park. Recently a new internationalsupport program was launched(GTZ, KfW, DED) to revive the managementof the park. Untilearly 2007, the Douala-Edeareserve and the LakeOssacomplex both had a conservator, but they had no means of transport and no staff. Hence,there was littleor no monitoring in the reserves and no enforcementof the managementplan. The Campo Ma'an National Park was only relatively recently gazetted a National Park as part of the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline (TCPP) environmental compensation measures.This has led not only to financial and technical support to MINFOF, the competent authority, but also to financial support to an international NGO, WWF, to jointly manage the park. Most likely, Campo Ma'an is now probably one of the best funded parks in the country and is currently experiencing a boom of development initiatives, with several tourist lodges and a park headquarters constructed. A range of ecoguards have beentrained and anti poaching raids have increased. The collaboration between civil society (local NGOs) and the park management (MINFOF & WWF) however is still far from optimal, resulting in slow development of tourism and high poaching pressure on the park. The neighboring Hevecam plantations impose a heavy poaching pressure on the park, which the Hevecam management is not controlling and MINFOF/WWF/thelocal communities are unable to control. The funding for the park management is not sufficient to implement the complete management plan and is also only temporal, threatening the long term viability of the park. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Roti Report - 72 - 25 February 2008 Since mid 2007, MINFOF has increased the number of staff working in protected area management, resulting in more field staff available for monitoring and control. For example, the conservators for the Lake Ossa and the Douala - Edea wildlife reserve were recentlyjoined by 4 and 8 support staff respectively, greatly increasing their effectiveness. The International Advisory Group on the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project in their mission 13 to Chad and Cameroon from November 11 to December 12007 however reported a lack of government involvement of MINFOF in the Campo Ma'an National Park. The persistent delay of MINFOF in signing the agreement between FEDEC, MINFOF and WWF is preventing WWF from fully implementing its conservation and sustainable management activities in the Campo Ma'an area. As MINFOF's obligations in the field to help implement the park's management plan have not been formalized yet, they are thus not being fulfilled. Further MllVFOFhas been falling short of paying for several years already to provide sufficient funds for paying the salaries of the ecoguards. Salaries have instead been paid by the FEDEC, which is rapidly depleting its funds as a partial result of these unexpected costs. Therefore the future of 19out of the 37 ecoguards in the Park is now uncertain in 2008, as their salaries can probably not be guaranteed anymore. WWF has signed a three-year agreement, starting 1 January 2007, for the continuation of its activities for the park, but due to the lack of involvement of the MINFOF the proper execution of WWF's activities are currently under threat. 3.5.5 General problems in protectedareas management The Cameroon territory containsa total 7.3 millions hectares of protectedarea, approximately 15% of the total country surface. However, much of this territory does not receive the proper protection it should have according to their respectivemanagement plans.There are several reasons for thisE"Or'Bookmark Insufficient funds The conservatoroften does not havethe means to properly implement the management plan. No vehicle, no budgetfor transportation,staff, consumables etc, although recently (2007) this has improved. Oftenthe conservatoris dependenton external activities (projects,programs)funded through NGOs and other private institutionsto go to the field. In protected areas, the traditional authorities (chiefs, Fons) have lost their right to manage user rights in the forest, and managementis the sole responsibilityof the government services.As the local populationdoesnot see nor feel the presenceof the governmentauthorities nor the traditional authorities, they go along with their activities irrespectiveof the management plan. Conservationis a long term objectivethat requires longterm investments. However,the principal funding agenciescurrently operate on shortterm planningcycles, generating the cyclical appearance and disappearanceof projects. In Cameroon, only the Campo Ma'an and Mbam Djerem (The CCPL environmentalcompensationparks) have medium term financing, the rest has short term financing (e.g.Korup National Park) or only state funding (e.g. Benoue National Park).For 2007, the state budgetfor Ramsar sites was almost negligible.Many newly created protectedareas, or protected areas that have been neglectedfor many years, only exist on paper. Turningthem into functional entities REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 requiresa sustained commitment,lasting decades and supported by substantial funding and capacity building. Corruptionand the lack of good governance Corruptionand bad business practices are causing or maintaininga lack of transparency and good governancein the awarding of forest concessions,often in contravention of the laws and regulationsin force. This situation,along with growing tax pressureon companies, is perhaps discouraging long term investmentsvital to improvingthe sustainabilityof the forestry sector. Poor governance also diverts part of the profits from the exploitationof natural resourcesand reduces equitable distribution among the populationsin the region. Eventhe installation of ecoguards may not improve the situation,as poachers can pay bribes that significantlyaugment the salaries of these local staff7'. Lack of institutionalcapacity The limited allocation of government budgetsto conservation meansthat many departments responsiblefor forests and fauna are understaffedand suffer from poor morale. This leavesthese departments extremelyweak. Knowledgeand technical know- how to monitor the state of biodiversityare lacking and local populations are incapable of effectively safeguardingthe natural resources on which they largelydepend. In general, the number of violations of logging concessionsin Cameroon, which after reporting,are followed through in the judicial system, has severely decreased, which could indicate a lack of capacity and commitment to enforce the law. See also the figure belowfor irregularities in logging license activities in the 1997-1998 periodError'Bookmark not deflned. Figure3-9. Irregularitiesin logging ilcenseactivitiesin the 1997-1998period Lack of understanding ofproblems of scale The understandingof the fundamentalsof conservation must be strengthened in Cameroon at all levels. Many people living in or outside the region think that the forest is - Medjo, 2008 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 O Q o n-n , U'UU .OlliL II.S.~l*O infinite and its resourcesinexhaustible.Even if the political commitment in the region is strong, efforts must be made to ensure that the value and vulnerabilityof these forests are understoodby both the general public and government agents, so that the lattercan make decisions more soundly based in conservation and the sustainable management of natural resources. Lack of capacity among NGOs and communitybased organizations Community based organizationsmust be strengthenedand given the power to make a real contributionto the sustainable management of natural resources. The traditional decision-makingprocessesat the levelof the villages or communities are very complex. In addition,decisions taken at local level often conflictwith those taken at the national level. The knowledge,traditionalvalues and know-howof the local populationscan contributeto the sustainablemanagement of certain natural resources, but not all of them. For instance,there is no traditional knowledgeof logging, an activity introducedby foreigners. In addition, community management runs up against a number of serious socio-culturalproblems:traditional management of community forests does not correspondto traditional political practices and communityforests risk becominga political issue. Lack of data, monitoringand evaluation Lackof knowledgeabout the distributionand state of biodiversityis a major obstaclefor conservationand sustainabledevelopment. Not only are the exact distribution and current size of the populationsof most species unknown,but also very few reliable historicaldata exist. Furthermore,the few existing historicaldata are often either ignored or called into question. It is thereforevirtually impossibleto set realistic baselinesfor monitoringand evaluation. Yet the rapid decline of animal populations in the forests of Central Africa is a processthat began a long time ago. Managementat the Landscape level, however, is a new concept in Africa and the creation of baseline datasets is only just beginning. Improvingtools and capacity is therefore essential so that decision- makers can have permanentaccess to the informationin order to make the best possible decisionsa0. 3.6 Subsistenceactivities Traditionaleconomic activities in the area are agriculturefor all the groups; sea fishing for the sea faring ethnic groups; hunting and sweet water fishing for most of the Bantu groups; and hunting, fishing, gathering and working on Bantufarms in exchangefor food and drinks for the BagyelitBokola. One of the weaknessesin the area is the lack of a proper market system as there is hardly any direct exchange between local food producersandconsumers inthe urban areas. In Kribi, all traders in the market were middlemen, and prices were almost 80% higherthan the average of prices observedon 10 markets along the pipeline routea'. Global Witness, 2005 81Gepfe (1997)Market survey, FocusIGepfe (2000). Market survey. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 3.6.1 Agriculture Available data The PNUD report for the South provincea2(2000)describes a very traditionalfarming system: an averagefarm size of 2.2 ha, farmed by 4 active people, where only 1.2% use improvedseeds, and 98.8 practice mixedcropping. Most farmers do not use any modernequipment: 5% have a chain saw and 33% apply pest control. Biggerfarms are usuallyonly createdby active and retiredcivil servants as an investment. Limiting factors for agricultural production and developmentare the poor use of inputs, by farmers who usedto receivethem free of charge or paidon the cocoa sale from the now defunct parastatalSodecao, low impactof PNVA agricultural extension, low reimbursementof micro-credit loans (less than 65%), and creditcapacity of local organisations. The PNUD report for the Littoral provincea3(2000b) indicates that the southern zone (from the Nyongto Edea) is characterizedby a mixture of traditional and industrial farming. Traditional subsistence farming sufficiently guarantees long-termfood security, in spite of lowfertile soilsand lack of fertilizers because of the abundant availability of land. The modern sector includes oil palm (FermeSuisse, south of Edea) and rubber (Safacama Dizangue) plantationsthat suffer from lack of investment and renewalof the crops, but improvementshave beenvisible since the late 1990's (ibid., p.29). The Ecam2 study (2002,p.76) indicatesthat the average land areaper household in the south province is 4.7 ha@,with little differencebetweenpoor and non-poorhouseholds. For all groups who practice agriculture, cassava is the main crop. It does not demand very fertile soils (whichare mostly absent from the region) nor repeatedintervention during the 6 to 18monthsthat the crop requiresto grow, and lastly,once ripe the crop can remain stored in the soil and so protect people from seasonal hunger. The state of the cassava in the region is not very good as plantssuffer from mosaicvirus. Cassava yields are rather lod5:12 different field tests in the Kribi area averages about 8.2 Tiha, compared to more than 27 Tlha in all 12sites where yields were measuredon the pipeline route between Kribi and Chad. Secondary staple crops are cocoyam, taro (popularamongthe Bassa),sweet and plantain bananas, cucumber seeds, small amounts of maize, peanuts and beans, and various leafyvegetables. Land is cleared by men, then grown by women in a succession of crops (of which cassava and bananas may, and slowly returns to fallow. Typical crop rotationsin the area are listed in the table belod6: 82PNUD (2002):Page 35: averagefarm size 2.2 ha, and 4 workers per household. 83PNUD(2000b). The socio-economicsituationin the Littoralprovinceis overwhelmedby the impactof the major town of Cameroon Douala.Only a small part of the province (zone 4, Edea-Dizangue,4.500 km*) lies within the zone covered by this report. (page 26). Officialproductiondata cited in the report point show such diminishing yields for the maincrops (up to 50%)that they cast some doubt on the qualityof the data. 84This is more than twice as much as the 2.2 ha rworted in the Pnud report, probably becausethe ECAM2 data are reported by households and estimating areas inthe forest is difficult. Inthe South province evaluating fields in hectares has little importance in local negotiations, contrary to the North, where all cotton fields have to be measuredto calculateinputs. 85Field trials carried out in the region of Kribi in 1997 and 2000 yielded on average 12 tonneslHa. (Cox et.al., 2000) 86Data obtained duringfarm visits in 6 sitesduringthe 1997and 1999agriculturalevaluation of the pipelinearea. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 76 - 25 February 2008 Table 3-9. Typical agricultural rotations In the Krlbl area. Mabea (Bikondo) Batanga (Bwambe) Fallow 4-5 years 3 4 years 5 years 1A cucumber, yam, Maize + groundnuts+ cassava Cassava + maize+ some macabo cocoyam 18 cassava + bananas + yam + cocoyam 2 cucumber-cassava- Consumptionof cassava Consumptionof cassava maize 3 Consumptionof cassava Returnto fallow Returnto fallow . Return to fallow The main crops in order of importance are: cassava, plantain, maize, cocoyam, groundnuts, and cucumber. Fruittrees belongto the men. These trees are for the most part planted, except the breadtree, the "badamier" (Terminalia catappa), raffiapalm, and guava tree which may be either plantedor natural. In the case of guavaespecially, the seeds are scatteredby birds and later onthe trees sprout. The wild mango and nut trees grow naturally. Improvedvarieties are usedonly in the case of oil palm because of the nearness of Socapalm. Marketgardening crops are non-existent. Man-power is neededmostlyfor reclaiming a field from forest or longtime fallow: initial clearingand felling of trees, and is exclusively done by men. For the cultivation of food crops the farmers, especiallythe women, usuallycometogether and work in a group. Otherwise, everybodyworks on hislher own field. The produce is sold at home for food crops (and at the beach for fishing produce). Retailers and local consumersare the main buyers. Selling at the Kribi market is rare and is carried out by children. Cassavatubers andtheir derivatives as well as sea productsare the most sold and constitute the most important source of income. In the Kribi region, the staplefood is cassavatubers or derivativeswhich are fermented cassava "bread" and cassavaflour. Plantain is also frequently consumed. The palm nut juice sauce or the wild mango almonds' sauce with fish are the most consumed, followed by cassava leaves with groundnuts when fish becomes scarce, as happens during the rainy season. Main daily activities (adaptedfrom Pasquet & Koppert, 1993)" clearly show that agriculture occupies mostlywomen while men's agricultural activities are mostly limited to harvesting palm wine. The workload of the women is about 10 hours per day, with that of the men who traditionally work in fishing and hunting is about 4-5 hours daily. Only Pygmy women put in less productive hours then their male counterparts, as they work less on Bantufarms. The followinggraph is basedon 780 time-budget observation days during 1984 and 1985. 87PASQUET. P., KOPPERT, G. et FROMENT. A. (1993). -Activity patterns and energy expenditure in Came- roonian tropical forest populations in: Hladik C.M., Hladik A., Linares o., Pag6zy H., Semple A. et Hadley M. Editors, Tropical Forest, people and food: Biocultural Interactionsand applications to development, Man and the Biosphere Series vo1.15, Parthenon-UNESCO,Paris, London. pp 311-320 REA Kribi Report Figure 3-10. Time budgetsof men and women among Yassa fishermen, Mvae agriculturalistand Bakolahunter-gatherers(adapted from Pasquetetal. 1996). JII Domestic Men 1 Women Men 1 Women Men I Women Yassa (fishing-agriculture) Mvae(agticukurehunting) Kola (hunting-gathering) Analvsis and discussion The coastal populations mainly grow cassava, with a low productivityThe ethnic groups inland have a more varied and more productiveagriculture.The coastal populations have a market but no productsto sell, the inland populationon the other hand have products to sell but lack a market, as transport costs are very high. There is very little development in agriculture: cocoa cultivation is in the process of being abandoned (low prices and old plantations,abandoned by young people), mechanizationis limitedto the use of chain saws for land clearing and two wheel carts, new productsare limitedto improved oil palms and -morerarely- improved maize varieties and pineapple. All other productsare grown on an entirely artisanal basis and mainly by women. PWUD (2000) describesthat only improved oil palm seeds have a significant impact on local agriculture: in the Ocean division, two local farmers own 98 ha of palm oil plantations. Improvedmaize and peanutvarieties have little success as they need fertilizer which is not available in the area. The absence of men in agriculture might be a reason for low production and small fields. Menwere traditionally in charge of the palm wine, fishing, huntirlg, house construction, and the cocoa plantations.With diminishingopportunities, especially in cocoa cultivation and hunting, relative unemploymentand dissatisfactionamongthe male populationare increasing. 3.6.2 Fishing Available data Batangaand Yassa (Yasa,or lyasa) are the mainfishermen in the area, together with foreigners, mostly Nigerians,who are usually settled in the area since several decades. Most people use simple dugout canoes, and only a minority has access to more sophisticated boats powered by outboard motors. According to Envi (2007) river fishing concerns mostly shrimps, catfish, and various carps and rniichoirons.Sea fish catches REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 are mostly done with gillnets, and sufferfrom damage by commercial fishing trawlers8' that not only destroy fishing nets from artisanal fishermen by trespassing into the 2 nauticalmiles continentalwater zone, but also use nets with smaller meshes,thus catchingjuvenile fish andthereby depleting local fish stocks. Incomeof fisheries is according to a regional survey 125,000 Flyearly,or about 2,500 Ftweek.These low revenues are explained by the seasonal character of the activities, with a peak during the main dry season from December to March, and the consumption by the own family (citedin Envi, 2007). Ngok et al. (2005) estimate the averagevalue sold by maritime artisanal fishing at about 1,000,000FCFAIfisherman.This variation in available data clearly indicates a lack of reliable base data. The same author also mentionsthat productionhas decreased during the last several years (Haskoning, 2007). Industrialfishing legally only takes place outside the 3-miles' coastal zone, and practically in those areas where the water is deep enough for the trawlers to work. Total and daily yields on industrial fishing have also decreased since 1981,from 4.55 T between 1979and 1981, and 2.05 T between 1986-90.Reasonsare overexploitation, the use of fine prawn netsthat also kill juvenile fish, and conflictswith artisanal fishermen. According to Haskoning(2007) industrialcoastal fishing is now absent from the area between the river estuaries of the Lokoundjeand Ntem. Fishermen complain about negative impacts on their activity from the pipeline, like diminishingcatches and increased prices (Envi,, 2007 p.188), lack of adapted techniques, over-fishingby commercial trawlers, direct negative impact of the Chad- Cameroon pipeline, and tar pollution on the beaches. Shrimp fishing along the local rivers is a localspeciality. It is an important activity in the region, especially among women, and allows them to earn a significant income. Artisanal fishing PNUD" (2000),compiled official data on fishing yields in the southern province. They indicate that women play an important part in the fish trade not only through fishing, but even morethrough smoking fish and tradingthe finished product. PNUD regretsthe absence of reliablestatistics to evaluate the importance of women's fishing trade. Table 3-10. Maritime, continental and fish-pond fishing in the south province (source: PNUD, 2000) Production Number of Production Observation units (N=) people (T/year) Artisanal sea fishing 507 940 2000 Rather good but diminishing production Artisanal continental fishing 200 200 200 Marginalactivity Aqua culture (fish ponds) 275 205 100 Productivitytoo low '' ft~:/lft~.fao.0raldocreolfao/005/ac887e/AC887EO3.odf DlAMA Th. (1993) Conflicts in coastal fisheries in Cameroon. Idaf Technical report No 53. Pnud (2000) Table 23 REA Kribi 9S9906/R000051ACOIRott 25 February 2008 Sea fishing Artisanalfishing takes place in a 2 mile zone along the coast, in shallow water up to a depth of 10m. PNUD (2000)describesfive types of fishing gear used: - long dragnetsfor pelagicfish: these nets are 400-1,200 m long, with a mesh size of 4-5 cm, and another type of 600-2,000 m long with meshesof 6-7 crn; - purse seine nets (watsha)also for pelagicfish; - pot traps for catching Nematopalaemonshrimps, known locally as Njanga; - fishing lines for capturing high value fish like carpes, barracuda, perch, and bars; - cast nets for catching surfacefish. The multitudeof appliedfishing techniques makes evaluationof fish production and potential difficult. Developmentof new techniquesthat target species not yet captured and improvement of existing techniquesare ways for fishery development. Continentalwaters The main rivers (Ntem, Lokoundje, Lobe, Ndja, Nyong, Kienke) are usedfor fishing. Inthe sea mouthsof the rivers,women practice intensive shrimp catching. PNUD (2000) indicatesthat there are only 200 fishermen with a pirogue in the south province. Fishingponds 275 fishing ponds were countedfor an annual production of 100Tlfish (Pnud,2000). Morethan 80% concern dams in existingwater flows, which often leadto local conflicts. Yields are low, and spoilage importantdue to inappropriatetechniques and conflicts. Analvsis and discussion Dataon artisanal fish productionare difficultto find, as most fishing takes place outside a market where it can be quantified. Publisheddata are on a very general level, and localvariation based on fishing equipment, localproductivity,and local practices is not mentioned. Most authors agree that fishing productionhas seriously declined during the last twenty years. The locals blame it on the oil companies,whom they believe are capable of paying compensation,while others point to the fishing practices of both industrial and artisanalfishermen as the main reason. From participatoryobservation in fishing villagesg0,it appears that income is higher than in the agriculturalcommunities.'This mostlyshows from the presenceof more shops and bars, and less from the more durable indicators like better housing. Contraryto the more stable incomederivedfrom huntingand agriculture,fishing providesa morefluctuating income,which makes saving and investment moredifficult. This is aggrevated by the rolethat "luck"plays in the amount of fish that is caught, which demands that part of the proceedings of a "lucky day", have to be shared by others in the community. Anthropologicalstudies among the Mvae and the Yassa between 1984 and 1992., see for instance Foment et al. (1996) Bien manger, bien vivre REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 3.6.3 Hunting Available data The wider Kribi region has an uniqueenvironmentof Biafranforests, estuaries, and swamps with an associated unique wild life, with morethan ten species onthe IUCNlis of endangered species (Envi, page 79). Huntingpressure has been increasing constantly during the last decades, and techniques like metal snares, firearms, poisoned baits, and night huntingusing flashlights evolved in such a way that in many areas game has become rareg'. LegallyCameroon has classified game inthree categoriesg2:those that are completely protected, those that requiring a hunting permit, and those on which controlled hunting is allowed. Traditional subsistence hunting is allowed by law,but only on game of the last mentionedcategory, and outside the protectedareas. The law defines poaching as "hunting without a permit, during periods of hunting-restriction,in protectedareas or using prohibitedarms" (Koulagna,2001, p.57). Poachersand illegal networksthat transport bushmeatto the urban centres are the mainthreat to wild life. Analvsis and discussion Over the last twenty years, local hunting has evolved away from the a valued occupation for adult men in the area that it used to be - providing not only a source of food and income, but also of social status -to an almost criminal activity. Rapidly diminishing productionof bush meat, reinforcementof legal limitations,actions of ecological groups, and organisations like Tropenbos have changed the perception of hunting. In villages like Nko'elon (gatekeeper of the Campo-Ma'an game reserve) where people consumed about 250 g of meat per person per day inthe 1980's, and where there was a continuous presence of buyam-sellammeat traders, meat is now consumed in secret, and hunters are hiding. The positive impact of the game preservation actions by Tropenbos aroundthe Campo-Ma'anNational Park is that foreign hunterswith guns, who were never popular, currently are being persecuted by the locals. Simple villagers are stopped by game wardens, when they are found in possession of bush-meat. Home consumption is not altogether forbidden, but villagers knowthat crossing the street in the village in order to give meat to a neighbour is forbidden. However,bush meat is still readily available in the tourist hotels and restaurants in Kribi. This means that the reinforcementof hunting prohibition affects the villagers more than the peoplein the towns who can afford to pay the providersand those who regulatethe consumption. ''NOUDJIEU CHEUMANI C. (2005) estimates the amount of bushmeat captured by populations surrounding the Campo-Ma'an National park in 2000 at 143.9 g per capita, of which 69.1 g is consumed locally and remaining 51% is sold. Approches de gestion durable de la chasse dans L'unite Technique Operationnelle de Carnpo- Ma'an (UTOCM) Sud Carneroun, ULG-Gembloux, htt~:Nwww.ivt.ula.ac.be/memoire/Cheumani.~df 92See law 94/01 and subsequent decrees. See: Koulagna Koutou (2001) Problematique de la viande de brousse au Cameroun. Central African Bushmeat Perspective. In BCTF Collaborative Action Planning Meeting Proceedings. Edited by: N.D. Bailey, H.E. Eves, A. Stefan, and J.T. Stein. Bushrneat Crisis TaskForce. Silver Spring, MD. 319 pages. Available from htt~://www.bushmeat.orqPage 55-59. Mr. Koulagna is in charge of fauna and protected areas for the Ministry of Water and Forests (MINEF) - - -- -- - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 -*- n o o ROT&L nIsIOWI*a 3.6.4 Arts and crafts Availabledata There is hardly any development of arts and crafts in the region. Traditional black smiths and potters have since long ceased to exist. Elder men and women still are active in weaving baskets for agriculturaltransports, making pot traps for shrimp fishing, repairing regular fish nets, and in sales of coral plants. According to various economic surveys, income from arts and crafts is very low. Analysis and discussion The low occupation rate of the village population as shown in time-budget studies (see Figure 3-10) suggeststhat investmentsin arts and crafts are a potential for income improvement,without having a negative impact on other productiveactivities. Investmentin these types of activities may especiallybe importantfor women and elderly who cannot easily leave the villages for commercial activities. 3.6.5 Local industry and trade Small scale local industry and trade are discussed below, based on the limited informationthat was available. Small scale cottage industry is sought after by the locals, but difficult to organize. In Mpangou (near Kribi) one farmer bottled fruit juice from his farm which was sold locally in the markets (unpublisheddata). Mosttrade is centred aroundthe vices of mankind: sale of cigarettes and of imported and locally produced alcohol. Palm wine production is a typical male occupation, and mostly a social one. Men who have producing palm trees visit them every morning, harvest the 10-201 product and returnto the village to drink and to sell the product. Local alcoholg3is made of a mixture of cassava, sugar, palm wine, and bakers yeast, distilled in an artisanal way by women. Its production is mostly illegal, but permitswomen (especially widows) to earn some income. Industrialalcohol is seriously competingwith the traditional products. Small sachets of low quality whiskey and gin (locally called 'condoms') are sold for a few hundredfrancs, while good quality 40" proof gin is sold by the litre or 20 1 jug for as little as 10,000 FCFA or lessthan 1 USD per litre. Cameroonian beer of one of the many breweries is sold in most of the villages. Drinking is such a common social activity in the area that alcoholism is one of the main health risks of the population and a serious barrier for development.Alcohol induced quarrels and fights regularly cause serious victims. Bakola-Bagyeliare especially prone to binge drinking: too often money is used to buy alcohol which is shared by all members of the family including women, toddlers and children. Only the bigger villages have small shops. In the smaller villages the only household products that are sold are lamp oil, tomato paste, salt, sugar, tea, soap, magi cubes, and other simple items includingdried shrimps and sometimes smokedfish. These small shops are run by either women or young men. 83Various names used for this drink are Afr~cagin, arki, ha or Odontol. The last name reflects the smelling of the mouth of those who consumedit. - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 3.6.6 Periodic markets Available data Apart from those in the maintown and villages, there are only a few markets in the area: the daily market in Kribi and the weekly markets in Bipindi, Londji, Campo, Ipono, Ni6te (Hevecam), and Elog Batindi. Other markets officially exist but appear hardly functional. Reasonsfor this are, according to PNUD (2000),the low population density and the absence of a "market tradition" culture in the area. Inother regions of Cameroon, market days are the most importantday of the week, and going to the market is bothan economic (selling and buying) and a social (meeting people) activity. In the south province,farmers sell their products directlyfrom their home to passers-by who, in-turn, may take the products to the urban market and benefit from the price difference. Almost all sellers in Kribi are women who buy their goods in the village. Many of the women traders and male shop-keeperscome from non-localethnic groups: Bamileke, Ewondo,Bassa, and Bamoun (PNUD,2000). Analysis and discussion Absence of a market tradition means that village producers do not have the necessary outlets for their products and consequently sell their products for a lower pricethan they would otherwise get. Dueto the multiple intermediaries,the urban population pays a much higher pricefor rural goodsthan necessaryg4. 3.6.7 Summary of women's activities and gender issues Traditionally, women usedto marry at a young age, beingas soon as the fiance had his own cocoa plantationand could show that he was capable of raising and supporting a family. Nowadays, it has become moredifficult for young men to achieve economic independence,and women tend to marry later, if at all. During an unpublishedsurvey in the Kribi-Campoarea in 1985, it was foundthat 113 of the childrenwere born out of wedlock, without an officially recognizedfather. In such cases,the father of the young mother takes over the social role of beingthe father of the young child, and the young child is completely adopted in his family. Young women tend to be relatively free, and easily leavetheir childrento the care of their family in the village,while lookingfor opportunities elsewhere. Once married,the tasks between husband and wife are quite clearly structured: women . take care of most of the daily needs (growingfood crops and potherbs),and men are in charge of the more irregular tasks: fishing, hunting, house construction, and land clearing.Men also are responsiblefor bringing in the moneyto send childrento school, for medical expenses, and to pay the meat. However,women generally participate in many of these activities, while a minority of men participatein the women's activities. 94The impact of local traditions is strong. In Lolodorf for instance, local Ngumba were mostly absent as traders in the market, while women from other ethnic groups were ready to walk for six hours in order to sell their products in the market. The Lolodorf market, took place very early in the morning with traders present from 5 3 0 to 8:30. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 Agriculture Inthe Oceandivision, women are in charge of the daily food production, - which is centred around the growing and preparationof cassava. Men clear the agriculturalfields, but women are responsiblefor the subsequentstages of food production.Women also buy most of the ingredients necessary for cooking. Fishing Shrimp fishing and cupping small barrages in creeks are women's activities. - The product is used for feeding their family and for small scale trade. Alcohol production, and sale of beer- Women prepare local alcohol for sale or buy a few boxes of beer for sale in the village. Doughnuts- Doughnutsfor breakfast are prepared by women in most villages, using importedflour, bakers yeast, and sometimes cooking oil from the village. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Roti Report - 8 4 - 25 February 2008 CHAPTER 4 PROJECTSPLANNEDAND DEVELOPMENTPLANS 4.1 Projects During the first mission, it was found out that there are more planned developments in the region than what the TORmentions.The projects,which could be identifiedduring the first mission andwhich are part of the scope of the REA study are listed in Table 4-1: This chapter presents a brief description of the projects for which further information could be found since the first mission. The numbering of the projects follows a North to South order within the Kribi region. Those projects (with the same numberingsystem) can be locatedon the map in Figure 4-1 below. Table 4-1. Project activlties planned inthe Kribl region ( Project activities 6 ( Developer 1Geographic area SanagaSud gas exploitation /Perenco/ SNH INorthof Kribi - See map i and CPF 2 Power station and transmission AES Sonel North of Kribi - See map line 13 Pipelinebetweenthe CPF and Perenco/ SNH 1Northof Kribi - See map 1 the power station 4 Industrialestate (on CPF site) SNH Northof Kribi - See map 5 Deepsea port Government/ Sundance-Cam South of Kribi - See map (6 ( Industrialestate (around deep (Governement (Southof Kribi - 1 sea harbour) Les Mamelles iron mine 1Steel Cam 1~ o u t h x r i b-iSee (exploitation(operator?) 1 8 I Precious stones exploration ISicamine ISouthof Kribi - South of Krib 19 / Memve'ele dam and ISud Energy 1Southof Kribi - See map 1 ( transmissionline 10 Marine park 1Government 1Grand Batanga) - See map 11 1Agro-industryandforestry 1FermeSuisse & Socapalm, /South of Kribi - See map I exploitationexpansion IWijma 12 1Tourism development 1 I 1MunicipalitiesI Government/ Coast line, especially: diverse operators Norht and South of Kribi Londji, Rocherdu Loup, La Lobe, Coastal area Kribi-Campo 13 Eco-tourismpromotionand Municipalities/ NGOs Norht and South of Kribi Londji, Rocher du Loup, La I LobB, Coastal area Kribi- Campo, Campo-Ma'an NP 14 / Constructionof 5000 social Londji-North housing over 400 heactares 15 New industryfor the production Fifinda Iand II of biofuel 1 1 (Related)emerainq I I 1 -structure: Rail w g EdBa-Kribi Government See map Rail way SUNDANCE port - Mbalam Access road SUNDANCE port - Sundance-Cam Iron I Isee map 1 Tarred road Kribi-Bata 1Government Isee map I ( (Equatorial Guinea) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Figure 4-1. Map of the Kribi regionwith all projectsplanned Inthe region . . . . . . . .. . '- -... .... . , .-.,.-..-.-.-.-.. I ~ a t a EQUATORIALGUINEA GABON Existinaactivities 1.Ferme Suisse (Agro-ind.) 6. Edea-DoualaWildlife reserve Exisitng 2.FSU platform, COTCO 7. Campo-Mann National Park !,>:;>:~,:j;:c)(';,<\.> (oil export unit) 8. Sand extraction 3.0il exploitation platform, (most of the coastal area) I - 1 Perenco 9. ouri ism Line leaend 4.Socapalm (Agro-ind) 10. ~co-tourism Road 5.Hevecam (Agro-ind.) 1Railway m m 1~ransmissionline rn rn rn rn I1 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 4.1.1 Sanaga Sud gas exploitation and Central ProcessingFacility (CPF) The Sanaga South field is located 10km offshore, NorthWest from Kribi. For this project, Perenco is in partnershipwith SNH, which has acquiredthe Eboudawae concession, or also named Bipaga I.The gas producedwill be directed, for its greater part to a power plant, owned and operated by AES-Sonel. The project location is given in the Figure 4-2 below.Theproject includes: Platform offshore: - Drilling2 exploitationgas wells offshore (fromexisting and abandonedwells) - Gas productionunits offshore A Central Processing Facility(CPF), onshore at Eboudawae/ Bipaga I site. Pipelinesoffshore/ onshore: - A pipelinebetweenthe 2 productionwells - A pipelineto carry the gas to be treated (fromthe wells to the CPF, 14km) - A pipelineto inject the glycol (from the CPF to the wells, 14 km) - A pipelineto transport the by-products(water + condensate)from the CPF to the existing well KB-4 (21km),where it will be connectedandto the existing pipeline linking KB-4to the Ebome storageplatform (USF La Lobe) - A pipelineto transport the treated gas from the CPF to the onshore power station, between Ebousawae et Kribi, in order to produce electricityfrom the gas providedby Perenco. Figure42. Sanaga South gas exploitationand CPF site location The purpledashed line representsthe pipelines. Onshore site description The site acquired by SNH for the CPF is about 4 Kms North West of Londji,about 12 Kms of Kribi. The Western part of the - site is at few meters from the village of fishermen,called Eboudawae,also spelt Eboudavoye(about 203 inhabitants)and the beach/ sea. The entrance of the site, on its Easternside is at a site called Bipaga I.The south of the site is reachable at the moment only with a good 4-wheel drive vra a lateritetrack of about 5 Kms which links the Eboudawae village to the Edea Kribitarred - road. In between Bipaga Iand Eboudawae, the site is composed of secondary forest. On its outskirts, near Bipaga I and the road, the forest is quite marked by human agricultural use. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Figure 4-3. Site map of the EIA (Oct. 2006) The site is split into 2 plots: (1) 3ha plot:close to Eboudawae and the beach, and (2)25ha: on the Eastern side. In between, there is a stream and marshy area. According to the legislation, all wetlands are national property and cannot be sold / bought. Figure4-4. Site map of SNH (Dec. 2007) The space requiredfor the CPF is about 4ha and the space neededfor the corridor of the pipeline, i.e. 140m corridorfor the length from the beach to the CPF. The maps presented in the EIA and the map given by SNH during the first mission of this REA study provide complementaryinformationon the location and are presented in Figure 4-3 and Error! Reference source notfound.. Major issuesof the chosen CPF location Pipelinescorridor plannedto go over marshy area and a stream (blue parts on Figure 4-3). This stream leads to the Nyong estuarywhere there is presence of mangroveforest. Proximityof the Eboudawae village Not known what type of biodiversitythere could be in the 25ha plot. Suspiciously, fauna and flora could be identical as the one of the Edea-DoualaWildlife Reserve (few Kms North). Deforestation Advised period for construction,consideringthe rain seasons and the migration period of potentialwhales, dolphins, manatees and turtles. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 4.1.2 Kribi Power Project (power plant and transmission line) The power plantfrom AES-Sonelwill use the treated gas coming from the CPF and turn it into electricity. This electricity will then be relayedto the distribution centre (distribution to the grid) near Edea at Mangombethrough a transmission line. The Kribi Power Project shall comprise: the constructionof a 150 MW power plant fuelledwith natural gas at the Mpolongwe site; and the constructionof energy transmissionfacilitiescomprising: o (i) a step-upsubstation at the plant site (11to 225 kV) at Mpolongwe; o (ii) a circa 100km 225 kV doublecircuit transmission line betweenthe plant and the Mangombe225190 kV substation at Edea; o (iii)the connectionof the transmission line at the Mangombesubstation with installation of new 225 kV line bays. Location Figure4-5. Locationof the KribiPower Project(power plant and transmissionline) Sitedescription The chosen location of the power plant lay at Mpolowngwe.The overall Mpolongwe site occupies an area of approximately 16 hectares although the power plant site itself will only require approximately4 ha once constructed. However,the overall larger site is meant to allowfor the development of a construction compound as well as the plant itself and also allows the flexibility for the plant site to be locatedto best reducethe potentialimpacts. The land surface is gently undulating with a height varying between approximately 10 m and 20 m above sea level. The site is predominantly forested althoughthere are a number of buildings,constructed of local materials, which are understoodto house three families. These primarily occupy the western edge of the site withinthe wayleave of the existing 90 kV transmission line. The forest on the site has already been heavily used by the surrounding population. Three watercourses drain this site, the largest is Mpolongwe River the two minor streams beingtributaries of this river. The river andtributary streams are understoodto flow throughout the year and, where they flow adjacent to the site boundary,are used by local inhabitants as a water supply. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Figure4-6. Site description Transmissionline route The new transmission line will follow the general route of the existing 90 kV line for approximately 90O/0 of its length and runs directly parallel to it for 40% of the route as illustratedin Figure4-6. It also follows the routeof the Kribito Ed6a main road, which it crosses at 24 locations. This new roadwas built after the 90 kV line, andfollowed the former road,thus some crossings might have been avoided. Inaddition, it crosses minor tracks 21 times. M . v . . Major issue concerningthis site ,... ... , . :",' Three families needto be relocated Water taken from and rejectedto the streams are, ......T. (:," . &. .I according to the the description of the EIA, of very ., . ,.$,. minimalamount (2to 3 m2 per month). However, this would needto be checked during operation in order to ensure that streams are not disturbed. Advantages for this site location Good access to the Edea-Kribi road No highlyvalued vegetation and fauna affected 4.1.3 Pipelinebetweenthe CPF andthe power station Even though this pipeline is mentioned as part of the project Sanaga South exploitation and CPF in the EIA, it was not covered of the EIA made by Perencoand SNH. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 As a result, it was decided that the EIA for this pipeline should be the purpose of a separate and dedicated EIA, under the responsibilityof SNH. Eventhough there is the EIA under considerationis not made, the choosen route of this pipeline was approximately shown to us and we schematically illustrate it on Figure 4-7. Figure4-7. Routeof the pipelinebetweenthe CPF (Bipanga I)and the power plant(Mpongowb11). Mpolongwe II Mainissuesand questions regardingthe routeof this pipeline The 2 pipelines routes presentedin Fig, xx will be have a total length of approx. 30 Kms whereasthe Mpolongwe locationwas chosen to be as close as possibleto the Sanaga South fields, to which a direct pipeline would be of 11 Kms and would disturb less natural, physical and social environment. The pipeline Bipaga Ito Mpolongwe IIwill pass close to Londgji.Additional to the pipeline Sanaga South fields - Bipaga I, this further put the coastal populationof londji at risks especially in terms of safety. The lay out of the pipe, so close to the coast, will highly disturb marine and coastal sea fauna, fishery activities and marine local transportation. Due to the vicinity of the coast, we can assume that the pipeline will be buried. Even though it is necessaryfor safety reasons, this will disturb much more benthic habitat & communities. As a result,this may affect the fish stock in this area: disturb and finding no food, fishes may migrateto another location. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 91 - 25 February2008 - o n n n-n - U U O IOVAL WnsIOYIna 4.1.4 Industrialsite at Bipaga I SNH and Perenco would like to attract industries aroundthe CPF in order to make use of the by productsof the gas treatment (condensate)and sale more gas to other potentialclients (industries). The production of gas will possibly be increasedat a later stage. To our understanding, AES Sonel would not have a contract of exclusivity; neither does it buy 100%of the production. In this, Perenco/ SNH can searchfor new clients. The industrial estate is desiredon the 25 ha plot of the SNH at Bipaga I,close to the CPF. It is even envisagedto have a jetty at the beachside to ease transport to and from this industrial estate. 4.1.5 Deep sea harbour and relateddevelopment Mbalam project (deep sea harbour and railway) The project of the deep sea harbourhas several potential origins and potential developers or initiators. Informationbeing restrictedandthe few not being always consistent, it is not clear to us at the moment if there are other parallelprojects for a deep sea harbourfrom other parties. In any case, this section will describethe deep sea harbour project part of the Mbalam iron ore mine project, plannedby Cam IronISLlhlDANCE,accordingto the Mbalam Scoping report,from SLINDANCE,August 2006 and other official reports and informationfound available on lnternetg5. The Mbalamproject includes: Mine Crushing and screening facilities Mine stockyards and train loading facility A railway system from the mine to a port (490 km) Port facilities to unloadtrains, stockpiles and ship iron ore in vessels up to 250.000 DWT Infrastructurefacilities at both mines andport including workshops, warehouses, laboratories and administrationbuildings as well as infrastructure, including water and electricity supply, access to roads, airport and permanentfacilities. The Mbalamdeposit is in southeast Cameroonnearthe borderwith Congocontaining an estimated 220 Mt at 60% iron (or 587 Mt at 30 to 40% iron). Project costs are estimated to 2.46 billion USD,for an estimated productionof 35 milliontpa. (project flyer962007). Construction is scheduledto start in 2009, production in2012 and full capacity should be reached in 2015. According to National radio CRTV, a memorandum of understandingbetweenthe company and the GOC is plannedto be signedin March 2008. Cam Iron, is the Cameroonssubsidiary of SUNDANCE, Australian miningfirm. Sundancewill probably operate underthe name of Cam Iron in Cameroon. 95htt~:l/imaaesianal.comsec.com.au/asxdata12Q070730/~fiOO743560.~fSundance resources, quarterly report for the periodending 30 June 2007. 9%tt~:~www.sundanceresources.corn.aulproiectscameroon.asD (2007) A flyer with a general overview of the Mbalamproject. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Ron Report - 92- 25 February 2008 Export options Severaloptions were studied by Sundancefor the railway system and port: (1) through Gabon, which would mean buildinga 200 km railroadto Belirlga, where a Chinese lron Ore miningcompany will build the remaining 150 km to the Gabonese grid, (2) Through a new rail roadto Mbalmayo (approx. 350 krn), (3) a new wide-gauge railroadto the Kribi-Campoarea with a deep water berth capable of accepting cape size vessels. The latter solution is preferred. What concern the Kribi region is the port with associated facilities and the railway line which goes throughthe region. Figure4-8. Locationof Mbalam lron ore mine 3 t - r Y 'i CONGO GABON , % 1 Y ; - C i '%.li,,~L-t,,illP it Port Two locations were considered (1) Grand Batanga (about 10 Krns South of Kribi), and (2) Lolabe (20 Kms further South). Grand Batanga is a potential multi-user, multi product port. The government has already done a feasibility study for a deep sea harbour port. Preferred location is Grand Batanga. However,the feasibility study did not address the bulk shipping of iron ore and its requirements in regardsto rail unloading loops, iron ore stockpiles or Cape size vessels with their associated deeper drafts and larger turning basins. Lolabe has the advantagethat the 20m falhom line is approximately2 Km closer to the shore which would reduce ship turninaround times as well as reducedredging costs and wharf relatedconstruction costs.Therefore Lolabewould be the preferredport location --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 93 - 25 February 2008 as both the rail and port constructioncosts would be lower at this locationthan at Grand Batanga. The plans of Sundanceare, accordingto the Scoping report, to make a port suitedfor the export of ores only (Mbalamand other ores exports).As alternative,the addition of a more expensive shore backedlayoutwould makethis port a multi-user,multi-product port similar to that proposed by the Cameroon Government'sfeasibility study. This alternative has potential environmentalissues associatedwith it as littoral drift alongthe coast will be interrupted. According to some inhabitantsof the area, the port would be 5 Km wide and 3 Km long, going into the sea. Railway The preferred railroadcorridor (beforeenvironmentalstudies) would leadthe railway along the Ntem Valley, probably through the Campo-Ma'annational park, east of the Mamelles hills and ending between Lolabeor Grand Batanga. The rail access roadwould run the full length of the railway to allow railway maintenance. Environmentaland social considerations The preliminary scoping does not take into account environmentaland social aspects, but indicatedthe various studies to be completedto comply with environment, sustainabledevelopmentand social license.A summary table of expected impacts is providedg7,but may underestimatethe environmental(i.e. forest) and social consequences of the project. Minorities, local, national andforeign employment, migration may all become future issues. Main issues Lolabe is know for the "Rocher du Loup" (translated:'Wolf's rock) which is a big rock on the beach havingthe shape of a wolf's head. It is a popular touristic attraction in a picturesquenatural environment and an important sacred site for the yassag8.The construction of the harbour could therefore mean that this touristic attraction would disappearor gets visually impacted. Lolabeis 20 km further to the south of GrandBatanga,which meansthat an additional 20 km of coast will be damaged by industrial development. Closer to the Campo-Ma'anNational Park. Clearance of the forest for the railway:opening of the forest to poaching and other (illegal) use, disturbance of fauna and flora. Coastal disruption: not enough details at that stage to evaluate those disruptions. ''Promet Engeneers (2006). Table 10.1 page 47. According to Dr. Ngima, an anthropologist from the Yaounde University, The Yassa of Ebodik are the only group who uses this rock as their main sacred site. They perform ceremonies and rites to pray to their ancestorsand spirits of the sea, to protect the fishermenagainstthe dangers of the sea and pray for abundant fish, as well as for the protectionof their village and its people. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 94 - 25 February 2008 Figure 4-9. Possible locations of the deep sea port (Grand Batanga and Lolab6 ) +Railway routeto Mbalam (very approxinnately) 4.1.6 Industrial estate (arounddeep sea harbour) From interviews,we understoodthat it was the planof the Gouvernmentto attract industries and develop industrialestate(s) in the vicinity of the deep see port. No further information couldbe found so far, qua location, extent, etc. 4.1.7 Les Mamelles iron mine exploitation (operator?) Project name Operator Category of project Les Mamelles CAM IRON? Mining Location Status 40 Km South of Kribi, near Ebodje On-going Information sources Interviews in the Kribi region Internet sites No further official information found Description Exploitation of an Iron mine and railway to an harbour for the exportation of the ore extracted. Cameroon has several iron deposits 99, includingthe 300-million-metric-ton(Mt) Mamellesdeposit, 40 Kms South of Kribi containing 30% to 35% magnetite and the 99 http://minerals.usas.qOv/mineral~i~ub~i~0untw11998/9204098.~df(1998) The Miniral Industry of Mobs Cameroon. Who cite the following primarysources that are not active anymore: (Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau, et de I'Energie,writtencomrnun., undated; Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau et de I'Energie, 1998,Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau, et de I'Energie-Ressources Minibre, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL htt~:llwww~mnet.cmlinv~stirlminmeelresmine.htmMinistere du DBveloppement Industriel et Commercial, ; 1998, Produits du Cameroun, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL http~iwww.camnet.cmiinvistirlmindicl~roduits.htm) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 95 - 25 February2008 nna n e o Ll U U RffTAL WnIKOUIma Mbalam deposit in southeast Cameroon near the borderwith Congo (see previous section). There are rumours regardingprojects exploitation of the Mamelleshills near Ebodik. There have been part of local projects at the same time as the deep water port in Grand Batanga. No formal informationcould be found on Les Mamellesproject. Accordingto interviews (sometimescontradictory),: Les Mamellesproject is still under consideration It would include a small railroadto an exportationport. The railwaywould run along the coast line. According to some interviewees,this port would be the new deep water port in Grand Batangal00, or, accordingto some other interview,the operator would create its own new port. The developer,according to rumors would be Cam Iron, and Les Mamelles project would be includedin the Mbalam project. However, the MbalamScoping report of Sundancedoes not mention anythingabout the exploitation of Les Mamelles deposit. Accordingto an official IMF on the Poverty reduction strategic paper, "exploration permitswere issuedto CAMINCOfor gold, to HYDROMINE Inc. for bauxite in the Adamawa, to STEEL CAM for iron at Kribi, and to CAM IRONfor iron at Mbalam" (IMF, 2006; point 168'~'). As mentionedearlier, quite a few informationis to be found on the Mbalam project, while Les Mamellesproject remainsstill quite a mystery. Among the many routes considered for the rail road Mbalam-Kribilinkingthe coast, some come close to the Mamelles hills andcould be usedto transport ore from these hills. Preciousstones exploration Project name Operator Category of project Preciousstone exploration ClCAMlNE Mining Location Status South of Kribi On-going Informationsources Interviewsin the Kribi region Description According to interviews, SlCAMlNE explore the South partof the region in search of precious stones (gold,zircon, etc.). Apparently it concerns a wide area of exploration. Explorationis on-going.This type of exploration is usuallyof very restrictedscale, even though at several places. Little impact is to be expectedat this stage. When plans for further exploitationwould take place, an EIA should be conducted. loo htt~://www.sedfinance.com/~erso-25617.htmprovides some information about the project which has to be counter checked. lo' IMF (2006)Cameroon: Poverty ReductionStrategy Paper Third Annual Progress Report. IMF Country report no 061260,July 2006.htt~://ww.imf.ora/externall~ubslWscr/2006Ic~6260.~df ----- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 96 - 25 February2008 4.1.9 Memve'ele dam NIA Project name Operator Category of project Memve'ele dam Cameroons Government Energy (hydraulic power) and relateddevelopments Location Status Dam: Nyabizan, Not known Road and transmission line: Nyabizan- Kribi, Informationsources Interviews in the Kribi region Feasibility study of Coyne and Bellier htt~://www.oroiet-memveele.ora/ htt~://www.~roiet-memveele.ora/Volume%202.~df http://www.camer.be/indexl.php?art=40Cameroun: le barrage de Memve'ele au detail. Brief description A dam is plannedto be constructedfor the production of electricity. This will inducethe floodingof an area upstream of the Ntem river and the construction of a road and a transmission line to bring the electricity produced from Nyabizan to Kribi. Only this later is part of the scope of the REA study. The project The PASEM (socio-economicsupport project)would start two years before the construction starts, have a duration of about 10 years, and gradually diminish its impact over the years. Project costs are estimated at 2.5 million USD, for an estimated populationof 13.000. The dam An official website for the project exist '02, on which the first environmental scoping reports are available.The planned dam will have a height of 20 meters, and a maximum width of 395 m. The retention lake will have a surface of 1900 ha, and a capacity of 130 millionm3. The installedgenerators have a capacity of 201 MW, and will be located56 meters lower than the dam. Transmission line For the transmission line of the producedelectricity three options are considered: (1) via Ebolowa and Mbalmayoto Yaounde (285 km); (2) Via Hevecamto Kribi (problem: will have to cross the Campo Maan nationalpark),or (3)via the interconnectedCameroon-Gabon-Guineagrid towards the southlo3. The locationof the access roaddepends on the transmission line, but potentialinitially access will be through Ebolowaand Nyabizan (page 4-15 and 4-33), and would so improvethe road system in the region. Environmentaland socio-economicconsiderations The Project proposesto avoid impactingthe Campo Maan National Park, through roads andtransmission lines. It acknowledgesits potential negative impacts on the Park. Proposedbush-meatmitigationmeasures includeprohibitionof bush meat consumption, Io2htt~://ww.oroiet-memveele.oraL lo'htt~://www.~roiet-memveele.ora/Vo~ume~/0202.~df et Bellier, (2006). Amenagementhydroklectriquede Coyne Memve'ele sur le Ntem. Actualisation des Etudes de faisabilite. Vol 11. Les ktudestechniques. pages 3-11 and 3-12. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005lACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 creation of markets, shortening of the construction period, increasedpolicingof hunting activities, limitinginducedaccess to protectedareas (page4.41-42) Main social impacts evaluated in 1993were (Coyne et Bellier, 2006, p. 4.9-10): the resettlementof a hamlet with 9 households, 116 ha of food crops, fruit and palm trees, annual loss of 7.2 Tons of bush meat but increasedannual fishing potentialof 60 tons, constructionimpacts, migration impacts. A new social impact evaluationis proposedin the report to take into account missing elements (recent legislationconcerning ESHIA, Campo Ma'an park, impacts on fishing, bush meat, compensation). A new inventory of the exact extensionof the retention lake and impacted human settlements is necessary. Roadwidening, between the Damand Ebolowa, would destroy according to recent estimations 155 houses, a chapel, a few tombs and 75 other buildings.The resettlement and compensation plan propose necessary mitigation measures. Replacementland usable for agriculture is thought to be abundantly present in the region. Stakeholders The Wijma logging company, who has 2 logging concessionin the area, has offices in IVyabizan. It will be an important stakeholder, especially in creating roads linkingthe area to the Kribi-Ebolowaroad. Locals have a favourable opinion about the project,and also high expectations of its positiveimpacts on the economy. However,tensions exist between environmental protectionmeasures and the local population especially about hunting restrictions inthe National Park. 4.1.10 Marine Park Project name Operator Category of project Marine Park Cameroons Government Conservation Location Status Kribi region or Kribi - Campo Not known InformationsourcesI available Interviewsinthe Kribi region Brief description Background Some commitmentsof the Cameroons Government would havebeen made at an International conference regardingthe creation of Marine Parks in Cameroon.Planswent further and havedefined the Ocean department area for this purpose. The project The sought Marine park wouldincludemarinewaters off the shores (distancenot now),the coastal areas, and inlandareas up to a cerlain distance from shore (distancenot known) off Iin the Kribi region. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Concern of the population At the moment, it is controversial project.Some people perceivethis park as a limitation to economical development in the region. Some other say that economical development and conservation are compatible in the region and that such a project would leadto a sustainable development of the region.The restrictionsof this Marine park on economical activities are actually not yet know. 4.1.I 1 Agro-industry and forestry expansion Agro-industry Project name Operator Category of project Hevbcamplantationexpansion Hbvbcam Agro-industry (rubber) Location Status Sought around the existing Hevbcam plantationlocation, South-East EIA is made of Krbi InformationsourcesI available Interviews in the Kribiregion Brief descriptlon Extension of 2000 hectares, meaning the deforestationof the existing surrounding forest. Project name Operator Category of project Biofuelproduction Ferme Suisse? Agro-industry (palm plantation) Location Status Sought aroundthe existing Ferme Suisse plantation location, North- ? East of Krbi, nearbythe EdBa-Kribiroad. Informationsources1available Interviews in the Kribiregion Article found on internet: http:llfr.allafrica.com/stories1200801100734.html Brief description There are rumours about the plantation of biofuels in the region. According to the article mentioned above, the Ferme Suisse is already produicing 60 000 L of biofuels from palm oil. The FrenchAgro-Energy Development organization (AED) proposesto the Governmentof Cameroonto producebiofuels from sunflower andjatropha, plants which are not produced in Cameroon. The Government of Cameroonwas favorable, but advisedon previous researchon plantswhich are cultivated in Cameroon,using the experience of the FermeSuisse. The Government also stresses that plantainwastes are also valuablesources of biofuel. Other information is not yet know at that stage. Forestryextension There is no informationon the extent and location of forestry extension. However,it is thought that this activity will try to extend. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 4.1.12 Tourism It is also the wicsh of the government and municipalities to promote tourism inthe region. Ground along the coast has already been allocatedto its majority and it is thoughtsthat largetourism facilitieswill develop along the coast. However, no (detailed) plan or list of plannedfacilities could be found. 4.1.13 Eco-tourismpromotionand development The Cameroonian government is working with various non-governmentalorganisations to develop ecotourism in the region. 'These efforts are largely concentratedon the Campo-Ma'an National Park. which is a base for various gorilla habituation projects. The Netherlands DevelopmentOrganisation runs another project that takes travelers to the Campo Reserve and then to traditional homes in Ebodje,a village 25 km north. 4.1.14 Transport infrastructureprojects Transport infrastructureprojectswhich are not includedin other projects mentioned above: Tarring of the road Yaounde-Kribi: in process Tarring of the road Kribi-Bata Railway Edea-Kribi 4.2 Developmentand land use plans The mainplans which have already been developedso far for the region are described below. 4.2.1 The draft zoning plan of the MEAO The Groupfor the Land Use Planning of the Oceandepartment (in short MEAO, from the French "Mission d'etude pour I'amenagementde I'Ocean"): has drafteda land use plan for the Ocean department. The MEAO is officially under the authority of the Ministry of planning and regional development (MINPLATDAT). Its missionis to develop a land use planfor the department of the Ocean. The institution,set up as a temporary entity, has been created by order of the President.This gives this plan a national dimension, which attracts interestsof the same scale. This Draft zoning plan is now draftedfor review andlor approval by the Government and is not yet available to the public. The MEAOagreedto receivethe Royal Haskoning projectteam during its first mission. The draft zoning plan was discussedbut could not be made available for this project. Duringthis discussion, the main zoning concept was explainedand is summarised in Box 4-1 and can be visualized in Figure 4-10. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 Box 4-1. Draft zoning plan proposed by the MEAO Drafl zoning planproposedby the MEOA Zone 1 North-West(coast line from Kribi town to the Nyong): tourism, fisheries and light industries Zone 2 South -West (coats line, from Kribi town tillthe borderwith EquatorialGuinea):port activities, industries, fisheries, tourism Zone 3 North East-East:agriculture& cattle, Zone 4 South Center & East:forest exploitation and agro-industries,respectingthe Campo-Ma'an NP Importantpoints: The Kribicity expansionis proposed (i) betweenKribi and the deep sea port (coastalarea South of Kribi town) and (ii) along the road axes Kribi-EdBaand Kribi-YaoundB. Eco-tourism is proposedSouthinthe Carnpo-Ma'anNP and the Dipikarisland .e 4-10. Scl REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Strategy for Sustainable land use planning in the coastal zone Kribi-Campo(2004) Background This strategy was prepared in 2004 by Prof. Tchawa on request of three municipalities (Kribi urban, Kribi rural and Campo)with the aim of developing sustainabletourism. This study was supported by SNV (Dutch organizationfor development). Summary This strategy for sustainable land use includes 4 strategic axes: Axe 1: Institutionalcapacity enhancement Axe 2: Space and land use planning and control Axe 3: Promotionand development of the local economy Axe 4: Nature protection and environmental risks management The zoning proposed as part of this study is summarizedby Table 4-2 and can be visualized on Figure4-11. Table 4-2. Summary of the coastal zoning plan as part of the Sustainable land use strategy of the Kribl-Campo coastal zone Zone Malnorlentation Objectives Strategies Zone I Business, Promotespecialisedtourist activities: - Specializethis sector through a ( ~ y o nestuary to beachtourism g beach, businessand pleasure; process to relocate activities. A Grand Batanga) and fishing create conditions with sustained microzoning and a specific activities. fishing activities; postingplan with priority to business, beachand pleasuretourism are urgent. Zone I1 Industrialand Create a specialised industrialpole Attract investors in order to integrate (Grand Batangato port pole for Grand Batanga's future port in Grd Batanga's potentials (port) Lola&) deep water Mammals (iron) and Lolabe(gas) in a processto builda port pole Zone Ill Restructuring Providefor the spatial disequilibrium Instigate,within the framework of the (Lolab6Illto Spaceand between Kribi and Campo and asphalting projectfor the LobB-Campo ~ ~ l ~ ecotourism b ~ ) develop the ecotourism potential of leg, the establishment of basic the future relay-poleof EbodjB. facilitiesat Ebodj6 to makeof it a re- adjustment pole for the B.C. space Zone IV Ecotourism, Developthe potentialof the Campo Establisha pool of donors, (Malaba to Campo- park. internationalorganisations to attract Masan~ p ) Commerce, Promotethe developmentof investorsat Campo. Comb~nethe traditionalfishing. receptionand accommodation potentialof the park,the status of facilities at Campo. being a frontier town to develop ecotourism and commerce. Develop and organisethe commercialpotentialof Guinea; Fishing and ecotourism capacity building. Zone V Decongestionof Re-adjustthe managementand Through a localmanagement policy, (inland:~olokound,ethe coastal line relieve congestion from the sea delocalizeactivities that are riverand around frontage which is currently saturated incompatible with zone 1. There Bidou I) shouldbe prerequisites (constructed roads, land and real state promotion policy, etc...). Zone VI Agro-industrial Builda newgrowth and development Take advantage of agricultural (Inland: agro- pole pole in the backcountry. productsby Socapalm and HevBcam industrial to create processingagro-industries. plantationsand Create newsmall size plantation village agriculture) areas for smallholders. This productioncould be disposedof via the port of Grand Batanga. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 0 0 ta n r o w RQVLL W a l W Q N l N O Figure4-11. Visualisationof the zoning plan as part of the Sustainableland use strategy of the Kribi- Campo coastal zone 1 CARTE 7 :PERSPECTIVESDAMENAGEMENT DE LA BANDECOTIERE KRIBI-CAMP0 I --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 103 - 25 February2008 4.2.3 Integratedcoastal zone management project Background This project is part of the wider Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem(GCLME) project, initiatedby the UnitedNation Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is currently being undertakenin the Kribi region. The GCLME project is entitled "Combating living resources depletion and coastal landdegradation in the GCLME though ecosystem-basedregional actions". The GCLME project is an ecosystem-based effort to assist countries adjacent to the Guinea Current Ecosystemto achieve environmentaland resourcesustainability. There are 16countries concerned by the GCLME projects, among which Cameroon. This would be accomplishedby shifting from short-termsector by sector driven management objectivesto a longer-termperspectiveand from managingcommoditiesto sustaining the production potentialfor ecosystem-widegoods and services. One of the project goals is to build capacity of Guinea Current countries to work jointly and inconcert with other nations, regions, and Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects in West Africa to define and address prioritytrans-boundary environmental issueswithin the framework of their existing responsibilitiesunder the Abidjan Conventionand its RegionalSeas Programme. One of the sub-projects of the GCLME porject is "lntegratedCoastal Management Program on Erosion, EnvironmentalDegradationand Conservationof Coastal Biodiversity"and the Kribi region of Cameroonwas chosen as pilot project. Summary This project is in two phases: 1. Regionaldiagnosis basedon stakeholder consultation. Identificationof the current situation by a detaileddiagnosis of the condition of region .This includes although the set up of a strategy for lntegratedcoastal management.This phase is now completed. 2. Implementationof the strategy and its management plan with the set up of a steering committee responsiblefor it. The tendering of this phase is completed and the implementationshould start soon. Milestones Inthe framework of the lntegratedcoastal management project,a training course was given in November 2007,entitled"Regionaltraining course on lntegratedcoastal zone management - EnvironmentalManagementin Cameroon: ProblematicSituations and SuccessStories, Prof. PaulTchawa, Douala, November 2007". The summary presentationpresentsthe conclusionswhich are presented in the box below. REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005/ACO/Rott Report - 104 - 25 February 2008 -gg-- ROYAL WasIQYImO Box 4-2. Milestonesfrom the presentation"Regional tralning course on Integratedcoastal zone management- EnvironmentalManagement In Cameroon: Problematic Situations and Success Stories"; Prof. PaulTchawa, Douala, November2007 Current sltuatlon The current situationin the Kribi regionshows evidence of the lack of integratedcoastal area planning1 Sectoral environmental managementplan Various growing conflicts o Expansionof agro industries estate and relatedconflicts with communities o Conflicts to control productivefishing area o Small touristoperators facing vulnerability in landoccupation o Somecharacteristic conflicts among institutionalactors Rapiddevelopment of built up area at the sea front Other poor sited facilities of the coastal zone o Londji Bay :a typical case of poor sited activity o The locationof hotels Attempts Attempts to elaborate a coastal management planin the area: Previous initiatives (MEAL, GEM GOG, Local councilslSNV attempt Recent and current initiatives(GCLMEIUNIDO Kribi Campo ICAM) Other institutionalpertinent instruments (SDRAlT, MEAO, IRAD Kribi...) Conclusion: the critical Issues An uncontrolledan unplanned developmentof tourist facilities; Environmentalproblems (overfishing, destruction of mangrove, Coastal erosion, pollutionfrom agro industries and oil companies ...) due to human activities; Complex conflictsof access and control of resources; An anarchic occupationof sea the front; Conflicts of competencyamong different institutions; An inextricableland propertycontext; Difficulty to implement the Urban DevelopmentMaster Planof Kribi; Increasing marginalizationof localcommunitiesdespite the availability of resources inthe area. Opportunities for Integrated coastal area management Inthe study area The fact that the area is a prioritydevelopmentzone o Many important development projects are about to be launchin this coastal zone (Deep sea harbour, mineral and gas exploitation...) o *Somewhere implementedsome years ago (SOCAPALM, HEVECAM, COTCO) The existence of unique biodiversity asset with a management plan endorsed and implemented The initiativeof local municipalitieswhich havetried to develop a common developmentvision The trans boundary physical planning initiativefor Central Africa Region The current GCLMEIICAMinitiative1the pilot demonstrationsite The capacitybuildingstrategy with the creation of a Centrefor oceanography in Kribi. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Other specific plans for the management of Campo-Ma'anNational Park Other plans in the region concentrateon the Campo-Ma'anarea. Master Management Planfor the development of the UTO of Campo Ma'an The Tropenbos Cameroon Programme (TCP) ran from 1994till 2002 in the Campo Ma'am UTO area. The TCP was mainly directed at the sustainableproductionof timber and other forest products, and includedprojects on: Forest land inventory and evaluation Economic, ecological and social aspects Improvedmethodsfor forestry and indigenousland-use Local people's participation in management Flgure 4-12. Master ManagementPlanfor the developmentof the UTO of Campo Ma'an Figure4-13. Compatibility of Land UtillsatlonTypes Tahlr 5.1. Cumpntibilitj of Lnnd lhilisation Type - WI - 5 Lt?l' Y C - .- Floracmamtion TI.+ - .- -. c{- - - -- - - I l l NTFP. gatber~ng t -. -- I-. .. ++ - NTFP, hunting c 1+ w c t .-r +I Tlmher pmduct~onin naturalforest -- -- - - -- -. I l l tlouuing - - - - - . Shihiqcultivation -- - -- -- Cacm plantatlm - - - 1Oilpalmpl.mmtion -- .. I Rubkr plantalim I -- I Pinwpple P plantation - 1.111-i .are full) mmpatihle, ahhoughthere nu) heaslight impnr ofone 1.I'Ton &he olher .- II:7iarcn~mpntihlc.hllulk r tme1.1'T ~nodrbtl)al2ctalhtlr .*her 15 l.lJ1'~ire psninll) cmipmihlr; me I.1lTtcon~svatim)is attmted b) thr d k r (limber - or N7TP pmduriim) LIlTs ire poorly compatibleand shouldh n a nmhe combined on the wme rrml ot land -- I.I!T\ are incumpmibleand Lannolbe con~himdonthe wrnr lnct of laid REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 After a processof data collection,field research, mapping and stakeholderconsultation, six landallocation types were proposedfor the Campo Ma'an area, rangingfrom ProtectionForestto Agro-Forestry Zone, each with its own management objectives and legal status accordingto the Forest Law. For each zone, the possibility and compatibility of certain land uses (seethe figure below for an example)as well as corresponding scenarios were identified and assessed (integratedarea management).The methodology can also be used for land use planning at the local level. For more information http://www.tropenbos.nl/files/Cameroon/camser9.htm Development and Management planof Campo Ma'an national park A draft Development and Management Planfor the Campo Ma'an National Park was made by Tropenbos and SNV, through a projectfunded by GEF. In 2003 WWF took over and completed the Management Planfor the park,especially including more local (indigenous)stakeholder consultation,such as with the Bakola/ Bagyeli pygmy minorityof traditional forest dwellers. Their rights and obligations regarding usingthe forest resources in the Park as part of their traditional livelihood system are now officially recognisedin the Management Plan of Campo Ma'an National Park. The Management Plan was validated in 2005 and officially approved by the government of Cameroon in December 2006. In 2005 Campo Ma'an was also recognized by the government as one of Cameroon's two modelforests, part of the InternationalModel Forest Network, with the aim to implement sustainableforest managementwhile accountingfor community needs and ensuring every actor has a say in the use of the forests. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 CHAPTER 5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 5.1 General approach Royal Haskoningwill deliver a RegionalEnvironmentalAssessment (REA) by using its structured project management approach and following established methodologyof impact assessments,cumulative impacts assessments, appropriate local external requirementsand international standards, i.e. the World Bank and IFCguidelines and performancestandards. The base referencedocuments for preparingthe REA will be The Environmental assessment Sourcebook Nb 15, June 1996 (Regional Environmental Assessment) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook 1999,World Bank The IFC Performance Standards, and especially the IFC Performance Standard 1- Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System (April 30, 2006) which describes the WBIIFC's requirements for the contents and conduct of an ESHIA. The General HSE Guidelines (IFC/ WB) (April30, 2007) The IFC Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets (May 2007) Other performance standards will be adhered to when applicability is established during the REA process. 5.2 Methodology 5.2.1 RegionalEnvironmentalAssessment 'Regionalenvironmental assessment (REA)is a tool to help developmentplanners design investment strategies,programs and projects that are environmentally sustainable for a region as a whole. REAs take into account the opportunitiesand limitations represented by the environment of a region and assesses on-going and planned activities from a regional perspective.' lo4 The methodologywhich will be used is based on The World Bank Environmental assessment Sourcebook Update Nb 15,June 1996 (Regional Environmental Assessment). The methodologycan be summarisedby Table 1-1below. Table 1-1presentsthe steps of a REA (firstcolumn), the correspondingsub-tasks of the REA for the purposeof this project (secondcolumn) and relatesthose to the Tasks given by the TOR(thirdcolumn). lWWorld Bank Environmental assessment SourcebookUpdateNb IS, 1996. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Table 1-1.Methodologysteps of the REAfor this project (repeated) ! REA. I:: 'REAsteps., '.. REAsub-steps . . .Correb- .Chapter'ln ' description . . , . , ~, , pondlngTask. ; thir R , U . . . intheTOR' ' ..,repti!, /Step1. Scoping 1.1 Identifyspatial and temporal Task 1 Chapter 1 boundaries I 1.2 ldentifyissues of concern and I select appropriate Valued Environmental.Socio-economicand I Health components (VESHCs),(see VESHCs definition below). 2.1 Policy and legalframework Task 1 Chapter 2 administrative 2.2 Institutionalframework framework (incl. Environmentaland socio- economic management and monitoringexisting capacity) 2.3 Administrative,formal and unformal organization 'step 3. Baseline conditions 3.1 Abiotic environmentalconditions Task 1 Chapter 3 3.2 Biotic environmentalconditionsand Task 3 3.3 Socio-economicbaseline Task 4 3.4 Healthconditions 4.1 Projects plannedin the region Task 1 Chapter 4 anddevelopment 4.2 Existing plans in the region plans Cumulative impact Scenario in 10-15 years time, if no ESH Task 1 Chapter 5 assessment measureis taken: Task 2 5.1 Assess effectsof all selected actionson abiotic, biotic, socio- economic and culturalenvironment and health (especially on selected VESHCs) 5.2 Greenhousegas cumulative analysisof the planned developments 'step 6 I~ecommendations Coherent and comprehensiveact~onplan Task 1 Chapter 7 towards an optimal (mainly through recommendationfor the Task 2 regionalinvestment improvementof existing plan)to ensure Task 4 long-termeconomic and environmental sustainability. ]step 7. Recommandations Basedon the findings, the REA will Task 3 Chapter 8 towards an proposea strategy for strengthening ! I environmental environmental managementwithin the I management region. . strategy. I Chapter 6 specific proiects. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report -109- 25 February2008 5.2.2 Cumulativeeffects This section gives further explanationon the Step 5 of the above mentioned methodology. By cumulative effects, this REA study considers the following concepts: Concept 1: Direct and indirect effects: cumulative effects of the direct and indirect effects of the plannedprojects and activities. Conce~t2: Futureevolution: cumulative effect due to the evolution of the situation in 15years time, considering the evolution of the current activities and the plannedprojects. Concept 3: ImPactedelements: cumulative effects of the different activities 1projects onto each impacted element Concept 1:Cumulativeeffects due to direct and indirecteffects Figure 5-1. illustrationof the cumuiatlve effects of direct and indirectsources of impacts and impacts I I Existing activities # E I IW i t impacts I Induced sourcesof impacts n hduced impacts (population, infrastructure, traffic, .. waste ~nnoration.etc.) cumulativeimpacts Concept2: Cumulativeeffect due to the evolution intime of activities The sources of cumulative impacts in 15years time are the existing activities (consideringtheir evolution in 15years time) inducedsources of impacts from existing activities (population,waste generation, built environment,etc. ) and the projectsactivities and the influence of the project activities onto the existing activities, and thus on induced sources of impacts. The accumulationof all those activities is the source of cumulative impacts. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rofl Report - 110- 25 February 2008 Figure5-2. Illustrationof the cumulative effectsof direct and Indirectsources in the future I m Existing activities Direct impacts n a + Inducedsources of impacts Induced impacts (populationgrowth,infrastructure, tmffir waste weneratinn etr cumulative impacts Future cumulative Impacts Concept 3: Cumulative effects on impacted elements Considering Concept 1and Concept 2, direct and indirect sources of impacts of existing activities and project activities in 15 years time are assessed on potentially impacted 'valued environmental, socio-economicand health components'. Those valued environmental, socio-economic and health components' (VESHCs) are defined as: "Any part of the environment or society (ESHaspects) that is considered important by the proponent,public,scientists and government involvedinthe assessment process. Importancemay be determined on the basis of cultural values or scientific concern".lo5 Figure5-3: Focussingon Eflectson VESHCs The analysis of cumulative effects will focus on assessing effects on the selected VESHCs, from the VESHCs point of view, in which the combined (i.e., cumulative) effects of the various activities on each VESHC. Figure 5-3 illustrates this approach: fish, water quality and human are the VESHCs in this case and arrows indicatean action causing an effect on a VESHC. t. lo5Cumulative Effects Assessment PractitionersGuide, REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 Specific attention will also be paid to: Effects that are limited for the individual projects,but due to the cumulative effect are much more important (for example: each of the individualdevelopmentsdoesn't go beyond an air quality standard level, but their cumulative effect would.) Other effects that are considerable enlargedthrough the cumulative effect andlor where common mitigationmeasureswould be more (cost-) effective. Further background informationon the cumulative analysis using VESHCs as basis is given in Annex 3. 5.3 Impact sources Most sources of impactsare listed below. Activities written in blue are new or existing which are planned to increaseIextend. 5.3.1 Industrialactivities 1. Agro-industry (Ferme Suisse, palm plantation-Socapalm, palm plantation,- Hevecam, rubber plantation) 2. Forest exploitation (Wijma) 3. Oil & Gas explorationand exploitationand related development (Oil exploitation -Perenco, FSU, COTCO, ChadICameroon pipeline -COTCO + Sanaga Sud, CPF, power station) 4. Coastal sand mining 5. Industrialfishery (FishingCentre in Kribi) 6. Porttraffic (Kribi port + Deep sea port (s)) 7. Other industries (for the processingof agro-productsnear Kribi port + new industrial estate on the SNH site and aroundthe deep sea port, new biofuel industry) 5.3.2 Tourism 8. Tourism (see induced sources of impacts) (expansionof tourism activities, especially the coastal.area from Londjito Campo) 9. Eco-tourism (expansionof tourism activities, especially between Kribi and Campo) 5.3.3 Conservation 10. Conservation (Edea-DoualaWildlife Reserve, Protectedforest of Lolodorf,Campo-Mann National Park) 5.3.4 Subsistence activities 11. (Substance)farming (crops and old coffee plantation) 12. Subsidencefishing 13. Hunting REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Housing 14. Social housing project planned at Londji Norht Induced sources of impacts 15. Population 16. Infrastructure,built environment and land use 17. Roadtraffic 18. Marine traffic 19. Waste generation Importance of the induced cumulative impacts The main cumulative impacts in terms of magnitude will be related to the induced impacts, which are usually looked at project level in an EIA and which would be underestimatedwithout a global approach. The main cumulative impacts of induced activities are described below. Figure 5-4. illustratethe difference in considering only direct impacts (red cycles) opposed to considering induced impacts (orange cycles). Figure5-4. Illustrationof the importanceof inducedImpacts -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 Population There are different interpretationson how many people could live in the Kribi region in 15 years time. Some people expect that the populationwill be more numerousthan in Douala (2 millions inhabitants)'06.The MEAO expects that the population of the Kribi regionwill quadruple within this period of time. A reasonableass~mption'~'would be that in 15years time, the population in the Kribi city will be 250 000 inhabitants (about 60 000 nowlo') and the remaining of the regionwould not increase significantly. However,for the purpose of this report, we will say that the population of Kribi town will 'signficantly increase' for the following reasons: Lack of accurate statistics and demographic data in the region,which does not allow an accurate quantitative estimate; The term 'significant' is used consideringthe number and scale of the projects planned in the region; The nature of this REA study is qualitative and therefore the demographic elements will also be described qualitatively. This significant increase of population and will have equally significantconsequences, through: the need for more dwellings the need for drinking water the production of domestic waste and needfor treatment and disposal sites the need for mobility the need for recreationalareas the need for food Infrastructure,built environment and land use Infrastructurewhich will be induced by the planned projects can be classified in: the infrastructure built for the projects: e.g industrybuildings, administrative buildings, roads, rail way, etc. urban infrastructure relatedto the increase of population:e.g. dwellings, roads, additional commercial activitiesto serve the population (goods and services), drinking water treatment, waste water treatment plant, additional energy 1electricity facilities, etc. The significant increase of populationwill be reflectedin a significant increase in infrastructure, resulting in a significant increaseof land used for this purpose. The region being largely forested, the additional land usedfor infrastrucurescan only be realized through deforestation. Roadand marinetraffic In relation to more industrial and tourist activities and increase of population,the need for goods and people transportwill increase highly. This mobilitywill be facilitated by the current infrastructuralprojects, i.e. roads and railway planned. The impact due to goods and people transport should not be underestimated.The population will increase significantly,and so will economicalactivities. In this, both goods and people mobility will also increase significantly: lffi Heard during interviewsof the first proejct mission lo' According to the socio-economist of our team, having large experience in the region. lW According to the socio economic report of the UNDP on the South province of Cameroon --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 114- 25 February 2008 Waste generation The waste productionwill also increase significantly. However,the following should be considered: New type of waste will arise (fromthe mine exploitationand relatedactivities at port location) The amount of waste during constructionwill bring additionalwastes. Usually,economic growth is accompanied by waste increasewhich a much larger factor. Inthis, further studies should be done in order to get a more accurate estimate of waste production n 15 years time. Waste productionand issues relatedto those wastes are often underestimated. They are however the source of a lot of environmentaland health risks.This can lead, for instanceto waste dumping at sea, increaseof diseases, increase of land use conflicts,etc. When facilities are planned after that problems occur, they are mostly much more costly and also meansthat damage has already occurred. Preventionby ensuring an adequatewaste management is the best option. 5.4 Impactedelements The VESHCs are the elements impacted. As explained in the section on Methodology (5.2), the selection of VESHCs considers: Issuesof great concern; Addresses regulatory requirements; Addresses issues raised by the public and other stakeholders; Integratescumulativeeffects. The VESHCs are further defined in section 5.2.2. This section identifiesthe VESHCs, which are grouped in categores: 5.4.1 Abiotic environment (abiotic VECs); 5.4.2 Biotic environment (biotic VECs); 5.4.3 Climate change (climatechange VECs); 5.4.4 Socio-economyand culture (VSCs); 5.4.5 Health (VHCs). 5.4.1 Abiotic environment The selected abioticvalued environmentcomponents(VECs) are: 1. Air quality; 2. Noise level (on site, in neighboringcommunities, and marine noise level); 3. Surface water quality and quantity; 4. Groundwaterquality and quantity (especially as source of drinking water); 5. Terrestrial erosion/ sedimentation; 6. Marinewater quality; 7. Coastal erosion/ sedimentation; 8. Landscape (visual impact). 5.4.2 Biotic environment The selected biotic valued environmentcomponents (VECs) are: Vegetation 9. Moist evergreenforest; 10. Mangroveforest; 11. Swamp forest / wetlands. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 yi ROYAL MLSR011NO Terrestrialfauna 12. Terrestrial rare or endemic mammals: - Great Apes (gorillas,chimpanzees); - Other Large Mammals (e.g. forest elephants); - Monkeys and other small mammals. - (Migratory)Birds Marineandcoastal fauna 13. Cetaceans (whales & dolphins); 14. Marineturtles; 15. Manatees; 16. Fish (sea and estuaries); 17. Fish (inland rivers, lakes). Habitat 18. Protectedareas; 19. High biodiversity areas. 5.4.3 Climatechange The selected climate change valued environmental components (VECs) are: 20. Productionand use of electricity; 21. Consumption of fossil fuels by industryand transport and residentialapplications; 22. Changes in carbon stocks. 5.4.4 Socio-economic environment The selected valued socio-economiccomponents (VSCs) are: Economic 23. Local employment; 24. Economic development of the region; 25. Community services and infrastructure; 26. Mobilitycapacity. Social 27. General welfare and well-being; 28. Land and resources used by aboriginalcommunities; 29. Land and social conflict. Culturalandarcheology 30. Cultural heritage (burial sites, etc.); 31. Archaeological heritage. 5.4.5 Health The selected valued healthcomponents (VHCs) are: 32. HIV affectedpeople; 33. Public health & safety. REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005/ACO/Rott Report - 116- 25 February2008 5.5 Cumulative impactson the abiotic environment Cumulative impactsare described inthis section, per VESHCs, i.e. components potentiallyimpacted. 5.5.1 Air quality Background Pollutant considered Main air pollutants we will focus on are based on the criteria pollutants defined by WHO, the EC and USA, and additional pollutant havebeen integratedas important in the context. The pollutantsconsidered are: CO, N02, 03, S02, PM-10, and Lead Carbon monoxide (CO); Nitrogendioxide (NO2),Nitrogen oxides (NOx)will also be used; Sulphur dioxide (S02), Sulphur oxides (Sox) will also be used; VOCs (mainly HC, with CH4 - gas- and in minor quantities: ethylene oxides, formaldehyde, phenol,phosgene, benzene); Particles (dust and PMlo); Ozone(03); Metals (mainly Lead (Pb),but also Arsenic (As),Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni)). C02 is also an important air pollutant, but will be dealt with in the climate change aspects as not beingdirectly pollutingto human health but one the major contributors to climate change. Impactof air ~ollution Humanhealth: Respiratory - Impacts on respitatory system shown through: chronic bronchitis, asthma crisis, emphysema, irritant effects, extrasensibility to bacterialand viral disease, allergies, fibrosis (from asbestos), cancer (from poly-aromaticsand particles); - Sources of these impacts:from: S02, NOx, Oxydants, Particles, 03; Intoxication - Sources of this impactfrom heavy metals, fluoric acid; Blood problem - Sources of this impact (NOx, Lead); irritationof eye andthe mucous membrane - Sources of this impact: (VOCs,03). Vegetation Direct effect (leaves necrosis) - Sources of this impact 502, NOx, Particles, HF, HCI; inhibit plant growth / damage to vegetation - Sources of this impact (VOCs, 03); Indirect effect - Sources of this impact 0 3 and photo-oxydants,acid rains: effects through leaves andlor roots. Material Impactson materialoccurs in form of: Blackening; Chemical attack; Cracks. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Air pollution considerationsand cumulativeaspects Local and global effect Considering that the wind currents in the region are not very strong, the local air pollutionwill be a problem, as well as global air pollution. The wind current changes its directionin the course of the day which meansthat wind currents will not much affect the recipient of air pollution. Thus, recipientsof the air pollutionwill probably be the population, flora and fauna directly surroundingthe sources, while air pollutionwill dilute and spread as the day goes along. The cumulation of air pollutants from different sources can lead to secondary pollutants through reaction of the pollutantswith each other. It is difficult to evaluatethis secondary reaction without exact data on which industriesare to come in the industrial estates. At construction time Construction periods generallyare responsiblefor significant air emissions due to the intensity of equipmentsused and the traffic generatedby the activities. General air quality and also dust measuresneedto be taken in order notto disturbthe physical, natural, and social environment. Operations Similarly, existing activities and new projects will be responsiblefor a general degradation of the air quality as well as dust production. Due to the number and intensity of activities planned, this can lead to serious health problems in the region, and a largecontribution to global air pollution. Measuresshould be taken to lower these impacts. Cumulativesourcesandtheir impactson air quality The cumulative sources of air pollutionare presentedin Table 5-1: Table 5-1. Impacts o n air quality Production of Sources Pollutant Location Development and pollutant relative Importance o f a c t ~~ro-industrial volatile Ferme Suisse, Compared to now, chemicalproducts activities chemical Socopalm, slightly more. used, and the evapo- Forest exploitation compounds HBvBcam, industrial transpirationof the such as forestry plants. VOCs and Combustion processes All industrialactivities CO, NOx, Especially around Huge increase, such as diesel engines throughthe equipment 502, PMlO populated areas, same for the impact. and gas turbines used industrialareas and Roadand marine ports, but also transport widespread through Energyproduction the road system. ~. (power plan) Flaring, venting and Oil and gas activities purginggases (O&G) (offshore platform & some industrial medium impacts CPF) estaes. (comparedto now. Some waste landfills Fugitivesgases from Most industrial Huge increase, loading operations and activities usingthe port metals industrialareas and major impacts. tankage and losses facilities. ( Ifrom rocess -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOiRott Report 25 February 2008 Productionof Sources Pollutant ~ocation Development and pollutant relative importance of impact equipment (O&G, port / transport Dusts, PMIO Especiallyaround all Great concern new development especially during duringthe constructionperiod. from vehicletraffic non-tarred road and in construction period, 1 the dry season in the Mamelles mining activities mine. Particulatematter from Most industrial Especially around other burningsources activities industrialareas and such as testing. ports. Deforestationthrough Agri-ind~strialactivites No pollutant Widespread This is expectedto more land use extension emitted but be very important, Forestryextentions reductionof especially through Extension of the built the buffer dwellingsand environment for the effect of the associated construction of vegetation infrastructure.Great industrialestates. on ~ollution concern. dwellings, industrial and public infrastructure. Productionof volatile Miningactivities Metals Deepsea harbour in Great impact. This metalcompounds the loadingof ores, impact did not exist, Mammelles potentiallygreat amount of metals, I I I 11great impacts on 1 health. Main impacts expected1main concerns The greater expected impacts of cumulative aspects are: General poor air quality leading to poor health condition of the population (medium to long term); Dust issues, especially during construction time; The creation of secondary pollutantsthrough the mixture between primary pollutants emitted by different industrial activities; Air pollution on site, especially at ports, around industrial activities and at Mamelles mines: air pollutions on site are much more concentrated. Due to the high risk of the products used in those activities (agro-industry,mines, etc.) workers are at risks. Noise The main impactsexpected are: Construction period Noise impact during construction: This would affect people in the surroundings of the construction works, but also through induced traffic Noise impact on marine mammals and cetaceans during construction period, mainly due to the laying of the pipes (Perenco projects) and the deep sea port. Operational period Traffic noise on main traffic axes and in urban areas; Marine noise level of the deep sea port activities; Noise level at site, for all projects, concern for the workers; Ambient noise level at Les Mamelles mine and in the surroundings area. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 5.5.3 Surface water quality and erosion/ sedimentation Background Water quality At present, most of the population (estimatedto 65%'09) use surface water (without previoustreatment) for drinking as well as for bathing/washing/cooking. . The use of surface water for drinking supplies has resulted in the most significant cause of illness among the local inhabitants,particularlychildren. This is a sign that surface streams are polluted (log), since no other monirtoringdata could be found. The quality of surface water is criticalto the health of the population. It is not known at this stage what source of water will be used for drinking water of the workers and additional population.AES Sonel mentions surfacewater; Perenco,if groundwater is insufficient, river water would be collected and treated. This would need specific attention in order not to disturb river courses. Main impactsexpected Water quality Aggravation of the poor quality problem of surface water in the region through: - Continuous practice of DTT fishing where the water current is low or nil (lagoons); - lncreasing dischargeor run-off of pollutants (chemicals, pesticides, etc.) in river catchments by the agro-industryand forestry sector; - (Accidental) leakages and discharge of existing and new activities; - New sources of water pollution through the two new industrial estates (industrial estates, power plant, Les Mamelles mine: see dedicated section); - Increasingamount of sewage and solid waste from industrial and domestic origin. The treatment and discharge of such amount of waste with different streams is not yet known; - Additional pollutiondue to sewage and solid waste. If waste is not tackled properly, operatorsand governmental bodies may dump waste on freelpublic grounds or in their backyards. If waste is not stored properly, leakages may reach surface waters. Differenceof water temperature resultingfrom discharges of warm water after process in river courses (power plant, CPF, agro-industry,mine); Risk of population and workers contamination by drinking surface water if not appropriatelytreated. Erosion. sedimentation.watercoursedisru~tion Disruptionof water courses and flow due to: o water intake and water rejection in rivers for processes (power plant, CPF, agro-industry,mine) and for drinking water (constructioncamps, population increase)and . o through effects on catchments' run off, especiallyduring construction activities (de-vegetation,water flow obstruction, soil subsidence) o silt discharge in riverIsedimentation Main concern - - - IceKribipower project, AES Sonel EIA. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Water aualitv High increase of pollutionexpected. Criticalquestion on drinkingwater source. Erosion, sedimentation, disru~tionof water courses The streams and marshy areas on SNH site and its related water catchments may be highly disturbed bythe plannedactivities. This water catchment leads to the Noyng estuary which hosts mangroveforest. Inthis, mangroves may also be indirectly disturbed.; The EIA of AES Sonel states that surface water will be used as primary water source during operations. There is nofurther indicationon volume, method, or location. The streams on site are very little and could potentially be highly affected by intakes; Mbalam projects roads and rail routes will cross a large number of water courses. Not enough is known yet to determine the existence and extent of potentialimpacts in water course; The deep sea port location is located at a river estuary. This issue is not yet tackled by Sundance; The Mamelles mine operations with pollution specific to the mining industry: - Huge amount of waste produced; - Sedimentation; - Acid drainage; - Metal deposition. See Annex 4 for further information on mine-specificissues; All construction activities representa high risk of erosion andlor sedimentation depending on the practices for storage, temporary roads, driving, etc. This should be very carefullycheckedby the authority. 5.5.4 Groundwater Background There is little data available on groundwater in the region. Both Kribi power project and Sanaga South project EIA assume that shallow groundwater (at about 8m on the power plant) is presentdue to other physicaldata known. It is assumedthat there is also groundwater in the Southern part of the region.This may be slightly deeper than inthe Northern part of the region due to the Cameroonianplateau, which is higher levelthe sea level up to the sea level. The plateauformation has originated the Lobe waterfall, which is at the end of the water course and which water stream directly intothe ocean. This is a usual patternfor a river. There is no information on groundwaterforthe Northern part of the region, The groundwater is very sensitive to any surface water / soil pollutiondue to The shallow aspects of the groundwater; the low flow due to its low slope rate; the porosityof the above soil; the high volume of water during the rain seasons. Inthis any pollutionfrom the surface would reach quickly the groundwater and would havedifficultyto be diluted or transportedelsewhere. -- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 121 - 25 February 2008 nnn I O V L L H.SlQYl110 Main impactsexpected Pollutionof the surface water (see all sources mentionedin the surface water section) would be reflected in the groundwater. Main concern The main concern is drinking water. There does not seem to be a clean source of water available for drinking purposes. This means that water needsfurther treatment or that drinking water needs to be imported. In both cases, there are additional environmental impacts related to this (moretraffic, more land requiredfor the treatment of water). But, the most important is to be able to guarantee safe water to the people who will work and leave in the region. Thjis is actually not the case and the projects planned in the region could contribute to an upgradeof the situation (see recommendations). 5.5.5 Marine water quality Background The marine waters off the coast of the Kribi region not free of pollution. Marinequality is importantfor: Quality of life and use of sea water as recreationalwaters Tourism At importantfactor to maintain economical marine resources (i.e. fish stock). Both industrial and subsistencefishing depend on those high fish stocks. Scientifically, marine water quality is also important to maintain marine biodiversity, and especially maintain sensitive species. There is an issue on the scarcity of marine resources.The fishermen see their resourcesdiminishing drastically.According to scientific sources, petroleum activities would not be the only nor the main cause for this scarcity (opposedto what the local fishermen think). The sought sources of marine resourcesscarcity are : The local fishermen themselves (main contribution): - fisheries practices have changedto ones which do not guarantee the reproduction of the fish stock - fishing with DTT is still practised The industrial fisheries (main contribution): - the practices of fisheries have changes for ones which do not guarantee the reproductionof the fish stock The pollution caused by agricultureand forest exploitation, draining down to rivers and further moving to the coast (main contribution) The pollution due to marinetransportation and supposed de-fuelling of oil tankers (main contribution) The pollution due to oil exploitation (contributionthought to be negligible) Urban pollution /pollution coming from dwellings (sewage, solid waste, etc.) (contributionat the moment limited) Main impactsexpected It is assumed that all the above sources of pollutionwill also be present in 15years time. Additionally, other main sources are(: Additional pollution from the additional port activities, especially the mining-port activities. The new type of (very toxic) pollution from mining activities in the port and around Les Mamelleswhich may be drained to the sea. (see surface water). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 122 - 25 February2008 All surface water pollution identifiedpreviously may be drained to the sea. Addition marinepollutiondue to additional marine traffic. Additional pollutiondue to sewage and solid waste. If waste is not tackled properly, operators and governmental bodies may dump some waste in the sea, facing an huge increaseof waste and not having neither the treatment, nor the space for adequate storage. If waste if stored or treated, leachates may reach sea by drainage. Sedimentation and disturbance of the coastal drift due to the deep sea port Main concerns The level of marine pollution is already quite high. Current industry practices are thought not to be Eventhough no monitoringdata is available,the fact that there is a decrease in the fish stock is a demonstratedthis. Additional marine pollution (see above) would probably have drastic effect on marinebiodiversity andwould disturbthe whole marine ecosystem. This also mean that fish stock would be further affectedwhich would make very difficultto continue fishing activities. An end to fishery activities would have drastic economic and social consequences. All efforts should be made to reduce pollution from existing activities and makesure that no additional one from new activitieswould arise. Industrial activities in a marshy areas (SNH site),the deep sea port and mining activities (aroundthe deep see port and by Les Mamelles)are the zones where most concern lay, considering the types of pollution (mine and port) and the consequencesthat those pollutionswould have intheses zones andthose whole region. 5.5.6 Coastal erosion / sedimentation Background The beaches of the Kribi region have already sufferedfrom erosion due to the extraction of sand nearthe coast. As a result, the beaches have reduced significantly, according to the inhabitants of the region. This alreadyweakens the beaches(subject to further erosion) and reducestourist attraction. The large picturesque white sand beaches are still present in the Southern part of the region. Main impacts expected The intentionof SNH to use marshy areas (which at the moment are public domain) for the pipeline corridor and maybe later use the beach for a jetty port may highly increase the risk of beach erosion in the area of Eboudawae. The deep sea port would bring a completelydifferent current pattern to the coast South of Kribi. As a result, there is high risk of sedimentation and erosion on the coast North and South of the port. Forthe deep sea port,the scoping report mentionsthat an extension to a multi- purposeportwould influencesubstantiallythe coastal drift. Environmental studies are for the moment not available. Specific attention should be made to coastal erosion / sedimentation aspects when the plannedenvironmental studies will be made. The pipelines going from Eboudawae/ Bipaga Ito Mpolonwe Igoes along the coast. - Constructionwork will weaken even further an already fragile coast at this location. - High safety risks, consideringthe sand exrtractionwhich take place also at this location. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 5.5.7 Landscape Background The environmental aspects of landscape lay in the visual environment in which people live, work and visit. The impact is therefore visual or aesthetical.Eventhough it can look a quite superficial theme, it is fundamental in the quality of life and the well being of people. The way the land is used determines the landscape of an area. At the moment, the regionof Kribi of widely covered by vegetation, which can be visually grouped in: Dense forest, Secondaryforest (used and open) Plantation Coastal vegetation and beaches This variety of vegetation makes currently also the variety of landscape in the region. The built environment is anything which is built. It can be houses, industries, roads, schools, etc. The built environment is at the moment quite limitedand widespread, living the visitor is a green image of the region with picturesquewhite sandy beaches. Main impactsexpected All the projects will impact largely the landscape of the Kribi region. Terrestrially, the SMH site will deforest 25 ha of a currently densely and open (onthe edge) forest. It is not knownif the CPF and possibly other industries will be visible from the surrounding villages, the road Edea-Krbi and the sea. It is expectedthat the visual impact from land sites (villages, road)will be however limited due to the fact that this site is surrounded by forest. However,the visual impact from the sea, the beachesand from Londji is not known. Indeed, the longerdistance which would make this this morevisible from those places. Landscapeimpact is not tackled in the Sanaga EIA. The power plant will probablybe visible from the road, but apparently not from another location (villages,beach, sea, etc.). The impact is therefore not expectedto be important. Les Mamelleswill probably have a very localvisual impact. Even though expected to be a large site, the area is not much populatedand widely coveredwith vegetation. The site being inland, in the middleof the vegetation should not be highlyvisible. However, Les Mamelles being a hill, attention should be made to place the mine in such a way that it uses the hill in order not to be seen (in opposition of being on top of it). The deep sea port may have a potentially highvisual impact. It will be surely visible from the sea and from the coast. However,dependingthe layout of the port (whichis not yet known) the port will be more or less visible and to a longer or lesser distance from the port (North and South of the port). From land, it is also not possibleto evaluate the visual impact at this stage (not knowing the layout of the port and surrounding facilities). The area chosen is close to Ebodje and is very picturesque and has high potentialfor (eco-)tourism. From the beachof Ebodje, due to its location,the port will probablybe visible. All effortshould be made in order to minimizecoastalvisual impact and to make in such a way that it is not visible from land in order to preservethe other potentials (eco-tourism)of this area. - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 5.5.8 Conclusion Summary of impactsand their relative importance Table 5-2 below presentsan overview of the cumulativeimpactsof the abiotic environment and their magnitudewhich are assumed by the consultingteam (basedon available information).It also locates where the major impactwill be in the region. Table 5-2. Overvlew of cumulativepotentialimpactsof the abioticenvironment, their magnitude, major sources and locations discomfortto psychological drainageof nutrient and loss of soil Physic-chemicalpollution,physical pollutionand disruptionof water course pollutionof soil, groundwater and sea risksduringconstructionactivitiesof all contamination/ intoxicationof human and animal population damageto vegetation - NB: In case of extremeor long-lasting pollution,there is risk of extinction of some fish species. Comment: The region having an extensive water catchment system with a lot of little streams drainedto bigger water course, any pollution is quickly widespread down the catchment flow. The water quality is already poor. Groundwater Same as surface water Marinewater Surfacewater pollution drainedto sea decrease of fish stock (see surface water) decrease or extinction of shrimps Deepsea port contamination/ intoxicationof human Industrialactivities at SNH site and and animal population damage to coastalvegetation (incl. mangrove forests) coastal pollution - NB: Incase of extreme or long-lasting pollution,there is risk of extinction of some fish species. Coastal erosion Jetty at SNH site destructionof beaches REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Abiotic 1 impact I Main sources of impacts (projects) and 1 Main potential impacts locations mostly impacted - NB. Those projects will have a high for coastal infrastructurebuilt influence. However, the sand extraction, risk of flooding which is a currentactivity, is the major contributor to coastal erosion and danger for the coastal landscape. Coastalareas Unattractivecoast line, decrease of tourism o From Londjito Kribiand Kribito Campo (due to increase of tourism) Comments: o From industrialdevelopment (Jetty NB. Inthis case, the major landscape at SNH site and Deep sea port) impacts are causedby the coastal erosion. 'coastal erosion' and landscape' could be treated as one. See N.B. in Coastalerosion section. Leaendof Table 5-2 Impactmagnitude Red: Major negative Orange: Moderatenegative Yellow: Minor negative Green: Positive impact Conclusionabiotic impacts At present, there is no effective environmentalmonitoring of the physical environment; there are no means to determinewater, air and coastal quality. The only visible signs or impacts serve as indicatorsto alert the population andthe authoritiesthat something does not function properly.Some complaints by the population are registered in study reports'1° which are testimony of those visible signs or impacts, i.e. stock fish decreasing, beach breadth decreasing,dead fishes floating in rivers. Those visible impacts are sometimes signals of real environmentaldisasters, like dead floating fishes over a long stretch of the Lobe river,that are accompaniedby cases of human intoxication"'. Such catastrophes occur at a point of extreme pollution and are observed when damage has already occurredand restoringto the level of the original situation is either impossible or very costly. It is of crucial importance that monitoringof the abiotic environmentis established in the Kribi region in order to timely identify pollution and be able to prevent drastic damage. Instrumentsare neededto switch from a reactiveor passive attitudeto a proactive attitude in environmental management; monitoringof the abiotic environment (air, water, noise, coastal erosion /sedimentation) is a key instrumentto achieve this. The cumulative impactsof all the projectswill basically only aggravatethe current level of pollution of the regionwhich may have drastic consequenceson the economy in the long term. - - - 110 (1)Etude pour le suivi de la protection de la zone cotiere er del'environnement marin, Envi-Rep, Nov. 2007. and (2) Stratbie d'amknagement et de gestion durable de la bande cBti&re Kribi- Camp, Tchawa, 2004. 11' 2) Strategie d'amenagement et de gestion durable de la bande cBti&re Kribi-Camp, Tchawa, 2004., page 53. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 126 - 25 February 2008 0 bla nor: "o'ao ROYAL MIICO*IIIQ Risk to economical activities If pollutionof the surface water and marine water quality is degraded further, fisheries (commercial and subsistence) are at risk of extinction. If soil is not utilizedin a sustainable way, this can decrease the fertility (nutrient-load) of the soil to a point that it cannot be exploited anymore for agricultural purposes. If coastal erosion continues,this will threaten: o tourism activities, by makingthe coastal area unattractive; o port activities, by the weakening of the coast which may bring instability to the port infrastructures in place which inturn will have maintenance and safety consequences. Health and safety risks The increase of air and water pollutionwill be translated in poorer health of the population, subject to morediseases, allergies, irritation,intoxicationand higher mortality. If coastal erosion continues, this could threaten the population by an increased risk of flooding. The main source of drinking water, presently beingsurface water, exposes the populationto a high risk of contamination. Any surfacewater pollutionhas direct consequences to the population and especially to the young and elderly. 5.6 Cumulative impactson the biotic environment 5.6.1 Vegetation For the aspect of vegetation the following Valued Components have been defined: Moist evergreen forest Mangrove forest Swamp forest / wetlands The main impactsthat will be considered relate to: Changes in deforestation (forest cover) Changes in extent of degradedforest Changes in deterioration of quality and diversity as result of pollution Populationand socio-economic activities Backaround Satellite data from Google earth indicatethe current impact of the populationand their activities on the deforestation and degradation of the forests in the Kribi region: Small areas of degraded forest are present near the main axis: Kribi-Edea, Kribi- Bipindi-Lolodorf,Bipindi-Bela-Elog Batindi, Bipindi-Eseka,Elog-BatindiEseka,Kribi- Campo, Campo-Nko'elon. Land use extends in general less than 1 km inlands from the roads. The rubber plantationsof Hevecam, and the oil palm plantations of Socapalm and Ferme Suisse have been sketched along the area. More extensive impact on the environment comes from the various logging roads, which penetratethe forest and allow easy access not only for loggingcompanies, but also for other activitiessuch as illegal logging and poaching. The BakolalBagyelihunter gathersoften (about 50%of the settlements) live between 30 minutes and 2 hoursfrom the main road. Between 1997 and 2000, more than 150settlements were locatedin the area. Logging roads allow for more easy travel than undisturbedthick forests. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 127- 25 February2008 The following Figure 5-5 from the Chad-Cameroonpipeline,shows current heavily disturbed vegetation near Kribi along the location of the main road to Edea, along the pipeline, and along the Kribi-Bipindi-Lolodorfmain road112. Figure 5-5. Heavily disturbed vegetation In parl of the Krlbl region - .. Pr*- Chad Expon Pro~ecl t k d y ~wblrbedV o p w n .-* H...I"m'htdY- 0.y;. IW.W .-".*luu "..u-.c..-r*l*urrrr Im~actassessment The proposed projects in the Kribi region and the resulting influx of population will result in a larger demand for land for roads, agriculture, housing, tourism and other purposes. Examplesfrom other countries, such as Brazil (Amazon) show that with the construction of main roads, secondary (legal or illegal) roads, spiraliyg off the main road, are likely to occur. The announcementby a government of road constructioncan as well result in major speculativedevelopments, includinga run on land along the proposed routes, with people (illegally)occupying land and destroyingthe vegetation on their chosen site to create the impressionthat the land is theirs. The examplefrom Brazil showed that 80% of deforestation has taken place within 50 km of a road (area of inf~uence)"~. The increase in populationin the Kribi region will as well fuel an increased demand for e.g. construction and fuel wood (derivedfrom informal logging) and food (which can be e.g. derived from small-scale slash-and-burnagricultureand bush meat). The small scale subsistence agriculturecan become a problem when the fallow period becomes shorter and shorter and more and more 'primary' forests are cleared. This generally occurs along main roads and on the outskirts of urban centers. Also a form of virtually ' j 2Chad export project. SUPPORTiNG DOCUMENTS VOLUME 2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVESANALYSIS MAY 1999 Article from National Geographic Magazine, January 2007 "Logging in the Amazon, The Wild West of Brazil", Scott Wallace ------- REA Kribi 9S9906/R000051ACO/Rott Report - 128 - 25 February 2008 ROYAL nas.0011110 permanent agriculture is currently developing in densely populatedareas in Western Cameroon with very short (1-2 years) or even non-existentfallow periods, combined with local stock farming (particularly cattle). Abandoned agricultural fields are turned into pasture and any secondary reforestationis prevented. As a result, the cumulative impacts from increase in population and socio-economic activities pose a high risk of increaseddeforestation and degradation of forest areas in the region1l4.This will likely havethe most effect on the moist evergreenforests, which are the dominant vegetation type in the interior areas and provide more easily accessible and less hostileareas for urban settlement and economic activities than the mangroves and wetlands. Gas-to-powerproject (CPFand Kribipower project ) For the CPF by SNH and the power plant (Kribipower project) by AES Sonel in particular,their construction and operation as well as that of other envisionedindustrial activities near the CPF site, will attract workers from localor other areas, depending on the recruitment policy and number of skilled and unskilledworkers available in the region. Non-localworkers will be housedin the nearby city of Kribi, thus not putting additional pressure onthe vegetation near or on site by means of worker camps. However,with every population increase in the Kribi region the demand for land for housing, and the demandfor food from agriculture and livestock or huntingand items such as construction and fire wood will increase as well, attributing to the human pressure on its valuable natural resources. The 2 projects as well as the foreseen industrial activities to take placeon the adjacent 25 ha CPF plot plusthe construction of a pipeline betweenthe 2 sites will result in the deforestationof the remainingforests at these locations under the footprint of the developments. Where as the CPF, Kribi power project and industrialactivities will mainly impact on moist evergreenforests (mainly degraded secondary moist evergreenforests, with some primary moist evergreenforests as well at the CPF site) at the locationsof buildings, roads and other facilities, the construction of the pipelineis likelyto mainly impact on valuable coastal mangroveforests, as present at part of the CPF site. Despitemajor disturbance of most of the (remaining patches) littoral most evergreen forest areas in the past by activities such as logging and agriculture, surveys by AES Sonel at their site showedthat about a 100differenttree species are still present in degradedareas, some with an intermediateto high conservation value. The area of moist evergreenforest loss as a result of the SNH and AES Sonel projects might in absoluteterms be relatively small, the major disturbance of forests in the region by innumerous small and many large developments results in a cumulative loss and degradation of its forests that is very significant. Main concerns The main concerns for further deforestation and degradation of the forests from human and economic pressures are with the roads and railways and transmission lines, the urbanexpansion of Kribicity includingresidential as well as industrialareas, and the expansion of the agricultural plantations (Socapalm, Hevecam).They can have a 'I4Interactive Forestry Atlas of Cameroon (version 1.0) An Overview; Global Forest Watch, MINEF, World ResourcesInstitute; 2005 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 snn n * c a UULI ROYAL nnSIO11~Ra negative impact of major significanceon deforestation and degradation in the region, especially on moist evergreen forests and mangroves. Logging Backaroundon industrial loaainq The industrial logging in Cameroonand Kribi region is generally of low intensity,the number of trees being felled for sale being less than 5 per hectare (trees of commercial value). The process is very selective, in which only the very highest value specimens are taken (ecremage -literallycreaming off the best specimens), but often not ecologicallysustainable. Damage occurs on remainingtrees, the tree biodiversity diminishes, logging removes nutrientsand escalatesforest fragmentation. Most of the forests in the region have been assignedas Forest Management Units, suitablefor logging, including parts of the Campo Ma'an National Park and buffer zone which have in the past been allocated (and have or are still being used) as logging concessions. The FMU 09-028 betweenthe Douala-Edea reserveandthe proposed CPF project, a 'buffer' zone has not been allocated yet for logging, but illegal logging has occurred in this area. Loggingconcessions (assignedby Forest Management Units) are given out by the MINOFfor 15years. A managementplan has to be prepared during the 3-year provisional agreement.This provisional agreement (PA) period allows the concessionairelimited exploitation over a maximumof three years. If MINOF accepts the management plan, the concessionairecan sign a 15-year renewableforest concession agreement (conventiondefinitive) with MINOF. The forest managementplan is reviewedevery five years, when the boundariesof the FMU and its subdivisions may be adjusted as necessary. In practice several PASin the region have already passed the specified 3 years without an approved management plan. In 2006 2 concessions in Cameroon were FSC certified. The WWF also mentions the absence of an approved forest management plan for several of the logging concessions in the buffer zone of the Campo Ma'an national park. The current main logging companies in the Kribi region are HFC (Forestierede Campo, belonging to a French Internationalgroup) located in Campo and in Kribi the company Wijma (GWZ)"~.The latter company has been certified FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a sustainableforest management labe1116and e.g. manages an important concession (09-21) south-east of the Campo-Ma'an reserve. The actions of Wijma however remain criticised by internationalforest watch NGOs. According to the company's website, the FSC certificationwas suspended in May 2007. Other companies in the area are MMG, CUF, SClEB and EFFA, which are each concessionaires of large logging concessions. Loggingcompanies in the region have been closely monitored and scrutinizedby various environmentalNGOs, and are in htt~://w.wiimadouala.corn/bestanden/R%E9sumede I'arn%Egnaoement et de la d%Egmarche FSC pour I'UFA 09-021et lascierie de Bidou.~df:UFOs are 09-21,09-024. 11-002and with CFK, 09-013. 116 www.fsc-watch.ora/archives/2006/11/05/Cameroon Wiirna still certified as official o m finds new illeaalities- comments REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 general accused of poor environmentalmanagement and illegal loggingii7. According to the World Resources Instituteillegal logging in Cameroonaccounts for 50% of all timber harvesting.In addition the increased access to areas by means of logging roads provides an opportunityfor poachers. Backaroundon informal loaaing Outsidethe industrial sector there are informal,or artisanalforms of logging, which supply local markets with constructiontimber and firewoodfrom moist evergreenforests, as well as from mangroveforests. There are already indicationsof over-exploitationof the mangrovevegetation in the Doula-Edeareserve, by local fishermen who use the fuel wood for smokingfish. Surveys carried out in Cameroon suggest that these forms of logging involve larger volumes of timber than those from industrial logging and they are not subject any kind of regulation.They have been little studied and statisticsare scarce. lm~actassessment In light of the foreseen increasein forest exploitationin the region (e.g Wijma), and the questionabletrack records of the recent past of the main loggingcompanies active in the region as well as the improvedaccess to (allocatedor unallocated) forests areas as a result of the proposed new or to be upgraded roads (and to a lesser extent, railways) the impact of (legal or illegal) logging on the degradationof the forests inthe Kribi region is expectedto continue and likely increase.This will likely impact most on the moist evergreenforests, which are the dominantforest type in the interior region and provide the highest number of commercially attractivespecies. As mangrove forests are being used in informal loggingfor use as e.g. fire wood, they are under increasedthreat too. Main concerns The Kribi region is heavily logged by companies with questionableperformance,some of which might want to expandtheir activities. In additionthe increase in populationin the Kribi regionwill also fuel a demandfor wood for construction, fire and other purposes. Especiallythe core Kribi region as well as areas near (newor upgraded) roads will be impacted most by loggingactivities.This will mostlyeffect on moist evergreen forests. Mining Backaround Cameroon has several iron depositsli8, includingthe 300-million-metric-ton(Mt) Mamelles deposit near Kribi containing3O0I0to 35% magnetite. The exploitation of the Mamelles hills near the coast is still under considerationand would include a small railroadto a new deep water port in Grand 6atangalig. Impact assessment 'I7 http:l~w.illeaal-loaaina.info/uploadslGreenpeaceWiimaDestrovinCameroon.~df: report of the Dutch A chapter of GreenpeaceaboutWijma and affiliated companies. 'la http://minerals.usas.aov/minerals/pubs/countryll998/9204098.~dfMobs (1998) The Miniral Industry of Cameroon.Who cite the followingprimarysources that are not active anymore: (Ministerede Mines, d'l'Eau,et de I'Energie,written commun., undated;Ministere de Mines, d'l'Eau et de I'Energie, 1998, Ministere de Mines, d'l'Eau, et de I'Energie-Ressources Minibre, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL htt~Y///www.camnet.cm/invistir/minmee/resmine.htm; Ministere du Developpement Industriel et Commercial, 1998, Produits du Cameroun, accessed May 21, 1999, at URL htt~://~~~.camnet.cm/invistir/mindic/produits.htm) 119http:Nwww.sedfinance.com/perso-25617.htmprovides some information about the project which has to be counter checked. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 131 - 25 February 2008 These developments could impact on nearby valuable wetlands or mangroveson the coast through direct habitat elimination, by pollution from heavy metals and spills, or by altering upstream watersheds and increased sedimentation. In addition the Mamelles hills have been identified as a high biodiversityspot for plant species. Main concerns Main concerns are with pollution and habitat alterationfrom the proposed Mamelles mines and its impact on and location in a floral biodiversityhot spot. Tourism The mostly sandy, largely forested, and unspoiled shoreline between Kribi and Campo is unique in Cameroon. Accordingto WWF, rich businessmenfrom Douala and Yaounde are becoming aware of this and have started buyingplots which they plan to develop in the future. They are speculating on the further developmentof tourism and service infrastructurein the area. Impactassessment With the plans to pave the gravel coastal road to Campo and Equatorial Guinea,there is a risk that the valuable coastal forests along this roadwill be converted into luxurious beach resorts.Without proper land use planning and zoning, these valuable areas can easily be bought for use in future (unsustainable)tourism developments. Main concerns Main concerns are with the roadfrom to Campo and EquatorialGuinea and nearby moist evergreenforests along the coastal strip between Kribi and Campo. 5.6.2 Terrestrial ecology For the aspect of terrestrial ecology the following Valued Componentshave been defined: Rare or endemic mammals - Great Apes (gorillas,chimpanzees) - Other Large Mammals (e.g. forest elephants) - Monkeys and other small mammals (Migratory) Birds The main impactsthat will be considered relateto: urban and human pressure, including human-wildlifeconflicts hunting and poaching loss of corridor function deterioration of food or breeding conditions Maincauses of biodiversity loss Backaround The loss of resources and biodiversityin the forests of Central and Western Africa can mainly be attributed to three processes,which are not necessarilylinked but whose effects often accumu~ate'~~: THE FORESTSOF THE CONGO BASIN, State of the Forest 2006 ;Congo Basin Forest Partnership ------- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 132 - 25 February 2008 (1) A major reduction in the area of the forest, or deforestation, which can leadto the disappearance of certain species based on the concept that the total number of species in an ecosystemor region is proportionalto the area of that ecosystem or region. (2) Fragmentationof the forestscan also cause a loss of species due to the fact that populations may be divided into unviablesubpopulations. (3) Degradation of the remaining forest formations. lm~actassessment All three aspects (deforestation,fragmentation and degradation of forest areas) are occurring in the Kribi region, and might be worsened by the many projectsthat have been planned. With regardto Campo Ma'an National park ten mammalspecies inthe park have an estimated population size beneaththe as critical defined minimum number of 5000 anima~s'~'.The park is considered a relatively isolatedarea, which coupled with the small populationsizes and the limitation on animal migration as a result of human developments can have as a major consequencethe extinctionof species from the park. This callsfor the integratedmanagement of forest reserves in the Kribi region. Mainconcerns Mainconcerns are with the cumulative negative impact on rare mammal species in the (protected)forests of the Kribi regionas a result of roads, railways andtransmissions lines, the urban expansion of Kribicity including residential as well as industrial areas, and the expansion of the agricultural plantations (Socapalm, Hevecam). Infrastructureconstruction Backaround By the end of 2007, the Edea to Kribi roadand the Bounyabel-Eseka-Lolodorfwere the only tarred roads in the region,the former being a good quality heavy road,the latter only havinga thin tarred surface. Logging companies maintainroads in areas where they havetheir concessions. Many future road improvement, and road and railway construction projects are being considered, such as: Kribi to Yaounde: via Lolodorf-Mvengue-Ngoumou,of which the first part from Yaounde is actually under construction. Probable improvement of the roadKribi-Bipindi-Lolodorf,which pavement rapidly degrades during the rainy season. Tarring of the Kribi-Campo road. Sincethe improvementof the bridges along this road, traffic has been possible during all seasons. Probableimprovementof the Kribi-AkomII Ebolowa road, which would link the - main divisioncapitals of the South province. New railroads, linked to the creation of a deep water harbour in Kribi, from Edea to Kribifor the exportationof aluminium,from Mbalam to Kribifor the export of Iron Ore (the most advanced project), and from the Mamellesarea to Kribi for similar iron ore exportation. Impactassessment 121Poolinglocal expert opinionsfor estimatingmammal densities in tropical rainforests,ChristiaanA. van der Hoeven, June 2004 - - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 133- 25 February2008 Roads are essentialfor development,but they fragment the forests, favor the influx of people (new or expanded settlements)and advanceof agriculture and facilitate hunting and trade in bushmeat. They often result in increaseddeforestation of an area, stemming from better access to forest reserves,easier (more profitable) transportation of logs to market, and the influx of settlers. The damage that roads cause to biodiversityis usually the result of a lack of planning and non-compliancewith the laws in force. In certain cases, roads have positive effects and attract populations away from the forests, sometimes even out of protected areas, and allow these populationsto develop activities other than hunting and gathering"'. The Chad-Cameroon pipelinefor example is showing indicationsof an increased rate of loggingandtrade in bush meat, especially of protected species as a result of enhanced forest access provided by the creation of new roads and the cleared pipelinecorridor. In addition to habitat loss and poaching, roads are also causing fragmentation of forests and the blockage of traditional migration routes,which can result in isolation of species, reducingtheir range, total available food quantity and the reproductivegene pool, leadingto an increasedvulnerability of these populations. The increased presence of human being near wildlife populationscan further contribute to the spread of disease (e.g,ebola) among vulnerable species, such as gorillas and chimpanzees and cause an increased number of conflicts between humans and wildlife, be it from traffic accidentsto the raiding of crops of local farmers by chimpanzees. Regarding railways can be noted that examples from near Yaounde show that railways can be used as an effective means for illegallytransporting large quantities of bushmeat as they provide reliable all year round transport and local institutionalenforcement capacity is often insufficient or corrupt'". Without proper land use planning and a strong institutionalenforcementcapacity the infrastructuredevelopments in the Kribi region, mainly roads, railways and transmission lines are expectedto contribute to the loss of biodiversityin the region, especially with regardto rare mammalssuch as forest elephants,gorillas and chimpanzees. CPF and Kribipower project The constructionof the CPF and the Kribi power project, including access roads, pipelines, transmission line and foreseen related industrial activities at CPF will result in major disturbance of the wildlife present in these areas. Due to prior disturbancefrom other sources, mainly small mammals includingseveral species of monkeys, 'duikers' (a small deer) and pangolins, reptiles and birds remain here. Although the CPF and power pkant areas do not contain high conservation values (anymore),the ongoing disturbance and dissemination of wildlife populations in the Kribi region has a significant cumulative impact on the sustained survival of this rich array of terrestrial species. 122Indirect Impacts of Road-Building in Developing Countries, Carrie Brunger, Road-RIPorter Issue: Winter Solstice 2003, Volume 8 laCHAD EXPORT PROJECT,SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS,VOLUME 5: CAMEROON BIOLOGICALSTUDIES, MAY 1999 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Main concerns The possibility that the powerline crosses through or near the Campo-Ma'an reserve;the increasing fragmentation of forestsby means of a road and railway to Djoum and the Mbalam mine; and the increased human presenceand pressure as a result of the upgrading of the roadto Campo (nearthe Campo Ma'an UTO) and a road, railway, and transmission line from Kribi to Edea (near Douala -Edeawildlife reserve and buffer zone) are of main concern regardingtheir negative impact on terrestrialfauna species in the region. Hunting and poaching Backaround The huntingdecree (Decree Nr. 951446lPM)of Cameroonauthorizes traditional hunting everywhere except in private domains and in protectedareas. Legally hunted bushmeat is solely for individualconsumption and therefore the commercialtrade in bushmeat is strictly prohibited(Article24). Hunting inthe nationaldomain can be prohibitedduring certain periods. Moreover,the use of certaintechniques (Article80) and some arms (Article 106- 108)is forbidden for any hunting activity in Cameroon. The hunting of wildlife in forests however is a common practiceassociated with timber extraction, mining, agricultural development and deforestation. Especially roads created for e.g. loggingbecome pointsof entry into otherwise isolatedareas. And till recently many villagers could not believethat bush-meat stocks were finite. Over the last twenty years, local hunting has also evolvedfrom a valued occupationfor adult men in the area to an almost criminal activity (see also section 3.6.3).Therefore poaching in the Kribi region, by locals as well as non-localemployees working at e.g. the agricultural companies and pipelineconstruction, even in protectedareas, has become a widespread practice,which has been poorly enforced. Although the enforcementof the non-allowanceof poaching by villagers inthe Kribi regionis gradually stepped up, many of the tourist hotels and restaurants in Kribi still openly serve the sameforbidden bushmeat without being bothered. In additiontourism in the protectedareas is very poorly developed(or non-existent)at present andfor many local populationsthe reasonsfor protectionof animal species are poorly understood. Upon the take-over of the Campo Ma'an park managementby WWF in late 2003, largeamounts of bushmeat,snares and guns were confiscated. For example, non-local workers of the Socapalm and Hevecam agricultural plantations, which are locatedwithin the integrated managementarea (UTO) of the larger Campo Ma'an area, have been knownto frequently supply their diet with bushmeat hunted in the Campo Ma'an buffer zone and Nationalparkiz4. For the Douala-Edeareservethere are indicationsthat hunting for bushmeat is still widespread, as the park is very ill-equipedand-staffed, and with a large number of villages (morethan 60) with a populationof over 10,000 situatedwithin and on the periphery of the reserve. An impact analysis of poaching activities in Douala-Edea carried out betweenAugust and December 2000 (4 months),showed that morethan 896 animals were killed or captureddistributed as follows: 198 primates (22.1%), 196 crocodiles (21.9%), 148 porcupine (16.5%), 95 alligators (10.6%), the rest constituting antelopes (38),manatees (16), pythons (18),hares (26), turtles (26),bush pigs (32), 124 Plan de amenagement et de gestion du parc nationalde Campo Ma'an, TropenbosInternational/ SNV, 2003 - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 135- 25 February2008 nun -%%- ROVLL RlSKOW1110 parrots (lo),etc. The animals were killed or captured through: guns (27.7%), traps (27.3%), dogs (20.2%), hooks (18.9%), and others (5.9%)lZ5. Great apes, such as chimpanzees and gorillas, have a slow reproductive rate and tend to be distributed patchily within their geographic ranges, which makes them very vulnerable to poaching. They are fully protected by law, but regularly killed and eaten as bushmeat, andtheir body parts are also used in traditional medicine. Gorillas are also huntedfor trophies, and there is demandfor great ape infants for an illicit trade for pets, private zoos, and collections. The status of forest elephants in relationto poaching remains poorly known, because of methodologicalproblems and severe logistical constraints,which have inhibited reliable population surveys and estimatesof illegal killing. Forest elephants are distinctive on morphological,ecological, behavioral and genetic criteria, constituting at least a subspecies and possibly a distinct species of African elephant. As the illegal trade in ivory is more easily enforced on the open savannahsof southern and eastern Africa, the forest elephants are suspectedto now be the source of much of the world's illicitly traded ivoryiz6. Besidestheir 'scientific' value, gorillas and chimpanzees like other non-human primates, as well as forest elephants play an important role within the forest ecosystem as major seed dispersers, and many plant species are even dependent on passing through an elephant's digestive tract before they can germinate.They also contribute a significant proportion of the mammalianbiomass. The absence of a documentationcentre, a monitoringsystem, and a geographical information system in the Kribi region and its protected areas make it hard to assess the status of animal populationsand how the whole ecosystem is reactingto external pressure from human activities, as well as to assess the results of anti-poaching measures. lm~actassessment Without increased institutionalcapacity and commitmentfor law enforcementthe extent of poaching is likely to increase as a resultof the proposed projects, especially as a result of the construction of roads, railways and transmission lines, the increase in urban settlements and in agricultural plantations (Socapalm, Hevecam)and probably also the increase in tourism, as tourism hotels and restaurantsopenly sell bush meat and thus create a demand. Not only during the operational phase (causingan influx of people to the region),but also during construction camps of constructionworkers for f.e. roads provide a major threat to the wildlife in the area. Highly targeted and vulnerable are species such as gorilla, chimpanzee, forest elephant and manatees, next to a number of more common mammals such as a range of monkeys and bush pigs which supply the population with food. 125Reproductive and Management Aspects of Endangered Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Population at Douala- Edea Wildlife Reserve Cameroon, BRANDENBURGISCHE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT COlTBUS GERMANY 126Monitoringof the IllegalKillingof Elephants(MIKE)programme.2003-2005 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report -136 - 25 February 2008 CPF and Kribipower project As its workers will not be housedon or near the sites, this will reduce the impact through poaching on nearby areas. The creation of access roads and transmission lines might howeverprovide improvedaccessto hunterswhich are lookingfor an easy entrance into nearby areas. To the northof the CPF site and to the west of the transmission line, valuable wildlifespecies might be present as this area (FMU 09-028)is expectedto act as a bufferzone to the Doula- Edeawildlife reserve. Further to the north-eastof the Kribi power project site, in the Lakoundje area, small populations of large mammals, such as gorillas, might remain, as was reported by the 1999biodiversity studies undertakenfor the Chad-Cameroonpipeline. Main concerns The agricultural plantations (Socapalm, Hevecam) can be found close to the Campo Ma'an NationalPark and its (non-local)workers are knownto actively poach animals. Surveys indicatedthat farmers in the Campo Ma'an UTO currently obtain more than 75%of their animal proteinsfrom bushmeat. Inquiriesindicatedthat wildlife abundance within the plantations and the coastalzones was negligible, and most huntingtook place outside these areas1*'.An increase in these plantations, and thereby number of workers, can increase pressure on the remainingwildlife in the wider area. The construction and operation of roads near the protected areas, such as the roadfrom Kribito Campo (near Campo Ma'an UTO),the road/ railway/ transmission linefrom Kribito Edea (near Douala- Edeaand buffer zone), and the transmission line from Memveledam to Edea (near or through Campo Ma'an National Park),can pose serious threats to rare mammal species. Mining lm~actassessment Mining may result in additional indirect impactsthat emanate far from the mine site. The most obvious impact to biodiversity from mining is the removal of vegetation, which in turn altersthe availability of food and shelter for wildlife. Most miningoperations use metals, reagents, or other compounds to processvaluable minerals. Large quantitiesof metaldeposition can be toxic. Fewterrestrial species are known to be naturallytolerant of heavy metals. Main concerns Main concerns are with pollution and habitat alteration from the proposedMamelles mines, locatednear the north-westernpart of the Campo Ma'an UTO, and its impact on terrestrialfauna species. Tourism Backaround Development of ecotourism is the region, especially in the Campo-Ma'anarea is currently being investigated and developedby the WWF in cooperation with local communities. The inland rainforests provide a high biodiversity including appealing large mammal species.The coast is also very attractive with mangrovesand scenic beaches, where turtles come to nest. Inland, rivers are suitable for dugout canoe excursions,the Memve'ele and Lobe offer scenic waterfalls, archaeological sites, and a largecultural diversitywith coastal communities,forest dwellers,hunters and gatherers provide a strongtourism potential. ---- --A REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 137 - 25 February 2008 The area's hightourist value currently remains almost unexploitedand does not contribute much to the local economy or improvement of residents'livelihoods. Outside Kribi,tourist infrastructuresare almost inexistent,and potentialtourist sites are not advertised or difficult to access. The park's conservation office does not have a tourist informationcentre, and most of the local communities have no idea of how to manage ecotourism. Ecotourismthough can generate additionalor alternative incomefor locals (insteadof poaching, logging and agriculture),as well as high revenuesfor the governmentfrom e.g. visits of western tourists to gorilla groups. lm~actassessment Tourism in the region, especially ecotourism,will however have to be carefully developed to avoid negative impactson biodiversity. Habituationof a group of gorillas for example is stressfulfor the animals and regularvisits by people disrupt normal gorilla behavior in various ways. Studies in Uganda indicatedthat during visits the animals dedicated less time to feeding, and signs of stress or emotional arousal were often noted. The presence of tourists increasedthe travel distances of the gorilla groups. There is also a high risk of disease transmissionto gorillas and vice versa, and of injuries to tourists and ranger guides if minimum distances are not well adhered to. At the study site the rules for the visits and their justificationswere not well explainedto the tourists by the ranger guides, and were frequently broken by as well the visitors as the guides themse~ves'~'. Tours by motorboats(on rivers and through mangroves areas) or jeep can impact on nearbywildlife, as the noise from motor boats and vehicles can disturb (nesting)birds and monkeysas well as other animals, present in trees or on the ground along the route. The development of nature-basedtourism in the Kribi region therefore should be carefully introduced and managed, and be compliantto strict rules in order to avoid negative impacts on wildlife. Main concerns Main concerns are with the developmentof eco-tourism in the protected area Campo Ma'an. If too manytourists are allowed in, rules are not properly explained or enforced or equipment is used in an unsustainableway (e.g. noisefrom motorboats and jeeps, clearing of forests by guides to allow better tourist access) tourism can impact negatively on wildlife in the area, especially highly popular but vulnerable species such as gorillas. 5.6.3 Marine ecology For the aspect of marine ecology the following Valued Components have been defined: Cetaceans (whales & dolphins) Turtles Manatees Salt and Sweet water fish and other marine species The main impacts that will be considered relateto: urban and human pressure - 127 The Impact of Tourism on the Behaviourof Mountain Gorillas, Gorilla Journal 30, June 2005 - - -- -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 138 - 25 February 2008 hunting and poaching over-harvesting emissions deterioration of food or breedingconditions Industrial Iurban development Without proper considerationof the impactsof industrialdevelopmentin the region (includingits emissions to air and water) and of the constructionof infrastructure(and resultingpopulationinflux),combinedwith a thorough land use plan, major impacts on marine ecology could occur. This could include e.g.: The destructionor over-harvestingof mangroves by residents, such as in and near Douala -Edeawildlife reserve, which provide importanthabitatfor manatees. The destructionof reefsfrom pipeline constructionand dredgingfor the deep-sea harbor, providing a naturalfish habitatand breedingarea. In the coastal strip from Kribito Campo could occur the disturbanceof turtles coming on-shoreto lay their eggs, as well as young turtles hatchingfrom these eggs, as a result of tourism occupations and light hindrancefrom industriesand hotels along the coast. Beachtourism disturbs adult turtles and could compact the sand of beaches, which is disadvantageousfor the developmentof turtle eggs. Lightdisturbs turtles searchingfor their nativebeach to come on-shore,anddisturbs young turtles after hatchingto find their way to sea. The poachingof animals such as manatees and turtles, and the collection of turtle eggs for sale or consumption as a means of incomeprovisionfor residents. The injuring or killingof manatees as a resultof increasesin motorizedvessel traffic for tourism or fishing purposes near mangroves and in estuaries. Manateesforage near the water surface and do not respondfast enough to avoid approaching motor boats. Populationdecrease of cetaceans such as the Cameroon dolphin as a result of excessivefishing of prey species along the coast and in estuaries, reducingfood availability as well as increasingthe risk of incidentalcatch; pollution resultingin habitat destruction,as a result of agriculturaland industrialdevelopment on the coast and offshore oil and gas exploration;and the possiblefracturing of the habitat range, resulting in reproductively isolatedgroups. The disturbanceof turtles and cetaceans by underwater noisefrom vessels, constructionactivities (for f.e. pipelines)anddredging(f.e. for a deep sea harbor). Harassment of humpbackwhalest2' from underwater noise has been indicatedfrom a levelof 140dB noise emissions at source. Turtles are hearinginsensitivebut do display avoidance reactions at high levels of sound. For instancegreen and loggerheadturtlest2' displayed avoidancebehavior at 175decibels (dB). 'This was extrapolatedto meanthat behaviouralchanges would occur at two kilometres and avoidance at one kilometrein depths of 100-120m. The further depletion of commercial fish resources as a result of unsustainable fishing techniques and the over-harvestingof fish species, of which there are already strongly indications inthe region.Currently artisanal as well as industrial fishing takes place in the area. The by-catchof turtles and small cetaceansfrom unsustainablefishingpractices. 12' McCauley, R.D., Fewtrell, J., Duncan, A.J., Jenner, C., Jenner, MN, Penrose, J.D., Prince, R.I.T., Adhitya, A., Murdoch, 1. and McCabe, K. (2000). Marine Seismic surveys -A study of environmental implications. APPEA Journal 2000: 692-708. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 The Chad-Cameroonpipeline for examplecaused the destruction of a natural reef in front of Eboumevillage during the construction of the pipeline terminal, which provided a breeding area for fish as well had certain tourist potential. There are indicationsthat the destruction of this reef has contributedto the disappearanceof several fish species. After several years of accusation regardingthe problem, an artificial reef was put in place in July 2006. There are no clear indicationsyet of how effectivethe artificial reef is in restoring local fisheries. The risk of water contaminationdue to oil leaks or spills from this pipeline will also remain a danger, as the pipeline's exit point at Kribi could threaten a fragile marine ecosystem. In January 2007, an oil spill occurredon the Cameroonian coast. While little information was provided on the extent of the spill, a public statement was issued by the World Bank regardingthe government's delay in informingabout the spill and about the continued lack of a National Oil Spills Response ~lan''~. CPFandKribipowerplant Part of the CPF site is located on the coast, with at least the presence of crocodiles being recorded in its EIA and the likely presence of manatees nearby by means of the 1999biodiversitystudies for the Chad-Cameroonpipeline. The general disturbancefrom construction and operational activities, on land and in water, and especiallythe construction of pipelines (on- and) off-shore may cause a significant impact on marine species in its presence. Manatees in particular are vulnerable to disturbances,but also fish and other marine species near pipelineswill experience disturbance and direct loss of habitat under the footprint of the development. Finally underwater noise from construction activities my impact on turtles and cetaceans present within a few kilometersfrom the constructionsite. M m Main concerns are with the developmentof beach tourism, settlementsand industries on or near turtle beaches in the area between Kribi and Campo; contaminationand destructionof fish habitats (which in turn can impact on other animals, such as cetaceans) as a result of oil and gas exploration, includingpipelineconstruction, and the construction of the deep sea harbour; disturbance, habitat loss and possibly poaching of manatees as a result of the constructionof pipelines,other coastal structures near mangroveareas and an increasingcoastal human population; and an increase in the (0ver)harvestingof fish resources (which may also impact on other animals, like cetaceans);and the threats from an increasedpopulation on manatees. Mining Impactassessment Mining may impact biodiversityby changing species composition and structure. For example, acid drainage and high metal concentrationsin riversgenerally result in an impoverishedaquatic environment. Acid drainage occurs when sulfide-bearingminerals,such as pyrite or pyrrhotite, are exposedto oxygen or water, producing sulfuric acid. The presence of acid-ingesting bacteria often speeds the process.Acidic water may subsequently leach other metals in the rock, resultingin the contaminationof surface and groundwater. Waste rock piles, lZ9The Chad-Cameroon Oil & Pipeline Project A project non-completion report, April 2007, Center for Environmentand Development, Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights - -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 other exposed waste, mine openings,and pit walls are oftenthe source of acidic effluentsfrom a mine site. The process may occur rapidly and will continue until there are no remaining sulfides, and impactson aquatic life when acidic waters are discharged into nearby streams and surface waters. Most mining operationsuse metals, reagents, or other compounds to processvaluable minerals. Large quantities of metal depositioncan be toxic. Few aquatic species are knownto be naturally tolerant of heavy metals. Especially juvenile fish are more sensitivethan adult fish, and the presence of heavy metals may affect critical reproductiveand growth stages of fish. Erosionfrom waste rock piles or runoff after heavy rainfall often increasesthe sediment load as a result of miningof nearby water bodies. The increased sediment loadscan smother benthic organisms in streams or oceans'30. Main concerns Main concerns are with pollution of and increased sedimentation in nearby or downstreamwatercoursesas a result of the proposedMamelles mines. Tourism Backaround The region has potentialfor nature-basedmarinetourism, such as dugout canoe rides on river or on sea, and visits to the turtle speciesthat come to lay their eggs on the nearby beaches. WWF is currently investigatingthese possibilitiesat and near Campo Ma'an National Park. Impactassessment Nature-basedtourism, preferably ecotourism, in the region can providealternative sources of income to the local population,other than fishing, hunting etc. In addition there are plans to create a marine reserve, which if well managedcould provide major tourism potential.A marine reservewould also allow for the revitalization of fish and other marinespecies, which have been over-harvestedby fishing activities, and thereby contribute to the continuedand sustainablepresenceof a fishing industry on the coast of Cameroon(as the continued unsustainableexploitationof the marine resourceswould eventually result in the abandonment of fishing activities inthe region, and thus loss of economic activity andjobs). However tours by motorboats or motorizedcanoes for examplethrough mangroves areas and estuaries can severely impact on manatees in a negativemanner, as the animals are often slow to avoid the motor blades and experiencesfrom abroad show that a high number of manateescan get injured in this way. The developmentof nature-basedmarine tourism however should be carefully introducedand managed, and be compliant to strict rules in order to avoid negative impacts on wildlife in order to avoid negativeimpacts, such as the disturbanceof turtles and cetaceans as a result of too close and frequent encounters. Appendix 2: Environmentaland Social Impacts of Mining,World Resources Institute -- ---- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 141 - 25 February 2008 Main concerns One main concern is the sustainable establishmentof a marine reserve in the Kribi region, in such a way that also the impactson local fishermen are carefully assessed and that their participation is encouragedand valued. Another concern is the impact of tourism by motorized vessels on slow-reactingspecies, such as manatees. 5.6.4 Habitats For the aspect of habitatsthe following Valued Components have been defined: Protectedareas High biodiversity areas The main impacts that will be considered relateto: Decreaseof habitat size Segregation1fragmentation of habitats Alterations in the presence of keystone species Infrastructureand human presence W t The highest level of negative impacts on habitats is usually experienced in the vicinity of roads or human settlements,extending up to a distance of 50 km. The highest levels of indirect impact often occur within a 10 km zone. In this regard can be noticedthat the Campo Ma'an National Park for example shows an increasingviability of the habitat and its species from west to east as human pressure and presence are gradually reduced. Especiallyin light of the proposed (infrastructure)projects in the Kribi region, only very few areas to none will be located at a sufficient distancefrom human developmentsto remainwithout possible negative impacts on its habitats. In addition infrastructure and its related developments and increased human pressurecan considerably contribute to the fragmentation of habitatsand the reductionof migratorypatterns. CPF and Kribi power project The developmentof the CPF and the Kribi power project will result in direct habitat loss (of mainly degradedforests), but will also decreasethe distance between human activities and presence and its hinterlands,which are expected to still contain valuable habitatssuch as near the Doula - Edea wildlife reserveand in the Lokoundje area. In general can be said that with a reduction of the distance between a vital habitat and heavily disturbed areas, such as near settlements, industrialsites and roads, the risk and level of disturbanceof these vital habitats increases. Major concerns are with the cumulative negative impacts on the habitats of the Campo Ma'an National Park and buffer zone (UTO)and the increase in human pressure from the upgrading of the road to Campo, the constructionof the transmission line from the Memvele dam to Edea, the expansion of agricultural plantations (Socapalm, Hevecam) and the developmentof tourism in the coastal zone between Kribi and Campo. Major concerns are also with the cumulative negative impacts on the habitats of the Douala - Edea wildlife reserve and buffer zone (especiallyFMU 09-028) and the nearby proposed road, railway and transmission line from Kribi to Edea, the growth of REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 142 - 25 February 2008 settlements in the vicinities of the reserveand industrial projects near the buffer zone, such as the CPF and powerstation plant. With regardto non-protectedhigh biodiversityareas, rock exploitationon Mont d'Elephant andthe possible explorationof iron ore depositsof the Massif des Mamelles, both biodiversity hotspots,andthe related service infrastructurecould have major negative impactson the biodiversityof these importantareas. Selective logging Impactassessment Logging may either reduce or enhance species and intra-specificdiversity, depending on its intensity and pressureon logged species, andthe effectivenessof protection measures and management of the subsequent regeneration. In moist tropical conditions,such as in the Kribi region, logging generally favors fast growing species, with low to medium density timber, and may reduce the abundance of those species of very high value. The damage to the vegetationcan cause changes in microclimateand availabilityof food plants, reductionof genetic improvement potentialof logged species and natural regenerationpotentials. This can in return leadto certain wildlife species to move away or even becomeextinct, especiallythose (endemic and specialized)species particularlyvulnerableto physicaldisruption of their habitats. Selective loggingcan thereby severely impact on and alter critical habitatconditions. There are indicationsof illegal and informalloggingtaking placein the Douala -Edea wildlife reserve, and with the expected increasein human pressure near the park,the practice is likelyto continue or even increase. Regardingthe Campo Ma'an National Park, part of the Park has in fact been logged through industrial logging several years prior to its creation, sometimes even twice or three times. The map below (Figure 5-6)shows the disturbance of areas in Campo Ma'an and s~rroundings'~. -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 143- 25 February2008 Figure 5-6.Map showingthe disturbance of areas In Campo Ma'anand surroundings - - - .-.. . . Virtually undls1urbed I25%di$t"rbad I Z550%dts1ulbed - 0Motshan50% dlsturbtd O Farmlard 0- I Rubberand o~l palm planlabons 0 20 Lm - - NalbnalParktamdary Main concerns Main concerns are with the expansion of (legal or illegal) logging in or in the vicinity of the Campo Ma'an National Park and the Douala -Edeawildlife reserve as a result of increased human presence and increases in local demand, and the impactsthis could have on the ecosystems of the various habitatspresent in the area. The same could possibly happenwith the high floral biodiversity areas of Mamelles hills and Mont dlElephant. The fragmented forest patches of Mont d'EIephant and Massif des Mamelles are likely even more exposed to forest degradation and habitat loss as they are surrounded by already disturbed and degraded forests. The Mamelles hills are located close to the road to Campo (improved access and increase in human presence) and the agricultural plantations of Socapalm and Hevecam (increase in human presence), and Mont d'Elephant locatedclose to these plantations as well as relatively close to the expanding city of Kribi and the roadto Mbalam mine / Djoum. Poachingand keystonespecies lm~actassessment The diminishing number or even extinction of certain keystone species in a habitat through poaching can lead to the degradation of the entire habitat. For example large mammals such as gorillas, chimpanzees and forest elephants as well as many small mammals and birds, such as the hornbill, play an important role as major seed dispersers and for pollination. The large mammals also contribute a significant proportion of the mammalianbiomass. Accordirlg to WWF it has been calculated that at least a third of tree species in West African forests even rely on animals such as elephants to pass through their stomach in order to germinate. The reduction in species, REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 that favor seed dispersion or germination, can therefore in the long-term impact on the vitality and diversity of the entire habitat. The reductionin keystone predators in a habitat,such as leopard,can cause significant changes in the environmentalbalance, especially with regardto the populationof their prey species. This can result in changesto e.g. browsing patternsand intensity,thereby impactingon vitality and dominanceof certain plant species, possiblyeven leadingto major changes in plant compositions, thereby altering the habitat. Elephantsbrowsingon vegetation also affect the structure of habitats and influence bush fire patterns. For example, under natural conditions,elephants make gaps through the rainforest,enabling the sunlightto enter which allows the growth of a various plant species. This in turn facilitates a more abundant and more diverse fauna of smaller animals. Large primates,forest elephants, and predators high in the food chain, such as leopards can therefore be concernedas keystone species to the long-termsurvival and viability of the moist evergreen forests in the Kribi region. The same accounts for keystone species vital to mangrovesand swamp forests. Mitigatingthe negative impacts of the proposed projects on these species can thereby significantly contribute to the conservationof valuable habitats in the region. Main concerns Main concernsare with the continuationor even expansionof poachingof keystone species in or in the vicinity of the Carnpo Ma'an National Park and the Douala- Edea wildlife reserve, as a result of increased human pressureand demandfor food, and the high value that ivory tusks and baby-gorillasand -chimpanzees present. 5.6.5 Conclusion Table 5-3. Overview of potentialcumulativeimpactsof the blotlc environment, their magnitude, major sources and locations Near roads, railways andtransmission Decreaseof habitat size/ Loss of Near agricultural plantations migratoryroutes (incl.reductionin food supply, genetic variety for Inand near protectedor high biodiversity REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 145 - 25 February 2008 1 Blotic VECs 1 Impact IMalnsources of Impacts (projacis) and 1 Mainpotential impacts 1 locations mostly Impacted lncreasein human-wildlife conflicts, incl. injured animals lncreaseof stress, leading to e.g. changes in breeding and food collectionbehaviour (Migratory) Birds Aroundhumansettlements 1 1 Decrease or extinctionof Near roads, railways andtransmission populationsthrough e.g. poaching lines Decrease of habitatsize (incl. In and near protectedor high biodiversity geneticvariety for breedingpool) areas Reduction in availabilityof food and nestingplaces lncreaseof stress, leading to e.g. changes in breeding andfood collectionbehaviour ----- Cetaceans Near deep sea harbor Decreaseor extinction of (whales& Near (constructionsites of) off-shore populations throughe.g. poaching dolphins) pipelines and oillgas exploration or by-catch structures I Decreaseof suitable habitat size Incoastal areas with high pressureof Reduction in availability of food and fishing industry restingInursing places Increaseof stress, leading to changes inbehaviour Marineturtles Near construction sites of off-shore 1 Decrease or extinction of pipelinesandoillgas exploration populationsthrough e.g. poaching structures or by-catch At turtle beaches alongcoastalstrip Decreaseof or disturbanceat turtle developed for tourism nesting beaches At turtle beacheswith high light Disturbance of turtle eggs or disturbance from industry or other hatchlings structures ( Reduction in availability of food Incoastal areas with high pressureof lncreaseof stress, leadingto fishing industry changes in behaviour --- Manatees Near humansettlements on the coast I Decreaseor extinctionof In mangrove areas and estuarieswith populations through e.g. poaching motorized marine tourism and accidents Decreaseof habitat size (ircl. genetic variety for breedingpool) 1 Reduction in availability of food lncreaseof stress, leadingto changes in behaviour Fish (sea and Incoastal areaswith high pressureof Decreaseor extinction of estuaries) fishing industry populations through over-harvesting In coastal areas with (harborIpipeline) and by-catch construction and dredging activities ( Destructionof suitablehabitatsize. ( incl. nurseries Reduction in availability of food Fish (inlandrivers, ~e; human settlements Decreaseor extinction of lakes) In areasdownstreamof polluting populations through over-ha~esting sources, such as mining industry, and by-catch ( agricultural plantations Destructionof suitable habitat size, incl. nurseries ---- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 146 - 25 February 2008 Near roads, railways and transmission Habitat fragmentation Near roads, railways and mine Habitat fragmentation Leaendof Table 5-3 Impact magnitude Red: Major negative Orange: Moderate negative Yellow: Minor negative Green: Positive impact Conclusions biotic impacts The various impacts leadingto destruction,degradation and fragmentation of natural areas and to the diminishingof terrestrial and marinewildlife species- can have serious impacts on the vitality and survival of flora and fauna as well as their related habitats. This can eventually result in species falling below the minimum threshold requiredfor a viable population. If all projects would be executed as proposedwithout further mitigationprior to or during constructionand operation, their cumulative and induced negativeimpacts are expected to pose such threats to the survivalof many of its endangeredspecies, that many of them may become extinct in the region. In addition the sustained survival of entire and very valuable habitatswithin the Kribi regionis at risk, includingthe recognized(and protected)high biodiversityareas, as well as other possible areas in the regionof which the biodiversityvalue is currently still unknown. ---A- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 147- 25 February 2008 5.7 Climate change and greenhouse gas analysis The economic developmentof the Kribi regionwill cause greenhouse gas emissions. These emissionscan be relatedto three main sources. These are: 1. The production and use of electricity. 2. The consumptionof fossil fuels by industry and transport and residential applications. 3. Changes in carbon stocks. Each of these sources is analyzed below, in line with methodology and data from the InternationalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC). 5.7.1 The production and use of electric energy Background In 2001 about 98% of the electricity in Cameroon is produced with hydroelectric plantst3'. For residentialpurposes mostly solid biomass (fuelwood)is used. 79% of the total energy consumption is met by this biomass', only 4% with electric power and 17% with fossil fuels. Accordingto (1999 Earthtrends, country profiles) industryconsumes about 17% of the energy, transport about 1 lolo,residentialapplications 70% and 2% is consumed by agriculture, commercial and public services and others. Impactsexpected The productionof hydroelectricpower has a negligiblegreenhouse gas emission. For meeting the demand of electricity necessary for the economic development a power plant at Mpolongwe is planned. The power plant will be a gas fired plantwith a capacity of 150MWe. 'The productionof this plant will be 1050 -1200GWhIyear.This causes a Con-emissionof 360 420ktonnes of C02per year. This energy will not only be used in - the Kribi region but also in other parts of Cameroon. It is forecasted that the population in the Kribi regionwill be about 3% of the populationin Cameroon in 2020.3% of the Con-emissionfrom the gasfired plant is ascribedto Kribi, i.e 1 1 - 13ktonnes Con. Besidesthis thermopower plant, a new hydroelectricplantwill be built on the Ntem in Memve'ele south of Kribi. 5.7.2 Fossilfuels Backgroundand assumptions Almost all fossil fuels in Cameroon are usedfor industry and transport. According to the Cameroon Energy Profile of the EIA (Energy Information Administration)the total Con-emission of Cameroon relatedto the consumption of fossil fuels was 6.8 Mtonnes C02per year (in 2005). In 2005 only 1 .l% of the populationof Cameroon lived in the Kribi region.When the population is used as an indicatorfor economic activity, 1 .l% of the Con-emission is - - "'Worldbank, Environmentdepartment: Environmentat a glance 2004 Cameroon, November 2004 - ------ REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 25 February 2008 attributedto the Kribi region in 2005. Thus, the C02-emissionin 2005 that can be attributedto the Kribi regionwas 75 ktonnes COnIyear. Between 1995 and 2001 the consumption of energy per capita rose with approximately 1% per year'. Impactassessment When this rise continues and with the forecasted rise of the populationin the Kribi region with a factor 4, the Cop-emissionfrom fossil fuel consumptionin the Kribi region will be approximately366 ktonnes in 2023. Due to the economic development of the Kribi region, the C02-emissionof the region will rise with approximately 290 ktonnes CO2/year. 5.7.3 Changes in carbon stock Background/ assumptions The major part of the Kribi region is covered with rainforest. For the economic activities someforest has to be removed. Especially the plannedtransportcorridorswill effect deforestation. The tropical forest is a carbon stock. Dueto deforestationthis carbon will be released. With the "Good PracticeGuidancefor Land Use and Land-useChange and Forestry of the IPCC"the releaseof carbondue to deforestationcan be estimated. Accordingto this Good PracticeGuide the biomassstock in tropical forests in Africa is 310 tonnes dry solids per ha for wet forests (range 131-513) and 260 tonnes dry solids per hafor wet forests with a short dry season (range 159-433).According to Tropenbos- ~ a m e r o o nthere are two periods in the Kribi regionwith less rainfall. So the forest in ' ~ ~ the Kribi regionis seen as a wet forest with a short dry season. Per kg dry solids approximately 1.5 kg C02is emitted.This results in an emissionof approximately400 tonnes of CO2 per ha (range 240 -650 tonnes CO2/ha). Impactassessment It is difficult to forecastthe area of deforested ha in a timeframe of 10-15 years. A researchproject in Brazilshowed that a new road affectedthe forest till a distance of 20 of even 50 kilometersfrom the road. The effect differs from total removal of the forest for agriculturalpurposesto removalof only the valuable trees. It is expectedthat the effect in Cameroonwill be less. For the roads the corridor is estimatedto have a width of 50 meters,for railways30 meters, and for the transmissionpower line also 30 meters. This lastfigure is concludedfrom the AES Sonel Survey Map of the power line. In the table an estimation is made of the deforestedsurface per project in the Kribi region. It is assumedthat the present land cover of all the landthat will be usedfor the several projects is rainforest. This meansthat the estimationwill be a worst case. "'Nounama L. and Yemefack M. :Shifting Cultivation in the evergreen forest of southern Cameroon; farming systems and soil degradation; Tropenbos-CameroonReport 002; Kribi, November 2000 REA Kribi 9 ~ 9 9 0 6 / ~ 0 0 0 & / ~ ~ 0 / ~ o t t Report - 149- 25 February 2008 wide length surface present final land us km km ha land use 1 gas treatment station at Bipaga 10 forest 2 power plant at Mpolongwe It 20 forest transmission line Mpolongwe-Edea 0,03 100 300 forest 3 pipeline for gas (insea) 0 4 rubber tree plantation 2000 forest plantation 5 biomass plantation 2000 mainlyforest plantation 6 deep see harbour (5 km wide) (15 km south of Kribi) 1 5 500 forest 7 Iron mine exploitation (40 km North of Kribi) 500 forest 8 harbour for iron mine (see6) 9 rail way iron mineto harbour (along coast) 0,03 55 165 forest 10 explorationof precious stones neglecible effect 11 road MenvBIB-Kribi 0.05 1DO 500 forest/ existing road 12 road Yaound.5-Kribi 0,05 150 750 forest/ existing road 13 railway Kribi-Edea 0,03 80 240 forest/ existing road 14 road frailway Kribi-Djoum 0,05 450 2250 forest/ existing road 15 railway Djoum-LiminarB-Banguiand out of Djoum -CONGO scope forest 9235 forest 4000 plantation 5235 no vegetation This calculation results in a deforested area of 9235 ha, estimated range 8000 - 10000 ha (about0.4O/0 of the total forested surface - 23.8 million ha (IPCC) - of Cameroon. About 40% - 50% of the deforested area is used as plantation. According tot the IPCC reportthe biomassincrementin a plantation is 5-8 tonnes d.s. per halyear. This results in an annual carbon storage of (5*1,5*4000=30 ktonnes COP) of 30 to 48 ktonnesC02. The total C02-emissiondue to deforestation is 3.5 (range 2 - 6) Mtonnes CO2. In plantations30 48 ktonnes of C02per year is stored as average. - ResultingGreenhousegas emissions 5.7.4 Conclusion The resultinggreenhousegas emissions related to the projects in the Kribi regionare: Average range unit Electric power 12 11 - 13ktonnes C021year Fossilfuels 290 200 - 400 ktonnes Codyear Plantations 4-40 -1- 30 4-50 - ktonnes C02/year Deforestation 3500 2000 - 6000 ktonnes C02in 10 yrs time Sum 260 180-380 ktonnes C02/year 3500 2000 6000 - ktonnesCOzpermanent loss. The projects plannedin the Kribi region will rise the total Cop-emissionof Cameroon(6.8 Mtonnelyear)with 4%. diminish the carbon stock of the rainforestof Cameroonwith about 0.4%. - -- ~ REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 150- 25 February2008 5.8 Cumulative impactson socio-economic aspects 5.8.1 Introduction The industrial, transport, and tourism developments beyond their individual and specific impacts, interact among each other and have a cumulative effect. Many of the impacts discussed in the previous sections (health, employment,land tenure issues, local participation, local development, local benefits, etc.) are for a great part quite similar for all projects. In the following sections the general and cumulative impacts are analysed. Table 5-4. Summaryof present knowledgeof projectsrelated study area. - Project Initlator Category Location Status Comments project North of Kribi city Gas exploitation Perenco/ Energy/ Bipaga, about 15 ESHlA The gas is to be linkedto the AES Sonel power offshore (Sanaga SNH O&G Kms Northof Kribi available stationfor production of electricity Sud field) with city gas treatment onshore at Bipaga Powerplant for AES Sonel Energy Powerplant at ESHlA constructionshould start in 2009 productionof Mpolongwe II,about available electricityand 9 km North of Kribi, transmission line Transmission line to distributioncentre near Edea. Pipeline SNH Energy/ Betweenthe two. ESHlAto After a long dispute to know who will have the conductingthe O&G Plans are now made be made responsibilityof this pipeline (PerencoISNH or gas from Ventral so that the pipeline AES Sonel), SNH took the responsibility in Purification will go first in the sea order to speed up the process. It was the facilityto power and back into the surprise to the WB to realise that the pipeline plant shore up to the was part of none of the two EIAs. power plant. Plantationfor bio Ferme Agri Northof the Nyong No official Such a plantation would mean the fuel from palm oil Suisse1 river, South of the informationdeforestation of a part of the forest in the Fernandez Edea-Douala available region. However, there is little information on reserve what is planned,where and to what extent. South of Kribi city Extensionof Hev6cam Agri Around the current ESHlA Extension of 2.000 hectares, meaning the rubber plantation Hevecam plantation. completed deforestationof the existing forest. Exact location but not unknown available Deep sea Goverrc lnfra1 Southof Grand Pre- During interviews, people had mixed ideas harbour ment transport Batanga, about 15 feasibility about this project. It has been about 20 years km South of Kribi study that people talk about this project. For this, completedl people are sceptical in the actual realisationof in progressthis project. Some other people said that the NO official project has now become concrete and will be informationimplementedin the coming3 years. available The project consists apparently of a harbour which would be 5 km wide (alongthe cost) and 3 km long (goinginto the sea) This information need to be checked and documentsseen Iron mine Steelcam Mine about 40 Km South No official Article found on Internet about it, but its validity exploitation & Sed of Kribi, at 'les informationhas to be confirmed. finances Rail way linking CAM IRON Infra/ Along the coast No official impact of the railway potentially great and Mamelles to transport informationdepends on its routing. deep sea available Scanned scopingstudy report available harbour - - - - - - - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 -- - Project Initiator Category Location Status Comments project lron mine Camlron 8 Mine Mbalam, 500 km Pre- Impactof the mine is outside the area. exploitation Sundance inlandbut linkedwith feasibility Scanned scoping study report available Australia a wide gauche scoping railroad to Kribi study available Harbourfor the Camlron 8 Infra/ GrandBatanga and No official Cameroon prefers Grand Batanga, Mbalam export of iron Sundance transport Lolobepotential information lron project, for technical reasons, Lolabe. Australia sites available Scanned scoping study report Mbalam mine available Road 8 rail way Camlron8 Infra/ Mbalam lron ore Company h h Kribi-Mbalam Sundance transport mine information 70730/~df/00743560.~df Australia available Scanned scoping study report Mbalam mine available Explorationof Sicamine Mine Apparently wide On-going Littleexploration, littleimpact beexpected precious stones area of exploration, NO (gold, zircon, Southof Kribi city information etc.) available ~ e m v e ~dam AES Sonel i 4 Energy Close to Nyabizan, Updated Huge impacts of the flooding caused by the / govern- East the Campo- pre- dam (outside scope of this report). ment/ WB Maannational park. feasibility htt~://w.~roiet-memveele,orq present Road Memve'Ble lnfra / No official Huge impact to be expected if a road would be -Kribior transport information open to link the dam to Kribi or Campo. (to be Memve'BIe - available considered in the study); Preliminary studies Carnpo indicate that roads and power transmission lines will be directed eastwards and not cross the Carnpo Ma'an National Park. Marineoark Govern- Conser- Off the Ocean No official This is a very controversialproject because it bonse~ation ment vation division coast. It is information is seen by many as a break to economical a d not clear if it would available development inthe region. be all the coast or Not treated in the socio-economic aspects as only from Kribito the insufficientdata are available. EquatorialGuinea border. Laroe infrastructure ~roiects (essentially related to the deep sea harbour) Road Yaounde- Govern- Infra/ Yaounde-Kribi In Not related to the deep sea harbour, Will link Kribi ment transport progress, Kribi to Yaounde via Lolodorf, Mvengue. No official Ngoumou,the old German road. information available Railway Kribi- lnfra / No official This would be the end of the Adamawa - Kribi Edea transport information rail way route, linking the Bauxite mine in available Adarnawa to the deep sea harbour for exportation of minerals. The rail way is to be done in 3 sections: Adamawa-Yaounde:existing, to be upgraded Yaounde-Edea:existing, to be upgraded Edea-Kribi: to be constructed. Adamawa could be linked further North to Tchad at a later stage. Rail way: Sundance/ lnfra / Mostly in the forest New rail ways are to connect to the deep sea Djoum-Liminar&. Carnlron transport zone of the South harbourin Kribithe following projects: Bangui (RCA), Province, and A mine of Nickel and cobalt in Nkamouna and ending south of Kribi (Geovic) in a approx. 10 km Djoum-CONGO RCA (which does not have access to sea) long loop. (junction at The Camlronmine in Mbalam. Djoum) Possibly a Chinese Iron project in the republic of Congo. For further investigation: Only the known I impact of the Mbalam-Kribirailroad is included inthe report. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 152 - 25 February 2008 As proposed by the World ~ a n k(1996), multiple impacts haveto be taken into ' ~ ~ account in the Regional EnvironmentAssessment. 5.8.2 Zoning of the coastal area Available data Though based on a simple presentation, the coastal band report (Fangue, 2004, op. cit.; Tchawa, 2007) gives very detailed informationon the issues of tourist development. Among the cited aspects in the report the following appear important. The report was drafted on the basis of a contract with the Dutch DevelopmentOrganisation SNV, and validated by the governmental steering committee of the project "Management of the coastal band Kribi-Campoin the perspective of sustainable tourism". Zone 1- Nyong estuary to Grand Batanga:to be reservedfor recreational and business tourism, and artisanalfishing with as major poles Londji and Kribi town, including Pygmy minorities,resettlement of some fishing settlements, development of tourism Zone 2- Grand Batanga to Lolabe: port and industrial zone related to Oil and Gas industry and Iron Ore mining. Such development would include a deep water port and an industrial zone, new residential areas (around Lende Dibe), tarring of the Kribi-Campo road, several community forests, and creation of an environmental authority. Zone 3- From Lolabe Ill to Malaba, including a development pole in Ebodje. Restructurationsite for the middle Kribi-Campo area for the promotion of eco- tourism, fishing and artisanal activities: developmentof a marine and terrestrial ecological centre in Ebodje,training of guides, open tourist access to the surrounding forest area, financial assistance to local fishermen and tourism GICs. Zone 4- Malaba to the south, including the Campo Ma'an reserve. Developmentof eco-tourism, artisanal fishing, environment and trade: tarring of the Kribi-Campo road, education in environmentalawareness of the young and the general population, development of artisanal shrimp fishing, tourists development (IVkoelon, Dipika island, historical sites, Ntem mangroves, hotel facilities, international collaboration with neighbouring Equatorial Guinea... Zone 5- Inland zone from the Lokoundje and around Bidou I:urban development (with MAETUR), market garden and small cattle raising development, green belt providing food production for the urban area of Kribi Zone 6- Agro-industrial plantations and development of local village agriculture : studies, projects for local transformation of oil (to soap) and rubber (to tyres), as well as environmental monitoringof the area, in order to increase the local involvement in the project and promote local employment. Analysis and discussion It's not clear how much of this project of zoning is a proposal of the authors of a report and how much is based on administrative plans. It's implications for the development of projects are major: the Gas-to-powerfacility planned on two sites near the coast and north of Kribi, are not compatible with this plan, the development of a deep sea harbour should not include any zones south of Lolab6 isn't either. Present a new urban development area is being developed in Bwambe,which is located in zone 1, the tourist 13' Regional Environment Assessment Sourcebook update (1996), 15-11. Environmental Department, The World Bank. ---- ---- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 153- 25 February 2008 zone, indicatingthat it will probably be difficult to avoid that residential areas will trespass on tourist zones. Zone-2, the industrial zone with the deep sea harbour would be entirely devoted to industrialisationand urban development.As this zone is quite far from Kribi, hllede Dibe may evolve into a separate satellite town. The area lies adjacent to the Hevecam plantation, 5-10 km from the coast. The size of this zone, about 20 km, means that the new rail roadwith its wide loop (see Mbalam Iron mine project) can easily be installed. Any development should stay clear form the sacred rocks of the Rocher du loup" (wolves rock) located some 500 m out in the sea. Recommendations Major recommendationsfrom the coastal band zone studies as described above are summarized in the following points. The coastal zone should contain multiplezones for varied activities: residential, industrial, ports, agricultural The first priorityto be implemented is the organisationof land tenure and the land titling process All stakeholders should be consulted in order to adopt sustainabledevelopment options Minoritiesshould be specifically protected (land rightsfor the Pygmies, Developmentof traditional activities and protection of the young population: shrimp fishing for women, improvedfishing techniques, reforestation(palms) of the coast, development of sportingfacilities, protection of young girls from sex tourism... Create permanent consultation bodies (CLD: Comitesde DeveloppementLocal) and (OITBC: Office lntercommunalede Tourisme de la Bande CGtiere.) including all users of the coastal zone. Training of CLDs: tourist guides, planning of prioritytourist areas, discussions between participatingcommunities, organisation of the many governmental services that are involved in Tourism, Internationalfinancing is necessaryfor financing an integrateddevelopment project in the region. 5.8.3 Cumulativeimpact of parallel projects The task is to integrate the various projects in such a way that negative impact is limited and positive impact increased,taking into account the individual constraints of the projects: unmovableprojects, linked projects. Unmovableprojects Unmovableprojects are those projectsthat are in a fixed location and can only be exploited in that location.This also includes existing projects. Sanaga gas-fields, off-shoreoil-fields, the Memve'ele hydroelectricdam, the Camlron mines in the Mamelles hills and the Mbalam mine, potential sites for the deep water harbour; Existing agro-industrialplantations, existing residential areas, the paved road Kribi- Lolodorf-Mvengue-Ngoumou-Yaounde,which has to use the existing roads; The beauty and tourist potential of the 150km coastalzone is such that it hasto preserved as much as possiblefor the future. If possible, industrial developments should be built a few km inland, if that's not possible, in less favourable coastal sites. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Moveable Linked projects The analysis of the ESHlA of existing projects allows to group most of them in related clusters of projects,whose negativeimpacts may be reducedby linking some of their characteristics. the gas-purificationplant and the power-plantshould be built at a unique site to minimizeenvironmentalimpact and pipelinetransport of dangerous and polluting substances. The present plan to buildthese sites apart is economicallyexpensive and environmentallydangerous; the Kribi-Edeatarred road, the existing 90KV powerline,the projected 150KV powerline,the projectedrail-link between Edea and Kribi are linked among each other but also with the location of the Kribi deepwater harbour, an effort should be made to limitedthe footprint by using a common corridor; The Kribito Yaounde via Lolodorf-Mvengue-Ngoumou.Local populationsalways counted on the former road as an accompanyingbenefit to the pipeline construction that would link an area that feels forgotten to the nationaleconomy; The road and the transmission line linking Memve'ele with its clients (Equatorial Guinea, Hevecam, Socapalm, GWZ-Wijma,Kribi, Edea, but also the Ma'an-Ebolowa region) should be using as far as possiblethe same corridor, and could favourably be linked with the Mbalam-Knbirailroad; It may be expectedthat most options for a corridor cross many relatively undisturbed areas, and have an ecological impactfar beyond projects like the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline; Using and upgradingexisting road axes, like the Ebolowa-AkomIl-Kribi road and other secondary roads, may limit environmentaldamage and increase benefitsto the local population.One report (Coyne et Bellier, 2006) indicatesthat the logging company already WIJMA already opened a road between Nyabizanand the Kribi- Ebolowa road. 5.8.4 Population The area is inhabitedby about 10different ethnic groups, but most villages are mono- ethnic. Recentdemographicdata are not available. Key data about villages is not accessiblein a comprehensive way. Lack of recent detailed data on population size in the region: latest census data are from 1987,resultsfrom 2005 are not yet available Extrapolatingdata from a national census that took place morethan 20 years ago is not a valid way to estimate growth in population size or discuss its impacton local developments. New data from the 2005 nationalcensus are urgentlyneeded. If these data cannot be acquired, a simpletechnique consistsof numbering (and GPS) all households of every village and do a 5-10% survey on the householdcomposition'34 . 5.8.5 Land use and patterns of land ownershipand tenure The populationdensity inthe area is low, but as all populationlives near the coast and the 4-5 roads inland, locally populationdensity may be high. This is especially the case along the coast and particularlyaround Kribi. Land has becomea valuable assets in l M Village surveys in the pipeline area show the following population changes between 1987 and 2002: Tala +98%, Mpangou +136%, Bidou +12.6%, Ndtoua -7%, Bidjouka +0.9%, and only indicate the population growth in the more urbanvillages of Talla and Mpangou, and the absence of growth in the rural areas. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 these zones and land conflicts are emerging betweenvillages, ethnic groups, locals and migrants. Specificgroups, [BakoldBagyeli Pygmies, women (especiallywidows who do not live in their native village) and foreigners, not belongingto the main clans in the village] are among the most vulnerable groups concerning land access. Various observations and discussionsin the villages indicate that their rights to the land they use remain respected by the local community as long as local powerful peopledon't need the land, but as soon as they need it, everythingwill be done to push them of the land. This situation is very well described for the BakoldBagyeli, but they are not the only ones who suffer from land insecurity. Tension between legal land tenure and local systems. The traditional system is based on the "right of the hoe": whoever is the first to cleared land owns the land, even when it returnsto fallow. This is in practice not always respected, as all land belongs traditionally to (extended)families, even if it has never been cultivated. Traditional boundariesbetween families and villages are only vaguely defined and source of disputes. Uncontrolledtitling of land near the coast and around potential industrial areas; tensions between rich people who havethe meansto title land and local land users As more than 90% of the land users do not have a land title, access to replacement land for agriculture has to be monitoredby all projects. Land is used for about 2-3 years and then lays fallow for 4-5 years, which means that a farmer needs 2-3 times more land than he actually cultivates in order to keep faming. The Cameroonianlaw only recognisesactually used land. In order to protect the farmer's future livelihood, replacementland should be acquired at the rate of 2 ha of new land for every ha actuallycultivated. Resettledland-users without a landtitle risk to have greatly diminished land rights on their new land. Titling of the land where their new house will be built is recommended, and new traditional land rights should be guaranteedofficially by the village community (chief, elders) and local authorities. In order to avoid land conflicts, land under power transmission lines should be allowed to be used for annual crops. Traditionally ownership is not recognizedin compensation schemes, especially by the agro-industrialplantations who needthousands of hectares; Outsiders only seem to have right to land if locals do not need that land.Where land shortage exists, or land becomes a financially valuable asset, non locals (Pygmies, widows, foreigner) are often chased away. 5.8.6 Economicactivities The main economic activitiesfor the local population are the traditional ones of agriculture, fishing and hunting. Moderndevelopmentsin agriculture area are rare. Since the cocoa crisis which started around 1990,cocoa cultivation in the inland areas has lost its importance,and is only partly replacedby more oil palm cultivation. Agricultureand animal husbandry Local agriculture remains mostly traditional and is characterizedby too small farms that lack mechanisation, use of improved seeds, fertilizer and pest control, and financial investments,and that are based on women's work. Developmentshould be achieved --- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/AGO/Ro~ Report - 156- 25 February 2008 s n a -%e through two interlinkedways: higher and more diversified production,and improvement of market access. Developagricultureand market gardencropstogether with developinglocal markets: - improvedseeds, access to fertilizer and pest control products; - create more markets in centrally locatedmedium-sizedvillages; - improveextension work by government services, and promotebetter coordination between government services and NGOs involved in agricultural development. Organisationof farmers in producer groups, promotionof micro-credits(education on its principle and distributionof loans). Involvelocalfarmers in agro-industrialprojects. Highworld market pricesfor rubber, palm oil, bio-fuel, andcocoa productsare favourable conditionsfor the development of cash-cropsthrough regenerationof cocoa plantations.Rubber and oil palms can be producedby villagers in collaborationwith agro-industrialplantations. Development of local meat productionespecially with chicken and pigs but also goat and sheep, includingextension work, risk assessment,preventive and curative veterinary care and financing. Fishing Development axes includetraining, (micro-)credits,conflict resolution,fish stock management, preservationtechniques, increasedlaw enforcement, development of fish ponds, management of the Memve'eleretentionlake fish resources, Training in new and improvedfishing techniques, Microcredits for investment in fishing gear and local trade and lmprovedmanagementof money earnedthrough fishing Training in better conservationof fish, improvedsafe and ecologicalsmoking techniques and development of coldfishing storage in the main productioncentres Sanitary control of fish: pollutants, local preservationmethods. Measurement and source identificationof pollution in the sea and on the beaches Organisationof the fishing community (fishing, preservation,trade) in order to be both morecompetitiveand to add more local value to fish. PNUD insiststhat such organisationsmust be set up by the concernedpeople, not by the authorities Regularconsultation between oil and gas operatorsin the coastal area and local fishermen on fishing issues. Enforcement of the 3-miles exclusionzone for industrial fishing Studies on the possibilityof increasingfish production alongthe coast through artificial reevesespecially aroundoil and gas facilities Improvedorganisation(financing,choice of site, conflict control) of fish pondsby individuals and organizedvillage groups. Creationof fish multiplicationcentresfor the sale of fry Early managementof the potentialfishing resources of the Memve'ele retention lake. Hunting Developways of protectingwild lifewhile at the same time protectingthe food security of the local population,who needto protecttheir fields against animals, and who needbush meat for their food. Reinforcecontrol on poaching Reinforcecontrol of the presence of bush meat in restaurants in urban areas. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 5.8.7 Health and nutrition related impacts . The assessment of negative impacts and sanitary costs of major regional industrial projects related to the diversity of the infrastructuresconcerned, and limitations of upcoming projectscan only be preparatory. It requires additional studies based on the effects of health determinantsof the resettled people and of the people who will be living nearby the future complex. All existing and planned industrial and transport development projects are impacted by health aspects, and on their turn have an impact on health aspects. Both sides (projects and communities) share in the same environmentand project people may be contaminated by the local environment and people,and local communities may be contaminated by project activities and people. All projectsconsideredwill involve concentrationof relatively rich often single project workers who will have contactswith the local population, and so increasethe risk of IST and HIVIAIDS All projects considered will involve opening of hitherto protected areas increasingthe risk of spread of malaria,and other transmissible diseases. The area is already known for drug resistant malaria. All projects will be faced with the lack of potablewater in the local communities and difficulties in creating a reliable and sustainableprovision of drinking water in the villages All projects will be faced with lack of functioning healthcentres, lack of qualified personal, lack of medicines and lack of purchasing power of the local population. Opening-up of the forest may trigger rapid spread of formerly locally contained diseases Disturbanceof the sea and exclusionof land for agriculture, may have negative consequenceson the food supply. Disturbanceof the forest zone will diminish the availability of bush meatfor human consumption. Road developmentopens the region positivelyfor trade and tourism, negativelyfor the spread of transmissible diseases (IST, HIVIAids) Risks of HIVIAIDSand STls will increase if single men are recruited, but decrease if the project encouragesthe settling of workers and their families. The quality of urban planning (supplyingof drinkable water or latrines for the workers camps), will be in direct relationto the incidenceof infant mortality (often generated by diarrhoeal diseases) or typhoid. The main health issues regarding the various developmentprojects to be developed in the Kribi area refer mainly to three kinds of impacts: the increase of population :increases pressure on food resources,water availability and quality (risk of diarrhoeal diseases and undernutrition) the increase of revenues: may attract prostitution (Aids and other sexually transmitted infections) and develops alcoholism the increase on environmentalimpacts: effects on fishing (pollution hazards in sea and in rivers), on deforestation (createsopportunitiesfor malaria) Further analysis on health impacts is presented in Annex 5. ---- ------ REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 158- 25 February 2008 5.8.8 Relations between industries and the local population Already the presenceof the projects and resulting industries on itself has an impact on the life of local and regional communities.This is in concrete terms as a result of the physicalpresence(as for instance a temporal increase in population because of an influx of workers), as well as in expectations and prejudices. The project needs to ensure a decent quality of life to workers' families by providing education, agricultural land (including training and ensuring availability of seeds, fertilizer, and pest control products), recreational services, health care, and train workers in preventingaccidents and health risks during and after work. Avoid concentrations of bachelors in the project area by providinghousing and education facilities for projectworkers and their families Create access to affordable medicalcare to the local population. Create potable water supply and organize waste-management (latrines,kitchenwaste) in the projectvillages Organise the provisionof the marketswith fish (fresh and frozen) and meat at competitive prices in order to provide alternativesto bush meat consumption. Employment More local employment should be createdby carryingout more of the activities as labour intensivework. Employment lists for unqualifiedjobs, to be used in a lottery system for recruitment, should be created during public meetingsof candidates in front of all villagers, to avoidthat non-localsget jobs allottedto the locals. Each village should have at least a few workers recruited. Creation of a transparent system (at village and regional level) of fair sharing of recruitment possibilities betweenthe various stake holders and the projects Creation of project and village consultation committees includinghigh-levelcompany representativeswho meet at regular (e.g.quarterly or half-yearly) intervals to discuss points of interestbetween companies and population, and set priorities on potentialdevelopment programs. Choice of the coastal industrialarea anddeep sea harbour. Integration of the deep sea harbour and railroadroute inthe generaldevelopmentscheme of the coastal area. Limit as much as possiblenegative impacts of mining, Memve'ele hydroelectric project, plannedpowerline and railroads on the ecology of the protectedareas of the UFO and the Campo-Ma'an park. Electricitytransported from the Memve'ele hydroelectric powerplantto the main southern grid through a common corridor with the Mbalam railroad may significantly diminish negative environmental impacts. Compensation A review is necessary of the methodologyand application of compensation rates. Compensation paid by the different successive projectsshould be based on the same or inflationadjusted higher rates than previous projects,based on solid data about yields and seasonal price variations. The impact of each project on the livelihooddepends on the amount of land affected for each of the households.'The report does not indicate which are the households that are so much affectedthat their economic livelihoodwill become uncertain. Such a categorisation would need more understandingof the agricultural system in the area, individualidentification of the affected people, as well as the provisionof specific measuresto ensure their livelihoodafter the passage of the project. - ~- ~ REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 The important issue of land rights and accessto replacement land is especially importantfor those peoplewho lose morethan a negligibleamount of land. Pending the availability of better criteria, the cut-offpoint may be provisionally set at either 25% of the total land or a total loss of more than 0.5 ha. Estimatesfrom the reportthat 20% of the 300 ha of the transmission ROW is agricultural land means that the 600 impactedfarmers lose on average about 0.1 ha of fields and 0.25 ha of fallow land. As the average loss is rather low, it is all the more importantto identifyfarmers that are relatively heavily impactedfrom those that are impacted less. 5.8.9 Planneddevelopmentactivities The industrialdevelopmentprojects discussed in this REA do not automaticallyenhance the livelihood of the local populations. Some of the negativeimpacts -especially pollutionand diminished huntingand fishing activities -may even reducetheir livelihood. Specificprograms shouldthus be associatedto the REA that promote developmentof that part of the populationthat does not directly benefit (via employment) from the industrial projects. So far, only the Memve'ele dam has a clearly definedad budgeted developmentplan, the PASEM, but the wider KribiArea needs developmentprojectto progress in a sustainableway from the level of poverty that is currently experienced. The coastal zone shouldcontain multiplezones for varied activities: residential, industrial, ports, agriculturalzones and zones reservedfor tourism. Planningof the various developments shouldtake place at a very early stage, based on promoting realistic expectationsfrom all stakeholders135. Honest and realistic informationduring village consultation meetingsabout employment possibilities in the project Creation of project and village consultationcommitteesincluding high-levelcompany representativeswho meet at regular (e.g. quarterly) intervalsto discuss pointsof interestbetweencompanies and population,and set priorities on potential developmentprograms.All stakeholdersshould beconsulted in order to adopt sustainable developmentoptions and minoritiesshould be specifically protected (land rightsfor the Pygmies, and vulnerablevillagers) Creation of permanentconsultation bodies (CLD: Comites de DeveloppementLocal) and (OITBC:Office lntercommunalede Tourisme de la Bande CBtiere.) including all users of the coastal zone. Inclusion of vulnerable groups (hunter-gatherers,widows, non localvillagers) in the allocation of project benefits. Developmentof traditional fishing activities: shrimpfishing for women, and for the young: improvedfishing techniques, reforestation (palms)of the coast, development of sporting facilities, protection of young girls from sex tourism... Training of CLDs: tourist guides, planning of priority tourist areas, discussions between participatingcommunities, organisationof the many governmentalservices that are involved in Tourism, Externalfinancing by internationalprojects is necessary for the financing an integrated development project in the region. PNUD (2000) describes how the deep water harbour will be used by the ChadCarneroon pipeline, while this Project was entirely based since its beginningson the presence of a floating offshore facility. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 5.8.10 Community structure Communitiesare mostly mono-ethnicentities, headed by a chief who is in most villages not very powerful,and elders. Most villages are patri-localwhich means that individual heads of householdsare close kin: brothersand cousins. Collective actions in such villages are often difficult, and internaldisputes are frequent. Need of organisation of villagers and developmentof confliction resolution techniques Include and promote the participationof the local population in health care, educational services, agriculturalextension 5.8.1 1 Public facilities Markets The regional market system, is a weakness in the area: there is hardly any direct exchange between local food producersand consumersinthe urban areas: In Kribi, all traders in the market were middle (wo)men, and prices were almost 80% higher than the average of prices observedon 10 marketsalong the pipeline route. The coastal populationshave a market but no products to sell, the inland populationsproducts to sell but no market, as transport costs are very high. Transport The planned new transport projects will have both positive and negative impacts as they open-up hitherto more or less isolatedareas, encroach on sensitiveforest areas, affect the habitat of wild life, attract migrant labour, and inducethe creation of potential new residentialareas. 5.8.12 Cultural Heritageand archaeology Extendthe definition of "cultural heritage"as used in the ESHlA of the CPF, powerplant,and transmissionline to include not only recent cultural heritage (churches,graves) but also archaeologicalevidence. 5.8.13 lndigenous people Study ways of integrating FEDECs lndigenous Peoples Plan, the Community Developmentplan of the Gas-to-powerproject,the Memve'ele dam, the Mbalam railroad,and other industrialprojects in the area Do not limit the CDP to the 4 settlementslocated directly under the powerline, but to all communities in the adjacent area and integratewith all Bakola-Bagyeligroups in the Ocean Province Consultwith lndigenouspeople and Bantuvillages separately and together, and let both groups expressthemselves in a complete independentway Study land tenure issues in a global way so that all vulnerable groups (Pygmies, women, foreigners, poor in the village) obtain land securitythrough traditionally respectedland rights Mix specifictargeted actions to the hunter-gatherercommunitywith global actions for all communities in order to gain social licensefor the global project, and avoiding reversefavouritism. REA Kribi 9S99061R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 161 - 25 February2008 Focus developmental actions among the Bakola-Bagyeligroups towards long-term aims of more economic and political independencefrom the neighbouringBantu groups. 5.8.14 Customs aspirations and attitudes In the national ECAM2study (2002, p.86) statementsof people indicateas main causes of poverty, lack of a job, lack of incomeand lack of road. Subsequent causes are corruption and bad management, and own low educationlevel, lazinessand witchcraft. The responsibilityof the government is thus engagedthrough providingjobs, building roads and better governance. The same peoplesee as ways of improvementof their situation (1) creatingjobs, (2) improvethe road system, (3) improve access to health care and education,and (4)pay fare prices for agricultural products, (5) distribute wealth better. Surprisingly, improving agriculturalproductionwas not cited as an actionto improveliving conditions. Figure 5-7.- Main livingconditionsImprovementactions ac cited by the households classifiedas "poor". (source: Ecam2, 2002, table 7.3) I Solutionsto povertyaccordingto the poor (Ecamt, 2002) CreatC lots road paucmcnt quaranlee Lrmmg prailm- prre facihbtt a c m lo ~n,Pdicaiore fa~tllbrra c c m to ~IUUIUII btlib water outla fscilllalr n r a h In crrrllt fight corruption better rzahh mlirtributlon other actions wage ~ncream 5.8.15 Conclusions Individual and cumulative impacts Importanteconomic developmentswill take place in the Kribi region in the comingyears. Each project has its individual positive and negativeimpacts, but considered together cumulative impacts may be stronger or weaker andeven change the direction of the individual impact from positive to negativeor vice versa. The Gas-to-powerproject is a good example of such cumulative effect. As different parts of the project dependon different promoters (i.e. (i) the gas producingfacility, (ii) power plant and transmission line, and (iii)gas transportationthrough pipelines) individual interest of each developerwas more important in the selection of the project facilities locations. The result is that the selected locations are such that they increase costs and negativeenvironmental and social impacts. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Zoning of the Kribi regionwould allow to an optimal environmental and social managementandgrowth of economic activities such as industry, tourism, agriculture, fishing by reducing negative impacts and optimizing positive impacts. The zoning proposedby the study 'Sustainable land use planning for tourism purposes' (Tchawa et a/.2004) is considered a good basis for a Sustainable land use strategy and zoning. The study defines five zones, only one of which will be reservedfor industrialdevelopment (refer to land use plan in previous section). Sensitive environmental areas protectionis essential for the future conservation of biodiversity, culturaldiversity andthe economic development inthe region. Industrialdevelopments should be located in sites a few km inlandfrom the coast as far as possible, and grouped in a single zone if they are directly on the coast. General negative impacts from the projectsare expected to result from the opening of the regionand the influx of migrantsworking for the project,and the tensions that this may rise in the local populations. Opening up of the area as a result of construction and upgrading(tarring) of roads will lead to an increase in accidents, nuisance, smuggling in border areas, and transport of meat illegallypoached in the forest. The power line from Memve'ele, and especiallythe new railroadfrom Mbalamto Kribiwill have negative environmental impacts on hitherto hardly exploitedforest areas, increase bush meat trade as effective control will be difficult,and have a negative impact on wild life because of the accompanying noise nuisance. New concentrations of projectworkers will increasethe demand on bush meat and fish. Bushmeatconsumption controlcan only be effective if enough imported meat and fish is available at a price that is competitive with the price of local bush meat and fish. In order to be able to feed the growing number of people in the region, andthus to make an income, the agricultural sector needs improvementto increase its productivity. As bush meat and fish will be traded commercially to the workers, it's availabilityfor the local populationdecreases. This may lead to a lack of animal protein, which negatively affects their health. Thus, alternative sources of animal protein are neededto mitigatethis. Landscape changes due to industry and off-shoreoil exploitation can be expected to negatively affect tourism. There is a considerable health risk in the spreadingof HIVIAids, both for the individualprojectsas cumulative. Another potentialnegative impact on health is associated with the general deteriorationof the forest resulting from the on-going developments. Pressure on the land by land use claims of industry, agro-industry,and transportation not only leadsto increasing land prices, but also to increasing land scarcity.This could increase tension between ethnic groupswhile in case of resettlement people may loosetheir traditionalaccessto farm land. Social tensions might also increase when profitsfrom the industrialdevelopments do not benefit the local population, or in case of perceived or real injustice in the recruitment of project workers. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOiRott Report 25 February2008 o n n I O Y L L W.SI011rn0 Ethnic minorities and other vulnerable groups experiencefewer benefitsfrom the projects. They are also at risk of loosing their traditional access to farm land, especially in case of resettlements. Local population might increasinglylean upon what they receivefrom or via the projects, making them more dependent and taking away their self-supporting capacity. Development potential of the Kribiregion From a socio-economicalperspective,the main question is how much the local population benefitsfrom the planned projects in the wider Kribi area. The local population is in need of employment, increased agricultural production with products sold at fair prices, improved roads, and improved educationaland healthfacilities. So far, only the improvement of the road system seemsto be guaranteed, as this is an essential prerequisite for the success of the projects. Developingand implementingprojects should be carried out in participatoryconsultation with the local population and should be based on commonly shared analysis of problems, potentials and actions required.The best projects contribute to sustainable developmentof the region and focus on strengtheningthe potential of the populationto increasetheir income in a self-reliant and sustainableway. Inthis report, several of these actions have been identified: Communitydevelopment, includingtraining in community actions and conflict managementtechniques, which may improvethe relation between the project and the local populationthus becomingprofitable for both parties. Agriculturaldevelopment, includinginvestmentthrough micro loans, as a way to increase productivity in order to feed the new projects, and at the same time to increase local income. Fisheries developmentthrough better techniques, more investments, creating artificial reeves and fish sanctuaries, reinforcingthe legal separation between industrial and artisanalfishing, developingthe popular fishpond aquaculture, and managing the exploitationof the potentially rich fish resources of the Memve'ele retention lake at an early stage. Investment in education,especially technical schools and vocational training, will help the population to be more competitivewhen applying for jobs, and to better perform in their daily activities. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONSTOWARDS AN OPTIMAL REGIONAL INVESTMENT PLAN As outlined in the RegionalAssessment sourcebook update nb 15 of June 1996of the World Bank, this section shouldfocus on the optimization and integration of environmental managementstrategy into existingplans. "Recommendationstowardsan optimalregional Investmentplan [..I "the mandatefor the REA will only allow it to give recommendationsfor improvingan edsting plan. At any rate, REA providesunique opportunities to internalizeenvironmental factors into regionaldevelopment planningto minimizefuture environmental costs and ensure long-termeconomic and environmental sustainability. Source: Assessment sourcebook update nb 15 of June 1996 of the World Bank, p.10 The officialdevelopment and land use plan of the region as well as other relevant ongoing projectdocument were unfortunately not available for this REA study. These documents were identifiedfrom brief interviews only, but were not accessible for viewing or analysis. This was the case of the two plans / strategies which are currently under preparation: The zoning plan of the MEAO lntegratedcoastal zone managementproject (GLCME, LINDP, ongoing) The inaccessibility of these documents makes it difficultto make robust recommendations.Therefore, based on the information available, at present, we can only recommendthat investments are directedto: Sustainable land use managementplanning,. lntegratedenvironmental, social and health management, Recommendationsand alternatives to projects, and Further process to investment planning Some guidance and priciples on Sustainable developmentand Sustainable land use relevant for a regional planning are also presented in this section. 6.1 Sustainable land use planning Sustainable land use planningfor the Kribi region should include a zoning plan, a strategy, and institutionalenhancementfor the implementationof such strategy. Few plans have been made. These plans should be taken as basis and optimizedfurther. 6.1.1 The draft zoning plan of the MEAO This plan was made with the collaboration of a lot of stakeholders in the region. Inthis, it is a good step forwardtowards the clarification of landtenure and land occupation issues in the region. However,some recommendationscan be made (once more it is emphasized that the compelte plan could not be seen): Extension of the Kribicity: Alternative and rationalfor suh alternativeto the plannedextension of the Kribi city is presentedin Recommendationsand alternatives (Alternative 6). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 *-n n o ROIL1I * S S ~ I n l O Grey areas There were a lot of areas for which no specific land use was allocated. Those areas were named "all purpose", which is named here 'grey areas". The purposeof a zoning plan is to o To directthe development of a region towards desired socio-economic functions of this region, reflecting an ambition. For instance: 'Kribi region should be a center of miningtransit in Cameroon' or 'Kribi region should be the beach of Cameroon (tourism ambition)", etc. o To combine landfunctions in such a way that infrastructure, environmental, social and health managementis easier and that land use conflicts are avoided.. By leaving grey areas, where everything is possible, the developments which will occur on these areas can lead to: o conflict with the vision of the desired socio-economicfunction of the region o land use conflicts o environmental, health os social nuisances due to un-compatibleused o more difficult infrastructure and HSE managementdue to an 'anarchic'development. Therefore, it is important that all projects occurring in these grey areas should go through the MEAOor MINPLATDATin order them to assess if the project is in line with the main directionof the zoning plan for the region. This step should be formalizedby a necessary approval of this authority in order to obtain a permit to operate. Zoning plan, not land use managementplan From what could be understood, the darft MEAO plan is a zoning plan. This should be further worked out and detailed in order to develop a land use management plan and a strategy for the implementation of such plan. The two land use plans described hereafter shouldbe taken as basis to do so. The importance of having a land use planningbeforethe development of projects in the Kribi region Mostly, local development tends to occur around a project, with no planning, leading to short-termbenefits and sometimes long-termdamage to the ESH aspects. Developers should fit in an existingplan of the region in order to ensure that these developments fit in the vision of the region and guarantee an optimum long-term benefitfor the region. It is crucialthat the Kribi region have a land use plando guarantee a sustainable development of the region and avoid anarchic developments. Inthis, the land use plan of the Kribi region shouldbe ready beforethat the projects are developed in the region. The developers should also go throughthe planning authorities (MINPLATDATJMEAO)in order to ensure that project do fit the land use plan of the region. Urbanisationplan for Kribitown Considering that the population in the Kribi region will substencially increaseand that it is expected that the populationwill concentrate in urban areas, it is necessary to establish a urbanisationplanfor Kribitown in order to control the population growth, provide the best quality of life to the inhabitatns and mimimisethe impacts of such growth. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 6.1.2 Strategy for sustainable land planning in the coastalzone Kribi-Campo(Tchawa,2004) This strategy is of good quality. It providesa comprehensiveoverview of problems, solutions and opportunities,and covers the most importantenvironmental and social issuesof the region. It is recommendedthat authoritiestake this strategy, together with its relatedzoning plan, as basis and adapt it further through: Includingmore industrial,economical and subsistence activities (the strategy was focused on sustainable tourism) Greater considerationsof environmental, social and health aspects through the drafting of detailed plans addressing thoses aspects. 6.1.3 Integratedcoastal zone management project (GLCME,UIVDP,ongoing) This strategy seems to provide a good basisfor the region. The exact content of this strategywas not accessible and thus not knownwhen this REA reportwas drafted, however, it seems that UNDP made use of the resultsfrom the previouslydiscussed study. Therefore, one can expect the basic conceptsto be similar. Rrecommendations for this project are as follows: Integratethis project into the administrativesystem of Cameroon and Kribi. It is not know what is 1will be the official status of such study and how much will it be implementedby authoritiessince it is not made by or on order of MINPLATDAT. In parallel, the official planfor the region is the one of the MEAO,which had a direct mandatefrom MINPLATDAT. In order to optimize its use for the country, such study should link to the existing plans and administrationof the Kribi region. Raise the project's profile (strategyand recommendations) with stakeholdersand in particularwith projectdevelopers and financial institutions (WB, IFC, etc.) in order for them to includethe principlesof the strategy in their requirementsto lenders. 6.1.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) An SEA serves for planning purposes. It is it a great tool to integrateall existing government orientations,directions and policies as well as requirementsof existing and applicable national and internationalregulationsin a concrete land use planningand/or environmentalstrategy. The REA is a sort of SEA for a region. This type of strategic study is the first of its kind in Cameroon. Such strategic study, i.e. REA / SEA / cumulativeimpacts assessment studies could be carried out in other region or zones where several developmentsare planned in order to identify the real impact (i.e.cumulative)on this zone and determinethe planningfor the region and mitigationor compensation measures. 6.1.5 Follow up of the REA The REA was very praised by stakeholders during the presentationof the Draft REA report to stakeholdersin the form of a workshop. The benefits of the SEA (as mentioned in the previous paragraph)could be recognizedby the stakeholderswhich created exeptation and motivationfor follow up and implementationof the REA. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Follow up actions on this REA study should be made. An implementationstrategy should be established by (or supported by) the concerned authorities. Local stakeholdersshould be fully involved in the process of establishingand implementatig such strategy. 6.2 Integratedenvironmental, social and health management This section provides important aspects of attentionwhich should be integrated into the Sustainable land use management plan of the Kribi region. It is highly recommendedto preparean integratedand optimized regional investment plan based on environmentalsocial and health management of the Kribi region. As discussed previously,cumulative and induced negative impacts of the several planned projects go far beyond project locationboundariesand affect (consideredall together) the Kribi region as a whole. In this, it is importantto consider all activities in the region and to also consider and implement common integratedsolutions ratherthan project- based solutions only. The benefits of integrated regionalenvironmental management are many: Better environmental results: by an integratedvision, interactionswith other activities are considered, whereas in project-basedapproach, those aspects would not be considered. In this, measuresdeduced are better suited for the context, and therefore more efficient. E.g. an industrycould have good environmental practices resulting in low water discharge. However, if another industry upstreamdischarges a significant amount of pollutant,the river is still polluted. Better economical result: environmentalmitigation measuresof one industrycould actually become a negativeimpact to another economicalactivity. Moreover, integrated environmental management tends to focus on long term achievement. By ensuring natural environmentalresources in the long term, which are also economical resources,the region ensure its long-term economicalactivities. Better efficiency (leadingto cost saving): double measures can be avoided. As a result, conflicts can also be avoided and time can be speared. Cost saving: in common measures can be cheaperthan several single measures. The cumulative and induced impacts should receive particular attention to realize an integrated approach, for the following reasons: Their magnitude(please referto cumulativeimpact section) They do not have only one single source, but their significanceis due to the accumulationof impactsfrom several activities and projects. There is not one party responsible.Cooperationand partnership is needed between the responsibleparties (i.e. sources of pollution/nuisance),the authorities and other stakeholders involved in order to solve problems and set up prevention and mitigation schemes. Main cumulative and induced impactsto focus on in an integratedway are: Populationincrease/ urban extension Infrastructures,built environmentand land use (in relationwith land use planning) Waste management Roadtraffic Marine traffic REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 The main aspects of the integratedenvironmental,social and health managementof the Kribi regionare briefly describedbelow. 6.2.1 Preparation of appropriate environmental infrastructure (drinking water, waste water, solid waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities) The increase of populationand of economic activity will be accompaniedby a considerable increasein (i) demandof drinkingwater and (ii) the production of wastes (sewage and solid wastes). Appropriate environmental infrastructures are requiredto deal with these demands in relationto available capacity and mitigate or avoidthe impacts from waste production. Drinking water system: Developmentof centralor localdrinkingwater system should be set up and made available to the various projects' activities workers and to the (new) residents. Waste management in the region should consist of the following requirements: o Inventoryof types and quantities of waste produced o Planfor safe and adequate transport and treatment of these wastes o Construction, upgrading or expansion of waste collectionand treatmentldisposal facilities o Identification of an institutionto be responsiblefor waste managementin the region o Establish and promote HSE awareness in order to ensure safe practices o Build local capacity where necessary 6.2.2 Natural conservation The Kribi regionshould develop a strategy and plan for sustainable integrated managementof natural areas for the region as a whole Componentscould be e.g.: ldentificationand mappingof protectedareas, integratedmanagementareas, forest management units,community forests, hunting reserves etc. Clear definitionof purpose and the allowed functionsfor each area Consideration of aspects such as reducingfragmentation of habitats, improving corridor functions for wildlife between important areas, defining sustainable levels of traditionalor other natural-resourcebased activities, identifyingmost suitable areas for natural resource harvesting and ecotourism Developing/ implementinge.g. Codes of Conductfor Forestry and Tourism, Reduced Impact Logging methods, sustainable Community Forest management methods Developing and implementingzero tolerance policy for poaching of protected species and illegallogging, and setting quotafor hunting of non-protectedspecies based on maintaining sustainablewildlife levels Linking nature conservation and poverty in policy making and implementation,for example with assistance of and through best practicesof the Nature and Poverty program by WWF, IUCNand Friendsof the Earth in cooperationwith local NGOs. For the Kribi region, the program currently runs in Campo Ma'an and in Doula- Edeawildlife reserve'36. Developing and implementinga stakeholder consultation and participation strategy, includingand drawingfrom the extensive natural resource-knowledgeof indigenous peoples REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 169 - 25 February 2008 The Alternative 7 presents additional informationand recommendations. 6.2.3 Transport infrastructure management Refer to Recommendationsand alternativesfor projects (Alternative 1and 2) on sustainable transport andtransport corridors; Freight and passager railway network infrastructure; Intergationand overall reductionof the number of transport corridors; Long-term managementplan (includingmaintenance) of roads which include the funding (see study above) for maintenance; and Road traffic control (speedcontroland state of vehicles) 6.2.4 Environmentalcontrolof marine traffic and practices at sea Enforcementof MARPOL,fisheries agreements and other sea regulationsto combat marine pollution is urgently neededoff the coast of Cameroon.This subjectwould require internationalcooperaiion.Cooperationwith Internationalorganizationswhich work on such problemsshould be sought for common efforts. 6.2.5 Ensuringshort-term and long-termbenefits for the local populations Developmentof regionwide eco-tourism managementplan So far, eco-tourism promotion has mainly been focused on Campo-Ma'an NP and vicinity. Eco-tourismof the whole Kribi areashould be further investigated. Promotionof sustainableproducts; Access to electricity for settlements;and Efficiencyof fuel consumption,e.g. biomass as a fuel in settlementsand industrial processes. 6.3 Recommendations and alternativesfor projects Recommendations and alternatives for the projects plannedare proposedin Chaoter8. The proposedalternatives are basedon changing a project-basedmanagement to a regional and integrated management of environmental,socio-economicand health aspects.These alternativeswill require regionalcooperation and investment. Please refer to Chapter 8 for the description of the recommendationsand alternativesand the previous sectionfor a description of the concept of regional and integrated environmental,social and health management. 6.4 Further processto investment planning When moredetails regardingthe plan and strategy are known, a moredetailed study should be carried out in order to determine: Further master planning; Detailed planning; Feasibility studies; Detailed environmental,social and health assessments for the main investments/ projects; and Financingand funding studies REA Kribi 9S9906/RO0005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 6.5 Sustainabledevelopment guidanceand principles 6.5.1 Sustainability and environmental principle applicable General principle Prevention Prevention is advised as opposed to 'no action' or reactive action (fine when the damage is already done). Preventionpays always back, mainly in environmental quality, but also often significantly in the economics of the measuresto combat pollution. Precaution When the risks of an activity or a substance are not proven, one can (1)believethat there is no risk in the absence of proof and address potential problemwhen it would arise, (2) in doubt, act as there would be a risk and make necessary arrangement accordingly. The secondattitude is called precaution. A good example of the application of the precautionary principleis 'climate change' and genetically modifiedorganism (GMO). For long, climate change was controversial and lots of countries and industries had an ostrich attitude. Now the whole world pays the price of it in seeing the climate changing every year and the industries and government have to invest a large amount of money in order to tend to mitigatedamages. In non-OECD countries, such as Cameroon,governments should be very careful in lettingWestern industry test what they do not do in the West/ North, like the cultivationof plant speciesfor biofuels. Some of those plant species are not grown in the hostcountry. Induced and long-term effects on the host country of the land used and practices of cultivationare most of the time not well investigated.Those impacts can leadto increase of poverty, negative impactson the economy and 100sof biodiversity for the host country. Shared responsibilityprinciple Polluter pays principle Industries or other activities which are found to pollute or not complying to environmental legislationshould pay the pricefor it. That can be in form of a fine, e.g. when non compliance is found through an inspectionor monitoring.This principle hastwo benefits: o It discourage operators to pollute (the fine price much be such that it is realistic to for the industry to pay, but discourage it to do it again) o To build up fund for environmental inspection and monitoring o Publish the names of polluters(this practice is implementedin Indonesiaand has given good results). Sustainable development principles Endorse sustainability principlesat authority and business level (see Table 6-1 below). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 171 - 25 February2008 Specific integratedenvironmentalmanagement principle Fighting pollution at source The sources of pollutions are well known in the region. In this, all efforts should be made to avoid or mitigate pollution by good practices at site. Catchment based approach for water quality managementsystem Good draining data of the region in order to prevent/ track back identified pollution Ecosystemapproach (biodiversity) Environmentalmanagementof the living environment should be based on the ecosystem. An eccosystemthereby means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organismcommunities and their non-livingenvironment interactingas a functional unit. The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated managementof land, water and living resourcesthat promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It takes into account all the (complex) relationshipsbetween organisms (of all sizes) and physical processes (such as climate). And it recognizesthat humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of ecosystem^'^'. Waste management hierarchy (1) avoidance, (2) reduction, (3) re-use, (4) recycling, (5) recovery, and (6) residue disposal. Sustainabilityprinciplesspecific to planning Fiaure 6-1. Smart growth principles o The open space network:(i) provides room for human recreation,wide life habitats,water and energy management,(ii) this concept is too often treated separately or ignored in human planning Avoid sprawling and apply the 10 Smart Growth principles (city level), see Figure 6-1 '"ConventiononBiologicalDiversity - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Table 6-1: Basic principles of Sustalnability for businesses Basic Sustainabllity principles PPPaspects Respect Internationally proclaimed human rights; (GC1, EUISD) People Respect labour rights (ILO); Eliminate all forms of forced labour (GC4, ILO) Social t Eliminatechild labour (GC5, ILO); Societal dh Respect consumer rights; Contributeto an optimum health and welfare of personneland society Do not complicitin human rights abuse (GC2) , Businesses should uphold the freedomof association and the effectiverecognition of the right to collective bargaining(GC3) Eliminationof discrimination for employment and occupation (for sex, race, handicap) (GC6) Respectculture and Indigenouspopulation Solidarity within and betweengenerations (EUISD) I Open and democratic society (EUISD) Apply the principlesof Planet Precaution(GC7) Prevention Natural & Combating pollutionat source (EU) Physical Polluterpayer (EU, OSPAR) Environment Promote the development, use and diffusion of cleanor environmentallyfriendly @ technology (GC9) Best available techniques and best environmental practice (OSPAR) Integratedecosystem approach (OSPAR) Waste managementhierarchy (EU, OSPAR) Undertake initiativesto promote greater environmentalresponsibility (GC8) Use of hazardous chemicals in a proper manner Protect Biodiversity Respectthe Kyoto Protocol and fight against Climate change Ensurequality of se~iceslproductslresearches Profit Fight against all forms of corruption, including bribery (GC10, OECD) Ensurebusiness continuity Business Ensure responsible governance (EUISD) continuity Be financially transparent and apply the ElTl principles and profit Involvementof citizens (EUISD) & Involvement of businessand socialpartners(EUISD) Policy integration (EUISD) Reference instltutionsand legend lnstltution of reference Reference document Ref. in table 1 UN Global Compact principles GCl to 10 OCDE Anti-corruptionguidelines OCDE ILO ILO Conventions ILO EU Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy principle EUlSD OSPAR Convention OSPAR Convention, general principles OSPAR MVO (Platform)Nederland MVO Referentiekader MVO Sustalnabllltyor PPPaspects 1IHI Societal (People) + Social (People) '9Environmental(Planet) & Businesscontinuity(Profit) 1 Terms of the fiaure above: MVO Platform Nederlandis a Dutch institutionproviding guidance on CorporateSocial Responsibility(CSR). It has published the CSR referenceframework (NL: MVO Referntiekader). OSPAR means OsloParis Convention.for the Protectionof the Marine Environemntof the Norht EastAtlantic. OSPAR is often taken as exampleby the Abidjan Convention, the equivalent of the OSPAR Conventionfor African waters. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 6.5.2 Instruments Some instruments available are mentioned in this section. Local Agenda 21 (for cities) Local authorities to engage in Local Agenda 21 processes Millennium development goals for the provinces of Cameroon Globalcompact (UN Sustainability principlesfor business) Kribi1Cameroon could ask businessto commit to Global Compact and check against those commitments Multi-levelstakeholder approachto sustainable deve~opment'~~ This approach has been chosen by the managementteam as being the most appropriate approach of land use managementfor the Kribi region. This concept is definedas a "multi-levelstakeholder approach to sustainable land management" has been developed for finding feasible, acceptable, viable and ecologically sound solutions at local scales Figure6-2. Intervention levels and activities in a multi-level stakeholder approach to sustainable land management (source: [4])139 13'Concepts of sustainable land management, Hans Hurnil, ITC Journal 1997-314 Hurni, H. 1998 (in press). A multi-levelstakeholder approach to sustainable land management. Proc of 9th ISCO conf, intro keynote, Bonn. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 174- 25 February2008 CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONSTOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY This chapter presents recommendationsin order to establish an environmentalstrategy inthe Kribi region. The main recommendationsare presented in the core text section below. Other recommendationsare presentedin Table 7-1. The recommendationsaim to providethree dimensions to the environmentalstrategy of the Kribi region: Integratedenvironmental, social and health (ESH) management This concept has beenextensively explained in the previous section Switching from passiveand reactiveto ~roactiveattitude in ESHl manaaement lncreasina the carryinqca~acitvof the Kribi reaion The following elements are part of the environmental management strategy and are describedin this section: Mitigationmeasures Monitoring Inspectionand enforcement Environmental awareness Capacity enhancement and institutionalstrengthening 7.1 Mitigation measures Some project-specificmitigation measures have been selected as being particulary relevantto this REA study as they can be appliedto any projectsplanned. These measures are presented in this section. 7.1.1 Main relevant mitigation measuresfor a sustainabledevelopment of the Kribi region Natureconservationstrengthening as compensation for forest degradationand deforestation(example of the Gas-to-power project) Most of the projects will involvedeforestation and loss of biodiversity. Secondaryforest should be preferredand primaryforest should be as much as possible avoided. In any case,this requires compensationthrough paymentsto the protectedareas in the vicinity: Douala-Edeawildlife reserveor the Campo-Ma'an NationalPark,which is in line with the World Bank Operational Safeguard policies OP4.01 on EnvironmentalAssessment and OP4.04 on Natural Habitats,which require environmental offsets or payment to the establishment and/or maintenanceof an ecologically similar protected area. Inthe case of the gas-to-power project, SNH and AES Sonel site set up involveloss of mostly secondary forests, which is in places still good secondary forest and some primary forest plots on the SNHIPerencosite. As Douala-Edeawildlife reserve is the closestto the both sites and it is thought its conservation managementdoes notfunction in an optimum way and that the area is under heavy human pressure. In this, it would be advised that compensationswould be directed to Douala Edeawildlife reservefirst. Inthis case, it is not known how the Douala-Edeawildlife reserve is currently managed, neither which institutionis responsibleof it. The proper managementandfinancing system would first needto be established. Cooperationwith the NlFOF delagates will be first required to establish what are the existing managementresoures of this area, the REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 problemsexperienced,the needs and howcompensationscheme can be best be set UP. Inthe case of the deep sea port, conpensationcould be directed to the strengtheningof the Campo-Ma'anNP, and especially, the areas which may be affected by the projects, i.e. due to the corridor of the railway Mbalam-port. not her area of compensationshould be the coastal area.Norht (if applicable)and South of the port, with a particular attention to turtle conservation andpromotionof eco-tourism. Drinkingwater, sanitary and waste treatment infrastructuresas compensationfor construction period nuiseance Each project has drinkingwater, sanitary infrastructureand waste treatment requirements,especially during its constructionperiod. Often, temporary or mobile infrastructures are built and used temporallyand abandoned after the constructiontime. One compensationmeasures for nuisancesand disturbancecausedduringthe construction period of a project should be that drinkingwater and sanitary infrastructures are built for permanent use if constructiontakes place near a local settlementwhich lacks appropriateservice infrastructure.After the constructionperiod, the ownershipof these infrastructurescan then be handedover to the the local population.These facilities should preferably also be built by the local population, as this will provide them with some employmentand on the job training, plus with knowledgefor its operation and maintenance. Health andeducationalfacilities Similarlyto sanitary facilities, promotersshould ensure that the increase of population inducedby their activities is followed by an appropriateincrease of the number of health facilities in the region. When required, promoterscould also help improvingthe quality of health treatment in the existing and/or future health facilities. Promoterscould also help inthe establishmentand improvementof schools in the region. For both ediucational and healthfacilities, promotersshould first consultthe responsibleauthority for these aspects and support government planning. Businessand project developers' participation in employment and educationin the Kribi region Participatorydevelopmentprojects which includethe local populations in the beneficiariesof the various projects Transparantemployee recruitmentprocesseswhich favor the local population Actions among local communitiesand project workers to prevent the spread of HIVIAIDS,malaria and other commutable diseases:acces to cheap health care, condoms, bed-nets,and design of projectsfacilities that minimizespread of diseases Improveeducation, in schools and in the workplace, so that in the future more qualifiedworkers can be hired. Land compensation Ensure of land access to all peoplewhose land has been negativelyimpactedby the projects REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 176 - 25 February 2008 Pygmees Promoters should not try to make a specific plan for the protectionof pygmies (when required, for instance for a road project crossingpygmies camps). Instead, promoters should first consult and when applicable refer to the PPPA (plan pour la preservation des populations autochthones)which apply to most of the Kribi region and deals with pygmies preservation.The FEDECis coordinating the compensation scheme relatedto this PPPA and could be usedto coordinate additional compensation scheme. 7.1.2 Other relevant mitigation measures ,me project-specific mitigation measures may be: Improve marketconditions in order to have cheap meat on the market and fish available that can compete economicallywith bush meat Develop catte farming and training for the population in order to learn cattle farming. Road safety: use speed bumps at the entry and exit of villages, use toll gates to check the cruise speed of vehicles. Use less land and minimize deforestation on plotsto be used for industrialor residentialfunctions (restrictionof plot attributed, efficient land use on attributed plot, integrationof various functions on plot, use of already clearedor marginalizedlands rather than clearing new lands, replanting of trees, re-vegetationof areas cleared during construction) Concentrate urban growth aroundKribi city and avoid extensive ribbon developments along roads to reduce environmentaldegradationand to ease proper managementof the urban areas. Compensationof deforestation, forest degradation or other major impacts on the naturalterrestrial or marine environment and caused by major projects. Compensation should be paid for by the project owners e.g. the companies in order to internalize the economic costs for Cameroonof environmentaldegradation ('polluterpays' principle). Exampleof such (financial) compensation is presented belowfor the Gas-to-powerproject (SNH and AES Sonel). Group projectsto minimizethe number of sites and number of corridors,thereby reducing the impact on the biotic environment, suchas iron-oreport anddeep sea harbor in 1 location, CPF and power plant on 1 site, roadsIrailwaysItransmission lines along the same corridor. Have an approved land use and zoning plan in place before commencementof constructionof main roads, railways andtransmission lines to avoid (speculativeand chaotic) un-coordinatedand/or unwanteddevelopments with possibly major environmental impactsto take place along the foreseen routes. Promote environmentally sound (small-scale)tourism developments, which draw on the rich natural values of the region and 1) which stimulate high local involvement in order to provide financial benefitsfrom (eco)tourismto local communities ratherthan to large (tourism)companieslinvestors from the capital city or from abroad;and 2) which don't result in masstourism in order to avoid major stress on habitats and species. (Re-)Planttrees in new industrialestates and in urban areas Re-vegetationof areas clearedduring construction Choose the dry season for construction work to avoid subsidence Usefuels and lubricants of good quality and good environmental performance REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rotl Report - 177 - 25 February 2008 7.1.3 Other guidance on possible mitigation measures Other mitigation measures can be found in Table 7-1 The existing ESHlAsalready madefor projects inthe region. Guidelinesof the World Bank: o Operational PolicyIBank Procedures OPIBP 4.01 Environmental - Assessment o EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook and Updates Specific measures per project should be determined by a specific ESHIA 7.2 Environmentalmonitoring The Kribi region already has frequent and accidental pollutionincidents and has records of some environmentalcatastrophes,especially regardingwater pollution. These incidents are accompaniedby drastic effects on the natural and social environmentand on the economy (e.g. decrease of fish stock, mangrove disruption and human intoxication). Therefore, it is crucially importantthat monitoringof the abiotic environment is established in the Kribi region in order to timely identify pollution and be able to prevent drastic damage. A strategy and instrumentsare requiredto switch from a reactiveor passive attitude to a pro-activeattitude in environmentalmanagement;monitoring of the abiotic environment (air, water, noise, coastal erosion /sedimentation) is a key instrumentto achieve this. Consideringthe situationand historyof the Kribi region, the priority is on (surface and sea) water monitoring. Indicatorscan be used in such a monitoringsystem inorder to establishthe baseline, check on complianceand assess the efficiency of some ESH measurestaken. ESH indicators can be: Abiotic environment (alsofor health) tin order of priority): Water physico-chemicalquality (surface ,ground and marinewater) Width of the coast (at several set points alongthe coast) Air physico-chemicalquality Noise level Biotic environment Forestcover per type of forest o Moist evergreenforest; o Mangroveforest; o Swampforest / wetlands. The number of terrestrial rare or endemic mammals (Specific species to be chosen as indicator must be determined): o Great Apes (gorillas, chimpanzees); o Other Large Mammals (e.g. forest elephants); o Monkeys and other small mammals. o (Migratory) Birds REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 The number of marine and coastal fauna (Specific species to be chosen as indicator must be determined): o Cetaceans (whales & dolphins); o Marine turtles; o Manatees; o Fish (sea and estuaries); o Fish (inland rivers, lakes). Climate chanae C02 emissions Forest cover Socio-economic % of population employed (ans details of qualification of employees) Growth %of the economic development of the region; Number and specifications of communityservices and infrastructure; Number (or length or roadlrailway)and specifications of transport infrstucture average incomeopf the population; Surface of land and resources available to aboriginal communities; Number of land and social conflicts (registered). Presenceand state of cultural heritage (burial sites, etc.); Presenceand state of archaeological heritage. Health Nutritionalstatus (height andweight of children), Vaccine coverage, Demographicestimate of natality and mortality, Causes of consultation in dispensaries and hospitals ,etc. Number of HIV affectedpeople; Number of malaria affected people Number of aggression recorded. Inspectionand enforcement Regional monitoring should be accompanied by an inspectionand enforcementsystem in order to ensure environmental compliance. In the absence of national regulation and norms, internationalstandardsshould be enforced. Particular attention for inspection and enforcementshould be on: agriculturaland forestry practices (mainly plantations, but also subsistence agriculture) constructionsites of new projects industrialsites: o ESHlA and EMP incluto be includedin the permit for industries, o environmental permitting system for industries, with appropriate inspectionand enforcement of permit regulation (installations classes) marinetraffic and practicesat sea (tankers, marine transport) coastal sand extraction in order to prevent coastaldegradation respect of protectedareas and nature preservation illegal poaching and logging -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 179- 25 February 2008 7.4 Environmentalawareness Improvingenvironmental awareness is required at the following levels: Authorities (not only MINEP should be concerned, but other ministry delegates should be aware of the consequencesof bad environmentalmanagement and should co-operate with MINEP Delegates) Industries (in order to ensure environmentally-friendlypractices) Population: o subsistence practices are often unsustainable.Awareness should be raised amoung the population in order them to make the relation between their actions and the environmentalconsequences (eg. Deceraseof fish stock due mainly to over fishing and fishing practices not respectingthe reproductioncyle of fishes) o Awreness should be raisedto teach the populationthe importance of motififying the authorities (MINEPdelegates) when pollution is observed. This would allow MINEPto act accordingly. 7.5 Capacity enhancement and Institutionalstrengthening Mostof the capacity enhancementand institutional measures are presented in this section. Further recommendationsar presentedin Table 7-1. 7.5.1 Consideration of the local context For successful implementationof institutionalmeasures in Cameroon, it is important to consider, respect and integrate the two existing systems which both equally rule the society of Cameroon. The administrative system of Cameroon For the Kribi region, solutions can be implementedat departmental level and lower administrative level (arrondissement,district, canton, municipality and village). The informal system of Cameroon The informal system is as important as the formal system in Cameroon. Traditions and customs need to be respectedand consideredwhen trying to establish a new system in the Kribi region. This demands extensivestakeholder engagement, considering that there are numerousethnic groups in the Kribi region, having each their culture and traditions. 7.5.2 General The institutional setting with respect to environment and social issues in the Kribi region is partly known in broad lines. However, there is no information available on details as number of environmentalstaff available,capabilities of those staff, interaction intensity with external parties, etc. Therefore, the recommendationsin the field of institutional setting of environmental responsibilitiesand capabilities are formulated in general and requirefurther formulation. In addition, further developmentof the Kribi region requires solid planning mechanisms to enable a solid optimization processalso for environmental matters. In fact, most environmental benefitcan be gained during the overall planning discussions in the - - - - - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005lACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 sense of alternative evaluation, scenario development and simultaneously discussions on the various interests. 7.5.3 Main recommendations Internationallyfunded project For the large future developments planned, an internationally funded project is recommended to strengthen environmental management in the Kribi region. This project should aim at developing a balanced and sustainable institutional framework to protect the environment in an integrated way. The main components may be: detailed institutional assessment developing objectives and plans for key organizations institutional change or set up training and capacity building quality system and key performance parameters financing in GdC Balanced development means that attention will be given to government, industry as well as NGO'sIpublic. Environmental awareness and participation are key words in this sense. Synergy of the Misnitry delaguatesat locallevel The Ministry deleguate should improve cooperation between the ministries at local level in order to join, coordinate and splits tasks and resources, especially to carry out the inspections and ensure environmental enforcement. It is recommended to consider establishing a departemental authority for Kribi region in which all main environmental responsibilities are combined. This environmental authority may be equivalent to the French DRlRE and the Dutch DCMR. The latter is specifically set up for the strongly industrialized area of the Port of Rotterdam. Focuson key institutions At first, capacity enhancement should focus on key institutions at local level. These key institutions would then take a role of advisor in ESH aspects to the other delagues. When needed, and probably at a latter stage, the key institutions could train other institutions on ESS aspects. The key institutions which have been identified are listed below. MlNEP at Department level This main environmental organization at department level should be strengthened in order to become capable to protect the environment inthis highly developing region. Strengthening of the following aspects are crucial to achieve this: o policy development and planning o establishment of basic framework of norms / legislation? o review of environmental impact assessment o permitting o environmental monitoring o inspection and enforcement o promotion of environmental education o participation in emergencylcontingency planning REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 o increasedcooperation between and advisory role to other ministries .MINFOF at Department level Most of the recommendationsfor MINEPare also applicableto MINFOF in terms of forestry and fauna management. MINPLAPDATI MEAO at Department level This main planningorganizationcan have a crucial positionin the spatial planning in Kribi region. Spatial planning and evaluation of planning alternativesand scenario's require expertisefrom many angles. Environmentalexpertise is requiredwithin MINPLATDAT as well as sufficient involvementwith eg. MINEP. Therefore, the MEAO should also be strengthenedto becomecapablefor these tasks. Financingenvironmental planningand enforcement: Develop and implementa system of regional (environmental)taxes for developments1projects inthe region and which is paid directly to the regional bodies. Develop public-privatepartnerships: Partnershipswith the private sector and developersshould be (further) established and made operational.This will be useful in general, but also considering the limited governmentallprivatecapacity and also considering remote areas. For this purpose Memorandaof UnderstandingI Co-operation(MOU, MoC)with stakeholdersshould be prepared, reviewed or updated. 7.5.4 Specific recommendations Localgovernmental bodies Various local organizations may have environmentalresponsibilitiesto enhance environmentalmanagement in the Kribi region. Institutionalcapacity should be available for: Drinkingwater production Collection,treatment and disposal of solid waste Collection,treatment and disposal of waste water Monitoringenvironmentalquality Inspectionof environmentalperformance . Local industries Local industries, especiallythose of a certain threashold size, high pollution profileor high safety profile, requireand in-houseenvironmentalcapacity. These capacities should be in the form of environmentalor HSE units or departments. For larger industries such as in power generation, oil and gas, mining and the chemical sectors responsibilities lie in the filed of: Implementationof HSE policy environmental monitoring possibly developmentof an environmental management system good housekeepingand maintenanceof equipment and vehicles environmental reporting, possiblysustainability reporting positiveinteraction with the Government REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Local NGOs/ public NGO's and the public have a vital responsibilityin the developmentof a region, certainly if there is a high rate of that developmentturnover. These organizationsand the public have specific local knowledgethat can contributeto a development in a more sustainableway. MlNEP and the proposedinternationalproject should promoteenvironmentalawareness in the Kribi region. The public should be motivatedand urgedto contributeto the project development,e.g. via public consultation.The end resultwill be a development that is carried through by the local populationand in which they will participate. Training and further awareness raisingfor and with local NGO's is recommended. Possibilitiesare eg.: Disseminationof environmentalreports; Developmentof a strategic plan for systematicallyenhancingand linking the education and awareness efforts of NGOs, the privatesector and other organizationsin the region. Disseminationof informationon the impacts of existingdevelopment operations on the environment and natural resources on a regularbasis; Educationand awareness strategies relatingto environmentalmanagement and biodiversitywill be updatedand be in place; Student awarenessand youth environmental participationinitiativesto be developed. Forestsand protected areas management The protected areas in the Kribi region requireadditional management and maintenance measures, capacity and funding in order to sustain and strengthen their qualities and protectthem against the substantialexternal influences. See our earlier recommendations in Chapter Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 for the sustainableand integrated managementof natural areas, including: the completion of biodiversitystudies (for which a cost-effectivemethoddeveloped in Campo Ma'an is proposed) the assignment and mapping/ zoning of protectedand integrated management areas includingimprovingcorridorfunctions betweenareas developing and implementingzero tolerance policiesfor poachingand illegal logging; improvingstakeholder consultationand participationprocesses respectingtraditional lifestylesof indigenouspeoplesas well as with setting quota for huntingof non-protectedspecies exploring sustainable natural resources uses, such as through sustainableforestry and eco-tourism,and linking natureconservationwith poverty, such as through the Nature and Poverty program which currently runs in Campo Ma'an and in Douala- Edea wildlife reserve. Developa specific approach to ensurethe integrationof marginalizedgroups in all initiativesaimingto boost local development and sustainable management of natural resources Promotionof sustainableproducts: requestfor 'sustainable'wood is increasing, and logging companiesare trying to obtain the FSC or similar certificationfor their products. The government of Camerooncould stimulatethis developmentby providing benefitsto companies who operate as such Promotesustainable and transparent commerciallogging in Cameroon, e.g. the FLEGT process. Detailedrecommendations are availableto improvethe commercial -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 183- 25 February 2008 logging sector in Cameroon, e.g. Global Witness (www.illegal-logging.info),Fomete et al. 2007. 7.6 Additional studies recommended In order ensure the success of the proposed mitigation, monitoringand institutional measures, it is recommendedto previouslycarry out the following main studies: Surface water and ground water study: Establishgood baseline data on groundwater depth and quality in the region in view of determining if suitable for human consumption Additional biodiversitystudy: Expandbiodiversitybaseline (terrestrialspecies plus coastal or fresh water species, such as manatees and crocodiles) beyond Campo Maan National Park to include other important biodiversity hotspot areas in the Kiribi region, including an improvedqualitative and quantitativebaseline of Douala- Edea wodlife reserve. For a relativelyquick and cost-effective inventory method is referred to the recent (October2007 Phd-study "Themissing link :bridging the gap between b scienceand conservation'" (Christiaanvan der Hoeven/ WUR), which was O conducted in Campo Ma'an and explores and explains a new methodof wildlife density estimation, which is less time and money consuming but yields comparable results with classical methods. Study the cumulative effects of the light emission of the planned developments at the coast on turtles behavior, such as from light emissions, beach tourism, egg raiding, fisheries by-catch,underwater noise, coastal erosion, destruction of beaches by sand harvesting A Kribi region-widefeasibility study on other eco-tourism opportunities, in addition to the researchconducted by WWF for Campo Ma'an National Park Studies should be made in order to identifywhich onloff-shore locations are most suitablefor sand extraction in order to preservethe coastal physical environment Integrated ESHlA for Gas-to-powerproject (Sanaga-CPF - power station) Specific good quality ESHlA for each project planned (if not already done) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 184 - 25 February2008 Table 7-1. Recommendationtable - ' ** - Measures, * ..- VESHCs Applicationto amme$ts " - ~ . n r ~ l Additional studies VESHCs Application to Comments Air quality baseline:measurementsto Air Q As part of further detailedcumulative establish air quality baseline in the Kribi assessment or as a specific baselinestudy. region Air quality of industrialprojects near Kribi (usually point sources from stacks) near urban settlements (=nearby sensitive receptors) In case of majortraffic flows: ambient air quality near roads (with settlements) Noise levelbaseline: measurementsto Noise, Marine Ambient noise in the surrounding for the Mamelles mine establish noise level baseline in the Kribi Ecology: Turtles Underwater noise for construction of the regton and cetaceans deep sea port and off-shorepipelinesI platforms, incl. dredging(impact on marine ecology) Noiseemissions from industrial sites near Kribi (impact on nearby sensitive receptors -> humans and terrestrialwildlife) Surfacewater and ground water study : Surface water Regionwide, especially in project sites and (newly) populatedareas, and especially: Establishgood baselinedata on Groundwater Downstreamof certain project sites, such groundwaterdepth and quality in the as Mamelles mines region in view of determining if suitable Near industrialsites for humanconsumption Near agricultural plantations Seawater quality baseline Sea water Q (End of) Chad-Cameroonpipeline Marine ecology Near industrialsites Water modeling(current and Coastal erosion I Deep sea Port (mainly) sedimentationmodeling) sedimentation Jetty at the NSHsite Study the cumulative effects of the light Marineecology: Any development on the coast, eg. Minimize turtle hindranceduring breeding emission of the planneddevelopmenton turtles Offshore platforms seasons (lights confuse them in finding their the coast on turtle behavior industrialsites nesting beaches) REA Kribi 9S9906lR00005lACOlRott Report 25 February2008 Measures - ** - - 'VESHCs ~ppIicatlonto ' -,~ Comments " - deep sea port hotels, etc. Additional biodiversity inventories and Vegetation, Douala-Edea wildlife reserve Except Campo Ma'an National Park there are High hotspots (which are not assessments Terrestrial and vev limited data available on the remaining part of protected areas) marine ecology population sizes of endemic, endangered and protected species in the region, neither on the number of animals poached. Kribi region wide feasibility study on other Vegetation, Kribi region wide and especially: Efforts so far are concentrated on the Campo- eco-tourism opportunities Terrestrial and Douala-Edea wildlife reserve Ma'an area. Other areas within the Kribi region Campo Ma'an UTO marine ecology, can still be explored. High biodiversity hotspots Habitats Coastal strip between Kribi and Campo Marine zone Alternative income generation for local population and government, however sustainability level w~llhave to be clearly assessed Financial study on the costs for Habitats Douala-Edea wildlife reserve To gain better insight in management costs and Campo Ma'an UTO management of protected areas, and ensure sufficient funding High biodiversity hotspots identification of funding sources (to be Coastal strip between Kribi and Campo the input of the integrated natural Proposed marine 'reserve' management plan for the Kribi region, see further down) Study to identify long-term management Proposed or to be upgraded roads (including maintenance) cost and identify contract forms, funding sources etc. Full and detailed ESHlA All All major projects, which still do not have one Supervision and check of those EIA should be meticulous Integrated ESHlA All Gas-to-power project (Sanaga - CPF - power station) Studies should be made in order to Coastal erosion Compensation of the deep sea port activities Avoidance of negative impacts from sand REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Measures VESHCs Application to comGnts% r2b 3 " *@-a- identifywhich onloff-shore locations are extraction, such as erosion and degradation of most suitablefor sand extraction ~norder beaches, intrusion of salt water, weakening of to preserve the coastal physical coastal defense against flooding environment Updatedemographicdata in all villages Local population Demographic data should take into account the of the Wider Kribl Area, include for each presence of vulnerable minorities(Bagyeli- villages the available facilities: education, Bakola hunter-gatherers), and of non-local health, water, electricity minorities. lnventory of Bakola-Bagyelisettlements, Bakola-Bagyell especially along the Knbi Akom IIroad, groups where no recentdata are available. Assess present chemlcal pollution level Sea and river fish of sea and river f~sh Inventoryof agriculturalland used by Local populat~on; employeesfrom projects: saw mills and Agriculture agro-industries In case the most recent census data The survey should provide data on at least: cannot be acquired, a simple technique village or hamlet-name, GPS coordinates, for a socio-economicbaseline study is to Arrondissement, Groupement, primary ethnic be carried out in all local villages among group, secondary ethnic groups, number of a 5-10% sampleof their population. households, average householdsize, total population, % of permanent material roofs, primary school presence or distance, health post presence or distance, supply of water and electricity, market presence or distance, recreational facilities, road type, presence of churches and sacred sites, and economic activities. Carry out a healthand epidemiological Health situation of baseline study (includingbut not limited the local population REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 ' r ~easures "1 "VESHCs Application to I comments to children underfive and women in their reproductiveages) to obtain a better understandingof the health risks Evaluation and identificationof present pollutionsources Good identificationof the pollutionsource in the sea and on beaches(rigs, shlps, pipelines) can assist in improving mitigationmeasures (Project related) mitigation VESHCS Application to Comments measures Use fuels and lubricantsof goodquality Air Q All industrial activities and good env~ronmentalperformance All transportactivities Use Best AvailableTechnologies Air Q All industrial activities Use low-or reduced-impactconstruction Vegetation, All constructionactivities methods Terrestrial and marine ecology, Habitats Useless landand minimizedeforestation Air Q All industrial activltles To minimize impacton valuable hab~tats and its species (restr~ctionof plot attributed, efficient land Landscape To impact less on people in the useon attributedplot, integrationof Vegetation surrounding various functionson plot, useof already Carbon stock To have maximum buffer effect of clearedor marginalizedlandsrather than Terrestrial ecology vegetationfor e.g. air Inoise em~ssions clearing new lands) (Re-)Planttrees in new industrialestates Air Q, Vegetation, Industrialprojects, Improvementof air quallty Compensationof C02 emissions (through and in urbanareas Terrestrial ecology Urban settlements land clearanceand industr~alIurban Carbon stock activities) Creation or restorationof wildlife corridors REA Kribi 9S99061R00005lACOIRott Report 25 February2008 n o n -+%e nova&wasuomIaa Measures VESHCs Comments a Appllcatlonto r x .L = Prevent dust through: Air Q Especially around all newdevelopment during Limitingthe speed of vehicles, the construction period, and the Mamelles especiallywhen crossing villages and mine, all transport on lateritetracks. Upgradingof dirt tracks to gravel or laterite roadsin areas of high heavy vehicle intensity Sprayingof water In sensitive areas. Minimumdistance between industrial Noise, air Q, Project having safety risk andIor nuisances sites and dwellings or public buildings. Landscape,Safety Plant tress in this zone whenever possible. Appropriate personal protection Noise, Safety Risk project location Re-vegetationof areas cleared during Air Q, Climate All construction sites construction change,Water courses, Noise, Vegetation, Terrestrial ecology Carbon stock Best practicein laying (temporary)road, Water (erosionI bridge and other infrastructure in sedimentation) constructionperiod Choose the dry season for construction Water (erosionI All constructionwork work to avoid subsidence (this will induce sedimentation) dust. See dust measures) Communicate in a realistic and honest Local population Entireproject period, especialyduring the way about compensationthroughout the Initialstages entire project(but especially at the initial stages). Creatingexpectations that cannotbe fulfilled at a later stage will have a muchworse impacton the long term viability of the project than replying REA Kribi 9S9906lR00005IACOlRott Report 25 February 2008 - 1. ~easures"' 1 _ - VESHCsS L " ~ ~ ~ l i c a ttoo n i Comments" A ~ negatively to questions during initial meetings. Annual reservation of a clearly defined Local population Entire project period proportion of the turn-over or the benefits of each project for soc~albenefits and economic development of the surrounding communities on whose traditional domain the activities take place. Integrated (mitigation) VESHCS Applicationto Comments measures A central or local drinking water system 1 Surface and ground Realistic evaluation of capacity should be made should be put in place and made water for now and the future in order to respond to an available to Projects activitiesworkers increasing drinkingwater demand. The system and to the (new) population should evolve or go from one to three treating center, for instance. It should be evaluated what sources is betterl: surface or groundwater (both apparently polluted at present). Development of Codes of Conduct for Vegetation, National and Kribi region In cooperation with stakeholders e.g. Tourism, Forestry, Agriculture Terrestrial and marine ecology, Habitats Development of eco-tourism Vegetation, Douala-Edea wildlife reserve . Campo Ma'an UTO management plan Terrestrial and High biodiversity hotspots marine ecology, Coastal strip Habitats Develop financial compensation scheme Terrestrial and Douala-Edea wildlife reserve To maintain commitment of population to Ma'an for population affected by wildlife (e.g. marine ecology protect rather than kill wildlife High biodiversity hotspots crop raiding) REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 - - - - Measures VESHCs Applicationto comiiients " #<" a :a lbl be _1 _ " % Coastal zone Improveincidenceand crime reporting, All Kribi region To preventand reducee.g. deliberate forest publicationand prosecution fires, poaching, illegal logging, litteringand spills from ill-maintenance Plan for drinkingwater provision and Health Additional population Make in such a way that the plan@)is either relatedprocessingplant@) flexible to grow, or that other sites are resewed for (an)otherplant(s) Waste management in the region Air Q (including Authorities to steer and managethis Waste productionand issues relatedto those Inventoryof types and quantities of pollutionand odor) Participation and all wastes are often underestimated. They are waste produced projects and existingactivities Surface water however the source of a lot of environmental Plan for safe and adequate transport Population (awareness) and treatment of these wastes Groundwater Attract a waste processingfacility (such and health risks. This can lead,for instanceto Construction,upgrading or Marinemater as Tredy for industrialand specialized waste dumping at sea, increaseof diseases, expansionof waste collection and waste and another one for domestic increase of land use conflicts,etc. When treatmentldisposal facilities waste) facilitiesare plannedafter that problemsoccur, Institution identified responsiblefor waste managementin the region they are mostly much morecostly and also Bring HSEawareness in order to means that damage has already occurred. ensure safe practices Preventionby ensuring an adequate waste Build localcapacity where necessary management is the best option. Promotionof sustainable products. Flora & Fauna Forests Traditionally the major buyers of Cameroon timber are Europeancompanies and governments. In Europe,the requestfor 'sustainable' wood is increasing, and logging companies are trying to obtainthe FSC or similar certificationfor their products. The government of Cameroon could stimulate this development by providingbenefitsto companies who operate under these internationally recognized labels. ILogging industry. Flora & Fauna Forests Several programs are ongoing to promote sustainable and transparent commercial REA Kribi 9S99061R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February2008 Measures &,m&,ts -+qq%~ I - - - VESHCs ' 'ApplicTrtionto ' logging in Cameroon, e.g. the FLEGT process. Various reportsfrom projects and programs in this domain have made detailed recommendationsto improve the commercial logging sector in Cameroon, e.g. Global Witness (www.illeaal-loaaina.info),Fomete et al, 2007. - Kribi regionwide strategy and plan on Vegetation, Douala-Edea wildlife reserve High biodiversity hotspots sustainable integratedmanagement of Terrestrial and Forest Management Units naturalareas (e.g. Reduced Impact marine Campo Ma'an UTO (in specific the areas Logging,co-existenceof humans and Habitats outside but near National Park) wildlife, CommunityForests) Long-termmanagementplan (including Air, noise, safety, Proposed or to be upgraded roads maintenance) of roads which include the health, terrestrial funding (see study above) for ecology maintenance Implementand enforce anti-speeding Terrestrial ecology Proposed and to be upgraded roads To increase road safety and prevent accidental measureson roads kills of wildlife and humans Clear physicaldemarcationof protected Habitats Douala-Edea w~ldlifereserve Campo Ma'an UTO and National Park areas - Controllinglogging and settlements along C02, biodiversity Forested area's Prevention of deforesting on both sides of new roads and existing roads The best locationsfor plantations C02, biodiversity Forested area's Prevention of deforesting (loss of carbon stock) Try to use abandonedor marginalized sites. Deforestation in favor of a plantation has a negative C02-balance. With respect to the greenhouse gas emissions the setup of a plantation in regions without forest (for example the Sahel zone In the Northern part of Cameroon) is recommendable. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 mmm&nts- ' " . " Measures VESHCs *""I" * Applicationto ~ + Access to electricityof settlements C02 Settlements and infrastructure Most electric power is generated with hydropower. Use of hydroelectricity saves fossil energy Electrificationof the Kribi region can diminish the use of fossil fuels by industry. When the electric power remains to be generated with hydropower plants this will diminish the C02- emission. Railway network infrastructure for freight C02, all ~nfrastructure A good railway infrastructure can save and people transport fuel for trucks Efficiencyof fuel consumption. Biomass C02, other Settlements, industry Higher efficiency of the processes can diminish as fuel consumption in settlements and emissions the consumptionof energy industrialprocesses. Concentration of activities and reduction The wide of the corridors through the forests has a of transport corridors hugeimpacton the deforestedarea. For roads this wide is estimatedto be 50 m. Preventionof the logging,settlements andother economicactivities all along the roadscan diminishthe averagewide. Concentrationof the activities canbe advised. Improvelocal (andalso more regional) Fauna Region market conditions in order to make cheap meat and fish availablethat can compete economicallywith bush meat Drlnkingwater (see remarks in table Water Region about drilled deep wells, trucking of potablewater for constructionsites, etc.) Ensure participatorydevelopment Local population; Region; projects in order to include the local Indigenousgroups All projects populationas beneficiaryof the various projects - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 - " $ 1 7 " Measudr & *bled\f~ VESHCs ti Applfcatiohta Comments ' ' 4 Guaranteesof land accessor Local population Region; compensationto all peoplewhose land All projects has been negativelyimpactedby the projects Transparantemployee recruitment Local populat~on All projects processesthat are in favor of the local population Actions involving local communitiesand Health, HIVIAids Region; projectworkers in order to preventthe and other diseases; All projects spread of HIVlAids,childhooddiseases, Local population malar~a,and other transmittable diseases: acces to affordable health care (bothpreventionand curation),condoms, mosquito nets, and designof project facilities and infrastructurethat minimize spread of diseases - Access to clean drinking water is often cited amongdevelopmentalprioritiesof villages. Water supply programsshould opt for a cooperativeapproach w~ththe localpopulationso that knowledge capacity and moneyare available for maintenance and repair. - Improve education, in schools and at the Localpopulat~on Region; workplace,so that peoplecan get All projects training and in the future more qualified workers can be hiredlocally Road safety':regulate speed~ngby the Loal populat~on Region; use of speedbumps at the entry and exlt Implementationat village level - REA Kribi Report Measures- VESHCs I I' Applicationto Comments ' of villages, use toll gates to check the cruise speed of vehicles Keep populations regularly informed Region; about the different ongoing and foreseen Implementationat village level projects All projects Monitoring VESHCs Applicationto Comments Air monitoringstations Air Q aroundproject sites and in the region Noise monitoringstations Noise level, Marine Especially closeto projectlocations, at work ecology: Turtles site and at rnhabitedsurrounding and cetaceans Also around project sites, in urban areas and at some busy traffic points (and temporarily during marine constructionin sensitive ecologicalseasons) Water monitoringsystem held by the Water All sensitivepoints in the region (i.e. up and governmentor independentlymonitored downstream of each industrialactivity). (notthe firms) Lightemissions monitoring on the coast Marine ecology: Any development on the coast, eg. Minimize turtle hindranceduring breeding and monitoringof turtle behaviour turtles Offshoreplatforms seasons (lights confuse them in finding their industrialsites nestingbeaches) deep seaport hotels, etc. Capacity building/ VESHCs Applicationto Comments Institutionalenhancement REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 >re * Abplt~ttiihto comments - AJ(&~"d*"+' A '' ";?"I " 48+A f I X + One institution should be appointedto Groundwater general look after ground- and surfacewater (quality)as for the momentthere is nonei4' Institutionalstrengtheningin mining Water Les Mammelles lnstitut~onsshould be strengthened and environmentalenforcement cooperation should happen between MINEP, MlNEE and Min-Mines in order to legislate inspect and ensurethat the Mamelles mining operationdoes not impact the region significantly. lnstitut~onalstrengtheningin biodiversity Terrestrialand Especially at local level (enforcement) MlNOF management and law enforcement marine ecology, (especiallypoaching) habitats lnstitut~onalstrengtheningIn land use Vegetation, Kribi region Regional Land Use Plan, reducefragmentahon planning Terrestrialand of naturalareas, regulate human settlement marlne ecology, and economic activities Habitats lnstitut~onalstrengtheningin forest Vegetation, At nationallevel (policymaking, review of M~NOF forest managementplans) management and law enforcement Terrestrialand At locallevel (monitoring and enforcement) marine ecology Increasedcooperationandcollaboration Vegetation, Especiallyat local level Multidisciplinary approach, integrated betweengovernmentalbodies In natural Terrestrialand management resource management marlneecology, Habitats Increasedcooperationand collaboration Vegetation, Especially at local level Multidisciplinary approach, integrated betweenbetweengovernment and other Terrestrialand management,full stakeholder inclusion (incl. stakeholders ~nnatural resource marine ecology, indigenousgroups) management Habitats 14'Sanaga South EIA, p. 45. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Measures VESHCs -Applicationto *Comments _ v ? -, Environmental awareness and education Vegetation, Kribi region (local population, project programs Terrestrial and employees and government officials) marine ecology, Habitats Environmental training for local Coastal erosion I Compensation for the deep sea port activities population who is active in sand sed~mentation extraction Long term funding. Flora & Fauna Forests Protectedareas should receive long term funding to ensure proper implementationof the management plans and sustainability of the implementedactivities and investments (e.g. tourism). Fundingshould come partly from the state budget, but should also include funds raised in the parksthemselves,e.g. entrance fees. Park authorities should be allowed to raise moneyfor conservation act~vities.The government of Cameroonshould insiston environmental compensationfor economic activities that havea negatlveenvironmental impact,as determined Inthe legally required EIA. These funds should be channelledto protectedareas for ~mplementing protectedareamanagement accord~ngto the managementplans, as was e.g. the case for the TCPP. Better collaboration between government ,=lora& F~~~~ Forests The government can increasetheir collaborationwith servlces and civil society. civll societyto manageprotectedareas in Cameroon. The Mbam Djerem and Campo-Ma'an National Parks are jointly managedwith CWS andWWF respectively, and these initiativescan be implemented in other areas wlth these and other partners. The conservator should be stimulatedto REA Kribi 9S9906lR00005lACOlRott Report 25 February2008 - I Measures , - I VESHCs 1 Applicationto - .. * I ~omme6ts c I " " " li rn *I start joint management activitieswith local NGOs and communities, within the framework of the management plan. Governmental'Regional Land Use Plan' All Kribi region Ministries See also specific section in Chapter 6 Properzoning of the region Clarity for population and companies Easier enforcement in case of un-allowed developments and activities Preventionof chaotic / ribbondevelopment of settlements along roads Preventionof illegal roadsand settlements Limitingfragmentationof natural areas Capacity buildingat ministry level Flora & Fauna 1Forests At the level of the ministries,capacity building is needed in monitoring,data collection, and integrationof activitiesbetweenvarious ministries working in this field. At locallevel (delegationsof MINFOF, MINEP, councils, communities, NGOs), capacity buildingis needed to reinforce monitoringand control of management plans and illegalactivities. I Institutionalstrengtheningstrategy All All major projects in region For each institutions involved Set of an action plan Commitment of misistriesand other parties involved The involvementof healthstaff in controllingthe quality of fish products,or even an implementationof surveillance program of fish productsconsumedcould complete the control program of oil pollution. Risk of water pollution and contamination REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Measures VESHCs Application to - _ I =" comments,": I h * a A of fish with carcinogenicsubstances to be mitigatedby and independent committee of medicaland fishery authorities (likethe recent "Centre communautaire de pgche artisanale"de Kribi (CECOPAK) built with Japanese development assistance)financed by the Oil and Gas Industry Regulation 1inspection VESHCs Application to Comments Strict regulation and enforcement on Water Region water intakefrom and discharge into water courses Inspectionof practicesduring Water All construction sites construction Regulationfor coastal sand extraction in order to preventcoastaldegradation REA Kribi 9S99061R000051AC01Rotf Report 25 February2008 n o c rton urrr IOTLL n.s.LI*1ma CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONSAND ALTERNATIVES FOR PROJECTS Considering the findings of this study, several alternatives are proposed to the current proposed projects. These alternatives would need to be discussed with the different stakeholders involved. These alternatives are accompanied with additional recommendationsfor the implementation of those alternatives. Chapter 6, 7 and 8 represent all three the recommendationsof this REA study. 8.1 Recommendedalternativesoverview Figure8-1. Overviewof all existing activtities (blue), projectsplanned(red) and recommended alternative (orange) Bata tQUATORlAL GIJINlX 9 ~ 9 9 0 6 / ~ 0 0 0 0 5 / ~ ~ 0 1 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ REA Kribi Report - 200 - 25 February 2008 n u n n r n 0 U El IOTAL WfiSKOYIIIO Leaendof Fiaure8-1 Proiects Existina activities 1 SanagaSud wells 1.Ferrne Suisse (Agro-ind.) 2 , 1'1 ,I., 2. FSU platform, COTCO 3 Power statlon (oil export unit) 3.Oil exploitation platform. 5 Deep sea port Perenco 4. Socapalm (Agro-ind) 5. Heve CAM (Agro-ind.) 7 Les Mamelles Iron Mlne 6. Edea-DoualaWildlife reserve 8 Preclous stones exploration 7.Campo-MannNational Park 9 Memvele dan~ 8.Sand extraction 10 Marlne park (most of the coastal area) (whole coastal area) 9.Tourism 11 Agro-lndustryand forestry 10.Eco-tourim extenslon 12 Tour~srriextenslon 13 Eco-tourismextenslot- 14 Contrusct~onof 5000 soc~al -- hollslng (over400 hectares) 15 B~ofuelindustry .... Conservation zone leaend Font color leaend Line leaend Existing protecting areas Exls~tng Road I -r .+ .C I I Railway m Integrated "lanagernent 'One Project (see Table 2) Transmlsslon line I Green ecolog~calcorridors 8.2 Transport corridors Planned project: There are currently numerous transport routes plannedto be developed or upgraded. In the current plan, each road, railway andtransmission line is investigatedindividuallywith creation its own transport corridor. Recommendedalternative Road, railwaysand transmissionline should be consideredat regional level as forming the regionaltransport network system and not as several individual projects. The number of corridors should be minimized, which would therefore call for grouping these roads, railwaysand transmission lines into two major transport corridors in the region: North-South,i.e. Edea-Kribi-Campocorridor, and West-East,i.e. Kribi-Lolodorfcorridor Figure4-1 shows the current planned routes and Figure8-1 ilustrates proposed grouping of transport corridor into two main ones Such an approach minimizesthe land used and forest impacted. This greatly reduces the impactson fauna and flora that would have otherwise been the case due to numerous (unnecessary)transport corridors. Roadsare a major driver of environmental and ecologicaldegradation in many tropical countries.At the same time, it creates a transport system in the regionwhich easestransport movements and is easier to manage. Indeed, maintenance can be carried out in a more cost-effectiveway. Also, the area of control of the negative effectsof roads (e.g. poaching) is restrictedand therefore more manageable. Rational Impacts of the multitudeof corridors A major cause of (tropical)forest loss in Africaas well as other regions, such as the Amazon in Brazil, is the opening of roadswith insufficientconsiderationof the social, REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 cultural and ecological impacts of new roads. Roads open previously isolatedareas for rapid and unregulated development and it is critical to ensure that effective management systems are implemented to avoid negative consequences, such as illegal natural resource harvesting, increases in HIV and malaria infection rates, and cultural degradation within local communities. An integrated regional development concept therefore includes the combining of physical infrastructure, social services, rural development, and environmental protection. Fragmentation of the forest The currently foreseen locations of proposed roads, railways and a transmission line in the Kribi region will contribute to further fragmentation of the forests (blocking migration routes of wildlife, important for their food collection and for exchange of the gene pool through breeding, as well as for seed dispersion; and reducing habitat size). Forest accessibility to illegal activities In addition they will provide multiple entrance routesto the forests for the execution of illegal activities such as illegal logging, poaching and other unregulated harvesting of forest resources. Enforcement of legislation For enforcement of the law, which prohibits such activities, a multitude of routes makes it more costly and complicated to effectively control and fight deforestation, poaching and illegal logging, and will require a higher number of guards to be employed, equipment such as patrolling vehicles to be available, and guard stations to be set up along the routes. The same accounts for law enforcement on traffic rules, such as the prevention of speeding. Considering the limited institutional capacity in Cameroon and the Kribi region this could easily lead to an uncontrollable situation. Further deforestation A multitude of routes provides as well a range of opportunities for people to settle down along these routes, leading to ribbon developments, associated deforestation (through e.g. land clearing for agriculture) and increased human pressure on these areas. All these routes will also have to be regularly maintained, involving high costs as a result of the tropical moist climate. Advantaaes of the two main trans~ortcorridors The reduction of the number of routes and grouping them into a few, main corridors increases the ease and (cost)efficiencyof law enforcement on illegal activities and on traffic rules, limits fragmentation, controls the spread of human settlements along roads and their associated impacts, and benefits regular maintenance. It also provides better opportunities for increasing public awareness along the corridors, such as through road signs indicating the activities that are not allowed. Roads through or near the most sensitive areas can even be gated, with a gate and a police / ranger station on either side, allowing for easy patrolling of vehicles leaving the road, as well as allowing for the closure of the road at night, thereby preventing illegal activities such as poaching to take place under the cover of darkness. This concept is REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 successfully being applied in various countries, such as in Guyana (Linden-Lethem road). 8.3 Sustainable transport in the region Planned project At present, passenger transport is planned by the creation or upgade of roads. In parallel, railways are planned for freight transport exclusively. Recommendedalternative Upgrade railways plannedfor freight only to passenger transportation and plan for related infrastructure (stations) Additional recommendations are: Establish a train network for passenger transport along main commuter routes to Kribi, i.e. Douala-Kribi (railway planned) and YaoundkKribi (not yet planned). This requires only the creation of one new railway line. Creation of a tourist train along the planned Kribi - Campo route in order to: o Restrict vehicle access to this zone o Decrease disturbance and pollution of the zone o Increase attractiveness for tourists Creation of a train 1tram system in the Kribi urban community (to be connected to the railway network (Yaounde, Douala, and tourist train) Promote train travel instead of bus or car. Rational There are very few people in Cameroon who own a vehicle; however, the population of Cameroon has high mobility requirements. Currently, transits between main cities are operated by bus (official ones and poor quality ones such as packed and badly maintained mini-buses). There is a great opportunity for developing the public transport to Kribi, which could benefit tourism activities in the region as well. Inthis, it is advised to firstly promote more sustainable ways of public transport, by promoting the train instead of the use of roads by bus. Environmental and social impacts of railways are often much less than road traffic. Moreover, the comfort is much higher. Funding for implementation of railway system construction (and maintenance should be sought at several international donors. Nevertheless, as railways can also be used as an effective means for illegally transporting large quantities of bush meat if local institutional enforcement capacity is lacking or corrupt, funding should be therefore sought at several international donors not only for the implementation of public transport such as railways but also for improving local enforcement capacity of natural resource management. 8.4 Coastal zone: Kribi-Lolabe Plannedproject This zone is currently planned by the MEAO for city growth. Alternative proposed Recommendations: In line with the zoning proposed in the Sustainable land use strategy (Tchawa, 2004), the coastal area Kribi-Lolabe should be used for port and industrial activities. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 A recreational area could be developed at the sea front, accessible from Kribi city. The industrial activities could be located between Kribi and Lolabe (deep sea port) just a bit further off the coast. Rational Avoiding the extension of Kribi city to the South, leaves this land for industrial extension. Industrial activities can then extend between Kribi city and the deep sea port. This will avoid that industrial activities woul extand further South and East, which would represent a threat to the Campo Ma'an NP. 8.5 Kribi city growth Planned project The MEAO plan suggests city growth in three zones: Between Kribi and the deep sea port On road axe: Kribi-Edea and On road axe: Yaounde - Kribi (tarred road in construction) Recommendedalternative In line with the zoning proposed in the Sustainable land use strategy (Tchawa, 2004), extension of the city should preferably be to the North-Eastern side of the current Kibi city, between Kribi and Londji (North) and to the East side. Circular extensions from current centre to the North -East. concentrating urban growth in and around the current city and avoiding extensive ribbon development along roads. Development of the coastal area Kribi-Londjifor tourism, with a promenade, cafe, restaurants, etc. but taking into account important turtle nesting beaches as beach tourism can have negative impacts on turtles and turtle eggs. Rational Extensive ribbon developments along road axes as proposed should therefore be limited, as they are likely to have major environmental implications on forest deforestationldegradationand on wildlife populations. In addition concentrated urban growth allows for easier and more effective urban managementthan extensive ribbon developments, strung out along access roads. Easier transport system Minor biodiversity in those zones Leaving more space to industrial development in one zone (easer to control) Linking Kribi to Londji, in this promoting Londji development 8.6 Integrated nature conservation zoning Current situation and plans At present, the Kribi region has two protected areas: Edea-Doula wildlife reserve and Campo-Ma'an national park. Campo Ma'an has attracted the attention of few international NGOs, which has ledto several studies and management plans attempts in this zone. However, it seems that the Edea-Doula wildlife reserve and the remaining of the region does not attract much attention and is for some unknown reason somehow neglected. As a result, natural protection and conservation management plansfor the region focuses only on Campo Ma'an. Recommended alternative REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Analysis Douala-Edaewildlife reserve and Campo Ma'an NP are currently quite far from each other and do not allow exchange of flora and fauna population.Moreover, the area around Bipidi seems to be another zone of high biodiversityvalues'42and containing rare and endemic species (e.g. gorillas).This zone has not receivedattentionso far. Main recommendations: A regionalapproachshould be taken in natural management and conservation to come to a network of protectedareas. Protectedareas should be accompanied by implementationof buffer zones (likeCampo Ma'an NP) and corridors between them. Figure8-1 presentsthe naturalprotectedareas network which could be implementedin the Kribi region. Other recommendationsare: Execution of additional biodiversity surveys to identify populationsof wildlife species of high conservationvalue in the areajust south of Douala- Edeawildife reserve (north of CPF site by SNH) Expansion of the Douala Edea wildlifereservewith this section in the south (see - map)to act as an additionalbufferzone from the industrial and infrastructure developments. Expansionof the reserve south of the Sanaga river is in fact a current proposal by the government as well. Expansion to be paid with compensationpayments for its establishment,research and maintenance (includinglaw enforcement) Establishmentof an intearated forest manaaement zone in the heartland of the Kribi reaion (see map, indicative locationwhich will have to be further investigated),as biodiversitystudies for the Chad- Cameroon pipeline have recordedthe presence of small groups of large mammalssuch as gorillas, chimpanzees and forests elephants here, which have (very)high conservation values. Similar to Campo Ma'an UTO and Model Forest a more sustainable management of forest resources should take place in this region, with respectto wildlife populations,indigenous lifestyles and existing populationand with cooperativelyimprovingthe sustainability of existing economic activities. Extensive increasesin urban settlements, infrastructureand economic activities in this area should be avoided. Creationof 2 relatively safe areen ecoloaical corridors (see map, indicative locations which will haveto be further investigated)with limited human disturbancebetween the 2 protectedareas and the integratedforest managementzone to allow for the migrationof animal populations,which reducesfragementationof habitats and allows for more variety in the gene pools of vulnerablewildlife species as well as allowing wildlife species to forage in a larger naturalarea, reducingpressurefrom crop raidingon agriculturalareas near the protectedareas. See Figure8-1for visualizationof the proposednatureconservation network. Iq2 According to the Chad/ Cameroon ESHIA REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 8.7 Deep sea port Planed project: The government has made a feasibility study for a (multi-purpose) deep sea port at Grand Batanga. Sundance has made a feasibility study for an ore export deep sea port, with preferred location at Lolabe, and possible alternative with extension to a multi-purpose port. Recommendedalternative Economically and environmentally, it would be better for the region that region has one multi-purpose port as opposed to a single use port for ores export only and a separate deep sea port. This option should therefore be further investigated. Some recommendations: Further collaboration between the government and Sundance (Camlron) in the concept of the deep sea port3 and at a single location Association of the feasibility study of the government with the one of Sundance to a common project. Master plan for the port and related activities (industrial sites, required transport facilities, etc.) Environmental, health and social aspects integrated in the decision making process, including the best port location on the coast from an environmental and social point of view. Environmental, health and social detailed studies on the project impacts. 8.8 Gas-to-power project 8.8.1 The situation Presentationof the project The Gas-to-power project is composed of: 1. the Sanaga Sud gas field (offshore) and Central Processing Facility (CPF) at Eboudawae / Bipaga Isite 2. the Kribi power project (power plant and transmission line) with the power plant located at Mpolongwe II, 3. the gas pipeline between the CPF (Bipaga I)and the power plant (Mpolongwe II) 4. the industrial site at Bipaga I site. Planed project CPF site at Eboudawae/ Bipaga I Power plant at Mpolongwe II Gas pipeline system: from Sanaga South field to Eboudawae (approx. 15 km) and from Eboudawae to Mpolongwe II(approximately 15 km), both passing by Londji. Total length: approximately 30 km. Operators involved The operators are PerencoISNH for sub-project 1, AES Sonel for sub-project 2, and SNH for sub-project 3 and4. Further information These projects are numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Table 4-1, Figure 4-1 and Figure 8-1. They can alos be located on Figure 4-7. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Chapter 4 provides for further project description. In Chapter 4, those projects are described separately. Inthis Chapter, it is consciously chosen to group those as sub- projects under one single so-called Gas-to-power.This choice will be further explained later in this section. Specific situation This gas-to-power projectwill be treated differentlythan the other projects,for which alternativesand recommendationswhere presentedin this Chapter. Indeed,according to the informationorally'43received: Decisions are made about this project (and sub-projects) and cannot be changed as commitments have been made by the different promoters involved. Two ESHlAs for some elementsof the projectsand have been made and have been accepted by the Minstry of Environment (MINEP). The project is at a quite advancedstage and constructionshould begin promptly. In this, consideringthe above and last developments around this projects,this section will focus on 1. recommendations, which can still be applied at that stage, and 2. lessons learned:we will also look back in order to extract lessons learned and will give recommendationsfor how it could have been done in order that a similar project can learnfrom this experience 8.8.2 Recommendations which can still be applied consideringthe stage of advancement of the project Brief analysis of the situation Two ESHIAS have been made for some sub-rpoejcts of the gas-to-powerproject: ESHIA 'Sanaga South' ordered by Perenco. It covers sub-project nb 1 (SanagaSouthfields exploitation,CPF and pipelinesin between). ESHIA 'Kribi power' ordered by AES Sonel. This ESHIA covers sub-projectnb 2. Also, it must be notedthat both existing ESHIAs: did not use the same assumptions (especially for alternatives) and the ESHIA Sanaga do not propose alternative location; do not reflectthe actual situation, as decisions and situation has changedsince they were made; and environmentalanalysis were made on basis of existing literature(which is quite limitedfor the area) and no actual investigationshave been made in the project zone and surroundings (i.e. such as biodiversitystudy through actual field visit and inventoryof fauna; and socio-economicanalysiswere not always adequantely made (see Annex 6 for more detail). 143Informationwas given by both SNH and AES Sonel, for their respectiveelementsof the gas-to-power project. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Recommendations Recommendation 1:one ~roiect The gas-to-power project should be considered as one single integrated project and not as three or even four separate projects, even though several sub-parts will be operated by different developers. Recommendation 2: new ESHlAs Some sub-projects of the gas-to-power project still do not have an ESHIA and this should be done as soon as possible. Additional ESHlAs should be made for: Sub-prioject nb 3: the gas pipeline between the CPF (Bipaga I) and the power plant (Mpolongwe II) (operator: SNH) Sub-prioject nb 4: the set up of the industrial site at Bipaga Isite (operator: SNH). Special attention should be given to the village of Eboudawae. The Sanaga South ESHIA concluded that the resettlement of this village was not necessary. In the ESHIA for the set up of the Bipaga site as industrial site this aspects should be well considered: the distance of future industriesto the village and the nuisances related to both the set up of the site, the industries in operations and the use of the access road to the village. The above recommendations are also mandatory requirements by law (EIA legislation of Cameroon and International standards). Recommendation 3: existina ESHlAs Regarding the recommendations below, this would not be mandatory according to Cameroons law, as the existing EHSlAs have been already approved by MINEP. However, these recommendations are made based on best practices and International standards. The update of the existing ESHIA(s) is recommended on the following aspects: Actual situation: ESHIA should reflect actual decisions made and situation and provide justification for these deisions. ESHlAs assumptions and studies should reflect those decisions. Socio-economic data: Consider recommendations and comments on the social aspects of the existing ESHlAs in Annex 6. Biodiversity and abiotic environment: o Recent studies should be integrated (i.e. Biodiversity study ordered by the WB and carried out on the Bipaga site, and physical/topographic data of the BiapagdEboudawae site collected by SNH) o Additional field surveys for biodiversity and the abiotic environment should be carried out when required. o Other elements of impacts (i.e. direct and indirect impacts) should be better considered. Recommendation 4: cumulative ESHlAs This recommendation would replace and is a combination of Recommendation 2 and 3. A cumulative ESHIA of the gas-to-power project could be carried out, considering existing ESHIAs, decisions made, later studies and data available (Recommendation 2) and completing the missing aspects (i.e. the two ESHlAs recommended in Recommendation 3). REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 0 Q 0 n r n , out3 ROV1LL nasa0*1mo This recommendationmay not be mandatory accordingto Cameroonian law. However, it is based on best practicesand Internationalstandards, and would allow the best and more realisctic ESH analysis, as all aspects of the projectwould be considered, as well as cumulative impacts. Recommendation5 The promotorsof the several sub-projects (Pernco,SNH and EAS Sonel) should discuss the implementationof their respective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in order to minimizefinancial costs and those relatedto ESH measures. Some common measuresshould be envisaged, such as Biodiversity compensationto the Douala-Edea wildlife reserve. Considerations Some considerationsare made belowwhich should be considredin any the application of any recommendations above mentioned. Environmentalconsideration The tourism potentialof the coastal area in the surroudiung should be as much as possible preserved. Special attention should be made to minimizinglavoidingcoastal erosion, water pollution and water flow disruption. High ESH risks due to the high sensitivity of environmentalsite of the Eboudawae/Bipaga(seeWB Biodiversity study for the site) and potentialsocial and environmentalsensitivity of the pipeline CPF-powerstation. The Eboudawae/Biapagasite presentssome swampy spots. This is quite common in the area, but this requires special attention in the set up of the site. .Accordingto late information,the site would be subject to flooding. The ESHlA recommended in Recommendation2 or 4 should investigatethis further and recommend for mitigation measures. It must be noted that the water catchment of the Eboudawae/Biapgasite lead to a mangrove forest. Healthand Safety considerations The swampy spots and/or flooded area represent a high safety risks. Care should be taken to mitigate negativeimpactsadequately. Stress relatedto resettlement of villages (Mpolongwesite) Risksdue to the additions traffic inducedby the different sub-projects. Socio-economicconsiderations Adaquate compensation scheme should be calculated based on the Chad/Cameroonpipelineexperience (seeAnnex 6). Good inventoryof villages and pygmiescamps should be carries out (see Annex 6). Regardingthe pipeline CPF-power plant:the overland part of the pipelinecould have negative impact on local agriculture. Economical and business [in relationto environmental as~ects)considerations The swampy areas and areas subjet to flooding are not only of environmentalconcerns but also safety and economic one. These areas provide an unstableenvironmentwhich can lead to unsafe situation, especially with dangerous substances like gas. As a result, costs for setting up the site and maintenance of it will be higher. Some industry may not want to be on such grounds for those reasons. It is importantthat these issues are addressed seriously and that mitigationsmeasuersare presentedas part of the set up of the site. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Concerning the industrial site at Bipaga, the type and number of industries and their requirements (facilities, transportation, safety, environmental conditions and other requirements) are still at a conceptual stage. On an economical, business and environmental point of view, it would be much more advised to first inventory the quirements of the industries and carry out an ESHIA in order to best set up the Bipaga site, considering the ESH aspects. O~erationalconsiderations botential Droblemsl According to our understanding of the draft zoning plan proposed by the MEAO, this zone will be restricted to tourism and light industries (which would not conflict with tourism development). Once the draft MEAO plan will be approved, SNH may: Have difficulty to extend the site if an important number of industries would be interested to come to such location Restricted in the type of industries (light, not heavy) which can be located on the site. Be faced to stricter conditions of operation in view of not disturbing adjacent tourism activities (stricter environmental, social and health measures) 8.8.3 Lessons learned The gas-to-power project should have been considered as one single integrated project and not as three or even four separate projects from the conceptual stage of the project, i.e. at a very early stage, even though several sub-parts will be operated by different developers. In this, a single cumulative ESHIA (such as recommended in Recommendation 4) should have been carried out, with better consideration of Internationalstandards (especially for biodiversity, coastal erosion and socio-economic compensation). This would have ensured that all sub-projects are included in the ESHIA and have avoided a situation where, at a very late stage in the advancement of the project, some sub-projects still do not have an ESHIA. Still can cause delay in the implementation of the project as a whole. In this, a cumulative ESHIA would have ensured that an adequated environmental, socio-economic and health impact assessment was carried out for all elements and direct and indirect impacts of the project, and thus help in respecting the strict time delays which is this project is subject to. Moreover, is by considering the project as one, realistic alternatives could have been analysed. An example of alternative analysis for the gas-to-power project which could have been carried out is the comparison of the following scenarios: Planned project: described above and in Chapter 4. Alternative 1: o CPF on power plant site (i.e. at Mpolongwe II) o Industrial estate moved either by extension of the Mpolongwe site (on the Eastern or Southern site) or near the deep sea port location o Gas pipeline system: from Sanaga South field to Mpolongwe II (approx. 11 km), not passing off the Londji shore. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Alternative 2: o The power plant on CPF site site (i.e. at Bipaga I) o Industrialestate remainsat the Bipaga I site o Gas pipeline system: from Sanaga South field to Eboudawae/ Bipaga I (approx. 15km), passing off the Londji shore. The example of alternatives analysis for the gas-to-power project is further outlined in Annex 11. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES Basic documents World Bank - Regional Environemntal Assessment sourcebook update 15, June 1996 World Bank - Strategic Environemntal Assessment, Concept and practices, June 2005 Haskoning. -LEMAN M., CORRIOL A., GENESTE R., NAKAO G.L.,TIENTCHIEU J.Y., KUIBOU B. NKOUM L. (2006). - Etude dimpact environnemental du projet de developpement du gaz du champ Sanaga Sud. Perenco, Ere Developpement, Royal Haskoning. SCOT WILSON -Anonymous (2007a). - Kribi Resettlement Action Plan. Kribi Power Project: 150 MW gas Plant & 225kV Transmission line. Scott Wilson, AES Sonel. SCOT WILSON -Anonymous (2007b) Kribi Resettlement Action Plan. Kribi Power Project: 150 MW gas Plant & 225kV Transmission line. Scott Wilson, AES Sonel. SCOT WILSON - RAYNOR J. IVAN SMITH E. (2006). - Environmental and Social Impact Report. Kribi Power Project: 150 MW gas Plant & 225kV Transmission line. Scott Wilson, AES Sonel. COTCO - Chad Cameroon Oil Pipeline Cameroon ESHIA, Oct. 1997 ExistingactivitiesI projects Coyne et Bellier, (2006). -Amenagement hydroelectriquede Memve'ele sur le Ntem. Actualisation des Etudes de faisabilite. Vol 11. Les etudes techniques. htt~://www.~roiet- memveele.ora/Volume%202.~df SUNDANCE RESOURCES (2007). - htt~://www.sundanceresources.com.au/~roiects cameroon.aso A flyer with a general overview of the Mbalam project. SLINDANCE RESOLIRCES (2007).- htt~://imauesianal.comsec.com.au/asxdata/20070730/~df/00743560.~df Quarterly report. for the period ending 30 June 2007. http://allafrica.com/stories/200801100728.htmI http://media.fastclick.neffw/get.media?t=s&sid=7943&m=1 &tp=1&f=b&v=1.4&~=5036&r= http%3A//a.. . http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200801100734.html http://media.fastclick.neffw/get.media?t=s&sid=7943&m=1&tp=1&f=b&v=1.4&~=5097&r= http%3A//a... http://www.novethic.fr/novethic/site/article/index.jsp?id=l11689&titre=Le%20plein%20de %20critiques... file://C:\DOCLIME-1\902276\LOCALS- 1\Temp\2FF3W4EA.htm htt~://www.afrodad.ora/downloads/Chad%20CAmeroon.~df http://www.intierra.com/html/properties/Mbalam%20lrono2OOreo2OProject.htm http://ifiasite.com/index.php?rub=Participations&nom~age=2OO2&sous~page=Kribi&lan gue=fr http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/count~reports.php?action=casestudy http://www.icsf.nefficsf2006/uploads/publications/samudra/pdf/english/issue~24/artO6.pd http://www.ics.trieste.iffPortal/Level.aspx?leveI=2.2&crnd=clear http://~ww.patp3.webbler.co.uk~doc.php?id=2435 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Ro~ Report 25 February 2008 http:/Iww.projet-rnemveele.org/ http://l000gifs.free.fr/tourisme/t.htm http://www.camerounhotel.com/?cible=tour&id=1 http://madeincameroun.blogs-de-voyage.fr/album/ebodjel http://www.africa-ata.org/ecotourisme~3.htm http~/imagesignaI.comsec.com.au/asxdata/2007073O/pdf/OO743560.pdf http://~w.patp3.webbler.co.uk~doc.php?id=2435 http://site.voila.fr/cameroon-discovery/voyager/ocean.html http://ww.viajescamerun.com/fotos~camerun.php?mode~thumb=true&gal~lD=22 http://www.sundanceresources.com.au/ourflagship.asp http://www.vdm.com/vdm/voyages/hotels/fichehotel.asp?Codetiers=450326O&DateHebe rgement= Administrative information http://www.spm.gov.cm/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral~Province~0/o28Cameroon%29 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc0/oC30/oA9an~(d0/oC30/oA9partement) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South~Province~0/028Cameroon%29 http://www.mairiedekribi.net/chiffre.php Integrated studies TCHAWA .P. (2004) - Strategie dlAmenagement et de Gestion durable de la Bande Cbtiere Kribi-Campo, Kribi Decembre 2004 (report) for the municipalities of Kribi urban, Kribi rural, Campo rural, with financial support of SNV (Dutch Organisation for Development) Plan d'amenagement de la bande cbtiere de Kribi-Campo, Cameroun, 2004 (Presentation) authors: Pr. Paul Tchawa, Ntsobze Albert, Mr Wouter Schalken, Fangue Hubert, and Kana Collins for the municipalities of Kribi urban, Kribi rural, Campo rural, with financial support of SNV (Dutch Organisation for Development). TCHAWA P. (2007)- Regional course on integrated Coastal management. Environmental Management in Cameroon: Problematic Situations and Success stories (Presentation). htt~://www.ics.trieste.it/P0rtal/ActivitvDocument.asx?id=5079 consulted 19 Dec. 2007. TCHAWA P. (2007) / ICS-UNIDO -Regional course on integrated Coastal management. Environmental Management in Cameroon: Problematic Situations and Success stories (Presentation). htt~://www.ics.trieste.it/Portal/ActivitvDocument.as~x?id=5079, Nov. 2007. TCHAWA P. (2007) / ICS-LINIDO- Regional course on integrated Coastal management., Aide Memoire, Douala No. 2007 Envi-Rep (2007).- Etude pour le suivi de la protection de la zone cbtiere et de I'environnement marin dans le cadre du projet Capece - Cameroun Guinea current Large Marine Ecosystem project (GCLME)- Report on the regional capacity building for NGOs on lntegrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine ecosystem, Sept. 2005 GCLME - Technical report GCLME- Report on the regional capacity building for NGOs on lntegrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine ecosystem, Kribi, Apr. 2005 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 ;g; ? ROYAL W1SKO1IlWO Socio-economic (Literaturecited) PNUD (2000).- Etudes socio-econorniquesregionales au Cameroun. Province du sud. Projet PNUD-OPSCMR/98/005/01/99. 101 pages, tables, graphs, figures, maps. Document not availableon lnternet PNUD (2000). - Etudes socio-econorniques regionales au Carneroun. Provincedu Littoral. Projet PNUD-OPSCMR/98/005/01/99.93 pages, tables, graphs, figures, maps. Document not availableon lnternet PNUD (2003). - Rapportde progres des OMD au niveau Provincial. Yaounde, 33 p. htt~://www.crn.und~.ora/docurnent/Carneroon Provincial MDG Report 2003 - Enalish Version.~df IMF (2006) Cameroon: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Third Annual Progress Report. IMF Country report no 061260, July 2006. . htt~://www.irnf.ora/external/pubs/fVscr/2006/cr06260.pdf and the latest report issued in January 2008. http://www.imf.ora/external/pubs/fVscr/2OO8/cr0801.pdf MAlRlE DE KRIBI. htt~://www.rnairiedekribi.net/chiffre.~h~ Consulted 19 December 2007.\ ABEGA C.S., TAMBA MEBENGA L. (1995). - Apprentissageet vecu de la sexualite chez lesjeunes camerounaisde 15a 30 ans ; Deuxiernerapport, Yaounde :WHO. Roneo. AKOGO G. (2002). - Etudede cas d'amenagementforestier exemplaireen Afrique centrale :La zone de Campo-Ma'an, Carneroun. Doc FM/1OF, FAO, Rome, ltalie ~c,://ft~.fao.ora/docre~/fao/008/v9382f/v9382f.~df BBC (2008) htt~://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/euro~e/7186380.strn interviewwith EU Environment Commissioner Stavros Dirnas. Chad Development Project (2006) - InflationMonitoring in Cameroon - January 2001 - July 2003, Chibani-Jacqot P. (25/10/2006)- Polemique autour de I'attribution du label FSC au Carneroun. In French httw://www.novethic.fr/novethic/site/art?id=103567, in English: htt~://www.fsc- watch.ora/archives/2006/11/05/Carneroon Wiirna still certified as official observer finds new illeaalities- comments. COT M., LE HESRANJ. Y., FROMENTA., LOUIS P., MlAlLHES MAUBERT B., COT S., BOUSSINESQ M., RICHARD P., BOD0 J.M., MlGLlANl R., CHIPPAUXJ.P., 1991, L'eau et la sante dans les contextes du developpement ;resultatsde I'enquQte rnedicale a Mbandjockdu 25 novernbreau 7 decembre 1991, Yaounde :ORSTOM/OCEAC. COT M., LE HESRANJ-Y., MlAlLHES P., COT S., HOUGARD J. M. & FROMEIVTA. (1995). - lndicateursde sante dans la population d'un complexe agro-industrieldu Sud Carneroun (Mbandjock 1991). Cahiers Sante 5: 167-180. COTCO (1999) Compensation plan. Section 3.0 Legal Frameworkfor LandAcquisition, occupation and use. And Appendix E. htt~://www.esso.corn/Chad- Enalish/PA/Files/vo3ch3ca.~df COX P., KOPPERT G. (2000a).- Update of the Cameroon crop Market Survey (Chad Export Project); Final Report.Cameroon Oil Transportation Company, April 2002. (in Frenchand English). DHS (2007). - Interactiveweb site for calculation of health relatedindices based on DHS surveys, including HIVIAids. httg://www.rneasuredhs.corn/hivdata/survevs/survev ind data.cfm?survev id=436&surv ev ind id=5204&ind id=91 DHS MACRO INTERNATIONALINC., 2004, -Cameroun, Enqudte Demographiqueet de Sante 2004, Bureau Central des Recensementset des Etudesde population, REA Kribi 9 ~ 9 9 0 6 / ~ 0 0 0 0 5 / ~ ~ 0 / ~ o t t Report 25 February 2008 Ministeredes lnvestissementsPublicset de I'Amenagementdu Territoire:Yaounde. http://www.measuredhs.com/~ubs/~ubdetail~.dm?lD=543&srchTp=tvee#dfiles DJAMA Th. (1993) fi~://fi~.fao.ora/docrep/fao/005/ac887e/AC887EO3.dfConflicts in coastal fisheries in Cameroon. ldaf Technical report No53. Dounias et a/.(2005)- Plaine Tikar Rapportfinal APFT. httr,://www.ecoanthro~oloaie.cnrs.fr/lMG/~df03VOL.pdf page 225. ECAM2, (2002) - Livingconditions and Poverty Profile in Cameroon in 2001:final results. Ministryof Economy and Finance, Bureau of Statistics and NationalAccounts. htt~://ww4.worldbank.ora/afr/r>overtv/odf/docnav/03518.~df (consultedand downloaded in 2005, not availableon the WB website anymoreon Jan 13, 2008) parts of the report are published on htt~://ww.statistics-cameroon.ora/ins/~ublications.htm EU (2008) http://ec.europa.eu/enerav/res/leaislation/biofuels consultation en.htm The Europeancommission's web site on biofuel, includingreports of industriesand environmentalNGOs. Gepfe (2006). Baselineand monitoringreports Chad-CameroonPipeline. Cotco, - Gepfe (1998-2006). Global Forest Watch (2006). - Situationde I'exploitationForestiere au Cameroun. 31 Mai 2006. GFW-USAID,CARPE, LElCA http://pdf.wri.ora/afw cam atlas v2 affiche 2006.pdf. Interactivemaps of logging in Central Africa (includingCameroon) are found on htt~://www.alobalforestwatch.ora/Enalish/interactive.ma~s/cameroon.htm Greenpeace (2002).- http://www.illeaal- loaaina.info/u~loads/Green~eaceWiimaDestrovinaCameroon.dfWijma: destroying Cameroon's rain forests. IFC (2006) Performancestandard8. Cultural Heritage.April 30, 2006. http:llwww.ifc.oralifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsBvTitle/~ol PerformanceStandar ds2006 PS8/$FILE/PS 8 CulturalHeritaae.pdf IMF (2006) Cameroon: Poverty ReductionStrategy Paper Third Annual Progress Report. IMF Country report no 061260, July 2006. . http://ww.imf.ora/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/cr06260.pdf and the latest report issued in January 2008. htt~://ww.imf.ora/external/pubs/fVscr/2008/cr0801.pdf INDIGENOUS PEOPLESPLAN (1999).- lndigenous peoples planfor the Bakola pygmies Kribi-Lolodorfarea, Cameroon. EMP, Vol 4, part 3,pages 1.l-7.1 KA~'WALA'~(13-12-2007) - http://www.kwalai.com/index.~h~?o~tion=com content&task=view&id=4846<emid=45 Le bio-carburantest desormais produit et consomme au Cameroun. (accessed02 January 2008) KAMENI Robert J. (1998). - Carte des groupements 1/200.000,INC, Yaounde, 1998 KOPPERTet al. (2006).- Baseline and monitoring reports Chad-Cameroon Pipeline. Cotco, Gepfe (1998-2006) KOPPERT G. LOUNGJF. (1999). - Evaluationof socio-economicimpacts at the Lolodorf, Bipindi and Ngoumou Storage yards, Belabo Pump station and Kribi Pressure ReductionStation. GEPFE 1998. KOPPERT G., NKOUMBELE F., NGlMA MAWOLINGG., LOLING,J. F.,A. FROMENT. (2002a).- Report Consultationsfor the lndigenous Peoples Plan and socioeconomic baseline studies conducted in the Kribi-Lolodorf area June 28 to August 04, 2001 with referenceto the pre-constructionconsultationsin 1997, 1998 and 1999 (version 1.01, October 2002) KOPPERT,G.J.A., FROMENT, A., BAHUCHET, S., NGlMA MAWOUNG, G., LOUNG J.F. (1997)-Survey of Pygmy Population,Lolodorf to Kribi area, Republicof Cameroon.45 p. Carte de localisationdes campements pygmees. Rapport pour le Chad REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Developmentand Export System project. Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres Equatoriales, Paris. KOPPERT, G.J.A., FROMENT,A., RIKONGADIE, H.,TEMPLE, L., TCHATAT, M., KENGUE,J., MBIDA, M.-P., NGlMA MAWOLING,G. (1997).-Cameroon Market Survey, Kribito Meiganga. Republic of Cameroon. 32 p, fig. tabl. annexes. Rapportpour le Esso Explorationand Productionproject. Groupe d'Etude des PopulationsForestieres Equatoriales, Paris. Koulagna Koutou (2001) Problematiquede la viande de brousse au Cameroun. Central African Bushmeat Perspective. In BCTF Collaborative Action Planning Meeting Proceedings. Editedby: N.D. Bailey, H.E. Eves, A. Stefan, and J.T. Stein. Bushmeat Crisis TaskForce. Silver Spring, MD. 319 pages. http://~efa~.net/~df/03aCarnKoulaanaFR.~df 55-59. Page LAZARE KOLYANG (2007) t~tt~://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200712050245.html Cameroun: Gestion - Pollution maitrisee au bord de la Sanaga. (articlecitant le 50eanniversaire dlAlucam). Quotidien Mutations. LOUNG, J. F., (1996).- L'insuffisancedes feculents sauvages comestibleset ses consequences chez les Pygmees Bakola du Cameroun. In : Froment A., I.de Garine, Ch. Binam Bikoi' et J.F. Loung (eds.),Bien manger et bien vivre. Anthropologie Alimentaire et Developpement en Afrique intertropicale,Paris, ORSTOM-L'Harmattan , pp. 173-194. MAGNETC. and POUOMONGNEV. (2004) Etude environnementale du barrage de Lom Pangar, Etude de la peche. ARSEL, ISUOreadeBreche Sogreah. 88 p. MBOM FT. (2007). Cameroon: Palm Oil Price RisesAs Scarcity Escalates. The Post (Buea, 20 December2007). Consulted 13Jan 2008. http://allafrica.com/stories/200712200560.html MOBS PM (1998) The Mineral Industryof Cameroon. htt~://minerals.usas.aov/minerals/~ubs/countrv/1998/9204098. d f ~ NDOYE O., KAlMOWlTZ D. (1998)- Macro-Economics,Markets, and the Humid Forests of Cameroon, 1967-1997. htt~://~~.~rm.0ra.~~/def0re~tati0n/Afri~a/Camer00n2.htmI.workshop, Accra, Regional Ghana, on 26 - 30October 1998. NJOMGANG H. (2006) Enjeux et perspectives d'une reformefonciere au Cameroun. LandAdministration Issues in Africa. In: Promoting LandAdministration and Good Governance, 5th FIG Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana, March 8-11, 2006. htt~://www.fia.net/Dub/accra/~a~ers/tsl2/ts12 niomaana.~df(consultedJan 10, 04 2008) NOUDJIEUCHEUMANI C. (2005)-Approches de gestion durable de la chasse dans L'unite Technique Operationnelle de Campo-Ma'an (UTOCM) Sud Cameroun, LILG- Gembloux, htt~://www.ivt.ula.ac.be/memoire/Cheumani.~df NZEUGAH FANGLIE(2004) - Projet 18 - Pland'amenagement de la bandec8tierede Kribi-Campo, Cameroun. http://www.sommets-tourisme.ora/f/~rix/2004/18.pdf.consulted 19 Dec. 2007. NZOA G. (2003)- Gestion decentraliseedes revenusforestiers et developpement local durable: le cas de la commune de Yokadouma est - Cameroun. http://www.fao.ora/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XI1/0163-C2.HTMXI1World Forestry Congress, Quebec. PANERP (2007).- Plan d'Action National Energie pour la Reduction de la Pauvrete, Rapport d'avancementannexe 2. http://www.panerp- cm.ora/Docs/Documents/l149581749-Annexe2.pdf. PASQUET, P., KOPPERT,G. et FROMENT,A. (1993). -Activity patternsand energy expenditure in Cameroonian tropicalforest populationsin: Hladik C.M., Hladik A., REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 Linares O., Pagezy H., Semple A. et Hadley M. Editors, TropicalForest,people and food: Biocultural Interactionsand applications to development,Man and the Biosphere Series vo1.15, Parthenon-UNESCO,Paris, London. pp 311-320 PROMET ENGINEERS, HEYLING E. (2006).Mbalam IronOre Project Scoping Study. Sundance Resources Limited. Report C5243-RP-001Rev 1. (Scannedreport, not availableon Internet). RGPH (1987) - (Recensement General de la populationet de I'Habitat).- Crude data obtainedfrom official sources SAJO E., KOPPERTG., RIKONG H., FROMENT A., JOSEH A. & VAN SOEST M. 1996.Alimentationet etat nutritionneldans les zones urbaines :I'exemple de Mbandjock in: A. Froment, I. de Garine, Ch. Binam Bikoi' & J. F. Loung (dirs.),"Anthropologie Alimentaire et Developpement en Afrique intertropicale:du Biologique au Sociat', L'Harmattan, Paris, pp. 327-342. SALEM-MURDOCK,MUNEERA,MFOULOUJ., IVDONKO F. (1999).- Human environment:Socioeconomic and cultural survey in the Project Area. Electronically availableon http://www- wds.worldbank.ora/external/defaultMlDSContentServer/lW3P/IB/1999/06/23/000009265 398063018091O/Rendered/lNDEX/multiOpaae.txt. SAME EBOKO A, PRADELY. (2004) Etude environnementale du barragede Lom Pangar, Impact sur la sante. ARSEL, ISUOreade Breche Sogreah. 111 p. SEDFINANCE(2007).- Historiquedu Gisementde fer de Kribi. htt~://www.sedfinance.com/perso-25617.htm. SlKA JM, BALZ STRASSE, NAKOMO B. (2006)-Five MillionCameroonians Relyon Tontines and Njangito Fight Poverty. http://www.entrepreneurnewsonline.com/2006/12/five million ca.html. SlKl P. (2007).- Cameroun: le barragede Memve'ele au detail. http://www.camer.be/indexl.php?art=40O reperes-cm,Paru le 16-08-200717:08:35 TAMBA E. (2007) httw://edouardtamba.centerbloa.netlrub-Yaounde-Kribi-La-route- passe-la-colere-suit.htmlconsulted December20, 2007. In: Le Messager du 23-10- 2007. TANSA MUSA (2007).- UK state firm to build 200 MW Cameroon hydro plant. Published Aug 9 2007, consulted 19-12-2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/com~anvNewsAndPR/idUSL0971695720070809?~aaeNu mber=2&virtualBrandChannel=O&sp=true WlJMA (GWZ). (2006).- Resumede I'amenagementet de lademarche FSC pour I'LIFA 09-021 et la scierie de Bidou (EISA publishedon the official website of the logging company). htt~://www.wiimadouala.com/bestanden/R%E9sumede 11am%E9naaement et de la d%E9marche FSC Dour I'UFA 09-021 et la scierie de Bidouadf. WII-IAME (J.C).(1985)Cameroun, les avatars d'un liberalismeplanifie. Politique Africaine. htt~://www.~olitiaue-afri~aine.~0m/numeros/wdf/O18044.~df WORLD BANK (1998). - World Bank Policy on Indigenous Peoples, Approach Paperfor Revision of OD 4.20. (July 14, 1998). Biodiversity LAIVGUYAND DEMEY R (2000)- ornithologicalinventoriesin Campo- Ma'an region WWF (2007) - website Campo Ma'an project Gildas PeguyTchouto Mbatchou, Tropenbos - Biodiversityhotspotsand conservation priorities in Central-Africanrain forests, REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 n n n n. r~ 013 C eova.~W ~ S U ~ Y I R B O IUCN (2001) - The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mammals of Cameroon, MAY 1999 - Chad export project, SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS VOLUME 2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS Scott Wallace (January 2007) - Article from National Geographic Magazine "Logging in the Amazon, The Wild West of Brazil", Global Forest Watch, MINEF, World Resources Institute (2005) - Interactive Forestry Atlas of Cameroon (version 1.O) An Overview Global Forest Watch, MINEF, World Resources Institute (2006) - Interactive Forestry Atlas of Cameroon Version 2.0 Global Forest Watch (2000) - AN OVERVIEW OF LOGGING IN CAMEROON, Linking forests & people, A Global Forest Watch Cameroon Report http://ww.wijmadouala.com/bestanden/R%E9sumede I'am%Egnagementet de la dXE9marche FSC pour I'UFA 09-021 et la scierie de Bidou.pdf www.fsc-watch.org/archives/2006/11/05/ CameroonWijma~stiII~certified~as~official~observer~ finds-new-illegalities - comments Mineral Industry of Cameroon (1998) - http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1998/9204098.pdf Ministere du Developpement - http://www.camnet.cm/invistir/minmee/resmine.htm Industrielet Commercial, 1998, Produits du Cameroun, at www.camnet.cm/invistir/mindic/produits.htm Congo Basin Forest Partnership (2006) - THE FORESTS OF THE CONGO BASIN, State of the Forest 2006 Christiaan A. van der Hoeven (June 2004) - Pooling local expert opinions for estimating mammal densities in tropical rainforests, Carrie Brunger (2003) - Indirect Impactsof Road-Building in Developing Countries, Road-RIPorter Issue: Winter Solstice 2003, Volume 8 Tropenbos International/ SNV (2003) - Plan de amenagement et de gestion du parc national de Campo Ma'an, BRANDENBLIRGISCHETECHNISCHE UNIVERSITATCOTTBUS GERMANY - Reproductive and Management Aspects of Endangered Chimpanzee (Pantroglodytes) Population at Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve Cameroon Monitoring of the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme, 2003-2005 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 GorillaJournal 30 (June2005) - The Impact of Tourism on the Behaviour of Mountain Gorillas McCauley, R.D., Fewtrell, J., Duncan,A.J., Jenner, C., Jenner, MN, Penrose,J.D., Prince, R.I.T., Adhitya, A., Murdoch,J. and McCabe, K. (2000)- Marine Seismic surveys -A study of environmental implications.APPEA Journal 2000: 692-708. Center for Environmentand Development,Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defenseof Human Rights (April2007) - The Chad-CameroonOil & Pipeline Project A project non-completion report World Resources Institute - Appendix 2: Environmentaland Social Impacts of Mining WWF 1IUCN1Friends of the Earth (February 2007) - Good practicesfrom the nature and poverty program May 1999 - CHAD EXPORT PROJECT, SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS, VOLUME 5: CAMEROON BIOLOGICALSTUDIES Dames & Moore (October 1997)- ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT CHAD EXPORT PROJECT, CAMEROON PORTION Scott Wilson (October 2006) - Kribi Power Project (AES Sonel): 150MW Gas Plant & 225kV Transmission Line, Environmentaland Social Impact Assessment Report The Biodiversity Consultancy (14 January 2008) - Sanaga Gas Project Biodiversity Assessment, second draft -- REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 CHAPTER 10 GLOSSARY impactsleffectlrisk Effect: Any change, whether positive or negative, that an undertaking may cause in the environment, including any effect on socio-economic conditions, on environmental health, physical and cultural heritage or on any structure, site or thing. Im~act: A change in effect on an environmental resource or value resulting from human activities, including project development. Risk: Environmental risk is the chance that human health or the environment will suffer harm as the result of the presence of environmental hazards. Drectlindirect effect Direct: A direct impact or primary impact is caused by the action and occurs at the same time and place Indirect: An indirect impact or secondary impact is caused by the action and occurs later in time or farther removed in distance, but is still reasonablyforeseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems. Cmulative impacts The impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of actions when added together with other past, present, and reasonablyforeseeable future actions regardless of what company, government or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. Regional Environmental Assessment A detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable significant impacts on the environment, positive as well as negative, of certain public and private projects and developments in a defined region. Land occupation issues The use (occupation) and conversion (transformation)of land area by activities such as agriculture, roads, housing, mining etc. Land occupation issues deal with the impacts of the land use and land transformation, the amount of area involved, the extent of changes in land properties, the duration of its occupation and the area affected. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rotl Report 25 February 2008 (Evironmental)nuisance An environmentalproblemthat annoys or disturbs people and is a source of discomfort and/or a concern for health Positivelnegativeimpacts Positive: An impactthat is beneficialto its environment, includingthe abiotic, biotic and socio- economic environment Neaative: An impact that is adverse to its environment, includingthe abiotic, biotic and socio- economic environment Carrying (or absorption) capacity The maximumnumber of people, animals or (socio-economic)activities,that a particular environment can sustain without environmental damage. REA Kribi 9S9906/ROOOOYACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 o o n ROYAL HASKONINO Annex 1 Planningof the project execution REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 CAMEROON KRlBl GAS PROJECTTOR FOR REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, AUGUST 24,2007 General: AES Sonel and SNH 1PERENCO have prepared two good project based Environmental Assessment Reports (EAs). These EAs analyze the direct impacts of the respective projects, but do not analyze the indirect, induced and cumulative environmental and social impacts on a wider regional scale taking into account economic activities which are already existing, which are under construction and which are being planned in a 10 to 15 year time frame. The present TOR request the preparation of a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) which takes into account these indirect, induced and cumulative environmental and social impacts and the larger development issues in the Kribi region. The REA will take as a basis the two EA reports prepared by AES Sonel and SNH I PERENCO, the EA prepared by Exxon for the Chad - Cameroon Oil Pipeline, EAs prepared for other projects in the Kribi region and the MEAO (Mission d'Etude pour I'Amenagement de I'Ocean a Kribi) documents which deals with the planning of the zonation and sustainable development in the Kribi region. Obiective of the consultancv services and tasks: The main objective of the Regional Environmental Assessment is to look beyond the base case for the amount of gas presently identified and beyond the project and specifically analyze the indirect, induced and cumulative environmental and social impacts in the Kribi region from existing projects, projects under construction and planned within a 10 to 15 year time frame. The REA should also evaluate how the region would look like in 15 years from now if no adequate action is taken. Based on this analysis an Action Plan needs to be developed to keep the economic development of the Kribi region on a sustainable development path. The REA should include all the work that relates to Regional Planning produced by MEAO in Kribi. All the proposed activities should be budgeted. Task 1: The consultant should find out what the plans are for the development of the Kribi North area, both onshore as well as offshore. Preparation of a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) Report which will analyze in great lines the indirect, induced and cumulative environmental and social (e.g. SlDA and other health impacts) impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, impacts on people and pollution and safety aspects of existing projects, projects under construction and planned projects or economic development activities in a 10to 15 year time frame. Special attention should be paid to the impacts on endangered and threatened marine and terrestrial species and other biodiversity such as the Atlantic Littoral Forest and mangrove forests. Projects and development activities to be considered should include: tourism development, mining development, port development, industrial projects, hydropower development, gas and oil projects (seismic, exploration and exploitation), forestry exploitation, agro-industries, agricultural development, population increase, workers influx, etc. Only existing data should be used for the REA. REA Kribi Annex 1 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 The consultants should in great lines estimatethe impacts of these o n a developmentson the marine pollution levels, for instancefrom oils ROYAL ~ A ~ ~ o ~ I spills and condensate leakage, etc., water quality in the rivers and streams, impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and on human beings (the human environment). Task 2: Greenhousegas analysis for the entire project should be part of the REA. Climate change issues should also be addressed in the REA. Task 3: Also environmental and social managementand monitoringcapacity building needs with regardto change in the Kribi region should be addressed. The needs for environmentaland social management capacity buildingwithin SNH and other responsibleinstitutions in the oil and gas sector should also be analyzed. These environmental and social management capacity buildingefforts are essential to mitigate, manage and monitor the impacts of present and future of oil and gas developments. Task 4: Outline of a Social DevelopmentPlan, a Community Liaison Program and a Complaint Register needs to be included in the REA. AES Sonel and SNHIPERENCOshould make it very clear what they consider their responsibilityand what is the responsibilityof the Camerooniangovernment. Public Consultation: The REA needsto be discussed during a public consultation meeting with local stakeholders,affected people, national NGOs and other interested parties. REA report in English or French, but both with an Englishand French Executive Summary. Draft REA report after 2 months: 10 hardcopiesand a CD with the REA in MicrosoftWord. Final REA report after 3 months after inclusion of the comments of the Government of Cameroon and of the World Bank: 20 hardcopies and a CD with the REA in MicrosoftWord. Publication: The REA report will be published in the project area, in Douala and Yaounde, in the lnfoshop and on the internet site of the World Bank in Washington. S u ~ ~ obvtthe Government. AES Sonel and SNHIPERENCO: r The government, AES Sonel and SNHIPERENCOprovide access by the consultant to all project sites, to all relevant agencies, such as MEAO, to all data and documents relevant for the REA study. These partners should also provide counterparts to the consultantsto facilitate and speed up the work. ExDerienceof the consultant and duration of contract: The consultant needs to have an internationalexperience in preparing Regional EAs and an in-depth international knowledgeof environmental and social issues. The REA needs to be prepared in 3 months. REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 Annex 2 Planning of the projectexecution REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 3 - 25 February 2008 PLANNING OF THE PROJECT EXECUTION REA KRlBl - - 01 Dec. 2007 Start of the REA Kribi study 01 Dec. 06 Dec. 2007 - Mission 1 Obiective of the mission: Collection of documents, data and informationavailable Site recognition Scoping of the study 07 Dec. 20 Jan. 07 - Analysis of the collectedinformation, Possible other mission to be carried out, Drafting of the report 21 Jan. 2008 Drafl REA report RH sends the report to SNH and WB (per email and per post I hardcopy delivery) Note: The Draft REA report will include in an Annex the list of proposedparticipants for the workshop SNH has 2 days to read the Draft. 23 Jan. 2008 Presentation of Draft to SNH by RH In this way, any questions or things which are unclear, misunderstand,can be discussedstraight away. This should accelerate the process. 25 Jan. 2008 Comments of SNH and WB sent (per email) to RH 25 Jan. 2008 Invitations are sent by SNH to the stakeholders listed in the Draft REA report for the workshop 28 Jan. 2008 Draft REA publication The new version of the Draft will consider the comments of both SNH and WB. 13 Feb. 2008 Pre-presentationof the workshop to SNH by RH 15 Feb. 2008 Presentationof the Draft REA study to stakeholders in form of a workshop, in Krlbl 18 Feb. 2008: Debriefing meeting RH team - SNH In order to agree on the integrationof stakeholders'comments into the Final REA report 19 Feb.-22 Feb. Consideration of the stakeholders comments (receivedin the workshop) by RH team, draftingof the final REA version 20 Feb. 2008 Deadline for delivery of comments which can be integratedin the Final report 25 Feb. 2008 Final REA report sent to SNH (cc WB) (per email) Possible comments by SNH within 2 to 3 days (per email) 03 Mar. 2008 Final REA , Validation of the REA Kribi report by SNH within 3 days. REA Kribi Annex 2 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February2008 -0. a,, 0 0 0 ROYAL WASKOIYINO Annex 3 Cumulative effect assessment using VESH's REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report 25 February 2008 APPROACH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS The Regional Environmental Assessment includesthe assessment of indirect, induced and cumulative impacts. The assessment approach which will be used in this project to determine cumulative effects is based on the model describedin the Cumulative EffectsAssessment PractitionersGuide,from the Canadian Government.The approach will consider the WBIIFC guidelines mentionedin 4.1, the Cameroonian legislationand stakeholder consultationand is further adaptedto this project, according to the information and requirements in the ITT, the stated timeframeand experience of the consultants. The Canadian model was selected because it is an Internationally recognisedand used model and that Canada has more experiencein the assessment of cumulativeeffects. The assessments methodology providedis applicable to all project activitiesand experienceis recorded in the Oil and Gas sector (the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers recommendsuch approach). The analysis of cumulative effects will focus on assessing effects on selected Valued Environmental, Social and/or HealthComponents (VESHCs) (Figure).The REA will be lookedat "from the VESHCs point of view", in which the combined (i.e., cumulative) effects of the various activitieson each VESHC (i.e., on Figure,fish, water quality and human) are assessed (arrowsindicatean action causing an effect on a VESHC). The definition of Valued (ESH) Component (VC) is: Any part of the environment, social or health that is consideredimportantby the proponent, public, scientists and government involvedin the assessment process. Importance may be determinedon the basis of cultural values or scientific ~ 0 n c e r n . l ~ ~ Cumulative Effects Assessment PractitionersGuide, htt~:/lwww.ceaa-acee.ac.ca/013/0001/00042 e.htm. REA Kribi Annex 3 9S9906/R00005/ACO/R0tt Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 Figure1: Focussing on Effectson VESHCs 4 7 Pmposed Action The methodologystresses the importance of focusing the assessmenton environmental components of greatest concern (i.e. VESHCs). In general, the methodologyis designed to produce an environmental assessmentdocument that: is focused on issues of greatest concern; addresses regulatory requirements; addresses issues raised by the public and other stakeholders; integrates engineering design and mitigative and monitoring programs into a comprehensive environmental management planning process; and integrates cumulative effects assessment into the overall assessment of residual environmental effects. The environmental assessment screening methodologyfor this Project includes an evaluation of the potential effects, including cumulative effects, of each Project as well as malfunctions and accidents, with regard to Valued Environmental,Social and Health Components (VESHCs). Project related effects are assessed within the context of temporal and spatial boundaries established for the assessment. The evaluation of potential cumulative effects with regard to other projects and activities will generally include past, present and future activities that will be carried out and will interact temporally or spatially with the proposed developments in the Northern Kribi region. Specific attention will also be paid to: Effectsthat are limited for the individual projects, but due to the cumulative effect are much more important (for example: each of the individual developments doesn't go beyond an air quality standard level, but their cumulative effect would.) Other effects that are considerable enlarged through the cumulative effect and/or where common mitigation measures would be more (cost-) effective. The VESHCs for this project could be: endangered and threatened marine and terrestrial species, the Atlantic Littoral Forest mangrove forests. Indirect impact on human health REA Kribi Annex 3 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 2 - 25 February2008 ROYAL WASKOIYIMG Annex 4 Environmentaland Social Impactsof Mining REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTSOF MINING This annex is meant to provide a brief review of the literaturewith regardto environmentaland social impacts from mining, as well as key regulatory issues. Key Environmentaland Social Impacts Environmentaland social impacts of mining have been well-documentedand an ample literatureexists on this topic. The followingdiscussionsummarizes those environmental and social issuesthat formed the basis for the Mining and Critical Ecosystems framework. Environmental and social impacts are divided into waste management issues, impacts to biodiversityand habitat, indirect impacts, and poverty alleviation and wealth distribution.Those seeking additionaldetails may wish to consult the many resourcesavailable on this topic. Waste Management By nature, mining involvesthe productionof large quantities of waste, in some cases contributingsignificantlyto a nation's total waste output. For example, a large proportion of the materialsflows inputs and outputs in the United States can be attributedto fossil fuels, coal, and metal mining (Matthews et al., 2000:107).The amount of waste produceddepends on the type of mineral extracted, as well as the size of the mine. Gold and silver are among the most wasteful metals, with morethan 99 percent of ore extracted ending up as waste. By contrast, iron mining is less wasteful, with approximately 60 percent of the ore extracted processedas waste (Da Rosa, 1997; Sampat, 2003). Disposingof such large quantities of waste posestremendous challenges for the mining industry and may significantly impact the environment. The impacts are often more pronouncedfor open-pit mines than for underground mines, which tend to produce less waste. Degradationof aquatic ecosystems and receivingwater bodies, often involving substantial reductionsin water quality, can be among the most severe potential impacts of metals extraction. Pollutionof water bodies results from three primaryfactors: sedimentation, acid drainage,and metals deposition. Sedimentation Minimizingthe disturbed organic materialthat ends up in nearby streams or other aquatic ecosystems represents a key challenge at many mines. Erosion from waste rock piles or runoff after heavy rainfall often increases the sediment load of nearby water bodies. In addition, mining may modify stream morphology by disrupting a channel, diverting stream flows, and changingthe slope or bank stability of a stream channel. These disturbancescan significantlychange the characteristicsof stream sediments, reducingwater quality (Johnson, 1997a:149). Higher sediment concentrationsincreasethe turbidity of naturalwaters, reducingthe light availableto aquatic plantsfor photosynthesis(Ripley, 1996). In addition, increased sediment loads can smother benthic organisms in streams and oceans, eliminating importantfood sources for predatorsand decreasing available habitat for fish to migrate and spawn (Johnson, 1997b). Higher sediment loads can also decrease the depth of streams, resultingin greater risk of flooding during times of high stream flow (Mason, 1997). REA Kribi Annex 4 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 - 0 P c n r c U U O RQVAL H ~ S ~ O W I U O Acid drainage Acid drainage is one of the most serious environmental impacts associated with mining. It occurs when sulfide-bearing minerals, such as pyrite or pyrrhotite, are exposed to oxygen or water, producing sulfuric acid. The presence of acid-ingesting bacteria often speeds the process. Acidic water may subsequently leach other metals in the rock, resulting in the contamination of surface and groundwater.Waste rock piles, other exposed waste, mine openings, and pit walls are often the source of acidic effluents from a mine site. The process may occur rapidly and will continue until there are no remaining sulfides. This can take centuries, given the large quantities of exposed rock at some mine sites. Although the process is chemically complex and poorly understood, certain conditions can reduce likelihood of its occurrence. For example, if neutralizing minerals are present (e.g., carbonates), the prevailing pH environment is basic, or if preventative measures are taken, then acid drainage is less likely to occur (Schmiermund and Drozd, 1997:599). Acid drainage impacts aquatic life when acidic waters are discharged into nearby streams and surface waters. Many fish are highly sensitive to even mildly acidic waters and cannot breed at pH levels below 5. Some may die if the pH level is less than 6 (Ripley, 1996).2 Predicting the potential for acid drainage can help determine where problems may occur. Methods vary from simple calculations involving the balance of acidgenerating minerals (e.g., pyrite) against the existence of neutralizing minerals (e.g., calcium carbonate) to complex laboratory tests (i.e., kinetic testing). However, even laboratory-based tests cannot be relied upon to accurately predict the amount of metals that will be leached if acid drainage occurs, because of the differences in scale and composition that occur when samples are analyzed ex situ (Da Rosa, 1997). Metals Deposition Most mining operations use metals, reagents, or other compounds to process valuable minerals. Certain reagents or heavy metals, such as cyanide and mercury, are particularly 2 On a pH scale of 0-14, neutral pH is 7, while pH levels of 2 or lower are not uncommon in acid drainage. valued for their conductive properties and thus are frequently used. The release of metals into the environment can also be triggered by acid drainage or through accidental releases from mine tailings impoundments. While small amounts of heavy metals are considered essential for the survival of many organisms, large quantities are toxic. Few terrestrial and aquatic species are known to be naturally tolerant of heavy metals, although some have adapted over time. In general, the number of plant and animal species decreases as the aqueous concentration of heavy metals increases. Some taxa are known to be more sensitive to the presence of heavy metals. For example, salmon species are particularly sensitive to increased concentrations of copper (Kelly, 1998). Furthermore,juvenile fish are more sensitive than adult fish, and the presence of heavy metals may affect critical reproductive and growth stages of fish. REA Kribi Annex 4 9S99061R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 2 - 25 February 2008 ROYAL WASKONINO Annex 5 Health impacts of industrialdevelopment projects REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 HEALTH IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS The assessment of negative impacts and sanitary costs of major regional industrial projects related to the diversity of the infrastructures concerned, and limitations of upcoming projects145can only be preparatory. It requires additional studies basedon the effects of health determinants of the resettled people and of the people who will be living nearby the future complex. This section will be taken into account in the comments of each project. The Gas-to-power project Available data Potential impacts of the Gas-to-power project are mainly related to workers, the relocated people, the fishing activity. Negative impacts may affect directly (disease) or indirectly (poverty)the nearby population's health. They concern transmissible diseases (ISTs), malaria, diminished and polluted sea resources, destruction of medicinal plants. Transmissiblediseases.- STls and HIVIAidswill increase though population growth through (single male) project workers Water-bornediseases.-The region has very few clean water sources, and surface water is readily polluted by project activities. Malaria.- Clearing of land and creation of stagnant water sites will increase the risk of malaria in a region where cheap malaria prophylaxis (chloroquine) is not effective anymore Food production and food pollution.-The oil and gas exploitation of the sea has potential impacts of fish production (less income and more poverty for the riparian populations and contamination of fish with carcinogenic oil derivatives. Analysis and discussion Recent data suggest that the south province has a relative poor health situation in terms of STIIHIV preva~encel~~,malaria prophylaxis14', infant diseases and infant mortality'48 through respiratory disease, measles and diarrhoeas and the province suffers from a poor global access to affordable health care14'. The expectations raised by the impact of the planned industrial projects on the development of the region and the strengthening of basic infrastructure (health centres, schools, electricity, drinking water, employment, development...) in the area are important. However, for most projects (exceptthe mining projects) project employment will be very limited, and project impact limited to land loss and accompanying compensation payments and resettlement. Positive local impacts will thus be short- termed and limited, which will probably create frustration among the local population. 145 The programming, even sprawl, of compensations for the worksite periodlpost-worksite period is not always clear or no information is provided on the mechanisms employed (CAM-IRON, deep-water port, roads and railways). 146 Most recent health data of the South Province, suggest that STls (sexually transmitted infections) and HIVIAIDS are a major public health problem. The prevalence of HIV, was slightly higher than the national average (6.5% vs. 5.5% nationallycf. DHS 2004: 303). 147 The number of householdsequipped with a bed net recorded in the South province is lower than the average at the national level (16% vs. 20% cf. DHS 2004: 168). 148 Available data on the scale of the South Province, showed an infant mortality rate higher than the national average (87100 to 74/00 throughout the country (See DHS 2004: 216) and an incidence of diarrhoea slightly lower (15.5% for the less than 5 years compared with 16% on average nationwide cf. DHS 2004: 160). These figures do not take into account existing disparities between rural and urban areas, nor between coastal areas and the hinterland. 149 Rural areas recorded the lowest rate of access to health care, use of bed nets and effective treatments (prevalenceof drug resistanceto malariawhere only too expensive are effective medicines). REA Kribi Annex 5 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 Mitigation measuresshould consider not only the health of project employees but also the heath of their families and of the local population. Special attention should be paid to the socially more vulnerable (minorities,women, widows, elderly, non locals) who are affected by the negativeaspects of the projectsand should therefore be specifically included in public health interventions,access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Safety measuresat the plant sites and protectivesafety measuresfor the civilian populations should be among the first prioritiesof all the projects,as all accidents should be avoided. Recommendations Risk of water pollution and contaminationof fish with carcinogenic substances to be mitigatedby and independent committeeof medicaland fishery auth~rities'~~,financed by the Oil and Gas Industry. Quality control of fish productsby the health authorities, a surveillanceprogram of fish products consumed. lmpact of land clearing on transmissiblediseased like malariaand water borne infections lmpact of concentrationsof projectworkers on the spread of IST, including HIVIAids Identificationof the pollutionsource (rigs, ships, pipelines)can assist in improving mitigation measures. Preparationof an emergency plan in case of oil pollution,explosions,and other industrialaccidents 'The Hydro-electric Memve'eleproject Available data The building of a dam and creating of an artificiallake by the river may have serious negative health consequences, most of these impacts have been recognisedin the actualisedfeasibility study (Coyen et Belleir,2007, page 4-44)l5': Waterbornediseases. -they are associatedwith the appearanceof stagnant pools of water : malaria, yellow fever and Bancroft'sfilariasis, and bilharzias. Transmissiblediseases.- STls and H I V I A ~ ~ Swill~increasethough populationgrowth ' ~ through (single male) project workers Malaria. - Clearing of land and creation of stagnant water sites will increase the risk of malaria in a region where cheap malaria prophylaxis(chloroquine)is not effective anymore Water-bornediseases. - Risksdue to increasedpopulationand the absence of clean drinking water 150 Like the recent "Centre communautaire de pbche artisanale" de Kribi (CECOPAK) built with Japanese development assistance. 15'Coyne et Bellier, (2006). -Amenagement hydroelectrique de Memve'ele sur le Ntem. Actualisation des Etudes de faisabilite. Vol II. Les Btudestechniques. htt~:llwww.~roiet-mernveele.oralVolurne%202.~df See also for instance Same Eboko A, Pradel Y. (2004) Etude environnernentale du barrage de Lorn Pangar, Impact sur la santB. ARSEL, ISUOreadeBrbche Sogreah. 111 p. and '52 Most recent health data of the South Province, suggest that STls (sexually transmitted infections) and HIVIAIDS are a major public health problem. The prevalence of HIV, was slightly higher than the national average (6.5% vs. 5.5% nationally cf. DHS 2004: 303). REA Kribi Annex 5 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 2 - 25 February 2008 - - - ROYAL U.$*QY1M Analysis and discussion The construction of a hydroelectricdam requires at least three yeas of work by qualified staff who will be settled in and hitherto almost empty environment. Most workers will probably come without their families, and the risk of sexually transmitted infections is very high. The influx of workers and job seekers create risks of over-exploitation of bush meat and thus less available proteins for the local population. Density of wild animals will be disturbed temporarily by the construction activities. Project employees and project workers are at risk of water contamination and forest-borne diseases. Recommendations Carry out an epidemiological baseline study, including but not limited to children under five, and women in procreative age to obtain a better understanding of the health risks to the project of the forest environment. Develop community health programs: vaccination, nutrition, clean drinking water supply, distribution of bed-nets, S-TIIHIV prevention programs The supplying of the electric generators by underground pipes should reducethe flow of running water, and diminish blackfly reproduction,the vector of onchocerciasis. Create access to affordable medical care to the local population Avoid concentrations of bachelors in the project area by providing housing and education facilities for project workers and their families Creating workers' camps and construction sites respecting all international standards of safety (clean water, malaria treatment, latrines and waste management) Promote potable water supply and waste-management in the adjacent villages. Organise the provision of the markets with fish (fresh and frozen) and meat at competitive prices in order to provide alternativesto bush meat consumption. Developfrom the start a program of sustainable fishing in the retention lake153. Mbalam and Mamelles Iron projects Availabledata Preliminary feasibility studies lack detailed information about the medical impacts of the projects. Analysis and discussion The iron mining projects require major infrastructure upgrades at the plant sites and for transportation and imply many more workers for a much longer time than the power plants of Kribi and Memve'ele and the oil and gas exploitation. As such, they more closely resemble the agro-industrial projects. However, as more qualified labour is demanded, and probably higher salaries are paid there is a much higher monetary impact on the neighbouringvillages, including prostitution, over-exploitation of bush-meat. Density of wild animals will be disturbed temporarily by the construction activities of the railroad. Project employees and project workers are at risk of water contamination and forest-borne diseases. Previous studies on the health consequences of a sugar agro-industrial complex1", allow a preview of health impacts of a project in a previously almost uninhabited site. '53Retention lakes tend to be very rich in fish. See for instance Magnet C. and POUOMONGNE V. (2004) - Etude environnernentaledu barrage de Lorn Pangar, Etude de la pbche. ARSEL, ISUOreadeBrbche Sogreah. 88 p. '" See projects undertakenby ORSTOM (now IRD) OCEAC, and the Pasteur Institute in the city of Mbandjock: Cot et a/. 1991, 1995;Sajo et a/.1996. REA Kribi Annex 5 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 3 - 25 February 2008 Dependingto where the workers villages will be located near rivers and fields, exposure from Simulia (blackflies)bites (see Cot et al. 1991),the incidenceof river blindness, malaria and schistosomiasis,can vary substantially. Recommendations Carry out an epidemiologicalbaselinestudy, includingbut not limitedto children under five, and women in procreativeage to obtain a better understandingof the health risks to the projectof the forest environment. The quality of urban planning (supplying of drinkablewater or latrinesfor the workers camps), will be in direct relationto the incidenceof infant mortality (often generatedby diarrhoea1diseases) or typhoid. Risks of HIVIAIDSand STls, will be increasedif single men are recruited,but decrease if the project encouragesthe settling of workers and their families. The project needs to insure a decent quality of life to workers' families by providing education, agricultural land (includingtraining and ensuring availabilityof seeds, fertilizer and pest control products),recreationalservices, healthcare, and train workers in preventingaccidents and health risks during and after work. Includeand promotethe participationof the local populationin healthcare, educational services, agriculturalextension Organise the provision of the markets with fish (freshand frozen) and meat at competitiveprices in order to provide alternatives to bush meat consumption. REA Kribi Annex 5 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 4 - 25 February 2008 a o a ROYAL HASKONING Annex 6 Socio-economicanalysis of the Gas to power project - REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE GAS-TO-POWER PROJECT This section analyses the ESHlAs made for this project and provides recommendations for improvement. Main elementsfrom the Gas-to-power ESHIA, RAP and CDP Separate studies were made by different consultingcompaniesfor the pipelinewith the Central ProcessingFacility (CPF) (HasKoning, 2006), and the power plant and transmission line to the nationalgrid in Edea (Scott Wilson 2006,2007a, 2007b). These studies partly overlap while at the same time suffering from not discussing major impacts.This section describesthe choice of sites for the two facilities as well as notable results of the ESHIA studies. Only the Scott Wilson study includes a Compensationand Resettlement Action Plan, and a Community Development Plan, while the Haskoningstudy is limitedto the Environmental Impact Assessment. Choice of locationof the Central Processingand electricityproducing facilities Available data The Sanaga gas fields are locatedsome 10 km offshoreeast of Kribi. No cumulative environmentalconsiderationsare consideredin the ESHlAs of the CPF and the power plant1transmission line. Perenco will use an area of 25 ha acquired previously by the national oil company SNH in the village of Eboudawae, 10 km North of Kribi. The Gas plant CPF will use only part of the 25 available hectares, though exact dimensions are not part of the EIA report (Haskoning, 2006). Alternative sites of the powerplant compared in the ESHIA, only take into consideration the distance to the gas fields. However, this analysis is flawed: as the clean gas comes directly from the Central ProcessingFacility, the relative locationsof the CPF and power plant are more importantdata. According to the ESIAs, though the two plants are located 9 km apart, they will be linkedthrough an offshore pipeline of 25.5 km! As both plants are on-shore, and a sufficiently vast area is availableon the SNH site, it's advisableto consider building both plants side by side on the same plot. This is especiallyso becausethe foot print of the final powerplant will be about 4 ha only (Scott Wilson, 2006, pages 3-10) Tourism is an importantsource of livelihoodfor the local population, and the building site of both the CPF and the Powerplant should be chosen in such a way that as little as possible of the coastal environment (includingskyline) is disturbed.According to the Haskoning(2006) study, all land along the coast is now titled land, and value of land directly on the coast is about 10times the value of land inland. It's thus advisable to leave the ocean front liberatedfrom all direct industrialimpact, and build all facilities inland, a few km away from the coast. A fishermen's hamlet, Ebodawae, with an estimatedpopulationof 29 households and 203 people, is locatedclose to the CPF, and should be relocatedif the negative impact from the CPF and powerplant becomestoo important. Its population is mostly of foreign, Nigerian origin (Haskoning, 2006). Costs evaluationof alternativesites 'The box below shows the alternativesfrom the ESlA report, and indicatesthat REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February2008 Mpolongwe 1 is the cheapest alternative. Initial analysis of different site alternatives [apparently] considered only options where the two plants would be built in a single location. The below table show an evaluation of costs variations relater1 to selected criteria far each site. Mpolonpve 1 is considered as base case. - 'li-c~rlsmissiortliric. : 200k$//krr~ - Pipeline : 400 k$/km - ./\ccess road : 500 k$/krn - Hc4ocal1ott : 30k$/S~/tct - Lurtd cost : 6 $/ng (ir~ulerland) 10 $/m2(costal lartd) Table 1. Evaluation of alternatives sites for the AES Sonel powerplant and the Central Processing - Facility. Analysis and discussion The results of the cost analysis are based on a direct link between the gas fields and the gas power plant. However, since then, the choice has been made to locate the CPF and the powerplant in different locations. This means that a 15 km of pipeline has to be added, while the expensive access road to the CPF has to be built anyway. This invalidates the cost evaluation in the Scot Wilson report. BiDaaa alternative. If the two plants were built together in Bipaga the extra pipeline to - Mpolongwe IIwould not be necessary (saving 6 million $), land in Mpolongwe would not have to be acquired (saving about 1 million$) and the access road of Bipaga 2 can be shared with the Central Processing facility, costs will be 7 millions of dollars lower than the alternative of two different plant sites. The location of the main facilities directly along the coast, means that a fishermen's village will either be moved, or be within the disturbance zone of the project, and a zone mainly reserved for tourism, will be lost. A minimum distance of about 1 km between the village and the industrial facilities, would spare the village, and protect the coastal skyline. MDOl0na~ealternative.- If the two plants were built together in Mpologwethe pipeline would be 19 km shorter (saving 7.6 km), the access road to Bipaga 2 not necessary (saving 2.5 million $), but land in Mpolongwe would have to be acquired (cost about 1 million$), the transmission line 10 km longer (cost 2 million $). The estimated total costs REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 2 - 25 February 2008 will be 11 million$ lower than the alternative of two different plants. Resettlement: If resettlement of Eboudawae becomes necessary,this will be quite expensive, as a whole village will have to be movedto a new location, and a new village created. As the population lives from fishing, this location will also have to be on the coast. The estimated'55cost for 29 families is 2.9 million $, Resettlement in Mpolongwe,would be cheaper as replacement housing can most probably be built in the same village. AES-Sonels estimates the cost of replacement buildings at 0.3 million$ Recommendations Build the CPF and powerplant in the same location. Avoid negative impact on the coastal band by locating the CPF and Powerplanta few km inland. Central Processing Facility Project description The Gas production Project includes: 1 Drilling 2 exploitation gas wells offshore (from existing and abandoned wells) with Gas production units offshore 2 A Central Processing Facility (CPF), onshore at Eboudawae 3 A 3 km pipeline between the 2 production wells, a 14 km pipeline to carry the gas to be treated to the CPF, A 14 km pipeline to inject the glycol back into the wells 4 A 21 km pipeline to transport the by-products (water + condensate) from the CPF to the existing well KB-4, where it will be connected and to the existing pipeline linking KB-4 to the Ebome storage platform (USF La Lobe) 5 A (15 to 25 km) pipeline to transport the treated gas from the CPF to the onshore power station, between Eboudawaeet Kribi, in order to produce electricity from the gas provided by Perenco. Proposed mitigationmeasures Main mitigation measures- in relationto social and health aspects -to be applied during construction and production are the following: Table 2. -Mitigation measures in the social, health and safety fields proposed in the ESHlA of the Central Processing Facility. Constructionperiod (onshore and offshore to be determined outside the turtles' egg laying period (November to March), the whale migration period(September-October), the dolphins' reproduction period (March-April), the fishes' reproduction period and outside the wet season (in order to decrease the erosion risk) Forbidden to feed, pest or chase the marine fauna. Forbidden to poach in the area of the project. Personnel awareness rising on the ecological importanceof the mangrovesand the flora and fauna on the project location. lS5Based on the costs of 50.000$ per building, and two buildings per household. In reality, resettlement costs of villages tend to beusualty much higher than budgeted. REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 3 - 25 February 2008 1Information meeting and awareness raising campaign with traditional and neighbouringauthorities and with fishermen at the beginningof the constructionwork. Minimizeas much as oossible the imoortation of work-force. Good management of the living quarter, especiallyin terms of public hygiene. Monitoringof the water quality in the area of the project. Implementation of a Health, Safety and Environmental ManagementPlan. Presence of a medicalteam on site during all the constructionperiod. Creation of a safetv zone which also includesan environmentalminimisation Posting a security guard (site keeper) on the area of the project and prohibition to enter the constructionzone without permission. Creationof a safety zone (which can be different from the one during the constructionphase), where it will be forbidden to cultivate the ground, to build on, or to use it for any purpose except for commuting (by foot or with a vehicle) over the pipelinewhich will be locatedon the beach. Maintainingthe security guard during exploitation (who was employed during the construction phase in the SNH concession phase). In case of a gas leak of condensatespill : I Financialcompensation of the affected fishermen ; I I Remediationof the damaged zones; i ( In water, to quickly containthe hydrocarbons by the most appropriatemethod@). Socio-economicdata and issuesas described inthe CPF ESlA The Wider Kribi Area is inhabited by a young population: 60% under 25 and 20% over 50 years (see Ere Developpement,2003). Ethnicgroups are: Batanga, Mabea, Bassa, Bakoko, Beti (Evouzok), while migrants are: Nigerian fishermen, Bamileke traders. Land conflicts are especially important in the coastal areas: as land is bought by hotels, retirees (civil service and private enterprises), locals,and rich people from elsewhere. 100% of coastal land between Kribi and Londji is titled. 80% of the global area is still covered with more or less degraded Biafran forest, 4-5% other forest, 8.6% is used by Hevecam and Socapalm, 6.6% in other agricultural use and 1.53% is actually built. Eboudawae is a hamlet attached to the Evouzok village of Bipaga 1. At the time of visit there were 29 households (only 7 are Cameroonian) and 207 people. Resettlement may be considered, because the hamlet is : (1) close to the site; (2) close to military terrain (3) surrounded by a swampy river. In the Ocean province 75% of the fishermen are Cameroonians, but in Eboudawae 75% is Nigerian. Income of fishermen is according to a regional survey 125.000 Flyearly, or about 2.500 Flweek or about due to seasonality of the fishing activities (mainly during the main dry season from December to March) and of consumption by the own family. Ngok et a/.(2005) estimate the average annual value sold by each maritime artisanal fisherman at about 1.000.000 FCFA. The differences between these data sources, clearly indicate that there is a lack of good basic data. Ngok et a/.indicate that production has been decreasirlg during the last several years. Industrialfishing legally only takes place outside the 3-miles' coastal zone, and practically in those areas where the water is deep enough for the trawlers to work. Total and daily yields on industrial fishing have also decreased since 1981, from 4.55 T between 1979 and 1979, and 2.05 T between 1986-90. Reasons are (1) REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 4 - 25 February 2008 overexploitation, (2) use of fine prawn nets that also kill juvenile fish, (3) conflictswith artisanalfishermen. Industrialcoastal fishing is now absent from the area betweenthe river estuaries of the Lokoundje and IVtem. Analysis and discussion Land conflicts are exacerbated by the news of potentialgains to be obtainedthrough de presence of industrialdevelopment projects such as the pipeline, power plant, CPF, power line The conflict over the land rights on the CPF site are caused by the fact that the Batangafrom Londji, being a coastal peopleof fishermen, consider that the land is theirs, while the Evouzok an inland population, have receivedthe compensation for it. Such land and ethnic conflicts are common, and often refer to disputes who were the first populationsin the area and who initiallyallowedthe other to settle on the land (cf. section 0) . Data providedby the report should be completedby includingthe following items: 1 A summary map that indicatesall the villages and names used in the report. 2 Demographicdata. 3 Presenceof Bagyeli in the vicinity of the project. 4 Archaeology. 5 Grievance procedure 6 Impact of the gas pipelineto the power plant is not assessed. Power plant and transmission line The powerplant is projected in the Batanga village of Mpolongwe 1, directly east of the tarred road Kribi-Esekaon a site of approximately 16 ha, of which 4 ha are necessary for the plant (Scot Wilson, 2006, page 3-10). It will consist of gas-poweredgenerators and step-uptransformersto 225kV, which will be exportedfrom the site via a new 225 kV transmissionline. Three families will have to be relocated. Employment for the constructionof the plant and transmissionline will include an estimated60 local people, 10%of the total estimated work force of 600. Three available reports from Scott Wilson deal with an initial ESlA (2006),the resettlementaction plan (2007a) and the Community developmentplan (2007b).The 2006 report, in its social aspects, was based on meetings with government, regionaland local representativesas well as visits to a sample of villages. Social Management Plan The ESlA of the powerplant and transmission line indicatesin its chapter 8 the essentialsof the Social management plan. Consultation with localstakeholders Advance information,accessibilityof meetings, convenient time, clear understandablenon-technicallanguage, right to responseduring the meetingor followed up within a timeframe. Havefocus groups Use of local community groups such as NGOs Stakeholder identificationtechniques were based on formal and informal meetings, householdsurveys, literature review, and unscheduledinformal meetings . Have a formal grievance procedure: REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 5 - 25 February 2008 Open to everybody With community representatives in committee Neutral well respected third party in case of irresolvable issues Favour facilitation rather than, arbitration Resettlement Monitoring organization Monitoring Displaced persons: contact at intervals of 6 months, 12 months, and subsequently at regular intervals Resettlementorganization should be composed of (a) advisory group, (b) manager, (c) Community Liaison Officer (d) Support services unit (e) Village resettlement committees Analysis and discussion The ESlA report covers all social aspects, and some of the major issues of the area (potential difficult community relations) are addressed. But it suffers from a lack of knowledge of the local population, a too limited socio-economic survey, and serious lack of data about the affected villages. Plant site has been chosen based on mostly technical and land-use criteria and the ESlA has not yet been presented to the communities for comments and approval (4.2) The sampling method used for the SE survey does not seem clear: "random sampling" of 21 out of 26 villages and "2to 4 households (HH)" per village, without indicating the methodology is weak. The sample is clearly insufficient anyway. Basic information for each of the villages should have been included in the report. Sampling should be a weighted proportion of HH in order to include the variation and have an equal possibility of farmers to be included. Both village sampling (among the 26 villagers) or PAP sampling (among the 710 affected HH) are legitimate ways of doing this. Villages are sufficiently small to have a HH count and a sampling of 5-20% of HH (at least 10 per village to obtain usable data.) All 94 physically displaced HH should have a complete SE assessment carried out in order to measure their effective loss, their vulnerability and to have baseline data for future evaluating the impact of the resettlement. Lack of time is not a valid excuse to skip 5 of the 26 villages, before the important project step of evaluating assets eligible for compensation in the easement were carried out. Villages expressed their anger that project representatives had started staking areas along the right-of-way before they were informed about the project. Consultation meetings were held in each of the division capitals with authorities and villages chiefs, and subsequently in each village in the presence of sub-prefect or his representative. Responses of project facilitators on important questions were often too optimistic as to the possibilities of the project. The typical answer on employment issues was: 'We know that employment is importantfor the young men of your village and that's why we invite them today to create lists of all the qualification which are abundantly present in your village, so they can be used by the project at the appropriate time". All development related questions were "submittedto AES Sonel for appropriate actions". Recommendations Inform all concerned local populations well in advance of important steps of the project, including pre-project crop inventories Provide the locals with good honest information about the scope and the limits of what the project can mean for the locals. Try to dampen unwarranted expectations that will be counterproductive at later stages of the project. REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 6 - 25 February2008 Resettlement Available data All projectfacilities (CPF, powerplant, transmissionline) include physicaland economical resettlement of households, in spite of a projectdesign aimed at a minimisationof potentialimpacts. The original outlay of the facilities includesthe following numbers of Project Affected People (PAP) and Households (HH): Gasprocessing Facility. - A hamlet of 203 peopleclose to the CPF would probably be better off if resettledto an area further away. No decision has so far been taken as to their resettlement.As most households are of foreign origin and do not hold a landtitle it will be especiallydifficult to find a replacement resettlement site with similar land access security along the coast. Powerplant.-Three families, whose land and structures are within the 16.7 ha plant site, would have to be relocated. Transmissionline. - 681 peopleare affected by the project (power plant and transmission line) of which 54 had legaltitles to a total of 35.5 ha of land, while the remaining270 ha are either . The RAP estimatesthe number of affected in section c.1 1 60 HH in the littoral and 16 HH in the Ocean problemswill lose a house and are physicallydisplaced (total 74 HH). 2 358 HH lose crops, 48 of whom also lose a house 3 54 HH have legal titles, of which 28 lose crops and 2 lose houses, while the remaininglose uncultivatedland only. Only titled land (less than 1%of the will be compensatedto people, which is in line with the Cameroonianlaw. However, internationalregulationdemandthat PAPs obtain "similar access"to replacement land elsewhere, which in a region where land disputes are very common is not easy to obtain. The RAP providesAES-Sonel support to PAPs which do not have land titles "in negotiatingany new lands as well as incur any costs such as traditionalgifts, needed to obtain the land". No specific land acquisitionrules are set for new houses, but it would be advisable to title all land where the project builds new houses, in order to guarantee that the PAP and his inheritors can have perpetual usufruct of the land on which their house is built. Relevant legislation The RAP concerningthe powerplant and transmission line describes national legislation and international rules applicableto the project. A summary of the results is provided below. National legislation.-The relevant Cameroonian legislation relatingto resettlement and land requisitionis outlined in Table 2.3-1 below (section2.3, SW Rap report, 2007). REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 7 - 25 February2008 Table 3.-Cameroonian legislation applicable to resettlement Subject Law/Decree/Order Ordinance No. 74-1 of 6 July 1974 to. establish rules governing land tenure -relating to Private and Public Property, National Lands. Ordinance No. 74-2 dated 6 July 1974 - relating to the status of the public domain in Cameroon (the "Land Code"). Decree No. 76-166 dated 27 April 7976-relating to the management of the national domain (the "National Domain Decree"); Decree No. 76-167 dated 27 April 1976 -relating to the management of the private domain (the "Private Domain Decree"). Law n" 85/009 of 4 July 1985 - Compulsory Acquisition of a Public Utility Decree (PUD) and payment of compensationfor the Environment. Ministerial Order No0136/Y. 14.4/MINDAF/D220 and 0137/Y.14.4/MINDAF/D220 of 2bmAugust 2005 Declaring - Public Utility for the Construction of the Kribi Gas fired power plant and the 225KV Transmission line from Kribi to Edea respectively. Decree No. 87/1872 of 16/12/1987 implementing Law No. 8519 of 4/07/85 on expropriation for public utility purposes, Ministryof Town Planningand Housing Relating to set up of the evaluationcommittee, public notification and public inquiry. Decree No 2006/3023 of 29/12/2006 -Fixing the modes of Administrative Evaluation of The buildings in Fiscal Matters Arrest No 009/MINDIC/DPMPC Du 01/03/2004 -relating to the fixation of prices and tariffs for material, furniture works and other services relatingto Public Administration. Decree No 2003/418 of 25/02/2003 - relating to the compensation payments for crops destroyed by the constructionof public utilities. Cultural Heritage Law No 91/008 of 30 July 1991 - The protection of cultural and national heritage. This law identifies the procedures for protection of sites and materials of cultural and national heritage. It applies to cultural sites that may be found along the projected line conidor. Land for the project facilities (power plant and transmission line) has been acquired through specific public utility decrees. Internationallegislation. -The relevant international rules and legislation relating to resettlement and land requisition is outlined in Table below (section 2.7, SW Rap report, 2007). REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 8 - 25 February 2008 Table 4. -World bank directives applicable to resettlement Title Description Relevancefor the project PSI : Social and environmental Describespolicy and procedures involved in Applicable, especially with regards to the assessment and management systems elaboratingan effective social and grievance mechanismsto receive and address environmentalmanagement system specific concerns. PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Describespolicy and procedures involvedfor Applicable, as the project will require Resettlement resettlement. Providesguidance on definitions, resettlement both at the plant site and along requiredapproach, benefit eligibility, the way leave of the transmission line resettlementplanning and instruments OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, Describespolicy and procedures involvedfor Applicable, as the project will require December 2001 resettlement. Provides guidance on definitions, resettlement both at the plant site and along Formerly OD 4.30 Involuntary required approach, benefit eligibility, the way leave of the transmission line. Resettlement, June 1990, resettlement planningand instruments. OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples(July 2005) Provides guidance to ensure indigenous Not Applicable for the RAPas the direct (formerly OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples, peoples beneft from development projects and impact on the indigenouspeople is very low. September 1991 avoid or mitigate potentially adverse impacts. Applicable for the Community Development & PS7 Indigenous People (April 2006) Plan. OP 4.11 Cultural Property, September Policy guidance on sites having archaeological, Applicable. 1986, formerly OP11.03 paleontological, historical, religiousand unique natural values. Source: www.ifc.ora. May 2006 Adaptation of national laws to international legislation.- International rules go beyond Cameroonian law: Table 5. -Comparison of World Bank directives and Cameroonian legislation applicable t o resettlement Key tenets of the WB's OP 4.12 covered in part or full by OP 4.12 and IFC PS5 obligationsof the borrower or current Cameroonianlaw include sponsor that extend beyond those required under Requirementsto pay compensation in advance where Extentof compensation and types of assistanceoffered land is expropriated for public use (Law No. 851009); Categories qf people eligible for compensation Requirementsto compensate for lossesto productive Income restoration and assistance to displaced persons assets and crops (Rule no 13-MINAGRIIDAG); with their efforts to improve their livelihoods and Requirementsto inform and involve local communities standards of living and affected persons; The extent of resettlement planning and procedural Requirementsto undertakea mapping and census requirements survey exercise to establish the rights, assets, land Implementation of sustainable development programs to owners and tenure of displaced people; and enable project affected personsto share the benefit of Provisionfor pre-judicial avenues for resolutionof the project. disputes and rights of appeal. Compensation based on the full replacementcost of lost assets based on full market values and assistance to help improveaffected peoples standard of living Ensuring that affected people are given security of tenure to their new property. REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 9 - 25 February 2008 Q n o n r n tin ti ROTAL WIllOIllla Analysis and discussion The RAP report remains vague about key differences between the Cameroonian law and international regulations. Specific differences of major importance with OP 4.12 are: The Cameroonian law does not recognise any right of compensation on illegal occupied of land, OP4.12 compensates crops and assets irrespective of the legality of land occupation The Cameroonian law compensates assets with a depreciation for their actual value wile OP 4.12 demands that compensation be paid by replacement value, which is usually much higher The Cameroonian law only compensates "mises en valeur" or "objective improvements and assets" to untitled land and does not specifically recognize the right to replacement land elsewhere OP 4.12IPS5 demand that livelihood be at least as assured after the project as before, the Cameroonian law is silent about this aspect. Land is used for about 2-3 years and then lays fallow for 4-5 years, which means that a farmer needs 2-3 times more landthan he actually cultivates in order to keep faming. The Cameroonian law only recognises actually used land. In order to protect the farmer's future livelihood, replacement land should be acquired at the rate of 2 ha of new land for every ha actually cultivated. Recommendations Land issues are a major problem in the area. As more than 90% of the land users do not have a land title, access to replacement land for agriculture has to be monitored by the project. The draft RAP provides AES-Sonel assistance for acquiring land under traditional land tenure. In order to avoid land conflicts, should be allowed to use land under the power transmission line to grow annual crops. If land cannot be used anymore, actually cultivated land should be replaced within the same community through a written agreement with other land-owners in the village. The village chief and village elders should endorse the new ownership in a public meeting with an official memorandum signed. In order to protect the farmer's future livelihood, replacement land should be acquired at the rate of 2 ha of new land for every ha actually cultivated. Specific groups, [BakolalBagyeli Pygmies, women (especially widows who do not live in their native village) and foreigners, not belonging to the main clans in the village] are among the most vulnerable groups concerning land access. Various observations and discussions in the villages indicate that their rights to the land they use remain respected by the local community as long as local powerful people don't need the land, but as soon as they need it, everything will be done to push them of the land. This situation is very well described for the BakoldBagyeli, but they are not the only ones who suffer from land insecurity. Compensation rates Available data Compensation for crops and trees is paid according to the cost of lost production to the farmer until the establishment of replacement crop. The 2004 compensation rates are a significant improvement over the previous price list of 1981. Compared to compensation prices calculated on the basis of actual yield and prices observed in the markets, by a team of Cameroonian and International scientist for the pipeline, the rate of most food crops and cocoa is as high or higher, while the compensation rate of fruit trees is about REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 0 - 25 February2008 a a o n r n w ROVLL WBS.O*I*O 75% lower. Analysis and discussion The Rap proposes adaptedtariffs for several crops in order to take into account local agricultural practicesand local prices. The methodology used in this exercise is not always very clear, as price observations inthe Kribi market do not take into account normal seasonalvariations that govern agriculturaland fruit prices. The compensationof two harvests for the same field is a very generous measure as usuallythe two crops are not grown on the same fields (see Koppert, 1997 and Cox et al., 2000). Recommendations A review of compensationrates based on good data about yields and seasonal prices is necessary. Detailedsocioeconomic survey The Rap report (SW 2007a) describesthe detailed socio-economic survey in the villages. The random selection processfor the survey is correct, but one should wish to obtain maps and summary details of the major characteristicsof the affected villages. The socio-economicquestionnaire, appliedto half of the affected households,will probably be a reasonableinstrumentof assessing project impact, though it would have been advisable to include all physicaldisplacedpeople in the survey. Key resultsof the SE survey The SE results show that the average householdsize is 5.3, and more than 80% of the households are headed by men. People are Christians,with two thirds are Catholics. The importanceof churches is underlinedby the fact that 25% considerthe church as their main leisure activity. Bassa, Beti and Mabi are the most impactedethnic groups. Education level of heads of householdswas part of the questions, but does not appear separated in the answers. Malariaand diarrheal diseases wore most often named as ailments. 15%of the households had lost a child to disease during the last three years. Primary and secondary activitiesare analysed mixing children and adults, and so unfortunatelydifficult to interpret. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and trade are the most frequently mentionedactivities. Only half of the households own animals, mostly chickens (72%), goats (11%) and pigs (10%). Assets most usually owned are for more than 90% of the households a bed, more than 50% a radio, a cell phone and a watch, for 30-50% electricity,a mosquito-net, TV, a gas stove (but only 5% cook on gas) and for 10-25%a stereo set, a video, a motorbike, a kerosenestove. Only 10% own a bicycleand 5% a car. Water comes for 70% of the rural households from surface water, but in the Edea area for a minority also from tap water at home, from neighbours or from boreholes. Households typically spent less than half an hour on fetching water but more than half an hour on fetching fuel for cooking and lighting. Leisureactivitiestake place at home (43%), in the church (25%), at friends' homes (12%) and practicing sport (14%). Leisure activities are close to home. Though data on household incomeand expenditures had been gathered as part of the survey, they are not part of the RAP report version of October 2007 that is under review here. Comparedwith Cotco surveys along the pipeline,this populationappears as probably mote affluent in its possessionsthan any of the pipelinevillages. REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 11 - 25 February 2008 Compensation consultation Project affectedpersons (PAPs) prefer payment in cash to payment in kind. The RAP proposes to assist peoplewith opening a bank account. The Rap proposes to additional assistance to payments to pay for land acquisition, building of structures,clearing of land and providingof seeds. A special fund of 25% of the budget should be createdto pay for this, andfor specific extra assistance to vulnerable categories and other resettlement relatedcosts. The RAP proposes PAPs the option to receive compensation -for instance for trees -over several years. Peoplevaried almost equally in their desireto move closer or further away from the actual site to create their new farms: land availability is usually mentioned as the main reason. This is also the main reasonthat, as far as possible, PAPs must chose themselves where they want to go and the project should have a budget available for compensation of land given by third parties. A few families (4%) want to use the compensation to move to a new village, while another minority ( 4 % ) refuses to move at all. Analysis and discussion The report indicatesthat focus group discussions have been conducted in affected villages, but surprisingly, the report only describes the questions that were asked but none of the answers that were given. This is especially important as any questions concernedpayment for existing land, and land tenure for replacement land. As in other consultations for the project,there seems to have been a lack of clarity about what was possible: for instance in one village people asked that their new house would have between6 and 12 rooms. Most people seemed to be happythat AES-Sonel builds their new house, others want only technical assistance, and a minority wants to build a new house themselves, using locally available specialists. Recommendations Realistic and honest consultation about compensationthrough the project should be conductedfrom the beginning.Creating expectations that cannot be fulfilled at a later stage will have a much worse impact on the long time viability of the projectthan replying negatively to questions during initial meetings. The impact of the projectdepends on the amount of land affected for each of the households. The report does not indicatewhich are the householdsthat are so much affected that their economic livelihood will become affected. Such a categorisationwould need more understandingof the agricultural system in the area, individualidentification of such affected people, as well as the provision of specific measures to insure their livelihoodafter the passage of the project. The importantissue of land rights and access to replacement land is especially important for those people who lose more than a negligible amount of land. Pending betterthe availability of bettercriteria,the cut off point may be provisionally set at either 25% of the total land or a total loss of more than 0.5 ha. Estimatesfrom the report that 20% of the 300 ha of the transmissionROW is agricultural land means that the 600 impactedfarmers lose on average about 0.1 ha of fields and 0.25 ha of fallow land. As the average loss is rather low, it is all the more important to separate farmers that are heavily impactedfrom those that are less. Usingcompensation money is not an easy task for people who are not usedto handling important sums of money. Ratherthan for replacingthe lost crops, peoplegenerally perceive compensation money as a way of improvingtheir materialsituation: housing, REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 2 - 25 February 2008 equipment, investment,creating plantations. Lessonsfrom the pipeline projectshow than guidance should be given to people in order to help them budget and carry out projects with more chance success than what was observedalong the pipeline. People needto know sufficientlyin advance the amount of money they will receive, and assistanceand guidancewith defining and calculatingtheir projects,so they will be aware of the investmentpossibilitiesat the moment they actually receive the money. Community Development Plan Available data The section on the Bagyeli-Bakola"Pygmies" showed that some 150settlements are present in the Ocean Province,most of whom along the Kribi-Lolodorf-Esekaroad and a minority along the other axes. As a requirement by the World Bank OD 4.20 Cotco, as the owner of the Chad-Cameroonpipeline preparedand lndigenous Peoples Plan for the 30 settlementswithin 2 km of the pipeline and the other settlementswho cross the pipeline in order to reachthe main road, an estimatedpopulationof 1,000. The IPP was endowedwith a trust fund of 600.000 US$, to be used over a period of 30 years, and for its implementationthe FEDEC, a Cameroonianfoundation set up, to managethe IPP and the 2.5 million US$ availablefor the Campo-Ma'anand Lom-Djeremparks. These activities had been indicated as priority fields of development during consultations in individualvillages and with groups of villages that took place on two separate occasions over a total period of 4 months in 1999 and in 2002. Baseline studies included complete demography of all 120visited settlements in the Ocean Province, and socio- economic and agriculturalbaseline data (including field measurements)of directly impactedsettlements locatedwithin 2 km of the pipeline. Scot Wilson has drafted a Community Development Plan on October 2007, for the 4 sites 30 households. No referenceto Cotco's IPP is made in the report. 18families were surveyed, and results showed the same level as poverty as observed during the pipeline studies: no material assets, no beds, a few radio-sets.Unfortunatelythe team did not opt to recruit independent (Pygmy) guides to helpthem with translation during the consultation meetings, but depended on local village chiefs for that. The report states that exploitation by the other ethnic groups is a grave reality, especially as the latter are still largely unaccustomedto the cash-basedcommunity. Tensionswith the surrounding population are strong: the Bantuare perceivedas oppressors. Agriculture, access to drinking water, health care, and Human Rightswere most often cited priorities, which was similar to prioritiescited during the Pipelineconsultations. The Scot Wilson report proposesa community developmentplan that is close to the IPP: based on empowering the populationthrough ID-cards,education, agricultural development, health and organisation of communities, preferential recruitment. A new element is the training of hunters in the use of portable GPS devices in order to map their resourcesin the forest. The total cost of the Community DevelopmentProjectfor the 4 communities is significantly higher than for the 30 villages of FEDEC's lndigenous Peoples Plan: 3.85 million US$ comparedto 600 thousand US$. Analysis and discussion FEDEC has been functional since 2003, but has not been able to impact significantly, due to lack of funding. However, it has implementedsuccessful actions for the provision of identitycards, assistance to education (school fees and supplies) for children, health (free healthcare) citizenship (identitycards) and the distributionof agriculturaltools and seeds. Most of these actions have been carried out by FEDEC itself. This is contrary to the initial spirit of the IPP, which planned FEDEC as a financing organisationthat would REA Kribi Annex 6 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 13- 25 February 2008 n ~l n n r r , u n u R O Y ~ L~asmo111ma only subsidize actions by existing NGOs but not intervene personally. Consequently, the yearly proceeds of the trust fund have not been enough and the fund itself had to be used for financing. The effect of FEDECs actions seem mostly short-term, although the objective has been to improve durably agriculture and education level of the people and to better integrate them in the global Cameroonian society. The issues surrounding the Bakola-Bagyeli have little changed between the Cotco and Scot Walker consultations, and any development scheme should work with them in order to not only protect their environment but also to enhance their propensity to take their destiny in their hands. This should be in spite of the fact that very often in Bantu villages Pygmies are still considered as "owned" by villagers. The various projects described in this report, in spite of mitigating actions, will probably further decrease the presence of wildlife in the area, and push the BakolaJbagyeli towards a more vegetarian diet. This is not uncommon in hunter-gatherergroups in Cameroon, but will most probably have a negative impact on their health status. Recommendations Study ways of integrating FEDECs Indigenous Peoples Plan, the CDP of the powerline, and upcoming new projects (Memve'ele, Mbalam Do not limit the CDP to the 4 settlements located directly under the powerline, but to all communities in the adjacent area and integratewith all Bakola-Bagyeli groups in the Ocean Province Include community development and citizen development in potential development actions Target economic development actions towards coping with diminished wildlife availability through more agriculture Study land issues in a global way so that all vulnerable groups (Pygmies, women, foreigners, poor in the village) obtain land security through traditionally respected land rights Mix specific targeted actions to the hunter-gatherercommunity with global actions for all communities in order to gain social license for the global project, and avoiding reverse favouritism. REA Kribi Annex 6 9$9906/R00005/ACOIRott Report - 1 4 - 25 February 2008 ROYAL HASKONllYG Annex 7 Location of Bakola Pygmy settlements and hunting areas in South West Cameroon REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February2008 REA Kribi Annex 7 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 I ~ocazonof ~akolapygmysettlements and hunt~ngareas in southwe$Cameroon 1 -- - - - - ROYAL HISKONINO Annex 8 Inflation monitoringduring the pipeline construction REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 REA Kribi Annex 8 9S9906/R00005/ACO/R0tt Report - 1 - 25 February2008 Appendix V. - Inflation monitoring during the pipelineconstruction During the pipeline construction, inflation was monthly monitored in markets along the pipeline and control markets not influenced. Local NGOs were recruited to visit the markets, and trained by university students from Yaounde. A simple set of 7 indicator foods was chosen of which monthly two samples were bought in each of the markets. Impact of the pipeline construction was expected to be strong but limited in time, because during very short period (2 to 4 months) all construction activities in an area would take place. Changes in commodity prices1 are complex and discerning Project-related effects would be difficult. Commodity prices can be influenced by many factors both internal to Project activities and external forces beyond Project control. In fact, both internal and external forces can be acting simultaneouslyto influence prices. (Chad Development project, 2006) Prices for agricultural products tend to be highly seasonal and prices can show marked seasonal changes; typically being highest just before harvest. These fluctuations are complicated by other factors such as the size of the previous harvest and expectations for the next harvest, supply and demand into and from other producing and consuming areas. Food pricesin markets inthe forest area along the Chad-Cameroon pipeline (average monthly 0bse~atiOn92001-2003) 4WOF UOil Cassava flour Rice Maize M e a t IBCassava Baton Palmwine Figure 1. - Foodprices in marketsof the forest area along the Chad Cameroon Pipeline (2001-2003). (Chad Development Projed, 2006 and adapted from crude data) Chad Development Project (2006) - Inflation Monitoring in Cameroon January 2001-July 2003, and graphs adapted - from the crude data. The two graphs in this section tend to show that (1) for reasons of poor supply to the markets, the markets in the Ocean region tend to have higher prices than elsewhere in the country, and (b) seasonal and variations tend to be stronger than variationscause by the project. The coastal region appears as the more expensive one, mainly because of the high price of meat. This has implications for all projects in the area, as butchered meat is often so much more expensive than bush meat, that most people prefer bush meat. Markets in Bipindi (where the meat price has been estimated from the results in neighbouring markets) and Lolodorf are so poorly supplied with foods that the resulting price becomes the highest of the 13 monitored markets. The presence of wage-earners in Kribi and Hevecam, keep the prices slightly lower, because it attracts more sellers and thus greater competition. 1500F- Forest zone I Vdllou5 pro1ec.t Idt:C=Controlmarkets right:P=ProJectMarlretr - 1000F. F"" """"*"~"". '".""""--- ... *"'*^""'""' "'"----= "" , -*. -"-w ** %.*# Figure2. -Impact of the Chad-Cameroonpipelineconstruction on prices in project markets and control markets. (2001- 2003). (Source: Chad DevelopmentProject, 2006) The impact of the pipeline construction on prices was difficult to derive from the available data. During the main construction period (between the second quarter of 2001 and the first quarter of 2003) Project markets were during 5 quarters cheaper than control markets and during three quarters the same or slightly higher. Housing The influx of the many workers has led to a bonanza for the people that had rooms to let. Normally, in small villages and towns there is hardly a market for renting rooms, and prices are very low: two-three thousand francs per month for a simple un-cemented room, up to five thousand for a room with cemented floor and walls, and often an extra 1000 FCFA for electricity, if available. People that use rooms are mostly pupils and students that have come from the villages and have no close relatives that can house them. During the pipeline construction most employees (expats, nationals) were housed in Project camps, rented hotels, and mansions rented and equipped by the contractors. Among the migrant job seekers, many had relatives and lived for free with them. The minority that had to rent rooms in towns was responsible for rapid price rises: not only because of a lack of rooms, but also because the locals wanted to profit from the short period that the project was in their location. Room prices during the project rose to 6-10 thousand FCFA for a simple room, to 8-15 thousand FCFA for a cemented room. ROYAL HASKOWING Annex 9 Archaeology within the regio of Kribi REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 REA Kribi Annex 9 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report - 1 - 25 February 2008 ARCHAEOLOGY WITHIN THE REGION OF KRIBI Dr. OSLISLY Richard Patrimoines et Archeologies en Afrique Centrale, Cameroun Gabon UR 092 de 1'Institutde Recherche pour le Developpement IRD Yaounde BP 1857 Cameroun Te1 Standart 00 (237) 22 20 15 08 Fax Bureau 00 (237) 22 20 18 54 Te1Portable 00 (237) 96 03 69 65 Courriels :roslislv@)wa~iadoo.fr oslisly.richardfi)orange.fr & Website :www-.bradshau~foundation.coin/congo/home.l~tml For more than twenty years now, an intense archaeological research in Southem-Cameroon in general and specifically in the coastal region (Kribi-Campo area) is noted. This can be explained by three main factors: - The setting of environmental protection and conservation projects - Integration during heavy public works ( e.g road lolodorf-kribi-campo, Chad- Cameroon pipeline, gas factory and the central thermal industry of Kribi...) of archaeological research teams - The presence of multidisciplinary research teams working in the area 1- GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORK This region is situated on the coast, at about a quarter south-west of Cameroon i.e. between 2'10'-2'52' latitude north and 9°50'-10010' longitude east. It is limited in the west by a line of the Atlantic coast, in the south by river Ntem that serves as a natural boundary with equatorial guinea, in the east by the first foothills of the Ntem mountainous mass and in the north by the road linking kribi-Akom I1to Ebolowa. Found on coastal lowlands, this area presents a semi-orange profile at the foothills of Ntem with crests presenting peaks above 1000m. Three main rivers flow in the area: in the north, we have the river kienki, in the centre, Lobe which with its more than 10m water falls, that flows directly into the sea, and in the south, the Ntem that is the most important and the longest. The coastal humid climate has four main unequal seasons: We have two rainy and two dry seasons. Precipitations range from 2900mm at Kribi to 2700mm at Campo. The dense humid forest covers the area. It is highly deteriorated along the main road axes due to the slash and burn farming that is a consequence of the demographic pressure, forestry exploitation and introduction of many industrial farming zones. Letouzey (1968) marks two units that link the ecology of the region: the biafran and the coastal forests. The first covers the eastern piedmont nearby hills and foothills of the Ntem. This represents a forest low and mean altitude with a high rate of precipitations, rich in cesalpinaceae The coastal forest on the other hand is a sub-type of the one mentioned above. The main diffrerence between these two types of forest resides mainly on two plant species: Lophira alata and Sacoglottis gabonensis. In 1968, Letouzey said ((This forest corresponds to an individualized floristic district that possesses specific characteristics due to human activity D. The forest with Lophira alata may be a result of extensive clearings for farming purposes over many years. Fiaurel: The quarter south-west of Cameroon, localisation of archaeological sites within the the region of Kribi (in Oslisly 2006). 2- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KRIBI REGION 2-1- Data before 1960 Knowledge on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods of Cameroon is advanced by Marliac who in 1971 notes the presence of two polished axes discovered in the soil at Kribi by R.P Carret and collected around the 1950s-60. They were then deposited at the Douala museum. This is the oldest reference we have of the region. 2-2- Research from 1960-1987 2-2-1- Data from the japanese team (from 1975to 1987) The ((Tropical african geomorphology research project )) headed by Professor Hiroshi Kadomura of the Hokkaido university did the first field trips on geomorphology in some parts of Cameroon amongst which we have the quarter south-west notably along the road axes : Edea-kribi-campoIKribi-akom11-Ebolowa/Kribi-bipindifrom november 1975. Field campaigns done in 1975176, 1980181, 1982183 and 1984185 ended with some reports and published articles. At the Ebolowa-akom I1 road, archaeological sites with reference, Loc 15, 16 and Loc 18 revealed some flakes and other lithic material. Loc 162, 164, 167 situated along the Kribi-campo road were characterised by a microlithic industry with many white quartz flakes, fine retouched points and a grattoir on loc 164 (Omi et al.1977). Loc 175 at the upper clayey-sandy level reveals some charcoal dated at 2480*120 BP (1-13144) (Hori et al.1986) The Campo beach site is found on a marine terrace overhanging the Ntem estuary. A section of this terrace, revealed a level of charcoal at about 50cm in the soil and dated at 96W50BP (KSU 501) together with some pottery shreds (Hori, 1982). This human settlement might be an indication of the late iron age. The banks of the Lobe were not left aside as some organic levels here were dated. This Japanese team also did some studies along a section of the banks of Lobe at the level of the bridge and initiated some dating on the organic levels. 2-3- RESEARCH WORKS FROM 1990-2003 2-3-1- Data from KuetC (1990) Kuete in 1990 during the sampling of his work notes the presence of charcoal and some pottery. At a village called Talla, on the road Kribi-akom 11, he makes mention of some areas rich in organic material. At levels situated between 50cm-120cm some charcoal and pottery shreds were found. At Grand-batanga, he also notes the existence between 30 to 70 cm of some pottery. At Eboundja, a section situated between 75-105 cm produced some pottery, charcoal in association with quartz pebbles. At the village called Lolabe-biyo the presence of some charcoal at a depth of about a metre was noticed. 2-3-2- Data from Ossah Mvondo (1992-1994) Field surveys were undertaken by Ossah Mvondo from 1992 in the Ntem and Ocean division. Following these, the site called Biyan along the Meyo centre to Ma'an road was located. The three main areas of surveys were: - The Akoatan rockshelter where was found a polished axe-hoe tool - The Zookom sector revealed slag - Messeng revealed pottery sherds, slag and polished axe-hoe tools (Ossah Mvondo, 1998). Surveys undertaken at Akom I1 subdivision and more precisely at Nko'ongop (2'47'-15"N- 10°40'50"E) lead to an excavation of a surface area of about 4sq.m. Here was found, pottery sherds in association with charcoal at about 20-70 cm in the soil. Further research revealed in the same area not only an iron mine Nkomekok but also aged blacksmiths in the villages called Nemeyon and Efoulan I1 situated on the way Biboulemam to Angong. 2-3-3- Data from Oslisly and his team (2000-2003) From january 2000, Oslisly (Oslisly, 2001; Oslisly et al. 2001) began surveys at the Lolodorf- Kribi-campo region. Following this, Ateba (2003) did an inventory and a preliminary study of the lithic material of the Ocean division. Other sites as that of Mbikiliki 1 near Lolodorf revealed a bladelet on quartz, flakes, a point, a grattoir. Stone tools were found at Mvile 1 situated on the road Lolodorf-Bipindi. Ateba reaffirms that the hewed quartz flakes were (( surely a man's action D. The site of Mangouma 1 produced two grinders. The site of Saballi 1 and 4 situated around the pipeline storage revealed 10 flakes on quartz, two points and four grinders. Oslisly (2001) locates more than fifty sites, distributed in five main zones: The Kribi- bwambe ;Eboundja-mbode ;Lolabe-bouandjo ;Campo and Nkoelon. - The Kribi-BwambCzone It extends from the agglomerations of Kribi to the Lobe river mouth. Four important sites were located: Kribi hotel, Ebome, Bwambe and Bwambe beach (Oslisly, 2001). The sites of Bissiang 1 and Bikondo near Kribi revealed for the first, a bifacial tool and a bladelet while on the other we had the a bladelet, the second revealed some white quartz stone flakes (Ateba, 2003). - Eboundja-Mbode zone This area long of about 15km has a crest-line of about 40m above sea level. Four main sites were discovered here (Oslisly et al. 2001). Amongst these we have: Eboundja 3, Nlende-dibe 3, Malongo 1, Boussibiliga 1. The site Eboundja 3 seemed the most interesting as this revealed a pit under an archaeological level (fig 3 and 4).The preliminary analysis presented a greatly complex decorated ceramics Nlend (2002) after an inventory of the different archaeological sites, undertook a specific study of the following sites : Boussibiliga 1 (1570*70 BP) Nlende-dibe 3 (1900*50 BP) and Malongo 1 (2340*60 BP). The following lithic material was obtained in the area of Eboundja-Mbode At Eboundja 1: three axe-hoes on quartz, two pebble stones were found. The site of Nlende-dibe 1 revealed an axe-hoe and many flakes. Nlende-dibe 4 on the other hand produced a bifacial tool and an axe-hoe (Ateba, 2003). 1- Eboundja 3: view of theplan -20 cm 1 2-Plan of thepit at -80 cm 3- Plan of thepit at -1 10 cm 4- Layout of thepit from -240 cm Figure 2: Thefour plan view on the different steps of the excavation of thepit at Eboundja 3. - Lolabe-Bouandjo zone Situated in the outskirts of Lohengue, Lolabe is a site where was discovered four pits. The road slopes showed levels of hewed quartz flakes. At Ebodje/Bouandjo, the surface collection produced pottery, and hewed stones together with a hand-axe An inventory of the site of Lohengue 1 revealed a bladelet and a point on quartz whilethat of Bouandjo 1 produced an axe-hoe, and three hammer stones (Ateba, 2003). - The Campo zone This area revealed many archaeological sites Here, two sites were located : Campo 1, 2, 3, 4, BokombC-plage, ItondC-Fang and Campo beach. Campo 1 is presently located at the Catholic Church's establishment. Three refuse pits were discovered and excavated. These revealed iron slag, pottery with opened and incurved edges Zana (2000).The latter notes the ornamental nature of the pottery that is made up of parallel striated revolving impressions on comb. The available dates are estimated at 1830h30BP corresponding to the old Iron Age. A remarkable phenomenon in this area is the one observed with the vases that are turned up side down with some stacked up on others and always oriented with the base up right on iron tools. Campo 2 is the site found in the campus of government high school of Campo. An excavation of a pit was carried on and this made it possible to trace a link with the preceding site. BokombC-plage is a deposit situated on the seaside and characterised by a non decorated ceramics, quartz flakes were obtained at the surface of the soil (Zana, 2000). Campo 3 and 4 are found at the entrance of the town called Campo were refuse pits are easily identifiable (Oslisly, 2000b). Campo beach is the site located on the banks of the Ntem estuary. Here was always found some pottery sherds. Ateba (2003) acknowledges at the site of ItondC-Fang the presence of two retouched flakes and a point. Figure 3: General view of the pit at Fiaure 4: Boussebiliga :Fragment of an upright Boussebiliga. edge presenting aprehension knob - The NkoClon Area This area is situated in the agglomeration of Campo. The presence of rock shelters and rocky piles is a particularity. In this structures were found, flakes, grattoirs on white quartz. The rockshelter at Akok-begnat 1 is situated at an hour walk by foot from the village Akok- begnat. Here the surface collection produced a hammer stone and two points on quartz. Akok- begnat 2 is a site discovered by Oslisly (2001) and excavated by Ateba (2003). Here we had 1361 flakes, 73 retouched flakes, six notched tools, eight points, a grattoir and two axe-hoes. According to (Ateba,2003), the presence of heavy duty tools in general and axe-hoes in particular may explain the transitional phase in the economy i.e. from an economy of predation to that of production by the introduction of farming. The available dates at Akok- begnat range from 3650 to 410 BP. Oslisly (Oslisly, 2001; Oslisly et a1.2001) presents a chronological sequence of the region Kribi-campo. We thus have: * The late Stone Age This is estimated around 30.000 to 5000 years and characterised by the presence of stone tools made from a cloudy or translucent quartz, many flakes, notched tools, grattoirs, bifacial tools and points. * The Neolithic stage This stage is known in west-Cameroon for 4000 years and in the region Kribi-campo, around 3000 years. These populations settled by setting their villages up on the hilltops. Stone pebbles were used to hew axe-hoe tools that were then used for farming purposes. They equally had good knowledge and mastery in the different technics of stone polishing and pottery. This period can be estimated between 1000 and 300 BC. * The old Iron Age (Iron Age I) Situated from the second century BC by the presence of slag and highly corroded iron tools. During this period, the iron mineral of very good quality might have been obtained from the massif des mammelles where it was known for a long time. * The late Iron Age (Iron Age 11) This mainly concerns the pre-colonial period, and represented from XIIth century by extensive villages that settle near beaches of the sea. According to Oslisly (2001) the chronological sequence presented above shows an irrefutable continuous human presence in the coast of Cameroon for about a millennium i.e. from 2600 to 1500BP.This can be explained by the rich coastal flora and fauna that favoured the slash and burn farming together with fishing activities in the sea. 2-4- Archaeological research work from 2004 to 2007 2-4-1- The works of Nlend After his master degree, (Nlend, 2004) brings forth the problem of the decreasing nature of radiocarbon dates at Kribi and thus proposes some explanation for this phenomenon. He notes that, many dates obtained are situated between 2400 and 1700BP for Kribi and campo then follows a radiometric fall around 1800 to 600BP. This could be seen as a human deflation in the region. 2-4-2- Data from Oslisly Oslisly (2006) notes that the Malongo tradition is characterised by impressions on revolving combs while that of BwambC is characterised by marking sticks. Oslisly et a1 (2007) and members of his research team later on undertook research works on the surface area reserved for the central thermal industry at Kribi. This area thus seemed a potential archaeological site. Figure 5: Proximal end of thepit of zone 2 revealing pottery shreds and charcoal 2-4-3-The results of Eggert Eggert et al. (2006) in an interdisciplinary work, ewcavated the site of Bwambe and characterised the ceramics as being more or less globular, with short fluted edges; the bases are levelled as well as convex. The main decoration technics are either impression or incision. The archaeobotanical analysis revealed that the population of Bwambe used millet (Pennisetum glaucum). 2-4-4- The works on the Chad-Cameroon pipeline Following the archaeological surveillance of the Chad-Cameroon pipeline project, 13 archaeological sites were discovered from Lolodorf to Kribi and distributed as follows: 08 pits, 02 iron furnace, 02 rock shelters, 01 hewing worshop (Gouem Gouem, 2005). The most important was that of Ndtoua (rockshelter) that revealed four arcahelogical levels that date up to the fifth millennium BC and the third century AD (Lavachery et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2006). 3- SUMMARY AND PROSPECTIVE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE KRIBI AREA Research works undertaken since 2000 show not only the importance of the coast but also the fruitful results obtained in this field of study. The results obtained show that since about 5000BP, most of the listed sites were either found up on the hilltops or on crest lines. It is worth noting here that most of the artefacts obtained are revealed in two ways: firstly, the hewed stones are always found in a stratigraphic level enclosed in lateritic pieces of gravel. Pottery sherds on the other hand are either found in the clayey-sandy formation at the surface of the lateritic horizon for settlement levels or most often in dugged structures commonly known as pits which with respect to time remain older. The same observations are also noted in Gabon (Oslisly 1993 ;2001) The typological and ceramic analysis of most the sites and specifically the reference site called BwambC sets the pace for a chronological sequence for the 'quarter west of southern- Cameroon. We thus have: Late Stone Age This period estimated to 5000 years is characterised by the presence of stone tools hewed on cloudy translucent quartz or jasper. We also observe the presence of many flakes, tools with notches, points, grattoirs, small bifacial pieces. Neolithic Stage In the west of Cameroon, it is known around 4000BP and in our field of work around 3000 BP. These populations settled by establishing their villages up on the hilltops and started the first clearings of the forest with stone axes and dug the soil with axe-hoe tools. Thus, this Neolithic stage is known in the Malongo tradition and situated between I000 to 300BC. Iron Age This is known from the IVth to the IIIrd century BC in the form of highly corroded iron tools. These metalworkers known around 300BC and 900AC produced a highly diversified ceramic in the form as well as in the decorative structures. Due to the high demographic pressure we had not only an increased number of archaeological sites but also a considerable impact on the coastal forest. The palynological analysis also reveal the presence specific plant species known in opened landscapes as Pycanthus angolensis and those highly influenced by man as Alchornea cordifolia comparable to those we know present nowadays. (Oslisly et ~1.2006). The archaeological potential within the Kribi region should lead to the sensitization of backers and the various study and research programs to integrate archaeology in their managing plans. Through this process, it will be possible to have good knowledge of the history of southern- Cameroon in general and that of the coast in particular. The important study of the African history will pass through a cross study of the different research sources amongst which is archaeology. BIBLIOGRAPHY ATEBA, L.F, 2003. Preliminary study of lithic materialfrom the ocean division, MCmoire de Maitrise, UniversitC de YaoundC I. DELNEUF, M, ESSOMBA & J.M., FROMENT. A. 1998. Pale'o-Anthropologie en Afrique Centrale. Editions I'Harmattan, Paris. EGGERT M.K, HOHN A, KAHLHEBER S, MEISTER C, NEUMANN K, & SCHWEIZER A. 2006. Pits ,graves and grains : archaeological and archaeobotanical research in southern Cameroon. Journal ofAfrican Archaelogy, 2006, vol. 4 (2) 273-298. GIRESSE, P. & NGEUTCHOUA, G. 1998. Variations des lignes de rivages du plateau continental du Cameroun a la fin du PlCistocene (40 ka a 10 ka BP): chronologie et environnements sedimentaires. Bulletin de la Socibe' Ge'ologique de France 169/2,315-326. GIRESSE, P., MALEY, J., KOSSONI, A., 2005. Sedimentary environmental changes and millennia1 climatic variability in a tropical shallow lake (Lake Ossa, Cameroon) during the Holocene, Elsevier-Palaeo, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 218, 257- 285 GOUEM GOLSEM. 2005. Archdologie de la cote mdridionale camerounaise, donne'es pr6liminaires pour l'dtude du peuplement holocBne du Bas-Nyong, MCmoire de DEA, UniversitC Libres de Bruxelles. HORI N., KADOMURA H.& TAMURA T. 1986. Radiocarbon dates from Cameroon and Kenya. In Geomorphology and environmental changes in Tropical Africa. (247-255), H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. KADOMURA H. 1984. Problems of past and recent environmental changes in the humid areas of Cameroon. In Natural and man induced environmental changes in tropical Africa. (7- 20), H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. KADOMURA H., HORI N., KUETE M., TAMURA T., OM1 G., HARUKI M. & CHUJO H. 1986. Late quaternary environmental changes in southern Cameroon: a synthesis. In Geomorphology and environmental changes in Tropical Africa. (145-158), H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. KUETE M. 1981. La cbte Kribienne : quelques probl&mes morphologiques. Revue de Gkographie du Cameroun. 2, 137-147. KUETE M. 1986. Les formations superficielles d'une cbte rocheuse et variation du niveau marin : exemple de la cbte de Kribi (Cameroun). In Changements Globaux en Afrique, lNQUA, Dakar. KUETE M. 1990. Gdomorphologiedu Plateau sud-camerounais ci 1'ouest du 13" E. Th&sede Doctorat d'Etat, Universite de Yaounde 1. KUETE M. & TSALEFAC 1987. Les secousses sismiques de septembre 1987 a Kribi : enseignements d'ordre gComorphologique. Revue de Giographie du Cameroun.2, 149-156. JAUZE, J.B. 1944. Contributions a 1'Ctude de I'archCologie du Cameroun. Bulletin de la Socidtd d'Etudes Camerounaises 8: 105-23. KINYOCK P. 2005. ArchCologie du Peuplement ancien et recent de la basse vallCe de la Sanaga (region de Mouanko- Littoral Camerounais). MCmoire de maitrise UniversitC de Yaounde I. LAVACHERY, P., S. MacEACHERN, B. TCHAGO, B. GOUEM GOUEM, P. KINYOCK, J. MBAIRO, C. MBIDA & 0.NKOKONDA. 2005a. Cultural heritage management in Central Africa: regional survey on the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline. Antiquity 79 (303). LAVACHERY, P., S. MacEACHERN, B. TCHAGO, B. GOUEM GOUEM, P. KINYOCK, J. MBAIRO, C. MBIDA & 0.NKOKONDA. 2005b. KomC to Ebome: Archaeological research for the Chad Export Project, 1999-2003.Journal ofAfrican Archaeology 3 (1). LAVACHERY, P., S. MacEACHERN, TCHAGO, B. 2006. Projet d'exportation Tchadien, Plan d'atte'nuation de l'impact arche'ologique: Re'sultats arche'ologiques et interpre'tations pre'liminaires, Quatre volumes. LETOUZEY, R. 1968: Etude phytoge'ographique du Cameroun (Paris: Lechevallier). MALEY J. 1992. Mise en Cvidence d'une pdjoration climatique entre 2500 et 2000 BP en Afrique tropicale humide. Bulletin de la Socie'te' Ge'ologiquede France, 163,363-365. MALEY J. & BRENAC P. 1987. Analyses polliniques prkliminaires du Quaternaire rCcent de l'ouest Cameroun: Mise en Cvidence de rehges forestiers et discussion des problbmes paleoclimatiques. Me'm. Trav. E.P.H.E., Montpellier, 17, 120-124. MALEY J. & BRENAC P. 1998. Vegetation dynamics, paleoenvironments and climatics changes in the forests of West Cameroon during the last 28,000 years BP. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol., 99, 157-187. MARLIAC A. 1973. Etat des connaissances sur le palColithique et le nColithique du Cameroun (prospections de 1968-1969-1970-1971) In: Contribution de la recherche ethnologique 2 l'histoire des civilisations du Cameroun, C.Tardits (ed.), Colloque CNRS, no 551. Paris CNRS. vol 1,27-77 NGUETSOP V-F. 1997. Evolution des environnements de 1'ouest Cameroun depuis 6000 ans d'apr2s l'e'tude des diatome'es actuelles et fossiles duns le Lac Ossa: implications pale'oclimatiques. These de Doctorat du MusCum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. NGEUTCHOUA G. 1996. Etude des facib et environnements se'dimentaires du quaternaire supdrieur du plateau continental camerounais. Thbse de Doctorat de I'UniversitC de Perpignan. NGUETSOP V-F., SERVANT M. & SERVANT-VILDARY S. 1998. PalColimnologie et PalCoclimatologie de I'Ouest-Cameroun au cours des 5000 dernieres annCes, a partir de 1'Ctude des diatomCes du lac Ossa. C.R.Acad.Sci. Paris, t.327, 39-45. NLEND NLEND, P .R. 2001. Inventaire des sites arche'ologiques de Kribi h Campo :Etude pre'liminaires des sites de Malongol, Nlende-Dibe 3 & Boussibiliga 1. MCmoire de Maitrise : Universitd de YaoundC I. NLEND NLEND, P .R. 2004. Contribution de l'e'tude de la ce'ramique h la connaissance des populations anciennes de la re'gion de Kribi Campo. MCmoire de DEA, UniversitC de Yaounde I. OLIVRY J.C. 1986. Fleuves et rivibres du Cameroun. MESRES-ORSTOM. Paris. OM1 G. & KATO Y. 1982. Palaeolithic implements in Cameroon. In Geomorphology and environmental changes in the forest and savanna Cameroon. (105-133). H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. OM1 G., KADOMURA H. & HOW N. 1984. A brief note on implements collected in Cameroon during the 1982/83 season field research work. In Natural and man induced environmental changes in tropical Africa. (105-Ill), H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. OM1 G., KATO Y., KAWAI T, HORI N. & KADOMURA H. 1986. Classification and typological analysis of palaeolithic implements in Cameroon. In Geomorphology and environmental changes in Tropical Africa. (257-297), H. Kadomura (ed.), Hokkaido University. OSLISLY R. 1993. Pre'histoire de la moyenne valle'e de lfOgooue' (Gabon). TDM, 96, ORSTOM Editions OSLISLY, R. 2001. Arche'ologie et pale'oenvironnement duns I 'UTO de Campo-Ma'an: Etat des connaissances. Rapport du Programme Campo-Ma'an. OSLISLY R. 2006. Les traditions culturelles de I'Holoc~nesur le littoral du Cameroun entre Kribi et Campo, in WOTZKA (H.-P.) ed., Grundlegungen. Beitrage zur europaischen und afrikanischen Archaologie fur Manfred K.H. Eggert, (303-317) Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH and Co. KG, Tiibingen. OSLISLY R. 2007. MCgalithes et art rupestre. Un patrimoine mCconnu au Cameroun Sciences au Sud - Le journal de I'IRD - no 39 - mars/avril2007 OSLISLY, R., KINYOCK, P, TUECHE, R. & NKOKONDA, 0.2000. Archaeological reconnaissance studies, Chad Export Project: Kribi, Bipindi/Ndtoua, LolodorJ Ngaoundal, Boforo and Ngan-Hi. YaoundC: COTCO. OSLISLY, R. & MBIDA, C. 2001. Surveillance arche'ologique de I'axe routier Lolodorf- Kribi-Campo. Rapport final du volet de protection du patrimoine culturel, Cooperation Cameroun-Union EuropCenne OSLISLY R., ATEBA L., BETOUGUEDA. R., KINYOCK P., MBIDA C., NLEND P. et VINCENS A. 2006. Premiers rCsultats de la recherche archCologique sur le littoral du Cameroun entre Kribi et Campo. In Actes XIV'"'~ Congrks de I'UISPP, Likge, BAR S1522. OSLISLY R., KINYOCK, P., NLEND, P. 2007. Rapport d7Cvaluation du potentiel archeologique des futurs sites a centrale thermique de Dimbamba (Douala) et Mpolongwe (Kribi), Rapport AES-SONEL, 22 P. OSSAH MVONDO J.P. 1991. Problkmes et mCthodes de recherche archeologique en pays forestier: la province du Sud Cameroun et ses environs. Nyame Akuma, 36,47-52. OSSAH MVONDO J.P. 1993. Recherches archCologiquesdans la vallCe du Ntem, province du Sud Cameroun :premiers resultats du site de Mekomo. Nyame Akuma, 40, 10-12. OSSAH MVONDO J.P. 1994. Histoire des peuplements et de la transformation des paysages ;Ctat des recherches archCologiques dans la province du Sud (Cameroun). Nyame Akuma, 41, 11-15. OSSAH MVONDO J.P. 1998. Histoire des peuplements et de la transformation des paysages. In Palko-anthropologie en Afrique centrale. Un bilan de l'arche'ologie au Cameroun. (225- 232) Delneuf M., Essomba J.M.& Froment A. (eds). REYNAUD-FARRERA. I., 1995. Histoire des palCoenvironnements du sud-Cameroun a partir d'analyses palynologiques et statistiques de dCp6ts holocenes et actuels. Thkse Sc., Univ. Montpellier-2. REYNAUD-FARRERA. 1& J. MALEY, 1994. Histoire recente d'une formation forestiere du sud-ouest Cameroun a partir de I'analyse pollinique. C.R.Acad. Sc., Paris, 317: 575-580. REYNAUD-FARRERA. I, J. MALEY, & D. WIRRMAN, 1996. VCgCtation et climat dans les for& du sud-ouest Cameroun depuis 4770 ans BP, analyse pollinique des sediments du lac Ossa. C.R.Acad. SC., Paris, sCrie 2a, 322 :749-755. SUCHEL J-B. 1972. La rkpartition des pluies et les rkgimes pluviomktriques au Cameroun. Traveaux et documents de gkographie tropicale. UniversitC FCdCrale du Cameroun , C.E.G.E.T, CNRS Bordeaux. VALLERIE. 1968. Carte pkdologique du Cameroun Occidental au 1/1000000. ORSTOM, YaoundC. VICAT J.P. & BILONG P. 1998. (Eds). Gkosciences au Cameroun. Collection GCocam 111998.Presses Universitaires de YaoundC. VICAT J.P., POUCLET A. & NSIFA E. 1998. Les dolCrites du complexe du Ntem (Sud- Cameroun). Cornparaison avec les dolerites du Nord Ouest du craton congolais et Cvolution gkodynamique du PalCoprotCrozoique et du NCoprotCrozoi'que. In. Gkosciences au Cameroun (276-287) Collection GCocam. Presses Universitaires de YaoundC. VICAT J.P. & BILONG P. (Eds) 1999. Gkologie et Environnements au Cameroun. Collection Geocam 211999. Presses Universitaires de Yaounde. WIRMANN, D., & ELOUGA, M., 1998. Lake Ossa: a new Iron Age site in the Cameroonian Littoral Province. Nyame Akuma, 49, 16-26. ROYAL HASKONINQ Annex 10 Minutesof the Stakeholders'workshop,at Kribi, 14 February 2008 REA Kribi 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott Report 25 February 2008 MINUTESOF MEETING(Annex 10a) Project: Regional Environmental Assessment Kribi Region, Cameroun Subject: Stakeholder workshop on the draft REA report Date: 14 February2008 Venue: Palm Beach Plus Hotel, Kribi Participants: see list attached Agenda: see noteattached Official opening session CPSP and OCEAN Divisionalofficer: Refer to the notesat the end of this document. Morning session In the morning,the following was presented: 1. Introduction 2. Baseline 3. Projectsand plans in the region of Kribi 4. Cumulativeimpactassessment Questions and remarks 1. lnventorvof all impacts Some participantssuggestedthat the REA should make an inventoryof all impacts generatedby the existing industries or ago-industriesunits as well as forest exploitation in the Kribi region. This then will permit to master the additional impacts inducedby the new projects avoid the occurrence of the past mistakes. 2. CO?calculation methodoloay Clarificationwas asked on the methodologyof calculationof the level additional C02 associatedwith the developmentsof the new projectson the Kribi area. Indeed,the MlNEP has carried out similar studies I assumptionand other results were found. 3. Concern on fishinq Fishing activities are more likely to suffer from the new developmentprojects in the Kribi region. 4. Level of details More detaileddata, especially for the baselinewas requested, for instance on rainfall, oxygen levels in water, biodiversitydata, types of whales and types of turtles (6 types), - REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 2 Report - 2 - 25 February 2008 etc. This point was again raised, emphazing, this time, the need for more details on mangroveforests and their conservation. 5. Timina for this worksho~ The full report should have been sent to the participantspreviouslyto this workshop in order participantsto evaluateproperlythe quality (especially of the baseline)and analysis made. 6. Definitionof various terms Definitionof various terms was raised. Participants inquiredabout the definitionand or meaning assigned to such terms as impacts/effect/risk, direcvindirect,cumulativeeffects, etc. It was pointedout that precise and generally recognizeddefinitionsexist in the matrix to qualify each type of impacts. This should be used. 7. Missina studies The REA should be based on all studies carried out in the Kribiarea. The report or the summary providedto participantsdoes not seem to have all informationavailable in various reports publishedthrough the differentstudies. 8. Spellina mistakes Few spelling mistakeswere found, for instance it is not Adalam, but the mine of Minim- Martap near Adamawa. It was suggested to review the spelling properly. 9. Landconflicts Precisionwere given on land issues. Land tenure in Cameroonhas different classifications:(i) nationaldomain, (ii) state private land, (iii) individualprivate land and (iv) public domain. It was clarifiedthat land issues in the Kribi region involvedthe land of the national domain. It was suggested that the expression'Land conflict' used inthe reportbe clarified. 10. 'The term 'nuisances' The term '(environmental)nuisances' is often used. It should be specifiedwhat nuisance is meant by this. 11. Direct benefits for the ~o~ulation Participantsinquiredon the direct benefits expected from the various projectsfor the local population. Recommendationsin that respect in the REA report. 12. Privatizationof aaro-industries The privatizationof agro-industrieshas a lot of social negativeimpacts. The privatization in this sector should be consideredin the study and their negative impacts analyzed. 13. Ca~acitvof the Naw [crucial to the ministries) Referringto the remarks on absorption capacity, a question was raised. Can the absorptioncapacity of the regionbe increasedby increasingthe capacity of the Government to deal with all these developmentsand proper planningand implementation?(Captainof the Navy). The issue of the lack of marine inspectionand enforcement was raised in the REA presentation. The Captain suggestedthat the report recommends raisingthe capacity of the Navy in the Kribi region, since the Navy serves REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 3 Report -3- 25 February 2008 as transport mediafor the Ministriesdelegates.Sincethe Navy does not have any boats, the Ministriesof Fisheriesand Transportcannot carry out their inspectionoffshore. 14. Positiveand neaative im~acts A point was raised regarding positive and negativeimpacts. It does not seem that the REA study considers positive impacts. Thiswas further emphasizedthat positive impactsshould be considered in order to establish the balancebetweenthe carrying capacityof the regionand the impacts caused by the projects. 15. Geoara~hicalzone One participantdid not understandand agree that a difference was madebetween a 'centre' of the Kribi region and a Kribi region. According to this participant,it is not true that most impacts will be in the center (asdefined), especially consideringthe petroleum pollutionand the current which drag the marinepollution alongthe coast. 16. The initiativeof the CPSP on carrying out a REA,which is a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and the holdinga workshop to involve local populationand consider their opinionwas praised, since it isthe first of its kind in Cameroon. In fact, the REA should be equally considered as Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment (SEA) study as comparedto a classic environmentalimpact assessment (EIA).An SEA serves for planningpurposes. It is it a great tool to integrateall existing government orientations, directions and policies as well as requirementsof existingand applicable national and internationalregulations in a concrete land use planning andlor environmentalstrategy. The study scopes the study in its internationalcontext by considering all international agreementswhich apply, for instance, the RAMSARconvention.Some art of the Kribi region may be in soon qualified RAMSAR site. This REA is an importanttool to steer developments; its recommendations should be usedat strategic level; for future planningpurposes. Several participantsappreciatedthe initiativeof havingsuch REA inthe Kribi region. (Recommendation) In this, such study, i.e. RegionalEnvironmentalAssessment andlor cumulativeimpacts assessment studies could be carried out in other could region or zones where several developmentsare plannedin order to identifythe real impact (i.e. cumulative)on this zone and determinethe planningfor the region and mitigationor compensationmeasures. 17. Clarificationon SEA (com~aredto a normal ElA) The essence of a SEA or REA is to compare the carrying (or absorption)capacity of an area to the types of impacts inducedby a certain number of projectsplanned. An SEA serves for planning purposes.This concept and distinction is not (clearly) made in the study as presented.Such analysis should result in NEB: (Net environmentalbenefitsfor the region) 2nd generationand MDP (mechanism of clean development). The absorptioncapacity for these developments also determinesto what extent negative effects will occur; it can have important impactson people living in the area. 18. Archeoloav Archeology was not mentionedin the summary given to participantsand the presentation.Any such study should give due considerationto archeology or REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 4 Report - 4 - 25 February 2008 archeologicalsites in the Kribi regionsince land use planningin the area will be very sensitive. 19. Carrvina tor absorption) capacity The SEA should determinethe absorptionor integrationcapacity of the Kribi regionto accommodate new projects.Any baselinestudy associatedwith the SEA shouldfocus on the ecologicalbalance of the region, the environmental absorptioncapacity of the regionand the type and numbers of new projects envisaged. 20. Focus on enerav proiects Clarificationwas given on the fact that this REA study is to focus on energy projects.This is not made clear by consultantswho present and treat all projectsequally. This may be made clear in a scoping work. 21. Mistakeson ~roiectsdescription Some adjustments in the text of the document were suggested: o Memvele dam: operator is Sud energy, not AES Sonel o Mamelles iron mine: operator interestedis not Cam Iron,but xxx? o The railway Edea-Kribiwill be constructedfor the transport of bauxiteto the export port. There may also be productionof aluminum near the port. 22. Estimationof the po~ulation A better estimationof the populationshould be made or it should be made clearer what estimation is made. It's especially important for the supply of drinkingwater to the population. 23. Other proiects. not mentioned Moreprojects are plannedin the region than what was mentioned(MINEP). Another participantsgave other projectsplanned in the region: o Plan for the management of the land tenure and domains o Management planningfor industrialzones o Non commercial port (leisureport) o SNV: study of the land tenure and domain conflicts 24. Pvamies Substantialdeforestationcaused by the various projects may endanger the pygmies who are now living in the forest. The study shouldgive specific attentionto this problem and suggest solutionsfor mitigation/solutionin order to ensure that pygmieswill not be affected. As follow up of this issue, another participantwarned about the practice of some NGOs which make their living usingthe pygmies' protection. 25. Impact on tourism 'There is concern regarding the numerous and importanceof impactswhich are to be expected in the region.The main concern is: will it be possibleto maintain tourism in the region?. Another participantexpressed hisconcern on the hostingcapacity for tourism. It seems to be too low at the moment to allow growth of the tourism activities. REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 5 Report - 5 - 25 February 2008 26. Impacton health Not muchis said about physical impacts on human, like health issues:pulmonary disease and other diseases. 27. Indicators It would be usefulto indicate a set of indicators that could be measured in 15years to evaluate where the region stands. Morningsession, summary of answers The consultant thanked MlNEPfor the usefulexplanationgiven on the differencesof an SEA comparedto a standard EIA. Emphasizesthat moredetail in this type of general study is not required;sometimestoo muchdetail is already in the report. The consultant also found a good ideato emphasizethe concept comparison of carrying capacity to the types of impacts.This concept is implicitlyin the report. The team explainedthat the terminology is defined inthe full report the consultant will includeall developmentprojectsthat have been indicatedby stakeholders so far Regardingthe remarks on pygmies, the consultant explainedthat previous projects in the country have shown negative effects of treating pygmiesseparately andgiving too much attention (only)to this ethnic group. For this reason, it was chosen inthe report to talk about 'ethnicdiversity' and the preservationof it. That means pygmies, but also other ethnies. The consult has re-assuredthe audience that socio- economists who have very good knowledgeof the regionhave been involvedand have made a thoroughstudy on social aspects, includingrecommendationsfor improvementof the existent EIA for which the socialanalysis was not always judged sufficient. The consultant pointedout that various remarks are discussedin the section on recommendations and answerswill be given then in the afternoon. The consultant explained that privatizationis not part of the TOR.The study deals with impacts of the projects, privatizationis not a project. It can however, be mentionedin the politicalcontext. Concerning missinginformation, the consultant has calledfor the support of the audience in collectingextra informationand has given an email address to send any additional relevant informationthat participants detain or places where additional informationcan be found. Afternoon session, Inthe afternoon, the followingwas presented: 4. Recommendationsfor an optimal investment n the region 5. Recommendationsfor a strategy of environmental management 6. Recommendationsand alternative for the projects Questionsand remarks 28. Port proiects The distancebetween Grand Batangaand Lolabewas asked. (answer: 20Km). The propositionof the consultant to merge the 2 feasibility studies in order to make one single port was discussed. Few participantsgave different informationand point on views. Moreoverthere seem to be 3 ports, not2: the multipurpose (or commercial port) -- -- REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 6 Report - 6 - 25 February 2008 n o o -+w- RWAL nasnoy~ma planned by the government, the port of Sundance and another either for the bauxite, either for the Mamelles iron ore deposit. For some participants,a commercial port and a mineral port would seem to be incompatible.The merge of he 2 miningports could be considered, but a separate commercialport could be created. (Ministry of Water and Energy) Another participantgave additionalinformation on the iron port. Sundance hasfor objectiveto have the port in 2011. They would like to go ahead with their project. However,for some other participants(seemedto be majority),a single multipurposeport would be a very good idea to minimize impactsand optimizethe use of space. 29. Developmentsshould follow the reaional~lannina,not other way around The importanceof planningin order that projectsand developmentoccur according to these plans was highlighted. Such study (REA) helpsto concretizeplansfor the region. It was also pointed out that mostly the oppositeoccurs: local developmenttry to occur around a project, with no planning. Developers shouldfit in an existing plan of the region. 30. Level of details and tone for the Gas-to-enerav~roiect Detailson p 15and 17of the summary given to participants,regardingthe Gas-to-power project were not found appropriateto such a REA study. The SEA should not address project specifics. Recommendations should take into considerationthe government decision about the site. Investment should be promotedand instead. 31. Trans~ortcorridors on the map presentingthe various alternatives for the region, the transport corridors have been drawn as straight lines. It seems quite rare that such straight line be possible. An EIA would determinewhich route is the most appropriateconsidering ESS aspects. 32. Considerationof the current institutionalsetting Regarding the institutionalstrengthening,the recommendations should be in line with the current institutionalsituation1setting. 33. Follow UD of the REA Local delegates should meet and talk about the planningissues as identified in the REA study. Another participantemphasizedthat the Government support is necessary and important to follow up the planningand strategy recommendation for establishinga platformfor stakeholdersinview of all the developmentplannedfor the coming period. Follow up actions on this study should be made. An implementationstrategy should be set up and local stakeholdersfully involved inthe process. 34. Urbanisationplan for Kribicitv Referringto the extensionof the city recommendations, the sub-prefetalso call for the necessityto have a urbanizationplan for the development of the Kribicity and asked to have this included in the recommendations of the report. 35. Decentralisation Was the perspectiveof decentralizationtaken into considerationthe REA? (Councilwill have more influence in this process? - - REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Rott 7 Report - 7 - 25 February 2008 36. Concern about the number and im~ortanceof im~actsin the reaion - are the recommendationsstrong enough for instance regardingone port development? - Are there any impactsfrom other projects? - Less inhabited areas should be preferredfor project location. - The restorationof ecosystem is missing. 37.q Few remarksthat more local expertsshould have been involved in such a study. 38. Health facilities Since every single projectwill have impact on peoplein the region and maybe on their health, infrastructuresfor health matters,additional healthfacilities will be needed. Hospitals and other improved healthfacilities are required. 39. Positive remarks expressedthat he is happy about the report and its general recommendations. Afternoon session, summary of answers The consultantthanked the audiencefor all the remarksmade. It is considered as a great enrichmentfor the study and will be consideredadequately. the consultant is very pleasedabout the initiative of the REA for such a diverse and dynamic region and is very pleasedto be part of this processtowards a sustainable developmentfor the region. the general idea of one port is supportedby various stakeholders; however,some are worried becauseof future flexibility of port operation The detail of the REA recommendationsis mainly at strategic level;for the various projects more detail will be requiredat the feasibility levels andthe ESHlA 1EA levels; The recommendationsregardingthe Gas projecthavemore detail because more informationis available (withinseparate EIA's) and these projectswill be implementedsoon; additional ElAs havebeen recommended. The wording will be reviewed in order that it does not seem negative.This was not the intention of the consultant. Official closure session CPSP and OCEAN Divisionalofficer: Refer to the notes at the end of this document. -- REA Kribi Annex 10 9S9906/R00005/ACO/Ro~~ 8 Report - 8 - 25 February 2008 ATELER sur ]'Etude d'impact cumulatif des projets dans la region de Kribi le 14 Fbrier 2008 dKribi (Hitel Palm Beach Plus) PROGRAMMEDES TRAVAUX CCrbmonied'ouverture de 19Atelier: 08H30-09H00 Prkfet du dkpartement 09H00-09 H 30 Pause-cafb - H6telPalm-Beach Plus (Tous lesparticipants) Expos6 : -Prksentation de 1'Etude d'impact cumulatif des- Consultant Royal 09H30- 12H00 projets dans ladgion deKribi (lbepartie) Haskoning - Dkbats - Participants 12HOO-14HOO Pause-dbjeuner HGtel Palm-BeachPlus (Tous les participants) Expos6(suiteet fin) : -Pdsentation de l'Etude d'impact cumulatifdes- Chnsultant Royal 14H00-1m00 projets dans la r6gion de Kribi (2em portie) Haskoning - Dkbats (suite et fin) - Participants CCrtmoniede cl6ture de I'Atelier - Mot de cl6turedu Reprhentant de M. l'ADG/ - SNH et Prkfet du 16H30 Prksident CPSP etAllocution de cl6ture du d6partementde l'Octan Prkfet du d6partementde l'Oc6an - Cocktailde cl6ture - Tous lesparticipants I SOCIETE NATIONALE DES HYDROCARBURES NATIONAL HYDROCARBONSCORPORATION COMITE DE PILOTAGE ET DE SUlVl DES PIPELINES PIPELINE STEERING AND MONITORING COMMllTEE SIEGE SOCIAL B. P.955 YAOUNDE REPUBLIQUEDU CAMEROUN HEADOFFICE P. 0. BOX 955 -YAOUNDE REPUBLlC OF CAMEROON HYDROCAM 8514 KN 8515 KN - FAX :220.98.69 220.46.51 - ATELIER PRESENTATION DU RAPPORT PROVISOIRE DE L 'ETUDED 'IMPACT CUMULATIF DE DES PROJETS DANS LA REGION DE KR~BI LE14 FEVRIER 2008 EtaMbenianl publlc L d h lndustrtdst commsrdal-Capltal loclal :B.OM).DOO.M)O de F.C.F.A. CrM par dual n* BOWdu 12men 1980 -R.C. YAOVNDE-J -N' 58 Statistique SClFE 176210T-N' ContribuaMe CM MX)OCQMQ 2 M. ENOH JOHNCHU SNH CHEFDEPT - CHEFDE SECTION M. MINKENG SAMUELROGER CPSP ETS M. NGA MVOGO ACHILLE pd-e+ L- M. GHONANG JEANPIERRE MZNEE DIRECTEUR M. NGUESSEC) bdJ MIME AZDIRECTEUR DRMALOUM MZNEPZA DIRECTEUR / M. MATIP OSCAR MZNZMZDT DIRECTE UR M. OLINGA ONDOA J.P. MINEPAT DIRECTEUR M. JZ&% f ~ n n ' & K / - B A N Q ~ MONDL~LE M. &4**\(0 ,+ . I MZNEPZA DELEGUE I I MZNSANTE DELEGUE M. L&w\lwezr M j e MiNTP DELEGUE I 42 M* PAD 43 M. HEWCAM EXPLOITANT 44 M. FORESTIER 45 M* PERENCO 46 COTCO ~ W E ~&Ia a e ~ e 47 M. COTCO M. 48 AES-SONEL ETUDED'IMPAGT CUMULMIFDEJPBOIM DAN5 LA REK%JQNBEKRIBl tZ=sEt= ATELIER DEPRESENTATICWbU RAPPORTPROVI$OIRE DlJCONSULTANTROYALh $ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ CEREMONIE D'OUVERTURE Mot du Reprbsentant de Monsieur IyAdministrateur Directeur Gbnbral, President du Comite de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines Kribi, le 14 fkvrier 2008 Monsieur le PrCfet du DCpartement de I'OcCan, Monsieur le Sous-PrCfet de lSArrondissementde Kribi, Monsieur le Maire de la Commune Urbaine de Kribi, Monsieur le ReprCsentant de la Banque Mondiale, Mesdames et Messieurs, C'est un grand honneur pour moi de vous souhaiter, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Administrateur-Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtC Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), Prbident du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines (CPSP), la bienvenue dans cette salle, B l'occasion du sCminaire atelier sur la prbentation du rapport provisoire relatif ii1'Etude d'impact cumulatif des projets dans la rCgion de Kribi, organis6 par le CPSP. L'organisation des prCsentes assises rentre dans le cadre du souci permanent des pouvoirs publics de prCserver les kosysthmes marins et c6tiers du Cameroun. En effet, dans la perspective de l'agrandissement certain du tissu industriel 1 de la reion de Kribi, zone couverte par le Plan de Gestion de 1'Environnement du Pipeline Tchad/Cameroun, les services du consultant Royal Haskoning, de nationalit6 hollandaise, ont CtC sollicitb, pour rCaliser 1'6tude qui nous rassemble ce jour : Impacts cumulatifs des projets dans la rCgion de Kribb). Au terme de cette Ctude, il est apparu indiquC pour le CPSP, de rCunir les diffbrents acteurs intervenant dans cette rCgion, pour partager les propositions de conclusions de cette Ctude, dans l'optique d'une meilleure prkvention et gestion des impacts de toutes ces activitb. Mesdames et messieurs, Depuis deux mois et demi, ce consultant a abattu un travail remarquable sanctionnC par un rapport riche en enseignements, qui sera soumis B votre attention tout h l'heure. Je vous exhorte, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Administrateur Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtC Nationale des Hydrocarbures et Prkident du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines, ne mCnager aucun effort Page 2 de 3 pour apporter toute votre contribution B l'enrichissement du travail rCalisC par ce consultant, dans 19intCrCt bien compris de la prbservation de l'environnement et des populations de la rCgion de Kribi. C'est sur cette note que j'achhve mon propos, tout en souhaitant plein succb B nos travaux. Je vous remercie pour votre bienveillante attention./ Page 3 de 3 CEREMONIE D'OUVERTUREDE L'ATELIERDE PRESENTATION DU RAPPORT PROVISOIREDU CONSULTANT ROYAL HASKONINGSUR L'ETUDE CUMULATIF DES INVESTISSEMENTSDANS LA REGION DE KRIBI KRIBI,LE 14 fevrier 2008 ALLOCUTION DE MONSIEUR Jean FranqoisVlLON PREFET DU DEPARTEMENTDE L'OCEAN Monsieurle Sous-Prefetde I'Arrondissementde Kribi; Monsieurle Malrede la Commune d'Arrondissementde Kribi 1er ; Monsieur le representant de l1i\dmlnistrateur Directeur GenCral de la Soclete Nationale des Hydrocarbures(SNH), President du Comite de Pilotage et de Suivides Pipelines(CPSP) ; Monsieurle Representantde la Banque Mondlale; Mesdameset messieurs lesDeIegueset responsablesdes servicespublics: Mesdames et messieurs les responsablesdes ONGs et autres associations de protectlonde I'environnement ; Mesdames.et Messleurs, C'est avec un plalslr immense que Jeme retrouve en ce lieu ce matin a l'occa~onde la cOr6monle d'ouvertuw de IJAtellerorganis6 par le @ornltl.de Pllotage et de Suivl des Pipelines en vue de presenter aux differents acteurs economiques lntervenant dans la localite, le rapport de I'etude d'impacts cumulatifsdes projetsen cours ou a realiserclans notre cite balneaire Kribi. Je voudrais d'entree de jeu exprimer ma profondegratitudea Monsieur le I'Admlnistrateur Dlrecteur General de la Societe Nationale des , r > cette somptueuse salle de conferencedde I'Hbtel Palm beach plus, 6 tous .les participants a cette rencontredont I'lmportonce n'est plus a dernontrer. . Mesdameset Messieurs, Cette rencontre en effet, comme 1.0 egalement evoque le ~e~resentant de Monsieur I'Adminlstrateur Directeur General de la SNH, President du Comlte de Pllotage et de Sulvi des Plpellnes, vlse un objectif precis a savolr reveler a toute personne ou institution interessee, d'une part les premiers resultats de I'etuded'impacts cumulatifsdes lnvestissementsprojet& duns la vllle de Kribi ou ses environs, et lesenjeux y afferents, et d'autre part de susclter des reactionsen vue d'un eventuel amendementdes conclusions dudlttravail. C'est donc I'occasion pour mol d'interpeller tous les participants ici presents, afln quailsslimpr&gnent ment des mesures qui seront mlses en ceuvre pour une bonne gestion mtl+&~sf3rojets--d~ns'-la r Q i M M i ,quivousvous en doutez, connait unessor considerable_.ence qui . - , {ak.:k/rk~d/fik,Lf concerne son tissu industriel.&wk b~kW W V , ~ hi &X ~ ' K I A AL4.G Mesdameset Messieurs, Contrairement a d'autres pays, les zones c6tieres camerounaises constituent des espaces pariicullerement senslbles du falt de leur 'position strat6glque sur I'echiquler geopolitique, mais aussl du falt de leurs rlchesses averees ou potentielles, qui en font des p6les de convergence des interets multiples, parfoisdes sourcesde conflits multlformes. Que ce soit du point de vue des activites industrielles ou touristiques, de la recherche minlere, de la prospecflon et de Itexploitationdu petrole ou du gaz naturel, des trafics des marchandisesB I'lmportatloncomme CI I'exportation, la pgche marltlme ou de la collecte des resourcesnaturelles, de I'occupatlon de I'espoce, chacune de nos c6tes accumule des avantages comparatifs qui en font des zones de predilectionpour des investlssementsproductifs. Ces investlssements, faut-ll le soutigner, s'accompagnent toujours d'lmpacts sur l'envlronnement qu'il convlent de maitrlser pour un developpement durable des reglons concernees, Ceci est en effet, une preoccupation pertinente du GOuvernement de la Republlquequl se soucigde ENDE D'IMPACT CUMVLATIF~E~-PRO~ET$ LA DAN5 REGlQNDEKRIBJ p---~--m ATEUER06 PRaSENTATIQNDURAPPORTPROVI$OIRE bu ca~guiTkNtR Q Y H&KQM[NQ ~ ~ CEREMONIE DE CLOTURE Mot du Reprbsentant de Monsieur 19AdministrateurDirecteur General, Prbsident du Comitb de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines Monsieur le PrCfet du DCpartement de 190cCan, Monsieur le Sous-Prkfetde 1'Arrondissement de Kribi, Monsieur le Maire de la Commune Urbaine de Kribi, Monsieur le ReprCsentant de la Banque Mondiale, Mesdames et Messieurs, Comme ii l'ouverture du prCsent atelier sur 1'Etude d'impact cumulatif des projets dans la rbgion de Kribi, il me revient l'honneur de vous dire, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Adrninistrateur-Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtCNationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), PrCsident du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines (CPSP), la satisfaction du CPSP sur le dkroulement harmonieux de ces assises qui s'achbvent et surtout sur la qualit6 de l'exposC et des dCbats qui ont eu lieu. Ceci laisse penser, au regard de ces dCbats parfois passionnCs mais riches, que les objectifs de cet important forum d9Bchangesii savoir, partager les propositions de conclusions de cette Ctude, formulCes par le Consultant Royal Haskoning, dans l'optique d'une meilleure prkvention et gestion des impacts des projets dans la rCgion de Kribi, ont 6th atteints. Je ne saurais oublier de remercier nos partenaires dans la mise en aeuvre de certains de ces projets, A savoir notamment la Banque Mondiale, pour sa reprbsentation effective aux travaux, ainsi que les dabrents intervenants dans cette rCgion, qui ont CtC convib d ces assises. Leur participation effectivea btC dCterminantepour l'atteinte des objectifs de cet atelier. Mesdames et messieurs, Je ne doute aucun instant que le partage d'expbrience qui a prbvalu tout au long de cette rencontre, constituera ii terme, un atout pour le renforcement de la collaboration pour une gestion efficace des impacts cumulatifs des projets dans la rigion de Kribi, qui constitue une zone dont la sensibilitb, du point de vue environnemental, est bvidente. Je vous remercie de votre bienveillante attention./ I CEREMONIEDECLOP RE DE L'ATELIERDE PRESENTATION DU RAPPORT PROVISOIREDU ONSULTANT ROYAL HASKONING.SWR L'ETUDECUMULATIFDES INVE,STISSEMENTSDANS LA LOCALITE DE KRlBl KRIBI, LE 14 f6vrier 2008 M~NSIEURJean Fran~ois.VILON DEPARTEMENTDE L'OCEAN Monsieurle de Kribi; .. de Kribi lef ; Monsieur le representant be,~'~dministrateur Directeur GBnerol de lo ' G SocieteNationaledes Hydrocarb res (SNH), Prbsident du Cornite de Pilotage-et de Suivi des Pipelines(CPSP); I I Monsieurle Representantd la.5anqueMondiale; Mesdames et messieursles ~ ~ 1 6 geturesponsablesdes services publics ; b Mesdames et messieurs les(responsablesdes ONGs et autres associations d6protectionde l'environnemen{; Mesdameset Messieurs, I Apres une journee 3partoge et de rbflexion rur le rapport Blabor6 par le consultant Royal sur I'Etude 'd'irnpact curnulatif des projetsdons la regionbe de I'alelierorganis&par le cornif6de Pilotage et de Suivi des plusieurs acteurs Bconomiques intervenantdans cettelocalit&. Notrecite une cible pour la realisationde grands projets dans cette localite et ses environsun induitsescomptes. quidbcouleront de tan1 pour le Gouvernement que pour au developpement dont nous saluons particulierement de notre environnemenlpour assurer undeveloppement durable. Mesdameset Messieurs, 1 Lestravoux de ces assires ont Lelluinemer.t foit I'objet d'un interCt partag6, et re son1deroules dons un esprit de con ivialite et UI-ieatmosphere de participation active au depart et qui viennent de nous etre rappeles I'Administrateur Directeur general de la du Cornit4 de Pilotage st de Suivides pipelines. 6 L\Ia~~kfhl~\l~li~4 \a LLM \ bh* LA- (ah,, d o o ~ u - h Z ~ ~ ~ L k l L ~ l i . touche du doigt, la.probl6matique de la zone cdtihre de Kribi en riveruines. I Cette preoccupaiion,vous le avez bien,rrntre dans le cadre de la politiquedes grandes ambitions pr6nee par S.E. Monsieur Pcc6an - HBtel Palm-Beach Plus (Tous lesparticipants) Expos6 : -PrCsentation de 1'Etude d'impact cumulatifdes - ~onsultantRoyal 09H30- 12H00 projets dans lar6gion deKribi (lbepartie) Haskoning - DCbats - Participants 12H00-14H00 Pause-dCjeuner HdtelPalm-BeachPlus (Tous les participants) Expos6 (suite et fin) : -Prtsentation de 1'Etude d'jmpact cumulatifdes - ~onsultantRoyal 14H00-1m00 projets dans la rkgion deKribi (zbmCpartie) b k o n b g - DCbats (suite et fin) - Participants CtrCmoniede cl6turede I9Atelier - Mot de cldturedu Reprbentant de M. l'ADG/ - SNH et Prefet du President CPSP etAllocutionde cldturedu d@artementde I'OcCan 1 Prtfet du dkpartement de l' OcCa-n - Cocktail de Cldture 1- Tous lesparticipants /,,4 / SOCIETE NATIONALE DESHYDROCARBURES NATIONAL HYDROCARBONSCORPORATION COMITE DE PILOTAGE ET DE SUlVl DES PIPELINES PIPELINE STEERING AND MONITORINGCOMMITTEE SIEGE SOCIAL B. P. 955 YAOUNDE REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN HEADOFFICE P.0.BOX855 YAOUNDE - REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON HYDROCAM8514 KN 8515 KN - FAX :220.98.69 220.46.51 - ATELIER PRESENTATION DU RAPPORTPROWSOIREDEL'ETUDED 'IMPACTCUMULATIF DE DES PROJETS DANS LA REGION DE KRIBI LE14 FEVRIER 2008 EtaMhetmnI puMlc L car.c(&a Industrtdel commercial-Capltal social :8.000.000.OM~de F.C.F.A. Clee par &awl n-80086m 12man1980 -R.C. YAOUNDE -J58-N'SrslistiqueSCIFE 176210T -N' ContrhuaMe CM00003203Q 2 MONDLQLE 24 M. BANQUE MONDL~LE I M , E m ~a~/ oe ~g MY 25 ~ . ~ MrlvEp DELEGUE 4 26 dc'iiiobjiF fh" MMnvFOF DELEGUE 27 M. ~ v ~ (F . TUN( ~ h&W.pIA ~ DELEGUE p f ~ I EGBIQ- 28 M- MINSANTE DELEGUE 29 MINTP DELECUE . - 42 M* PAD 43 M. HEWCAM EXPLOITANT 44 M. FORESTIER 45 M. PERENCO 46 M. AWE^ ) b R d 4 b e COTCO 47 M- COTCO M. 48 AES-SONEL r - - - r r r u * r r * k l d i r r * r r m , 4 COMMUNICA ETUDED'IMPACTCUMULATIFDE$PR~JETSDbNSLA REGIONDl2KIRIBI. 1-11-11 ------3 ATELIER DE PRESENTATIONLjU FOIIPiPQ@' PROVlSOtRE DUCONI~LTANT.ROYAL~ZKONING CEREMONIE D'OUVERTURE Mot du Representant de Monsieur 19Administrateur Directeur General, President du Comite de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines Kribi, le 14 fbvrier2008 Monsieur le PrCfet du Dkpartement de I'Ockan, Monsieur le Sous-Prbfet de 1'Arrondissement de Kribi, Monsieur le Maire de la Commune Urbaine de Kribi, Monsieur le ReprCsentant de la Banque Mondiale, Mesdames et Messieurs, C'est un grand honneur pour moi de vous souhaiter, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Administrateur-Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtC Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), President du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines (CPSP), la bienvenue dans cette salle, A l'occasion du sCminaire atelier sur la prbentation du rapport provisoire relatif B 1'Etude d'impact cumulatif des projets dans la rCgion de Kribi, organis6 par le CPSP. L'organisation des prCsentes assises rentre dans le cadre du souci permanent des pouvoirs publics de prCserver les kosyst8mes marins et c6tiers du Cameroun. En effet, dans la perspective de I'agrandissement certain du tissu industriel de la r6gion de Kribi, zone couverte par le Plan de Gestion de 19Environnementdu Pipeline TchadICameroun, les services du consultant Royal Haskoning, de nationalit6 hollandaise, ont CtC sollicitCs, pour rCaliser I'Ctude qui nous rassemble ce jour :<< Impacts cumulatifs des projets dans la rCgion de Kribb. Au terme de cette Ctude, il est apparu indiquC pour le CPSP, de rCunir les diffbrents acteurs intervenant dans cette region, pour partager les propositions de conclusions de cette Ctude, dans I'optique d'une meilleure prbvention et gestion des impacts de toutes ces activitCs. Mesdames et messieurs, Depuis deux mois et demi, ce consultant a abattu un travail remarquable sanctionnk par un rapport riche en enseignements, qui sera soumis A votre attention tout l'heure. Je vous exhorte, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Administrateur Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtC Nationale des Hydrocarbures et President du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines, 51 ne mCnager aucun effort Page 2 de 3 pour apporter toute votre contribution l'enrichissement du travail rbalisb par ce consultant, dans 19intCrCt bien compris de la prbservation de ' Iyenvironnementet des populations de la rbgion de Kribi. Cyest sur cette note que j9achi?vemon propos, tout en souhaitant plein succb A nos travaux. Je vous remercie pour votre bienveillante attention./ Page 3 de3 - CEREMONIE D'OUVERTUREDE L'ATELIERDE PRESENTATION DU RAPPORTPROVISOIRE DU CONSULTANT ROYAL HASKONINGSUR L'ETUDE CUMUlATlFDES INVESTISSEMENTSDANS LA REGION DE KRIBI KRIBI, LE 14 fhvrier 2008 ALLOCUTION DE MONSIEUR Jean Franqois VllON PREFET DU DEPARTEMENTDE L'OCEAN Monsieurle Sous-Prefetde I'Arrondissementde Krlbi; Monsieurle Malrede la Communed'Arrondissementde Krlbi ler : Monsleur le representant de I'Administrateur Directeur General de la . Societe Nationale des Hydrocarbures(SNH), President du Comite de Pilotage et de Suivides Pipelines(CPSP) ; Monsleurle Representantde la Banque Mondlale; Mesdameset messieursles Delegueset responsablesdes services publlcs; Mesdames et messieursles responsables des ONGs et autres associations de protectionde I'envlronnement ; Mesdames.et Messieurs, C'est avec un plaislr Immense que je me retrouve en ce lieu ce matin a l'occ&lon de la chrernonle d'ouverture de I'Ateller organisi. par le eomlte -de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines en vue de presenter aux differents acteurs economiques intewenant dans la localit6, le rapport de I'etude d'impacts cumulatifsdes projetsen cours ou a realiser dans notre clte balneaireKribi. Je voudrais d'entree de jeu exprimer ma profondegratltude a Monsieur le I'Administrateur Directeur General de la Societe Nationale des f r cette somptueuse salle de conferencade I'HBtel Palm beach plus, a tous .les participants a cette rencontredont l'lmportance n'est plus a demontrer . Mesdameset Messieurs, Cette rencontre en effet, comme I'a egalement evoque le Representant de Monsieur IIAdministrateur Directeur General de la SNH, President du Cornlte 'de Pllotage et de Sulvi des Plpellnes, vise un objectif precis a savoir reveler a toute personne ou Institution interessee, d'une part les premiers resultats de I'etuded'irnpacts cumulatifs des lnvestissementsprojetesdans la vllle de Kribi ou ses envlrons, et ies enjeux y afferents, et d'autre part de susclter des reactionsen vue d'un eventuel amendementdes conclusionsdudlt travail. C'est donc I'occasion pour mol d'interpeller tous les participants ici presents, afln qu'ils s'impregnent ment des mesures qui seront mlses en ceuvre pour une bonne gestlon aw~tilm+rojets--dans--la ~e~iwu%K&i,quivousvousen doutez, connait unessor considerable en ce qui F . f i : b r ~ u lhXy concerne son tissu industriel.r(ud-- a dR w -vrr d'ak 'dkG ' Mesdameset Messieurs, Contralrement a d'autres pays, les zones c8tieres camerounaises constltuent des espaces particulierement senslbles du falt de leur position strategique sur I'echiquler g~opolltlque,mais aussi du falt de leurs rlchesses averees ou potentielles, qui en font des pbles de convergence des Interets multiples, parfoisdessources de conflitsmultlformes. Que ce solt du point de vue des activ~tesindustriellesou touristiques, de la recherche minlere, de la prospectlon et de I'exploitation du petrole ou du gaz naturel, des traficsdes marchandises a I'importatlon comme b I'exportation, la peche marltlrne ou de la collecte des ressources naturelles, de I'occupation de I'espace, chacune de nos c6tes accumule des avantages cornparatifs qui en .font deszones de predilectionpour des lnvesflssementsproductifs. Ces investissements, faut-ll le soutigner, s'accompagnent toujours d'irnpacts sur I'environnement qu'll convlent de maitriser pour un developpement durable des regions concernees, Cecl est en effet, une preoccupationpertinente du Gouvernement de la Republlque qul se souciQde ETUDED'IMPACT CUMULATIFPEf PROjETS bANSLA REGION DE KRlBl ====t== ATELIER'DE PRESENTATION DURAPPORTPRQYIEOIRE DUC~)NIULTANT ROYALH&$KONING CEREMONIE DE CLOTURE Mot du Representant de Monsieur 19AdministrateurDirecteurGeneral, President du Comitb de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines Kribi, le 14 fbvrier2008 Monsieur le PrCfet du DCpartement de 190cCan, Monsieur le Sous-PrCfetde 1'Arrondissement de Kribi, Monsieur le Maire de la Commune Urbaine de Kribi, Monsieur le ReprCsentant de la Banque Mondiale, Mesdames et Messieurs, Comme g l'ouverture du prCsent atelier sur 1'Etude d'impact cumulatif des projets dans la reion de Kribi, il me revient l'honneur de vous dire, au nom du Ministre Adolphe Moudiki, Administrateur-Directeur GCnCral de la SociCtCNationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), PrCsident du ComitC de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines (CPSP), la satisfaction du CPSP sur le dCroulement harmonieux de ces assises qui s'ach6vent et surtout sur la qualit6 de 1'exposC et des dCbats qui ont eu lieu. Ceci laisse penser, au regard de ces dCbats parfois passionnCs mais riches, que les objectifs de cet important forum d'khanges h savoir, partager les propositions de conclusions de cette Ctude, formulCes par le Consultant Royal Haskoning, dans l'optique d'une meilleure prCvention et gestion des impacts des projets dans la reion de Kribi, ont CtC atteints. Je ne saurais oublier de remercier nos partenaires dans la mise en aeuvre de certains de ces projets, savoir notamment la Banque Mondiale, pour sa reprbsentation effective aux travaux, ainsi que les diffkrents intervenants dans cette rCgion, qui ont CtC conviCs A ces assises. Leur participation effective a 6th dbterminante pour l'atteinte des objectifs de cet atelier. Mesdames et messieurs, Je ne doute aucun instant que le partage d'expkrience qui a prCvalu tout au long de cette rencontre, constituera il terme, un atout pour le renforcement de la collaboration pour une gestion efficace des impacts cumuIatifs des projets dans la rCgion de Kribi, qui constitue une zone dont la sensibilitC, du point de vue environnemental, est kvidente. Je vous remercie de votre bienveillante attention./ CEREMONIE DE CLOT' RAPPORTPROVISOIREDU ONSULTANT ROYAL HASKONING.SUR !RE DE L'ATELIER DE PRESENTATION DU CETUDE CUMUlATlF DESINVFTISSEMENTS DANSLA LOCALITE DE KRlEl KRISI, LE 14 f6vrier2008 4 ALLOCUTION D MONSIEURJean Fran~oisVlLON PREFET DU IDEPARTEMENTDE L'OCEAN MonsieurleSous-Prefetde I rrondissement de Kribi; Monsieurle Mairede la dtArrondissementde Kribi 1- ; . Monsieur le representant (de I'Administrateur Diredeur General de la Societb Nationaledes Hydrocarb res (SNH),Prhsident du Comite de Pilotage et de Suivides Pipelines (CPSP]; Monsieurle Represenfantd la.Banque.Mondiale; e Mesdameset messieursles @81egueset responsables des services publics; Mesdames et messieurs les/reibonsablesdes ONGs et autres associations t de protectionde I'environnemen ; Mesdameset Messieurs, I Apres une journbe partage et de reflexion sur le rapport &labor& par le consultant Royal HASKONIN~et portant sur I'Etude d'impact curnulofif des projetsdans bregionbe Kribi,nous{oici au terme deI'atelierorganis6 par le cornit6de Pilotage et de Suivi des Pipelines t qui a regroupe plusieurs acteurs economiques a I intervenantdunscettelocalite. Notre cite capitale Kribi, est e effet de nosjours une cible pour la r6alisationde I grands projets developpant qui e traineront assur6rnent duns cette, localit6 et ses environs unessor 6conomique consi &able, suite aux effetsinduitsescomptks. C'est pour cette roisonque problemesenvironnernentauxqui d6couleront de ces investissements restent pour eure une preoccupatian majeure, tant pour le Gouvememen? que pour les pa au developpement dont nous saluons particulibrement I'implicationdans de notreenvironnement pour assurer undeveloppement durable. I Mesdameset Messieurs, 1 Ler travaux de ces arsises ont kertainemer.~fait l'objet d'un interet pariagC, et re sont deroules dons un esprit de coniivialit6 et "lie atmosphhe de participation active de tous. Ceci a permis d'atteindre I objectifs fixes au depart et qui viennent de nous . . etre.rappel6spar le Representant Monsieur I'Administrateur Directeur general de la z- ioci6t6 Nationaledes Msidenl du Cornit6 de Pilotageet de Suivi des b'., ~ '~ k~u* h6~ d a i l '~4 r L b d A .Ab&4taqLn.r un d o o r d d y yLbdFL ?L, . fn-rctueux, touche du doigt, la.problematique gengral, et de la zone c6tibre de Kribi en particulier, pour un meilleur ement des populationsriveraines. Cette avez bien, rrntre dons le cadre de la politique des PG!JIBIYA, President de la Republique , politique qui vise entre autres obje4tifs a permc!lre a chaque carnerounais de vivre I 1 dans un milieuecologiquement sain. i Je garde tout de meme espoir que les rbsultats des presentes assises constitueront pour tous les acteurs pne banque de donnees permettant d'avoir une vue globale sur les et ceci dans une .perspective- . Sur ce, tout en vos familles respectives, je declare clos, les trpvaux de . de .presenlo.lion du projet de rapport relatif a ~ I'Etuded'impact cumulatif la regi~n,deKribi. Vive le Cameroun, Je vous remercie.1. i I