ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY FOR BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) FINAL REPORT PREPARED FOR: YPEB, ENRON CORP., PETROBRAS & BTB AUGUST 30, 1996 *DAMES & MOORE COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA EXECUTIVE SUMIMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND .................. .......... ES -1 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....... ........................ ES -2 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......... .......................... ES -3 3.1 GENERAL .................... ...................... ES-3 3.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .......... .. ............... ES -4 3.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ............. ............... ES - 5 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS .......... ... ........ ES - 6 4.1 AREA OF INFLUENCE/LIFE ZONES ........ .. ............. ES - 6 4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .............. ................ ES -6 4.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............. ............... ES -8 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE ........ ........................ ES -9 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ....... ........................ ES - 10 6.1 GENERAL ................... ...................... ES-10 6.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... ......... ES - 12 6.2.1 AirQuality .......... ........................... ES-12 6.2.2 Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils .................... ES - 12 6.2.3 Water Resources ................................. ES - 13 6.3 IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ..... ........ ES - 14 6.4 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ... ...... ES - 1S5 6.4.1 Land Use .......... ........................... ES - 15 6.4.2 Social Impacts ......... .......................... ES - 16 6.4.3 Economic Impacts ................................ ES - 17 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................... ES -19 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM ............. ... ......... ES - 19 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................. ... ES -21 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study Septemberl, 1996 ES - i DAMES&MOCOE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION ES-1 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ES-2 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study Septemberl, 1996 ES - ii DAMES&MOORE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND This document presents an updated Environmental Impact Study (EIS) completed by Dames & Moore for the Bolivian portion of the proposed Bolivia to Brazil Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline. This study was completed in accordance with the requirements established in the Professional Services Agreement No. PSA-02-95 signed between Enron Power Corporation (Enron) and Dames & Moore, Inc. The primary work associated with the EIS was completed during the period of December, 1995 to June, 1996. The purpose of the proposed pipeline project addressed in this study is to transport and sell the natural gas developed in central Bolivia to major industrial centers of Brazil in response to their growing demand for energy. The project is being developed by YPFB and Petrobras, together with participating partners Enron Corporation in the Bolivian sector and the BTB Group in the Brazilian sector. The BTB Group represents a consortium comprised of Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP), Tenneco Energy, and British Gas. The majority equity interest in the project is held by YPFB and Petrobras. Prior to Dames & Moore's involvement in the project, a previous Environmental Impact Study (Original Assessment) was completed in 1990 by a Bolivian consultant, the Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio de la Capacidad de Uso Mayor de la Tierra' (CUMAT). The results of the previous study were presented in a report entitled "Environmental hnpact Assessment for the Construction of the Gas Pipeline and Puerto Suarez Steam-Electric Power Plant" and dated September, 1990. The updated EIS has been prepared to identify and address current issues related to project facilities to be located and operated in Bolivia, to support applications from the Project Sponsors to international financing institutions for project funding, and to comply with the requirements of the new Bolivian Environmental Law. Separate environmental documents are being prepared by a Brazilian Consultant to identify and address issues related to the project facilities to be located and operated in Brazil. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 1 DAMES & MOORE The EIS was based on a comprehensive review of existing information, field work, and community workshops which were completed to evaluate the biophysical and socioeconomic environments in the area of influence of the project. Technical and environmental concepts were integrated in the analysis to ensure that the pipeline is constructed, operated, and managed in accordance with the conditions presented by the project's natural and social surroundings. Efforts were directed at maximizing the project's benefits in the area of influence, while preventing and mitigating its potential negative effects. The key chapters of the EIS are reviewed and discussed below. 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The Bolivian legislation and international guidelines reviewed as part of this study included the following: * Bolivian Environmental Law No. 1333, * Bolivian Hydrocarbon Law No. 1689, * Proposed Bolivian Law of Indigenous Settlements in Eastern Bolivia, the Chaco, and the Amazons (proposed by Supreme Decree No. 22612 of October 10, 1990), * Proposed Bolivian Law of Conservation of Biological Diversity (proposed by the Bolivian Senate on October 14, 1992), * Legal Regulations related to Bolivian Archeological Heritage. * Bolivian Supreme Decree No. 24122 of September 21, 1995, giving protection status to over 3.4 million hectares of land and establishing the Grand Chaco National Park and its Integrated Land Use Areas. * World Bank/IFC Environmental Guidelines and Policies. Ministerial Resolution No. 259-91, dated September 20, 1991, approved the previous Environ- mental Impact Study (EIS) of March 1990 completed by CUMAT for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project and the Puerto Suarez Thermoelectric Plant. The Ministerial Resolution does not refer to a validity period for the license. Because the scope of the project has changed since the approval of the original environmental license, the license will be amended. In an effort to Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 2 DAMES & MOORE expedite the review and amendment process, a renewal request will be filed by the Project Sponsors along with a copy of the updated EIS. Under the new Environmental Law in Bolivia, if a project does not commence activity within a period of 12 months from issuance of the license, the license must be renewed. 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 GENERAL Bolivia is a gas-producing country with a significant surplus of natural gas in relation to its internal consumption, while Brazil has a shortage of energy supply. In 1988, the presidents of Bolivia and Brazil signed an Energy Integration Treaty in which Brazil committed to buy electric power generated with natural gas from a thermal plant to be constructed at the border between both countries. In 1993, a gas supply agreement was signed by YPFB and Petrobras, which established a contractual obligation for supply and purchase of natural gas. The Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline will extend approximately 3,100 kilometers from YPFB's Rio Grande Natural Gas Plant located approximately 40 kilometers southeast of the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, through Sao Paulo, turning south and terminating near the city of Porto Alegre in Brazil. The approximately 555 kilometer Bolivian sector of the transmission system will follow a relatively straight line, running in a west to east direction. The pipeline will cross the predominantly flat tropical dry forest of the Bolivian Chaco region within the Department of Santa Cruz, in the southeastern portion of Bolivia. The right-of-way will run parallel to and south of an existing railway from a point approximately 40 kilometers west of the town of El Carmen, then in a southeast direction to the town of El Carmen de la Frontera, on the Bolivia-Brazil border. East of the Otuquis river, the gas pipeline will cross the northern portion of the Otuquis and Tacuaral marshes. The pipe required for the Bolivian sector will be 32-inch diameter, 0.406-0.649 inch wall thickness, manufactured in accordance with API-5L, X-70 standards. The pipeline will be Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 3 DAMES & MOORE designed for a maximum allowable operating pressure of 1,420 psi. Automatic reduced pressure shutdown valves will be installed to ensure safety of the line. Pig launchers and receivers will be installed for the purpose of internal inspection and cleaning of the pipe. Four compressor stations will be included in the system design for the Bolivian sector. One station will be installed near the town of Yacuces in the first phase of the project, and the remaining three will be constructed as required to increase delivery volumes and maintain acceptable pipeline pressure. There will be two metering stations in Bolivia. The first station will be located at the Rio Grande Gas Plant to measure the volumes of gas entering the pipeline owned by the Bolivian Transportation Company. The second station will be at the Bolivia-Brazil border to measure the gas for custody transfer to the Brazilian Transportation Company. The installation of a fiber optic cable will be included within the scope of the project. The cable may either be placed in the same ditch as the pipeline or in a separate ditch within the pipeline right-of-way. The pipe will likely be imported to Bolivia through the Port of Rosario in Argentina, which will be the receiving port for ocean freight. From the Port of Rosario, pipe will be transported to the 0 Port of Aguirre on the Bolivia-Brazil border, then by train to designated storage yards in Bolivia. From the storage yards, pipe will be transported by truck to the right-of-way for stringing. Other possibilities include, 1) receiving the pipe through the port in Arica, Chile, transporting by truck to Santa Cruz, then to the storage yards by railway, or 2) receiving the pipe through the port in Buenos Aires, Argentina, transporting via the Belgrano Railway to Santa Cruz, then to storage sites by rail. 3.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The majority of the proposed route for the Bolivian portion of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline was selected based on the study performed by CUMAT (1990). The following were among the alternatives identified and considered: No-Project. The alternative of not executing the project was included. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 0 September 1, 1996 ES - 4 DAMES & MOORE Alternative No.1. The pipeline would run parallel to the existing railroad between Pail6n and Puerto Suarez. Under this alternative, the Bolivian portion of the pipeline would run adjacent to or through several populated centers such as Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Suarez. Alternative No. 2 (Proposed). The proposed alternative follows a relatively straight route from the Rio Grande Gas Plant to Puerto Suarez, across the Bolivian Chaco region. Portions of this route mark the northern border of the Parque Nacional Gran Chaco. Other components of the project, such as the number of camps, compressor stations, and meter stations would be similar in alternatives 1 and 2. In the CUMAT study, the results of the environmental evaluation of the two corridors are summarized as follows: * Alternative No. 2 was preferred from an environmental perspective, mainly because it traverses relatively homogeneous terrain. * Alternative No. 1 would run close to populated areas and along the few areas under active agricultural uses within the study area. * Project costs were estimated to be lower for Alternative 2 attributable to the less difficult construction conditions and the shorter distance of construction. Therefore, the proposed route (Alternative No. 2) for the gas pipeline was determined to best balance overall impacts to the human, biological, and physical environment while achieving its overall purpose. 3.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION The construction phase of the project is not expected to occur until 1997. Mobilization of construction contractor personnel is scheduled for June, 1997 and demobilization is planned for July 1998. Detail design and right-of-way acquisition will be the first activities to be initiated. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 5 DAMES & MOORE The proposed right-of-way will be thirty (30) meters in width, including both the temporary work space and the seventeen (17) jneter permanent right-of-way. The pipeline will be installed approximately one meter below grade. Installation of a fiber optic cable, if included in the project scope, will be within the pipeline trench or in a separate ditch within the same right-of way. Compressor stations, metering stations and line valve operators will be installed above ground. Storage yards, construction camps, and temporary work spaces will be restored and allowed to revegetate and return to a natural state. Access roads and permanent right-of-way will be maintained to service the facilities to be constructed. 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 AREA OF INFLUENCE/LIFE ZONES For this study, the area of influence of the project was defined as the area included within imaginary lines located 10 km to the north of the Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez railroad and 10 km to the south of the proposed pipeline alignment. The study area incorporates both the proposed pipeline route and the main route alternative considered for the project, parallel to the railroad. The railroad corridor will also provide the main route for the transport of supplies for the project and is thus considered part of the project area. Three life zones occur within the study area: Temperate Thorny Scrub, Temperate Dry Forest, and Temperate Humid Forest. 4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The entire area of influence of the project is within the Steppe Climate zone according to the Koppen classification system. In the study area, average annual temperature shows a very slight increase from west to east, ranging from 24 to 26°C throughout the study area. The distribution of average rainfall follows a similar pattern, varying from about 700 mm/yr in the southwestern portion of the study area to more than 1000 mm/yr in the east. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 6 DAMES & MOORE The study area lies on the drainage divide between the Amazon basin to the north and the Paraguay basin to the south. The proposed pipeline route lies within the Llanura Chaquenia, which is generally very flat, with very little relief, except where the plain is cut by occasional small streams and creeks. Significant rivers, which cut the Llanura Chaquenia include the Rio Grande and the Rio Parapeti, which drain the western portion of the region and flow northward to the Amazon Basin; the southward flowing Rio San Miguel, which drains the central portion of the region; and the eastward flowing Rios San Rafael/Aguas Calientes, Tucavaca, and Otuquis, which drain the Sierras Chiquitanas in the eastern portion of the region, draining south and east to the Rio Paraguay. The proposed route also traverses three large wetland regions; the Bafiados de Izozog, associated with the Rio Parapeti; the Banados de Otuquis, associated with the Rio Otuquis; and the Cafi6n de la Victoria, an intermittent connection between two distinct wetland systems, the Baflados de Otuquis in Bolivia and the Pantanal system in Brazil. Physiographic Setting. The proposed pipeline route lies entirely within the Llanura (Plains) physiographic province. This region consists of a broad flat plain of very low relief, varying in width from about 200 to 700 km, which extends from the Sub Andean foothills on the west to the Bolivian/Brazilian border on the east. Geologic Setting. The Llanura physiographic province is a broad, northwest-southeast trending trough which is bounded on the northeast and southwest by relatively elevated portions of the Brazilian Shield and the Faja Subandina, respectively. The surface of the Llanura is characterized by a nearly complete cover of quaternary aged sediments. These consist of varying thicknesses of generally fine grained sediments (clay, silt, and fine sand with lesser amounts of medium to coarse sand and gravel), which were deposited by alluvial, fluvio-lacustrine, coluvial and eolian processes. Bedrock Units. Available information indicates that the stratigraphic column in the study area includes bedrock units ranging in age from Precambrian to Tertiary. Soils. Soils present in the study area are classified into four major groups as follows: * Alluvial and eolian plains soils, which occur mainly in the western third of the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 7 DAMES & MOORE * Soils developed directly on exposed sedimentary bedrock units of Cretaceous to Carboniferous age, which occur mainly in the central portion of the study area. * Mountain soils, present mainly in the area of the Sierras Chiquitanas and in isolated hilly areas, most of which are concentrated in the eastern portion of the study area. * Soils developed on crystalline Precambrian aged rocks of the Escudo Chiquitano (exposed Precambrian basement rocks along the Bolivian/Brazilian border). Land Use. Current land uses respond to six land capacity classes found in the study area. Most of the study area is under natural vegetation cover, with small areas under agricultural and extensive cattle ranching uses, and scattered human concentrations. 4.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Various types of vegetation cover are present throughout the study area, particularly since the area is a transition zone between the biogeographic regions of the Cerrado and the Amazon to the north, and the Chaquefia region to the south and the Andes to the west. The three key types are: Temperate Thorny Scrub, Temperate Dry Forest and Temperate Humid Forest. Fauna have been described according to the three different life zones described above. Typical fauna found in the project area are: A. Mammals. The most pursued and threatened species in this group include large mammals such as deer, wild pigs, and large cats that are hunted for their meat and skin. The group of felines is hunted indiscriminately because they are considered a threat to the cattle which occupy a broad area of the woodland. B. Avifauna. The group of birds in this life zone have an Andean-Patagonian influence in the south and east and also represent the dispersal limits of some Amazonian avifauna. The most common of these include parrots, toucans and wading birds. C. Reptiles. The most important reptile species include the tortoise Geochelone chilensis (Peta), Geochelone carbonaria (Peta), Tupinambis tequixin (Peni o iguana), and poisonous Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 8 DAMES & MOORE snakes such as Lachesis muta muta (Pucarara), and Botrops atrox (Yope). In the Pantanal area, the caiman Caiman yacare (Yacare), is intensively pursued on the Bolivian side, as hunting restrictions are non-existent. The study area was classified into three categories of environmental sensitivity which reflect how susceptible the environment is to the anticipated effects of the project. The classification resulted in the following partition of the study area: * High Environmental Sensitivity. The area of the Gran Chaco National Park and the adjacent Baniados de Izozog are highly sensitive to the project. Biogeographically, this area represents the interface between the Amazon, the Andes, and the Patagonian regions. Furthernore, this area also harbors indigenous people. * Medium Environmental Sensitivity. This category includes the foothills of the Sierras Chiquitanas (areas of potential slope instability), the savannahs associated with the Rio S4n Miguel (areas of relatively high potential for aeolic erosion); and the floodplain of the Rio Grande, which is associated with historical river channel modifications and supports relatively rich soils with agricultural potential. * Low Environmental Sensitivity. Which includes the balance of the study area. These areas are either disturbed by human use or, if under natural vegetation cover, appear as resilient to the types of effects anticipated with the construction of the pipeline. 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE The socioeconomic baseline of the study area was defined by characteristics and attributes of land uses, population, health, education, indigenous peoples; cultural, archeological and recreational resources; productive systems, employment, and infrastructure. The existing database created in the previous EIS completed by CUMAT was reviewed and documented to provide baseline information for use for this study. The existing data were updated and supplemented with readiiy available information obtained from the 1992 National Census and the 1994-1995 Census of the Indigenous Peoples of Oriente, Chaco and the Amazons. In circumstances where the existing data Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 9 DAMES & MOORE were judged insufficient for EIS purposes, the socioeconomic data base was supplemented with information collected during field surveys. The methodology used for the field work consisted of a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques such as rapid rural appraisal, community surveys, and formal and informal interviews. The main objective of the field work was to gain a sound understanding of the socioeconomic conditions and use of ecologic resources of the study area, and to assess areas which would be influenced directly and indirectly by the project. Administratively, the study area corresponds to the Provinces of Chiquitos, Cordillera, and German Busch. The urban settlements within the study area include the towns of Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, Puerto Suarez, and Puerto Quijarro. The 1992 census indicated a total of 41,101 inhabitants for the combined population of these six urban centers. Their combined projected population for 1996 is 48,335 inhabitants. The indigenous groups located within the study area are the Ayoreode, the Chiquitanos, and the Izozefio Guarani communities. The Ayoreode group has transient economy and semi-nomadic culture, and occupy an enormous physical area in the southern part of what is now the Department of Santa Cruz, and the northern Chaco area of the neighboring country, Paraguay. In contrast to the Ayoreode people, the Chiquitanos have been an essentially sedentary group for more than a century, due to Jesuit activities during colonial times. After a process of mixing and becoming peasants, they cannot be identified easily at first glance. The Izozeflo Guarani group includes 22 communities which constitute The Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI). The CABI community is settled within the Izozog Wetlands (Baniados del Izozog) which is located along the Parapeti River watershed. 6.0 ENVIRONMEENTAL IMPACTS 6.1 GENERAL The potential impacts on the existing physical, biological, and human environment resulting from the construction, operation, and abandonment of the proposed gas pipeline project are identified Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 10 DAMES & MOORE and described in Chapter 6.0. This includes both beneficial and adverse impacts and related significance. Impacts are defined as those changes to the baseline conditions that are a direct or indirect consequence of the project. Impacts were analyzed using a combination of matrices, modeling, and map overlays developed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). An impact identification matrix was used to determine associations between the project activities and the environmental parameters, based on predicted modifications to the existing environmental conditions as a result of construction and operation of the project. For each possible combination of activity and environmental parameter, an assessment was made as to whether the baseline condition of a given environmental parameter is likely to be modified by the project activity. The GIS-based map overlays were used in the quantification of the impacts on individual environmental parameters such as soils and vegetation. The following key environmental parameters were identified to evaluate potential impacts of the project: Physical Environment (climate and air quality, geology, geomorphology, and soils, water resources, and noise), Biological Environment (vegetation, fauna, species of special concern, and protected areas), and Socioeconomic Environment (population, economy, indigenous people, and cultural, historical, and archeological resources). Project activities were summarized into the following categories: construction, operations, abandonment. Inpacts were assessed based upon published and unpublished information, field surveys, and analytical procedures. hnpacts were classified as Beneficial or Adverse, Direct or Indirect, Significant or Insignificant, Permanent or Temporary, Extended (over a large area) or Localized, Proximal (effect is evident only in the vicinity) or Remote (effect spreads out far away), Reversible or Irreversible, Mitigable (its effects may be minimized, reverted or nullified) or Not Mitigable, and Cumulative or Synergistic. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 11 DAMES & MOORE 6.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6.2.1 Air Quality The potential air quality impacts identified are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: * Emission sources associated with site grading and road and building construction activities. * Pollutants related to construction equipment exhaust and welding activities. * Enmissions associated with the operation of the proposed four compressor stations. During construction, the project would introduce temporary emission sources associated with site grading and road and building construction activities. Such activities would occur along the pipeline right-of-way and at locations of roadway improvements. The primary pollutant emission associated with construction activities would be dust, or particulate matter having a diameter of less than 10 microns (PM1o), generated from site grading and other earthmoving activities. During operation of the pipeline, emission sources will be related to the proposed four compressor stations sited on Bolivian territory. The operation of the four compressor stations was screen- modeled using the simulator program SCREEN3. The pollutants evaluated for the operation phase of the project included Nitrogen Oxides (NO,), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10). Impacts predicted using the SCREEN3 model were compared with the current Bolivian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Bank Guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Development. 6.2.2 Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils The potential impacts identified related to geology, soils, and seismicity are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: ground disturbance resulting in wind and water erosion, damage to project facilities from differential settlement, localized ground disturbance from blasting, damage to project facilities from geohazards, and increased sediment in receiving waters. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 12 DAMES & MOORE The primary impact of the project on soils is an increase in the erosion potential in areas where soil becomes exposed by vegetation removal and areas where soils are physically disturbed by trenching, spoil piling, and backfilling., Vegetation clearing, particularly in undisturbed forested areas, exposes previously protected soils to changes in surface temperature and to direct rainfall and sunlight, therefore increasing the potential for erosion. However, the project will include drainage and erosion control measures implemented as part of construction. Consequently, erosion would be localized and short-term and would be considered a less-than-significant impact. The proposed pipeline will cross three major rivers and other minor streams. These crossings will be constructed using open-cut methods which could suspend temporarily sediment in the streams during construction activities. Because open-cut construction of all crossings is planned to take place during periods of low flow to minimize sedimentation and facilitate construction, impacts related to increased sediment loads in rivers and streams will be temporary and localized, and are considered less than significant. Blasting may be required to remove bedrock exposed during site preparation. However, given the relatively short-term and localized nature of this impact, it is considered to be less han significant. 6.2.3 Water Resources The potential impacts identified related to hydrology, hydrogeology, and water quality are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: changes in base and peak flows of nearby streams and rivers, groundwater withdrawal to support both construction and operation, reduction in groundwater or surface water quality, and increased sediment loads. The impact of withdrawals from surface waters for hydrotesting of the pipeline is considered less than significant if the withdrawals are made during average flow conditions. The discharge would take place in uplands and would be released at a rate low enough to avoid erosion damage. Appropriate erosion control measures and volume controls will be incorporated. The impact on the local ground surface and soils is considered less than significant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 13 DAMES & MOORE Major activities during the construction phase of the project will require the use of potable water for workers. Potable water sources for these workers will be withdrawn from wells installed at depths ranging from 100 m to 200 m. The groundwater resources are recharged mainly by infiltration of rainwater and the expected annual recharge is relatively high. Therefore, impacts from groundwater withdrawal to meet the domestic water requirements of the project on the aquifer water balance will not be significant. Potential impacts to surface water and groundwater quality may result from the mobilization and operation of equipment, fuel and materials storage and transfer operations, equipment maintenance activities, operating accidents and waste disposal. Contaminants released into surface water bodies and/or shallow groundwater aquifers from the above sources could include, but not necessarily be limited to the following: Oil and Grease (lubricants, etc.); Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) from fuels, hydraulic fluids, anticorrosives, paint, etc.; Metals (contaminants in used lubricating oils, paints, etc.); Bacterial products from sanitary wastes; and increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from surface runoff from impacted areas. However, sound mitigation measures should minimized potential impacts to surface and groundwater quality. 4 6.3 IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Vegetation. Construction activities, including clearing and grading, trenching, backfilling, hydrostatic testing (during discharge of water), and final cleanup, will cause temporary and permanent alteration of vegetation within the pipeline right-of-way. These activities will also affect medium forest areas (both dry and wet) and a small area of riparian forest associated with the Rio Parapeti system. Herbaceous and shrubby vegetation will be temporarily impacted by construction activities. However, in most areas of the pipeline corridor, native herbaceous and shrubby species are expected to revegetate naturally following completion of pipeline construction. Fauna. Potential impacts affecting animal populations generally include the following: direct loss of individuals from construction activities or increased hunting pressure due to new or improved access into a previously remote area; direct loss of important habitat elements such as breeding, foraging, and cover areas; direct disturbance to or loss of wildlife habitat; displacement of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 14 DAMES & MOORE individual animals during construction or maintenance; fragmentation of habitats due to construction and maintenance of the pipeline right-of-way; and temporary disruption of movement patterns of animals across the right-of-way. The most substantial wildlife impacts associated with the project will be the conversion of habitat in the permanent maintenance corridor. Species of Special Concern. hnpacts to terrestrial and wetland/aquatic plant and animal species identified as species of special concern are expected to be minimal and temporary. Temporary displacement of some species from the construction area will occur and for some species move- ment across the right-of-way will be hampered during construction activities. After completion of construction, however, the right of way will be allowed to naturally revegetate. Affected species of special concern are expected to return to the right-of-way. Impacts to the population of protected floral species are expected to be insignificant. Protected Areas. Project activities will be conducted within two protected areas: the Gran Chaco National Park and the Historical National Park Santa Cruz La Vieja. Direct impacts to areas within the Gran Chaco National Park will be limited to clearing of the right-of-way. Indirectly, the possibility of increased hunting pressure within the park boundaries exists, and specific measures will be implemented to prevent it. The access road from San Jose de Chiquitos traverses the Santa Cruz La Vieja park. The park will be affected by road improvement work, but it may also be favored by the improved access which may promote tourism into the park. 6.4 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 6.4.1 Land Use Changes in land use are expected to occur as a result of the project implementation. However, the Project Sponsors plan to reinstate as much land as possible throughout project development, construction and operations. Four levels of land use impacts will potentially occur. In order of increasing severity they are: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 15 DAMES & MOORE Temporary Land Use Change. The temporary conversion of land to support pipeline and facility construction resulting in the loss of one to two years' plantings, but no displacement 6f households. Permanent Land Use Change without Resettlements. It is the permanent loss of a portion of land holdings at facility sites impairing, but not eliminating, the economic viability of a household. Pennanent Land Use Change with Resettlements. It is the permanent loss of land that results in household resettlement. No displacement of households is anticipated in the project. Indirect Land Use Impacts. A potentially significant impact is the increase in value of land near project facilities as a result of factors such as, improved access to that land, proximity to the new market for goods and services represented by manned project facilities. 6.4.2 Social Impacts Population. The study area will experience a significant but temporary increase in population during the construction phase due to the influx of approximately 1,600 workers. While workers will be housed in camps along the right-of-way, it is expected that they will visit the main population centers, such as San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, and Puerto Suarez, in search of relaxation and entertainment during work breaks. One of the two 800-person camps will be located in El Carmen and the presence of the working crew will be continuous, adding to the demand for services in this town. Public Health and Safety. With the temporary influx of population during construction, there may be a slight increase in contagious diseases (such as sexually transmitted diseases). Other health problems can be caused by parasitic diseases such as malaria. Heavy equipment traveling along dirt roads would create noise and air pollution, affecting surrounding communities. Health related services, which are deficient in the study area, may face an increased demand, which could become critical in the event of an outbreak of contagious diseases. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 16 DAMES & MOORE Education and Training. Bolivian and expatriate project personnel will receive education and training in safety and health measures, environmental protection, and basic work practices. This education and training would be considered a beneficial impact of the project on the Bolivian national work force. Indigenous Peoples. The three groups of indigenous people that are known to reside within or close to the study area and are likely to be impacted by the project are the Ayoreos, Chiquitanos, and Izozenios. The project would potentially impact the indigenous peoples at three levels: 1) The forest resources would be reduced as a result of clearing associated with the construction of the pipeline, which may also facilitate further forest exploitation for hunting and logging, 2) Opening up previously inaccessible areas of new forest could have the further impact of more forest clearing for agricultural purposes, thus reducing forest areas available for indigenous use, and 3) Some Indian villages might have been overlooked because of their small size. Cultural and Archeological Resources. No significant impacts to cultural, archaeological, and historical resources have been identified. No archaeological resources have been identified along the pipeline alignment or along access road corridors based on literature research. 6.4.3 Economic Impacts Project Revenues. The project would provide substantial direct financial revenues to the Republic of Bolivia through the sales of 8 MM CMD of natural gas in the first year up to 16 MM CMD in year eight. These sales will generate revenues for the central government (through corporate taxes), the regional govermnents of gas-producing areas (through local taxes locally known as regalias), the municipalities (through the new Law of Public Participation), and the retirement funds (through the capitalization shares). The central govermnent will generate additional indirect revenues from employee income taxes resulting from project-related employment and aggregate value taxes (IVA in Spanish) on business transactions completed as a result of the construction and operation of the project. This increase in governmental revenues associated with the project would be considered a beneficial impact that would extend over the life of the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 17 DAMES & MOORE Hiring and Wages. Preliminary estimates of total personnel requirements indicate that approximately 1,000 jobs would be held by Bolivian nationals during peak construction of the pipeline. Wages for these workers over the one year construction period are projected at approximately U.S. $4.8 million. The provision of wages and other benefits to Bolivian nationals would be considered a beneficial impact of the project. While positive, this effect will be temporary and will cease after construction is completed. The Project Sponsors will implement an aggressive nationalization plan to maximize the speedy replacement of expatriates with nationals. Labor Recruitment. The availability of employment during the construction and operations phases of the project is a major expectation of the local population. The equitable distribution of jobs among people in the study area is a real concern of the local labor force. Labor recruitment and the potential for inequitable distribution of jobs would be considered a significant but mitigable impact. Workers Accommodations. Housing would be required for both the construction and operations phases of the project. However, given the bussing and accommodation provisions of the project and the relatively low number of operations personnel and the ability of local towns to accommodate them, the need for housing during construction and operations would be considered a less-than-significant impact. During abandoiunent, the reduction in labor force may result in a minor surplus of housing in local villages and towns which is considered a less-than-significant impact. Infrastructure. Road upgrades associated with the project would ease transportation problems for local residents and help reduce transportation costs associated with imports and exports. However, increased traffic flow associated with infrastructure upgrades may result in an increased accident risk to people and animals. Local Business Opportunities. To spread the project's economic effects to local communities, the Project Sponsors are developing plans to encourage local business development so that goods and services can be purchased locally and infrastructure made available. This purchase of local Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 18 DAMES & MOORE goods and services would also create indirect market development for foodstuffs, construction materials, and transportation. After abandonment, the project demand for provisions and procurement would disappear. However, it is expected that the regional economy would have developed sufficiently to accommodate the change. As a result, abandonment would have a less-than-significant impact on the local and regional economy. 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project is a master planning and management tool. It will establish guidelines and standards for measurement and plans that address all the environmental aspects of the project, including impact mitigation measures, environmental construction procedures, health and safety, community relations, impact compensation, environ- mental monitoring, and environmental maintenance. The main objectives of the EMP are: 1) to avoid, miniimize, control, or mitigate potential impacts from the project construction and operation on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment, and 2) to ensure continued project compliance with applicable environmental regulations. The environmental management measures presented in Chapter 7.0 are a precursor to the final EMP, which will be prepared as part of the fnal design of the project. They provide a conceptual approach and an outline of the EMP and serve to establish the environmental standards to be followed in the execution of the project. 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM A Public Consultation Program (PCP) was conducted during the preparation of the EIS for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline project. The approach followed for the PCP consisted of a series of visits and public meetings with government ministries, local Non-Govermnental Organizations (NGOs) based in the cities of La Paz and Santa Cruz, local communities settled in the general Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 19 DAMES & MOORE vicinity of the proposed Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project and organizations of indigenous peoples. The PCP Team consisted of sponsor representatives from YPFB, Enron, and the BTB Group, and specialists from Dames & Moore. This consultation assisted with identification of possible project impacts, reconciliation of opposing views about the project, discussion of licensing requirements, promotion of understanding of the nature and extent of any social or environmental impacts, and fulfillment of the requirements of the Bolivian's new Environmental Law. The scope of work of the Public Consultation Program included the following tasks: Development of a project brochure that summarizes the technical components of the project along with the main environmental and socioeconomic issues. A total of 900 brochures were distributed in the public meetings. * Preparation of two socioeconomic questionnaires designed to gather supplemental information for the socioeconomic conditions chapter of the EIS. Six copies of a long version questionnaire were distributed to the local authorities of each town. A total of 301 copies of a short version questionnaire were collected during the public meetings. Copies of the project questionnaires are included in the Appendix. * Four consultation meetings with government officials to discuss the project related environmental and socioeconomic matters and identify the range of environmental and socioeconomic issues to be included in the EIS. * Five meetings with local NGO's to identify and develop an understanding of key issues that should be addressed in the EIS and communicate an understanding of the project goals and objectives. * Six public meetings attended by approximately 800 to 900 people to gain a broad understanding of the environmental and socioeconomic setting of the pipeline corridor, local cornmunities, and surrounding area. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 20 DAMES & MOORE The input derived from the PCP has been incorporated into the socio-economic impact assessment discussed above in Section 6.4. 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The following conclusions have been derived from the development of the EIS: * The area of influence of the project, defined here as the study area, includes three main ecological units: the mostly-flat alluvial plains of the Llanura Chaquenia, the marshes of the Baniados de Izozog and Otuquis, and the hills and foothills of the Serranias Chiquitanas. * Through much of the study area, land use is sparse, partly due to limited land use capability associated with poor soils, low precipitation, and a lack of readily available surface and groundwater. Native, undisturbed vegetation is prevalent throughout the study area. * The population in the study area is small, and largely concentrated in five population centers located along the railroad: Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Suarez/Puerto Quijarro. Additionally, in the vicinity of the study area the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI) is the umbrella organization for 22 Izozeflo Indigenous groups settled along the Parapeti River. * The Gran Chaco National Park is considered the most environmentally sensitive area within the study area, due to its protected status, large biological resources, indigenous populations, and biogeographic status. The pipeline right-of-way will traverse the Integrated Management Area of the park, which will not represent a conflict with allowable land uses within this area. * Throughout most of the study area, the physical and biological environment seems to be resilient to the type and magnitude of impacts anticipated to occur because of the project: the primary direct impact is the widening of an already cleared swath 5-10 wide. The western part of the study area is criss-crossed with 3 to 30 year old cut lines from seismic surveys with no negative secondary effects observed during this study. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 21 DAMES & MOORE * The proposed pipeline aligiunent was selected because it traverses relatively homogeneous terrain and avoids areas of slope instability and populated areas. This route was determined to balance best the overall impacts to the human, biological, and physical environment while achieving its overall purpose, which is to transport natural gas from production fields in Bolibia to the markets in southern Brazil through an environmentally acceptable and economically viable transportation project. * The logistics assessment had identified the locality of Naranjos as a storage area with an access road connection to the pipeline right-of-way. The area reconnaissance revealed the existence of a nearly pristine mesic forest between Naranjos and the right-of-way. Evidence of incipient human encroachment into this area was observed along a narrow access road built three years ago. It was decided that this location and access road would not be used to prevent additional direct impacts to the forest and to discourage further encroachment along the access road. * As originally proposed, the route was designed to traverse the Cafi6n de la Victoria across its narrowest point, thus minimizing the length of the direct iinpact to the wetland. The Cafn6n de la Victoria is a hydrologic and biological connection between the wetland systems of the Baniados de Otuquis, in Bolivia, and the Pantanal, in Brazil. The review of the area suggested that the pipeline crossing at the narrowest point would affect a nearly pristine marsh and may affect the hydrologic connection between the systems. A route modification was proposed to make the route parallel to the existing road/railroad corridor, where the pipeline would traverse a longer section of the floodplain, but along an already disturbed corridor. Thus, the new route will result in minimal additional impacts to this regional wetland system. * The main anticipated negative impacts of the project in its area of influence will be: a) the removal of vegetation and wildlife habitat along the right-of-way, b) the increase in the potential for erosion, sedimentation, and hydrology disruption due to project construction activities, c) the potential for increased hunting pressure on species of special concern, d) the potential for promoting colonization of undisturbed areas, and e) the potential disruption of the hydrologic patterns in the rivers and Bafiados. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 22 DAMES & MOORE The primary anticipated positive impacts of the project will be: a) an increase in revenues for Bolivia from the sale of gas to Brazil, b) a redistribution of those revenues back into the area of influence of the project, c) a temporary increase in employment within the study area, d) an improvement in the road infrastructure, which is needed to execute the project, e) an increase in the demand for goods and services in the study area, which may promote wholesale and retail commerce in the area, and f) a contribution to an Endowment Fund to supplement existing funds allocated for the management of the Gran Chaco National Park and the protected park areas in the Department of Santa Cruz. To ensure that the project is executed within the environmental and socioeconomic limits established by the regulatory framework and outlined in the Environmental Management Plan, the following recommendations are offered: * Final design of the project should refime procedures, and design parameters to fully respond to the environmental concerns identified in this Environmental Impact Study. . Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan presented in the EIS is required to provide appropriate mIitigation of unavoidable impacts and lower the significance of negative impacts to acceptable levels under the current Bolivian regulatory framework and international standards. * The project sponsors should continue to track the public's perception regarding the project in order to evaluate new or changed concerns as they relate to the fmal design and execution of the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES - 23 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUIINIARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMIENTS KEY, IIITIGATION MEASURES PARAMIETER ACTIVITY Climate No impacts on climate N/A N/A N/A parameters are expected Air Quality Release of dust and Adverse, Direct, Effects are expected to be largely If available, water should be particulate due to Temporary, Localized, avoidable. Actual emissions will used to wet construction areas construction activities and Proximal, Reversible, likely be minimal and localized. (Section 7.5.5). traffic Mitigable, Less than Significant. Emission of contaminants Adverse, Direct, Effects are expected to be largely Proper engine and equipment from engines and other Temporary, Localized, avoidable. Actual emissions will maintenance and- minimization equipment operation Proximal, Reversible, likely be minimal and localized. of operation times (Section Mitigable, Less than 7.5.5). Significant. Emissions associated with Adverse, Direct, Screen-modeling suggests that Final design will incorporate turbines at compressor Permanent, Localized, some Bolivian standards could be measures to ensure compliance stations Proximal, Reversible, exceeded. with applicable regulations Mitigable, Significant (Section 7.5.5). Geology Need for blasting due to Adverse, Direct, Outcrops are unlikely throughout If blasting is necessary, best rock outcroppings Permanent, Localized, the route. Higher probability of management techniques for Proximal, Irreversible, occurrence in the Puerto Suarez blasting will be employed Mitigable, Less than area. (Appendix B). Significant. Likelihood of earthquakes (earthquakes would affect Earthquake records suggest that Design considerations will affecting the pipeline pipeline safety and earthquakes are unlikely. provide for standard pipeline operation) protection (Appendix B). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirommental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES.1-1 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMIARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MtEASURES FOR THE BOLIVI]A-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL IMIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONMENTS KFi, MITIGATION NIEASURES PARAIIIETER ACTIVITY Geomorphology Changes in local topography Neutral, Direct, Changes on the land forms will be Restore original grade (Section (land forms) due to cut and fill, grading, Temporary, Localized, negligible. 7.5.1). and road improvement Proximal, Reversible, activities. Mitigable, Less than Significant Soils Increased erosion potential Adverse, Indirect, Much of the area of influence is Application of erosion due to vegetation clearing, Temporary, Localized, rather flat, with low precipitation, prevention and control trenching, spoil piling, road Proximal, Reversible, and natural vegetation cover, techniques (Section 7.5.1). improvements, and other Mitigable, Less than which reduce the potential for construction activities. Significant erosion. Observations on the 3-yr old cut line suggests low erosion potential. Soils compaction due to Adverse, Direct, Much of the ROW traverses areas Soils restoration techniques heavy traffic on the ROW. Temporary, Localized, of Quaternary deposits, likely during final grade (Section Proximal, Reversible, prone to compaction. 7.5.1). Mitigable, Significant. Potential scouring and bank Adverse, Indirect, Water courses along the route tend Application of wetland and erosion due to stream Temporary, Localized, to have shallow cross-section, with stream crossing techniques crossing activities. Proximal, Reversible, gently sloping banks and low (Section 7.5.2). Mitigable, Less than scouring. Significant. Other potential effects: Soil Adverse, Direct, Immediate effects are more likely Application of appropriate layers mixing, nutrient Temporary, Localized, to be significant in wetland areas construction final grading leaching, loss of organic Proximal, Reversible, where an organic layer exits. In techniques (Sections 7.5.1, layer. Mitigable, Less than most of the route, soils are sandy, 7.5.2). Significant with poor horizon development and little or no organic layer. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES.1-2 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMARY OF IMIPACTS AND MITIGATION NIEASURES FOR THE BOLIV1A-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENvIRONNIENTAL IMPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COrMtMENTS KEtY NITIGATION MEASURES PARAMETER ACTIVITY Soils (cont ...) Potential sudden erosion due Adverse, Direct, Hydrotest water will be discharged Application of measures to to discharge of hydrotest Temporary, Localized, in upland areas. minimized the potential for water. Proximal, Reversible, erosion, such as energy Mitigable, Less than dissipation devices (Section Significant. 7.5.3). Groundwater Potential mixing of aquifers. Adverse, Indirect, Groundwater resources seem to be Groundwater resources will be Permanent, Localized, adequate for the project with evaluated before well Remote, Reversible, Not relatively high annual recharge. establishment to determine if Mitigable, Less than Effects are likely to be less than they meet project needs. Significant significant with the application of Wells will be cased to avoid appropriate management aquifer interaction (Section Potential groundwater Adverse, Direct, techniques. 7.5.4). contamination in the case of Temporary, Localized, accidental spills. Remote, Reversible, Not Mitigable, Less than Significant Potential lowering of the Adverse, Direct, water table due to Temporary, Localized, withdrawal of water for Remote, Reversible, Not camps. Mitigable, Less than Significant Surface Water Potential increase in Adverse, Direct, The main rivers to be crossed are Application of erosion and sediment loads due to Temporary, Localized, shallow and carry important sedimentation control construction activities. Proximal, Reversible, sediment loads. The additional measures (Section 7.5.1). Mitigable, Less than load is likely to be insignificant. ,_________________ _________________________ Significant. fi cant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-3 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMARY OF INIPACTS AND NITIGATION MtEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CALISAL CLASSIFICATION CONMM1ENTS KE MNIITIGATION MEASURES PARAMETER ACTIVITY Surface Water Temporary disruption to Adverse, Direct, Most water crossings will be on Application of special wetland (cont.) local hydrology (drainage Temporary, Localized, shallow, slow flowing waters, thus and water body construction patterns) due to wetland and Proximal, Reversible, reducing the magnitude of techniques (Section 7.5.2). water body crossing Mitigable, Less than potential effects on local drainage activities. Significant. patterns. Similarly, low rainfall reduces the risk of drainage problems. Permanent modification of Adverse, Direct, This potential impact is considered Proper design of stormwater local drainage patterns due Permanent, Localized, less than significant because of low management systems and cross to placement of fill and Proximal, Reversible, rainfall, generally flat terrain, and drains where necessary impervious surface for Mitigable, Less than limited placement of fill and (Appendix B). project facilities (e.g., Significant. impervious surfaces. compressor stations). Potential reduction in Adverse, Direct, The main sources of hydrotest This impact can be avoided surface water availability at Permanent, Localized, water will be the Rio Grande, Rio with proper calculation of the source due to withdrawal Proximal, Reversible, San Miguel and Rio Otuquis. surface flow and withdrawal for hydrostatic testing. Mitigable, Less than Withdrawal will be limited to rate and volume (Section Significant. protect aquatic life, and preserve 7.5.3). water volumes for other uses downstream. Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Project activities will require the This impact can be largely surface waters due to Temporary, Localized, utilization of hazardous materials avoided by applying proper accidental spills. Proximal, Reversible, such as gasoline, oil, and paints, techniques to manage and Mitigable, Less than but in small quantities and in dispose hazardous materials Significant. localized areas. (Section 7.5.6). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-4 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SU]INIARY OF INIPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIV1A-BRAZI. GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIV'IAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONINMENTS KEY MITIGATION MEASURES PARAMIETER ACTIVITY' Surface Water Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Domestic wastewater will be Proper treatment and (cont ...) surface waters due to Temporary, Localized, generated mainly at the workers discharge of domestic untreated discharges of Proximal, Reversible, camps. wastewater (Section 7.5.6). domestic wastewater. Mitigable, Less than Significant. Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Solid and domestic wastes will be Waste management must surface water (and Temporary, Localized, produced in all construction and include minimization, groundwater) due to Proximal, Reversible, camp areas. separation, recycling, and improper solid wastes Mitigable, Less than proper disposal procedures disposal. Significant. (Section 7.5.6). Vegetation Removal of vegetation Adverse, Direct, A 5-m cut line along the majority This impact is unavoidable. biomass due to clearing Temporary, Localized, of the route was established in Localized revegetation and activities. Proximal, Reversible, 1993. The project will result in compensation will be provided Mitigable, Significant. additional impacts on this existing (Sections 7.5.1 and 7.6.1). disturbance. Removal of individuals of Adverse, Direct, In the Dry Chaco area, a number This impact is unavoidable but species of special concern. Temporary, Localized, of endemic species as well as it will be minimized by Proximal, Mitigable, Less species used for different purposes containing the clearing within than Significant. will be affected. the right of way (Section 7.6.1). Loss of tall forest canopy in Adverse, Direct, In the Bauiados, the presence of This impact is unavoidable but the Bafiados de Izozog (Rio Permanent, Localized, vines may result in falling trees it will be minimized by Parapeti) and low forest Proximal, Mitigable, Less dragging adjacent trees located containing the clearing within canopy in the Dry Chaco. than Significant. outside the ROW. This is not the the right of way (Section case in the vine-free uplands. 7.6.1). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-5 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SlMNMIARY OF INIPACTS AND MIITIGATION NIEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENvIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONIMENTS KE MNIITIGATION MEASWRES PARANIETER ACTIVITY Fauna Direct incidental loss of Adverse, Direct, Slow moving and/or small This impact can be minimized individuals (including Temporary, Localized, terrestrial animals, such as by applying common sense species of special concern) Proximal, Mitigable, Less tortoises, are most likely to be and training the work force due to construction than Significant. affected. Snakes are likely to be about protecting the natural activities. particularly affected given human resources (Sections 7.6.1 and aversion toward them. 7.8.1). Increase in the hunting Adverse, Direct, Perhaps the most important Strict measures will be applied pressure on large mammals Temporary, Localized, potential impact due to the to avoid undue impacts on and reptiles (including Proximal, Mitigable, remoteness of the area, the wildlife (Sections 7.6.1 and species of special concern) Significant. abundance of wildlife, and the 7.7.1). special concern status of many species. Potential entrapment of fish Adverse, Direct, This impact is largely avoidable. Provisions will be made to at intake for hydrotest Temporary, Localized, prevent fish and other animals water. Proximal, Mitigable, Less from entering the intake than Significant. (Section 7.5.3). Permanent loss of habitat Adverse, Direct, This will affect mostly insects and This impact is unavoidable but along the cleared ROW. Permanent, Localized, other small animals. Most animal it will be minimized by Proximal, Mitigable, Less will move away from the ROW. containing the clearing within than Significant. At the regional level, the loss of the right of way (Section habitat is negligible. 7.7.1). Habitat fragmentation due to Adverse, Direct, A cut line has already been This impact is unavoidable but the establishment of the Permanent, Localized, established throughout the majority it will be minimized by ROW. Proximal, Mitigable, Less of the route. The additional containing the clearing within than Significant. impact is considered negligible. the right of way (Section _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 .7 .1 ) . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-6 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMARY OF INIPACTS AND NIITIGATION MtEASURES FOR TiHE BOLI%'IA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONNIENTAL INIPACT AND CAUISAL CLASSIFICATION CONINIENTS KEY MITIGATION MEASURES PARANIETER ACTIVITY' Species of Special Direct loss through Adverse, Direct, Species of special concern are This impact is unavoidable but Concern incidental mortality, Temporary, Localized, rather abundant in the project area. it will be minimized by increased hunting, or Proximal, Mitigable, Less containing the clearing within secondary habitat effects. than Significant. the right of way and strictly enforcing species protection measures (Sections 7.6.1 and 7.7.1). Protected Areas Encroachment into the Gran Adverse, Direct, The project does not represent This impact is unavoidable, Chaco National Park and the Permanent, Localized, conflict with approved land uses in but it will be minimized and Historic National Park Santa Proximal, Mitigable, Less the parks. compensated (Sections 7.7.1 Cruz la Vieja. than Significant. and 7.8.4). Population Slight and temporary Beneficial, Direct, It is unlikely that pipeline workers Measures will be taken to increase in the population of Temporary, Extended, will settle permanently in the study accommodate the incoming the study area due to the Proximal, Significant area. workers (Section 7.7.2). influx of 1000-1500 workers. Potential for cultural and Adverse, Direct, Cultural and social differences may Measures will be applied to social tension due to the Temporary, Localized, arise. promote positive interactions interaction between residents Proximal, Mitigable, Less and a productive cultural and incoming workers. than Significant. exchange between residents and incoming workers (Section 7.7.2). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-7 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMARY OF IMtPACTS AND NIFTIGATION MIEASLIRES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONtTuENTS KEY MiTIGATION MEASURES PARANIETER ACTIVITI' Population (cont ...) Potential for a slight Adverse, Direct, Camp workers will visit nearby Measures will be applied to increase in the incidence of Temporary, Localized, communities occasional in search promote hygiene and safe contagious diseases, Proximal, Mitigable, Less of relaxation and entertainment. practices (Section 7.7.4). including sexually than Significant. transmitted diseases due to the interaction between residents and incoming workers. Economy Potential for a temporary Beneficial, Direct, Camp worker are expected to None necessary. increase in the demand for Temporary, Extended, spend a portion of their pay services and goods to Proximal, Significant locally. accommodate the influx of workers into the study area. Temporary employment of Beneficial, Direct, There are significant opportunities Fair hiring and remuneration 500-1000 unspecialized Temporary, Extended, for local recruitment for the practices will be applied. local labor for construction- Proximal, Significant. pipeline labor force. related work. Potential increase in Beneficial, Direct, There are significant opportunities None necessary. Local areas transportation-dependent Permanent, Temporary, for tourism promotion. with tourism potential (e.g., activities due to Extended, Proximal, hot springs at the Rio Aguas improvements on the road Significant. Calientes headwaters) will be system. protected during project construction. Land Use Potential for changes in land Neutral, Direct, The pipeline project does not This impact is considered use patterns. Permanent, Localized, represent conflicts with existing or negligible. Less than Significant. planned land uses. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES. 1-8 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-I SUMMNIARY OF INIPACTS AND MITIGATION MIEASLIRES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMIMENTS KEY MIITIGATION MEASURES PARAMETER ACTIVITY Indigenous Encroachment into the Neutral, Direct, Their territory has been afforded Compensatory measures will Populations historical range of Ayoreode Permanent, Localized, protection through the be applied to assist in the and Izocenlos groups. Less than Significant. establishment of the Gran Chaco consolidation of the National Park. management plan for the park (Section 7.8.4). Cultural, Potential disturbance to sites Adverse, Direct, No sites of special concern were A contingency plan will be Archaeological, and of special concern. Permanent, Localized, identified along the pipeline applied for incidental finding Historical Proximal, Mitigable, Less alignment. Historical resources of sites of special concern Resources than Significant. occur particularly in and around (Section 7.7.3). San Jos6 de Chiquitos. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES.1 -9 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-2 SUMNTMARY OF ESTINfATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLElMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM EMXP COMPONENT MEASURE UNIT UNIT COST NULMlBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Erosion Control, Revegetation of aeolic Plants Install plants; one-year 12 ha (120,000 m2) Total $180,000 Revegetation plains at Rio San survival guarantee Miguel included Environmental Inspection Plan Enviromnental $13,000/mo. 1 Manager (15 mos) $195,000 Inspection Manager (1) Chief Inspector ' $9,000/mo. 2 Chief Inspectors $180,000 (10 mos) Inspectors (' $7,000/mo. 4 Inspectors (9 mos) $252,000 Trucks $3,200/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $227,200 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Fuel & Maintenance $750/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $53,250 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Total $907,450 Compensatory National Park Rangers, facilities, Annual interest Donation to National Total $1,000,000 Mitigation Management operations, and contributed toward Endowment Fund, maintenance operational cost estimated at 10% yearly return to cover investment and operating expenses Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES-2.1 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-2 SUMMARY OF ESTINIATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INIPLENIENTATION OF THE ENVIRONrIENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRANII ENIP CONIPONENT NIEAStURE UNIT UNIT COST NMI BER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Protection of Wildlife Signage and Barricade Signs & ROW $200/sign 560 $112,000 and the Right-of-Way Program Barriers & Gates $1,400/gate 82 $115,000 Total $227,000 Community Relations Water and Generator Well $80,000 4 - San Jose, Robore, $320,000 donation to the El Carmen, CABI community 4 Pumps and Other $25,000 $100,000 Total $420,000 Generator (3) $76,000 1 - San Jose $76,000 $93,000 2 - El Carmen $186,000 Total $262,000 _____________________ ___________._________ Building $30,000 1 - Pail6n Total $30,000 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES-2.2 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ES-2 SUMMARY OF ESTIMIATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MPLENMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMIENTAL MANAGENEENT PROGRAMI ENIP CONMPONENT MEASURE UNIT UNrr COSr NUMEBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAFFER SECTION) Community Relations Public Education Professionals Public Education 520 hr $20,800 Program Manager at $40/hr Public Education Two for 520 hr each Trainers at $20/hr $20,800 Materials Miscellaneous supplies Enough to cover 3,000 and brochure materials people (panphlets) $20,000 Total $61,600 Public Communications Public One at $2000/mo For 2 years Total $48,000 Program Communications Officer Total Cost of Mitigation Measures: $3,136,050 (') Salary plus living expenses. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ES-2.3 DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................... 1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................. 1-1 1.1.1 General . ................................. 1-1 1.1.2 Purpose of the Project .............................. 1-2 1.1.3 Project Overview ................................. 1-3 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................ 1-4 1.3 METHODOLOGY ...................... 1-5 1.4 REPORT .................................. 1-10 1.5 PROFESSIONAL STAFF ............................... 1-11 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 1 - i DAMES & MOORE LIST OF FIGURES EIGURE DESCRIPTION 1.1 BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL PROPOSED PIPELINE ALIGNMENT Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 ii DAMES & MOORE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 General This document presents an updated Environmental Impact Study (EIS) completed by Dames & Moore for the Bolivian portion of the proposed Bolivia to Brazil natural gas transmission pipeline (Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project). This study was conducted in accordance with the requirements established in the Professional Services Agreement No. PSA-02-95 signed between Enron Power Corporation (Enron) and Dames & Moore. The study was carried out from December 1995 to June 1996. Prior to Dames & Moore's involvement in the project, a previous Environrental Impact Study (Original Assessment) was completed in 1990 by a Bolivian consultant, the 'Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio de la Capacidad de Uso Mayor de la Tierra " (CUMAT)". The results of the previous study were presented in a report entitled "Evaluaci6n de Impacto Ambiental para la Construcci6n del Gasoducto y la Planta Electrica a Vapor Puerto Suarez"(Environmental Impact Assessment for the Construction of the Gas Pipeline and Puerto Suarez Steam-Electric Power Plant) and dated September, 1990. This EIS has been prepared to identify and address environmental issues related to project facilities to be located and operated in Bolivia. The study has been designed to support applications from the Project Sponsors to international financing institutions for project funding, and to comply with the requirements of the new Bolivian environrental law. Separate EIS documents are being prepared by another consultant to identify and address issues related to project facilities to be located and operated in Brazil. In addition to meeting requirements of the World Bank and other potential funding organizations, the preparation and submission of this EIS document provides a vehicle for the presentation of the environmental aspects of the project. These aspects have been, and will continue to be fully Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 1 DAMES & MOORE integrated into the planning, design, development, construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning of the project. Expert and independent enviromnental advice has been an integral part of preliminary engineering for the project, particularly in the integration of environmental specialists in numerous field teams that have investigated, developed, and refined the route of the pipeline, and the location of facilities for the project. This reflects a key project development strategy to minimize environmental impacts of the project by the early recognition and, where possible, avoidance of sensitive areas and locations. 1.1.2 Purpose of the Project Bolivia is a gas producing country with a significant surplus of natural gas in relation to its internal consumption, while Brazil has a shortage of energy supply. These two countries have a signed contract for the purchase-sale of natural gas between YPFB and Petrobras, their national oil companies. The contract defines the amount of natural gas to be exported in a 20-yr period and specifies that the natural gas volumes to be transported will start at 8.0 MM CMD in the first year, growing in seven years to 16.0 MM CMD, and staying at that quantity for the remaining thirteen years of the contract. Depending on market demands, the gas volume to be transported may increase; the maximum transport capacity is 20 MMCMD. The purpose of the proposed pipeline project addressed in this study is to transport and sell the natural gas exploited in central Bolivia to the major industrial centers of southern Brazil in response to their growing demand for energy. The project is being developed by YPFB and Petrobras, together with participating partners Enron Corporation in the Bolivian sector and the BTB Group in the Brazilian sector. The BTB Group represents a consortium comprised of Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP), Tenneco Gas, and British Gas. The majority equity interest in the project is held by YPFB and Petrobras. The project is proposed to provide Bolivia with a necessary new source of revenues and to help satisfy Brazil's growing energy needs. The project has been designed to avoid or reduce to Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 DAMES & MOORE acceptable levels potentially significant adverse impacts to the human, biological, and physical environments. 1.1.3 Project Overview The Republic of Bolivia is located in the central region of South America and has common borders with five countries: to the north and east with Brazil, to the southeast with Paraguay, to the south with Argentina, to the southwest with Chile, and to the northwest with Peru. The Bolivian portion of the pipeline route is located in southeast Bolivia and crosses the Departamento of Santa Cruz in an east to southeast direction. The proposed pipeline will originate at the YPFB Rio Grande Natural Gas Processing Plant located approximately 40 km southeast of the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. The pipeline route proceeds in a southeastern direction for approximately 3,100 km to Porto Alegre in southern Brazil. The Bolivian portion of the route (Figure 1.1) is located south of the rail system between Santa Cruz (Bolivia), and the Puerto SuarezlCorumba, (Brazil) area and will be approximately 557 km long. The Bolivian portion of the project, considered in this EIS, is comprised of the following major components: Gas Pipeline. A 32" diameter, approximately 557 km long pipeline which would extend from the Rio Grande plant to the Bolivia-Brazil border at a point located approximately 15 km southeast of Puerto Suarez. Pipeline installation will include anticorrosive external coating, as well as the application of a cathodic protection system for all underground sections. The right-of-way in Brazil will be 20-meters wide; however, due to the lack of infrastructure on the Bolivian side, the right-of-way will be 30-meters wide during construction. This width will provide sufficient space to accommodate two-way construction traffic and pipeline installation activities. During operation, a 17-meters permanent right-of-way will be maintained. * Compressor Stations. Four compressor stations will be located along the pipeline to boost pressure in the pipeline and maintain adequate flow rates of the natural gas. The compressor stations will be built as needed as export volumes increase with time. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 DAMES & MOORE compressor stations will be automated and have minimal staff. In addition to the compressor stations, the pipeline will include pig launchers/receivers and metering stations. Related Infrastructure. Five pipe storage yards will be located along the Puerto Suarez- Santa Cruz railroad system. Rail siding infrastructure will be constructed inside one of the existing port facilities in Puerto Quijarro to receive and distribute project cargo. The storage yards will be at Santa Cruz, Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Quijarro. Infrastructure upgrades also would include the repair/upgrade of existing roads and bridges. Fiber Optic Cable. The installation of a fiber optic cable will be included within the scope of the project. The cable may either be placed in the same trench as the pipeline or in a separate trench within the pipeline right-of-way. A detailed description of the project is presented in Section 3.0 of this document. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this EIS was to update the Original Assessment and to reflect changes in the scope of the project. In addition, the EIS was expanded to respond to the current requirements of the Bolivian environmental regulations and the environmental performance guidelines of international financial institutions. The objectives of the EIS were to ensure that: 1) the project is constructed and operated in an environmentally sound manner, and 2) that issues of concern relating to the human, biological, and physical environments (including applicable Republic of Bolivia regulations and World Bank environmental and health and safety guidelines) are recognized early and considered in the project design and execution. The EIS provides a detailed project description and addresses a variety of topics, including a discussion of route alternatives; legislative, regulatory and policy considerations; existing environmental and socioeconomic (baseline) conditions; impacts identified as a result of project implementation; and mitigation measures that would be implemented to reduce significant adverse Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 DAMES & MOORE project impacts to less-than-significant levels. In addition, the EIS presents a discussion of the public consultation program that has taken place to date with relevant government agencies, Non- Governmental Organizations, and affected communities. Coordination and consultation with affected agencies, NGOs, communities, and individuals throughout the EIS planning and development phase of the project has helped to identify potential impacts. As a result, a number of measures to avoid, reduce, or compensate for such impacts have been incorporated into the project scope. The project is classified as a Category A project under the World Bank environmental review procedures. This classification means that it potentially could have significant adverse impacts on the natural environment or the social circumstances of the project area. For such projects, a full environmental assessment following appropriate World Bank guidelines is required. The following World Bank guidelines provided support for preparing this EIS: * Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (1991a; updated 1993) * Operational Directive 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) (1991b) * Operational Directive 4.20 (Indigenous Peoples) (1991c) * Operational Directive 4.30 (Involuntary Resettlement) (1990a) * Operational Policy Note 11.02 (Wildlands) (1986) * Technical Paper No. 55 (Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards: A Manual) (1988a) * Technical Paper No. 80 (Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects) (1988b) * The Forest Sector: A World Bank Policy Paper (1991d) * Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines (as updated, 1994a) * IFC Environmental Analysis and Review of Projects (IFC, 1993). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 DAMES & MOORE 1.3 METHODOLOGY The EIS was based on a comprehensive review of existing information, field work, and conmunity workshops which were completed to evaluate the biophysical and socioeconomic environments in the area of influence of the project. Technical and environmental concepts were integrated in the analysis to ensure that the pipeline is constructed, operated, and managed in accordance with the conditions presented by the project's natural and social surroundings. Efforts were directed at maximizing the project's benefits in the area of influence, while preventing and mitigating its potential negative effects. The methodology utilized to conduct this study included the following activities: * Research, review, and evaluation of existing information and data on the region's physical, biological, meteorological, sociological, economic, and demographic characteristics. This activity included a review of the EIS prepared by CUMAT in 1990. * Review of current Bolivian laws, regulations, decrees, and guidelines applicable to the project, as well as a review of the current institutional organization and the jurisdictional boundaries of each governing body. This task also included a review of the World Bank's environmental guidelines applicable to onshore oil and gas projects. * Meeting with Bolivian Government authorities to identify and discuss the main issues related to the licensing process associated with the new Bolivian Law of Environment and its implementation. Meeting with active NGOs in Bolivia and potentially affected communities to present the project, and consult issues of concern related to the construction and implementation of the project. * Preparation of a project description including the proposed infrastructure and the activities necessary to build and operate the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 DAMES & MOORE * Field reconnaissance activities to confirm, update, and supplement the available information, and to characterize the study area from an environmental and socioeconomic perspective. This field work was completed in three phases: Initial Reconnaissance: The project team performed a preliminary reconnaissance of the study area on February 28-30, 1996. A general perception of the study area was gathered through a site overflight along the pipeline corridor between the cities of Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez, and a ground tour of the Puerto Suarez-Yacuces segment. The objectives of the initial reconnaissance were: 1) to identify environmentally sensitive areas and areas that required special analysis, 2) to verify features of the local geology and vegetation types, and 3) to confirm available cartographic information. Groundtruthing: On April 10-19, the project team conducted a second field trip, consisting of a ground assessment of preselected areas located along the proposed pipeline right-of-way. The objectives of the ground assessment were: 1) to verify the current land use and vegetative cover, 2) to describe the types of vegetation, 3) to assess wildlife occurrence and habitat use, 4) to prepare lists of the dominant species in each major vegetation type, and 5) to verify the relationship between vegetation types, hydric regimes, and land use. Public Consultation Program: From May 17 to May 25, 1996, the project team along with project sponsor representatives conducted a third field trip, consisting of a series of visits to the main settlements located along the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad. The objectives of this trip were: 1) to gather supplemental socioeconomic information and 2) to carry out a public consultation and information program. This program consisted of a series of public meetings to present the project from the technical, financial, and environmental perspectives, and to gather public concerns regarding anticipated project impacts and mitigation programs. * Preparation of an environmental baseline conditions description. The physical and biological environments were analyzed in order to establish a reference basis to identify and evaluate the potential impacts and to develop the environmental management plan. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 DAMES & MOORE The environmental baseline included the following: - Climate and air quality;, - Geology, Geomorphology, and soils; - Hydrology and water quality; - Flora and fauna, including environmentally sensitive areas and species of special concern; - Land use capacity; current and planned land uses. Preparation of a socioeconomic baseline conditions description. The socioeconomic environment was analyzed in order to evaluate potential impacts and develop the environmental management plan. Specifically, the topics described in the socioeconomic baseline section include the following: Socioeconomic conditions Archeological, historical, and culturally sensitive resources * Development of a Cartographic and Geographic Information System (GIS) database that can be used by the project sponsors to plan, track, evaluate, and report the progress of environmental measures during construction and operation of the project. The development of thematic maps and the GIS database included the following steps: Data Review and Assimilation. This task involved: 1) evaluating existing data, 2) designing project geographic data base; and 3) field map production. Database Development. This task comprised: 1) preliminary photographic interpretation and (2) development of the digital GIS database. GIS Products. The following products were prepared: base map, life zones, field maps, land use capacity and planned land use, vegetation, forestry potential, geology, physiography and soils, and hydrology. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 DAMES & MOORE * Development of a Public Consultation and Information Program. This program included the preparation of a project brochure and a standard questionnaire to gather information about the various communities. The consultation program included interviews with affected communities, government authorities, NGO's, and other interested parties. The opinions and comments from the different parties were compiled and incorporated into the impact analysis. Public input was then taken into account in the development of the environmental management plan. * Environmental Sensitivity Analysis. The environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of the study area were assessed and categorized in terms of their sensitivity to the proposed project activities. * Identification and evaluation of environmental impacts. The analysis of impacts was conducted by superimposing the project description on the baseline conditions. The impact analysis considered the following parameters: - Air Quality and Meteorology - Geology and Soils - Water Resources - Biological Resources - Socioeconomic issues, and - Historical and Cultural Resources. * Development of an Environmental Management Program. The preparation of the Environmental Management Program followed the analysis sequence of avoidance- miniimization-mitigation and includes measures to miniiize and control construction and operation impacts. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 9 DAMES & MOORE 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE The EIS report consists of the following sections: * Executive Summary. This section summarizes the study and highlights the main characteristics of the project. * Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter describes the study's background, objectives, methodology, and lists the professionals who conducted the study. * Chapter 2: Environmental Regulatory Framework. This chapter includes a summary of the Bolivian environmental legislation, as well as international environmental standards of the World Bank/IFC that are relevant to the project. * Chapter 3: Project Description. This chapter describes the project's geographic setting, organization, components, and activities. * Chapter 4: Enviromnental Baseline Conditions. This chapter describes the physical and biological baseline conditions of the project's area of influence. It also provides an environmental sensitivity analysis of the study area. * Chapter 5: Socioeconomic Baseline Conditions. This chapter describes the socioeconomic baseline conditions of the project's area of influence. * Chapter 6: Environmental Impacts. This chapter identifies and evaluates the potential impacts caused by the construction and operation of the project on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment. It also includes a description of the methodology used to evaluate the potential impacts. * Chapter 7: Environmental Management Plan. This chapter presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which has been designed to minimie, mitigate, or compensate potential negative environmental impacts. The EMP discusses actions to be taken to Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 10 DAMES & MOORE manage and monitor environmental quality and provides guidelines for erosion control, waste management, environmental training, public involvement and education, health and safety, contingency, abandonment, and environmental inspection. * Chapter 8: Public Consultation Program. This chapter describes the public consultation program completed as part of this study. * Chapter 9: Conclusions and Recommendations. This chapter presents the main conclusions and recommendations associated with the construction and operation of the project from an environmental perspective. * Chapter 10: Bibliography. The final chapter lists the references cited in the text. 1.5 PROFESSIONAL STAFF This study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of professionals formed by personnel from Dames & Moore and local consultants. The key members of this team are listed below, along with a brief description of their responsibilities in the study. Jonathan Motherwell, Senior Civil, Geotechnical, and Environmental Engineer, with over 19 years of experience. Mr. Motherwell is Dames & Moore's General Manager for Latin America and was responsible for the supervision of all project's operations. Carlos Mendez, Senior Civil, Geotechnical, and Environmental Engineer, with over 15 years of experience. Mr. Mendez was the project manager for the study and directed the administrative and technical operations of the study. Beverly F. Birkitt, Senior Biologist with over 20 years of experience in Ecology, Water Quality, and Environmental Impact Assessments. Ms. Birkitt coordinated the Environmental Inpact Analysis and preparation of the Mitigation, Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 11 DAMES & MOORE Ricardo Calvo, Ph.D., Senior Environmental Scientist with over 10 years of experience. Dr. * Calvo coordinated the biological and natural resource investigations, led the groundtruthing, field investigation, and prepared the biological baseline, and cooperated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation, Environmental Management, and Monitoring Plans. Juan Lince, Project Civil Engineer, with over 8 years of experience in civil, environmental, and water resources projects. Mr. Lince conducted groundtruthing field investigations and participated in the preparation of the EIS document. He was also responsible for researching, reviewing, and summarizing the Bolivian environmental regulations. Paul Smith, Senior Geologist, with over 15 years of experience in geological, environmental, and petroleum-related projects. Mr. Smith coordinated the geological investigations of the project. Joe Kuebler, Senior Chemical Engineer, with more than 20 years of experience. Mr. Kuebler coordinated the air quality and atmospheric emissions investigations. Elizabeth Geurink, Hydrologist with five years of experience. Ms. Geurink evaluated the hydrologic baseline and impacts. Thomas Gunter, Project Biologist with over 8 years of experience. Assisted in the impacts analysis and development of the EMP. Todd Morgan, Project Engineer with 6 years of experience. Assisted in the analysis of impacts to the air quality. Brad Schaaf, Systems Engineer with over 9 years of experience and Manager of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Department of Dames & Moore. Mr. Schaaf supervised the GIS implementation for the project. Steve Tata, Systems Engineer with over 8 years of experience. Mr. Tata coordinated the GIS implementation for the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 12 DAMES & MOORE Janet Donnelly, Systems Engineer with over 5 years of experience. Ms. Donnelly participated in the GIS implementation for the project. Nelson Bustamante, Environmental Engineer with over 10 years of experience. Mr. Bustamante participated in the report preparation and was responsible for researching, reviewing, and summarizing current World Bank/IFC environmental guidelines for onshore oil and gas development. Angela Miller, Environmental Engineer with more than two years of experience. Ms. Miller participated in the research, review of information, and report preparation effort on the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project. Monica Danon, Environmental Engineer with over 8 years of experience. Ms. Danon participated in report preparation for the study. Jaime Mendez, MBA, with over 15 years of experience. Mr. Mendez participated in the development of the public consultation and information program and the research and review of information effort on the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project. Lissette Canavesi, Local anthropologist, with over 10 years of experience. Ms. Canavesi directed the socioeconomic studies of the project and participated in the development of the public consultation and information program. Jose Mendez, MBA, with over 8 years of experience. Mr. Mendez participated in the research and review of information on the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project. Javier Olmedo, Local economist with over 8 years of experience. Mr. Olmedo participated in the development of the public consultation and information program and report preparation for the study. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 13 DAMES & MOORE Edwin Saravia, Local biologist with over 8 years of experience. Mr. Saravia participated in the biological and natural resources investigations and conducted groundtruthing field reconnaissance. Alonso Huerta, Environmental Scientist, with over 10 years of experience. Mr. Huerta participated in the research and review of information on the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project. He also assisted in the review of the Bolivian Environmental Regulations. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 14 DAMES & MOORE O ~~~~~40 8O)IflEHS) I -/ \ I' o 4u S_ K1Lx =TEOR(S) Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Legend (Bolivian PofiWon) Figutre 1.1 Major Roads Rivers Railroad to Gas Pipeline Study Area (Project Base Map) - - ~ Study Area * Major Towns (t¶; DAMES & MOORE ii2neo: T Thq,otpc MAps of the (eogpbic M iir Lnsttc (1:250.000) ___ _ _ _ V_ -- CHAPTER 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK . .......................... 2 - 1 2.1 GENERAL .......................... 2-1 2.1.1 Introduction ......... ................. 2 - 1 2.1.2 Existing Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Environmental License .... 2 -2 2.2 BOLIVIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW NO. 1333. . 2-2 2.2.1 Enviromnental Management Regulation.2 - 3 2.2.2 Environmental Prevention and Control Regulation .2 - 6 2.2.3 Atmospheric Contamination Regulation .2 - 10 2.2.4 Water Contamination Regulation .2 - 11 2.2.5 Hazardous Substances Regulation .2 - 13 2.2.6 Solid Waste Regulation .2 - 14 2.3 THE NEW HYDROCARBON LAW (LAW NO. 1689). 2 - 15 2.4 PROPOSED LAW OF INDIGENOUS SETTLEMENTS IN ORIENTE, CHACO, AND THE AMAZONS . . 2 - 18 2.5 PROPOSED LAW OF CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ..2-18 2.6 BOLIVIAN REGULATIONS RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE ..2-20 2.7 LAW OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (LAW No. 1551). 2 -21 2.8 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GRAND CHACO NATIONAL PARK BY SUPREME DECREE NO. 24122 . . 2 - 22 2.9 WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND POLICIES ..2-23 2.9.1 Legal Framework. 2 - 23 2.9.2 Environmental Assessment and Review Process. 2 - 24 2.9.3 World Bank Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines .2 - 26 2.9.4 World Bank Forest Policy.2 - 26 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirorunental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2-i DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.9.5 World Bank Policy on Social Issues .................... 2 - 27 2.9.6 World Bank Policy on Economic Analysis .... ........... 2 - 28 2.9.7 World Bank Policy on Interagency Coordination .... ....... 2 - 28 2.9.8 World Bank Policy on Community Involvement .... ........ 2 - 29 2.9.9 World Bank Policy on Air Quality .................... 2 - 29 2.9.10 World Bank Policy on Water and Effluent Quality .......... 2 - 29 2.9.11 World Bank Policy on Right-Of-Way Alignment .... ....... 2 - 30 2.9.12 World Bank Policy on Ambient Noise ....... ........... 2 - 30 2.9.13 World Bank Policy on Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes and Materials .................................... 2 - 30 2.9.14 World Bank Policy on Health and Safety Standards ... ...... 2 - 30 2.9.15 World Bank Policy on Resettlement ...... .. ........... 2 - 31 2.9.16 Other Guidelines Specific to Pipelines Projects .... ........ 2 - 31 2.9.17 Drinking Water ................. 2 - 31 2.9.18 Biodiversity Preservation ......... .. ............... 2 - 31 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION 2.1 AIR QUALITY PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR SPECIFIC CONTAMI- NANTS - BOLIVIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW NO. 1333 2.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PARAMETERS LIMITS FOR RECEIVING BODIES - BOLIVIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW NO. 1333 2.3 WORLD BANK AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2.4 LIMITS FOR PROCESS WASTEWATER, DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED STORM WATER FOR DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 2.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY ALIGNMENT - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRON- MENTAL GUIDELINES 2.6 AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 2.7 SOLID WASTES - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE- LINES 2.8 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTES - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - iii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION 2.9 HEALTH & SAFETY GUIDELINES - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES - NATURAL GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 2.10 RESETTLEMENT - WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 2.11 OTHER GUIDELINES SPECIFIC TO PIPELINES - WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - iv DAMES & MOORE 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1 GENERAL 2.1.1 Introduction This chapter presents the results of a legislative and regulatory review of applicable national and international regulations and guidelines related to construction, implementation, and operation of the proposed gas pipeline project. The Bolivian legislation and international guidelines reviewed as part of this study included the following: * Bolivian Environmental Law (Law No. 1333), * Bolivian Hydrocarbon Law (Law No. 1689), * Proposed Law of Indigenous Settlements in Eastern Bolivia, the Chaco, and the Amazons (proposed by Supreme Decree No. 22612 of October 10, 1990), * Proposed Law of Conservation of Biological Diversity (proposed by the Bolivian Senate on October 14, 1992), * Legal regulations related to the Bolivian archeological heritage, * Bolivian Law of Public Participation (Law No. 1551), * Supreme Decree No. 24122 of September 21, 1995, giving protection status to over 3.4 million hectares of land and establishing the Grand Chaco National Park and its Integrated Land Use Areas, * World Bank/IFC Environmental Guidelines. In recent years, the intensity of international investment in many forms of capital and technology transfer in developing countries has increased significantly. As a result, many Latin American countries, like Bolivia, have already implemented or are in the process of implementing environmental legislation that requires an environmental license prior to the start of construction activities in new projects. With the implementation of Law No. 1333 in 1992, the environmental regulations in Bolivia have changed substantially. Regulations for this Law were promulgated in late 1995 and are already in effect. The new Hydrocarbons Law was passed in May 1995. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 1 DAMES & MOORE In response to international environmental movements, finance institutions such as the World Bank, have assembled their own environmental guidelines and policies to ensure their investments do not contribute to the detriment of the host country's environment. These guidelines and policies are often applied as environmental standards by investment enterprises and firms in lieu of, or in combination with, the host country's environmental legislation. 2.1.2 Exsting Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Environmental License Ministerial Resolution No. 259 of 1991, dated September 20, 1991, approved the previous Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of March 1990 completed by El Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio de la Capacidad de Uso Mayor de la Tierra (CUMAT) for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project and the Puerto Suarez Thermoelectric Plant. The Resolution established that the environmental offices of YPFB and ENDE (Electricity National Company) shall guarantee before the General Secretariat of the Environment (SEGMA) compliance with the conditions established in the Enviromnental License issued by SEGMA on June 24, 1991. The responsibility to monitor compliance with such conditions are also given to SEGMA. The original Environmental License for the project was approved based upon the Environmental Impact Study performed by CUMAT. The Ministerial Resolution does not refer to a validity period for the license. However, under the new Environmental Law in Bolivia, if a project does not commence activity within a period of 12 months from issuance of the license, the license must be renewed. Because the scope of the project has changed since the approval of the original environmental license, the license renewal request will be filed by the Project Sponsors along with a copy of the updated EIS. 2.2 BOLIVIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW NO. 1333 The Bolivian Sustainable Development and Environmental Ministry (Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - MDSMA), created in October 12, 1993, has recently enacted environmental regulations associated with Law No. 1333. In addition, the Subsecretariat of the Environment (Subsecretaria del Medio Ambiente) was created to monitor compliance with the new regulations and environmental legislation. This Subsecretariat has already established the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 2 DAMES & MOORE technical and administrative procedures of environmental impact evaluations through its two subdivisions: Environmental Impact Evaluation and Environmental Quality Control. The Law No. 1333 is implemented by six (6) environmental regulations. These regulations address the following issues: * Enviromnental Management (Reglamento General de Gesti6n Ambiental) * Environmental Prevention and Control (Reglamento de Prevenci6n y Control Ambiental) * Atmospheric Contamination (Reglamento de Contaminaci6n Atmosf6rica) * Water Contamination (Reglamnento de Contaminaci6n Hidrica) * Hazardous Substance (Reglamento para Actividades con Sustancias Peligrosas) * Solid Waste (Reglamento de Gesti6n de Residuos S6lidos). These regulations are described below along with a description of their relevance to the proposed project. 2.2.1 Environmental Management Regulation This regulation describes environmental policies, environmental planning, and legislative and administrative norms and regulations. It also describes the institutional framework of the environmental authorities, setting up the hierarchy and establishing functions and limitations of each one and the management of environmental information, environmental planning, citizen participation, and environmental control procedures. It also establishes rules and economic instruments for enviromnental management, and administrative sanctions for environmental violations. The different aspects addressed by this regulation are summarized below. * Three levels of environmental authorities have been established. These authorities have similar functions, but differ in their respective jurisdiction. These are: The Sustainable Development and Environmental Ministry (MDSMA); The Governor's Office (Prefectura); and, The Municipal Governments (municipalities). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 3 DAMES & MOORE MDSMA has jurisdiction at the national and international level, while the Prefectura and the Municipalities function at the departmental and local level, respectively. * The institution responsible for the financial, administration, and implementation aspects of the national plans, programs and projects proposed by MDSMA or the Prefectura is the Environmental National Fund (FONAMA). FONAMA also assists in the procurement of financing programs. * The National Development Council (CODENA), which is under the jurisdiction of the MDSMA, coordinates environmental policy and projects at the intersectorial, or related governmental office level. The Municipalities are responsible for coordinating the dispositions and decisions established by CODENA, and with sectorial organizations within their territorial jurisdiction. * Reports of Non-Compliance can be filed by any citizen, organization or legally established entity. Reports should include the identity of the source subject (if known), and the unfulfilled current environmental norms, if possible. However, any citizen, organization or legally established entity that files a Report of Non-Compliance will be responsible for the civil and penal damages that the Report may cause to a third party. * All levels of enviromnental authorities are required to disclose environmental information to the general public. Such information may be obtained by submitting a written request, with the exception of information considered to be a state or national defense secret. Information involving the private lives of people, medical or forensic reports, and commercial or industrial secrets will not be released to the general public. * The MDSMA is required to formulate an integral National Environmental Management Plan involving all interested public and private sectors. The Prefectura is responsible for the plan implementation. The municipalities are responsible for promotion, formulation and execution of the plan. * Direct regulatory instruments include the Environmental Card (Ficha Ambiental), the Environmental Impact Declaration, the Environmental Manifest, Environmental Audits, Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 4 DAMES & MOORE the Environmental License and the Environmental Permit. These instruments are described as follows: The Environmental Card (Ficha Ambiental, FA): A sworn declaration that identifies key project impacts and its possible solutions. This document must be presented to the enviromnental authority during the phase prior to project execution in order to obtain a project classification (see below). The Environmental Impact Declaration (Declaratoria de Inpacto Ambiental, DIA): A document written by the environmental authorities addressing the convenience or inconvenience of a project. If the project is approved, the DIA may include specific conditions to be met by the project. The procedures for the DIA are established in the Environmental Prevention and Control Regulation. The Environmental Manifest (Manifiesto Ambiental, MA): A sworn declaration by which the environmental status of a project is identified, and an Adequation Plan is proposed when needed. The MA must be presented during the implementation, operation or abandonment process of the project. Since the MA is in the category of a sworn declaration, its Adequation Plan may be approved or modified after negotiations between the authority and the proponent. The Environmental Audit (Auditoria Ambiental , AA): A simple study to verify the level of compliance with legal requirements, established internal policies and/or accepted practices. This Audit is prepared when requested by the environmental authority or through the initiative of the company. It can be implemented at any stage of the project. The Environmental License (Licencia Ambiental, LA): An administrative document granted by the environmental authority which endorses the compliance with all anticipated requirements. The DIA constitutes the necessary environmental license to initiate or to continue a project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 5 DAMES & MOORE The Environmental Permit: A temporary permit of a special nature granted for the generation, elimination, treatment, discharge and final disposal of hazardous substances, residues, wastes, and/or contaminants. Economic instruments established in Law No. 1333 include the following: - Effluent or emission charges: fees for specific contaminant discharges or for defined effects in any medium. - Product charges: fees on environmentally harmful products when they are used or stored in large quantities. - Charges for the use of public environmental services: fees for the use of environmental infrastructure, equipment, installations or public information. - Negotiable permits: emission rights represented by emission quotas. These permits are issued by the environmental authority. Environmental insurance: damage coverage for environmental risk, offered by insurance companies through payment of a premium. Reimbursable deposits: additional reimbursable payments that are returned once wastes are eliminated. Guarantee tickets: anticipated payments made before the implementation of a potentially contaminating activity that are reimbursable once appropriate measures to prevent environmental deterioration are taken. 2.2.2 Envirommental Prevention and Control Regulation This regulation establishes environmental impact evaluation and environmental quality control procedures for performing, evaluating and implementing studies, evaluation category identification, and project inspection and supervision. It describes the technical and administrative Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 6 DAMES & MOORE procedures for environmental quality control and administrative sanctions for non-compliance status. It provides appeal procedures, regulates citizen participation, and defines the functions of the environmental authorities regarding environmental imnpact evaluations. The different aspects addressed by this regulation are summarized below. * Every person must inform the environmental authority when their activities affect or can affect the environment, or when an environmental accident or incident occurs. All scientific and technical information required for the activities performed must be provided to the environmental authority. An internal self-control registry must be kept and submitted to the environmental authority when required. The environmental authority can request this information, when it deems the activities being performed may cause environmental impacts. * Projects are classified as National, Departmental or Local based on the geographic location of the activity and the geographic extent of the impacts. The specific characteristics of each classification are presented as follows: National Projects: Activities or impacts extending beyond a department or a border, performed within protected areas or dampening zones, or regulated through the Sectorial Regulation System. Departmental Projects: Activity or impacts encompassing more than one municipality, located in forest reserves, or not under the responsibility of the National Authority. Municipal Projects: Activity or impacts that are limited to one municipality. This classification defines the level of the environmental authority required for the project. However, the Sustainable Development and Environmental Ministry remains as the top environmental authority responsible for approving, rejecting, or requesting report updates, after the Prefectures and Municipalities have reviewed the Environmental Card, the Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and the Environmental Manifest and released their reports. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 7 DAMES & MOORE Development projects are classified in four categories which define the project requirements with respect to the Environmental Card and the EIS. The project categories established in this regulation are: Category 1.- If the project is classified as Category 1, it will require an Integral Analytical EIS, which will have to be presented within 12 months after the category notification date. This study will require detailed studies of all environmental systems factors (physical, biological, socioeconomic, cultural, legal, and institutional). Category 2.- If the project is classified as Category 2, it will require a Specific Analytical EIS, which will have to be presented within twelve 12 months of the notification date. This study must consider the same factors as Category 1, but it will be enough to perform a detailed analysis of one or more environmental factors (physical, biological, socioeconomic, cultural, legal, and institutional), and a general analysis of the remaining factors. The methodology is the same as for Category 1. Category 3.- If the project is classified as Category 3, implementation of mitigation measures from the Mitigation Measures Application Plan and the Environmental Monitoring Plan will be required. This document must be presented within six (6) months from the first working day following the project category notification date. Category 4.- Projects that belong to this category are those that do not require an EIS, mitigation measures planning, or the development of an environmental monitoring and application plan. If the project is classified as Category 4, the Environmental Subsecretanat or the environmental entity under the Prefect's Office will issue the Dispensation Certificate within ten working days from the first working day following the category notification date. * The Environmental Card must be prepared using the Environmental Impact Evaluation Computerized procedure which constitutes the technical instrment for establishing the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 8 DAMES & MOORE category of a given project. The environmental authority is required to respond with the project category report within ten working days from the date of filing unless clarifications, updating, or amendments are required. Upon submittal of the supplementary information, the environmental authority has ten working days from the submittal date of such clarifications to respond with the project category report. If it is determined that the FA requires further clarifications, updating, or amendments, all responses will be reported to the project's Legal Representative at one time within ten working days from the date of the categorization report's submittal. Once the information of the FA is clarified, supplemented, or amended, the environmental authority will issue the categorization within five working days from the submittal date of such clarifications. The EIS report must be submitted in five copies, along with an EIS presentation form, by the Project Legal Representative. The environmental authorities have a review period of 30 working days for Integral Analytical EISs and 20 working days for Specific Analytical EISs from the submittal date of the clarifications, updates, or amendments. Once the information of the EIS is clarified, complemented, or amended, the environmental authority will issue the Environmental Impact Declaratory (DIA) within thirty working days from the last submittal date. * Upon approval of the EIS, the environmental authority will issue a DIA, which will constitute the environmental license of the project, work, or activity. This document will determine the environmental conditions with which the project must comply. If an EIS is rejected, the petitioner can proceed to file an appeal with the MDSMA within five working days from the legal notification of rejection. Decisions made at the MDSMA level will exhaust the administrative recourse. * If the project is delayed or withdrawn during the implementation phase, the corresponding environmental application and monitoring plans, and the mitigation measures stipulated for the project must still be implemented. If the project is delayed for more than 12 months in the implementation stage, a report presenting an analysis of the environmental conditions must be submitted to the environmental authority once the project is reactivated. In such a case, the environmental application, monitoring plan, and mitigation measures Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 9 DAMES & MOORE may require modification. The environmental authority will analyze these documents and issue an "Updated DIA". The Environmental Application and Monitoring Plan will specify the inspection procedures and period of monitoring during the project implementation, operation, and abandonment phases. The compliance control of the recommendations established in the DIA will be the responsibility of the environmental authorities at the Prefectura and Municipality levels. If during the monitoring, a detennination is made that the mitigation measures adopted in the EIS are inefficient or insufficient, adjustments, updating or improvements to the Prevention and Mitigation Program will be the responsibility of the project sponsors. * Environmental quality control instruments are established for the implementation, operation, maintenance, or abandonment processes for every work activity or project. Such instruments are determined based on the Environmental Manifest which has been designed as the legal technical instrument reflecting the current environmental status for the purpose of establishing the Environmental Adequation Plan. * The objective of the environmental audit is to define basic conditions and to verify the level of compliance of the existing environmental norms during the operation phase of a project and at the end of the project's useful life. * The enviromnental authorities will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of the environmental conditions stipulated in the DIA. 2.2.3 Atmospheric Contamination Regulation This regulation establishes procedures for control of atmospheric contamination related to mobile and stationary sources and administrative sanctions for violations related to air quality and atmospheric contamination. It also presents the limits governing both dispersed ground-level pollutant concentrations and in-stack emissions associated with various types of industrial developments. These guidelines vary according to the type of industrial development under consideration. Ambient air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 10 DAMES & MOORE and particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM1o) are presented in Table 2.1. In-stack emission limits for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM,(), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are also presented in Table 2.1. Other aspects addressed by this regulation are summarized as follows: * Open air incineration or combustion without contamination control equipment for substances and/or materials such as tires, oils and others is prohibited. * All operators of stationary air sources should: - Have contaminant emissions control systems and measures - Have monitoring programs - Route all emissions by means of ducts and/or stacks - Present an Emissions Inventory to the environmental authority - Conduct perimeter monitoring if the stationary source is located in an urban zone, is adjacent to protected areas, or can cause negative air quality impacts due to its operational characteristics - Keep a record of process and control equipment operation and maintenance - Develop a scheduled program of measures to obtain compatible emission levels when permissible limits established are exceeded Inform the pertinent municipality immediately in the event of a contamination control equipment failure 2.2.4 Water Contamination Regulation This regulation establishes procedures for water contamination prevention and control applicable to all activities that have the potential of degrading the quality of water resources and describes the administrative sanctions for violations related to water contamination. It also presents the limits established by the Law No. 1333 for liquid effluent contamination and establishes procedures for water quality inspection, supervision, monitoring, evaluation, prevention, protection, and conservation. The allowable limits of contamination related to water quality are presented in Table 2.2. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 11 DAMES & MOORE Other aspects addressed in the water contamination regulation are summarized as follows: * Water bodies are classified in the following four classes according to use: CLASS "A" - Natural water of maximum or sufficient quality for human consumption without any treatment, or with a simple bacteriological disinfection. CLASS "B" - General utility water requiing physical treatment and bacteriological disinfection in order to be fit for human consumption. CLASS "C"- General utility water requiring complete physical-chemical treatment and bacteriological disinfection in order to be of sufficient quality for human consumption. CLASS "D" - Minimum quality water requiring pre-sedimentation, complete physical- chemical treatment and bacteriological disinfection in order to be fit for human consumption. * The limits of up to 20 of the contaminants listed in Table 2.2 may be exceeded by as much as 50%. However, none of the Basic Parameters listed in Article 6 of this regulation can be exceeded. * The authorization to discharge effluents into water bodies will be included in the DIA and the Dispensation Certificate. Submittal of a water quality characterization report is required semi-annually. This report must be prepared by an authorized laboratory addressing both non-treated and treated wastewater. * Wastewater effluent which characteristics does not satisfy the quality limits defined in the receiving water's classification, should be treated in such way that, once diluted, will satisfy the required standards. * The MDSMA will establish a special protection regime for wetlands to guarantee their conservation, and ecological and landscape functions. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 12 DAMES & MOORE Extraction and recharge of groundwater for human consumption will require a DIA in the following cases: - The project includes solid, liquid or gaseous wastes that can contaminate groundwater or aquifers through infiltration; - Treated effluent injection capable of surpassing the natural aquifer recharge; - Irrigation projects where infiltration levels can affect the water table generating flooding or soil salinization; - Drilling of wells in zones where contact with salt water exists; and - Any activity considered dangerous by the MDSMA. * The direct recharge or injection of non-treated or treated wastewater should comply with the maximum permitted limits for the aquifer class. * The maximum flow of non-treated instantaneous discharges must be less than or equal to one third (1/3) of the flow of the river or receiving water bodies at all times. 2.2.5 Hazardous Substances Regulation This regulation establishes procedures related to the use of hazardous substances through the analysis, validation, and reduction of risk, and describes the administrative sanctions for violations related to the misuse of hazardous substances. It also establishes technical and administrative procedures for registering and acquiring licenses and regulates hazardous substance activities, including management, generation, optimization, recycling, selection, recollection, transport, storage, treatment, and confinement. Functions of the environmental authorities regarding hazardous substance activities are also defned in this regulation. Other aspects addressed in the hazardous waste regulation are summarized as follows: * Hazardous substances are defined as those that have: corrosivity, explosivity, flannabiity, pathogenic or biohazard, radioactivity, reactivity, or toxicity in accordance with standard tests. Chemical, biological or other products that have expiration dates and Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 13 DAMES & MOORE have not undergone rehabilitation or regeneration processes are also considered hazardous. * Activities that involve the use of hazardous substances require registration and licensing for hazardous substances activities. * A Transportation Manifest is required to transport hazardous substances within or outside the country. This manifest should be submitted within seven working days before the shipping date. * Any treatmnent process of hazardous substances should preferably be carried out at the place of generation. The construction and operation of treatment plants or the confinement of hazardous substances or their wastes requires an EIS. 2.2.6 Solid Waste Regulation This regulation establishes procedures for activities related to solid waste generation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal, and adopts a solid waste classification system named the Solid Residues Basic Classification Regarding Origin and Nature. Other aspects addressed in the water contamination regulation are summarized as follows: * The solid waste generator should deposit residues in containers described by the Regulation in correspondence with technical norms; and store residues within the limits of the property in authorized areas. * The areas used to store solid waste should be ventilated and preferably protected from rain. * The transport of solid waste may be conducted witiin the national territory through any road. The vehicles designated for the solid waste transportation should be exclusively used for this purpose and should be equipped as established in the regulation. * Treatment of solid wastes shall comply with the requirements set forth for installation and operation of treatment plants. Incineration plants shall comply with the requirements presented in the regulation. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 14 DAMES & MOORE The final disposal of solid wastes that are not recyclable, should be conducted so as to avoid adverse effects on soils, vegetation and fauna, landscaping, and air and water quality. The operation of disposal areas for solid waste residues shall comply with sanitary landfills methods. 2.3 TBE NEW HYDROCARBON LAW (LAW NO. 1689) A new Hydrocarbon Law was approved by the Bolivian Senate on April 19, 1996 and by the House of Representatives on April 29, 1996. The new Hydrocarbon Law, Law No. 1689 was signed in May of 1996. It should be noted, however, that at the time of this writing, environmental regulations necessary to enforce the new Hydrocarbon Law have not yet been promulgated. This section presents a summary of the provisions presented in the new Hydrocarbon Law in relation to the transportation of natural gas. The Bolivian Constitution establishes that all hydrocarbon deposits belong to the State and that no concession or contracts may be granted to transfer the ownership of such deposits to other parties. The right to explore and exploit hydrocarbon deposits and to commercialize petroleum products has been given to the State national oil company Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). YPFB is allowed to hold shared risk and limited period contracts with individual or collective, national or foreign entities, to explore, exploit, and market hydrocarbons. The transport of hydrocarbons through pipelines will be the object of administrative concession to be given by the Superintendence of Hydrocarbons of the Sectoral Regulation System (SIRESE) (Article 1). The new Hydrocarbon Law classifies the petroleum activities as Exploration, Exploitation, Conmnercialization, Transportation, Refining and industrialization, and Distribution of natural gas by networks (Article 9). The activities related to exploration, exploitation, transportation, and distribution of natural gas by networks are considered as national projects, of public good nature, and are under the protection of the State. The Law establishes that any individual or collective, national or foreign person may construct and operate pipelines for hydrocarbon transportation or the distribution of natural gas by first obtaining an administrative concession granted by the SIRESE (Article 33). The tariffs for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 15 DAMES & MOORE transportation of hydrocarbons by pipelines must be approved by SIRESE under the following principles (Article 34): * To ensure the lowest cost to the.users of the hydrocarbon transportation system and natural gas distribution through pipelines; * To allow the concessionaires, under a rational and prudent administration, to receive the sufficient revenues to cover all the operating costs, taxes (with the exception of the tax on income abroad, depreciations, and financial costs, and to obtain adequate and reasonable return; and, * To encourage the concessionaires to improve the efficiency of their operations. The responsibility of supervising and inspecting the concessionaires is given to SIRESE. During the period of concession for hydrocarbons transportation by pipelines, the concessionaire may not discontinue the services under his responsibility without previous authorization by SIRESE, except in cases of unexpected occurrence (Articles 35). SIRESE is given the authority to grant concessions for the construction and operation of pipelines for hydrocarbon transportation. Such concessions are conditioned to the fulfillment of execution periods, economic, safety and environmental protection regulations (Article 36). Transportation of hydrocarbons by pipelines is governed by the principle of free access, which gives every person the right to access to a pipeline to the extent as long as an available capacity exists (Article 37). Denial of access to pipelines is considered by SIRESE to be abusive practice (Article 38). Concessionaires of hydrocarbons transportation by pipeline are not allowed to distribute natural gas by networks, buy or sell natural gas, or participate in electricity production. Exceptions to this rule exist if the project or operation is isolated, if it can not be financed or profitable, or of importance to emerging domestic markets of natural gas (Article 40). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 16 DAMES & MOORE YPFB or its joint venture partners in projects involving exploration, exploitation and/or commercializtion of hydrocarbons and concessionaires involved in transportation of hydrocarbons by pipelines can request to the National Secretary of Energy, the expropriation of land required for the construction of essential buildings and installations, subject to payment of fair compensation (Article 53). The party benefiting with the expropriation is required to pay the established compensation within a period of 90 days from the date of the corresponding resolution (Article 61). The land owner will recover partially or totally the previously expropriated land when all or part of this land is not used for the expropriation use. The land may also be recovered when the property has not been used within a period of five years from the date of the beginning of the expropriation process (Article 62). The expropriation may not include houses, cemeteries, roads, railroads, airports and any other stable and permanent construction (Article 63). YPFB or its joint venture partners in projects involving exploration, exploitation and/or commercialization of hydrocarbons and concessionaires involved in any petroleum activity as defined in Article 9, can request the establishment of easements ("servidumbres") in any private or public surface area, with the exception of the cases presented in Article 63. Easements may be requested from the National Secretary of Energy. The expenses incurred in the establishment of the easements will be paid by the interested party (Article 64). All petroleum activities are subject to regulation of the SIRESE, specifically Law No. 1600 of October 28, 1994 (Article 65). The concessions subject to this Law can be declared as canceled or revoked by SIRESE based on the following (Article 67): * when the concessionaire does not meet the time frame specified in the concession agreement. * when the concessionaire does not take corrective action after being notified of non- compliance with the obligations established in the concession agreement. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirorunental lmpact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 17 DAMES & MOORE * when the concessionaire fails to allow open access to the use of his pipelines. * when the concessionaire declares bankruptcy. 2.4 PROPOSED LAW OF INDIGENOUS SETTLEMENTS IN ORIENTE, CHACO, AND THE AMAZONS The application of an Indigenous Settlements Law is currently pending in Bolivia. On October 10, 1990, a draft Law was proposed by Supreme Decree No. 22612 to recognize and guarantee the indigenous peoples their social and community property within their territories, and to grant them the rights for the rational use and administration of the land and its natural renewable resources. This proposal also gave preferential treatment to the indigenous peoples for the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources. The proposed Law would have required the State to consult with the indigenous peoples prior to authorizing the exploitation and use (by third parties) of non-renewable natural resources located within their territories. However, the Law has not been passed to date and thus it has no effect on the implementation of the proposed gas pipeline project. 2.5 PROPOSED LAW OF CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY A proposed Law of Conservation of Biological Diversity was introduced on October 14, 1992 to provide legislation on the conservation and use of the biological resources of Bolivia. This law proposal intended to promote and regulate the sustainable use of the biologic resources. The Law has not been passed to date and thus it has no effect on the implementation of the proposed pipeline project. However, a summary of its content is presented below for information purposes: It explains the general objectives of the law and defines the fundamental concepts of biological diversity as "the variability of living organisms within each species, between the species and the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems". * It provides the institutional framework, the attributes of the National Secretariat of the Environment (Secretaria Nacional del Medio Ambiente [SENMA]) and Ministry of Agricultural Affairs (Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos Agropecuarios [MACA]) in Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 18 DAMES & MOORE relation to biological diversity, provides the basis for the administration of biological diversity, and administration and management of protected natural areas. * It defines and describes the ecosystems and the ecological process, the sustainable use of the biological resources, and provides the norms for the exploitation of the biological resources and indicates that future regulations will specify the rules and control mechanisms. * It addresses the characteristics and objectives of protected natural areas, describes the National System of Protected Natural Areas or Sistema Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (SNANP), and the Departmental System of Natural Areas Protected or Sistema Departamental de Areas Naturales Protegidas (SDANP). It also defines the different categories of the protected natural areas and administration and interaction of the population and the protected natural areas. * It provides the priorities of scientific investigations, and the characteristics of the agreements between interinstitutional investigations. * 0 It describes the mechanisms and the designated institutions to coordinate the investment, financing and incentives to promote the sustainable use of biological resources. Title VI also describes implementation of plans that use adequate technologies to increase the productivity of biological resources. * It addresses international agreements, vigilance and administrative violations. The procedures for administrative violations are also described. * It explains transgressions or crimes other than the laws included in Articles 103 through 114 of the General Environmental Law (Ley General del Medio Ambiente). The commercialization of wildlife species in jeopardy of extinction is considered criminal, whether performed in the internal or external market. Sanctions are stipulated for persons that collect jeopardized species or their eggs, or destroy nests or shelters occupied by wildlife animals. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 19 DAMES & MOORE 2.6 BOLIVIAN REGULATIONS RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE The legal requirements for the defense of the Bolivian Archeological heritage are summarized in the publication titled "Disposiciones Legales Sobre la Defensa del Patrimnonio Arqueol6gico Boliviano" which was prepared by the Universidad Tecnica de Oruro in 1985. A summary of the legal requirements included in this publication is as follows: * Supreme Decree No. 12638 of June 19, 1975, establishes that the National Institute of Archaeology is the official institution representing the State in issues related to the exploration, excavation, restoration, and conservation of archaeological artifacts existing within the limits of the Republic of Bolivia. * Supreme Decree No. 15900 of October 1, 1973, establishes that the destruction, damage, removal, or exploitation of cultural goods belonging to the State are subject to the penalties stipulated in the Penal Code (Article 3). * The Bolivian Penal Code of August 23, 1972 declares that whomever destroys, damages, removes, or exports monuments or objects from the archaeological heritage will face imprisonment from one to six years (Article 223). * The Bolivian Political Constitution of February 2, 1967 indicates that archeological monuments and objects are property of the State, considered "Cultural Treasure", protected by the State, and that exportation is prohibited (Article 191). * Supreme Decree No. 07234 of June 30, 1965, states that the archeological monuments or deposits, as well as the objects encountered in ruins and excavations are declared property of the State. Authorization granted by the Ministry of Education and Culture, must be obtained prior to archaeological excavation activity (Article 1). This Decree also establishes that persons encountering archeological artifacts are required to present them to the nearest authority within jurisdiction; the authority will then remit the artifacts to the Archeological National Institute (Article 2). . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 20 DAMES & MOORE * The Archaeological Excavation Regulation of January 6, 1958, establishes that no person or entity can carry out archaeological excavations without a formal authorization from the Archaeological Department of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Article 1). This Regulation also states that any authority, official, subcontractor, and natural and legal person that carries out excavations for construction works, mining explorations, opening of access roads and other similar activities is obligated to report to the Department of Archaeology the discovery of any object, piece, and ruin of prehispanic nature encountered during the excavation activity and to secure and preserve the objects until the commissioners take charge of the discovery (Article 52). The Department of Archaeology will immediately order a technical reconnaissance in order to define the importance or merit of the discovery (Article 53). If the Department fails to order a reconnaissance within a period of one month, the responsible person of the work activities will draw up a certificate (with the intervention of a local authority) that will record the discoveries, and specifications and conditions of the objects encountered. Then, the responsibility of the authority, official, subcontractor, and natural and legal person that ordered the excavation will cease (Article 54). 2.7 LAW OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (LAW NO. 1551) The Community Participation Law (No. 1551) and associated regulations (Decree No. 23813) were passed on April 20, 1994 and June 30, 1994, respectively. The objective of this Law was to recognize, promote and consolidate the process of public participation by incorporating the indigenous, peasant, and urban communities into the judicial, political and economic processes of the country. The Law was enacted to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of Bolivia and to achieve a more equitable distribution and a better administration of the country resources (Article 1). Law 1551 transferred some levels of authority from the central government to the local (municipal) governments. This law transferred the jurisdiction of existing public educational, health, roadways, and irrigation infrastructure to the local municipalities. It establishes the distribution of a portion of tax revenues collected from the central government to the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 21 DAMES & MOORE municipalities based on a fixed amount per capita for the population residing within the boundaries of each municipality. Law 1551 created the "Organizaciones Territoriales de Base - OTBs" (organizational units that may be formed by any group of people living in a common territory). The OTBs are given the right to propose, control, and supervise the execution of works and the performance of public servants. Among the rights given to these organization are: * To participate and promote actions related to the management and preservation of the environment and the sustainable development (Article 7.b). * To represent and obtain modifications to actions, decisions, works, and services rendered by public organisms when these oppose community interests (Article 7.c). This mandate is supplemented by Article 84 of the Environmental Management Regulation of Law 1333 which indicates that the Municipal governments are responsible for environmental inspection and monitoring within their jurisdictions. 2.8 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GRAND CHACO NATIONAL PARK BY SUPREME DECREE NO. 24122 Supreme Decree No. 24122, dated September 21, 1995, gives protection status to 3,441,115 ha of land and establishes the Grand Chaco National Park (approximately 2.4 million ha) and its Integrated Management Areas (approximately 1 million ha). The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline right-of-way represents the border between the National Park and the Integrated Management areas for approximately 75 kilometers. Administration and management of the Park and Management Areas will be the responsibility of a Management Committee, formed by representatives of the local communities and agencies. The CABI organization was instrumental in establishing the Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area, which was officially authorized by signing of a Bolivian Presidential Decree in September, 1995. CABI joined forces with the Ayoreo and Chiquitano peoples to design a protected area of the largest remaining ecologically intact Tropical Dry Forest of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 22 DAMES & MOORE world. The Wildlife Conservation Society and Armobia Foundation provided technical assistance. The criteria used to design the protected area included: * Distribution of habitat types as well as endangered and threatened species. * Minimum areas needed to insure the survival of endangered species and maintain ecosystem processes. * Location of private properties and indigenous peoples's land claims usage * Presence of natural boundaries. The area protected by this Decree includes the following sections: * Over 2.4 million ha for National Park Area to guarantee the conservation of biodiversity, genetic resources, and ecological and evolutionary processes. * Over 700,000 ha for Izozog Integrated Management Area to protect and use biological resources for the sustainable development of the Izozenio Indian Communities. * Over 300,000 ha for San Miguel Integrated Management Area to protect and use biological resources for the sustainable development of the Ayoreo Communities. The Grand Chaco National Park, combined with a neighboring 1.5 million ha of proposed and existing reserves in Paraguay will form one of the largest protected zones in the Americas and contains the highest nonflying mammalian biodiversity on the continent. 2.9 WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND POLICIES 2.9.1 Legal Framework Projects funded by the IFC are subject to an environmental review process to "ensure consistency with the spirit and intent of the appropriate World Bank policies and guidelines". All projects must also meet the environmental requirements of the host country; in this case Bolivia. If there are no applicable host country or World Bank stndards, the IFC applies "internationally accepted standards" to the project. Where standards differ, generally the project must meet the most stringent requirements. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 23 DAMES & MOORE 2.9.2 Environmental Assessment and Review Process' The project review process is composed of five sequential steps: project screening, issuance of environmental information requirements, environmental review, consultation and disclosure, and project supervision. The results of the environmental review process form an integral element of the ultimate decision-making process for project funding. The review process includes initial categorization of all projects into one of four categories (A, B, C, or Financial Intermediary [F3]). Each category is based on the extent of potential impact to the environment. Category A projects are those that carry the most significant potential impacts, and therefore require the preparation of a full environmental assessment (EA). Categories B, C, and FI sequentially reflect projects of decreasing potential environmental impact, and corresponding decreasing amounts of environmental impact information required. Based on the information presented in the Environment Bulletin (Vol. 7, No.3 1995) of the World Bank's Environmental Department, a full EA report is comprised of the following eight components: 1. An executive summary; 2. A concise project description of the geographic, ecological, and social aspects of the project; 3. Baseline data, including assessment of the study area's dimensions and a description of the physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions; 4. An impact assessment that identifies and assesses the likely positive and negative impacts of the project; 5. Analysis of alternatives from an environmental perspective; 6. A mitigation or management plan that identifies implementation and operational measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts; 7. An environmental monitoring plan; and, 8. Public consultation with affected groups and NGOs during the scoping and EA review stages Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 24 DAMES & MOORE Once the EA draft is complete, the borrower submits it to the Bank for review by environmental specialists. If the EA is satisfactory, the Bank project team can proceed to project appraisal. The borrower is responsible for implementing the project according to agreements from the EA process. The Bank supervises the implementation of environmental aspects as part of the overall project supervision. In addition, the project is also evaluated by the Bank in terms of compliance with applicable host country requirements, policies and guidelines, and/or internationally accepted standards. Host country regulations specific to the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project are presented in Section 2.2. The following sections present the World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety guidelines that are to be met for new projects (including natural gas pipeline transmission systems) and which include provisions for right-of-way alignment, liquid effluents, stack emissions, ambient noise, solid and liquid wastes, and health and safety procedures. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project is classified as a Category A project under both the World Bank and IFC environmental review procedures since it is a project that has the potential for diverse and significant environmental impacts. As such, the project sponsor is required to prepare a detailed EA for the project. Key environmental issues associated with this type of project that must be addressed in the EA are discussed in two subsections of the World Bank's Environmental Assessment Source book (1991a; see 'Energy and Industry,' Volume HI, Chapter 10: Oil and Gas Pipelines; Oil and Gas Development - Onshore, pp. 32-40 and 52-62). The EA also must evaluate the project's compliance with the following appropriate World Bank guidelines and policies, including: * Enviromnental Assessment Source book (1991a) and Updates (1993; 1994b) * Operational Directive 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) (1991b) * Operational Directive 4.20 (Indigenous Peoples) (1991c) * Operational Directive 4.30 (Involuntary Resettlement) (1990a) * Operational Policy Note 11.02 (Wildlands) (1990c) * Technical Paper No. 55 (Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards: A Manual) (1988a) * Technical Paper No. 80 (Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects) (1988b) * The Forest Sector: A World Bank Policy Paper (1991d) Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 25 DAMES & MOORE * IFC Environmental Review Procedures and Guidelines for Preparation of an Environmental Analysis and Review Projects (IFC, 1993) 2.9.3 World Bank Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines World Bank policy requires that projects must be consistent with all relevant World Bank environmental and occupational health and safety guidelines (World Bank, 1995). Guidelines exist for Onshore Oil and Gas Development. These guidelines address topics such as liquid effluents, ambient air, and stack emissions. These topics are discussed in more detail in the following sections. These guidelines relate to design of the pipeline including positive pipe corrosion control measures and programs for periodic inspection and maintenance. 2.9.4 World Bank Forest Policy All relevant projects financed by the World Bank must conform with the spirit and intent of the World Bank Forest Policy Paper (World Bank, 1991d) and adhere to its principles. The Bank will finance sponsors who commit to follow World Bank guidelines and internationally accepted practices aimed at preserving existing primary forests. The World Bank will finance the reforestation of degraded land in connection with industrial projects and will encourage the optimal use of wood resources by supporting secondary industries where the raw material is a waste product of other industrial operations. World Bank Forest Policy also cites qualifications for financing to include, ". . .measures intended to secure benefits that will accrue partly or entirely outside the country .... " (e.g., measures to preserve biological diversity of forests). The World Bank has two policies directly relevant to biological diversity: preservation of endangered species and critical habitats, and conservation and management of wildlands. The Bank's wildlands strategy includes the preservation of sufficient amounts of representative wildlands and protecting or managing them to sustain their viability as plant and animal habitat. A number of measures recommended by the World Bank have been incorporated into the gas pipeline project design, including: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 26 DAMES & MOORE * Avoiding impacts to remnant primary moist forest and other sensitive habitats in the project's study area through construction of facilities and associated infrastructure to the extent possible within existing degraded areas. * Providing buffer zones at water body crossings to minimize impacts to remnant gallery forests. 2.9.5 World Bank Policy on Social Issues Development projects are intended to modify social and natural environments to create or enhance economic, health, educational, and other benefits that are valued by society. Chapter 3 of the World Bank Environmental Source book (199la; see Social and Cultural Issues in Environmental Review, pp. 107-136) makes it clear that the social analysis of a project is not expected to be a complete sociological study nor a social cost/benefit analysis of the project. It should, however, identify social changes, evaluate the social costs of long-term operation of the project, and formulate strategies to achieve desired regional objectives. Specific social issues of concern to the World Bank include: * Variation within communities in terms of ethnic/tribal groups, occupational groups, socioeconomic stratification, age, and gender * Control over local resources * Variation within production systems * Consultation and participation of government agencies, NGOs active in the study area, and affected communities (Operational Directives 4.01 [1991b] and 14.70 [1989] and enviromnental review procedures) * Indigenous peoples (Operational Directive 4.20 [1991c]) * Cultural property including sites, structures, and remains of archaeological, historical, religious, cultural, or aesthetic value (1994b) Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 27 DAMES & MOORE * Involuntary resettlement (Operational Directive 4.30 [1990a]) * Secondary or induced growth and development within the study area. 2.9.6 World Bank Policy on Economic Analysis Given the existing scarcities of financial and human resources in developing countries, the World Bank considers it important to invest limited resources to maximize economic benefits. Sound economic analysis of projects and policies is an important means of making the allocation process more efficient and systematically evaluating choices between competing uses of resources. As opposed to a purely financial analysis, an economic analysis measures a project's effect on the efficiency and development of the affected regional economy. The Bank, however, understands the difficulty of measuring environmental impacts of a project in environmental terms and subsequently valuing these impacts in monetary terms. The main purpose of an economic analysis is to ascertain whether the project can be expected to create more net benefits than any other mutually exclusive option, including a "no project" alternative. Incorporation of the effects of environmental degradation into public decision making is an essential step toward achieving economically efficient management of natural resources. An economic analysis of projects and policies can help make investments of scarce resources that contribute most to overall regional objectives. 2.9.7 World Bank Policy on Interagency Coordination The World Bank indicates that, "Because environmental issues generally involve national, provincial, and local government agencies and cover a broad range of responsibilities, coordination among government agencies is crucial" (see Paragraph 18 of the World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 [1991b]). Coordination of the project is being achieved through a series of meetings with government agencies to identify issues, types of analyses required, sources of relevant expertise, Environmental Assessment (EA) responsibilities and schedule, mitigation measures, and other recommendations. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 28 DAMES & MOORE 2.9.8 World Bank Policy on Community Involvement The World Bank expects the borrower to consider the views of affected groups and local NGOs in project design and implementation and in the preparation of EAs. The primary objective of consultation is to identify the issues and concerns of affected groups and interested parties. This EIS for the project is consistent with consultation requirements described in the Environmental Assessment Source book Update, "Public Involvement in Environmental Assessment: Requirements, Opportunities and Issues" (World Bank, 1993), and the World Bank and IFC environmental review procedures. 2.9.9 World Bank Policy on Air Quality The World Bank has established air quality guidelines for governing both stack emissions and dispersed ground-level pollutant concentrations associated with various types of industrial developments; these guidelines vary according to the type of industrial development under consideration. The applicable industrial operation for which the World Bank has established guidelines and which would be included in the project is Onshore Oil and Gas Development (see World Bank, 1995). Both air pollutant emission and ambient air pollutant concentration guideline values have been promulgated for this type of industrial operation. Table 2-3 summarizes current World Bank ambient air guidelines for particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM1o), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and stack emission limits for PM 10, SO 2, and NO 2. Chapter 6 describes potential air quality impacts of the project. 2.9.10 World Bank Policy on Water and Effluent Quality The World Bank's liquid effluent guidelines for process wastewater, domestic sewage, and contaminated storm water are included in Table 2.4. The World Bank's guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Development are included in Appendix A. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 29 DAMES & MOORE 2.9.11 World Bank Policy on Right-Of-Way Alignment The principal elements of World Bank policy regarding right-of-way alignment, land acquisition, compressor or pumping station sitting and creation of access (e.g., roads) in otherwise inaccessible environmentally sensitive areas are summarized in Table 2.5. 2.9.12 World Bank Policy on Ambient Noise The impact of the noise from the operation of the facility is to be taken into consideration during the design and operation of the facility. Noise levels from the project's operation, measured at noise receptors located outside the project property boundary, should not exceed the limits presented in Table 2.6. 2.9.13 World Bank Policy on Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes and Materials The World Bank/IFC has established solid and hazardous wastes guidelines which are presented in Tables 2.7 and 2.8, respectively. 2.9.14 World Bank Policy on Health and Safety Standards World Bank criteria for project health and safety aspects include standards for: * General Safety (e.g., personal protection equipment and measures); * Electrocution prevention; * General health maintenance (e.g., personal hygiene); * Workplace air quality; * Workplace noise; * Work in confined spaces; * Hazardous material handling and storage; * Medical surveillance; * Training; and, * Record keeping and Reporting. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 30 DAMES & MOORE Specific standards are presented in Table 2.9. 2.9.15 World Bank Policy on Resettlement World Bank resettlement guidelines are summarized in Table 2.10. 2.9.16 Other Guidelines Specific to Pipelines Projects Table 2.11 shows other guidelines specific to pipeline transmission projects related to programs of inspection and maintenance and some control measures of the metering system, sensors and the pipeline system in general. 2.9.17 Drinking Water The guidelines for drinking water quality apply when sponsors are responsible for the project's drinking water supply. Sponsors should use the drinking water standards that are published by the World Health Organization in "Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Health Criteria and the Supporting Information". 2.9.18 Biodiversity Preservation The World Bank Policy Paper, Forest Sector, requires the establishment of measures to preserve the biologic diversity of the forest as part of its development. The World Bank has two Policies directly pertaining to biodiversity: the preservation of endangered species and critical habitats and the preservation and management of wildlife areas. The strategy for wildlife areas deals with the preservation of most lands located in wild areas and their protection and management, in order to sustain the viability of plants and animal populations. The biodiversity preservation plans should establish basic guidelines in order to avoid the impacts on primary rain forests and other sensitive habitats in the project area during the construction of facilities and infrastructure. The plan must also take into account the establishment of buffer areas, appropriate corridors for wild animals and other measures that help maintain the integrity of wild areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 31 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.1 AIR QUALITY PERMISSIBLE LIM[ITS FOR SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS BOLIVIAN ENV'IRONNIMENTAL LAW No. 1333 PARAMETER CONCENTRATION Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 average in 8 hr 40 mg/m3 media en 1 hr Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 80 g/rm3 annual arithmetic average 365 pg/m3 average in 24 hr Nitrogen Dioxide 150 pg/r3 average in 24 h (NO,) 75 gg/m3 average in 1 hr Total Suspended Particle Matter 260 pg/m3 average in 24 hr 75 pg/m3 annual geometric average Particle Matter less than 10 microns 150 pg/r3 average in 24 hr (PMIO) 50 A/g3 annual geometric average Ozone (Oz) 236 ,g/m3 maximum hourly average Lead 1.5 ug/m3 quarterly arithmetic average Arsenic 50 ng/m3 annual arithmetic average Cadmium 40 ng/m3 annual arithmetic average Manganese 2 Ag/m3 annual arithmetic average Mercury I pg/m3 annual arithmetic average Vanadium 0.2 Ag/l3 annual arithmetic average Zinc 50 pg/m3 annual arithmetic average Sulfuric Acid 150 g/rm3 annual arithmetic average Fluoride 150 mg/m3 annual arithmetic average 200 mg/m3 average in 1/2 hr Clorhidric Acid 100 g/1m3 annual anthmetic average Dichloromethane 1 mg/r3 average in 24 hr Trichloroethyl 1 mgl/3 average in 24 hr Tetrachloroethyl 5 mg/m3 average in 24 hr Estirene 800 Ag/M3 average in 24 hr Toluene 7.5 mg/m3 average in 24 hr Formaldehyde 100 Ag/m3 avera-ge in 1/2 hr Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 32 DAMES & MOORE EAANETER CONCENTRATIONl Carbon Disulfate 100 yg/m3 average in 24 hr Source: Atmospheric Contamination Regulation Bolivian Enviromnental Law No. 1333 Units: mg/m3: milligrams per cubic meter Ag/m3: micrograms per cubic meter ng/m3: nanogram per cubic meter Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 33 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.2 ALXD-IMUM PERMISSIBLE PARIEETERS LIMITS FOR RECEING BODIES BOLnIAN ENVIRoNMENrAL LAW NO. 1333 PARAMETERS CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D pH 6.0-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 Temperature 'C +/- 3 °C receptor +1- 3 °C receptor +/- 3 °C receptor +/ 3 'C receptor Sediment Solids 1,000 1,000 1,500 1,500 (mg/') _ Oil and Grease Absent Absent 0.3 1 BOD5 (mg/l) < 2 < 5 < 20 < 30 QBD (mg/l) < 5 < 10 < 40 < 60 Colifecal (N/100 ml) < 50 & < 5 in < 1,000 and < < 5,000 and < 5,0000 and 80% in samples 200 in 80% of < 1,000 in 80% < 5,000 in 80% samples of samples of samples Parasites (N/1) < 1 < 1 < 1 < I Color (mg Pt/l) < 10 < 50 < 100 < 200 Dissolved Oxygen > 80% sat. > 70% sat. > 60% sat. > 50% sat. (mg/1) Turbidity (UNT) < 10 < 50 < 100 < 200 Settling Solids (mg/l- < 10 mg/l 30 mg/l - 0.1 ml/i < 50 mg/l - 100 - < 1 mill ml/I) < 1 mil/i Aluminum (mg/1) 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.0 Ammonia (mg/I) 0.05 1.0 2.0 4.0 Antimony (mg/i) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Arsenic (total) (mg/i) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 Benzene (ug/l) 2.0 6.0 10.0 10.0 Barium (mg/1) 0.05 1.0 2.0 5.0 Berilium (mg/i) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Borium (mg/l) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 34 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.2 NIAXnAI PERMISSIBLE PARAMETERS LIMITS FOR RECEIVING BODEES BOLVIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW NO. 1333 PARA.METERS CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D Calcium (mg/i) 200 300 300 400 Cadmium (mg/i) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Cyanide (mg/l) 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.2 Chlorine (mg/i) 250 300 400 500 Copper (mg/i) 0.05 1.0 1.0 1.0 Cobalt (mg/i) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Chromium6+ (mg/i) 0.05 total 0.05 0.05 0.05 Chromium3+ (mg/I) NE 0.6 0.6 1.1 1,2 Dichloroethene 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 (pg/l) 1,1 Dichloroethane 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 (Ag/l) Tin (mg/i) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Phenols (jlg/l) 1 1 5 10 Iron (soluble) (mg/i) 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 Fluoride (mg/I) 0.6-1.7 0.6-1.7 0.6-1.7 0.6-1.7 Total Phosphate 0.4 Ortophosphate 0.5 Ortophosphate 1.0 Ortophosphate 1.0 Ortophosphate (mg/i) Magnesium (mg/i) 100 100 150 150 Manganesium (mg/1) 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 Mercury (mg/i) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Lithium (mg/i) 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 Nickel (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.5 Nitrate (mg/i) 20.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Nitrite (mg/i) < 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Total Nitrogen 5 12 12 12 (mg/i) I_I Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 35 DA MES & MOORE TABLE 2.2 NIAXIJIUM PERnISSIBLE PARAMETERS LIMITS FOR RECEBIING BODIES BOLIIAN ENVIRONMwENrAL LAW NO. 1333 PARAMETERS CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D Lead (mg/i) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 Silver (mg/i) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Pentachlorophenol 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 (Ag/1l) Selenium (mg/i) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 Sodium (mg/1) 200 200 200 200 Suspended Solids Absent Absent Absent < ret. sieve 1 mm2 Sulfates (mg/i) 300 400 400 400 Sulfurs (mg/i) 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 Detergents (mg/i) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tetrachloroethene 10 10 10 10 (Og/l) _ Trichloroethene 30 30 30 30 ({gfl) _ Cabon Tetrachlorine 3 3 3 3 (Agli) 2,4,6 10 10 10 10 Trichlorophenol (Ag/1) Total Uranium 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 (mg/i) Vanadium (mg/i) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Zinc (mg/I) 0.2 0.2 5.0 5.0 HERBICIDES: Aldrin-Dieldrine @ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 (pg/lI) Chlordane (pg/ll) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 36 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.2 NLIANIUMI PERM*USSIBLE PARAMETERS LIMITS FOR RECEnIVNG BODIES BOLn1AN ENVIRONXENTAL LAW NO. 1333 PARA1ITERS CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASSD Dicholro Diphenyl 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Trichloroethane (D-D-T.) (/Lgll) @ Endrina (Agll) @ _ _ _ _ _ "Endosulfan" (,ug/1) 70 70 70 70 Heptachlorine & 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 heptachlorpoxide (Agil) @ Lindane (Stg/l) @ 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Methoxychlorine 30 30 30 30 (jig/i) Polychlorinated 2.0 NE NE NE Biphenyls (ig/)l) PCBs (jg/l) 0.001 0.001 0.001 "Toxafeno" (jig/1) @ 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 "Demeton" (jig/i) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 "Gution" (jig/i) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Malathion (jig/1) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Parathion (/Ag/1) @ ___ "Carbaril": 0.02 0.02 0.02 Organophosphates Comp. and Total Carbamates (jug/1) 2,4-D; Herbicide: 100 100 100 100 Chlorophenoxy (Ag/l) 2,4,5-TP; Herbicide: 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Chlorophenox (jug/1) 2,4,5-T (Jug/l) @ 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 37 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.2 NMIRUI PERMISSIBLE PARAMETERS LIMITS FOR RECEnING BODIES BOLIVIAN ENVIRORMENTrAL LAW NO. 1333 PARAMETERS T CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D RADIATION: Global Alpha (Bq/l) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Global Beta (Bq/l) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Notes: @: Importation of these herbicides is prohibited; however, they continue to be of use NE: Not specified Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 38 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.3 WORLD BANK AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES' POLLUITANT ATERAGING PERIOD ONSHORE OEL AND GAS DEVELOPNENT Ambient Air: Concentrations of conaminants. measured oulside the property boundary, should not exceed tbe following limits: Particulate Matter ( < 10 Am diameter) Annual Arithmetic Mean 50 pgfmt Maximum 24-hour Average 70 ,glgm Nitrogen Oxides, as NO2 Maximum 24-hour Average T 150 ,ug/m3 Sulfur Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean J 50 Ag/m3 Maximum 24-hour Average 1 125 pg/m3 Stack Emissions: PoHutant emissions from faciitN stacks should nor exceed the following emission limits: Particulate Matter 50 mg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide 100 tpd Nitrogen Oxides, as NO2 Gaseous fossil fuel 90 g/million Btu of heat input' Liquid fossil fuel 135 g/million Btu of heat input' Source: World Bank Environnent, Health and Safety Guidelines, Onshore Oil and Gas Development 'Guidelines are applicable to oil-fired boilers and fired heaters but are not applicable to NO, from diesel engines and gas turbines. Btu = British thermal units g = grams Ag/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter Am = microns, or micrometers (millions of a meter) tpd = tons per day Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 39 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.4 LIMITS FOR PROCESS WASTEWATER, DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED STRM WATER FOR DISCHARGE TO SIRFACE WATERS WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONNMENTAL GUIDELINES POLLUTANT/PARAMETERS DISCHARGE LIMlT pH 6- 9 BOD5 50 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 250 mg/i Heavy Metals, Total (except Barium) 10 mg/l Metals, specific Arsenic 0.1 mg/i Cadmium 0.1 mg/l Chromium, total 0.5 mg/i Copper 0.5 mg/l Lead 0.1 mg/i Mercury 0.05 mg/l Nickel 0.5 mg/l Selenium 0.1 mg/l Silver 0.5 mg/i Zinc 2.0 mg/i Ammonia 50 mg/i Cyanide, total 1.0 mg/i Fluoride 20 mg/l Chlorine, total residual 1.0 mg/l Phosphorous 5 mg/l Sulfide 1.0 mg/i Phenols 0.5 mg/I Oil and Grease 10 mg/l Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 50 mg/i Coliforms Less than 400 MPN/100 ml (MPN=Most Probable Number) Pesticides, Dioxins, Furans and other toxics Less than 100 times the WHO guidelines for drinking (such as PAHs) water or 0.05 mg/l Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 40 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.4 LIMS FOR PROCESS WASTEWATER, DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED STORAM WATER FOR DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS WORLD BANK/IFC ENUIRONMEENTAL GUIDELNES Temperature at edge of zone where initial Maximum of 3°0C above ambient temperature of mixing takes place receiving waters Monitoring: The project sponsor is required to maintain records of air emissions, effluents, and hazardous wastes sent off site as well as significant environmental matters such as spills, fires, and other emergencies that may have an impact on the environment. Information should be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the Environmental Protection Plan. An annual summary of this information is to be provided to IFC in an Environmental Monitoring Report. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 41 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY ALIGNMENT WVORLD BANKlIFC ENVIRONM1ENTAL GUIDELINES All new rights-of-way should be aligned taking environmental factors into consideration, in a manner which will minimize to the extent possible, the need for physical alteration and the impact on sensitive natural enviromnents, cultural resources, agricultural lands, and residential and commercial areas. Land acquisition must be carried out in accordance with World Bank resettlement guidelines which require identification and quantification of any impacts on land-based livelihood, and compensation to landowners and people relying on the land for their livelihood. Where rights-of-way are to be established through remote and currently inaccessible environmentally sensitive areas, the potential impacts on the natural environment, indigenous populations, population immigration and natural resource exploitation must be assessed and measures adopted to minimized these impacts. Typically, positive measures should be provided to control population influx to remote areas due to increased access created by the pipeline right-of-way, and to prevent associated secondary impacts. Environmental impacts of proposed projects should be minimized through such measures as visual impact considerations in sitting and design, restricting right-of-way use to non-authorized persons, erosion and sediment control during and after construction, and use of low-impact maintenance procedures. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 42 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.6 AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS VORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES CATEGORI OF NOISE RECEPTOR LIMITS IN DEC[BELS, DBA DAY TIMIE NIGHT TlIME Residential 55 45 Commercial 65 55 Industrial 75 70 Note: The development of roads, airports, and ports and harbors requires that the project sponsors consult with local regulatory authorities concerning mandated noise limits and controls for these types of projects. A noise monitoring program, developed in consultation with the local authorities, must be implemented to characterize noise impacts and determine the potential need for mitigative measures. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 43 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.7 SOL[D WASTES VORLD BANK/[FC ENVIRONMEENTAL GIJDELES a) Project sponsors should recycle or reclaim materials where possible. b) If recycling or reclaim is not practical, wastes must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner and in compliance with local laws and regulations. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 44 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.8 HAZARDOUS MtATERIkLS AND WASTES WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONAIENTAL GITIDELINES Management measures for handling hazardous wastes and materials should be implemented and can include the following: a) All hazardous (reactive, flammable, radioactive, corrosive, and toxic) materials must be stored in clearly labeled containers or vessels b) Storage and handling of hazardous materials must be in accordance with local regulations/international standards and appropriate to their hazard characteristics. Storage and liquid impoundment areas for fuel, raw and in-process materials, solvents, wastes and finished products should be designed with secondary containment (e.g. dikes, berms) to prevent spills and the contamination of soil, groundwater and surface waters. c) Fire prevention systems and secondary containment should be provided for storage facilities, where necessary or required by regulation, to prevent fires or the release of hazardous materials to the environment. * Asbestos and asbestos containing materials (ACMs) are not to be used in new installations or products. The need to remove asbestos and ACMs from existing applications shall be evaluated on a case by case basis. Disposal of removed asbestos and ACMs should be done in accordance with host country requirements and/or IFC's guidelines. * Formulations containing chromates should not be used in water treatment processes. * Transformers or equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PCB-contaminated oil should not be installed, and existing equipment involving PCBs or PCB-contaminated oil should be phased out and disposed of in a manner consistent with the requirements of the host country and/or IFC's guidelines. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 45 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.9 HEALTH & SAFET GUIDELINES WORLD BANKI[FC ENVIRONMNEENTAL GUIDELINES NATURAL GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION S'SEMNIS HEALTH & SAFETY STANDARDS GUIDELINES Workplace Air Quality a) Periodic monitoring of workplace air quality should be conducted for air contaminants affecting employee tasks and the plant's operations. b) Ventilation, air contaminant control equipment, protective respiratory equipment and air quality monitoring equipment should be well maintained. c) Protective respiratory equipment must be used by employees when the exposure levels for welding fumes, solvents and other materials present in the workplace exceed local or internationally accepted standards, or the following threshold limit values (TLV's): Carbon Monoxide 29 mg/m3 Hydrogen Sulfide 14 mg/m3 Nitrogen Dioxide 5 mg/m3 Particulate (Inert or Nuisance Dust) 10 mg/i3 Sulfur Dioxide 5 mg/m3 d) Monitors should be installed which activate an audible alarm when toxic gas concentrations exceed l/2 the above threshold limit values. Workplace Noise a) Feasible administrative and engineering controls, including sound-insulated equipment and control rooms should be employed to reduce the average noise level in normal work area. b) Plant equipment should be well maintained to minimized noise levels. c) Personnel must use hearing protection when exposed to noise levels above 85 dBA. Electrocution a) Strict procedures must be followed for de-energizing and checking of electrical equipment before maintenance work. b) Strict safety procedures must be implemented, including constant supervision, when performing maintenance work on energized equipment. c) Personnel training must be provided on revival techniques for electrocution. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 46 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.9 HEALTH & SAFETY GUIDELINES WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES NATURAL GAS PIPELI TRANSMISSION SY'SEIS HEALTH & SAFETY STANDARDS GUIDELINES Work in Confined Spaces a) Prior to entry and occupancy, all confined spaces (e.g. tanks. sumps, vessels, sewers, excavations) must be tested for the presence of toxic, flammable and explosive gases or vapors, and for the lack of oxygen. b) Adequate ventilation must be provided before entry and during occupancy of these spaces. c) Personnel must use air-supplied respirators when working in confined spaces which may become contaminated or deficient in oxygen during the period of occupancy. d) Observers/assistants must be stationed outside confined spaces to provide emergency assistance, if necessary, to personnel working inside these areas. Hazardous Material Handling and a) All hazardous (reactive, radioactive, corrosive and toxic) Storage materials must be stored in clearly labeled containers or vessels. b) Storage and handling of hazardous materials must be in accordance with local regulations, and appropriate to their hazard characteristics. c) Fire prevention systems and secondary containment should be provided for storage facilities, where necessary or required by regulation, to prevent fires or the release of hazardous materials to the environment. Health - General a) Sanitary facilities should be well equipped with supplies (e.g. protective creams) and employees should be encouraged to wash frequently, particularly those exposed to dust, chemicals or pathogens. b) Ventilation systems should be provided to control work area temperatures and humidity. c) Personnel required to work in areas of high temperatures and/or high humidity should be allowed to take frequent breaks away from these areas. d) Pre-employment and periodic medical examinations should be conducted for all personnel, and specific surveillance programs instituted for personnel potentially exposed to toxic or radioactive substances. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 47 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.9 HEALTH & SAFETY GUIDELINES WORLD BANKIIFC ENVIRONMENTAL GLrEDEL[NES NATlTRAL GAS PIPELINE TRANS]UISSION SYSTEMS HEALTH & SAFETY STANDARDS GUIDELINES Safety - General a) Shield guards or guard railings should be installed at all belts, pulleys, gears and other moving parts. b) Elevated platforms and walkways, and stairways and ramps should be equipped with handrails, toeboards and non-slip surfaces. c) Electrical equipment should be grounded, well insulated and conform with applicable codes. d) Personnel should use special footwear, masks and clothing for work in areas with high dust levels or contaminated with hazardous materials. e) For work near molten or high temperature materials, employees should be provided with non-slip footwear, gloves, safety glasses, helmets, face protection, leggings and other necessary protective equipment. f) Eye protection should be worn by personnel when in areas where there is a risk of flying chips or sparks, or where intense light is generated. g) Personnel should wear protective clothing and goggles when in areas where corrosive materials are stored or processed. h) Emergency eyewash and showers should be installed in areas containing corrosive materials. i) A safety program should be established for construction and maintenance work. j) A fire prevention and fire safety program should be implemented and include regular drills. Training a) Employees should be trained on the hazards, precautions and procedures for the safe storage, handling and use of all potentially harmful materials relevant to each employee's task and work area. b) Training should incorporate information from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS's) for potentially harmful materials. c) Personnel should be trained in environmental, health and safety matters including accident prevention, safe lifting practices, the use of MSDS's, safe chemical handling practices, and proper control and maintenance of equipment and facilities. d) Training also should include emergency response, including the location and proper use of emergency equipment, use of personal protective equipment, procedures for raising the alarm and notifying emergency response teams, including local and regional hospitals, and proper response actions for each foreseeable emergency situation. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 48 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.9 HEALTH & SAFE GUIDELNES WORLD BANK]IFC ENVIRONNEWFAL GUIDELINES NATURAL GAS PIPELINE TRANSAIUSSION SSEMhIS HEALTH & SAFETY STANDARDS GUIDELINES Occupational Health and Safety a) Records of job related accidents and illnesses (incidents) shall Monitoring be maintained. b) The records shall include all incidents resulting in an incapacity to work for at least one full workday beyond the day on which the accident or illness occurred. Records must also include the total number of days of absence from work as the result of an incident. Records and Reporting a) The project sponsor should maintain records of significant environmental matters, including monitoring data, accidents and occupational illnesses, spills, fires and other emergencies. b) This imformation should be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the environmental, health and safety program. c) An annual summary of the above information should be provided to IFC. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 49 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.10 RESETMENEENT WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINTES * Compensation/restitution must be arranged such that all people displaced from land on which they rely for their economic livelihood will continue to have access to means of economic livelihood and lifestyles at least on a par with those available prior to the project. * Wherever people are displaced from land to which they hold title and on which they rely for their economic livelihood, land restitution is greatly preferred as compensation over a cash payment option. Selection of the cash payment option must be specifically justified. * Small-scale farmers cultivating land to which they have no title must receive the same compensation for loss of their farming activity and means of livelihood as farmers holding legal title to the lands they are cultivating. * Any seasonal or migrant laborers who will lose seasonal work opportunities as a result of the project must be identified to the extent practical, their loss of livelihood must be quantified, and they must be compensated appropriately for this loss. * A resettlement plan must be prepared and submitted to IFC for approval as part of the project review process. 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 50 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 2.11 OTHER GUIDELINES SPECIFIC TO PIPELINES WORLD BANK/IFC ENVIRONMEENTAL GUIDELINS a) Positive pipe corrosion control measures. b) Program of periodic inspection and maintenance. c) Pressure sensors conmected to alarms and automatic shutdown systems. d) Metering system should provide continuous input/output comparison for leak detection. e) Adequate engineering design providing adequate protection from likely external physical forces. f) Accurate and complete records of all inspections, leak incidents, unusual events, and safety measures taken. 0 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 2 - 51 DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1 BACKGROUND ........... 3-1 3.2 DESCRIPTION ........ 3 - 4 3.2.1 Route .. 3 - 4 3.2.2 Technical .. 3 - 5 3.2.3 Logistics ..3 - 7 3.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND JUSTIFICATION ................ 3 -.8 3.4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................. . 3 - 9 3.5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ............ ........... 3-13 3.5.1 General ............................... 3 - 13 3.5.2 Construction ............................... 3 - 14 3.5.2.1 Preliminary Work ............ .............. 3-14 3.5.2.2 Standard Construction Methods ...... ........... 3 - 16 3.5.2.3 Special Construction Methods ...... ............ 3 - 22 3.5.2.4 Agricultural/Wetlands/Waterbody Area Construction . . . 3 - 23 3.5.2.5 Restoration and Revegetation ....... ............ 3 - 29 3.5.2.6 Spill Prevention and Control ....... ............ 3 - 30 3.5.2.7 Waste Management ............. ............ 3 - 32 3.5.2.8 Environmental Inspection ..................... 3 - 34 3.5.3 Operation ............................... 3 - 35 3.5.4 Abandonment ............................... 3 --38 3.6 HUMAN RESOURCES .................. .3 -38 3.7 SAFETY ............................. 3-39 3.8 BOLIVIA-BRAZIL FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM . . . 3 -341 3.8.1 Project Background ............................... 3 - 41 3.8.2 Project Justification ............................... 3 - 42 3.8.3 Description ............................... 3 - 42 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 -i DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO, DESCRIUTION 3.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMP SITES IN SPREAD 1 3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMP SITES IN SPREAD 2 3.4 DESCRIPTION OF STORAGE AREAS 3.5 PIPE STORAGE YARD LOCATIONS AND REQUIRED AREAS 3.6 SUMMARY OF ROADS TO BE UPGRADED IN BOLIVIA FOR GAS PIPELINE PROJECT 3.7 ROAD UPGRADES AND DISTANCES Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION LIST OF FIGURES EIGURE NO, DESCRIPTION 3.1 TYPICAL PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 3.2 PROPOSED PLOT PLAN FOR 800 MAN CAMP SITE TYPICAL 3.3 PROPOSED PLOT PLAN FOR 120 MAN CAPACITY (OR LESS) CAMP SITE TYPICAL 3.4 LOCATION OF CAMP SITES - SPREAD 1 & 2 3.5 TYPICAL STORAGE YARD LAYOUT 3.6 LOCATION OF STORAGE AREAS IN BOLIVIA - SPREAD 1 & 2. 3.7 30 METER WIDE RIGHT-OF-WAY Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - iii DAMES & MOORE 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 BACKGROUND Bolivia is a gas-producing country with a significant surplus of natural gas in relation to its internal consumption, while Brazil has a shortage of energy supply. In 1988, the presidents of Bolivia and Brazil signed an Energy Integration Treaty in which Brazil committed to buy electric power generated with natural gas from a thermal plant to be constructed at the border between both countries. The project involved an approximate demand of 100 million cubic feet per day (MM CFD). The evolution of the Treaty resulted in negotiations for direct natural gas purchase assigned to the main industrial centers in Brazil. On August 17, 1992, the preliminary Contract for the Purchase- Sale of Natural Gas between YPFB and Petrobras (the two state-owned oil/gas companies) was signed in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. On February 17, 1993 the Final Contract for the Purchase-Sale of Natural Gas between YPFB and Petrobras was signed. The contract, which defines the amount of natural gas to be exported in a 20-yr period, specified that the natural gas volumes to be transported will start at 8.0 MM CMD, growing in seven years to 16.0 MM CMD, and staying at that quantity for the remaining thirteen years of the contract. On August 17, 1994 YPFB and Petrobras signed a first Addendum to the Contract which established the following: * The deadline for complying with the condition provided in the twenty-first clause of the Contract (securing financing) was postponed to August 17, 1995. * Stock ownership in the gas pipeline was specified. * Agreement was made to increase the diameter of the gas pipeline to a minimum of 32 inches. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 1 DAMES & MOORE Around the timne of signing the first Addendum, partners were selected by YPFB and Petrobras to participate in the project, Enron in the Bolivian sector and the BTB Group in the Brazilian sector. On August 23, 1995, YPFB and Petrobras signed a second Addendum that introduced important changes to the original Contract, especially the following: 1. The term of the contract was extended until August 17, 1996. 2. The establishment of a "Transportation Capacity Option" (TCO) was confirmed, for the first 6.0 MM CMD of additional gas pipeline transportation capacity, above the contractual volume of 16 MM CMD. 3. The initial price of the gas was increased from 0.90 $US per million BTU to a variable price of 0.95 to 1.06 $US/per million BTU for the contractual volume of 8 to 16 MM CMD. 4. For additional quantities above the contractual volume, up to the maximnum of 30 MM CMD, a base price of $1.20 $US/ per million BTU was established. 5. It was agreed that the Gas Pipeline Project is based on the supply of not only industrial markets, but also thermal electric generation markets. 6. It was decided that the diameter of the gas pipeline would be 32 inches, allowing it to transport up to 30 MM CMD, seeking to optimize the transportation cost. Project Participants. The majority equity interest in the project is held by YPFB and Petrobras, together with the participating partners Enron and the BTB Group. Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), founded in 1936 as Bolivia's national oil company, is involved in the exploration, exploitation, refming and marketing of hydrocarbons. The company has assets of approximately US $1 billion and produces 30,000 barrels of petroleum products and 530 (MMCF) of natural gas per day. The company operates approximately 6,500 kilometers of pipelines, including twelve oil lines and nine natural gas pipelines. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 2 DAMES & MOORE Petrobras. Petrobras, founded in 1953, is Brazil's national oil and gas company, with 81.4% of its voting share capital and 51.0% of its total share capital owned by the federal government of Brazil. Petrobras is engaged principally in the exploration, production, refining, distribution, import, export, trading and transportation of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and products. Petrobras is Brazil's largest company with consolidated assets of over US $20 billion. Enron. Enron Corporation, one of the world's largest integrated natural gas companies with approximately US $13 billion in assets, operates the second largest natural gas transmission system in the world; Enron is the largest purchaser and marketer of natural gas and the largest non- regulated marketer of electricity in North America. The company is also involved in the production and marketing of natural gas liquids, exploration and production of oil and gas, and operation of power plants. BTB Group. In December 1993, BHP, Tenneco Gas, and British Gas announced the formation of a consortium (the BTB Group) to participate in the development, financing, and building of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline project. Together the BTB group has approximately 50,000 kilometers of gas transmission pipelines in operation around the world and over a quarter million kilometers of local gas distribution lines. Tenneco Energy. Tenneco Energy (formerly Tenneco Gas) is one of the largest natural gas companies in the United States with assets over US $4 billion. The company operates over 30,000 kilometers of pipelines supplying approximately 1/6 of the total natural gas demand in the United States. Brtish Gas. British Gas is the world's largest natural gas company with assets of US $40 billion. Its holdings operate gas distribution networks totaling over 240,000 kilometers in length serving over 18 million consumers in 40 countries. BHP. Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) is Australia's largest company, and in 1994 ranked 126th on the "Fortune" Global 500 list of the world's largest industrial companies. BHP is an international producer of minerals, steel and petroleum products. The company has total assets of about US $20 billion, and has operations in more than twenty countries. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 3 DAMES & MOORE 3.2 DESCRIPTION 3.2.1 Route The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline will extend approximately 3,100 kilometers from YPFB's Rio Grande Natural Gas Plant located approximately 40 kilometers southeast of the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, through the State of Sao Paulo, turning South and terminating near the city of Porto Alegre in Brazil. The approximately 557 kilometer Bolivian sector of the transmission system will follow a relatively straight line, running in a west to east direction (Figure 1.1). The pipeline will cross the predominantly flat tropical dry forest of the Bolivian Chaco region within the Department of Santa Cruz, in the southeastern portion of Bolivia. The right-of-way will run parallel to and south of an existing railway from a point approximately 40 kilometers west of the town of El Carmen, then in a southeast direction to the town of El Carmen de la Frontera, south of the town of Puerto Suirez on the Bolivia-Brazil border. East of the Otuquis river, the gas pipeline will cross the northern portion of the Otuquis and Tacuaral marshes. A portion of the pipeline route marks the northern boundary of the Gran Chaco National Park, which was established by law in 1995 to protect the unique ecosystem of the Chaco. The proposed pipeline route lies between the Integrated Management Area and the protected reserve of the park. Although almost two-thirds of the Bolivian pipeline sector crosses uninhabited areas, there are a few population centers to the north in the vicinity of the pipeline. These include Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Suarez. The pipeline route crosses three principal rivers in Bolivia. Each of the rivers are east of the Rio Grande Gas Plant with the approximate distance from the plant provided below: * Rio Grande 10 kan * Rio San Miguel 295 km * Rio Otuquis 427 km The Brazilian sector of the pipeline begins at the Bolivia-Brazil border, south of the city of Corumbd in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, and continues southeast crossing the Paraguay river. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 4 DAMES & MOORE * The route continues through the Pantanal marshland running somewhat parallel to Highway BR- 262. In the 700 kilometer segment through Mato Grosso do Sul, the pipeline crosses the Miranda, Pardo and Verde rivers. The pipeline then crosses the Parana river into the state of Sao Paulo, continuing southeast and crossing the Tiete river. At Capao Bonito, it crosses the Paranapiacaba mountain range, then reaches the Itapirapua river which separates the states of Sao Paulo and ParanA. The route crosses the Ribeira river and follows the existing right-of-way for existing oil pipelines, into the state of Santa Catarina then across the Tijucas Mountain Range and the Tijucas river. From this point, the route follows a new right-of-way, passing west of Florian6polis and terminating near the Alberto Pasqualini Refinery outside Porto Alegre. 3.2.2 Technical The pipe required for the Bolivian sector will be 32 inch in diameter, 0.406-0.649 wall thickness, manufactured in accordance with API-5L, X-70 standards. External coating will include one of several alternatives of anti-corrosive coatings supplemented by a system of cathodic protection. This cathodic protection system will consist of buried sacrificial anodes and rectifiers. The pipeline will be designed for a maximum allowable operating pressure of 1,420 psi. The primary design criteria of the project are summarized in Table 3.1. Automatic reduced pressure shutdown valves will be installed to ensure safety of the line. Locations of these valves will be determined during the detail design phase of the project. Pig launchers and receivers will be installed for the purpose of internal inspection and cleaning of the pipe. The inspection runs may be carried out while- the system is in service, using the intrinsic flow of the gas to move them along. Cleaning and intelligent pigging operations will be done as determined necessary during the operation of the pipeline. Four compressor stations will be included in the system design for the Bolivian sector. One station will be installed near the town of Yacuses in the first phase of the project, and the remaining three will be constructed as required to increase delivery volumes and maintain acceptable pipeline pressure. Conceptual design indicates that there will be four turbine compressors at each station at full design flows. Detail design will be performed before the final Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 5 DAMES & MOORE selection of equipment. The preliminary hydraulics analysis was based on Taurus 60 compressor units as manufactured by Solar. The Taurus 60 turbine is rated at 6,960 hp ISO. Each of the compressor station sites will have a perimeter fence enclosing an area of approximately 300 meters by 300 meters. There will be two metering stations in Bolivia. The first station will be located at the Rlo Grande Gas Plant to measure the volumes of gas entering the pipeline owned by the Bolivian Transportation Company, and the second station at the Bolivia-Brazil border to measure the gas for custody transfer to the Brazilian Transportation Company. The gas pipeline will be provided with a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System for the centralized monitoring and operation of the system. The line pressure and operating status of the compressors located in Bolivia will be controlled from a central office in Santa Cruz. The installation of a fiber optic cable will be included within the scope of the Project. The cable may either be placed in the same ditch as the pipeline or in a separate ditch within the pipeline right-of-way. If direct burial cable or conduit are to be installed within the same ditch as the pipeline, it will be installed during pipeline lowering-in and prior to ditch backfill. Additional narrow ditches outside the pipeline ditch would be required for pull boxes (splices, junctions). These junction boxes would be located within the permanent right-of-way. At wetlands and river crossings, conduit will be strapped to the concrete coated pipe prior/during installation and the cable pulled through during tie-ins or at a later date. At bored road crossings, a separate bore for conduit will have to be made. If direct buried cable or conduit are to be plowed-in or installed outside (3 7 - meters) of the pipeline ditch, it will be installed after backfill and prior to final clean-up of the right-of-way. All work involving excavation and soil movement would occur within the original right-of-way of the pipeline construction. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 6 DAMES & MOORE 0 3.2.3 Logistics The logistics plan has been developed based upon current knowledge; however, when contractors and equipment suppliers are identified and purchase orders are released, details of the plan will be finalized. The pipe will likely be imported to Bolivia through the Port of Rosario in Argentina, which will be the receiving port for ocean freight. From the Port of Rosario, pipe will be transported to the Port of Aguirre on the Bolivia-Brazil border, then by train to designated storage yards in Bolivia. From the storage yards, pipe will be transported by truck to the right-of- way for stringing. Other possibilities include, 1) receiving the pipe through the port in Arica, Chile, transporting by truck to Santa Cruz, then to the storage yards by railway, or 2) receiving the pipe through the port in Buenos Aires, Argentina, transporting via the Belgrano Railway to Santa Cruz, then to storage sites by rail. The Port of Aguirre facilities in the Puerto Suarez/Corumba area will be utilized for off-loading pipe from barges arriving from the Port of Rosario. Port of Aguirre is a private port located on the Tamengo Canal which traverses between the Paraguay river and Laguna Caceres (Caceres Lagoon) at Puerto Quijarro, Bolivia. The port is also a "Zona Franca", a duty free zone. This site has ample space for storage and sufficient area to accommodate double jointing of pipe and a corrosion coating plant, if required. A portable coating facility will be installed at Port of Aguirre if field applied Fussion Bond Epoxy (FBE) is the external coating of choice. The external coating protection of choice and the application method will be selected in the detail design phase of the project. It is possible that pipe would be imported with coating applied at the pipe mill, therefore a coating plant would not be required. Another option is to "line travel" coat the pipe, where a coating plant would not be required at Port of Aguirre. The site also has ample railroad spurs for moving pipe inland from this site to pipe storage sites along the railway. The rail locations which will be utilized for off loading pipe include: * Santa Cruz * Robore * El Carmen * Pail6n * Puerto Suarez Arana * San Jose de Chiquitos Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 7 DAMES & MOORE The Santa Cruz site has sufficient existing spur lines, therefore no new construction is needed. However, Pailon will use a grain storage site which will require a track extension. San Jos6 de Chiquitos will utilize the area of the YPFB petroleum distribution yard, and one 300-meter long additional rail spur will be required. The additional rail spurs of ENFE (Railroad National Company) on the station property can also be used for storage of rail cars. If additional area is required, the property to the east will be utilized for storage space. Robore has sufficient existing railroad tracks. There is one additional spur other than the passing track as well as the two tracks for cattle loading. One additional 300 meter spur will be constructed at El Carmen. Puerto Suarez Arana has sufficient existing rail spurs to be used for off loading and loading pipe, therefore no new rail spur construction will be required. Another rail yard which is a possible location for off loading of pipe is Tres Cruces. The use of Tres Cruces would require the construction of one 300 meter rail spur and the burial of overhead wires for approximately 350 meters. 3.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND JUSTIFICATION The general objective of the project is to build and operate a gas pipeline for transport and delivery of natural gas from production fields in Bolivia, to markets in Brazil. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline will benefit both countries by providing Bolivia with a gas market and Brazil with an additional energy source. In order to meet the requirements of the Contract for the Purchase-Sale of Natural Gas between YPFB of Bolivia and Petrobras of Brazil, the project involves the installation and operation of a pipeline that will extend from the Rio Grande Gas Plant in Bolivia to Porto Alegre in Brazil. The project is justified primarily due to the following reasons: * Bolivia is a gas-producing country, while Brazil faces energy linitations. * Market analysis suggests that the initial demand for natural gas from Brazil will be approximately 8.0 MM CMD. The assessment of existing gas reserves in Bolivia indicates that there are sufficient reserves to make the project feasible. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirommental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 8 DAMES & MOORE * The preliminary financial analysis suggests that the design capacity of the gas pipeline can sustain a competitive tariff schedule for the transported gas. * The route selection allows for an environmentally acceptable alternative. * Gas is the cleanest energy source available. The use of natural gas will reduce air pollution in Brazil, which will be a major benefit especially in industrialized areas, such as Sao Paulo. 3.4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The proposed route for the Bolivian portion of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline was selected based on the study performed by CUMAT (CUMAT 1990). This section discusses and compares the route alternatives for the project based on both the previous study and an assessment of current conditions within the study area. The following general criteria were considered in assessing routing alternatives for the project: * Design the overall project size, and general facility configuration to maximize production efficiency within defined project constraints, both economic and environmental. * Maximize the use of existing disturbed areas (such as existing road corridors). * Minimize disturbance to indigenous areas during facility infrastructure and pipeline construction and operation. * Minimize effects to sensitive habitats, cultural resources, and related culturally sensitive areas. * Avoid existing communities and related structures. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 9 DAMES & MOORE Minimize possible effects from geologic hazards and constraints such as fault crossings, significant erosional features, and landslide-prone areas. Based on these general criteria, the following were among the alternatives identified and considered: No-Project. The alternative of not executing the project was included. Alternative No. 1. The pipeline would run parallel to the existing railroad between Pail6n and Puerto Suarez, which is shown in Figure 1.1. Under this alternative, the Bolivian portion of the pipeline would run adjacent to or through several populated centers such as Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robor6, El Carmen, and Puerto Suarez. This route would generally run along the southern foothills of the Serranias Chiquitanas. Alternative No. 2 (Proposed). The proposed alternative follows a relatively straight route from the Rio Grande Gas Plant to Puerto Suarez, across the Bolivian Chaco region. Portions of this route mark the northern border of the Gran Chaco National Park. This alignment converges with the existing railroad corridor near El Carmen and, from El Carmen, it runs in a straight line to El Carmen de la Frontera at the border with Brazil. Other components of the project, such as the number of camps, compressor stations, and meter stations would be similar in alternatives 1 and 2. Operational criteria and considerations used to establish the two corridors included: * Corridors should be as short as practicable to minimize material, right-of-way, and construction costs and restoration and impacts to the environment. * Corridors should avoid traversing mountainous areas because of the additional difficulties in pipeline construction and potentially unstable soils. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 10 DAMES & MOORE * Existing access within corridors, by road or other means, should be available for transporting construction materials and equipment and conducting pipeline inspection, maintenance, and repair. The two corridors were evaluated by: * Considering the environmental and socioeconomic environments of each corridor. * Comparing estimated capital and operating costs. In the CUMAT study, the environmental evaluation of the two corridors was based on terrain unit mapping and establishing a "friction coefficient" which measured the constraints to executing the project within each corridor. Their results are summarized as follows: Alternative No. 2 was preferred from an environmental perspective, mainly because it traverses relatively homogeneous terrain and avoids areas of slope instability along the southern foothills of the Sierras Chiquitanas. Alternative No. 1 would run close to populated areas and along the few areas under active agricultural uses within the study area. Alternative No. 2 would run across more undisturbed forests and the Bafiados de Izozog. Both alternatives would traverse the Bafiados de Otuquis. Project costs were estimated to be lowest for Alternative 2 attributable to the less difficult construction conditions and the shorter distance of construction. Once Alternative No. 2 was selected as the most suitable, additional analyses were conducted to identify the preferred pipeline alignment and compressor station locations within the corridor. In 1993, a 5-10 m wide cut line was established to survey the majority of the selected route. The cut line is still clearly visible through most of the alignment. The proposed alignment would utilize the existing disturbed corridor. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 11 DAMES & MOORE During this study, two environmental concerns were identified which resulted in refinements to the project: 1. The logistics assessment had identified the locality of Naranjos as a storage area with an access road to the pipeline right -of-way. The area reconnaissance revealed the existence of a nearly pristine mesic forest between Naranjos and the right-of-way. Evidence of incipient human encroachment into this- area was observed along a narrow access road built three years ago. It was decided that this location and access road would not be used to prevent additional direct impacts to the forest and to discourage further encroachment along the access road. 2. As originally proposed, the route was designed to traverse the Cahi6n de la Victoria across its narrowest point, thus minimizing the length of the direct impact to the wetland. The Cafi6n de la Victoria is a hydrologic and biological connection between the wetland systems of the Bafiados de Otuquis, in Bolivia, and the Pantanal, in Brazil. The review of the area suggested that the pipeline crossing at the narrowest point would affect a nearly pristine marsh and may affect the hydrologic connection between the systems. A route modification was proposed to make the route parallel to the existing road/railroad corridor, where the pipeline would traverse a longer section of the floodplain, but along and already disturbed corridor. Thus, the new route will result in minimal additional impacts to this regional wetland system. Under the no project alternative, existing environmental conditions throughout the study area would remain as they are at present or continue to suffer degradation or deterioration due to human encroachment or natural resource exploitation. Similarly, if the project is not implemented, potential adverse impacts on the human, biological, and physical environments as a result of proposed project would not occur. However, the no project alternative would not address the energy shortage in Brazil. In the absence of clean burning natural gas, alternative fuel sources could result in greater adverse impacts on the environment. Likewise, the potential beneficial impacts realized as a result of project implementation (e.g., increase in local jobs, increased revenues to the Bolivian government, new and improved infrastructure) would not be realized. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 12 DAMES & MOORE As the project is anticipated to be of net benefit to Bolivia, the no project alternative would result in a lost opportunity for the people of Bolivia. The proposed route for the Bolivian portion of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline was chosen to best satisfy the general development criteria described at the beginning of this section. The proposed project also was determined to best balance overall impacts to the human, biological, and physical environment while achieving its overall purpose, which is to transport natural gas from the fields in the Santa Cruz area to the market in southern Brazil through an environmentally acceptable and economically viable program. 3.5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 3.5.1 General The implementation phase of the project is not expected to occur until 1997. Mobilization of construction contractor personnel is scheduled for June, 1997 and demobilization is planned for July 1999. Detail design and right-of-way acquisition will be the first activities to be initiated. * The proposed right-of-way will be thirty (30) meters in width, including both the temporary work space and the seventeen (17) meter permanent right-of-way (see Figure 3.7). Construction activities will be planned to minimize conflicts between construction and other uses of the land. Landowners, tenants, or administrators of public lands will be informed of the schedule for construction across their property. Most of the pipeline infrastructure to be constructed will be below ground. The pipeline will be installed approximately one meter below grade. Installation of fiber optic cable will be within the pipeline trench or in a separate ditch within the same right-of way. Compressor stations, metering stations and line valve operators will be installed above ground. Storage yards, construction camps, and temporary work spaces will be restored and allowed to revegetate and return to a natural state. Access roads and permanent right-of-way will be maintained to service the facilities to be constructed. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 13 DAMES & MOORE The project includes the following permanent infrastructure components: * Pipeline * Compressor stations * Metering stations * Access roads * Permanent right-of-way There will also be temporary components such as storage yards, personnel camps, and temporary work spaces. 3.5.2 Construction To assist the organization of the construction phase of the project, the project area in Bolivia has been divided into two spreads. Spread No. 1 is the western half of the pipeline in Bolivia from the Rio Grande Gas Plant to approximately kilometer post (KP) 305, and Spread No. 2 is the eastern half of the pipeline in Bolivia from this point to the Brazilian border. The typical sequence of activities involved in the construction phase of the project is depicted in Figure 3.1. 3.5.2.1 Preliminary Work The first crews mobilized will execute the preliminary work needed to support the project through the construction phase. The preliminary work will consist of, but not necessarily be limited to, preparation of access roads, construction of personnel camps, storage yards and appropriate waste disposal facilities, mobilization of pipe and general supplies to the storage yards and mobilization of personnel and equipment. Personnel will be mobilized to the site primarily by ground transportation such as buses, trucks, and railway. To reach some of the outlying areas, the construction contractor will utilize air transportation, either his own or charter service. Currently, the air strips at Robore and San Jose are suitable for Twin Otters, Dash-8, Doriner, or the equivalent. As the contractor commences preliminary work, air strips at El Carmen and Isla Verde will be upgraded as necessary. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 14 DAMES & MOORE Various transportation systems such as ports, roads and railroads in Bolivia will be selected to meet the requirements of the project. This will enable materials to be transported in an effective and efficient manner to storage yards and end use areas. Access Roads. Several access roads will be upgraded and utilized to service this project. There are a total of eleven existing roads which will require some degree of work. A summary of the less traveled roads, which the project will upgrade, and a synopsis of the proposed rework is included in Table 3.6. Improvements will also be required for a portion of the main road from Pail6n to Puerto Suarez. It should be noted that this segment between Pail6n and El Carmen is not included in Table 3.7, as this section of the road is periodically maintained by the Province of Santa Cruz. Alterations completed by the project will be performed as required, based on field conditions found at the time of construction. No new access roads are proposed. The majority of the required rework consists of drainage improvements and reshaping of existing roadways. Access roads may require side ditches and water bars or terraces to provide drainage. If side ditches are required, they shall be excavated parallel to the road in such a way to channel runoff away from the road. For the most part, the access roads are constructed of naturally occurring soil materials. In some areas where native soils are not stable, more stable materials will be used on the roadway to support heavy construction equipment. In the populated areas, some of the roads have imported gravel or paved surfaces. Upon completion of construction, the roads will be returned to their original or better condition. Camp Sites. The number and location of camp sites to support the construction work were determined using the following criteria: * Minimize disturbance of virgin ground * Maximize use of readily available access roads * Minimize number of camps and the size of the areas, primarily by: 1. Using areas for multiple purposes (e.g., camp and storage) 2. Sharing sites (e.g., use one camp location for the two construction spreads) * Minimize distance to railroad storage yards. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 15 DAMES & MOORE A typical main camp will require an area of 3.2 hectares and will have a 800-person capacity (Figure 3.2). The small camp at the Rio Grande Gas Plant will require an area of 1.0 hectares with a 120-person capacity (Figure 3.3). A total of eight camnps will be constructed in Bolivia, five of which will be located in the western half of the route, and the other three will be located in the eastern half. The total area that will be utilized for all camp sites is 23.4 hectares. Four main camps and one small camp will be constructed in Spread 1 and four main camps will be constructed in Spread 2 (Figure 3.4). Descriptions of the camp sites in Spread 1 and 2 are summarized in Tables 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. Storage Yards. At each location designated for pipe receiving, the storage yard site has been selected with railroad service and required access road. A typical layout of a storage yard is shown in Figure 3.5 and the proposed locations of storage areas in Bolivia are shown in Figure 3.6. A description of the storage yards for the Bolivia portion of the pipeline and any alterations proposed for the area are included in Table 3.4. These yards are located at railroad stations where line pipe and other materials will be stored during the construction of the pipeline. The areas required to store pipe and construction materials at each location are listed in Table 3.5. 3.5.2.2 Standard Construction Methods Construction of a natural gas pipeline consists of the following distinct phases: clearing, grading, ditching, lowering-in, backfilling, hydrostatic testing and restoration. The construction methods described herein will be used unless site-specific conditions warrant special methods. Figure 3.1 shows a typical right-of-way configuration, depicting the sequence of construction activities that will take place. Preconstruction surveys will be conducted by the company to determine the specific needs of the project. Information on soils was obtained from CORDECRUZ (the planning organization of the Department), including land use capacity and soil cartography. Clearing. Clearing involves the removal of trees, brush and other vegetation from the right-of- way. As clearing will disturb soils, making them more susceptible to erosion, specific Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 16 DAMES & MOORE 0 environmental procedures will be followed in order to mitigate any negative environmental impacts. The following standard procedures will be followed during clearing: * Right-of-way boundaries (e.g., limits of work) will be clearly delineated and the Inspector will ensure that no clearing occurs beyond these boundaries. Stemmed vegetation such as brush, shrubs and trees shall be removed at or near the ground level, leaving the root systems intact to the greatest extent practical. All fences, whether they be for livestock or security, shall be maintained by the use of a temporary fence section (gap). Any trees which have fallen into waterbodies or beyond the edge of the right-of-way shall be removed immediately. Trees located outside of the right-of-way will not be cut. Timber not specifically designated for other uses will be left in tree lengths and neatly stacked along the edge of the right-of-way used for rip-rap or to control erosion. Rip-rap shall be removed from the right-of-way after construction is complete. Tree stumps shall normally be removed along the entire width of the right-of-way to allow adequate clearance for the safe operation of vehicles and equipment. Cleared materials may not be buried in wetlands, agricultural lands or residential areas. Stumps removed on the right-of-way will be buried. Burning of brush is permitted unless specifically prohibited in an area. Appropriate precautions must be exercised to prevent wild fires in the surrounding area. Extra Work Space. The proposed width of the construction right-of-way is 30 meters. At major river crossings, extra work space will be required for storage of additional excavated soil material, Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 17 DAMES & MOORE pipe assembly, and storage of materials and equipment. Along the alignment, the following four locations will require extra work space: * Rio Grande: west side - 60 meters x 60 meters; east side - 30 meters x 60 meters * Rio Otuquis: west side - 60 meters x 60 meters; east side - 30 meters x 30 meters * San Miguel: west side - 30 meters x 60 meters; east side - 60 meters x 60 meters * Rio Parapeti: west side - 30 meters x 30 meters; east side - 30 meters x 30 meters Grading. When existing topography does not permit equipment to operate safely and does not provide access or an efficient work area, grading will be required. Sharp topographic irregularities will be graded to ensure rapid and safe passage of work crews and equipment. Rock outcrops, ridges, boulders and tree stumps shall be removed from the work area. Grading shall be performed by dozers equipped with ripper and grading blades. The following general construction methods will be employed during grading: * Wetlands will not be filled with soils from adjacent uplands. * Water bars/terraces will be installed diagonally across the right-of-way on slopes to control erosion as specified in the Environmental Management Plan (Appendix B). * A sufficient stockpile of silt fence shall be maintained on site for emergency use. Pipe Stringing. Once the right-of-way has been cleared and graded, the pipe will be transported from storage areas and laid out along the right-of-way. The pipe will be placed in such a way that the movement of vehicles and other equipment needed for construction is not restricted. Initially, pipe will not be placed directly on the ground, but rather it will be placed on wooden supports along the length of the right-of-way. Pipe Bending. Pipe will be bent in areas where the terrain is sinuous on the right-of-way curves, thereby requiring the pipe to follow a curve. A bending machine will be utilized when needed; however, it will be necessary to ensure that deformities in the pipe are not present when this procedure is undertaken. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 18 DAMES & MOORE Welding (Joining Operations). Prior to alignment and joining operations, the pipe will be inspected, repaired (if required) and cleaned particularly at the ends of the pipe. Alignment procedures involve placing the pipe in line with opposite ends facing each other. Internal anfd/ or external clamps will be utilized to hold the pipes together and properly align and fix them in place during joining operations. Automatic and semi-automatic welding systems and stick welding will be utilized. Welding Inspection. The exterior of the pipe will be visually inspected initially to check the quality of the welding. Subsequently, radiography or other acceptable testing methods will be employed to check the quality of the welding in the interior of the pipe. Depending on the findings of the different quality control tests, appropriate measures will be taken. In the event that a defect is detected, the pipe will be repaired. Ditching. Once the pipe sections have been welded together and the corrosive coating has been applied to the joint and inspected, trenching will proceed in the right-of-way. Ditching can also be done prior to welding. The bottom of the trench will be leveled uniformly at the required depth, and construction guidelines will be followed in order to prevent environmental damage * from occurring. The length of time the ditch is left open shall be minimized as much as practicable. Topsoil excavated from the Aeolic Plain, wetlands, and cultivated agricultural lands is required to be segregated from subsoil. Topsoil will be segregated as part of the ditching procedure. Topsoil stripping shall be accomplished as follows: Cultivated Agricultural Areas - Topsoil should be stripped over ditch line. Wetland Areas - Topsoil must be stripped over ditch line only. Forest and other areas - Topsoil stripping is not required. Aeolic Plain Area - Topsoil will be stripped over the ditch line Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 19 DAMES & MOORE Lowering-in/Backfilling. After the trench is excavated and welding procedures are completed, the pipe will be lowered in gradually and uniformly so that the weight of the pipe is evenly distributed. Once lowered in, the pipe should lay directly on the ground. As soon as practicable after the pipe is lowered in, the trench will be backfilled with the same soil material that was excavated. This material will then be compacted or a crown installed in order to prevent future erosion problems. During lowering-in and backfilling, the following standard techniques will be used: * Under no circumstances will trench water or other forms of turbid water be directly discharged onto exposed soil or into any wetland or water body. * The discharge shall be equipped with a device to dissipate the velocity to prevent erosion and scouring. * Under no circumstances will topsoil be used as padding. * Subsoil will be placed in the trench first. Where topsoil has been segregated, it will be graded uniformly over the width of the excavated area. * Excavated and blast rock may be used as backfill above the layer of padding in agricultural, wetland, and residential areas, up to the level of bedrock. * Heavy equipment may be used to compact the backfilled ditch to minimize settling, or else a crown of soil will be put over the pipeline to compensate for any future soil settling which may occur. Openings shall be left in the trenchline crown to allow for lateral surface drainage. Hydrostatic Testing. Hydrostatic testing will validate the integrity of all pipeline segments. In order to test the integrity, pipeline segments will be capped with test manifolds and the capped segments filled with water. The water will be pressurized and held for 8 hours (4 hours for pretested fabricated units and short, visible sections). Any significant loss of pressure would Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 20 DAMES & MOORE indicate that a leak may have occurred. The source of the water used for testing will be from local streams and rivers. Hydrostatic testing of the pipe will be performed in one or more pipe segments. The potential for environmental impacts from withdrawal and discharge of test water shall be mininiized by utilizing the following procedures: * Hydrotest the pipeline sections before installation under waterbodies. * Fill and spill activities will be in compliance with all license or permit requirements. * Adequate flow rates will be maintained to protect aquatic life, provide for all water body uses, and provide for downstream withdrawals of water by existing users. * Test water shall be discharged either to a suitable receiving body of water, across a well- vegetated area or filtered through a filter bag or erosion control barriers. * * The rate of discharge shall be controlled to prevent flooding or erosion. Cathodic Protection of Pipeline. To protect the pipe from corrosion, a cathodic protection system will be installed. This system will consist of the installation of anodic beds at various points along the pipeline. Due to an electrochemical process, oxidation in the pipe is prevented as the material in the anodic beds are oxidized rather than the pipe material itself. The system will be tested prior to the commencement of operations and the difference in potential along the length of the pipe will be measured and routinely monitored. Final Clean-Up. Once construction of the pipeline is completed, any materials or equipment not needed for the operation of the pipeline will be removed from the right-of-way. Materials such as wooden supports for the pipe, waste from welding operations, wrappers, packages etc. shall all be removed and properly stored or disposed. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 21 DAMES & MOORE 3.5.2.3 Special Construction Methods Specialized construction techniques will be used as required in certain areas along the pipeline route. These techniques include: Blasting. Installing the pipe may require blasting in some areas, such as those with rock. All blasting will be perforned by qualified blasters and monitored by blasting inspectors. Drag Sections. Drag sections are used when work space is limited or when trying to reduce the time necessary to work in a given location. Drag sections are multiple joint sections of pipe which have been pre-assembled (bent, welded, x-rayed, coated, etc.) in a staging area near, but not adjacent to, the ditch where it will eventually be placed. Drag sections are carried into place pre- assembled. Drag sections are used for road, water body and wetland crossings, residential areas and other locations. This technique will be used when there is insufficient room to assemble the pipe in place or where the obstruction of having the pipe sitting along the ditch for a long period of time, (such as a road crossing), is unacceptable. Generally, each section is several joints long, but not so long that it cannot be picked up and carried (it is not dragged) as one piece by the available equipment. Boring. Boring entails drilling a hole below travel arteries, such as highways and railroads through which the pipe will pass. This method will be used in sensitive areas where the artery cannot be crossed by conventional open cut methods. Jacking. Jacking is similar to boring except that an open-ended casing is forced, or jacked through the earth below the artery. Soils are then removed from the casing. The remainder of the installation procedure is identical to that described for boring. Directional Drilling. Directional drilling requires the drilling of a small diameter hole, or pilot hole, along a predetermined design path. The pilot hole is then enlarged sufficiently to accommodate the pipeline to be installed. The pipeline may or may not be installed concurrently Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 22 DAMES & MOORE with the hole enlargement, depending upon the final diameter of the enlarged hole and the soil conditions encountered. This method requires a large area of temporary work space at the entry and exit points. Directional drilling is used only in areas where boring and conventional open cut methods are not suitable. Equipment Crossovers. In an equipment crossover, the working side of the right-of-way temporarily shifts to the other side of the right-of-way. Equipment crossovers will be used to reduce impacts to sensitive areas such as residential, wetlands, and archaeological sites. The use of equipment crossovers will be reserved for extreme circumstances because of the requirements for the construction equipment to work backwards. 3.5.2.4 Agricultural/Wetlands/Waterbody Area Construction Grading. * Prior to grading, the Environmental Inspector shall determine the depth of topsoil to be stripped and segregated and enter the information into a field book for future reference. The depth to which the topsoil will be stripped will be to its actual depth or to a maximum depth of 30 centimeters. * Natural flow patterns of cultivated fields will be maintained by providing breaks in topsoil and subsoil stockpiles. * In all actively cultivated agricultural lands, which includes permanent or rotated cropland, hayfields, or improved pastures, topsoil stripping over the ditch line shall be used. Additional temporary work space will be used for topsoil storage in agricultural areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 23 DAMES & MOORE Ditching/Lowering-In/Filling. * Where necessary, maintain natural flow in the identified drainage systems during construction. * All drainage systems shall be inspected to determine if damage has occurred. Any damage incurred during construction shall be flagged by the trench inspector, then repaired to its original or better condition. * Detailed records of drainage system repairs shall be kept and given to the landowner for future reference upon request. Wetland Crossings. Potential adverse impacts to wetlands will be minimized by: * expediting construction in and around wetlands, and limiting the amount of equipment and mainline construction activities within wetlands to reduce disturbances of their wetlafid soils and drainage systems; * restoring wetlands to their original configurations and contours; * stabilizing upland areas near wetlands, as required, to prevent erosion using control measures and vegetative cover as soon as possible after backfilling. The size of staging areas at wetland crossings will be limited to the space necessary for fabricating only those pipe segments required for the crossing. Other additional work spaces at wetland crossings, such as additional spoil storage areas, will also be limited to the size necessary to perform their function. All additional work space areas will be located at least 10 meters from the edge of the wetland where topographic conditions permit. The wetlands and setbacks will be clearly marked prior to the start of construction. Hazardous materials, chemicals, fuels or lubricating oils will not be stored nor will concrete coating activities (excluding field joints) be performed within 15 meters in any direction of any Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 24 DAMES & MOORE water body. In addition, construction equipment will typically not be refueled or serviced within 15 meters in any direction of any wetlands or water body. Spoil placed up-gradient of wetlands will be contained with sediment control devices as necessary to prevent spoil materials from flowing into wetlands or off of the right-of-way. Unless a site-specific method is recommended, one of the following four methods will be used for crossing wetlands during construction. * Method I: Standard Pipeline Construction Method * Method II: Conventional Wetland Construction Method * Method III: Push/Pull Wetland Construction Method * Method IV: Other (Site-Specific concerns to be determine during final design) The proposed method of crossing each wetland will be determined in the field, based on the site specific conditions found at the time of construction. Method I: Standard Pipeline Construction. This method (Wetland Method I), can be used in wetlands where soils are dry enough at the time of construction to support mainline construction equipment. Thus, this method is typically used during the dry season, when rainfall is at a minimum, and the water table is lowest. This crossing method requires the segregation of topsoil from subsoil. Specific characteristics regarding this construction method are presented in Appendix B. Method II: Conventional Wetland Construction. This method (Wedland Method II), will be used for crossing wetlands with saturated soils or soils otherwise unable to support mainline construction equipment. Because the soils are saturated, there is a need to stabilize the right-of-way to support equipment during construction. The right-of-way will be stabilized by using timber rip-rap, fabricated timber mats or gravel over geotextile fabric. All stabilization materials will be removed after construction is complete. Specific characteristics regarding this construction method are presented in Appendix B. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 25 DAMES & MOORE Method III: Push/Pull Wetland Construction. This method (Wetland Method III), entails pushing or pulling a floating section of pre-assembled pipe into position over an inundated trench. The floats are removed and the concrete-coated pipe sinks into the trench. The section of pipeline to be floated into place must be straight or nearly straight to be able to float within the confines of the excavated ditch. This method should be used in large wetland areas where water levels are high enough at the time of construction to float the pipeline into the trench and where such levels can be maintained without damming. Specific characteristics regarding this construction method are presented in Appendix B. Additional work space may be needed adjacent to the wetland boundaries for pipe fabrication. Water Body Crossings. The Project shall protect and minimize potential adverse impacts and disturbances to waterbodies by: * expediting construction and limiting the amount of equipment within waterbodies; * reducing clearing, leaving in place as many trees as possible on stream banks; * maintaining downstream flow rates; * removing all materials and structures related to construction from each water body bed after construction; * restoring stream channels and bottoms to their original configurations and contours; Construction staging areas for water body crossings will be as small as possible, while still allowing for prefabrication of pipe segments that will cross the water body. Other additional work spaces, such as spoil storage areas, at water body crossings will also be limited to the size necessary to perform the required function. All additional work space areas will be located approximately 10 meters in any direction from the stream banks, where topographic conditions permit. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 26 DAMES & MOORE Trench spoil will be stored at least 10 meters back from stream banks at water body crossings, where possible. Spoil placed up-gradient of stream banks will be contained with sediment control devices to prevent spoil materials from flowing into waterbodies or off the right-of-way. Construction of equipment crossings will occur during the clearing or grading process. Protective measures will include the use of timber mats laid adjacent to and across streambeds if banks are high enough, flume pipes covered by fill material or portable bridges. The following crossing procedures will be applied to waterbodies: Method I: Wet Crossings. This method will be used for crossing intermittent streams and non-sensitive, perennial streams. Specific characteristics regarding this procedure are presented in Appendix A. Clearing/Grading * Clearing crews may cross waterbodies once, prior to installing equipment crossings. * Contractors will install flume pipes, portable bridges, or timber mats as necessary, in the streambed for the equipment crossing in order to maintain the existing flow and course of the waterway. * Contractors will implement erosion and sedimentation controls, and bank stabilization procedures at all stream banks. Trenching/Lowering-in/Backfilling * If mainline ditching crews excavate water body crossings, all facets of the installation (ditching, lowering-in, backfilling, and restoration) will be completed as soon as possible. If ditching, lowering-in, backfilling, and restoration of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 27 DAMES & MOORE water body crossing cannot be completed in a timely manner, a site specific design for the crossing will be completed. * Where blasting is required, the banks of the water body are to be left intact (hard plugs). If soft plugs must be installed, then the pipe installation shall be completed as soon as possible upon completion of the blasting. * Contractors will use a backhoe or dragline to excavate the trench across the water body. Equipment used to dig the trench will work from the stream banks, equipment crossings, or by straddling the trenchline where the width of the water body prohibits excavations solely from the banks. The depth of trench will be sufficient to allow a minimum of 1.5 meters of cover over the pipeline below the streambed, unless otherwise specified. * Where necessary, the grade of the stream banks will be reduced to form a gradual slope and soil will be pushed or pulled away from the water body to minimize siltation. Cleanup/Restoration * Stream channels will be backfilled, re-contoured and restored immediately. * During restoration, flume pipes, sand bags and other material used for the water body crossing will be removed and the stream bottom and banks will be restored to their preconstruction contours or better to the extent practicable. * Equipment crossings will be left in place as long as they are needed for access, then removed at the end of construction. * Jute thatching or other erosion control matting will be used to stabilize stream banks where necessary. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 28 DAMES & MOORE Method I: Other (Site-Specific Crossings). Procedures for crossing rivers, ponds and lakes which cannot be crossed by Method I will be developed on a site specific basis. Combined Wetland/Water Body Crossings. Wetlands and waterbodies are commonly found together as one ecosystem. The crossing methods used will be based on field conditions to protect both resources equally. It is essential to recognize that individual construction methods will be assigned to both the wetland and the water body to protect the resources. For complex systems, site-specific crossing methods will be designed. 3.5.2.5 Restoration and Revegetation Restoration and revegetation of the pipeline right-of-way includes permanent erosion and sediment control measures. However, in the event that final restoration cannot occur, temporary erosion and sediment control measures will be employed until the weather is suitable for final cleanup. Stabilization measures shall be initiated as soon as practicable on those portions of the right-of-way where activities have temporarily or permanently ceased. Permanent restoration and revegetation measures will serve to control erosion and sedimentation. * All construction debris shall be removed from the right-of-way, and the right-of-way shall be graded so that the soil is left in the proper condition for planting. * Where trench compaction has not been done, the right-of-way shall be graded to pre- construction contours, as practical, with a small crown of soil left over the ditch to compensate for settling, but not to interfere with natural drainage. * Where topsoil has been segregated, the topsoil shall be spread back along the right-of-way in an even layer. * All fences which were cut and replaced by gaps during construction shall be repaired to-at least the equivalent preconstruction conditions. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 29 DAMES & MOORE * The right-of-way will be seeded and fertilized in the sandy Aeolic plain near the San Miguel river in accordance with applicable seed mixes and seeding dates. * Slopes steeper than 3:1 shall be seeded immediately after final grading in accordance with recommended procedures and seeding dates, weather permitting. * Mulching will be used as needed to assist in controlling erosion and establishing revegetative cover. Mulch will not be used in wetlands, or in agricultural (crop) areas. * Temporary safety fences shall be erected at right-of-way crossings where necessary, to maintain a safe workplace. * The access road will be restored to pre-construction conditions, or better unless specified by the landowner. * If subsoils are unstable, corduroy paths (log, rip-rap or timber matting) may be needed. These materials will be removed during clean-up. 3.5.2.6 Spill Prevention and Control Contractors are responsible for implementing and maintaining spill control measures to prevent spills and measures which should be taken should any spills occur. The Contractor will instruct construction personnel on the operation and maintenance of construction equipment to prevent the accidental discharge or spill of fuel, oil, lubricants, or other potential hazardous materials. Personnel will also be made aware of the pollution control laws, rules, and regulations applicable to their work. Spill prevention briefings with the construction crew will be scheduled and conducted by the Enviromnental Inspector at intervals frequent enough to assure adequate understanding of spill prevention measures. The Contractor will inspect and maintain equipment that must be fueled and/or lubricated according to a strict schedule. All containers, valves, pipelines, and hoses will be examined Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 30 DAMES & MOORE regularly to assess their general condition. The examination will identify any signs of deterioration that could cause a spill and signs of leaks, such as accumulated fluids. All leaks will be promptly corrected, and any leaking equipment will be promptly repaired. Spill kits with a capacity of absorbing 20 liters of liquid will be provided on construction equipment. The Contractor will assure that all equipment is refueled and lubricated within the right-of-way and at least 15 meters away in any direction from all waterbodies and wetlands, except as otherwise approved. In approved areas, auxiliary fuel tanks will be used to reduce the frequency of refueling operations, and in no case will refueling take place within 30 meters of any known potable water wells. The Contractor will prepare a pre-job written inventory of lubricants, fuel, and other materials which could be accidentally discharged during construction. Storage containment areas will not have drains, unless such drains lead to a containment area or vessel where the entire spill can be recovered. In case of a spill, the Contractor or utility inspector will notify the appropriate Environmental Inspector and construction supervisors. * If the Environmental Inspector determines that a spill is small enough such that the construction crew can safely handle it, the crew will containerize all spilled material, contaminated soil, and absorbent material in a manner consistent with the spilled material's characterization. If the Environmental Inspector determines that a spill cannot be adequately excavated and disposed of by the construction crew alone, the Contractor will follow procedures outlined in the Waste Management Plan. The Contractor will prepare a Construction Site Spill Report form to be given to the Environmental Inspector that includes the following details of the incident: * the date, time and location of the occurrence; * a description of the material spilled; * the quantity spilled; * the circumstances that caused the spill; * a list of waterbodies affected or potentially affected by the spill; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 31 DAMES & MOORE a statement verifying whether a sheen is present; the size of the affected area; an estimate of the depth that the material has reached in water or on soil; a determination of whether the spill will migrate off the right-of-way; a determination of whether the spill is under control; a statement verifying that clean-up has begun and a description of the methods being used to clean up the spill. For all spills including those handled by the construction crew, the Contractor will prepare a list of the type, quantity, and location of storage or containment and clean up equipment to be used on the construction site. The list will also include the procedures and impact minimization measures to be used in response to a spill. The Contractor's choice of mitigation measures and equipment will be tailored to meet the characteristics of the affected terrain as well as the types and amounts of material that could potentially be spilled. All spills will be cleaned up immediately. The potential for large spills exists wherever fuels and hydraulic fluids are stored. The Contractor will take precautions in areas where trucks carrying fuel and oil barrels are loaded and will implement special measures to prevent spills in these areas. Containment equipment will be kept close to tanks and barrels to minimize spill response time and will include absorbent pads or mats. The quantity and capabilities of the mats will be sufficient to capture the largest foreseeable spill, given right-of-way characteristics and crankcase and other fuel vessel capacities. For each water body and wetland crossed, equipment to remove oils from water, such as oleophilic and hydrophobic absorbent booms and mats, and/or mechanical skimmers will be stored close .o the water body or wetland to miniimize response time. 3.5.2.7 Waste Management Planning. A site-specific Waste Management Plan will be developed for the project. The purpose of the plan is to provide guidance in the management of materials and wastes to minimize any Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 32 DAMES & MOORE adverse impact to the environment, limit risk exposure and ensure compliance with host country regulations. The plan will be designed to assist in: * Identifying and classifying materials and wastes; * Appropriately managing materials during use; * Minimizing the generation of wastes to be treated and/or disposed; * Selecting appropriate treatment/disposal alternatives; * Documenting all aspects of the waste management process; and * Ensuring regulatory compliance in waste management practices. The fundamental concepts to be included in the plan are as follows: Project environmental management system or policy Regulatory requirements in Bolivia and Brazil Identification of waste streams Waste characterization - Waste inventory procedures Waste minimization Waste handling Waste tracking and transportation Disposal Options Construction. During construction, wastes will come from the personnel camps, construction materials, fuels, pipe preparations, and other sources. Worker camps will produce appreciable amounts of domestic garbage, which will be properly disposed of in approved landfills or landfills constructed by the project in accordance with applicable regulatory guidelines. Construction equipment will produce residual wastes such as waste oils and lubricants, filters, batteries, and scrap parts. There will also be steel scraps and dunnage left over from the pipeline assembly process. Domestic waste waters from construction camps will be appropriately disposed of in field absorption and septic tank systems. The soil conditions expected should facilitate the use of such Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 4D September 1, 1996 3 - 33 DAMES & MOORE systems for sanitary wastes. Equipment holding fuels and cleansers and solvents used in maintenance operations will be sited away from rivers and streams to avoid access to surface water in the event of an accidental spill. Operations. Some wastes will be generated during the operations phase of the project. Office and domestic refuse will be disposed of in an existing approved sanitary landfill or in a landfill constructed by the project during the construction phase. The compressor stations will not discharge any processed liquids into the surrounding environment. Gas turbines will require oil changes at infrequent intervals, perhaps no more often than every five years. When an oil change is required, the used oil will be collected and temporarily stored on site in appropriate containers, until disposal at an approved facility can be scheduled. Cleansers and solvents may be used on a limited basis for the routine cleaning pf equipment and parts. No significant quantities of cleansers or solvents, or solutions containing cleansers or solvents will be generated. Any such wastes will be properly disposed of in accordance with the Waste Management Plan. The compression process will also generate small amounts of condensate liquids. This liquid will be collected in metal drums or tanks for storage until it is transported to an authorized disposal facility or recycled. 3.5.2.8 Environmental Inspection The project will use at least one qualified Environmental Inspector (EI) per construction spread. Training of the Environmental Inspectors will be undertaken to ensure 1) that they will be able to carry out their assigned duties, 2) that construction activities will be in compliance with the Environmental Construction Plan, and 3) that the project will be in compliance with requirements of the environmental license. The Environmental Inspectors will review all Project documents (right-of-way descriptions, permits, alignment sheets, aerial photography and relevant plans) prior to construction. A partial list of the primary responsibilities of the Environmental Inspectors is as follows: ensuring that all construction activities occur within authorized work areas and only approved access roads are used; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 34 DAMES & MOORE * ensuring that the requirements set forth in the Spill Prevention Containment and Control Plan are met; * monitoring waste collection and disposal; * inspecting construction activities daily to verify and document that Contractors are complying with the requirements of the Environmental Construction Plan, the environmental provisions included in the construction drawings and construction line list, the environmental conditions and mitigation measures in the Environmental Impact Study, and with all applicable permits and licenses; * monitoring hydrostatic test fill and spill; * working directly with the Contractor to assure that water body and wetland crossing plans are properly implemented; and * maintaining daily activity logs, preparing weekly progress reports, and other required documentation of construction activities; The Environmental Inspector will be required to use best judgment in the field at all times to ensure that violations, agency notifications, audits, and other environmentally related documentation are transmitted to the appropriate project management personnel. Each EI will have peer status with the other inspectors. The EI is responsible to report all non-compliance problems. 3.5.3 Operation Upon completion of start-up testing, the pipeline, compressor stations and related equipment will be commissioned for operation. Throughout the operation of the pipeline, the system will be inspected and maintained to ensure continuous operation. A detailed preventive maintenance and inspection program will be initiated and continued throughout the life of the project. On a prescribed schedule the entire right-of-way will be surveyed by air and land to check for pipeline Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 35 DAMES & MOORE leaks and the operational condition of equipment. Preventive and corrective maintenance will be performed on valves and mechanical equipment. The historical log of test station readings from the cathodic protection will be analyzed to assure corrosion protection. Block valves will be placed every 20 to 60 kilometers along the pipeline depending on the sector and the specified spacing in applicable design codes. Their function is to intercept gas flow by isolating a sector between valves in an emergency. The operation of these valves may be either automatic, fully manual, or controlled from the master control center in Santa Cruz. Selection and placement of valve operators will be part of the detail design. Measurement and custody transfer of the gas transported in the pipeline system will occur at two points in Bolivia (Rio Grande Gas Plant and the Bolivia/Brazil border). The metering will be done using orifice or turbine meters and an in-line gas chromatograph. A flow computation system, calibrated according to adopted standards, will be used to calculate the commercial volume of gas transported. These data will be transmitted to a central control center located in Santa Cruz. The information sent to the control center will be processed by a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) computer system. To transmit data from each compressor station, meter station and other monitored locations, the system will use a telecommunications system with radio transmission. The system design will provide communications for the construction and operating phases. The system will be the link between the field offices, the field crews and the project management offices, and between the management offices. The telephone service will be used where available and practical, as well as a UHF system with repeaters along the route. In the operating phase a data network will be added for the SCADA system as well as a voice system for the compressor stations. Most of the equipment installed in the construction phase will be retained for the operating phase. The operators of the control center will receive information from the field computational system and can call up information about pressures, temperature, flows and valves and have it displayed on high-resolution color monitors and send commands to control the installations remotely. All Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 36 DAMES & MOORE the installations will have manual controls in case of a breakdown of communications to any of the control centers. The SCADA system includes each remote installation, the compressor installations, the metering stations, and remote valve monitoring installations. They are integrated in a network, permitting the users to access data from any part of the system. The field electronic data are processed locally and transferred to the central computer., From the control center there is a fully automated remote control function for operation of the compressor stations. Mechanical equipment will be remotely started and stopped to meet variable demand throughout the day. On an as-needed basis, the pipeline will be pigged to remove debris and liquids that might have accumulated during operation of the pipeline. Should the analysis of operating data justify the need, a smart pig can be passed through the pipeline to gather information, otherwise unavailable, to ensure the safe continuous operation of the system. As each compressor station site is installed, the land will be cleared, graded and compacted, access roads constructed and the site boundaries fenced. Mechanical equipment will be installed and * support facilities will be constructed above ground. Electric power and water from a public service are not available. Therefore, a diesel or natural gas fired electric generator will be installed to supply the necessary electric power at each compressor station, and a water well will be drilled at each site to supply water. On-line compressor stations will function as a headquarters for operating personnel. The stations will provide offices, maintenance shops, communications and other amenities required to perform the functions of maintenance. Field operations will be dispatched locally from the compressor stations. Atmospheric emissions in the operation phase may come from equipment and vehicles, gas leaks and purges or venting of the pipeline. Vehicle emissions during operation will be negligible due to the low traffic levels. Some gas emissions will be produced by combustion of natural gas in the turbines at compressor stations. As needed to meet Bolivian air emission limitations, the turbines will be equipped with low-emission burners which have less than half the NOx levels of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study is September 1, 1996 3 - 37 DAMES & MOORE conventional equipment. Aside from NOx, this equipment will also emit low levels of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Other emissions of lesser importance are 1) from the power generator exhaust; 2) from gas used to start up the turbines; and 3) from when the compressor station is vented during emergency shut down of the gas supply. The gas pipeline is designed to be a closed system, and it is expected that leaks will be small or nonexistent. Leaks due to pipeline breaks are possible, but highly unlikely. Any breaks will be repaired immediately. Some loss of natural gas would occur when the line is evacuated in the event of an emergency shut down. Since gas is lighter than air, it will rise and dissipate quickly without forming a gas cloud near the ground. In the case of an emergency shutdown of one compressor station, the suction and discharge side valves (which are the inlet and outlet valves of the compressor station) will be automatically closed to isolate the compressor station piping from the main pipeline, and the compressor station piping will be vented to atmosphere. A contingency plan will be developed to outline the course of action to be taken given certain emergency situations. 3.5.4 Abandonment Once gas is no longer transported in the pipeline, the pipeline will be abandoned. Both ends of the pipeline will be disconnected and every opening will be closed and sealed. In places where the pipeline is subject to pressures or external forces, such as those caused by geologic fault sites or landslides, the pipe will be sealed at the ends, and if possible inert material from the area will be used to fill the pipe. 3.6 HUMAN RESOURCES For field work and camp operations approximately 2,000 employees will be required, including camp personnel. The work force will be comprised of expatriates and Bolivian national employees. Every effort will be made to maximize the employment of Bolivian nationals. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 38 DAMES & MOORE Installation and maintenance of fiber optic cable would increase labor requirements by 2-8 * operators and 8-16 laborers. Crews would be required for terninatio'n and splicing, and installation of termination/splicing facilities. Craftsmen such as equipment operators, mechanics, welders, truck drivers, laborers, chefs, camp service personnel, medics, engineers, and office persormel will be employed. The average time of employment in the field operations will be ten (10) months. These employees will be working at pipe storage yards and operations related to construction of all facilities, i.e. pipeline, compressor station, storage yards and road upgrades. The number of people to be employed at any time will be determined by the nature of the activity. In all cases, qualified local personnel will receive first consideration for employment. 3.7 SAFETY Safety Conditions. Safety is a primary concern of the project. The emphasis on safety has been and will remain a focus in all development plans covering the entire life of the project, from preliminary design to operation and maintenance. The main objective is to operate accident free throughout the project, including contractors, consultants, residents, and third party workers. * The gas pipeline will be designed, built, operated and maintained in accordance with Bolivian and international norms and standard accepted engineering practices to properly protect the public in the event of a failure. This will be accomplished by specifying the choice and ratings of materials, minimum design requirements, and corrosion protection. Safety meetings will be held periodically involving all personnel. The construction phase involves among others, movement of personnel, equipment and material to the work areas. The following is a list of activities where safety procedures will be established before construction: * individual safety organization/orientation; * operation of construction equipment; * operation of vehicles; * procedures in case of vehicle accident; * safe driving; * safety in handling tools and equipment; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report * Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 4D September 1, 1996 3 - 39 DAMES & MOORE * safety in use of explosives; * risks communication program; * removal of structures; * clearing of right-of-way; * cutting and welding; * storehouses and shops for equipment and tools; * leveling operations; * transport; unloading and placement of pipe; * ditching; pipe bending; * cleaning and coating pipe; * crossing roads and water bodies; * hydrostatic testing; and, * backfill and cleanup. Safety Training. Safety training will be done in groups for construction personnel and inspection personnel prior to construction. Weekly safety meetings will be held for all personnel throughout the construction period. Project management will place great emphasis on worker safety throughout all phases of the project. During operation, there will be a rigorous system of field inspections and evaluation of the control system. In case of gas leaks, it is difficult to reach explosive or asphyxiating levels since gas is lighter than air. The explosive levels are 5-15% gas/air and ignition temperature is 540 °C. The project will develop and sustain various response plans to incidents that may affect the line. All repairs of the line will be done pursuant to Bolivian standards. In case of minor losses, the system will be shut down for repair or a neck weld will be installed to close the system. In case of major losses, the system will be shut down completely to replace the damaged joint. New sections must undergo a hydrostatic test. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 40 DAMES & MOORE In case of major level losses, the system will be shut down automatically from the central control room. Pipeline transport of natural gas involves a very low level of risk to persons in the event of an accident and/or leaking gas. The greatest risk is a fire or explosion if the pipe is ruptured. Safety Standards. The following minimum safety standards will be developed to protect human life and safeguard the public from real or potential risks. * Establishment and maintenance of communications to coordinate speedy response to emergencies. * Provision of properly trained personnel, equipment, tools and materials necessary in a site with an emergency. * Cut off service in an emergency and restore it safely. * Maintain close communications to coordinate resources and update awareness of the responsibilities of each organization in case of an emergency. * Establish continuing education programs to enable the general public, governmental officials, and excavators to recognize emergencies in the pipeline system and report to the proper authorities. 3.8 BOLIVIA-BRAZIL FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM 3.8.1 Project Background The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline partnership is evaluating the opportunity to install fiber optic cable/conduit facilities along the natural gas pipeline route. This project is being evaluated from two perspectives. First, the facilities would be utilized as part of a communications venture, selling capacity to interested companies to generate additional revenues for the pipeline partnership. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 41 DAMES & MOORE 3.8.2 Project Justification The facilities would be installed to serve the pipeline communication requirements if it is determined that this is the least-cost transmission strategy, given the conditions present in Bolivia and Brazil. Additional justification would be the presence of market demand for excess capacity on the facilities, in order to generate additional revenues. Determination as to the viability of this project will be based upon a complete analysis of the pipeline requirements, the available technology in both countries, the cost for installation of the facilities, the potential market demand along the pipeline route for communications capacity, and the regulatory feasibility of such a venture. 3.8.3 Description Route. The proposed fiber optic system will run eastward from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to Campinas, in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil for a total distance of approximately 1,800 kilometers. From the Rio Grande Gas Plant (approximately 40 kilometers southeast of Santa Cruz), the cable will be laid in the same ditch as the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline, running 567 kilometers east to the border with Brazil. From the border, the cable will continue within the pipeline right-of-way 1,233 kilometers in an east-southeast direction to Campinas, to later serve large metropolitan areas. Cable Characteristics. For this particular installation, AT&T DRX Lightguide Express Entry (LXE) Lightpack, long haul cable has been selected. The company might select to install PVC conduit within the pipeline ditch, in which the cable will be installed. This cable consists of multiple single mode fibers and is designed for easy handling and sheath entry. This design provides both lightning and rodent protection. The fibers are separated into color-coded binder groups (12 fibers each), surrounded by a polymetric core tube which is filled with a water- blocking compound. This LXE design has an overlapped armor of stainless steel that envelopes the core tube and has a ripcord under it to facilitate removal. Two steel wires run longitudinally along the armor, diametrically opposite each other. Two ripcords are located next to the steel wire strength members for easy sheath removal. The outer sheath jacket is High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for ruggedness and ease of installation. This design is suitable for use in underground conduit, direct burial, or aerial applications. The small size and light weight make installation Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 42 DAMES & MOORE relatively easy. The LXE design complies with U.S. industry standards, such as EIA and Bellocore. Technical specifications: * Tensile load rating: 600 pounds (2,669N) * Minimum bending radius: 10 X diameter (no load) 20 X diameter (loaded) * Outside diameter: 0.61 inch (15.5 mm) * Weight: 150 pounds per 1,000 feet (223 kg/i,000m) * Operating temperature range: -40° F to 158°F (40°C to 70°C) * Reel capacity: 6,000m * Attenuation: 0.35 db/1000 m @ 1,310 nm 0.23 db/1000 m @ 1,550 nm (Dual wave length) Construction Schedule. The construction schedule for the fiber optic system will follow the same schedule which has been developed for the gas pipeline construction in Bolivia. Above ground appurtenant facilities will be constructed (as required by the system design) after completion of the pipeline backfill/cleanup operation, but prior to the compressor station commissioning phase. Logistics, Personnel, and Equipment Requirements. Material and equipment items required for construction of the fiber optic system will be received in-country from various international and/or local sources. The same entry ports used for receipt of pipeline-related material will be utilized. Off-loading, customs clearance, transport to the right-of-way and site storage will be accomplished similarly as with pipeline-related construction materials. Existing pipe storage yards, strategically located along the right-of-way, will be utilized for storage of the fiber opiic system related materials, and will require minimal additional ground space over and above that already allocated for storage of pipeline related materials. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 43 DAMES & MOORE Based on the total route mileage for the fiber optic system, a total of about 102 cable reels will be required in Bolivia. Each reel will weigh about 3,000 pounds (1,364 kg). Most materials (primarily hardware) to be used for repeater station construction will also arrive from various international and/or in-country locations and will be containerized for shipment. It is anticipated that approximately eight repeater stations will be required for the Bolivian sector, based on a 45 to 60 mile (72 to 95 km) maximum spacing. Station hardware, in containers, will be stored at existing pipe storage yards, along with cable reels. Two (2) containers per station will be required, not including building materials, civil, foundation and expendables which will be acquired on the local market and transported to a particular station site by local means. Since fiber optic system construction will track the pipeline construction, it is envisioned that all personnel involved in installation of the fiber optic system will reside in construction camps dedicated for the pipeline construction crews. Small pull boxes (½/2 square meter) for splices will be installed, flush with grade approximately every four to five kilometers. Employment Requirements. Since installation of the fiber optic system will closely track the pipeline installation activities, it will be necessary to match cable installation crews with pipeline construction spreads. Two (2) mainline construction spreads and one (1) river crossing spread will be involved in construction of the pipeline in Bolivia, plus separate fly crews dedicated to road, rail, and river crossings. It will be necessary to man each spread with a cable installation crew which will consist of six to eight people, including supervision (not including Company supervision). Construction of repeater stations will require an additional four to six people per station, and will occur after cable installation. This results in peak manpower loadings of 18-24 personnel for cable installation and about 48-64 personnel for station construction. Abandomnent Procedures. Should it become necessary to abandon the fiber optic system, the cable will be left in place to miniiize environmental impacts associated with removal from the pipeline ditch. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 44 DAMES & MOORE Aboveground facilities (e.g., repeater stations) may be demolished and the site restored to pre- existing conditions. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 45 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT Design and Operation Pressures ANSI 600. Pipe Specification API 5L Grade X-70 Project Life 20 years Duration of Construction 10 months Characteristics of the gas Composition: Components So Molarl Methane 91.80 Ethane 5.58 Propane 0.97 i - Butane 0.03 n - Butane 0.02 Pentane and Greater 0.10 Nitrogen 1.42 Carbon Dioxide 0.08 Physical Properties: Property % Molar Molecular Mass 0.600 Specific Gravity 9269 Higher Heating Value (Kcal/m3) 9269 Lower Heating Value (Kcal/m3) 8364 Absolute Viscosity (centipoise) 0.011 Transport Pressures Initial pressure (Rio Grande): 1, 420 psig Arrival pressure (Campinas): 1, 089 psig Volume of Gas to be Transported Initial: 8 MM CMD After seven years: 16 MM CMD Maximum capacity: 30 MM CMD Pipe Characteristics Diameter: 32" Thickness: 0.406-0.649 External coating: One of several alternatives of anti-corrosive coatings supplemented by a system of cathodic protection Valve system Automatic and manual Pig launch and receivers To be installed at the compressor and measuring stations Compressor stations 1 in phase I; up to 4 to accommodate full capacity Measurement stations 2.00 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 46 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMIIP SITES IN SPREAD I SITE LOCATION SZE CHANGES TO AREA No. 1 - West side of Rio Grande near - 1.0 ha - No need to clear additional area as gas plant - 120 person rax there was sufficient previously disturbed area. 2 - Adjacent to the public road which - 3.2 ha - Land will need to be cleared. traverses south from the town of - 600 person max - Drinking water and waste water Pailon, at approximately K.P. 12 facilities to be installed. on the pipeline route and on east side of the Rio Grande. - Also adjacent to the pipeline right- of-way. 3 - At YPFB abandoned compressor - 3.2 ha - - Although site is cleared and fully station site. - 600 person fenced, additional clearing will be done inside fence and clean up of existing small buildings and foundations. - Power generation equipment available with sufficient gas supply to fuel generators. - Existing water well available but additional well will be drilled for sufficient water supply. - Road which traverses site will be upgraded for project use, for pipe haul and other use to the pipeline right-of- way. 4 - On west side of the access road - 3.2 ha - Clearing required. which traverses due south from - 600 person - Drilling of water wells and facilities for San Jose de Chiquitos, and north disposal of wastewater required. of pipeline right-of-way. 5 - East side of road from Robore - 3.2 ha - Clearing required. (K.P. 311.5 on pipeline route) and - 600 person - Water wells and wastewater disposal south of pipeline right-of-way. facilities required. - Site adjacent to both pipeline right-of-way and upgraded access road. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 47 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMP SITES IN SPREAD 2 SITE LOCATION SIZE CHANGES TO AREA No. 1 - Same as Site No. 5 for western half - 3.2 ha of Bolivian pipeline area - 600 person 2 - South and east of the railway station - 3.2 ha - Clearing required. and east of the cattle loading facility, - 600 person - Drilling water wells and installation of 1.5 kilometers from right-of-way. waste water facilities required. - Site in conjunction with pipe storage I yard at_El_Carm en.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 - 15 kilometers South of Puerto - 3.2 ha - Site previously cleared. Suarez at intersection of pipeline - 600 person - Water wells and waste water facilities right-of-way and the road between required. Puerto Suarez and El Carmen de la Frontera. - East of the road and North of pipeline. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 48 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.4 DESCRIPrION OF STORAGE AREAS I SITE LOCATION AND AREA OF SITE AREA FOR DESCRIPrION OF STORAGE AREA AND USE STORAGE ALTERATIONS Santa Cruz - Property of YPFB. 0.6 ha - Previously used area and inside fenced - The only required storage is for area. ~~~~~~~the above pipe and general l - Site fenced with an area of 2.1 ha. area.sthe l supplies. - Railroad spur in place and with only 4.3 Double jointing pipe operations. kilometers of pipe to be installed between YPFB Rio Grande Gas Plant and Rio Grande, this small amount of pipe will not be double jointed. l Pail6n - Site in an area of grain elevators used to 6.25 ha - Storage area located behind two - Supply pipe to the project east of receive soybeans and other grains for existing grain elevator sites. the Rfo Grande to approximately export shipment by railroad. - Both areas have existing rail spurs K.P. 165. into the sites and each will need to be - Pipe storage, double jointing pipe extended only 300 m. operations and double jointing pipe - Area is cleared and used for planting personnel. ____________ _soybeans or for pasture land. l San Jose de - Site will use YPFB petroleum product 5 ha - Storage area immediately adjacent to - Supply pipe from K.P. 165 to Chiquitos distribution site to off-load the pipes. the east of YPFB facility. approximately K.P. 240. - Installation of two double gates in the - Pipe storage and jointing YPFB fence line for ingress/egress operations. necessary. - ENFE has many rail spurs in the vicinity of this station, which are never used. Project can utilize these spurs for storage of empty wagons l __________ __________________________________ __________ waiting_to_be_unloadewaiting to be unloaded. Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project Draft Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Supplemental Environmental Impact Study June 24, 1996 3 - 49 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.4 DESCRIPTrION OF SrORAGE AREAS SITE LOCATION AND AREA OF SITE AREA FOR DESCRIPrION OF STORAGE AREA AND tJSE STORAGE ALTERATIONS Robore - Total pipe delivered here will be 6954 4 ha - Area allowed is for one-half of the - Supply pipe for spreads I & II. joints with approximately one-half of this pipe being in yard at one time. (If one - Pipe storage amount being for each spread. contractor is awarded both spread, . . this contractor can schedule his work - Double jontig pipe operations. accordingly so that the allotted space is sufficient for operation at this location. If the two spreads are awarded to two different contractors, the contract should stipulate that their respective work is not conducted simultaneously in this area under this scenario, this way both contractors are able to utilize this facility. El Carmen - Less than two kilometers from the right- 7 ha. - Supply pipe and general supplies of-way, therefore will be used as main to the construction contractor. construction camp as well as off loading pipe and double jointing operations. - Main construction camp - Double jointing operations. - Supply materials for compressor station to be constructed at K.M. 484 (near Palmito). Suarez Arana - Located north and west of the train 3.5 ha. - Site has sufficient rail spurs to be used - Pipe and general supplies storage. station. for off loading of pipe. - Double jointing operations. - Camp facilities for off loading personnel and double jointing personnel. Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project Draft Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Supplemental Environmental Impact Study June 24; 1996 3 - 50 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.5 PIPE STORAGE VARD LOCATIONS AND REQUIRED AREAS IN BOLIVA STORKGE YARDS QUANTITY PIPE STORAGE DBJ JT PIPE DBJ JT 'ARD CAIP SITE DBJ IAIN GENERAL CONPRESSOR TOTAL AREA REQlIIRED AREAS, OF JOINTS AREA STORAGE AREA AREA JT OPERATION CONSTRUCTION STORAGE STATION (FIECTARES) BOLIVIA (HECTARES) (HECTARES) (ifECTARES) PIPE LOADING CAIP2 (HECTARES) AMIATERIAL (HECTARES) (IHECTA RES) Spread 1 Santa Cruz 357 0.043 Lay 11.5m pipe - - 0.5 0.543 = 0.6 Pail6n 13,991 1.666 1.45 0.92 1.1 - 1.0 6.156 = 6.25 San Josd de 9,044 1.09 0.85 0.92 1.1 - 1.0 4.96 = 5.00 Chiquitos 3,562 0.429 0.32 0.92 1.1 - 1.0 .769 = 4.00 Robor_ Spread 2 Robore' 7,092 0.429 .32 0.92 1.1 - 1.0 3.769 4.00 El Carmen 11,864 0.893 0.725 0.92 1.1 3.2 (2.1) 1.0 6.738 =7.0 Puerto Suarez 2,434 0.983 0.725 0.92 1.1 3.2 (2.1) 1.0 6.828 =7.00 0_294 0.215 0.92 1.1 - 1.0 3529 3.5 (1) This yard to service both Spread 1 & 2. Both of these operations will utilize same camp. (2) This area from the camp of load, unloading & double jointing will be incorporated into construction camp. I AC - 208 sq. ft. 32" Pipe = 0.89' wide Add 1.0 Hectare at each storage site for items such as Area = 43,264 sq. ft 210 Jts./ROW containers, block valves, construction equipment, pipeline supplies, etc. 1 Hectare - 100 sq. ft. m 4 Rows - 840 JTS/Layer = 328 sq. ft. x4 Layers = (Pipe Stacked 4 High) = 107,584 sq. ft. 3360 JTS/AC 2.47 AC - 1 Hectare 2.47 AC/Hectare - 8299 JTS/Hectare Total HecIares = 43.74 Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Supplemental Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 51 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.6 SUM)tARY OF ROADS TO BE UPGRADED IN BOL'IIA FOR THE GAS PIPELINE PROJECT LOCATION DISTANCE OF ALTERATIONS ROAD TO BE I ________________________ UPGRADED - Portion of the road to Rio 52 kms - Motor graders used to complete work on road which Grande Gas Plant starting at is basically gravel. YPFB's refinery extending to gas plant. - Road to pipeline paralleling Rio 75.7 kms - Portion of road still requiring upgrading will be Grande on east side, which corrected with motor grader and bad spots repaired commences at Pailon and with backhoes, front end loaders, compactors, dozers traverses due south to the and dump trucks. pipeline right-of-way. - Road to Isla Verde, commencing 125.5 kns - Extensive motor grader and dozer work required. from the road described above, Loose material will be removed in severely 3 km south of Pailon. The road deteriorated areas with backhoe and replaced with traverses in a south-easterly clean material and compacted. direction until it intersects with (Seventeen drainage ditches require 30" or 36" the "L" road which traverses culverts which will be placed simultaneously with the south from the Tres Cruces road upgrade operation.) region. It continues on the "L" road until it intersects with the pipeline road, by the abandoned compressor station terminating in the Isla Verde area. - Road due south from San Jose de 78.05 kms - Portion of road will be widened at three sharp curves Chiquitos to the pipeline ROW in the mountains. commencing at YPFB petroleum Culverts installed. distribution yard. - Filling of low areas, and cutting of brush and second growth timber. - Motor graders, dozers, front end loaders, backhoes, l__________________________ ___________ compactors and dump trucks will be used. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 52 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.6 SUNMARY OF ROADS TO BE UPGRADED IN BOLIVIA FOR THE GAS PIPELINE PROJECT LOCATION D1sTrANcE OF ALTERATIONS RoAD TO BE UPGRADED Road southwestemly from 42.1 kms - Small river bridge in the first 8 kilometers will be Robore to pipeline right-of- reinforced to withstand the increased traffic brought way. about by the project construction. (The method is to drive a piling on each side of the bridge then weld a crossbeam to the driven piling immediately under the bridge deck.) - Another small creek bridge will be improved by removing the deck and replacing it with large diameter culverts and fill in over the culverts. - Section from Robore to the intersection with the road to the right-of-way has several bad areas which will require excavating, filling with clean material and compacting, extensive motor grade work with dozer, front loader, backhoe, compactor and dump trucks; total distance improved - 19.5 km. - Section from road intersection of the Robore- San Jose de Chiquitos road to the pipeline will be upgraded with motor grader. Two locations where large diameter culverts will be replaced with a 30" or 36" culvert and roadway reshaped. There are five locations where 20" diameter culverts will be installed; total distance improved - 22.6 kms. - Right-of-way grade operation involved on section from the road to the crossing of the Rio San Miguel. Temporary bridge may need to be installed at the Rio San Miguel to accomoodate equipment movement along the right-of-way. Road due south from El 1.5 kms - Trees will be removed to widen the road to allow for Carmen to right-of-way two-lane traffic, using a motor grader. - This road passes a cemetery on the east side and should consider rerouting the road straight south from storage yard to a point west and south of the cemetery. Access from El Carmen/Puerto 6.85 kms - Road improved with motor graders and D- 6 dozer. Suarez to Right-of-way at pipeline, approximately K.P. 530. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 53 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.6 SUMMARY OF ROADS TO BE UPGRADED IN BOLIVIA FOR THE GAS PIPELINE PROJECT LOCATION DLsTANcE OF ALTERATIONS ROAD TO BE UPGRADED Access road from El 5.75 kms - Road improved with motor grader and one D-6 Carmen/Puerto Suarez to right- dozer. of-way at pipeline, approximately K.P. 533. Road from Puerto Suarez to El 19.8 kms - A motor grader to clean out ditches and reshape Carmen Frontera roadway in the first 14.2 kms required. - From this point to El Carmen de la Frontera, total distance of 5.6 kms, road will require excavating, replacing with good fill material and compacting, and installation of eleven 30' culverts at various locations along this 5.6 km section, requiring backhoes, motor graders, dozers, front end loader, compactors and dump trucks. Road between Puerto Suarez 100.6 ks - Section between Puerto Suarez and Yacuces has a and El Carmen de la Frontera total length of 44.3 kms. This section will be upgraded at five locations which have depressions to ground level where a bridge or culvert was once located. Bridges or culverts will be replaced at each location. Many areas in the section between Yacuces and El Carmen will be excavated, fill imported and compacted. This 56.3 kilometer section will require 21 culverts of 30' diameter. Additional upgrading will be done with motor graders, backhoes, front end loaders, dozers, compactors, and dump trucks. Work will include installation, repair of bad areas with imported fill, establishing drainage ditches, cutidng water turnouts and reshaping roadway. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 3 - 54 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 3.7 ROAD UPGRADES IN BOLIVIA DUJE TO GAS PIPELINE PRO.ECT AND DISTANCE OVER WHICH CERTAIN EQUIPHENT WILL BE UTILIZED ROAD DISTANCE - KILOMETERS MIOTOR GRADE ONLV FULL CONIPLENIENT EQUIIPMtENT Santa Cruz to Y.P.F.B. Rio Grande Gas Plant 3 49 Pailon to Pipeline Right-of-Way, Parallelling East Side of Rio Grande 21 54.7 Pailon to Isla Verde 0 125.5 San Jose de Chiquitos to Pipeline R.O.W. 0 78.1 Robore to Pipeline R.O.W. 19.3 22.8 Naranjos to R.O.W. 12.75 0 El Carmen to R.O.W. 1 1 Access to R.O.W., West Side Canion de la Victoria 6.85 0 Access to R.O.W., East Side Cafion de la Victoria 5.75 0 Road, Puerto Suarez to El Carmen Frontera 14.2 5.6 Road, Puerto Suarez to El Carmen 44.3 56.3 Total 128.15 393.0 [ _ _______ . __ ___ Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project Draft Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study June 24, 1996 3 - 55 DAMES & MOORE L. ede- -1E 0LL -'' -1-1 - 40n X a -- - _ FIUE . 9L) co ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t 0 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- TYIALPPEIE Da - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE~~~~~~~~~ .i ~ 2'' .2 o..~~~~~~~~~~FGUE . K_ -1 150M~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - -- -- -----_-_- __-_- __-_-_-- _-_- fi 164 FUEL STORAGE B - | | B L - - - - - - - - - - - - - L PARKING ON SITE AREA STORAGE F D 160Mi _ _ E 3l 60M PAARKIA4G N p G I AREA ~ ; ~~~I I S ijj MECHANIC SHOP i| A AND WARNHOUSE STORAGE YARD - T 55X40 r -j Tr 50M 55X40 | l O A-SLEEPERS EXP. SINGLE ROOM W/BATH TOTAL=72MEN B-SLEEPERS NAT. 4 EA ROOM 1 28 MAN TOTAL=512MEN C-DINING NAT. 50'xl20' D-KITCHEN E-DINING EXPAT. F-COLD\DRY STORAGE G-MEDIC. NAT. L-LAUNDRY M-RECREAT. NAT. N-RECREAT. EXPAT. P-LAUNDRY EXPAT. J-SEWER PLANT K-WATER PLANT T-GENERATOR S-SITE OFFICE AREA- 1 60MX200M=32,000M2 =3.2 HECTARES (7.90 ACRES) BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) PROPOSED PLOT PLAN w Dames & Mooa FOR A 800 MAN CAMP SITE TYPICAL FIGURE 3.2 A-SLEEPERS EXP. SINGLE ROOM W/BATH TOTAL=72 MAN B-SLEEPERS NAT. 4EA ROOM 128 MAN TOTAL =512 MAN C-DINING NAT. 50'Xl20' D-KITCHEN E-DINING EXPAT. F-COLD/DRY STORAGE B G-MEDIC EXPAT. AND NATIONAL M-RECREAT NAT. N-RECREAT EXPAT. B P-LAUNDRY EXPAT. AND NATIONAL J-SEWER PLANT K-WATER PLANT T-GENERATOR S-SITE OFFICE M AREA=1 60X70=1 1 ,200M2 =1.1 HECTARES (2.72 ACRES) PARKING AREA LENGTH =1 60M (525") N P G A A C D E F mI T T = T K B WIDTH = 70M 230' BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) PROPOSED PLOT PLAN FOR w Dames & Moore 120 MAN CAPACITY(OR LESS) CAMP SITE TYPICAL FIGURE 3.3 f - l - - - -- - - - -| - dW 0 40 0 lOIEI(S 4ft.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~4 IBolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Legend l (Bolivian Portionl) jLocation of Camp I Sites - Major Roads Rivers Spread 1 & 2 Railroad - Gas Pipeline ll - Study Area Major Towns Figure 3.4 Rnnori~ oogGhn ap f h Gonbi IIUTYIlDjGt 1:5,*0 Camp Sites _ ~ LAVE &1O R A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t AE OR PIPE STORAGE AREA BER?S TYPICAL FOR ALL STORAGE AREAS 7 m GM,_n 30 i --- 6 -m, 6m O GUARD 7 HOUSE PIPE ED CF PIPE -TORA6E PIPE STORAGE PIPE STORAGE SECURED AREA AREA AREA AE CDNTRACTORS TEMPORARY OFFICE -I O PIPE STORAGE PIPE STORAG AREA AREA LATERITE SURFACED OD r PLAN 3ERMS CDNSTRUCTED OF CLEAN.RS CONSTRUCTED !N ACCORDANCE ROCK FREE DIRT 6, 6.0 5. 5 54. 5, 1 5. On4. 5 0 6.0, / _ .~~~~~~~~~~~~IO .LTE :RAINAGE TC BE INSTALLEC -ULVERTS IC BE -0G THAT PPLOOLS pnF UATER ARE NOT TPAPPED OR FrRMED :N4 STORAGE <,pRO BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) _ w Dames & Moore TYPICAL STORAGE YARD LAYOUT ___Dames__ FIGURE 3.5 -R W - -- - i- - - - - - l ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ SAUJNDE LI | OWO. o 40 80 MILE(S) Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline N Legend (Bolivian Portion) Location of Storage Areas - - Major Roads - Rivers Spread I & 2 Railroad Gas Pipeline - Study Area c Major Towns Figure 3.6 U Storage Areas NV| DAMES & MOORE L R f renc8:T r gr, . I ,:It| - -I 06. .4( . _ *~~~~Q w 0 w 3_______________ _ D 30 m eter N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~96 feet Ditch Water to be M > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pumped into Hay Bale m Apron orVegetatoion Do not allow silt - | | | l l l | | | | mss Seclbn I b laden water to run|off m vegetative 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MatfTopsoi z O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . _ 65 ihCutr egt erce _TedS-I. Installed Pipe Cross Section Sectithrough Right of way 1IV 10' 18, 14' 24' 4- 7' 6OTop 2 10 Truck Truck Space Sldebroom 583 Counter ~ Pipe Vork 4 Sub-SoN Spae toePass Weighpe poil Pile Space to Pass ~~~~~to Pass Allows WeightDichWlt By Pass Inldn rcst asRetracted 9a 3Skid Welding Ditching - including Tractor/Trailer Working Tractor's -cM0& Machine Tractorl wfPipe ~~~~~Counter Counter - Ctig Ditch Trailer Wegt egt E-2Width W/pilpe Wegt Wih oa Back Hoe 9- Extended Extended ETdg: of Ditch to 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~96.5' with Counter Weights RetractedofS21M S ~~~~~~~~~F Z 103,25' wlth Counter Weights Extended FZ J L .ro ro en on ee ee m I m~~ CHAPTER 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1 AREA OF INFLUENCE ................................ 4 -1 4.2 LIFE ZONES .................................. 4-1 4.2.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub ........................... 4 - 2 4.2.2 Temperate Dry Forest ............................. 4 - 2 4.2.3 Temperate Humid Forest ........................... 4 - 3 4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT . . ........................... 4 - 3 4.3.1 Climate ....................................... 4 - 3 4.3.2 Hydrology ..................................... 4 - 4 4.3.3 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils .................... 4 - 7 4.3.4 Land Use Capacity and Current Land Use ...... .......... 4 - 16 4.3.5 Planned Land Use ................................ 4 - 20 4.3.6 Noise ........................................ 4 - 22 4.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ........... ............... 4 - 22 4.4.1 Vegetation ................................... 4 - 22 4.4.1.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub ....... .............. 4 - 23 4.4.1.2 Temperate Dry Forest ........ ............... 4 - 25 4.4.1.3 Temperate Humid Forest ....... .............. 4 - 29 4.4.2 Fauna ............................. 4 - 29 4.4.2.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub ...................... 4 - 30 4.4.2.2 Temperate Dry Forest ....................... 4 - 31 4.4.2.3 Temperate Humid Forest ..................... 4 - 34 4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ........................ 4 - 34 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - i DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO, DESCRIPTION 4.1 HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR RIVERINE SYSTEMS IN THE STUDY AREA. 4.2 LIST OF ENDEMIC, ENDANGERED, AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANT AND ANIAL SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO, DESCRIPTION 4.1 AREA OF INFLUENCE 4.2 CLIMATE 4.3 BASINS 4.4 PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES 4.5 GEOLOGY 4.6 CROSS-SECTION RIO GRANDE 4.7 CROSS-SECTION RIO PARAPETI 4.8 STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS-SECTION IN SANTA CRUZ 4.9 STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS-SECTION IN ROBORE 4.10 STRUCTURAL CROSS-SECTION LLANURA 4.11 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SOILS 4.12 SEISMICITY 4.13 LAND USE CAPACITY 4.14 PLANNED LAND USE 4.15 VEGETATION 4.16a-d PHYTOTOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES 4.17 FORESTRY POTENTIAL 4.18 SENSITIVITY Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599.007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - iii DAMES & MOORE 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDMONS 4.1 AREA OF INFLUENCE The economic effects caused by the additional income for gas sales to Brazil will likely reach the national level in Bolivia. For this study, the area of influence, or study area of the project was defined as the area included within imaginary lines located 10 km to the north of Santa Cruz to Puerto Sudrez railroad and 10 km to the south of the proposed pipeline alignment (Figure 4.1). The study area incorporates both the proposed pipeline route and the main route alternative considered for the project, parallel to the railroad. The railroad corridor will also provide the main route for the transport of supplies for the project and is thus considered part of the project area. The study area is largely unpopulated and physiographically homogeneous, dominated by an almost flat topography. The Sierras Chiquitanas enter into the northern and eastern portions of the study area. Much of the study area is dominated by undisturbed vegetation, mainly dry forests and herbaceous and shrubby floodplains. The Gran Chaco National Park is located in the west- central portion of the study area and was instituted to protect the dry forest ecosystem of the Chaco. Land uses are restricted to relatively small areas of agricultural production, most of which are concentrated in the western portion of the study area. A description of the physical and ecological conditions encountered along the pipeline route and within the study area is provided in the following sections. A discussion of cultural and socioeconomic conditions related to the project is included in Chapter 5 of this report. 4.2 LIFE ZONES In Latin America, the Holdridge system of ecological classification is widely used to provide a description of the overall environmental conditions in an affected area based on "life zones". These "life zones" are areas characterized by specific combinations of temperature, annual precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. Conceptually, equivalent combinations of these parameters result in similar ecological areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 1 DAMES & MOORE Three life zones occur within the study area: Temperate Thorny Scrub, Temperate Dry Forest, and Temperate Humid Forest (Figure 4.1). These life zones are described in detail in the following sections. 4.2.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub This life zone is located in the dry region of the Chaco between the Rio Grande and the Baniados de Izozog in the southwestern portion of the study area. It includes sedimentary plains at an average elevation of 300 meters above sea level (masl), with average annual precipitation from 450 to 550 mm and biotemperatures between 120 and 24°C. This area experiences frosts and low temperatures during the winter months. The highest temperatures occur from October to January. Physiographically, this area consists of a broad flat plain which slopes steeply in areas ranging from 180 to 350 masl. Sand dunes occur at relatively regular intervals and the soils have a very low capacity for water retention. 4.2.2 Temperate Dry Forest Most of the study area is within the Temperate Dry Forest life zone. The portion of the pipeline project falling within this life zone occurs approximately between Isla Verde and El Carmen. The Temperate Dry Forest in this area is characterized by a subtropical bioclimate with low temperatures and occasional frosts during the coldest part of the year. The biotemperatures range from 120 to 24°C. The dry season lasts July through November with August to October being the driest months. However, rainfall is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. Geomorphologically, the area consists of plains underlaid by sediments of alluvial origin with the exception of areas in the north and the east which include mountainous terrain with altitudes ranging from 400 to 700 masl. The soils in this area are sandy and very permeable. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 2 DAMES & MOORE 4.2.3 Temperate Humid Forest This life zone includes the northeast portion of the study area east of Robore. It is characterized by a humid, warm bioclimate with an average temperature of 23.5°C and annual precipitation ranging from 900 to 1150 mm. The predominant land forms in the area are plains underlaid by alluvial sediments and undulating or rolling plateaus and mountainous basal complexes associated with the Brazilian shield. The s6il characteristics vary depending on physiographic location. They range from very low to high permeability soils and from moderate to very deep soils. 4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The main characteristics of the physical environment within the study area are described in this section. For the description, the physical environment has been divided into climate and air quality; geology, geomorphology, and soils, including land uses; and water resources. . 4.3.1 Climate The entire area of influence of the project is within the Steppe Climate zone according to the Koppen classification system (Montes de Oca 1989). In general, this climate is characterized by warm dry winters, with mean temperatures over 23°C. However, southern cold fronts with temperatures dropping to 2°C occur in the winter. In the study area, average annual temperature shows a very slight increase from west to east, ranging from 24 to 26°C throughout the study area. The distribution of average rainfall follows a similar pattern, varying from about 700 mm/yr in the southwestern portion of the study area to more than 1000 mm/yr in the east (Figure 4.2). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental lmpact Study 4D September 1, 1996 4 - 3 DAMES & MOORE 4.3.2 Hydrology Baseline hydrologic conditions for the study area have been established from document research and field reconnaissance. The information presented in this section has been compiled from the following sources: * IGM-based topographic mapping (scale 1:250,000) * Gas Pipeline to Brazil EIS (CUMAT 1990) * Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project Field Trip Report - Aug. 5-25, 1995 (Beasley et al.) * 1996 Report for Bolivia Logistics Requirement and December 1995 Trip (YPFB, Petrobras, Enron, BTB) The study area lies on the drainage divide between the Amazon basin to the north and the Paraguay basin to the south. The proposed pipeline route lies within the Llanura Chaquefia, which is generally very flat with very little relief, except where the plain is cut by occasional small streams and creeks. Significant rivers which cut the Llanura Chaquefia include the Rio Grande and the Rio Parapeti, which drain the western portion of the region and flow northward to the Amazon Basin; the southward flowing Rio San Miguel, which drains the central portion of the region; and the eastward flowing Rios San Rafael/Aguas Calientes, Tucavaca, and Otuquis, which drain the Sierras Chiquitanas in the eastern portion of the region, draining south and east to the Rio Paraguay. Rivers, streams, and creeks in the Llanura Chaquenia generally lack well-defined channels, and are often characterized by broad meandering floodplains, frequent bank erosion and channel shifts during periods of high flows. Large areas of the Llanura Chaquefia are subject to periodic flooding. The proposed pipeline route includes four main river systems: the Rio Grande, the Rio Parapeti, the Rio San Miguel, and the Rio Otuquis (Figure 4.3). The proposed route also traverses three large wetland regions: 1) the Bafiados de Izozog, associated with the Rio Parapeti; 2) the Bafiados de Otuquis, associated with the Rio Otuquis; and 3) the Cafi6n de la Victoria, an intermittent connection between two distinct wetland systems, the Baniados de Otuquis in Bolivia and the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 4 DAMES & MOORE Pantanal system in Brazil. The hydrologic character of each of these features is discussed below, in order from west to east along the proposed route. Rio Grande. The Rio Grande flows north-northeast within the Amazon watershed. At the crossing, the floodway of the Rio Grande varies seasonably from 800 to 1500 m. The river bed itself is relatively shallow, 1.0 to 1.5 m deep, and may have one or more water courses measuring 20 to 30 m in width. The river meanders significantly and is known to shift its bed alignment with some frequency within the floodplain, with no evidence of significant scour in the channel bed. Average monthly flow measurements from the nearest gaging station, located 122 km upstream of the proposed crossing, ranged from 42.5 cms (cubic meters per second) in September to 11061.1 cms in February (CUMAT 1990). Flow is typically shallow, rapid and smooth, although wind effects may cause surface turbulence. As indicated in Table 4-1, significant sediment transport has been observed in the Rio Grande. Current uses in the study area are limited to irrigation. Rio Parapeti. The Rio Parapeti flows north-northeast within the Amazon watershed, disappearing into the excessively drained sands north of the Baniados de Izozog, and reappearing sporadically a few kilometers to the north. The proposed pipeline will intersect this system between pipeline kilometer post (KP) 99+00 and 195+00. In the area where the right-of-way crosses the Baniados de Izozog, the Rio Parapeti floodplain encompasses roughly 30 kilometers of the Bafiados de Izozog with its main watercourse roughly 20 meters wide and 1 to 3 meters deep. This section of the Parapeti is relatively unimpacted, although upstream sections have been channelized and diked for irrigation. Downstream of the crossing, the Parapeti passes through excessively drained soils, in which it disappears intermittently. The Baniados de Izozog, encompassing approximately 6,330 km2, lies to the east of the Parapeti at this location. The plains are inundated for most of the year, with the driest conditions occurring in August through October. Average monthly flow measurements for the Parapeti have been estimated for the gaging station at San Antonio, located 285 km upstream of the proposed crossing (CUMAT 1990). Values range Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 5 DAMES & MOORE from 12.2 cms in September to 157 cms in February. Flows in the channel are typically shallow, rapid and smooth. There is no evidence of erosion problems within the study area. Rio San Miguel. The Rio San Miguel flows southward within the Rio de la Plata watershed, originating in the Cantaros Mountains. The system follows a well defined course through the Chaco plains, but becomes wide and shallow in the vicinity of the crossing near Fortin Suarez Arana. The proposed pipeline will affect this system between KP 294+00 and KP 298+00. The contributing drainage area to this point is approximately 1,978 kmn. At the crossing, the floodway of the Rio San Miguel is approximately 150 meters wide. The river bed itself is characteristically 10 meters wide and only 0.5 to 1.0 meters deep. The river is rather pristine in this region. However, extensive cattle ranching land uses occur in this area. Average monthly flow measurements from the nearest gaging station, located 35 km downstream of the proposed crossing, range from 0.43 cms in July to 2.76 cms in March (CUMAT 1990). Typical flows are smooth, slow, and very shallow. Channel erosion is not evident; however, wind erosion of the adjacent dunes has been identified as an item of concern. Rio Otuquis. The Rio Otuquis flows eastward and southward, formed from the combined flows of the Rios Tucavaca and Aguas Calientes and terminating in the Bafiados de Otuquis, which drains eventually to the Paraguay River. The proposed pipeline will affect this system between KP 423+00 and KP 427+00. The contributing drainage area to this point is approximately 14,700 km2. To the north and south of the crossing, there are lowlands which experience flooding during very wet years. The river bed is well defined in this region, with sloped banks, a typical top width of 25 meters, and a typical flow depth of approximately two meters. This system has not been impacted and has no defined uses in the right-of-way. The river course is stable but is known to flood during wet years. Average monthly flow measurements for the Rio Otuquis, estimated at the confluence of the Rios Aguas Calientes and Tucavaca, 10 kilometers upstream of the proposed crossing, range from 1.55 cms in September to 33.9 cms in March (CUMAT 1990). Flow is rapid and smooth with some meander, causing moderate erosion of the side banks. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 6 DAMES & MOORE Rio Aguas Calientes. Although not directly within the proposed right-of-way of the pipeline, the * Rio Aguas Calientes is included in the baseline hydrologic description because of the proximity of this nearly pristine system to the proposed pipeline corridor, requiring consideration of impacts related to the construction and operation of the pipeline. The Rio Aguas Calientes, fed by hot springs to the north is located just 1-2 km north of the proposed alignment, between KP 395 +00 and KP 400+00. The Rio Aguas Calientes flows eastward, joining with the Rio Tucavaca and flowing southward into the Rio Otuquis. Documented average annual monthly flows range from 1.11 cms in October to 13.77 cms in March (CUMAT 1990). The system has not been significantly impacted by man. Canion de la Victoria. The Cafino de la Victoria is the last hydrologic feature to be encountered by the pipeline alignment in the vicinity of stations 525+00 to 530+00. The Cafi6n de la Victoria represents a sensitive and unique connection between two very different hydrologic and biologic systems, the Baflados de Otuquis of Bolivia and the Pantanal of Brazil. The hydrologic connection between these two systems is intermittent, with the direction of * exchange dependent upon the relative water elevations driving each system. The hydrologic connection at Cano6n de la Victoria is essentially unimpacted within the study area, with the exception of the railroad right-of-way and an adjacent transportation corridor which are located south of its narrowest point. In order to minimize further impacts to this unique hydrologic feature, the proposed pipeline alignment will run south of the existing corridor of the railroad. 4.3.3 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils Physiographic Setting. Bolivia is divided on the basis of geologic and geomorphic characteristics into seven physiographic provinces (Pareja et al. 1978; Clapperton 1993) which form a series of subparallel, north-south to northwest-southeast trending belts. From west to east, these include the following physiographic provinces (Figure 4.4): Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 7 DAMES & MOORE * Cordillera Occidental (Western Cordillera); * Altiplano (High Plateau): * Faja Subandina (Andean Foothills Ranges); * Llanura (Plains); * Sierras Chiquitanas (Chiquitana Ranges); and, * Escudo Brasilero (Brazilian Shield). The proposed pipeline route lies entirely within the Llanura physiographic province. This region consists of a broad flat plain of very low relief, varying in width from about 200 to 700 kIn, which extends from the Sub Andean foothills on the west to the Bolivian/Brazilian border on the east. The Llanura is underlaid by a nearly continuous blanket of quaternary alluvial, lacustrine, eolian and colluvial deposits, consisting of clay, silt, sand, and gravels (Pareja et al. 1978). These materials are underlaid at depth by complexly folded and faulted bedrock of Paleozoic to Tertiary age, similar to units which are exposed in the Faja Subandina and the Cordillera Occidental, as well as to some units which are exposed in the Sierras Chiquitanas and the Brazilian Shield. (Figure 4.5). The most significant surface features in the project area are several broad depressions known as banlados (flood-prone areas). These are broad, low-lying areas with internal drainage systems which fluctuate greatly in extent depending on the variations in annual precipitation. They include Bafnados de Izozog, in the western portion of the area, into which the Rio Parapeti flows, and which drains intermittently to the north; Baniados de Otuquis or Tucavaca in the east, which lie along the western banks of the Rio Paraguay; and several similar systems to the south of the study area which are fed by the Rio San Miguel and several smaller southward flowing streams in the central portion of the study area. The generally flat topographic surface of the Llanura Chaquefna is also broken in a few places by the appearance of narrow and elongated, east-west to northeast-southwest trending bedrock ranges, such as the Sierras Chiquitanas and a series of unnamed hills in the central portion of the study area. These consist of folded and faulted bedrock of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary ages. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirommental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 8 DAMEF & MOORE Geologic Setting. The Llanura physiographic province is a broad, northwest-southeast trending trough which is bounded on the northeast and southwest by relatively elevated portions of the Brazilian Shield and the Faja Subandina, respectively. The surface of the Llanura is characterized by a nearly complete cover of quaternary aged sediments. These consist of varying thicknesses of generally fine grained sediments (clay, silt, and fine sand with lesser amounts of medium to coarse sand and gravel), which were deposited by alluvial, fluvio-lacustrine, coluvial and eolian processes. These may contain significant amounts of organic material in some areas. Also present are a few salt deposits of minor extent in the southern portion of the study area, as well as thin layers of volcanic ash in some areas (Pareja et al. 1978). These materials have not been studied or described in detail. Available information indicates that the quaternary surficial deposits of the Llanura Chaquenia generally range in thickness from a few meters to as much as 25-35 meters (Villanueva 1996). The thickness of unconsolidated materials can be expected to be greatest near major river and stream channels. Geotechnical Studies of River Crossings. Information concerning the depths and characteristics * of soils in the channels of the Rio Grande and Rio Parapeti at the proposed gas pipeline crossing points was obtained from geotechnical studies provided by YPFB (Sadad, undated a and b; YPFB 1994). Rio Grande Crossing. Based on data in Sadad (undated, a) and YPFB (1994), a geologic/geotechnical cross section of the river channel was constructed (Figure 4.6). The subsurface materials present in the river channel consist of interlayered brown, reddish brown, gray, yellowish, whitish and orange clay, silt, and sand with minor amounts of fine gravel from the surface to depths of about 35-40 meters. Beds vary in thickness from less than one meter to a maximum of about 6.6 meters. Secondary calcium carbonate cementation was noted in some places. Bedrock of possible Tertiary age may be present below a depth of about 35-40 meters, consisting of interbedded reddish to whitish, brown and gray sandstone and claystone, containing some fine gravel-sized fragments of chert, quartzite and granite. Secondary Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 9 DAMES & MOORE calcium carbonate cementation and concretions of gypsum were noted in this material in some places. Rio Parapeti Crossing. Based on the reports cited above, the subsurface materials present in the river channel consist of interlayered yellowish, yellowish brown, brown, greenish brown and gray silty clay, silty sand, clayey sand, sandy and clayey silt, from the surface to the total depths drilled of about 10-10.5 meters (Figure 4.7). Beds vary in thickness from less than one meter to a maxinum of about 3.8 m. These materials demonstrate extreme hardness in some cases, possibly due to the presence of secondary calcium carbonate cementation. The ages of the sedimentary units encountered in the area of the proposed Rio Parapeti pipeline crossing are not established on the basis of the drilling and sampling performed. However, bedrock of possible Tertiary age may be present at depths of about 5-10 meters at some locations. Bedrock Units. Available information indicates that the stratigraphic column in the study area includes bedrock units ranging in age from Precambrian to Tertiary (Pareja et al. 1978; YPFB, undated; Figures 4.8, 4.9, and 4.10). The stratigraphy of Precambrian to Tertiary aged bedrock units in the study area is briefly summarized in the following sections. Precambrian. Bedrock of Precambrian age is exposed over a broad area in the Brazilian Shield physiographic province, to the north and east of the study area. Outcrops of Precambrian aged rocks are also described in the southern portion of the Cordillera Oriental, and deep exploratory drillholes have penetrated rocks of Precambrian age in the Altiplano (Pareja et al. 1978). Cambrian. Cambrian aged rocks in the study area are exposed primarily in the Sierras Chiquitanas along the southwestern edge of the Brazilian Shield, to the north of the proposed pipeline route, where they form a prominent east/southeast-west/northwest trending range. Smaller, isolated outliers of Cambrian aged rock are also present in the Yacuses-Mutun-Puerto Suarez area in the eastern portion of the study area. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 10 DAMES & MOORE Ordovician. Intensely folded and faulted rocks of Ordovician age are extensively exposed over large areas of the Cordillera Oriental, Altiplano, and Faja Subandina physiographic provinces in the elevated highland areas to the west of the study area. Within the study area; however, exposed Ordovician aged bedrock units are limited to a narrow east- southeast/west-northwest trending belt on the northern side of the Sierra de Santiago, a few miles north of Robore. Silurian. Silurian aged rocks are exposed similarly to rocks of Ordovician age mentioned above in intensely folded and faulted belts extending over large areas of the Cordillera Oriental, Altiplano, and Faja Subandina physiographic provinces in the elevated highland areas to the west of the study area. Bedrock of Silurian age, consisting of dark gray shale of the Kurusillas Formation, has also been encountered at depth in drilling for petroleum exploration purposes beneath the central portion of the Llanura Chaquefia (Pareja 1978; YPFB, undated). Within the study area, exposed rocks of Silurian age are limited to a narrow belt of rose colored sandstonTes which outcrop in a narrow east-southeast/west-northwest trending belt in the area of San Jose de Chiquitos-Quimone. Devonian. Folded and faulted rocks of Ordovician age are extensively exposed over large areas of the Cordillera Oriental, and to a lesser extent in the Altiplano and Faja Subandina physiographic provinces. Devonian aged bedrock units which are exposed in the Cordillera Oriental and the Faja Subandina have also been recognized in petroleum exploration boreholes in the western portion of the study area. Within the study area, surface exposures of Devonian aged bedrock units are limited to an east-southeast/west-northwest trending belt which makes up the southern side of the Sierra de Santiago in the Robore-Santiago area, and a series of isolated outliers extending further to the southeast in the area of El Carmen. Some additional outliers of Devonian rocks are present in the south central part of the study region, in the area southeast of Tucavaca. Bedrock of these units has also been encountered at depth in exploratory drilling for petroleum beneath the eastern portion of the study area (YPFB, undated). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 11 DAMES & MOORE Carboniferous. Bedrock units of the Carboniferous system are widespread in the subsurface within the Llanura Chaquehla (Pareja 1978; YPFB, undated). Similar bedrock units are also widespread in the Faja Subandina, Cordillera Oriental and Altiplano to the west of the study area. These units are distributed broadly over the Llanura Chaquenia in the subsurface, but are generally not exposed at the surface. Only limited surface exposures of these materials are present, mainly in isolated hills in the south central portion of the study region, and in the area surrounding the Salinas de Santiago. Cretaceous. Bedrock units of the Cretaceous system are exposed in a broad area of the Sierras Chiquitanas, lying to the northwest of Robore, as well as in the area to the south of Tucavaca in the south central portion of the study region. Cretaceous rocks are also widespread in the subsurface within the Llanura Chaquenia, as has been demonstrated by numerous exploratory boreholes and seismic studies (Pareja 1978; YPFB, undated). The lower contact of the Cretaceous rocks of the study region with the underlying older rocks is generally considered to be discordant and transgressive. Bedrock of Cretaceous age in the Llanura Chaquefia consists primarily of sandstones of the El Port6n Formation, which discordantly overlie the Devonian aged Limoncito Formation in the Sierras 0 Chiquitanas and is interbedded with conglomerates of the Tertiary aged Tobite Formation (see below). Tertiary. In the study area, the transition from Cretaceous to Tertiary units is generally gradual. Tertiary rocks are widespread in the study area, and represent a widespread episode of primarily continental deposition. Structural Geology. Little detailed information is available concerning the structural geology of bedrock units underlying the Llanura Chaquefia in the study area. YPFB (undated) indicate the presence of structures similar to the north-south trending folds and faults of the Faja Subandina and the Cordillera Oriental in rocks of Silurian and Devonian age lying beneath the undisturbed cover of Quaternary sediments. YPFB (undated) also referred to the presence of a series of broad arches, including the Izozog and Pilcomayo arches, which were active since the Silurian and achieved their greatest periods of uplift during the Cretaceous and Tertiary (Figure 4.10). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 12 DAMES & MOORE These features are not expressed in the Quaternary sedimentary cover which blankets the older rocks in the study area. A few folds and thrust faults with northwest-southeast and eastwest trends are exposed in the Ordovician to Cretaceous aged bedrock units of the Sierras Chiquitanas in the area north of Robore. A series of northeast trending folds and thrust faults are exposed in the Cambrian and Ordovician aged strata in the Mutdn district in the eastern portion of the study area. A series of normal faults with northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast and roughly eastwest trends are mapped in the area of Quaternary sediments southeast of Robore, and cutting the Cretaceous rocks in the area south of Tucavaca. These faults are inferred on the basis of seismic studies, and are not visible at the surface (Villanueva 1996). Geomorphology. Published geomorphic and geologic studies indicate that the Pantanal, the region of low lying wetlands and rivers which occupies the northern portion of the Rio Paraguay drainage basin, is a tectonic trough which has subsided throughout the Quatemary along deep seated faults in the underlying Precambrian basement (Clapperton 1993). The available information appears to indicate that the Baniados de Izozog have been formed by a similar mechanism. As discussed above, exploratory drilling and geophysical studies have demonstrated the presence of deep seated faults in the Precambrian basement underlying the Llanura Chaquefia. These features appear to parallel those responsible for the formation of the Pantanal to the east, and may have had a similar history of development. The Sierras Chiquitanas in the east central portion of the study area appear to represent a relatively uplifted block relative to the subsiding Pantanal to the east and the Banados de Izozog to the west. The boundary of the Pantanal is fairly well defined in the northern and western portions of the Rio Paraguay drainage basin, where it is marked by a fairly prominent fault line escarpment, the Serra de Sao Jeronimo. Elsewhere; however, the boundaries of the subsiding basins are indistinct. Surficial materials in the western portion of the study area are apparently derived from a series of coalescing alluvial fans which have spread outward from the Faja Subandina in Quaternary time. In the eastern portion of the study area a similar pattern exists, where alluvial fans derived from the Sierras Chiquitanas merge with similar fans derived from the area of the Brazilian Shield further to the east. The presence of meandering river systems throughout the region through most Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 13 DAMES & MOORE of Quaternary time is demonstrated by sedimentation and deposition patterns which are clearly visible on aerial photographs, and which were observed during aerial reconnaissance of the study area. Recent subsidence is well documented in the area of the Pantanal by the presence of more than 300 meters of Quaternary sediments in the basin, of which more than 200 meters lie below the present sea level (Tricart 1982, in Clapperton 1993). The maintenance of gentle surface slopes within the region, despite the large volumes of sediment being deposited, is believed to result from the constant rate of subsidence (Clapperton 1993). Soils. Soils present in the study area are classified into four major groups as follows (Figure 4.11): * Alluvial and eolian plains soils, which occur mainly in the western third of the project area, and include soils developed on ancient to recent alluvial deposits, eolian deposits and marshy areas (banlados). Soil types present in this group include mainly fine grained materials (clays and silts), with occasional medium to coarse grained materials (sands and gravels), especially on or near modern floodplains. Organic content of most of these soils is relatively low, and in some areas they may contain elevated levels of salts or alkaline deposits. Soil fertility ranges from poor to good. * Soils developed directly on exposed sedimentary bedrock units of Cretaceous to Carboniferous age, which occur mainly in the central portion of the study area. These soils may include materials ranging from fme to coarse grained, depending on the nature of the underlying parent material. On and near the floodplains of the Rios Parapeti, San Miguel, and San Rafael these soils may be overlain by a layer of recent alluvial deposits. They may contain saline deposits in some areas, especially in the Rio Parapeti/Baniados de Izozog area. Fertility of these soil units is generally poor. * Mountain soils, present mainly in the area of the Sierras Chiquitanas and in isolated hilly areas, most of which are concentrated in the eastern portion of the study area. These soils Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 14 DAMES & MOORE are generally shallow sandy soils that occur in areas of inclined strata and relatively steep slopes, and are generally characterized by low fertility. * Soils developed on crystalline Precambrian aged rocks of the Escudo Chiquitano (exposed Precambrian basement rocks along the Bolivian/Brazilian border). These units are present only in a limited area in the eastermmost portion of the project area, immediately north and west of Puerto Suarez. They occur on steep slopes, hilltops and valleys and vary in depth according to topography. Fertility of these soil units is generally characterized as low, and in some areas they contain elevated concentrations of aluminum and alkali salts, which may be toxic in some cases. Regional Seismicity. Dames & Moore requested a chronological search of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center's Earthquake Data File for the study area (Figure 4.12). The coordinates for the search area were 120 - 220 south latitude; 520 - 680 west longitude. As shown by the epicentral map (Figure 4.12), the western portion of the study area is characterized by an elevated level of historical seismicity, while the eastern portion has been relatively less active. The data indicate a high level of ongoing seismic activity in the Faja Subandina and the Cordillera Occidental, decreasing dramatically in the area of the Llanura Chaquenia. The area of the Brazilian Shield to the east has been characterized by a very low level of seismic activity during the period of record. Reportedly, the seismic record for the Llanura Chaquenia indicates the presence of earthquake focal sources which are very deep (> 250 Iam) (Whiteside 1996). No near surface seismic activity is reported for the region. Review of the available information relative to historical earthquake intensities in the study area (Ceresis 1983) indicates that the maximum intensities experienced in the study area during the period of historical record have been as follows (Figure 4.12): * In the western portion of the study area (west of about 620 West Longitude), the maximum historical intensities range from V to VI on the Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental linpact Stuay September 1, 1996 4 - 15 DAMES & MOORE * In the eastern portion of the study area (east of about 620 West Longitude), the maximum historical intensities have been less than V (MM). 4.3.4 Land Use Capacity and Current Land Use Land use capacity is determined by physical characteristics such as slope, soil conditions, precipitation, and hydrology. Within the study area, low precipitation and relatively poor soils limit the capacity of the land to sustain intensive cattle ranching or agricultural activities. The Land Use Capacity Map developed by Regional Development Corporation of Santa Cruz (Corporaci6n Regional de Desarrollo de Santa Cruz, Cordecruz) utilizes a land use capacity classification with eight categories (Cordecruz-KFW 1995), in which Class I represents lands that can sustain intensive agricultural uses and Class VIII groups lands that because of extreme limitations are not able to sustain active uses and are thus left for protection. Based on the Cordecruz map, the following land use capacity categories are found in the study area (Figure 4.13): * Class I1. Includes areas that can be used for agricultural and livestock production, but present slight limitations such as the need for irrigation. This land use capacity category occupies only a small portion of the study area and is limited to small areas between the Rio Grande and Rio Parapeti. * Class III. Areas that may be utilized for agriculture or livestock but that face severe drainage limitations and require the application of intensive technologies to sustain the activity. This land use capacity class occurs over most of the western half of the study area. The main limitation in this area is the lack of water. * Class IV. Areas that may be utilized for agricultural and livestock uses but face severe drainage, erosion and fertility limitations. Class IV is represented by disjunct areas mairly on the southern portion of the study area, along the proposed pipeline alignment. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Inpact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 16 DAMES & MOORE * Class V. Areas useable for cattle ranching and permanent crops with drainage limitations. These areas occur along the southwestern portion of the study area, and dominate the central portion of the study area. * Class VI. Areas useable for cattle ranching and permanent crops, with erosion or erosion/fertility limitations. This class covers much of the area between San Jos6 de Chiquitos and Naranjos. * Class VII. Areas that may sustain cattle ranching and permanent crops but face severe very severe in drainage, erosion, and/or fertility. This class occurs west of San Jose de Chiquitos. Information concerning current land cover and land use in the study area was obtained primarily from review of the "Mapa de Cobertura y Uso Actual del Suelo, Bolivia" (Map of Coverage and Current Soil Usage, Bolivia; GEOBOL, 1978). In general, current land uses respond to the land capacity classes found in the study area. A total of 12 Land Cover/Land Use Types are indicated to be present in the study area, most of which represent undisturbed areas, as follows: Lowland Forests (Bosques en Tierras Bajas) Deciduous Forest (Bosque Deciduo). This is the most prevalent land use type within the study area. In the western portion of the study area, this land cover type is present on the west bank of the Rio Grande, and also covers most of the area between the Rio Grande and the Rio Parapeti. It includes much of the area of the Bafiados de Izozog. In the central and eastern portions of the study area, the Deciduous Forest is also widespread, but is more intermixed with other land use types, principally. Areas characterized as Deciduous Forest have not been developed for pasture or other types of agriculture. The lack of surface water and the presence of a very deep water table, which limit the potential for the development of irrigation systems, and poor quality of soils appear to be the primary factors limniting the development of this land use type for stock grazing or other types of agriculture. This land cover type has been developed only to a little extent by the logging Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599 007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 17 DAMES & MOORE industry, apparently due also to the lack of moisture, which limits the development of commercially valuable timber resources. Lowland Pasture and/or Shrubland (Pastos y/o Arbustos en Tierras Bajas) * Dry Pasture and/or Shrubland (Pastos y/o Arbustos en Ambiente Seco). This is the second most prevalent land use type within the study area, especially in its central portion. The distribution of dry pasture and/or shrubland appears to be dependent on subtle variations in topography, as well as variability in soil types, availability of surface water and depth to groundwater. The use of this land appears to be restricted to low density grazing, possibly on a seasonal basis depending on rainfall. * Humid Pasture and/or Shrubland (Pastos y/o Arbustos en Ambiente Humedo). This land cover type occurs only in the area of the Baniados de Otuquis or Tucavaca in the eastern portion of the study area. The deltas of the Rios Otuquis and Tucavaca and their smalfer tributaries have formed a well watered lowland region of fertile soil on the west bank of the Rio Paraguay. This land may support grazing on a year round basis, and may also support some forms of irrigated agriculture. * Temporarily Humid Pasture and/or Shrubland (Pastos y/o Arbustos en Ambiente Temporalmente Humedo). This land use type occurs in limited areas in the central portion of the study area, including the foothills of the Sierras Chiquitanas and portions of the headwaters of the Rio San Miguel. The use of this land may vary depending on annual and/or seasonal variations in precipitation. Primary land use appears to be for grazing, with possibly some other forms of agricultural production on a limited basis. Humid and/or Flooded Lands (Tierras Humedas y/o Anegadas) * Humid and/or Permanently Flooded Lands (Tierras Humedas y/o Anegadas Permanentes). Within the study area the distribution of this land cover type is restricted to portions of the floodplain of the Rio Parapeti, in the western part of the study area, and the Rio Otuquis in the east. These areas are characterized by abundant surface water, as well as shallow Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Inpact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 18 DAMES & MOORE groundwater, and can support fairly extensive agricultural development. The principal crop produced in these areas is rice. Also reported is some production of cotton, soya, sugar cane and fruits, as well as some livestock grazing. Intermediate Elevation Forests (Bosques en Tierras Intermedias) * Deciduous Forest (Bosque Deciduo). This land use type occurs only in the westernmost portion of the study area, in the Andean Foothills to the west and southwest of Santa Cruz, primarily to the west of the Rio Grande. The proposed pipeline route does not pass through any terrain classified within this land use type. Based on limited available information, the development potential of this land use type appears to be limited due to lack of moisture, steep topography and possibly poor quality of soils. Some development of timber resources may have occurred in some areas. Uncultivated Low Lying Land (Eriales en Tierras Bajas) * Salt Flats and Saline Lands (Salares y Tierras Salinas). These land use types occur only in very limited areas in the south central portion of the study area, in the area around the town of Fortin Ravelo. They appear to be small basins with internal drainage systems where salt deposits or highly saline soils have developed as a result of repeated cycles of inundation and evaporation. They do not support agricultural development, but may be used on a limited basis for mining of salt. * Sandy Deposits (Dep6sitos Arenosos). These land use types occur only in very limited areas in the southwest and south central portions of the study area, mainly on the floodplains of the Rio Grande, Rio Parapeti, and Rio San Miguel. They appear to result from frequent and/or recent erosion and inundation during high flows on the rivers, followed by deposition of sand and gravel. Due to the lack of vegetation, high permeability and poor quality of the soils in these areas, as well as the threat of periodic flooding, they do not support agricultural development or other activity. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report O Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 19 DAMES & MOORE Bodies of Water in Low Lying Areas (Cuerpos de Agua en Tierras Bajas) * Lakes (Lagunas). Small lakes are present on the Rio Parapeti, in the northern portion of the Bafiados de Izozog, and in the lower reaches of the delta of the Rio Otuquis, in the far eastern portion of the study area. These small water bodies may be used for potable water supplies, irrigation and stock watering, and may also support varied populations of fish, mammals, and waterfowl. Cultivated Lands (Tierras Cultivadas) * Varied Cultivation and Undifferentiated Cultivated Lands, Pasture and Shrubland (Cultivos Diferenciados y Cultivos, Pastos y Arbustos Indiferenciados). Areas of significant cultivation occur primarily in the westernmost portion of the study area, mainly to the west of the Rio Grande. Principal crops grown in this area include soybeans, sunflowers, barley, and corn. Cultural Features (Rasgos Culturales) * Cities and Towns (Ciudades y Pueblos). In general, the study area is characterized by a lack of urban areas. The city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra is located just west of the study area. Several towns are located along the railroad, such as San Jose de Chiquitos, Robor6, and Puerto Suarez, as well as some smaller settlements (see Chapter 5). 4.3.5 Planned Land Use Cordecruz, in association with the German Government developed the Land Use Plan (Plan de Uso de Suelo, PLUS) for the Department of Santa Cruz, which was published in 1995 (Cordecruz- KFW 1995). The plan was developed based on a GIS analysis and was intended to provide a planning document for the future development of the Department in a sustainable manner. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 20 DAMES & MOORE The PLUS proposed the following main uses within the study area (Figure 4.14): Protected Areas (RIN I through 7). They include the Gran Chaco National Park (RIN 1), which was instituted in 1995. The national park incorporates a buffer area (ANMI 1-3) where the managed use of resources is for the sustainable development of the local indigenous populations. The plan proposes the establishment of the Pantanal National Park (RIN 2), which is justified by the biogeographic value of the area as the connection between the two large ecosystems of the Pantanal and the Bafiados de Otuquis. RIN 6 is the proposed Biologioal Reserve Serranias de Santiago, Sunsas and the Tucavacas Valley. This area is recommended due to its biological resources and the scenery associated with the Serranfas Chiquitanas. Finally, RIN 7 is a proposed area for the protection of the road corridor to the Paraguay River. This area represents the connection between the ecosystems of the Cerrado in Brazil, the Pantanal and the Chaco. The PLUS report discusses the Parque Nacional Santa Cruz La Vieja and indicates the mapping label PH1; however, this map unit is not shown in the PLUS map. This small park is located just south of San Jose de Chiquitos and includes the area where the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra was originally founded. The access road to the pipeline right-of- way from San Jose de Chiquitos passes through this historical park. This area harbors historical resources and plant endemism. Extensive Cattle Ranching (GE AR, GE C 4). This planned use is assigned to much of the study area, including the central portion, east of the Gran Chaco National Park and the area between the national park and the Rio Grande. East of the park (GE C 4), it includes areas with limitations for intensive cattle ranching and agriculttural uses, but that may sustain extensive cattle ranching with little management. West of the park (GE AR), irrigation is possible, allowing for higher use intensity. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 21 DAMES & MOORE * Agricultural, Livestock and Agri-Forestry Uses (A 2, AI 3, AS 2, AS 3, AS P 3). Includes areas in which intensive agricultural activities are possible (Al 2), such as the alluvial plains east of the Rio Grande. Areas alongside the railroad between San Jose de Chiquitos and Naranjos, already under agricultural and livestock uses are slated for continued agricultural uses (AS 2, 3). * Intensive Cattle Ranching (GI 2). It includes large portions of the study area between Rio Otuquis and Puerto Suarez. Intensive uses are possible due to water availability, savannah vegetation, and existing access. * Preserved and Exploited Forests (B 3, B P 1). The PLUS proposes an area for sustainable forestry exploitation in the Rio Otuquis region (B 3), where low soil fertility limits its potential for other uses. It also proposes to preserve the forested system associated with the Rio Grande and Rio Tucavacas. 4.3.6 Noise The majority of the gas pipeline alignment in Bolivia extends through undeveloped and agricultural areas with minimal or no human activities. Consequently, the noise levels along the pipeline right- of-way are, in general, associated with the natural environment and correspond to low levels of noise. The proposed storage yards and the Yacuses compressor station are to be located within or in the vicinity of urban areas. The level of noise at these locations is associated with road traffic and the operation of the Santa Cruz-Corumba railroad system. The level of noise at these locations is considered in the low to medium range since the traffic in both the roadways and the railroad is infrequent. 4.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.4.1 Vegetation Various types of vegetation cover are present throughout the study area (Figure 4.15, 4.16a-d), particularly since the area is a transition zone between the biogeographic regions of the Cerrado Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 22 DAMES & MOORE and the Amazon to the north, and the Chaquefia region to the south and the Andes to the west. The main vegetation associations are described within the context of the life zones present in the study area. 4.4.1.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub The vegetation formations for this life zone are characterized by low scrub, xerophytic, and semideciduous formations dominated by underbrush and scattered emergent trees such as Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Cacha, Quebracho blanco, Apocynaceae), Chorisia speciosa (Toborochi, Bombacaceae), Ziziphus mistol (Mistol, Rhamnnaceae); and columnar arboreal cacti such as Stetsonia coryne and Cereusforbesii (Caracore). Some smaller trees (5 - 10 m) are present such as Athyana weinmannifolia (Sapindaceae) and Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Sapotaceae). The shrub stratum is very dense, with height ranging from 3 to 6 m and is dominated by Ruprechtia tniflora (Choroqueta, Polygonaceae) accompanied by other species such as Pereskia sacharosa (Cuguchi, Cactaceae), Quiabentia planzii (Cactaceae), Opuntia paraguarensis, 0. retrorsa (Cactaceae), Celtis chichape (Uhnaceae), Maytenus spinosus (Celastraceae), * Bougainvillea praecox (Nyctaginaceae), Capparis salicifolia (Sacha sandia), C. tweddiana, C. speciosa (Capparidaceae), Mimosa detinens (Fabaceae), Castela coccinea (Simaroubaceae), Ximenia americana (Olaceae), and other cylindrical cactaceous trees that are present in the basal part of the stratum which include Harrisia pomanensis, Mombillea ebenacantha, M. parapetiensis and Cleistocactus baumanii. The level of epiphytism is very low and is predominantly represented by Tillandsia duratti (Bromeliaceae) and Ripsalis aff. tucumanensis (Cactaceae). Vines are rare, and include Arrabidaea corallina, A. truncata and Herreria montevidensis (Liliaceae). The understory in some areas is covered with Bromelia serra (Carahuati, Bromeliaceas). Disturbed areas, such as road sides, have nitrophyllous species of the genera Ruellia (Acanthaceae), Croton (Euphorbiaceae), and Sida (Malvaceae). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 23 DAMES & MOORE There are two main vegetation types present in the Dry Chaco, associated mainly due to the texture of the soil, the local topography and differences in the water table. The variations observed include the following: * A tall forest, with trees up to 15-20 meters tall, occurs in areas with heavy soils of clayey texture and good water retention capacity which are flooded for short periods (mainly during the rainy season). The dominant tree species include Calycophyllum multiflorum (Palo blanco, Rubiaceae), Phyllostylon rhamnoides (Cuta, Ulmaceae), Maclura tinctoria (Mora grande, Moraceae), Bulnesia sarmientoi (Guayacan, Zigophyllaceae), Caesalpinia paraguariensis (Algarrobillo, Guayacan, Fabaceae), Geoffroea decorticans (Chaniar, Fabaceae). The shrub stratum has a height ranging from 3 to 6 meters and is dominated by Tabebuia nodosa (Bignoniaceae), Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Sapotaceae), Trithrinax brasiliensis (Sa6, Arecaceae), andAchatocarpuspraecox (Achatocarpaceae). The terrestral bromelia, Aechmea dystichantha, dominates the groundcover stratum. Common vines include Arrabidea corallina (Bignoniaceae), and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae). * A moist forest dominated by hydrophytic species on the alluvial terraces was formed by old channels of the existing rivers and in areas where the water table is elevated. Typical species in these areas include Prosopis chilensis, P. affinis, Geoffroea striata (Chauchachi), Phytecellobium scalare (Juno, Fabaceae) and a shrub, Vallesia glabra (Amarguillo, Apocynaceae). Along rivers, semidecidous forests are commonly present. These forests are characterized principally by species of the genera Prosopis aind Phytecellobium. Guazuma ulmifolia (Coco) is abundant in the Rio Grande zone. The alluvial plains have pioneer communities characterized principally by Tessaria integrifolia (Pajarobobo, Asteraceae), Vallesia glabra, and in the relatively stable terraces, a community of Salix humboldtiana (Sauce, Salicaceae) is often present. The forests of the Dry Chaco do not represent an important resource for timber exploitation (Figure 4.17); however, they are essential for the conservation of soils and to avoid soil erosion and to serve as a wildlife refuge. Areas adjacent to roadways in this area have been deforested in order to utilize the land for agricultural activities. Cattle ranches are also located at various points throughout the region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environrnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 24 DAMES & MOORE On the other hand, a large number of endemic species are present in this area (Table 4.2), particularly of the family Cactaceae, which are characteristic of arid regions. These species include: Cleistocactus chacoanus, Echinopsis klingeriana, Gymnocalycium damsii var torulosum, G. damsii var tucavocense, G. griseo-pallidum, G. pflanzii var izozogsii, Momvillea chacoana, M. ebenacantha, and M. parapetiensis. 4.4.1.2 Temperate Dry Forest Several vegetation associations are present in this life zone. Their distribution is influenced mainly by variations in soil texture, seasonal floods, fires, and depth of the water table. The two biogeographic formations, the Chaquenia Formation and the Cerrado Formation, can be differentiated according to floristic composition and the vegetation structure. a) Chaquenia Formation Differences in soil texture, micro relief and seasonal flooding of the Rio Parapeti have resulted in a variety of vegetation communities in this formation, which include Sub Humid Chaqueiio * Forest, Forested Floodplains, Palm Associations, and Riparian Forests. Sub-Humid Chaquenlo Forest. This forest is present along the northern border of the study area, between the alluvial plains of the Rio Parapeti-Rio Grande, forming a belt in the northern, eastern and western portion of the Bainados of Izogog extending to the Puerto Ceres-Maiden area. This forest which grows on clayey/sandy soils has a dense canopy ranging from 15 to 20 meters in height and is dominated by Diplokeleba floribunda (Sapindaceae), Acanthosyris falcata (Santalaceae), Aspidosperma pirifolium (Apocynaceae), Calycophyllum multiflorum (Palo blanco, Rubiaceae), Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Curupaul, Fabaceae), Caesalpinia paraguariensis (Fabaceae), Astronium urundeuba (Anacardiaceae), Schinopsis comuta (Anacardiaceae), Athyana weinmannifolia (Sapindaceae), Pseudobombax marginatum (Bombacaceae), Phyllostylon rhamnoides (Ulmaceae), Tabebuia spicata (Bignoniaceae), Zizyphus guaranitica (Rhamnaceae), Browningia caineana (Cactaceae). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report i Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 25 DAMES & MOORE The shrub stratum is 3 to 6 meters tall and is characterized by Achatocarpus praecox, A. nigricans (Achatocarpaceae), Cordia bordasii (Boraginaceae), Neea hermaphrodita (Nyctaginaceae), Trithrinax brasiliensis (Arecaceae), Randia spinosa (Rubiaceae), Celtis iguanea (Ulmaceae), Caesalpinia floribunda (Fabaceae), Capparis retusa, C. tweddiana (Capparidaceae), Tabebuia nodosa (Bignoniaceae), and Ruprechtia triflora (Polygonaceae). The vines include Arrabidaea corallina (Bignoniaceae) and species of the genera Serjania (Sapindaceae) and Smilax (Smilacaceae). Dense communities of the terrestral bromeliad Aechmea dystichantha are very abundant in the understory, and Bromelia serra is also present; however, is not as common. In areas where the water table is elevated and the soils are very permeable and have a sandy texture, particularly in terraces and recent alluvial plains, a community of palms dominated by Acrocomia aculeata (Totaf, Arecaceae) occurs. This community extends over broad areas of alluvial plains of the Rio San Miguel and the Rio Aguas Calientes in the vicinity of Naranjos. These palms are commonly associated with trees such as Pseudobombax marginatum (Bombacaceae), Geoffroea stniata (Fabaceae), Phytecellobium scalare (Fabaceae), and Acacia aroma (Tusca, Fabaceae). In areas that have been disturbed or affected by fire, Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae), an invasive plant appears. Other species of the genera Cissus (Vitaceae) and Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) are also present. Along the edges of the roadways the shrubs Mimosa cf. pellita (Fabaceae) and Solanum glaucophyllum (Solarraceae) are abundant. Forested Floodplains (Baiiados). Two types of formations exist in these forested floodplains, 1) riparian forests (Bafiados de Izozog), and 2) palm associations dominated by species such as Copernicia alba. These forests have a particular structure and floristic composition and are primarily influenced by the hydrology of the area and the soil type. * Riparian Forests. Riparian forests, characteristic of the Bafiados de Izozog region, grow along the Rio Parapeti and are tall, ranging in height from 20 to 25 meters. They are very dense semi-deciduous forests that remain flooded the majority of the time. The arboreal Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 26 DAMES & MOORE stratum is dominated by Cathormion polyanthum (Asotocosi, Fabaceae), Geoffroea striata, and Phytecellobium scalare and are associated with less frequent trees such as Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae), Ziziphus guaranitica (Rhamnaceae), and Caesalpinia paraguariensis (Fabaceae). The shrub stratum is characterized by Crataeva tapia (Capparidaceae), Phyllanthus chacoensis (Euphorbiaceae), Achatocarpus nigricans (Achatocarpaceae), Casearia aculeata (Flacourtiaceae), and Aegiphila sordida (Verbenaceae). Vines are very common and are dominated by Hippocratea volubilis (Celastraceae), Melloa quadrivalvis (Bignoniaceae), and Forsteronia sp. (Apocynaceae). The epiphytes include Tillandsia duratti (Bromeliaceae), Ripsalis leucoraphis (Cactaceae), Epiphyllum phyllanthus (Cactaceae) and species of the genus Philodendron (Araceae). In areas where the forest has been disturbed, Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae), which is invasive, is locally abundant. Palm Associations. The palm associations are very common in areas inundated by ponded water. These areas are characterized by palms such as Copernicia alba (Caranday, Arecaceae) and are located in the Bafiados de Izozog region, the Tacuaral and Bafiados de Otuquis region, and the Puerto Ceres region. These palms are frequently associated with smaller trees or shrubs such as Prosopis nigra, Geofroea striata, Parkinsonia aculeata (Fabaceae), Tabebuia nodosa (Bignoniaceae), and Cocoloba sp (Polygoniaceae). Ponded soils show dense graminoid cover dominated by species of the genera Panicum, Paspalum, Cyperus, Rhynchospora and a rooted aquatic species of the genus Typha (Typhaceae). b) Cerrado Formation This formation is located in the northern part of the study area near the sierra of San Jos6 de Chiquitos and extends towards Robore and finally to the easterrmost region of the sierra of Maiden. Different types of forests can be distinguished according to the structure and composition of the vegetation which are influenced by the substrate on which they grow and the rainfall distribution. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental inpact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 27 DAMES & MOORE Tall Semi-Deciduous Sub-Humid Forest. This forest grows at the foothill of the mountains and in the depressions of the mountainous areas on moist deep soil. This forest ranges from 12 to 20 meters in height, and includes, Astronium urundeuba, Anadenathera macrocarpa, Hymenaea curbaril, Caesalpinia floribunda, Pterogine nitens, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, Attalea pharelata, Chorisia speciosa, and Pseudobombax marginatum. The shrub stratum is very dense ranging in height from 1 to 3 meters and is dominated by Parkinsonia aculeata, Bauhinia aff. pentandra (Fabaceae), Prockia crucis (Flacourtiaceae), Syagrus petrea (Arecaceae), and Lantana spp (Verbenaceae). The epiphytes include species of the genera Phylodendron (Araceae) and Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae). Homogeneous communities of Schelea princeps (Motacui, Arecaceae) and dense grassy cover dominated by Elyonurus muticus (Poaceae) are present in the depressions in very moist soils. Open Forest or Forested Savannahs. Open forest or forested savannah, that originates from seasonal burning, are present in broad areas east and southeast of the serranias de San Jos6 de Chiquitos. They grow in moderately permeable sandy to clayey soils. In general, they are dominated by dense shrub with heights ranging from 1 to 3 meters and some small isolated trees. The most common species of trees include Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Paquiosillo, Fabaceae), 0 Plumeria sp. (Apocynaceae), Genipa americana (Bignoniaceae), and Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae), Syagrus petrea (Arecaceae), Lonchocarpus sp(Fabaceae), Tabebuia aff impetiginosa (Bignoniaceae), Curatella americana (Dilleniaceae). The grass cover consists of species of the genera Elyonurus, Panicum, and Paspalum (Poaceae). In small depressions containing shallow surface water and in rivers, some aquatic species are present, including Nymphoides herzogii, Eichornia azurea, E. crassipes (Pontederiaceae), Pontederia rotundifolia (Pontederiaceae), and Typha aff. dominguensis (Typhaceae). Aquatic Vegetation of the Pantanal. This type of vegetation is located primarily north of the Laguna Cdceres and different communities can be clearly defined by the hydrology. These include grass communities dominated mainly by islands of Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Camalotillo, Poaceae) that grow in shallow water, and associated species such as Hyparrhenia rufa (Poaceae), Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 28 DAMES & MOORE Panicum boliviense, P. elephantipes (Poaceae), Echinodorus macrophyllum, E. tenellus (Alismataceae), Hydrolea spinosa (Hydrophyllaceae), and Ludwigia caparosa (Onagraceae). Floating aquatic communities consisting primarily of fixed plants in deep waters are commonly surrounded by islands of grass communities characterized by Nymphaea amazonum (Nymphaceae) and Victoria amazonica (Nymphaceae). In some areas, communities of royal water lilies are present and consist mainly of free-floating plants including Eichornia azurea, Eichornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae), and Pontederia rotundifolia (Pontederiaceae). 4.4.1.3 Temperate Humid Forest In the study area, the temperate humid forest is influencced by the Cerrado and the Humid Chaco. The vegetation is represented by tall sub-humid trees which are semideciduous, with heights ranging from 15 to 25 meters. The most common species present include Astronium urundeuva (Anacardiaceae), Schinopsis brasiliensis (Quebracho colorado), Calycophyllum multiflorum (Palo Blanco), Chorisia speciosa (Toborochi), Pseudobombax marginatum (Pequi), Jacaranda cuspidifolia (Jacaranda), Dypterix alata (Almendro, Fabaceae), Amburana cearensis (Roble, * Fabaceae), Tabebuia impetiginosa (Bignoniaceae), and Pterogine nitens (Paquio, Fabaceae). The dense understory consists of populations of Samanea saman (Penoco, Fabaceae), Geoffroea decorticans (Chanar, Fabaceae), Acacia aroma (Cupechich6), Scheelea princeps (Motacui, Arecaceae), Ateleia guaraya (Fabaceae), and Genipa americana (Genipapo, Rubiaceae). Along roadways and forest which has been disturbed, herbaceous species of the genera Mimosa (Fabaceae) and Capsicum (Solanaceae) occur. Epiphytes are represented by species of the genera Phylodendron (Araceae), Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae), and Phoradendron sp. (Loranthaceae), and vines of the families Bignoniaceae, Sapindaceae, and Apocynaceae are common. 4.4.2 Fauna The fauna present in the study area is diverse and varies according to the life zone and levels of disturbance of the natural habitat. The fauna was described according to the three different life zones described in the subsequent sections. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental hnpact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 29 DAMES & MOORE 4.4.2.1 Temperate Thorny Scrub This area and the fauna present are clearly influenced by the biogeographic regions Chaquenia and Andino-Patag6nica. Mammals. Mammals are the most affected by human activities such as the clearing of large areas of land for agriculture, large cattle ranching operations, logging activities, development of access roads, and selective hunting of large mammals. Hunting largely affects the density of the populations of large species such as peccaries, tapir, and monkeys. Affected species include Tayassu tajacu (Pecarn), T. albirostris (Tropero), Catagonus wagneri (Chancho rosillo), Alouatta caraya (Mono Arafia), Mazama americana (Urina), Tapirus terrestris (Anta), Dasypus novemcinctus (Tatu), Priodontes maximus (Tatu carreta), and Tolypeutes tricinctus, which are hunted for their skin and meat. Cattle breeders in the area have also contributed to the decline of the feline populations, particularly the jaguar (Panthera onca) and the puma or lion (Felis concolor), as they claim that these species attack their cattle. All these species are included in the list created by the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) or are considered special in that they require protection and a management plan for communities located in the vicinity of the species' natural habitat. Other species commonly found in this life zone include Didelphis azarae (Comadreja overa), Coendu prehensilis (Puerco espin), Agouti paca (Jochi), Silvilagus brasiliensis (Tapeti), Nasua nasua (Tej6n), Speothos venaticus (zorro), and Desmodus rotundus (Murcielago vampiro). Avifauna. The group of birds in this life zone have an Andean-Patagonian influence in the south and east and also represent the dispersal limits of some Amazonian avifauna. The most common of these include parrots, toucans and wading birds. Common species include Ortalis canicollis (Charata), Crax fasciolata (Pava pintada), Zenaida auriculata (Torcaza), Myopsitta monachus (Cotorra), Aratinga acuticaudata (Loro or Tarechi), and Cariama cristata (Socori). In areas with surface water and along the border of watercourses the following herons are present: Platalea ajaja (Garza espatula), Bubulcus ibis (Garza blanca bueyera), Syrigma sibilatrix (Garza silvadora), Ardea cocoi (Garza mora mora), and Egretta thula (Garza blanca). Some ciconides are also Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study Septenmber 1, 1996 4 - 30 DAMES & MOORE present and include Jabiru myctenia and Mycteria americana (Bato cabeza seca). Vultures of the species Cathartes aura (Sucha) and C. burruvianus (Sucha) are common. Reptiles. The most important reptile species include the tortoise Geochelone chilensis (Peta), Geochelone carbonaria (Peta), Tupinambis tequixin (Peni o iguana), and poisonous snakes such as Lachesis muta muta (Pucarara), and Botrops atrox (Yope). 4.4.2.2 Temperate Dry Forest This life zone has a high species diversity due to the fact that it represents the limits of distribution of Amazonian species of the biogeographic region of the Amazon in the north, the Andean-Patagonian region in the south and west, and the biogeographic region of the Cerrado in the west. A variation in the population density of animals in this life zone exists, particularly with avifauna as there are dense populations in areas of open forest which are influenced by water courses. Mammals. The majority of the mammals present in this life zone have extensive distributions in this part of the continent, however, this area also represents the southern limit of dispersion of large Amazonian mammals like Tapirus terrestris (Anta), Tayasu tajacu, T. pecari (Chancho de monte), Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Capivara), Mazama gouazoubira, M. americana (Urina), Ozotocerus bezoarticus (Venado), Panthera onca (Jaguar, Tigre), Felis concolor (Le6n, Puma). A marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus, is present and has a dense population in the Pantanal region, but is also widely distributed in the Amazonian region reaching south to Uruguay. Some primates of the Cerrado region with tendencies to distribute towards the Chaco include Callicebus moloch pallescens, Cebus apella paraguayensis and Callithrix angentata melanura. A canid, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Borochi), has similar distribution patterns. It also has a dense population in the mountainous area of Mutun and occurs towards the north of the Amazon. Some species of the Chaquefia area which are present include Catagonus wagneri (Chocd), Alouatta caraya, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and C. villosus (Armadillos). This last group is associated with other species with wide distribution including Myrmecophaga tridactila (Oso Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report . Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 31 DAMES & MOORE bandera), Tamandua tetradactyla (Tamandula, Oso hormiguero), Priodontes maximus (Pejichi, Tatu carreta), Dasypus novemcinctus (Tat:), Sylvilagus brasiliensis brasiliensis (Liebre, Tapeti), Felis geofroyi (Gato montes), Felispardalis (Ocelote), Dusicyon gymnocercus (Zorro), and Nasua nasua (Tej6n). In the Pantanal area, species characteristic of flooded zones are present and include Pteronura brasiliensis (Nutria) and Lutra platensis (Nutria). The most pursued and threatened species in this group include large mammals such as deer, wild pigs, and large cats that are hunted for their meat and skin. The group of felines is hunted indiscriminately because they are considered a threat to the cattle which occupy a broad area of the woodland. In the Pantanal region, as a result of intensive hunting of Pteronura brasiliensis and Lutra platensis, their populations are declining and are in danger of extinction. In the Chaquefia area there is an abundance of large mammals such as Tapirus terrestris in the humid zone. In drier, more desolate areas, felines such as Panthera onca and Felis concolor are common. Avifauna. The avifauna exhibits Amazonian influences from the north and Andean-Patagonian influences from the south and southwest. In forests of the Chaco the most common species are Ortalis canicollis (Charata), Zenaida auriculata (Torcaza), Amazona aestiva (Loro hablador), Aratinga acuticaudata (Tarechi), Myopsitta monachus (Cotorrita), Ramphastos toco, R. cuvieri (Tucan), Campephilus leucopogon (Carpintero), and Paroaria coronata (Cardenal). The most common species in open areas or forested savannahs include the American ostrich Rhea americana (Pio, Nandu), Cariama cristata (Socon), Chunga burneisteri (Socon), and Nothoprocta cinerascens (Perdiz). There is also evidence of large populations of vultures and related species such as Cathartes aura (Sucha), C. burruvianus (Sucha), Sarcoramphus papa (Condor blanco), Coragyps atratus (Gallinazo), and Polyborus plancus (Carancho). In the Pantanal and the Baniados de Izozog area, and in Isla Verde, large concentrations of ciconides and herons are present. These include Jabiru mycteria (Bato, Tuyuyui), Mycteria americana (Bato cabeza seca), Ciconia maguari (Ciguenia), Platalea ajaja (Garza espatula), Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 32 DAMES & MOORE Casmerodius albus (Garza blanca), Nycticorax nycticorax (Pato cuervo), Syrigma sibilatrix (Garza silvadora), Anhinga anhinga (Pato vibora) Egretta thula (Garza), Bubulcus ibis (Garza bueyera), and Cairina moschata (Pato montes). Along the edge of rivers and lagoons, the following species were observed: Fulica gigantea (Gallareta gigante), Porphyrula martinica (Polla de agua), Vanellus chilensis (Leque leque), and Chauna torquata (Chaja). In this life zone, endemic species such as Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Paraba jacinta) are present. Reptiles. In the pantanal area, a species characteristic of this zone, the caiman Caiman yacare (Yacare), is intensively pursued in the Bolivian side, as hunting restrictions are non-existent. Other typical species include Caiman latirostris (Caiman), Tupinambis rufescens (Peni, Iguana colorada), and Tupinambis teguixin (Iguana overa), an aquatic lizard of the Pantanal. The snakes Dracaenaparaguayensis, Boa constrictor (Boye), Eunectes notaeus (Sicuri), and Botrops alternata (Yarara) are very well distributed throughout the Chaco. Micrurus frontalis (Coral), Lachesis muta muta (Pucarara), Crotalus durissus (Cascabel), Geochelone carbonaria (Peta), and G. chilensis (Peta) are also present in this life zone. One species which is threatened due to intense hunting is the Caiman yacare. It is hunted for the skin and in some cases for consumption of the tail of the body. In some communities, it has been observed that the skin of these reptiles is a common hunting trophy, and in the Puerto Suarez community some restaurants serve typical dishes that consist of the meat from the tail of the cayman. FLsh. To our knowledge, no studies on the icthiofauna characteristic of this life zone have been produced, however, the majority of populations for this group are found in the Pantanal area and include a large diversity of species. The most common species include Pseudoplatistomafasciatwn (Surubi), Colossoma macropomum (Pacu), Serrasalmus nattieri, S. rhombeus, S. spiropleura (Pirania, Palometa), Prochilodus lineatus (Sabalo), Hoplias malabaricus (Bent6n), and Salminus maxillosus (Dorado). Amphibians. This group is not well known in this region, however, the frogs Hyla raniceps (rana) and Phrynohyas hebes have been cited as the most common in the Pantanal area. They Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 33 DAMES & MOORE distribute towards Paraguay and the center of Brazil, but always in aquatic environments. In the Chaco, the frog Leptodactylus bufonius and the toad Bufo major are present. 0 4.4.2.3 Temperate Humid Forest From a biogeographic point of view, the Temperate Humid Forest is clearly influenced by the biogeographic region of the Cerrado in the east, the Andean-Patagonian and Chaquenia region in the south and southwest, and by the Amazonian region in the north. The diversity of the fauna in this life zone is mainly the same as that which is present in the Temperate Dry Tropical Forest, with the exception of decreased density of species such as Hidrochaeris hidrochaeris, Jabiru mycteria, and Caiman yacare, and the absence of some species (particularly in the fish group) due to a lack of inundated areas. 4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY The study area was classified into three categories of enviromental sensitivy (Figure 4.18) which reflect how susceptible the environment is to the anticipated effects of the project. The sensitivity of both the physical and the biological environments were considered and incorporated into the classification. The classification resulted in the following partition of the study area: * High Environmental Sensitivity. The area of the Gran Chaco National Park and the adjacent Bafnados de Izozog are highly sensitive to the project. The national park was instituted to protect the largest tract of pristine subtropical dry forest in the Americas and is an area rich in biodiversity, habitat for several large mammals under intense hunting pressure, and high in floral endemism. Biogeographically, this area represents the interface between the Amazon, the Andes, and the Patagonian regions. Furthermore, this area also harbors indigeneous people. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 34 DAMES & MOORE * Medium Environmental Sensitivity. This category includes the following: - Areas of potential slope instability, which would present contraints to the constructi6n and integrity of the pipeline. These areas are associated with the foothills of the Sierras Chiquitanas. - Areas of relatively high potential for aeolic erosion. The savannahs associated with the Rio San Miguel are more susceptible to erosion than the dry, forested areas within the study area. - The floodplain of the Rio Grande, which is associated with historical river channel modifications and supports relatively rich soils with agricultural potential. * Low Environmental Sensitivity. This category includes the balance of the study area. These areas are either disturbed by human use or, if under natural vegetation cover, appear resilient to the types of effects anticipated with the construction of the pipeline. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Inpact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 35 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 4.1 HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR Rn'ERINE SYSTENS IN THE SrUDY AREA AVE3RAGE ANNUA4L SEDI4ENT BASIN FIEAN ANNULAL NMEAN ANNUAL VOLUllE FLOW'RATE RIER AND REFERENCE AREA MV 3 GAGE STATION hZ1S TONS X 10' G/L TONS(HA - Rio Grande at Abapo 60800 8947 283.7 161.5 18.2 26.56 Rio Parapeti at San 7490 1793 56.8 13.5 6.2 18.02 Antonio Rio San Miguel at Fortin 1978 37 1.17 Suarez Arana Rio Aguas Calientes at 5856 183 - 5.82 confluence w/Rio Tucavaca Rio Otoquis (Rio Aguas 14656 452 14.34 Calientes + Rio Tucavaca) _ Data for this table was compiled from CUMAT 1990. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 36 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 4.2 LIST OF ENDEMIC, ENDANGERED, AND ECONONMICALLY IMNPORTANT PLANT AND ANINIAL SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA PLANTS COMMON NANME SCIENTIFIC FANIILY GROWTH FORM USES IIABITAT STATUS SOrRCE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _N A N IE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Cuchi, Urundel Astronium ANACARDIACEAE Tree to 20 m. Timber, medicinal Forests of the Threatened, Bibliography urundeuva Cerrado, excessive cutting subhumid- humedo Chaco Guayacan Bulnesia ZIGOPHYLLACEAE Tree to 20 m Timber, essential Forests of the Threatened CITES, sarmientoi oils Chaco Bibliography Alcomoque Tabebuia aurea BIGNONIACEAE Tree to 6 m Forestry, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography medicinal savannahs of the _______ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ______ ______ C errad o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ajo ajo Gallesia PHYTOLACACEAE Tree to 20 m Forestry, Forests of the Very frequent Bibliography integrifolia medicinal Cerrado, gallery ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ fo re sts_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chaaco Curatela DILLENIACEAE Tree to 5 m Medicinal Wooded Very frequent Bibliography americana savannahs Cupesi Prosopis chilensis FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Alluvial plains in Very frequent Bibliography medicinal forests of the .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C h aco _ _ _ _ __Cac Curupau Anadenanthera FABACEAE Tree to 15 m Forestry, Tall forest of the Very frequent Bibliography colubrina medicinal Cerrado Cusi Attalea phaleratta ARECACEAE Palm to 15 m Forestry, oil Forests of the Very frequent Bibliography extraction, Cerrado ._______________ .________________ ______________________ ____________ _ m ed icin alnal Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 37 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... ____ __ PLANTS CONMIMON NANIE ASCENTIFIC FAMIILY' GRO%TH FORM USES HABITAT STATUIS SOURCE Carandai Copernicia alba ARECACEAE Palm to 15 m Leaves used for Marsh areas, Very frequent Bibliography hats, trunk for Bantados, posts, ornamental Pantanal Caparosa Victoria NYMPHACEAE Aquatic plant, Medicinal, Ponds, Pantanal Very frequent Bibliography amazonica floating leaves ornamental Coco Guazuma STERCULIACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Gallery forests Frequent Bibliography ulmifolia medicinal Guayacan Caesalpinia FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry Gallery forests Frequent, need Bibliography paraguariensis to protect . Motacuchi Allagoptera ARECACEAE Stemless palm Medicinal, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography leucocalyx essential oils savannahs extracted from seeds Paraparau Jacaranda BIGNONIACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography cuspidifolia medicinal savannahs, forests of the Cerrado Penoco Samanea saman FABACEAE Tree to 8 m Medicinal Wooded Very frequent Bibliography savannahs Paqui6 Hymenaea FABACEAE Tree to 7 m Forestry, used for Forests of the Frequent Bibliography courbaril making tools Cerrado, ______________ . _____________ .____________ .Subhum id Chaco Soto Schinopsis ANACARDIACEAE Tree to 15 m Forestry, used for Forests of the Frequent Bibliography brasiliensis making tools Cerrado, Subhumid Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 38 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... PLANTS CONINION NANE SCIENTIFIC FAMfILLV GROWTH FORAI USES HABITAT STAn)S SOURCE Roble Amburana FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, used for Forests of the Ocassional Bibliography cearensis making musical Cerrado instruments Cacha Aspidosperma APOCYNACEAE Tree to 20 m Forestry, used for Forests of the Frequent Bibliography quebracho-blanco tracks, posts, Chaco constructions Cleitocactus CACTACEAE Columnar to I m Forests of the Endemic, dry Bibliography chacoanus Chaco Chaco Echinopsis CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic, dry .Bibliography klingeriana Chaco Chaco Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography damnsii var Chaco torulosum . Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography damsii var Chaco tucavocense Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography griseo-pallidum _ Chaco Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography pflanzii var Chaco izozogsii . Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography chacoana Chaco I I Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography ebenacantha . Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 39 DAMES & MOORE S * 0 Table 4.2 continuation... PLANTS CONMNION NANME SCENTIFIC FANIILY GROWTH FORMI llSES HABITAT STATUS SOURCE Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography parapetiensis Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 40 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... ANIMALS MIANINIALS: COMM1ION NAMtE SCIENTIFIC NANME CATEGORY CAUISES HABrTAT SOURCE Anta Tapirus terrestris CITES II Uncontrolled hunting, Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES habitat destruction, wetlands of the Chaco meat consumption and the Cerrado Pecari Tayassu tajacu CITES II Uncontrolled hunting, Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES meat consumption wetlands of the Chaco and the Cerrado Tropero Tayassu albirostris CITES 11 Hunting, meat Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES consumption wetlands of the Chaco and the Cerrado Choco Catagonus wagneri CITES 1, endemic Hunting, meat Subhumid forests, Bibliography consumption wetlands of the Chaco Urina Mazama americana Threatened Hunting, meat Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography consumption and the Chaco Pejichi, Tatui carreta Priodontes maximus Threatened Habitat destruction Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco Jaguar, Tigre Panthera onca Threatened Habitat destruction, Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography uncontrolled hunting, and the Chaco fur trade Le6n, Puma Felis concolor Threatened Habitat destruction, Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography uncontrolled hunting and the Chaco Ciervo de los pantanos Blastocerus CITES I Uncontrolled hunting, Baniados and Pantanal Bibliography, CITES ._________ _ .dichotomus meat consumption areas Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 41 * DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... NIANIMIALS: CONINION NAMIE SCIENrIFIC NANE CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Venado Ozotocerus Threatened Hunting, meat Forests of the Chaco Bibliography bezoarticus comsumption and the Cerrado Capibara, Carpincho Hydrochaeris Threatened Hunting, meat Ponds of the Pantanal Bibliography hydrochaeris consumption, fur trade and Bafiados Londra Pteronura brasiliensis CITES II, endangered Hunting, fur trade Ponds of the Pantanal, Bibliography, CITES Banlados, and rivers Lobito de rio Lutra longicaudis CITES 11, endangered Hunting, fur trade Ponds of the Pantanal, Bibliography, CITES Baflados, and rivers Borochi Chrysocyon CITES Habitat destruction Hills and forests of the Bibliography, CITES brachiurus Cerrado and the .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _C h aco Mono arafha Alouatta caraya CITES II Habitat destruction Subhumid-humid Bibliography, CITES forests of the Cerrado and the Chaco BIRDS: CONIMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NANE CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Paraba jacinta Anodorhynchus CITES 1, endemic Trading, habitat Mountainous areas of Bibliography, CITES hyacinthinus destruction the Mutun Paraba roja Ara chloroptera CITES 11, need to Trading Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography, CITES protect and the Chaco Tuyuyu, Bato Jabiru mycteria Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography Baflados Bato cabeza seca Mycteria americana Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ B a fia d o s Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 42 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... BIRDS: CONINION NANIE SCIENTIFIC NAMIE CATEGORY CAUSES IHABITAT SOURCE Ciguefia Ciconia maguari Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography Bafhados Pato negro Cairina moschata Need to protect Hunting, meat Ponds, Pantanal, and Bibliography consumption Bafiados Pava pintada Penelope jacquacu Endangered Hunting, meat Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography .________________ consumption and the Chaco Loro hablador Amazona aestiva CITES 11, to protect Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco Piyu, Nandu Rhea americana Need to protect Habitat destruction Wood savannahs of Bibliography the Cerrado Cardenal Paroaria coronata CITES II, need to Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography; CITES protect and the Chaco Tucan Ramphastos toco Threatened Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography .________________ _________________ __________________ _________________ and the C haco ____n_h_h c REPTILES: COMMN1ON NANE SCIENTIFIC NANIE CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Peta Geochelone CITES II, threatened Hunting Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography carbonaria and the Chaco Lagarto Caiman yacare CITES II, endangered Hunting, meat Area of the Pantanal Bibliography, CITES consumption, skin and Bafnados ____________________ -____________________ trad ing Iguana colorada, peni Tupinambis rufescens Threatened Hunting, meat Region of the Cerrado Bibliography .________________ ._________________ consumption and the Chaco Peni Tupinambis teguixin CITES II, threatened Hunting, meat Region of the Cerrado Bibliography, CITES __________________ _________________ __________________ consum ption and the Chaco ------- Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 4 - 43 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... REPTILES: CONMNION NANE SCIENTIFIC NANE CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Sicuri Eunectes notaeus Threatened Hunting, skin trading Region of the Pantanal Bibliography and Baniados Boye Boa constrictor Threatened Hunting, skin trading Region of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco FISIIES: CONINION NAMIE SCIENTIFIC NAME CATEGORY' CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Surubi Pseudoplatistoma Threatened, require Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography fasciatum management plan meat consumption Pacd Colossoma Require management Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography __macropomum plan meat consumption Dorado Salminus maxillosus Require management Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography plan meat consumption Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 * 4 - 44 - DAMES & MOORE N W+E 0 40 80 Mg E(S. I I ~~ ~~I I I 0 40 80 KILOMETERS) Legend Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline (Bolivian Portion) Major Roads Figure 4.1 Railroad Study Area ___~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Rivers Area of Influence Temperate Thorny Scrub Temperate Dry Forest ] Temperate Humid Forest Rin g Are o nes Gas Pipeline Showing Life Zones * Major Towns -~M DAMES & MOORE R.f.wma liM N TpgrW h., 17B ffr 06/27/5 l -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ R(Boli-vian POrton) Legenid ,,,i~,R,)ads..^> Figr t.2 g| tO0O mnhr _ ., ~~~~~~~~~~~Raiload \ g}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lo 70timmy StudyAxa R precipitation CZD~~~~~ 11o (}0Y E I C)Onwiyr Pvers @g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~w-- G0 fly as Pipcline9()m/rMjrT C~~R goo MM/Yt~~ Tofl D &moo _=otivi4tO Brazil Gas pipeline ian olrVUZf) = ~~~~~~~LegendoRads ir - ClRaoSnI4t>e tMad tWatersheds MnazOwan ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C: :lRio , San Miguel Study AIgUre4. Ahnazonan NWatershed i o asin flUv -:: .Z Rio c.us Batehe _ astBi GPipeline ; > > 0 a 's u \ 5' ~~~~~STUDY AREA m ( > e ;-' ;8 -2 \ - | / ~~~~~~(Approx.) *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N~~~~~~~~~~ 'P~~~~~~~~' \, Sa) Z - ,~~~A'' QrIIr' ,,Anr-.\; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ (E;App _ =ro:x.) ; '' ' \- " O ''"~~. /C . > '' A :# /0 1-' '9* $ l\ Q7 N'" C~~~~~~~~~~~C (;) ) t 1^hX >: \ " r | y G~~~ U AY.> a~~~~~~~v V 5 'Q' b ; / ; / flx~ ~~. FOTO MOSAICO ERTS 0.,'SX , C) 0 ~~~~~~~~~~0 S ML S MS r n I 0 No.3 No. C No.4 No.5/B m 16 |0 nSC oD i | 40 k 0 X rS L 4: t X = 2 Z 0 4E _ _T- ML SC _ m _L_TD4.m__ ZZ> s 30 0' _ _ = . =_ z 0 > CLS SAND. VARYING T0 SILTY SAND |ML 5LT s1 IP |LSOUCE CLTY SAND 1 CL CLAY 0 m | | CLAYEY [ANC HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY .> ~ ~~ 20 -ORE CLA . NAEDa PB 9 -~ 0 V)U 0 zO E - 2 E ng0 I-), - - (nO 0 L = 5 \ E l_ O 0i i 1 ° ~~~~~j 0I 0 Wz ?2 o _ o Cs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 GEOTECHNIAL/ GEOLOInCAL CRS 6 ae @/0I. vI I Sz° ~ 10 -_ o o_ rn+ z o 3 t In SECTION OF PROPOSED PIPELINE CROSSING ALIGNMENT RIO PARAPETI FiGURE 4.7 AGE FORMATION THICKNESS ULITHOLOGY m > *u TARIOUIA >1,650 = cc z < W (LOWER CHACO) - 0 YECUA 140 PETACA 120 Ch z 185 ELVIRA 180 FLORIDA 120 co~~ O ESCARPMENT > 350 fr CL LU a_ O_ DTAIGUATI > 100 Cc CHORRO > 200 < rw O TARIJA > 200 tr ~~~TUPAMBI >,150-____, O SAIPURU > 90 UPPER IQUIRI > 85 6 z < w z LOS MONOS >1000 0 Source: YPFB, Undated BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC 40 Dames &Moe CROSS SECTION OF SANTA CRUZ AREA FGR . (WESTERN PORTION OF STUDY AREA) AGE FORMATION THICKNESS LITHOLOGY U UPPER TOBITE 130 LOW? EL PORTON 450 o LOW SAIPURU 170 MIDDLE z LIMONCITO >600 z m 0 W LOWER -_41 ROBORE 100 z Z UPPER EL CARMEN 150 - 980 (o ~~~~~~~~o ? YACUSES >300 zz < PESENEMA >900 M < F~~~~- PIOCOCA 60 TAPERAS 100 PORORO (LACAL) 300 - 900 0 z TATURUQUI >200 G UPPER PUTATOE 80 CACERES 150 M TOTOMAACA 60 + + SUNSAS+BASEMENT + O Source: YPFB, Undated BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC A Dames & Moom CROSS SECTION OF ROBORE AREA (EASTERN PORTION OF STUDY AREA) FIGURE 4.9 0 0 0 - o ) r, >cW 0r°G)< o >IC/%ow Z ms| I °cl) M (D0 1> M Z1c/" O U R m __q M N ~~~ ~ ~~~SW NE >Mom> ~~~~~~ARGENTINA BOLVI BEOERSDBOL0VIA 090 z __q _m 10_0 _ 0 _ . I1 _ >~~~ 100 200004050 0 0080h Jo o I- | SADTOE LO IMSHALS LIMONCAMCTIT D m 0 coICU C C Z50 > z om>-o USILLAS~~~~~~~~~~~~ILOMY o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 km CARBONIFEROUS IIAiGctAMI FM. SANTELMO Fm. ESCARPMENT ~~iFm. TAIGUATI Fm.CHORRO Fm. TARIJA Fins ]IPFAMIll SILURIAN-DEVONIAN *~ m SANDSTONES SHALES DIAMICTITE C) m _~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W + E I f I f D* 0 40 0 80IfNMEIER(n Legend Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Cbiq.it-. SIneld Pantarial ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Bolivian Porton) Sleep Alopes. lnceptools. Owkls Low fertility, Floodplain ofthe Paragay River. Enri ri, Vertisos Mvaine Roads sAllow hydei eroionL'-- Srrb-bydec soils, fine texture, perid bodicftoig up tr Figure 4.11 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ teeter.s U [Z] toh lls otire Clrqrsftrrro Shield. Gjentle s,,p Rilroad AlI=IOsarrd Irncepmrsls. Hardened layers. poor deairrge Sierra AJIU-1 PI.- ~~] Sierrrandoaued -t hillsofilreChaco EatiL,rl, Shytdg ap y a d,S il hrceptisols, Alfisoln, 0iso,s. Lo fertility, srdy soils . Soi E] Anient alluvial plain. lnorptisols, Al tisls, Verdiril; ssaflcw, hydric reoioc Aridisols in ite~ Chtawo. P-or drfirrag, low fertility, alkal-itne d ab.ie edeo Rrver Roodpaini. Hlydr hrceptisr nd Veetisol. Fie wxw., A.Uie ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ U Corns.lidated.sedhnrenr covred by alluvial1eraerials. Acidiols (las Prpeline Vertisols. Saie, naedir 10 tine rxr. Moderoe In ..nge _ W Rcet Alluvial plutir. Errtisols. lncepti,ols ani Alfierl. Lo fertility, core, varied drainage Al, V -O.t ilecete - EmLol 1.-pt- OoN L- Maj-e Town 1J tietii sandy, wid eroson, high water table Acltin plairo. Ernisos and IrreptLsls, I- fiertiity,DA IE & MO R L..... sady toilsm oncly, dunes, iond erosionL. Dissecte alau ofcosohdated sediro-n. IncptisLs,,D M S MO R Alnl,Aridis=s Sandy, veye low fertility, aeolian and bydeic S-ne CRDECRUJ19.5 - eontr Dn 06t27/96 * 0 0 C) 0 C 0 0 z z 65.OW 60.0W 55.0W 0 0 r >~~~~~~ |m V I I Vy8 I m z Q I I I n m m0 1.SO v p 50 °C/)O O < D 0 cv 0 V 0=0 VIW 9 I _> -U 9 I Vy a 65.0W 60.0W 55.0W r0n .1 1 AG 4.0[4D 1214 Earthquakes Plotted I-1ENSII ri ! o2.0 - 2.9 0 4.5 - - 9 iv - - v L r, > 0 03.5-3.9 0 >54 VI O X-XII -0 .-.40505. OIZEST R ANTDE VVo I 40 Bolivia to Brazzl s iplf (Bolivh portion) eiend A't"~ ~1u¶ 30~sc lii tatrnI'~ Figure 4.13 (& ira lts e g e ) V IX I ~~~~~~~~t e c ~ ~i o n p ip e linTesm d jAf d U e a p a c i t Y ,kesandisalt and fl w atand Use Cfla s 2 \ andlWe>toc*With severe Cltas eve z apip-line C 3 raa :,bS = _ B _eco w w 0 jkt. wds attlranch anA S & M oo anent ops and cWttle (a , W +; > R ailroad_ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 86NflP(5)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BhVif 6 a Ca i i'tote~~~~~~~~~~~~~" foa~~~~~mSIo 1 >~~~~~4 Bolivi to B Gas PiPeliDe ..... tportion propose _,e _2Uit 1 1 a(BotioriapoIti° Sant~a~ SleiTaAl 2 0gennde X IFigure 414 bikCflS,i a~CiCUIfl G z kjvesitecatlS tancb e ld btbe g1 E~~~G-AR=alacif , oFrs planned LandUs FIZ0 I Al 3bacz> IIYten~ agak1kl P rar sgk AS) isgrti) tr:Y ""es" g « At z 1ltesise ahgxicuiWOtaGrarwe g AS 3 ASieclt re vilh 3td Area'"b -. W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ttlie rancigv'fi`lt an d fTe Du Chl ciqUitana Sierras ) @ E C: f~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - @!~~~~~~~~s 0 40 80 MgrrES) I I I I I 0 40 80 KILOMEIER(S) Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Legend (Bolivian Portion) Figure 4.15 Very low forest ] Marshes and swamps, including patm associations Major Roads m Medium forest [Low riparian forest Railmad ___ ___ ~~~~~~~~~~Study Area Vegetation Very taDl forest Tall riparian forest Rivers Secondary vegetation Mountain forest Gas Pipeline Savannah (including wooded savannah) [ Pastures Major Towns - RDDA9ES & MOORE 5o,,r CORDECRU7Z, 1995 D:a: 10,00)95 w -I 0 0 -- - o West East Zn 2 r 0 o ~~~1. Humid chaqueflo forest, characterized by Aspidosperma pirifolium. 0 z3 2. Pioneer and riparian communities of Acacia aroma and Tessaria integrifolia. 3. Low forest in the floodplain, characterized by Ruprechtia trifiora and Tabebuia nodosa. 4. Riparian tall forest characterized by Guazuma ulmifolia. M -n ml m iF n Hss ' I ~z2 ine n iaia omnte fAai rmaadTsai nerfla 0 r-4 ZsH 0 < a) 0 | West | East cX m :9 1 2 m > rl 3 > 0 > cn m < z -n 0; 1. Dry chaquefo forest on sandy soils. 2. Mesic forest dominated by Prosopis chilensis on poorly drained soils. 3. Sub-humid chaqueho forest on ocassionally flooded soils. Communities of Calycophyllum multiflorum and Phyllostylon rhamnoides. 4. Forests on flowing floodwaters. Communities of Cathormion polyanthum. 5. Crops on heavy soils. 6. Ponded depressional areas (most of the year). Palm associations dominated by Copernicia alba. I ml :rn if I ' -- North South - i in 4 g5 ort -Hc_O ° 2 :X C i o (% 1. Tall sub-humid forest on the foothills. Cerrado Region. 2. Low sub-humid forest, highly disturbed. Cerrado Region. 3. Tall forest characterized by Anadenanthera macrocarpa and Aspidosperma pirifolium. li ~~~~4. Humid forest. Palm associations of Attatea phalerata. i lill ~~5. Sub-humid forest on foothills; characterized by Prosopis chilensis and Diplokeleba floribunda. I l ~~~6. Dry chaquen~o forest characterized by Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco and Stetsonia corynei. O 7. Los Cirros creek. C m M 0 )D 0 D - c rOnI O astMutun (755 m.) West -j )P ~ East c > N -u- o 1. Grasslands dominated by Hymarachine amplexicauilis, Pantanal area. _ ~~~~2. Communities of floating plants dominated by Victoria amazonica. 3. Tali semideciduous forest of the Cerrado. 4. Open forest with cacti. Cerrado region. _ ~~~~~~~5. Tacuaral fioodpiain. Associations of Copermicia alba. |p1 ~~~~6. Low semideciduous forest with cacti. Cerrado region. Iq ~~~~7. Subhumid chaquehlo forest. AP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z M 0 r 71-n ~~~~~~~~~~Z2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JZ oevita t a eline re l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Bolivian Portion) ( L_jegend StR Ae Faential g V HI-Wfot~ptentiaZesZpVtential Rivers Forestr Pot IIZZIII liN L itey N forestry potential major Towns _______________p_____I_Gns__R Z IV LMwfodeate potenatial Malot Rod L==D=S-=MOR II I l jitedfmTectry Ptentia R aj°'oad RXDMS&°gl C3 tV bd te fottstry Poten - Rirad Legend ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Legend - (Bolivian Portion) Major Roads FEisiir 4.18 Railroad - Study Area _____ r Environmental Sensitivity E~J Low Sensitivity ] Medium Sensitivity High Sensitivity Gas Pipeline * Major Towns -'ft DAMES & MOORE 5-: D- & rls 1996 D: 06/71C6 CHAPTER 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.1 GENERAL ......................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Introduction ............... .................... 5 - 1 5.1.2 Geographic Setting .......... ..................... 5-1 5.1.3 Socioeconomic Units ......... ..................... 5- 3 5.2 PAILON-TRES CRUCES (UNIT I) ....... .................. 5-4 5.2.1 Land Use . ..................................... 5-4 5.2.2 Political and Social Organizations ...... ............... 5 -4 5.2.3 Population ..................................... 5 -5 5.2.4 Health ....................................... 5 - 6 5.2.5 Education . ..................................... 5 - 6 5.2.6 Cultural, Archeological, and Recreational Resources ......... 5 - 7 5.2.7 Productive Systems .......... ..................... 5 - 7 5.2.8 Employment . .................................. 5 - 8 5.2.9 Infrastructure and Services ....... ................... 5 - 9 5.3 SAN JOSE DE CHIQUITOS AREA (UNIT II) . . 5-10 5.3.1 Land Use . ..................................... 5-10 5.3.2 Political and Social Organizations ...... ............... 5 - 10 5.3.3 Population ..................................... 5 - 11 5.3.4 Health ....................................... 5 - 13 5.3.5 Education . .................................... 5 - 13 5.3.6 Cultural, Archeological, and Recreational Resources ......... 5 - 13 5.3.7 Production Systems. 5 - 14 5.3.8 Employment. 5-16 5.3.9 Infrastructure .5 - 16 5.4 ROBORE (UNIT II) ..5- 17 5.4.1 Land Use. 5 - 17 5.4.2 Political and Social Organizations .5 - 17 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - i DAMIES & MOORUE CHAPTER 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINTE TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4.3 Population ..................................... 5 -18 5.4.4 Health ....................................... 5 -19 5.4.5 Education ........... .......................... 5 -19 5.4.6 Social, Cultural and Archeological Resources .... .......... 5 - 20 5.4.7 Production Systems ............................... 5 - 21 5.4.8 Employment .......... ......................... 5 - 21 5.4.9 Infrastructure .......... ......................... 5 - 21 5.5 EL CARMEN (UNIT IV) ............................... 5-22 5.5.1 Land Use ........... .......................... 5 - 22 5.5.2 Political and Social Organizations ..................... 5 - 23 5.5.3 Population ........... .......................... 5 - 23 5.5.4 Health . ....................................... 5 - 24 5.5.5 Education ........... .......................... 5 - 24 5.5.6 Cultural, Archeological and Recreational Resources .... ...... 5 - 24 5.5.7 Production Systems ........ ....................... 5 - 25 5.5.8 Employment .......... ......................... 5 - 26 5.5.9 Infrastructure .......... ......................... 5 - 26 5.6 PUERTO SUAREZ/PUERTO QUIJARRO (UNIT V). . 5 - 26 5.6.1 Land Use. 5 - 26 5.6.2 Political and Social Organizations .5 - 28 5.6.3 Population .5 - 29 5.6.4 Health .5 - 30 5.6.5 Education .5 - 30 5.6.6 Social, Cultural and Archeological Resources .5 - 31 5.6.7 Production Systems .5 - 31 5.6.8 Employment. 5 - 32 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.6.9 Infrastructure and Services ....................... 5 - 32 5.7 Indigenous Peoples ........... ............ 5 - 34 5.7.1 Ayoreos ........................ 5 - 35 5.7.2 Chiquitanos ........................ 5- 37 5.7.3 Izozeiio Guarani ....................... 5 - 37 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - iii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE LIST OF FIGURES FIGUPRE NO. DESCRIPTION 5.1 LOCATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC UNITS 5.2 CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - iv DAMES & MOORE 5.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE 5.1 GENERAL 5.1.1 Introduction The socioeconomic baseline of the study area was defined by characteristics and attributes of land uses, population, health, education; cultural, archeological and recreational resources; productive systems, employment, infrastructure, and the presence of indigenous peoples. The existing database created in the previous EIS completed by CUMAT was reviewed and documented to provide baseline information for use during this study. The existing data were updated and supplemented with readily available information obtained from the 1992 National Census and the 1994-1995 Census of the Indigenous Peoples of Oriente, Chaco and the Amazon. In circumstances where the existing data were judged insufficient for EIS purposes, the socioeconomic data base was supplemented with information collected during field surveys. The methodology used for the field work consisted of a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques such as rapid rural appraisal, community surveys, and formal and informal interviews which were completed in conjunction with the Public Consultation Program described in Chapter 8. The main objective of the field work was to gain a sound understanding of the socioeconomic conditions and use of ecological resources of the study area, and to assess areas which would be influenced directly and indirectly by the project. 5.1.2 Geographic Setting The Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project extends 557 kn over Bolivian soil, and will be located entirely within the Department of Santa Cruz in the southeastern portion of Bolivia. Although the pipeline right-of-way is located within the Provinces of Cordillera and German Bush, the study area also includes the Province of Chiquitos where the main human settlements are located. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 1 DAMES & MOORE Encompassing 1,098,000 krn, Bolivia is South America's fifth largest country and has a * population of approximately 7.2 million people. It is bounded by five countries: Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. Bolivia has the highest elevation of the Latin American countries, and is climatically, agroecologically, topographically, culturally, and ethnically, a very diverse country. As of 1995, Bolivia's gross domestic product (GDP) was worth US$ 5,601 million, or about US$ 700 per capita, and the growth rate was 1.9 percent between 1984 and 1994. Average Inflation in the last five years was on the order of 10 percent. Total exports and investment in 1994 amounted to 17 percent and 15 percent of the GDP, respectively. Administratively, Bolivia is a republic with legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The legislative and executive branches convene in La Paz, making this city the acting Capital of the country. The Supreme Court sits in Sucre, the legal Capital. Bolivia is divided into nine Departamentos (Departments; equivalent to States). Each Departmeit is divided into Provincias (Provinces) and each Province is divided in Cantones (Contras; equivalent to Counties) and Municipalities. The highest authority in each Departrnent is the Prefecto (Prefect; equivalent to the Governor). Each Province has a Subprefecto (Subprefect) and each municipality is administered by a Mayor. The Department of Santa Cruz is located in the eastern section of the Republic of Bolivia. It is bounded to the north by the Department of Beni, to the south by the Departmnent of Chuquisaca and the Republic of Paraguay, to the east by the Republic of Brazil, and to the west by the Departments of Chuquisaca and Cochabamba. According to the results of the 1992 Census, the total population of the Departnent of Santa Cruz was 1,364,389 inhabitants with an annual growth rate of 4.16 percent. The 1992 census also indicated that Santa Cruz is the Departnent with the second largest population in the country, after the Departnent of La Paz. This Department presents an annual urban growth rate of 6.15 percent and a much lower rural growth rate of only 0.82 percent. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 2 DAMES & MOORE Administratively, the study area corresponds to the Provinces of Chiquitos, Cordillera, and German Bush. According to the 1992 census, the total population of these three Provinces was 156,573. The project study area includes five of the 15 cantons of the Chiquitos and German Bush Provinces and one canton of the Cordillera Province. According to the 1992 census, the total population of these six cantons was approximately 44,758 inhabitants. The urban centers within the study area include the towns of Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, Puerto Suarez, and Puerto Quijarro. The 1992 census indicated a total of 41,101 inhabitants for the combined population of these six urban centers. Their combined projected population for 1996 is 48,335 inhabitants. An additional community considered in the study is represented by the Capitanfa del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI). The CABI community is settled outside and to the south of the limits of the area of direct impacts associated with the project. However, CABI has a direct relationship with the creation and administration of the Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Areas. The Gran Chaco National Park is considered the most sensitive area within the study area, due to its protected status, large biological resources, indigenous populations, and biogeographic status. The project borders the northern boundary of the Park and the southern boundary of the Park's Integrated Management Area, for approximately 75 kilometers, and consequently, the CABI community will have an indirect interaction with the project. 5.1.3 Socioeconomic Units The study area has been divided into six socioeconomic units for the purpose of this study. These units are summarized below: * Pail6n-Tres Cruces (Unit I) * San Jose de Chiquitos (Unit II) * Robore (Unit E) * El Carmen (Unit IV) * Puerto Suarez/Puerto Quijarro (Unit V) Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 3 DAMES & MOORE * Indigenous Peoples, CABI community (Unit VI) The socioeconomic baseline characteristics of these six units are presented in the following sections. The relative location of each of these socioeconomic units is depicted in Figure 5.1. 5.2 PAILON-TRES CRUCES (UNIT I) 5.2.1 Land Use The Pail6n-Tres Cruces Unit (Unit I) is located in the western portion of the study area and forms part of the so-called "integrated sub-region" of the Department of Santa Cruz. This unit extends close to the border that divides the cantons of El Cerro, Motacusito and the Bafiados de Izozog (Izozog Marshlands) in the southwest part of the Province of Chiquitos. The major population center in Unit I is Pail6n. The Pail6n area is characterized by a strong presence of industrial and agroindustrial capital and large areas of foreign colonization and settlements, attracted mainly by the quality of the land in the region. The region also includes farmers and indigenous communities that are involved in small scale agricultural activities. In recent years, the significant increase in soybean production has activated the regional economy, resulting in the development of a large service infrastructure such as roads, electricity, schools and potable water. However, there still are severe deficiencies in the services provided in the small communities of the region, especially in the areas of health and education. 5.2.2 Political and Social Organizations The principal governing authorities in the area are represented by the Pailon Mayor's office and the Civic Committee. The principal law enforcement agency is the National Police. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 4 DAMES & MOORE There are 24 "Organizaciones Territoriales de Base" (Territorial Base Organizations OTBs) which represent the organization system defined by the recently enacted Law of Public Participation (Ley de Participaci6n Popular). The OTBs in the region include two indigenous communities, 12 peasant conmnunities, and 10 neighborhood councils (referred to as "juntas vecinales"). Additional institutions and organizations present in the region are an agrarian union; the electrical, water and telephone cooperatives; a savings and credit cooperative; and a mothers club (dedicated to goodwill work). The religious sector is represented principally by the Catholic Church. However, the Evangelical Church also has a significant influence in the region. 5.2.3 Population The 1992 Census data indicated that Pail6n had a total population of 3,741 people, distributed as 52 percent mnale and 48 percent female. The "young" population (0 to 14 years of age) represented 46 percent, the "active" population (15 to 64 years of age) 52 percent, and the "senior" population (65 years and over) 2 percent. Consequently, the Pail6n population is considered young, as almost 50 percent of the total population is below the age of 14. The general structure of the population in Pail6n is presented in the following table: Number or Number of Number of Number of Total Number Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants 65 Inhabitants I Gender of Inhabitants between between years or age with age not 0-14 years of age 15-64 nears of age and over specirled Men 1947 848 1046 50 3 Women 1794 880 872 40 2 Total 3741 1728 1918 90 5 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 5 DAMES & MOORE The growth rate of the population is 4.16 percent according to the 1992 census. Based on this growth rate, the projected population of Pail6n for 1996 is about 4,400 inhabitants. The predominant family size ranges from four to eight children per family, with an average of five children. The mortality rate in the region is reported to be 6.9 percent. This high rate is the result of significant infant mortality related to poor living conditions, deficient health care and education services, and diseases such as dysentery, malaria, etc. The area between Pail6n and Los Troncos is considered to be one of the most important sectors within the Department of Santa Cruz for foreign migration, and to a lesser degree for indigenous migration (such as the Ayoreos). The predominant foreign settlements established in this region are Mennonites, Finns, Canadians, and Hindus. In general, religious beliefs constitute the foundations for organizational patterns and life within the foreign settlements. These settlements have been reluctant to assimilate or engage in external social contact with local groups or individuals in the region. From this perspective, there is basically no Mennonite participation in the organizational, cultural and political life of the region. 5.2.4 Health Pail6n includes one small hospital, four first aid posts and one health center. The medical work force includes one doctor and two nurses assisted by several midwives located throughout the region. The Mennonite communities have two health centers serving exclusively the needs of their own inhabitants. The most common diseases in the region are dysentery, malaria, lung infections, parasites, bronchopneumonia, measles, and tuberculosis. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 6 DAMES & MOORE . 5.2.5 Education There are currently two pre-schools, two primary schools, and one high school providing basic education to the inhabitants of the region. Due to the lack of technical schools or universities in the region, the majority of the population does not have access to higher education. The Mennonite colonies have implemented their own educational system based mainly on their cultural and religious beliefs. Basic education in the region is provided mainly by teachers who graduated from the local schools and attended a teacher's school in one of the main Bolivian cities. 5.2.6 Cultural, Archeological, and Recreational Resources A review of the "Ethnic, Territorial, and Archeological Map of Bolivia" indicated no cultural or archeological resources in Pail6n and the area located between the railroad an the pipeline right-of- way. However, a literature research of cultural and archeological resources within the area of influence of the project identified the following site in the general vicinity of the Pail6n-Tres Cruces Unit: . * Pail6n Site.- A archeological exploratory site exists about one km to the south of Pailon. This site has been named "Proyecto Grigota" and includes a total of five exploratory pits located 20 to 100 meters from each other. The pits are four meters square and three meters in depth. To date, the exploratory pits have encountered ceramic remains which are believed to belong to the period comprised between the years 800 and 1,000. The Pail6n archeological exploration started in 1994 and is planned to be completed in September 1996. This effort is being developed as a joined effort between the National Institutes of Archeology of Bolivia and Germany. The relative location of the Pail6n site within the area of influence of the project is shown in Figure 5.2. Recreational spaces in the area include the town main square, several sports complexes including one soccer field, two discotheques, and a horse track. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report io Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 7 DAMES & MOORE 5.2.7 Productive Systems The economy of Pail6n is based principally on agricultural activities implemented by small, medium and large producers who cultivate over 100,000 hectares of land. Key landowners and foreign communities currently own and control the majority of the agricultural, livestock and agroindustrial production in the zone. However, approximately 25 percent of the agricultural areas are owned and worked by farming families. Of the 630 families settled in this socioeconomic unit, 95 percent are involved in agriculture. Irrespective of agroecological and local differences, most inhabitants are subsistence farmers who produce the bulk of their own food requirements as well as some cash crops. Moreover, a certain portion of the food crops grown mainly for household consumption are almost invariably marketed. Thus, in the peasant farmer's mind, there is not a strict distinction between what is eaten and what is sold. In addition to assuring the household a year-round supply of consumable goods, mixed cropping, a traditional practice in all the areas that were surveyed, reduces the danger of soil erosion caused by land clearing. Soybean production accounts for over 50 percent of the total production in the region. Crop production also includes sugar cane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Soybeans are sold directly to oil factories, and corn and sorghum are shipped to different regions within and outside the Department of Santa Cruz. Other agricultural products produced in the region are sold locally, around the country and overseas. The revenues generated by these transactions are reinvested into the local economy. The main development projects in the region over the last fifteen years have included the construction of the Santa Cruz-Trinidad road, the improvement of the Pail6n-San Jose de Chiquitos road, and the expansion of the Pail6n potable water supply system and waste water treatment system. These projects have had a ripple economic effect, resulting in a large number of benefits which have occurred as a result. For instance, the implementation of the projects has resulted in the development of additional lodging, restaurants, gasoline stations, local markets, a terminal for cargo transport, and other industries in the area. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 8 DAMES & MOORE 5.2.8 Employment The majority of the population in Pailon is employed by large scale agroindustrial farms in activities that include land preparation, crop harvesting and collection. Small-scale commerce and petty trade are also essential ingredients of household income generation. The latter activities represent one of the most important sources of income for women. The average peasant family dedicates up to four of their members to farming activities. People who are unable to cultivate large sections of land work on the average of 60 days per calendar year as day workers, farming the lands of larger landowners in the region. Within this local economy, there are no specific activities which have been designated to be performed by females only, they participate in all agricultural activities. However, women dedicate less time to these tasks than their male counterparts due to domestic responsibilities. 5.2.9 Infrastructure and Services The main roadway infrastructure in the area includes the paved two-way roadway that connects Pail6n to Santa Cruz, the unpaved road that connects Pail6n to Puerto Suarez, and an unpaved road that extends to the south towards the pipeline right-of-way. Transportation infrastructure in Pail6n also includes the Santa Cruz-Corumba railroad system which provides daily service to the city of Santa Cruz, and service to Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Aguirre three days a week. The 1992 Census recorded 738 houses in the Pail6n area. These houses included 720 single family homes and 18 community homes. Houses located witiin the city boundaries are constructed of cement and bricks, and were observed to be generally in good condition. In contrast, houses located on the outskirts of Pail6n are constructed of mud, branches and straw, and were observed to be generally in poor condition. Potable drinking water and electricity are supplied to approximately 60 percent of the population. Each house has its own septic tank for sanitary waste water discharge since the region lacks a public sewer system. Telephone service is provided to only 10 percent of the houses. Long Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 9 DAMES & MOORE distance telephone service is provided by the Empresa Nacional de Telefonos-ENTEL (National Telecommunication Company). Local and regional transportation is provided by bus and taxi service cooperatives (Cooperativa de Transporte Mixto). Traffic during the harvest season on the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez highway increases significantly, reaching up to 2,000 vehicles per month. 5.3 SAN JOSE DE CHIQUITOS AREA (UNIT II) 5.3.1 Land Use The San Jose de Chiquitos Unit (Unit II) is located approximately 266 km east of the city of Santa Cruz and is bounded to the west by El Tinto and to the east by the Ayoreode comnmunity of Tobite. The area of influence of this region was defined by the CIAT/PRODESA Program (Centro de Investigaci6n Agricola Tropical/Programa de Desarrollo de San Jose de Chiquitos) in 1990. The major population center in Unit II is San Jose de Chiquitos. The economy of the region is supported mostly by cattle raising carried out by independent ranching families, and to a lesser degree by small to medium-scale agriculture which supplies mainly internal markets. In general, revenues generated locally are reinvested in the local economy. San Jose de Chiquitos is an important historical site within the region and has become the link between large agricultural production areas within the Department of Santa Cruz. This capacity has required the creation of a regional commercial economy throughout the entire Province of Chiquitania, which has been supported mainly by the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad. The construction of several access roads for petroleum exploration and exploitation has also facilitated the commercialization of the main livestock and agricultural products in the region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599 007-138 Enviromnmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 10 DAMES & MOORE 5.3.2 Political and Social Organizations The official entities located in the region are: the Sub-Prefecture, Mayor's Office, Civil Register (Registro Civil), Internal Revenue Service (la Renta Interna), and the Court of Instruction (Juzgado de Instrucci6n). There are 33 OTBs. The OTBs in the region include 23 peasant communities and 10 neighborhood councils. The region is served by several cooperatives such as the savings and loans, water and energy supply, communications and transportation, and by three unions representing different working sectors in the region: urban teachers, railroad workers, and masons. Other institutions present in the region include the BIDESA Bank, ENTEL, the Cattle Raising Federation, the National Association of Soybean Producers, the Forest Development Center, and a Mothers Club (dedicated to goodwill work). Non Govermnental Organizations (NGOs) present in the zone are: * CARITAS serving the agricultural and cattle raising sector; I * CIAT supporting investigations in the agricultural and cattle raising fields; and * CCH-SUR assisting the health sector. The majority of the population in the region is Catholic, however, there is an important influence from the Evangelic and Mormon Churches. 5.3.3 Population The 1992 Census indicated that the total population in San Jose de Chiquitos was 8,483 inhabitants, distributed as 50 percent male and 50 percent female. The "young" population (0 to 14 years of age) represented 46 percent, the "active" population (15 to 64 years of age) 50 percent, and the "senior" population (65 years and over) 4 percent. Consequently, the population in the region is considered young, as 46 percent of the total population is below the age of 14. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Repoit Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 11 DAMES & MOORE The general structure of the population in San Jose de Chiquitos is presented in the following table: Number of Number or Number of Number of Total Number Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants 65 Inhabitants Gender of Inhabitants between between years of age with age not 0- 1 sears of age 15-64 years of age and over specified Men 4257 1956 2162 137 2 Women 4226 1971 2125 128 2 Total 8483 3927 4287 265 4 The growth rate of the population is 4.16 % according to the 1992 census. Based on this growth rate, the projected population of San Jose de Chiquitos for 1996 is about 9,976 inhabitants. The family size ranges from four to eight children per family, with an average of five children. With regard to the mortality rate, it was reported that there is a high rate of infant mortality as a result of poor living conditions, deficient health care and education services, and diseases such as dysentery and malaria. Several large national settlements have developed along the railroad line in the central Chiquitana zone for the implementation of small scale agriculture. These settlements became legal communities following the enactment of the Ley de Reforma Agraria (Land Use Law). The region has also been considered important for foreign migration due to the presence of suitable soil to develop agricultural and livestock activities, and the railroad. For instance, a Mennonite colony called Nueva Esperanza (New Hope) was established in the early 1970s, and since then it has been involved in producing annual crops and raising livestock using intensive production systems. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 12 DAMES & MOORE 5.3.4 Health San Jose de Chiquitos houses two hospitals and one first aid station. These hospitals are owned by the FoyaDnini Health Secretary and ENFE (Railroad National Company). The current physical condition of the hospital, the station, and their medical equipment was reported to be deficient. The most common diseases in the region are dysentery, malaria, lung infections, parasites, bronchopneumonia, measles, and tuberculosis. 5.3.5 Education There are currently two pre-schools, seven elementary schools, and two secondary schools providing basic education to the inhabitants of the region. Basic education is provided mainly by teachers who graduated from the local schools and attended a teacher's school in one of the main Bolivian cities. There is a polytechnic institute providing higher education. The institute, which has an educational trade agreement with the Rend Moreno University in the city of Santa Cruz, offers two technical careers: agronomy and veterinary medicine. The new educational tendency in the region is to promote community production, reflecting over the agricultural situation, and finding solutions to problems through the effort and participation of the entire community. 5.3.6 Cultural, Archeological, and Recreational Resources A review of the "Ethnic, Territorial, and Archeological Map of Bolivia" indicated no cultural or archeological resources in San Jose de Chiquitos and the area located between the railroad an the pipeline right-of-way. However, a literature research of cultural and archeological resources within the area of influence of the project identified the following sites in the general vicinity of the San Jose de Chiquitos Unit: * San Jose Cathedral.- The most important historical sites in the region are the Jesuits Cathedral and the Santa Cruz la Vieja National Historic Park both of which are located in Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 13 DAMES & MOORE San Jose de Chiquitos. The San Jose Cathedral was completed in 1754 and represents one of the oldest Jesuit churches in America. Santa Cruz la Vieja National Park.- The Santa Cruz la Vieja park was established as a National Historic Site by Presidential Decree No. 22140 on February 22, 1989. The park represents the site of the first settlement of the city of Santa Cruz which was founded on February 26, 1561. The old Santa Cruz ruins are believed to be underneath a series of promontories which extend across the forested area that constitutes the park. A regional movement has started to promote the development of the Santa Cruz La Vieja Historic Park as a major historic and tourism center. This program is receiving extensive participation by the local social agents of development such as the Civic Committee, Peasant Union, Ranchers Association, Center for Forest Development, etc. Quimome Site.- The Quimome site, explored by Pia in 1986, is located about 55 km west of San Jose de Chiquitos. Exploratory pits made at this site ecountered a human skeleton surrounded by ceramic remains. The relative locations of these sites within the area of influence of the project are shown in Figure 5.2. Recreational facilities include the town main square, several sport complexes including soccer fields, cinema, discotheque and karaoke. In addition, there is a private health resort located in the Shuto park. 5.3.7 Production Systems As previously indicated, the economy of the region is supported mostly by cattle raising carried out by independent ranching families, and to a lesser degree by small to medium-scale agriculture. This economy supplies internal markets, and revenues generated during commercial transactions are reinvested in the local economy. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 14 DAMES & MOORE There are currently four types of ranching according to a CIAT criteria: subsistence ranching, complementary ranching, capitalized ranching, and farmer ranching. * In subsistence ranching the size of the herd (15-50 head) is insufficient to satisfy basic family needs, so income must be complemented through small scale agriculture and occasional hunting. Commonly grown agricultural crops are corn, rice, and cassava in one to two hectare lots. In addition to cattle, other animals are also raised including chickens, turkeys, pigs, and horses. * Complementary ranching is performed at approximately 90 ranches in the region and is considered as the second most irnportant in terms of herd size (30-250 head). The size of the ranches ranges from 1,500 to 3,000 ha. * Capitalized ranching involves herds larger than 250 head. This type of ranching is different from the ones previously described, because it generates levels of revenue such that it allows ranching families to live exclusively from this income. It is estimated that only 10 ranchers carry out capitalized ranching in the region. This production system utilizes a land area of at least 3,000 ha. * Farmer ranching is practiced by Mennonite communities in ranches that have relatively large amounts of land (50 to 150 ha per ranch). Approximately 200 ranches in the region perform farmer ranching. These ranches also produce annual crops, such as cereals and soybeans. About 10 to 30 head of milk cows complement their agricultural activities. In addition, these ranches are equipped with high technical capacity which allows them to obtain increased production levels from their purebred stock. Most inhabitants in the region are subsistence farmers who produce the bulk of their fo6d requirements as well as some cash crops. The farmers, with the technical support from PRODESA, are currently cultivating crops such as soybeans, peanuts, cayu, rice, corn, cassava, beans, sweet potatoes, cherimoye, citrus fruits, and tobacco, which are then sold in markets in San Jose de Chiquitos and Santa Cruz. Most farmers harvest lots ranging from one to three hectares. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 15 DAMES & MOORE The main private industrial and commercial institutions present in the region are the Industria Minera La Rosa (La Rosa Mining Complex), and Aserraderos Surutu and Suto (Surutu and Suto Sawmills). 5.3.8 Employment The urban population is mostly employed by the different government institutions present in this unit. Workers from the peasant communities are employed as salaried labor for maintenance activities on the railroad or work as bricklayers in San Jose de Chiquitos. The majority of the cattle raisers live in San Jose de Chiquitos, where they generally have other activities such as working as government employees, business, and others. 5.3.9 Infrastructure and Services The main roadway infrastructure in the area includes the unpaved road that connects Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez. However, transportation via this road is very limited due to the unreliable and poor physical conditions. In general, the road is used mainly during dry weather conditions. Transportation infrastructure in San Jose de Chiquitos also includes the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad which provides daily service to the city of Santa Cruz, and service to Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Aguirre three days a week. The 1992 Census recorded 1,592 houses in the San Jose de Chiquitos area. These houses included 1,578 single family homes and 14 community homes. The majority of the houses are constructed of sun-dried bricks. Potable water and electricity are supplied to approximately 60 percent of the population. Electricity is available only 20 hours per day. Each house has its own septic tank for sanitary wastewater discharge since the region lacks a public sewer system. A telecommunications system composed of 214 telephone lines and two radio communication stations currently serves the region. Long distance telephone service is provided by ENTEL and Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 16 DAMS & MOORE: a microwave booster station located approximately 15 kilometers from San Jose de Chiquitos. This station has been in operation since 1989. 5.4 ROBORE (UNIT III) 5.4.1 Land Use The Robore Unit (Unit III) is located approximately 400 km east of the city of Santa Cruz. Its borders extend from Tobite in the west to Santa Ana in the east. The major population center in the Unit is the town of Robore. The production economy of the region is based principally on livestock raising and small scale agricultural activities. Livestock raising is conducted by key land owners on approximately 110 ranches, located in the southern part of the region. It is estimated that these ranches raise about 66 percent of the region's 25,000 head of cattle. Livestock is raised to a lesser degree, on about 235 peasant farms. The peasant communities have approximately 235 family farms with herds ranging from 1 to 50 head of cattle. The majority of the cattle raised in the region are mixed and native breeds. Other land uses in the region include the production of about 300 cubic feet of lumber per month from the region's forestry areas for the carpentry industry and the railroad (ties for the rail line). 5.4.2 Political and Social Organizations The official entities located in the region are the Mayor's Office, Civic Committee, Agrarian Reform Office, Assistant National Treasurer, and Comptroller's Office. An Army and Air Force Base with approximately 1,000 military personnel is also located in Robore. There are 39 OTBs, which include 2 indigenous communities, 20 peasant communities and 17 neighborhood councils. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 17 DAMES & MOORE Other institutions present in the region include the BIDESA Bank, two savings and loan cooperatives, an urban and a rural teacher's association, ENTEL a ranchers federation, a peasants federation, railroad union, hunting and fishing clubs, and the Bolivian Red Cross. The majority of the population in the region is Catholic. However, there is an important influence from the Evangelical Church. 5.4.3 Population The 1992 Census data indicated that the total population in Robore was 10,360 inhabitants distributed as 50.2 percent males and 49.8 percent females. The "young" population (0 to 14 years of age) represented 44 percent, the "active" population (15 to 64 years of age) 53 percent, and the "senior" population (65 years and over) 3 percent. Consequently, the Robore population is considered young, as 44 percent of the total population is below the age of 14. The general structure of the population in Robore is presented in the following table: Number of Number of Number of Number of Total Number Inhabilants Inbabitants Inhabitants 65 Inhabitants Gender. of Inhabitants between between . ears of age with age not 0-14 years of age 15-64 years of age and oser specified Men 5202 2245 2779 178 0 Women 5158 2295 2673 190 0 Total 10360 4540 5452 368 0 As with the previous units, the growth rate of the population in Robore is 4.16% according to the 1992 census. Based on this growth rate, the projected population of Robore for 1996 is about 12,184 inhabitants. The family size ranges from four to eight children per family, with an average of five children. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 18 DAMES & MOORE With regard to the mortality rate, it was reported that there is a high rate of infant mortality as a result of poor living conditions, deficient health care and education services, and diseases such as diarrhea and malaria. 5.4.4 Health Robore and Chochis currently house three hospitals and five first aid posts. The hospitals are owned by Caja Ferro, SNSP and Cosmil. The medical force includes 11 doctors (among them a surgeon, a pediatrician and an internal medicine specialist) assisted by several midwives located throughout the region. The most common diseases in the region are dysentery, malaria, lung infections, parasites, bronchopneumonia, measles and tuberculosis. 5.4.5 Education There are currently two public and three private secondary schools providing basic education to the inhabitants of the region. Private schools are "schools by agreement," subsidized between the State and the religious community with funds from Spain. Basic education is provided mainly by teachers who graduated from the local schools and attended a teacher's school in one of the main Bolivian cities. In addition to these schools, there is a school for secretaries, a boarding school for orphans, and a technical institute. The Instituto Boliviano de Aprendizaje offers careers in the fields of mechanics, carpentry, electricity, knitting and cooking. The region also has an agreement with the University Rene Moreno of Santa Cruz which offers technical careers in agronomy and civil construction. It is estimated that about 22 percent of the community does not have access to schools (children must travel to other towns for school), 15 percent have secondary education, and 85 percent only Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 19 DAMES & MOORE have middle school. The student population in the region amounts to 6,830 students. The educational system employs approximately 250 teachers and one hundred administrative personnel. 5.4.6 Social, Cultural and Archeological Resources A review of the "Ethnic, Territorial, and Archeological Map of Bolivia" indicated no cultural or archeological resources in Robore and the area located between the railroad and the pipeline right- of-way. However, a literature research of cultural and archeological resources within the area of influence of the project identified the following sites in the general vicinity of the Robore Unit: Robore Site 1.- This site is located along the Santa Cruz-Corumba railroad between the towns of Limoncito and San Miguel. Exploratory pits made at this site encountered ceramic remains (Riester, 1981). * Robore Site 2.- This site is located along the same railroad approximately 4 km towards San Jose de Chiquitos. The site presents animal paintings in red which were painted directly on the bedrock (Riester, 1981). * Santiago Site.- This site is located approximately 4 km northwest of Robore and is an old Jesuits settlement. The site presents paintings of humans, animals and a variety of geometric figures (Riester, 1981). The relative locations of these sites witiin the area of influence of the project are shown in Figure 5.2. Recreational facilities in the area include the town squares, several sports complexes including one soccer field, two libraries, four theaters, four recreational resorts with swimming pools, several discotheques and karaokes. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 20 DAMES & MOORE 5.4.7 Production Systems Tertiary activities, such as commercialization, prevail over the production activities of agriculture and livestock raising. The population is involved principally in the importation and distribution of goods and agricultural and livestock products. As a result, an intense commercial network has been created in the region that depends on the services provided by ENFE (Railroad National Company) and State institutions established in the area. The productive economy also includes livestock raising and small scale agricultural activities. Agriculture is carried out by subsistence farming families who produce the bulk of their food requirements as well as some cash crops on 1.7 hectare lots per family on the average. The agricultural production system implemented by these families is rudimentary, involving the "slash and burn" method. 5.4.8 Employment The majority of the population in Robore is employed by the commerce establishments, cattle ranches, the railroad company, and government institutions present in the region. Petty trade activities are of vital importance for the survival of rural and urban families. The latter activities represent one of the most important sources of income for women. In addition to conducting agricultural activities, the members of the peasant families in the region are hired as servants for households in Robore and cattle ranches throughout the region. Many others work as maintenance laborers in the railroad or as bricklayers in local brick factories. 5.4.9 Infrastructure The main roadway infrastructure in the area includes the unpaved road that connects Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez. As previously indicated, transportation on this road is very limited due to the unreliable and poor physical conditions. In general, the road is used mainly during dry weather conditions. Transportation infrastructure in Robore also includes the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 21 DAMES & MOORE railroad which provides daily service to the city of Santa Cruz, and service to Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Aguirre three days a week. The 1992 Census recorded 2,029 houses in the Robor6 area, including 2,008 single family homes and 21 community homes. Houses located within the city boundaries are constructed of cement and bricks, and were observed to be generally in good condition. In contrast, houses located on the outskirts of Robore are constructed of mud, branches, and straw, and were observed to be generally in poor condition. Potable water and electricity service are supplied to less than 50 percent of the households in the region. Electricity is not available on a 24-hour basis. Telephone service is provided to only 10 percent of the houses. Long distance telephone service is provided by ENTEL. Each house has its own septic tank for sanitary wastewater discharge since the region lacks a public sewer system. 5.5 EL CARMEN (UNIT IV) 5.5.1 Land Use The El Carmen Unit (Unit IV) is located in the eastern portion of the study area and is bounded to the west by the town of Santa Ana, to the east by the town of Yacuses, to the north by Angel Sandoval Province (which is located just north of the railroad), and to the south by the Baflados de Otuquis (Otuquis Marshes). The major population center in the Unit is the town of El Carnen, a small town that, due to legal problems, has not yet defined its political status. The region is characterized by a strong presence of logging concessions and agricultural activities conducted by subsistence farmers. Crop harvesting includes mainly citric fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruit. Livestock raising is also conducted in the region, although to a much lesser degree. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 22 DAMES & MOORE 5.5.2 Political and Social Organizations The official entities located in the region are: Municipal Office ("Corregidor"), Mayor's Office and Civic Committee. There are eight'OTBs, represented by five peasant communities and three neighborhood councils. Other institutions present in the region include a savings and loan corporation, a water and electricity cooperative, a peasants union, and a Mother's Club. The religious sector is represented principally by the Catholic Church. 5.5.3 Population The 1992 Census data indicated that the total population in El Carmen was 2,330 inhabitants distributed as 51.4 percent males and 48.6 percent females. The "young" population (0 to 14 years of age) represented 49 percent, the "active" population (15 to 64 years of age) 47 percent, and the "senior" population (65 years and over) 4 percent. Consequently, the El Carmen population is considered young, as 49 percent of the total population is below the age of 14. he general structure of the population in El Carmen is presented in the following table: Number or Number or Number or Number of Total Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants 65 Inhabitants IGender Number of' Gender Number or between between years of age with age not Inhabitants 0-14 years of age 15-64 years of age and over speeified Men 1198 603 550 45 0 | Women 1132 545 546 41 0 Total 2330 1148 1096 86 0 As with the previous units, the growth rate of the population is 4.16 percent according to the 1992 census. Based on this growth rate, the projected population of El Carmen for 1996 is about 2,739 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 23 DAMES & MOORE inhabitants. The family size ranges from four to eight children per family, with an average of five children. The overall mortality rate in the region, is reported to be 11% percent, the highest of all the Units in the study area. This high rate is the result of poor living conditions, unstable housing construction, deficient health care and education, and diseases such as dysentery, malaria, and tuberculosis. 5.5.4 Health El Carmen currently houses two hospitals and a first aid post. The hospitals are owned by the SNSP and Ferro Caja. The medical force includes only one doctor and several nurses, who are assisted by several midwives located throughout the region. Physicians are provided by the medical university in Sucre on a one-year rotational basis. The current physical condition of these hospitals and first aid post as well as their medical equipment is considered as deficient. 5.5.5 Education There are one pre-school, five primary schools, and one secondary school providing basic education to the inhabitants of the region. Basic education is provided mainly by teachers who graduated from the local schools and attended a teacher's school in one of the main Bolivian cities. In addition to these schools, there is a polytechnic institute providing higher education. 5.5.6 Cultural, Archeological and Recreational Resources A review of the "Ethnic, Territorial, and Archeological Map of Bolivia" indicated no cultural or archeological resources in El Carmen and the area located between the railroad an the pipeline right-of-way. However, a literature research of cultural and archeological resources within the area of influence of the project identified the following site in the general vicinity of the El Carmen Unit: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 24 DAMES & MOORE Yoroba Site.- This site is located in the Chiquitanos settlement of Yoraba, between Aguas Calientes and Santiago. The site presents paintings of aniimals, geometric figures and humans. The relative location of the Yoroba site within the area of influence of the project is shown in Figure 5.2. Recreational spaces in the area include the town square, two small meeting halls, a coliseum, and several sports complexes including one soccer field. 5.5.7 Production Systems As previously indicated, the region is characterized by a strong presence of logging concessions and agricultural activities conducted by subsistence farmers (crop harvesting includes mainly citrics). Although livestock raising is conducted on a small scale, this activity has been developing significantly during the past two decades. In general, most of the revenues generated by the sale of logging, agricultural, and livestock products are not reinvested in the local economy. Instead, they are invested in stronger economies such as Puerto Suarez. Most of the inhabitants are also subsistence farmers who produce the bulk of their food requirements as well as some cash crops. They are currently cultivating rice and citrus such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruit in lots ranging from 1 to 5 ha. These products are shipped to markets in different regions within and outside the Department of Santa Cruz. The agricultural production system implemented by these families is rudimentary, involving the "slash and burn" method. Frequent droughts in recent years have affected crop harvesting in the region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 25 DAMES & MOORE 5.5.8 Employment There is a high unemployment rate in the region. Approximately 60 percent of the economically active population in the urban and rural, areas is currently unemployed. The remaining 40 percent are hired as laborers in the logging concessions and cattle ranches. 5.5.9 Infrastructure The main roadway infrastructure in the area includes the unpaved road that connects Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez. Transportation infrastructure also includes the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad system which provides daily service to the city of Santa Cruz, and service to Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Aguirre three days a week. The 1992 Census recorded 447 houses in El Carmen area, including 439 single family homes and eight community homes. Most of the houses are constructed of mud, branches and straw, and were observed to be in poor condition. Potable water and electricity (only from 6:00 in the afternoon to 11:00 at night) are supplied to only 20 percent of the population. At the time of the public meeting in El Carmen, electricity was not available to any of the general public. Both of the electric generators were out of service, in need of repair. Only a small generator to service the water plan was operational. Each house has its own septic tank for sanitary wastewater discharge since the region lacks a public sewer system. Long distance telephone service is provided by ENTEL. 5.6 PUERTO SUAREZ/PUERTO QUIJARRO (UNIT V) 5.6.1 Land Use The Puerto Suarez/Puerto Quijarro Unit (Unit V) is located in the eastern portion of the study area, approximately 600 kam east of the city of Santa Cruz. The Unit covers about 5,500 knri of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 26 DAMES & MOORE territory, which represents about 1.5 percent of the total area of the Department of Santa Cruz. The two major population centers in the Unit are Puerto Suarez and Puerto Quijarro. Puerto Suarez (capital of the province), is considered to be the main administrative center of the region and is located approximately 17 km from the border with Brazil (Corumba). Puerto Suarez is the main administrative center of this socioeconomic unit. Puerto Quijarro, which has acquired regional importance in recent years due to its location, is the closest urban center to the border city of Corumba, Brazil. It is located approximately 10 km from Puerto Suarez on the edge of the Tamengo Channel (where the Concepci6n Creek converges with the Caceres Lake) and about 4 km from Corumba. Two small settlements are also located within this socioeconomic unit. These are: Suarez Arana (also known as Paradero) and Arroyo Concepci6n. These small communities are considered as part of an integrated urban system, whose main center is Puerto Suarez. In general, the economy of the region is based almost exclusively on activities involving border trade. As part of the Regional Development Plan for the Department of Santa Cruz, this region is considered of particular importance, since it should become the center of development of the southeast portion of Bolivia for industries closely tied to the Brazilian markets. Among industries currently established in the region are fertilizer, polymer and cement production plants. In addition to these industries, a more intensive exploitation of iron in the MutGn mining zone is also planned as part of this Development Plan. The objective of existing and future projects in the region is to endow the Departnent of Santa Cruz with an industrial and mining base for export. This also involves the current construction of the commercial and industrial free trade zone ZOFRAMAQ (to be completed in August 1996) and the upgrading of the existing transportation system, primarily with the construction of Puerto Bush on the Paraguay River. The main purpose of this port will be to allow access to the Atlantic Ocean. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 27 DAMES & MOORE The only primary production activity that has an important economic impact in the region is livestock raising. However, due to a lack of stable livestock industry in the country, the majority of the production is consumed locally or exported to Brazil. Milk and other lactic derivatives are almost non-existent in the region. Agriculture is very scarce, although there are a few farmers dispersed throughout the region, dedicated to agricultural activities only when the economic conditions of the region are favorable. 5.6.2 Political and Social Organizations Given the characteristics and strategic importance of the zone as the main border area with Brazil, there has always been a strong government presence with the armed forces (Army and Navy), Narcotics Unit, National Police, and Customs and Immigration Offices to safeguard the sovereignty of the Bolivian territory. Puerto Suarez The official entities located in Puerto Suarez are as follows: the Sub-Prefecture, Mayor's Office, Civil Register (Registro Civil), and Civil Committee. There are 25 OTBs represented by 2 indigenous communities, 9 peasant communities, and 14 neighborhood councils. Other institutions present in the region include several banks, savings and loan cooperatives, and a Mother's Club (dedicated mainly to goodwill work). The religious sector is represented principally by the Catholic Church and, to a lesser degree, by the Evangelical Church. Puerto Quijarro The official entities located in Puerto Quijarro are as follows: Chief Magistrate, Customs and Immigration Office, Internal Tax Revenue Office, and District Management Office for Education. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study s September 1, 1996 5 - 28 DAMES & MOORE There are 15 OTBs represented by 2 peasant communities and 13 neighborhood councils. Other institutions present in Puerto Quijarro include a border fraternity and a Mother's Club (dedicated mainly to goodwill work). The religious sector is also represented principally by the Catholic Church and to a lesser degree by the Protestant Church. 5.6.3 Population The 1992 Census data indicated that the total population for these two centers was 16,187 inhabitants (9,863 in Puerto Suarez and 6,324 in Puerto Quijarro). The total population is distributed as 52.8 percent males and 47.2 percent females. The "young" population (0 to 14 years of age) represented 41 percent, the "active" population (15 to 64 years of age) 57 percent, and the "senior" population (65 years and over) 2 percent. The general structure of the population in the region is presented in the following table: Number of Number of Number of Number of Total Number Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants 65 Inhabitants Gender of Inhabitants between between years of age with age not 0-14 bears or age 15-64 years of age and over specified Men 8547 3327 5034 169 17 Women 7640 3232 4240 149 19 Total 16187 6559 9274 318 36 As with the previous units, the growth rate of the population is 4.16% according to 1992 census. Based on this growth rate, the projected population of Puerto Suirez and Puerto Quijarro for 1996 is about 11,599 and 7,437, respectively. The population of the region consists principally of two very distinct ethnic groups referred to as "collas" and "cambas." The colla people consist of "Quechua" and "Aymara" indigenous groups Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 29 DAMES & MOORE which immigrated to the area from the high lands of the western region of Bolivia. This ethnic group is mainly involved in small scale businesses that include food retail and transportation. The camba people are originally from the low lands of the eastern and northern regions of Bolivia. This group is mainly employed in a variety of private companies and industries or in government offices. A foreign migration into the region has also occurred due mainly to the existence of labor opportunities in the commercial and industrial sectors. The foreign migration is generated from the bordering countries, principally Brazil and Paraguay. 5.6.4 Health Puerto Suarez currently houses one hospital and four private clinics. The medical work force in these health centers includes six doctors, four medical assistants, and six nurses, assisted by three midwives located throughout the region. In Puerto Quijarro, there is only one hospital and one first aid station. The number of doctors, nurses, assistants and midwives serving these health centers was not available at the time the Socioeconomic Public Consultation Program was conducted. 5.6.5 Education In Puerto Suarez, there are currently three pre-schools, four primary schools, and two secondary schools. In addition to these schools, there are two polytechnic institutes providing higher education. The number of students attending these schools is approximately 7,330, and the professional teaching staff serving the students is composed of about 310 persons. In Puerto Quijarro, there are five pre-schools, ten primary schools, and ten secondary schools. However, this sector does not have any technical schools or universities. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 0 September 1, 1996 5 - 30 DAMES & MOORE 5.6.6 Social, Cultural and Archeological Resources A review of the "Ethnic, Territorial, and Archeological Map of Bolivia" indicated no cultural or archeological resources in Puerto Suarez, Puerto Quijarro, and the area located between the railroad and the pipeline right-of-way. A literature research of cultural and archeological resources within the area of influence of the project did not identify any site in the general vicinity of the Puerto Suarez-Puerto Quijarro Unit. Recreational facilities in Puerto Suarez include the town main square, several playgrounds, a conference room, two small libraries, the house of culture, and several discotheques and karaoke. In Puerto Quijarro, there are two libraries and several discotheques and karaokes. 5.6.7 Production Systems The economic role of this region is limited to serving as a "trade bridge" between Brazil and Bolivia, and most of its inhabitants have economic interests directly or indirectly related to the border trade business. Border trading occurs on two levels, legal and illegal. Legal trading is carried out by national companies that acquire goods directly from factories in Sao Paulo and other major cities in Brazil, and then transport them to Puerto Quijarro. The merchandise is appraised by the Bolivian National Customs Service and then shipped by train to Santa Cruz. Illegal trading, which is conducted by smuggling foreign goods across the border, has a significant impact on the region's economy. Smuggling of goods into Brazilian territory from Bolivia also occurs, although on a much reduced scale. Illegal trading in the area also involves drug smuggling. These drug related activities are conducted not only as direct sale to foreign buyers but also by exchanging motor vehicles for drugs. Although these activities have diminished significantly in recent years, they are still quite widespread through the region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 31 DAMES & MOORE The industrial sector in the region is represented principally by iron exploitation, and the production of fertilizers, polymers and cement. Currently, the small quantities of iron that are produced in the Mutun mining complex are exported to Brazil via Corumba. The mining exploitation in Mutuin is carried out by the State Mining Company of the West (Minera Estatal del Oriente-EMEDO). The company operates two processing facilities, with a combined capacity of refining three million metric tons of iron per year. However, this potential capacity is not used in its entirety, as only approximately 15 thousand metric tons of refined iron are produced annually. There are also three relatively important sawmills that process wood extracted from the Carmen forestry concessions. 5.6.8 Employment Employment rates in the region are extremely variable since the economy in Puerto Suarez and Puerto Quijarro is related mainly to border trading with Brazil, which in turn depends on the economic conditions in Bolivia. A large portion of the population is employed by these two economic sectors. The effects caused in the region's economy by the variability of the employment rates are minimized by the population's overall versatility and capacity to relocate to and from Santa Cruz and other major cities in the country. In addition to the population directly involved in trading, there are also a significant number of people providing merchants and businesses with transportation and food supply services. Another source of employment in the region is the different government institutions present and ENFE. 5.6.9 Infrastructure and Services The main roadway infrastructure in the area includes the unpaved road that connects Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez and the paved road that connects Puerto Suarez, Puerto Quijarro, and Corumba. Transportation infrastructure also includes the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railway. The railway, although in poor physical condition, has played an important role in providing transportation in the region and has caused a significant impact on the growth of the intermediary population centers Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 32 DAMES & MOORE between this region and Santa Cruz. The number of passengers using the railroad fluctuates on average between 600 and 1,000 people per day. One of the most important means of transportation to and from the region is the Puerto Suarez Airport. Air traffic at the airport averages two arrivals and two departures per day. The airport facilities are used mainly by the local airlines LAB (Lloyd Aereo Boliviano), Aerosur, and TAM (Transporte Aereo Militar). The existing port infrastructure is also important for the economic development of the region. The two ports currently in operation are the Port of Aguirre, a private complex connected to the railroad, and the Naval Port. The main function of the Port of Aguirre is to serve as a shipping port for soybeans produced in the Department of Santa Cruz, which are subsequently sent in Paraguayan ships to European markets. The second port belongs to the Bolivian Navy, and is located in the village of Tamarinero, approximately three kilometers north of Puerto Quijarro. In addition to these existing port facilities, there are proposed projects to construct two additional ports, Tamengo and Bush. The 1992 Census recorded 2,059 houses in Puerto Suarez and 1,374 in Puerto Quijarro, including 2,020 single family homes and 39 community homes in Puerto Suarez, and 1,340 single family homes and 34 community homes in Puerto Quijarro. Most houses located within the boundaries of these two centers are constructed of cement and bricks, and were observed to be generally in good condition. In contrast, houses located on the outskirts of these centers are constructed of mud, branches, and straw, and were observed to be generally in poor condition. There is only one potable water supply distribution system for Puerto Suarez, Suarez Arana (Paradero), Puerto Quijarro and Arroyo Concepci6n. The system supplies potable water to only 40 percent of the population. A large number of houses in these four centers have their own septic tank for sanitary wastewater discharge since the construction of the public sewer system is only one third completed. Electricity for the urban centers is purchased from Brazil due to lack of generation resources in the region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 33 DAMES & MOORE There have been some indications of economic diversification based on the exploitation of tourism in Puerto Suarez, although this diversification does not have a significant impact on the region's economy. The infrastructure of hotels, lodgings, and restaurants in general is considered of mediocre capacity and physical conditions. The services offered at the majority of the hotels in the region, with the exception of one five-star hotel, are rated as deficient. There are a significant number of potential infrastructure projects to be implemented in the area, but the most important project is the current construction of the ZOFRAMAQ free trade center or zone. The objective of this project is to provide a system that will attenuate and/or eliminate factors that delay or hinder exporting commercial transactions. This center would also allow the production sector and businesses the possibility of inumediate access to merchandise or imported and/or exported goods, thus reducing financial costs and promoting the growth of the internal markets. The center area consists of 130,000 hectares of land, located on the Puerto Suarez-Santa Cruz road, 6 km from the Puerto Suarez airport, 11 km from the Corumba airport (Brazil), and 3 km from the Paraguay - Parana Hidrovia. The free trade center will also be connected to the existing Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railway. 5.7 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES With two major Indigenous groups and several lesser ones, Bolivia has the most significant indigenous population of any country on the South American continent. Between 50 percent and 60 percent of the total population is of pure Indigenous blood, about 35 percent is made up of "mestizos" (a mixture of Spanish and Indigenous blood), and less than one percent is of African heritage. The remainder of the population is primarily of European descent, with a small Asian minority. Recent studies in Bolivia indicated that the Indigenous population in the Departnent of Santa Cruz is approximately 128,000 inhabitants dispersed over the area or mixed with other groups. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599 007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 34 DAMES & MOORE Indigenous groups located within the study area are the Ayoreos, the Chiquitanos, and the Izozefio Guarani communities. 5.7.1 Ayoreos The Ayoreos indigenous population located within the study area consists of eight communities with a total of 838 inhabitants, according to the 1994 Census of Indigenous Peoples of Oriente, Chaco and the Amazon. The Ayoreos group has a transient economy and semi-nomadic culture, and occupies an extended area in the southern part of what is now the Department of Santa Cruz, and the northern Chaco area of the neighboring country of Paraguay. The initial interactions with this group by persons from outside the region are reported to have started in the 1930s, and were reportedly violent. By the end of the 1940s, Protestant and Catholic groups had persuaded them to adopt a sedentary way of life, and to settle in missions in order to be assisted and evangelized. The Ayoreos are an organized group and are represented by their highest authorities in the Confederaci6n Ayorea del Oriente Boliviano - CANOB (Ayorean Confederation of People of the Oriente), and are associated with the Confederaci6n Indigena del Oriente Boliviano - CIDOB (Indigenous Confederation of people of the Oriente). The Ayoreos currently live in communities located on both sides of the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad, to the north of the railroads the communities are Azpoc6, Puesto Paz, Tobite, Rinc6n del Tigre, and to the south, Yoquiday (Poza Verde), Santa Teresita, Santiago, Urucu., and El Carmen. There have been other attempts to establish settlements south of the railway, one close to Yoquiday and another in the area of Puerto Suarez. In general, the Ayoreos do not hold title to the lands they occupy. The Ayoreos have the right to possess and use them, but the legal titles are held in the names of the missions, or by the State. During visits to these communities, it was found that land at Poza Verde, Puesto Paz, Urucfi and Santiago is registered under the names of the missions; and that Santa Teresita and Tobite are in the name of the Ayoreos. Ayoreos lands in El Carmen belong to the local Municipality. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 35 DAMES & MOORE As to their cultivation practices in the shrub lands, the Ayoreos recently introduced the practice of clearing land for planting, and they are now probably the best workers there are for cutting trails and roads. Because of their knowledge of timber handling, the Ayoreos are also valued by lumber contractors. Ayoreos agriculture is a means of survival at the subsistence level. As to technology, few communities use machinery and equipment. In some cases it is used on mission lands, more than in community fields. The use of chemicals is limited. Hunting provides the Ayoreos with approximately 70 percent of their meat and protein. They avoid eating beef or poultry. On the contrary, their favorite meat is what they find in the forest, i.e., armadillos, iochis and turtles. However, it is common to hear the Ayoreos speak of using the fauna and flora only for the most vital needs. Although fishing is an activity mentioned in some studies of the Ayoreos, no significant evidence of this activity was found in the field work, except for some areas close to rivers, or with access to marshlands. Traditionally, the Ayoreos have practiced apiculture. According to several authors, the Ayoreos were familiar with about 30 species of bees, and raised them using rudimentary systems to produce honey. Another important category of economic activity for the Ayoreos is salaried employment at private sawmills, where the work ability and capacity of this indigenous group is evident. The Ayoreos also provide day-labor for neighbors in villages close to their communities, carrying wood, and working at different jobs as laborers in the forest. However, monetary income from occasional work is barely enough to purchase basic consumer products such as sugar, mate, oil, rice, noodles, soap, salt, matches and some school supplies. The Ayoreos are involved in the production of woven handicrafts, bags, small hammocks, rugs and so on, which are sold in towns and in the city of Santa Cruz. This is mainly a female activity, and is especially important in the community of Santiago. A certain degree of technical specialization and training has been achieved here, allowing these products to be exported through missionaries. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 36 DAMES & MOORE 5.7.2 Chiquitanos The Chiquitanos indigenous population located within the study area consists of 22 communities with a total of 2,819 inhabitants, according to the 1994 Census of Indigenous Peoples of Oriente, Chaco and the Amazon. In contrast to the Ayoreos people, the Chiquitanos have been an essentially sedentary group for more than a century, due to Jesuit activities during colonial times. Due to the degree of assimilation which has taken place, members of this group can be difficult to identify at first glance. The Chiquitanos currently live in the provinces of Chiquitos, Nuflo de Chavez, Velasco, and San Ignacio. In Chiquitos, they are dispersed in small communities, farms and ranches, and within the area of influence of the town of San Jose de Chiquitos, there are 19 communities with populations of Chiquitanos or Chiquitano-mestizo origin. Chiquitano communities are small in accordance with their condition as small or subsistence producers. The Chiquitanos are mainly involved in agricultural and hand crafting activities. Their main crops include rice, cacao, corn, yuca, peanuts, pineapple, and tobbaco. While the majority of the male population is typically involved in agricultural, hunting and fishing activities; women are dedicated household activities and to the production of woven handicrafts. 5.7.3 Izozefio-Guaranies of CABI (Unit VI) The Izozenio Guarani group includes 22 communities which constitute The Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI). The CABI community is settled within the Izozog Wetlands (Bafiados de Izozog) which is located along the Parapeti River watershed. The Parapeti watershed is one of the few remaining areas within the Bolivian territory where native semi-dry and semi-temperate forests still exist. In addition, the majority of its population (80 percent or more) belongs to indigenous communities. CABI belongs to the Guarani Town Assembly or Asamblea del Pueblo Guarani (APG), which is a regional organization of all Guarani settlement groups or towns. The Guarani Town Assembly Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 37 DAMES & MOORE belongs to CIDOB, which is the national organization of indigenous settlements. CABI is the first legally established Indigenous submunicipality in Bolivia. Its jurisdiction covers the Alto and Bajo Izozog. The main role of CABI is to protect and preserve the native ecosystem according to Bolivian Law No. 1551. The CABI organization was instrumental in establishing the Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area, which was officially authorized by signing of a Bolivian Presidential Decree in September, 1995. The Chaco is one of the largest protected areas in South America, and contains the highest mammalian biodiversity on the continent. Administratively, CABI practices a democratic system based upon the Law of Popular Participation. To win an election requires a consensus in which there is unanimous agreement on the people to be elected. CABI has an annual meeting of 200 delegates in which the administration gives information about the previous year's programs, explains how funds were administered, and presents a budget for the following year. CABI has a traditional justice system, without police. A Grand Captain, "mburubicha guazu", has authority over the 8,000 people. The Grand Captain is currently Mr. Bonafacio Barrientos. There are two vice-captains, one responsible for the high Izozog, and the other responsible for the Low Izozog. Each group has four assistants, and there are representatives from each of the communities. Discipline for civil or criminal injustice is administered by the Grand Captain. In extreme cases, people are excommunicated or banned from the community. The family is the most important unit within the Izozog community, and represents the economic and political center of the region. Within this context, the family unit regulates and distributes available productive land and natural resources for the following activities: domestic cores, livestock raising, cultivation in small family gardens, and community social services. CABI is comprised of 22 communities located along a 100 km stretch of the Parapeti River. The 22 groups which belong to CABI are as follows: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 38 DAMES & MOORE 1. Aguaraty 12. Kopere Montenegro 2. Aguarayba 13. La Brecha 3. Capeatindi 14. Mini 4. Carapari 15. Rancho Nuevo 5. Coropo 16. Rancho Viejo 6. Cuarirenda 17. Tamane 7. Isiporenda 18. Tamasindi 8. Ivasiriri 19. San Silvestre 9. Kopere Brecha 20. Yapiroa 10. Koeray Guasu 21. Yobi 11. Kopere Loma 22. Yugui In 1992, there were a total of approximately 1,340 families with 7,500 members living in this socioeconomic unit (1992 census). The general structure of the population in the High and Low Izozog in 1992 is provided in the table below. Location Males Females Total Homes Population High Izogog J 1569 1518 3087 517 Low Izogog | 2188 2230 4418 823 The National Council of Agrarian Reform granted nine land property rights titles to the Izoz6g community between 1967 and 1987. This land was to be parceled into sixteen different lots and included approximately 64,300 hectares (ha). In addition, a request was made for another 5,400 ha. This land division provides each family with approximately 55 ha. of land. Each family community utilizes an average of 1.5 ha. of land for agriculture, and there is an estimated deficit Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 39 DAMES & MOORE of about one ha per family to cover its basic living needs. There is a temporary migration for seasonal agroindustrial jobs with respect to the regional job market within the Izozog community. Their educational programs include bilingual education to teach their children not only Castellan Spanish but also Guarani. There is an agreement between CABI and the Normal de Chiragua, a university for teachers, which is implementing bilingual educational programs. The school system has 16 schools and 69 teachers, including 60 bilingual teachers and 9 who speak only Spanish. CABI has been considering the possibility of developing and coordinating traditional medicine in the area, which is significantly less expensive than western medicine. They have four medicine men in the community, who are called "chamanes". They are involved in research activities and have developed four medications, in conjunction with the University of San Andres in La Paz, which are sold in local hospitals. CABI has one hospital in La Brecha, four clinics, one doctor and sixteen nurses. They have an agreement with the Red Cross of Switzerland that was set up in the area approximately five years ago. Several other international organizations are active in the area to develop education and training programs to assist the people in understanding better use of the land, including APCOB and the Centro de Investigacion Agricultura Tropical (CIAT/CIPCA). The CABI community has three programs in place for the administration, development and management of the Gran Chaco National Park, which are described as follows: * World Bank financing for internal park management; * A community mapping program for sustainable development to protect the primary sources of livelihood, which are hunting, fishing, and agriculture; and * A natural resources planning program which focuses on the protection of biodiversity. The interactive process between the population and the natural ecosystem in this socioeconomic unit is considered to be a part of a subsistence economy. This economy is based on the use of natural resources and the implementation of production activities. Natural resources include Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 40 DAMES & MOORE mostly fishing, hunting, and collection of forest products for consumption and other uses. All these activities form part of a well-balanced system to protect, preserve, and control the flora and fauna biodiversity in the region Production activities carried out by the individuals in the Izozog community are also for subsistence purposes and include mainly small scale crop cultivation, domestic animal raising such as goats, pigs, ducks, chickens, cattle and horse raising, hand-made manufacture of domestic tools, ceramic handcrafts, and textiles, etc. Ongoing economic activities of this group include, among others: * water resource management; * manufacturing of domestic utensils; * commercial textile; * manufacturing of soap * food by-products; * ceramic production; * manual engineering design; and * construction and repair of fourteen irrigation channels throughout the High and Low Izozog areas. Transportation, water supply and disease represent significant problems within the CABI region. The availability of potable water is a major issue for sustainable development in the area. Only 18 of the communities have water supply from wells. Four more wells are needed to provide water to all twenty two communities. Electrical service is available only at La Brecha. The chagas disease is transmitted through an insect and little if any programs are available for its prevention. A medical laboratory is needed to investigate and research this illness. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 5 - 41 DAMES & MOORE ? RO S LFf - ^3 PROV VELASCO > 4 E c i JEZ 1<. <-. _ SAN JUA5N at ~~ ~ ' Y" SAN) Ct3E ~ SANDOVAL I-a 9 6 z a {/ 13MCOWL ) co s lCa le / I I hhhl> hF >..... | Y fs op&soX XC" CaRo LEFA D, l TIAUt) p EL CAAM Nt / j j _, j 9 CABX | i - i, ) ~~~~~~~~~~~EL MUTUI / I~~~~~~~ 4 y wI 9 N 1 J, - A 5 te f ~~~~PRAGA .o" LEGEND: SOCIO- ECONOMIC UNITS: Bolivian Border "I Pailon Rivers 71 San Jose Socio-Economic Units ITI Robore Boundary Study Area 3V El Carmen Proposed Gas Pipeline Route 7 Puerto Suarez Railroad u Cabi Area of Guarani Settlements Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline (Bolivian Portion) :=51_DAMES & MOORE Loca tion of Socioeconomic UnitsrFigure 5. _ _ _ _ SAN JOSE CATHEDRAL SANTA CRUZ LAVIEJA _0 _ _a NATIONAL PARK r ) t AITEN; /> 4 #ANJWEfEXW - ROBORE SIlE 1 t e } ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~SITE / Aa 4% < 0 X a 1 ROBORE SITE 2 _ YOROBA SITE SANTIAGO SITE 4% 0 410 sIoWLZI3) 0 40 I0KfL..flSdEThA LEGEND: + CULTURAL SITE 0 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE BOUVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) CULTURAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES ~Vft DAMES & MOORE FIGURE 5.2 Ref-oe Topo.Sphi. Max i th. Geo.phw Mi.Y k"Utt (l1:250.M D, CHAPTER 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.1 GENERAL .......................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Impacts Evaluation Methodology ...... .................. 6 - 1 6.1.2 Environmental Parameters ........ .................... 6 - 2 6.1.3 Project Activities ........... ....................... 6 - 3 6.1.4 Impacts Classification ......... ...................... 6 - 3 6.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .............. .. 6-6 6.2.1 Air Quality . ..................................... 6-6 6.2.1.1 Emission Sources ....... ..................... 6-6 6.2.1.2 Methodology ......... ...................... 6 - 8 6.2.1.3 Modeling Results ........ .................... 6 - 9 6.2.2 Geology, Geomorphology, Soils, and Seismicity ............6 - 12 6.2.2.1 Geology .......... ....................... 6 - 13 6.2.2.2 Geomorphology ........ .................... 6 - 13 6.2.2.3 Soils . ................................... 6- 13 6.2.2.4 Seismicity .......... ...................... 6 - 16 6.2.3 Water Resources .................. .6 - 16 6.2.3.1 Hydrology ......... ...................... 6-17 6.2.3.2 Hydrogeology ....... ..................... 6- 19 6.2.3.3 Water Quality ........ ..................... 6 - 20 6.2.4 Noise and Lighting ................................. 6 - 23 6.3 IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .... ......... 6 - 23 6.3.1 Vegetation ..................................... 6 - 23 6.3.2 Fauna . ....................................... 6 - 25 6.3.3 Species of Special Concern ....... .................... 6 - 27 6.3.4 Protected Areas .................................. 6 - 28 6.4 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .... ..... 6 - 28 6.4.1 Land Use .................... 6 - 29 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6-i DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.4.1.1 Temporary Land Use Change .............. 6 - 29 6.4.1.2 Permanent Land Use Change without Resettlements ..... 6 - 30 6.4.1.3 Permanent Land Use Change with Resettlements .... ... 6 - 30 6.4.1.4 Indirect Land Use Impacts ..................... 6 - 30 6.4.2 Social Impacts ................ ................... 6 - 31 6.4.2.1 Population .. 6 - 31 6.4.2.2 Public Health and Safety .. 6 - 31 6.4.2.3 Education and Training .. 6 - 33 6.4.2.4 Indigenous Peoples .. 6 - 33 6.4.2.5 Cultural and Archeological Resources .. 6 - 34 6.4.3 Economic Impacts ..6 - 34 6.4.3.1 Project Revenues. 6 - 34 6.4.3.2 Employment. 6 - 35 6.4.3.3 Infrastructure .6 - 36 6.5 RISK ASSESSMENT .. 6 - 38 6.5.1 General ..6 - 38 6.5.2 Safety Performance of Gas Pipelines in the U.S .. 6 - 39 6.5.3 Assessment of Pipeline Hazards ..6 - 41 6.5.4 Risk Control .6 - 42 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION 6.1 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) 6.2 AREA OF VEGETATION, SOILS, AND FORESTRY POTENTIAL TYPES AFFECTED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE RIGHT-OF-WAY 6 - iii 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 6.1 GENERAL The potential impacts on the existing physical, biological, and human environment resulting from the construction, operation, and abandonment of the proposed gas pipeline project are identified and described in this chapter. The discussion includes both beneficial and adverse impacts and their significance. Impacts are defined as those changes to the baseline conditions that are a direct or indirect consequence of the project. Where possible, impacts are described in quantitative terms. In other instances, a qualitative evaluation was conducted based on the professional experience and judgment of the assessment team and importance to the people potentially affected by the project. Such impacts may be direct or indirect, short term or permanent, localized or regional. Some potential impacts are avoidable and some adverse impacts may be mitigable. Secondary impacts are also discussed. Mitigation measures to avoid or miniimize environmental impacts are presented in the Environmental Management Plan of Chapter 7. 6.1.1 Impacts Evaluation Methodology Conceptually, potential environmental impacts are identified and evaluated by comparing proposed construction and operation activities with the baseline environmental conditions of the project area and predicting modifications on the physical, biological and socioeconomic baseline conditions. In practice, impacts may be identified, classified, and evaluated using a variety of techniques, such as matrices, modeling, and map overlays. In this study, impacts were analyzed using a combination of matrices, modeling, and map overlays developed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). An impact identification matrix was used to determine associations between the project activities and the environmental parameters, based on predicted modifications to the existing enviromnental conditions as a result of construction and operation of the project. For each possible combination Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - I DAMES & MOORE of activity and environmental parameter, an assessment was made as to whether the baseline condition of a given environmental parameter is likely to be modified by the project activity. For example, the activity "right-of-way clearing' will result in a modification in the environmental parameter "vegetation cover", because, of the reduction of areas covered by vegetation. The GIS- based map overlays were used in the quantification of the impacts on individual environmental parameters such as soils and vegetation. 6.1.2 Environmental Parameters The following key environmental parameters were identified to evaluate potential impacts of the project: * Physical Environment - Climate and Air Quality - Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils - Water Resources - Noise * Biological Environment - Vegetation - Fauna - Species of Special Concern - Protected Areas * Socioeconomic Enviromnent - Population - Economy - Indigenous People - Cultural, Historical, and Archeological Resources Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 2 DAMES & MOORE 6.1.3 Project Activities Project activities were summarized into the following categories: * Construction - Construction of Work Camps and Storage Yards - Construction of Compressor Stations and Pig Launchers/Receivers - Access Road Improvement - Transportation Activities (pipe, supplies, and workers transportation) - Clearing and Grading - Trenching - Pipe Bending, Laying, and Welding - Pipe Lowering and Backfilling - Hydrostatic Testing - Above Ground Appurtenances - Waste Management - Final Cleanup * Operations - Normal Operations - Waste Management Operations - Spills or Fires - Maintenance * Abandonment - Demolition - Transportation 6.1.4 Impacts Classification A variety of beneficial and adverse impacts will result from the development and operation of the project. The Project Sponsors are developing plans to distribute the beneficial impacts under their Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 3 DAMES & MOORE control, such as employment, purchasing of goods and services, and construction of related infrastructure, to groups and communities that would be affected by the project. For impacts described as adverse, significant, and mitigable, the recommended mitigation actions are described in Chapter 7.0. All impacts associated with the project, both beneficial and adverse, are identified, discussed, and classified in the remainder of this chapter. Tables 6.1 and 6.2 present a summary of the potential impacts and key mitigation measures. Application of appropriate mitigation measures will reduce impacts to acceptable levels. A common set of terms has been used for assessing and comparing impacts from the various facilities and activities associated with the project. The duration or actual time the resource would be affected by the project is provided for the resources being analyzed. Temporary, Intermittent or Permanent are used, as appropriate to describe duration. Temporary and Intermittent impacts are most often related to construction, which for most elements of this project is less than one year in duration. Permanent impacts are most often related to operation, which covers the remainder of the project, assumed to be 20 years or more. The duration of the impacts described in the following sections is discussed in terms of construction and/or operations impacts. The magnitude (i.e., local versus regional) is also provided where appropriate. Magnitude generally refers to the size or physical extent of the impact being described. Impacts have been assessed based upon published and unpublished information, field surveys, and analytical procedures, which included numerical screening of atmospheric emissions associated with the proposed four compressor stations to be located in Bolivian territory. Impacts were classified as follows: * Effect - Beneficial - Adverse Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 4 DAMES & MOORE * Cause-Effect Relationship - Direct - Indirect * Degree - Significant - Insignificant * Duration - Permanent - Temporary * Magnitude - Extended (over a large area) - Localized * Location - Proximal (effect is evident within one kilometer from the causal activity) - Remote (effect is evident more than one kilometer away from the causal activity) * Reversibility - Reversible - Irreversible * Mitigation - Mitigable (its effects may be minimized, reverted or nullified) - Not Mitigable * Association with other impacts - Cumulative - Synergistic Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 5 DAMES & MOORE 6.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6.2.1 Air Quality An impact to air quality is considered significant if it could cause substantial change in air quality in areas located within or nearby the sites of project construction and/or operation activities. The potential impacts identified are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: * Emission sources associated with site grading and road and building construction activities. * Pollutants related to construction equipment exhaust and welding activities. * Emission associated with the operation of the proposed four compressor stations sited on Bolivian territory. The following discussion identifies potential sources of air pollutant emissions that would be introduced by the project, provides an overview of the impact assessment methodology, and describes the results of the model. 6.2.1.1 Emission Sources Emission sources would be created during both the construction and operation phases of the project. During construction, the project would introduce temporary emission sources associated with site grading and road and building construction activities. Such activities would occur along the pipeline right-of-way and at locations of roadway improvements. The primary pollutant emission associated with construction activities would be dust, or particulate matter having a diameter of less than 10 microns (PM10), generated from site grading and other earthmoving activities. Uncontrolled dust emissions from earthmoving activities would likely lead to high concentrations of particulates in the area immediately surrounding the construction site. In the dry season, the increased vehicular traffic on the dirt road between Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez as well as on the access roads between the main road and the right-of-way, are expected to generate significant Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 6 DAMES & MOORE dust clouds. These occurrences will be temporary and localized, but may become an annoyance to drivers and workers. Dust may be transported by wind and settle on the vegetation adjacent to the roads, up to a few dozen meters from the road. It is unlikely that the dust will have any detectable effects on either the vegetation or the local fauna. Other pollutants expected during construction activities include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO,). These emissions, associated with construction equipment exhaust and welding activities, are not be expected to result in high concentrations of these pollutants. Construction equipment exhaust emissions would be minor and would be dispersed throughout the area in which construction equipment operates. Localized release of vapors associated with fueling activities will be ephemeral. Workers conducting such activities will be momentarily exposed to the vapors, but no negative effects are likely, as long as these activities are conducted in open spaces and undue spillage is prevented. Consequently, impacts associated with construction emissions are considered less than significant due to their localized and short-term nature. During operation of the pipeline, emission sources will be related to the proposed four compressor stations sited on Bolivian territory. Although the project has been designed to start with only one compressor station, air emissions have been evaluated for the operation of all four compressor stations which are to be constructed, one at a time, as the gas sales to Brazil increase in response to an added demand for energy. The operation of the four compressor stations was screen- modeled using the simulator program SCREEN3. The pollutants evaluated for the operation phase of the project included Nitrogen Oxides (NO,), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM1o). Impacts predicted using the SCREEN3 model were compared with the current Bolivian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Bank Guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Development. The following sections present a summarized description of the computer analysis used to evaluate air emissions during the operation of the project. A detailed report on the air analysis is presented in Appendix A. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 7 DAMES & MOORE 6.2.1.2 Methodology The simulator program SCREEN3 was used to screen-model the operation of the four compressor stations proposed in Bolivian territory., This program is classified as a Gaussian model because the pollutant mass (i.e. concentration) is assumed to follow a bell-shaped curve, or normal distribution. When following a Gaussian distribution, the maximum concentrations associated with a source's emission plume are highest in the center of the plume and taper exponentially to almost zero in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The edge of an emission plume is defined as the point where the concentration drops to 10% of the centerline value. The SCREEN3 model performs single source, short-term calculations that estimate maximum off- site ground-level concentrations. This model also provides the distance to the maximum off-site impact, incorporates the effects of building downwash on the maximum concentrations for both the near wake and far wake regions, estimates concentrations in the cavity recirculation zone, and estimates concentrations due to inversion break-up. Meteorological data used in the SCREEN3 is limited to a "worst-case" combination of wind speed and stability parameters. The model evaluates a range of wind speeds, ranging from 1.0 mls to 20.0 rn/s, and six stability classes ranging from unstable (well mixed atmosphere), through neutral, to stable (essentially no mixing). From these conditions, the "worst-case" combination that will result in the highest ground-level concentration is used in the model. SCREEN3 considers only one direction, predicting impacts at user-specified distances to quickly get an 'absolute, worst-case" estimate of the source(s) impact on the air quality of the region. For each compressor station, it was assumed that the turbines are housed in a compressor building, with the emission stack roughly 3.5 meters above the building height. The dirnensions of the building used in the simulation for downwash calculations are 20 feet wide, 30 feet long, and 25 feet tall (12 x 6 x 7.6 meters). The analysis assumed that the entire length of the pipeline will stretch across relatively flat terrain. Rural dispersion coefficients were used to simulate stability parameters in a forested/grassland region. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 8 DAMES & MOORE 6.2.1.3 Modeling Results The highest off-site impacts associated with the compressor stations along the pipeline were predicted using the SCREEN3 model.. Two sets of screen modeling runs were performed for NOX, CO, and PM10 pollutants to evaluate the impacts from both CENTAUR 50 and TAURUS 60 natural-gas fueled combustion turbines. The CENTAUR 50 turbine has a rating of 5680 horsepower (hp). The TAURUS 60 turbine is rated at 6960 hp. Both compressor units were evaluated to provide design alternatives for the project. The analysis simulated two modeling scenarios. The first scenario considered four turbines housed in one building with only three in operation at any given time and the fourth serving as a stand-by unit. This scenario simulated three of the compressor stations along the pipeline by taking the predicted SCREEN3 impacts for one turbine in operation, and multiplying by three to obtain the impacts associated with three turbines in operation simultaneously. This conservative assumption was used to simplify the analysis and evaluate a "worst case" scenario based upon the expected configuration for compressor station #4. The second scenario simulated only one turbine in operation at the fourth station along the pipeline. The following tables summarize the results of the predicted emission rates as they compare to the Bolivian and the World Bank Standards: In-Stack Emission Modeling Results Emission Rate In-Stack Bolivian Standard' Pollutant Centaur Unit Taurus Unit Kg/1Om3 Kg/1Om3 Kg/lOm3 PM1o 0.0006 0.0006 50 So2 negligible negligible 9.6 CO 0.02 0.02 640 NO, 0.09 0.09 8800 1 Kilograms per 10 cubic meters of natural gas consumed Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 9 DAMES & MOORE Emission Rate In-Stack World Bank Guiidelines2 PoDutant - Centaur Unit Taurus Unit mg/Nm3 l mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 l PMio 1.70 1.50 100 SQ2 negligible negligible 1000 CO N/A N/A N/A NO, 221 228 600 a From the World Bank Guidelines for Onshore Oil & Gas Development. N/A = not applicable Ambient Air Oualitv Modeling Results RESULTS REGULATIONS/GUIDELINES CENTAUR 50 TAURUS 60 BOLIVIAN WORLD BANK COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR NAAQ5 GUIDELINES UNrr UNff (pg/lm3) (pg/M3) Modeled 10.08 11.88 N/A N/A emission rate PREDICTED (g/sec) OFF-SITE NO, 1 - hr (pg/m3) 385.8 441 400.00 N/A IMPACTS (a) 24 - hr (pg/m3) 154.32 (b) 176.40 (b) 150.00 200.00 Annual (ug/rn3) 30.860 35.280 N/A 100.00 Modeled 0.7635 0.8450 N/A N/A PREDICTED emission rate OFF-SITE CO (g/sec) IMPACTS (d) 1 - hr (pg/mr) 87.69 94.11 40,000 N/A 8 - hr (Lg/m3) 61.38(e) 65.87 (e) 10,000 N/A Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 10 DAMES & MOORE RESULTS REGULATIONS/GUIDELINES CENTAUR 50 TAURUS 60 BOLIVIAN WORLD BANK COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR NAAQS GUIDELINES UNff UNr (g/M3) (gIm3) Modeled 0.0252 0.0252 N/A N/A PREDICTED emission rate OFP-SrTE PMIo (g/sec) IMPACTS ( 24 - hr (1glm3) 1.1577 0') 1.1226 lb) 150.00 500.00 Annual (Ag/m3) 0.23150 0.22450 50.00 100.00 Notes: (a) The predicted impacts do not include existing NO, background concentrations. These concentrations are not known at this time. (b) 24-hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.4. Annual average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.08. (d) The predicted impacts do not include existing CO background concentrations. These concentrations are not known at this time. (e) 8-hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.7. (fl} The predicted impacts do not include existing PM1O background concentrations. These concentrations are not known at this time. Based on the results of the analysis, the following conclusions can be made: In-Stack Emission Results * The project in-stack emissions rates for PM0,o SO2, and NO, are well below the World Bank Emission Guidelines for the gas turbine sources. * The project in-stack emission rates are expected to be well below any of the Bolivian air emission standards for PMIo, SO2, CO and NO,. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 11 DAMES & MOORE Ambient Air Ouality Results * No exceedances of the World Bank Guidelines for ambient air quality were predicted for any of the pollutants modeled. * Regarding Bolivian Regulations, SCREEN3 predicted exceedances of the Bolivian 1-hour and 24-hour NOX NAAQS for the three TAURUS 60 turbines. The three CENTAUR 50 turbines had a predicted exceedance of the 24-hour NO, NAAQS as well. The three TAURUS 60's exceeded the 1-hour NO, NAAQS by 41 ,ug/m3 for the scenario of three turbines in operation simultaneously. The 24-hour NOx NAAQS was exceeded by nearly 4 ,ug/m3 for the CENTAUR 50 (three turbines operating) and by nearly 26 .sg/m3 for the TAURUS 60 (three turbines operating). The turbines will be equipped with low emission burners as needed to meet Bolivian air emission levels. No exceedances were predicted for CO and PM1O when compared to the Bolivian NAAQS. It should be noted that the above conclusions are based on SCREEN3 modeling results which are expected to be on the conservative side. Refined modeling techniques, such as the ISCST3 model, should result in lower levels of predicted impacts. The ISCST3 model has been designed to provide a more accurate simulation of downwash effects from buildings on a source's emissions, but requires "actual" meteorological data to determine source impacts on the air quality. 6.2.2 Geology, Geomorphology, Soils, and Seismicity Both construction and operation impacts are discussed in this section. An impact is considered significant if it could cause substantial erosion or siltation, post-construction settlement and/or loss of foundation support of facilities and/or structures, or slope instability potentially resulting in damage to facilities and/or exposure of people to danger. The potential impacts identified related to geology, soils, and seismicity are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 12 DAMES & MOORE * Ground disturbance resulting in wind and water erosion * Damage to project facilities from differential settlement * Localized ground disturbance from blasting * Damage to project facilities from geohazards * Increased sediment in receiving waters. 6.2.2.1 Geology The main potential effect on the geology is the disruption of rock layers or rock outcroppings. The vast majority of the pipeline alignment traverses areas covered with quaternary deposits with bedrock layers located deeper than the excavation depth, even in the river and stream crossings, where excavation will be deeper. Therefore, it is anticipated that the pipeline will not encounter rock layers throughout most of the route. However, in the Puerto Suarez area, Cambrian outcrops may surface to within the excavation depth and may require localized blasting. 6.2.2.2 Geomorphology The pipeline will traverse mostly flat to slightly undulated terrain and no significant land form modification is anticipated. Even if localized blasting is required in the Puerto Suarez area, the effect on the geomorphology of the area will be insignificant. 6.2.2.3 Soils Direct impacts to soil characteristics will be associated with the trench excavation and backfilling operations to accommodate the pipeline, the construction of compression stations and the upgrading of roads and storage yards. Approximately 125,000 m3 of soil will be excavated from pipeline trenches. Some additional excavations will be required to upgrade the existing access roads and storage yards. During trenching and backfilling, soil layers are expected to get mixed with the organic materials; however, throughout most of the route, the organic layer is minimal or nonexistent. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 13 DAMES & MOORE Backfilling and heavy equipment passage will compact soils, affecting porosity, particle size, and other soil components. To the extent possible, trenching spoils will be employed to refill trenches and as fill material where appropriate to miniimize alteration of soil characteristics. The remaining material will be placed within the pipeline corridor and graded to conform to the extent possible with natural surface contours. Erosion and Sedimentation. The primary impact of the project on soils is an increase in the erosion potential in areas where soil becomes exposed by vegetation removal and areas where soils are physically disturbed by trenching, spoil piling, and backfilling. Vegetation clearing, particularly in undisturbed forested areas, exposes previously protected soils to changes in surface temperature and to direct rainfall and sunlight, therefore increasing the potential for erosion. The exposed ground surface would consist of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Although construction would be staged and disturbed areas minimized, the clay, silt, and sand would be susceptible to water and wind erosion when exposed to the elements. The project includes drainage and erosion control measures implemented as part of construction. Consequently, erosion would be localized and short-term and would be considered a less-than-significant impact. Overall, erosion potential is greater in areas of high slopes, low vegetation cover, and high rainfall. Because the majority of the pipeline will traverse relatively flat areas, with low precipitation, and natural vegetation cover, it is anticipated that the potential for erosion will be low in general and controllable using appropriate erosion prevention and control techniques. Additionally, the right-of-way will disturb a very narrow strip of soil along a mostly undisturbed landscape, and the adjacent vegetation will serve as a barrier against wind (particularly in forested areas) and as a source of seeds for natural revegetation to occur. Due to the limited rainfall in most of the project area, the recovery of native vegetation and restabilization of disturbed areas will be a slow process, perhaps requiring several years in some areas. The clearing will leave the majority of the root systems in place, which will serve both as anchors for the soil and stock material for resprouting vegetation. While the slow recovery will extend the time the soil is exposed and subject to erosion, it is anticipated that erosion will remain low due to low precipitation and slope as well as the protection against the wind afforded by the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 14 DAMES & MOORE surrounding vegetation. This is supported by observations of the existing cut line along the pipeline alignment. This 5-10 meter wide line was cut in 1993 and, particularly in the dry Chaco area between Rio Grande and Isla Verde, there is no evidence of erosion even though vegetation cover is approximately 50% of the original cover. The proposed pipeline will cross three major rivers and other minor streams. These crossings will be constructed using open-cut methods which could suspend sediment in the streams during periods of flow. Because open-cut construction of all crossings is planned to take place during periods of low flow to minimize sedimentation and facilitate construction, impacts related to increased sediment loads in rivers and streams will be temporary and localized, and are considered less than significant. In the aeolic plains associated with the Rio San Miguel, the vegetation clearing will expose the soil to the wind. Here the right-of-way is less protected from the wind because the adjacent vegetation is low and herbaceous. Portions of the pipeline will be constructed across rivers and streams and would be susceptible to scour and changing bottom profiles. Banks of streams may become more susceptible to erosion after the soils are disturbed. Slopes leading into the streams also may become more susceptible to erosion after pipeline installation. The pipeline is proposed to be installed at 1.5 m below the stream bottom to minimize the potential effects of scour and changing bottom profiles. The channel and bank contours will be restored to their original configurations to the extent feasible after pipeline installation has been completed. Breakers or riprap will be placed over the pipeline along the stream banks where necessary for erosion control. Consequently, the potential for erosion along stream banks in the vicinity of pipeline crossings is considered less than significant. During the operation of the pipeline, additional erosional impacts to the project area will be minimal. Activities will be limited to personnel operating maintenance and inspection vehicles and equipment and limited excavations which may be required for maintenance and repairs. Movement of vehicles and support equipment will be reduced. Geotechnical Concerns. Engineered fill material will be placed for building foundations and road upgrading. A geotechnical engineering evaluation will be completed prior to the final design. The foundations of the facilities and structures will be designed to accommodate potential Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 15 DAMES & MOORE settlement and unstable soil conditions. In addition, spoil removed during excavation for the pipeline will be used as backfill and, therefore, off-site fill will not be required except in limited quantities in rocky areas. The installation of the pipeline will generate excess soil that would be spread evenly over the top of the pipeline alignment. The soil would be crowned over the ditch, which will compensate for possible future settlement of the backfill. Consequently, the potential for pipeline settlement is considered less than significant. Blasting. Blasting may be required to remove bedrock exposed during site preparation. Blasting typically generates ground vibrations which would have the potential to induce localized slope instability. A blasting plan would be developed and implemented as part of the project. Given the relatively short-term and localized nature of this impact, it is considered to be less than significant. 6.2.2.4 Seismicity Seismic events have the potential to adversely impact structural integrity of the pipeline and related structures due to ground motion, ground rupture, liquefaction, or faulting. However, the likelihood of a moderate to large earthquake of M 2 5 impacting the project during its planned lifetime is considered low. Because of low levels of earthquake activity in the study area, it is anticipated that potential disruption of the pipeline is unlikely throughout the life of the project. The native soils are not be susceptible to liquefaction and project facilities do not cross mapped, known, active faults. Consequently, the potential for post-construction damage to project facilities resulting from a seismic event is be considered less than significant. 6.2.3 Water Resources An impact to water resources is considered significant if it could cause substantial changes in existing stream flows; lowering of groundwater levels; increased erosion, deposition, or transport of sediments; or deterioration in water quality. The potential impacts identified related to hydrology, hydrogeology, and water quality are associated with the following activities or conditions in the study area: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 16 DAMES & MOORE * Changes in base and peak flows of nearby streams and rivers. * Groundwater withdrawal to support both construction and operation. * Reduction in groundwater or surface water quality. * Increased sediment loads. 6.2.3.1 Hydrology Clearing of vegetation, trenching and storage of topsoil in the study area may result in increased soil erosion and sediment load carried by surface runoff from the disturbed areas. Any resulting impact on the sediment loads of small tributaries carrying surface runoff from these areas to nearby larger streams will be localized, and is considered less than significant. The potential increase in the sediment loads of larger rivers (i.e., Rio Grande, Rio Otuquis, and Rio San Miguel) is considered less than significant because the relatively large volumes of water carried by these rivers would be capable of transporting the relatively small additional sediment loads from these smaller rivers and streams. The impact of brush clearing and grading in the study area on the surface runoff generation potential of the major river watersheds is considered less than significant because the areas impacted in each watershed are a minute portion of the drainage area of the respective stream. The increase in flood flows of small unnamed tributaries in the immediate vicinity of these areas, however, would be temporary and localized and would be considered significant but mitigable. Temporary impacts to surface drainage patterns during the construction phase will result from cut and fill grading during the improvement of access roads, compressor, workers camp, equipment staging areas and other support facilities, trenching, and improvements at river and stream crossings. Proposed construction techniques provide for restoring the original grade along the entire alignment, thus restoring the hydrology. Along the right-of-way, mounded earth will be present along those sections of the pipeline alignment involved in active construction during the time period required for trenching, emplacement and burial. To the extent possible, trenching spoils will be employed to refill trenches and as fill material where appropriate. The remaining material will be placed within the pipeline corridor and graded to conform to the extent possible with natural surface contours. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 17 DAMES & MOORE Installation of the pipeline at road crossings may result in increased erosion potential because of open cut and backfill operations. This impact, however, will be temporary and localized and considered less than significant. The pipeline will cross a few rivers and streams which will be open-cut during construction activities, which will cause increased sediment loads, alterations in substrates, and temporary interruptions in flows in the respective streams. These impacts would be temporary and localized and would be considered less-than-significant and mitigable. Borrow areas, which may be alongside the access road corridors or in some other areas where suitable fill materials can be obtained, will become permanent depressions which will pond water and reduce overall surface runoff to streams and rivers. Ponded surface water may also be used for stock watering purposes by colonists and may encourage the development of livestock grazing in portions of the project area. Possible benefits from these activities may include the temporary storage of surface water for use by native wildlife and the creation of habitat for fish and other animals, and aquatic plants. Occasional temporary impacts to surface drainage patterns will result from pipeline maintenance and repair activities. Mounded earth will be present along those sections of the pipeline alignment undergoing maintenance and repair only during the time period required for excavation and repair of the pipe and reburial. The volume of additional trenching spoils generated during this phase of activity should be minimal. The bulk of the excavated material will be used for reburial. Any remaining material will be placed within the pipeline corridor and graded to conform to the extent possible with natural surface contours. The majority of the water used for hydrotesting of the pipeline is expected to be withdrawn from surface waters. Hydrotest water withdrawal from surface water sources will be limited to protect aquatic life, provide for any water body uses, and provide for downstream withdrawals of water by existing users. The pipeline will be filled with water and hydrotested in segments of approximately 20-30 km. The maximum volume of water required for hydrotesting each segment is estimated to be about 17,000 in3. Thus, the impact of withdrawals from surface waters is considered less than significant if the withdrawals are made during average flow conditions. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 18 DAMES & MOORE The discharge will to take place in uplands and will be released at a rate low enough to avoid erosion damage. Appropriate erosion control measures and volume controls will be incorporated. The impact on the local ground surface and soils is be considered less than significant. During operation, the compressor station facilities along the pipeline will be staffed with minimal personnel, who will require less than 10 m3/day of potable water to be withdrawn from groundwater sources at various locations in the area. Therefore, the impact of such relatively small withdrawals on the surface or groundwater resources of their respective areas is considered less than significant. In the case of compressor stations, access roads, camps and other support facilities, the slight modifications to land surface topography will be permanent, and will involve the establishment of impervious surfaces in some areas. The construction of access roads through low lying areas subject to flooding will be avoided if possible but, if necessary, it will require the placement of fl materials across wide areas which may act as dams to interrupt local surface drainage patterns. Cross-drains will be constructed as necessary in critical areas to minimiize alteration of hydrology. 6.2.3.2 Hydrogeology Major activities during the construction phase of the project will require the use of potable water for workers. During the peak construction period, about 1,600 persons (two construction spreads of 800 each) will be working on pipeline construction and 120 on the construction of the first compressor station. Potable water sources for these workers will be withdrawn from wells installed at depths ranging from 100 m to 200 m. The withdrawal will occur at multiple locations as the temporary camps associated with both pipeline spreads move along the pipeline right-of- way, at the compressor station, and at the pipe storage yards. The groundwater resources of these aquifers are recharged mainly by infiltration of rainwater, and the expected annual recharge is relatively high. Therefore, impacts from groundwater withdrawal to meet the domestic water requirements of the project at various locations along the pipeline alignment on the aquifer water balance are considered less than significant. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 19 DAMES & MOORE During the peak construction period, the rate of withdrawal at the mobile construction camps and the compression station will be about 576 m3/day and 45 m3/day, respectively. These relatively small withdrawal rates will be distributed over several locations and are expected to have a less- than-significant impact on the groundwater or surface water resources in their respective regions. Approximately 75 % of the water withdrawn for water supply at the mobile construction camps (432 m3/day ) and the compressor station (34 m3/day ) will be returned as treated sanitary wastewater to the nearest subsurface waters or natural drainage. These discharges will increase the low flows of the receiving streams, which would be considered a beneficial impact. The quantities of these discharges are small fractions of the anticipated flood flows of the receiving streams. Therefore, the impact on peak flows would be considered less than significant. The specific capacity of existing wells in the vicinity of the pump stations in the San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, and El Carmen areas ranges from 5 to 30 m3/hr. The average domestic water requirement at each camp during operation is estimated to be about 43,000 lt/hr. Therefore, groundwater pumping at the prevalent rates in the area would be sufficient to meet project requirements without significant drawdown. Iimpacts to groundwater levels resulting from well pumping are considered less than significant. 6.2.3.3 Water Quality Construction in the pipeline right-of-way and cleared areas for compressor stations, road and storage yards, and construction camps has greater soil erosion potential than in uncleared and undisturbed areas. Increased erosion would result in greater sediment loads in surface streams during storm events. The impact of this increased loading is considered less than significant both on relatively small tributary streams in the immediate vicinity of the disturbed areas and on the respective major streams or rivers. Approximately 432 m3/day of treated sanitary wastewater will be discharged to surface streams from various sources at different locations. The resulting water quality impacts on the receiving streams will be localized and are considered less than significant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 20 DAMES & MOORE During operations, the quantities of treated sanitary wastewater discharged to surface streams will be negligible. The water quality impacts of these discharges will be localized and less than significant at the point of discharge and less than significant beyond the mixing zones. Pipeline construction will require mobilization of large numbers of construction personnel, various types of support facilities, truck and trailer-mounted equipment and support vehicles to the pipeline corridor and support areas and their maintenance in these areas for periods of weeks to months. Potential impacts to surface water and groundwater quality may result from the mobilization and operation of equipment, fuel and materials storage and transfer operations, equipment maintenance activities, operating accidents and waste disposal. Potential releases from the above sources could include gasoline and diesel fuel, lubricating oil, hydraulic fluid, paint and various types of solid waste such as used and broken equipment, drums and other types of containers, as well as ordinary solid wastes. Additional sources of contaminants resulting from the presence of construction crews in the project area include the generation of sanitary waste and various types of ordinary solid waste such as cooking waste, discarded food and other miscellaneous waste materials. These contaminants may be spilled or disposed directly into surface water bodies or on the land surface in drainage areas, or may leach through the surface soils to impact shallow groundwater aquifers. Contaminants released into surface water bodies and/or shallow groundwater aquifers from the above sources could include, but not necessarily be limited to the following: * Oil and Grease (lubricants, etc.); * Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) from fuels, hydraulic fluids, anticorrosives, paint, etc.; * Metals (contaminants in used lubricating oils, paints, etc.); * Bacterial products from sanitary wastes; and, * Increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from surface runoff from impacted areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 21 DAMES & MOORE The discharge of waters used in hydrostatic testing of the pipe may also include some of the above contaminants in addition to turbidity. Discharge into containment areas constructed of filter bags or erosion control barriers in accessible upland areas will minimize water quality impacts. Additional impacts to surface water quality may result from right-of-way clearing, trenching and backfilling activities. Erosion and sediment transport from unvegetated right-of-way areas may enter streams and rivers or associated wetlands areas. Trench excavation and backfilling using the cut and cover construction methodology are expected to result in a temporary elevation of turbidity levels in streams and wetlands crossed by the pipeline. However, due to the nature of the pipeline construction process, any resultant turbidity should be limited to only a few days at a time for each crossing area. Potential impacts of turbidity will vary depending on the flow characteristics of the area. In low or no flow conditions, turbidity can be largely contained within the proposed right-of-way with linle effect on adjacent areas. In flowing water bodies, there is a potential for construction-related turbidity to be carried into downstream areas. The implementation of erosion and turbidity control measures during pipeline construction should minimize impacts to adjacent water bodies. Solid waste management does not currently exist in much of the project area. Typically, garbage, litter, and trash are dumped near housing facilities or into streams and rivers. Human wastes are treated similarly. At low population densities, this practice may be only aesthetically undesirable, and may not pose a significant threat to water quality. However, with larger volumes of waste material at work camps and other areas where workers will occur in high numbers, adverse water quality impacts may result. Domestic wastewater generated at work camps, pipe storage yards or other areas with large number of workers must be treated prior to disposal. Extended aeration package plants or conventional septic system drainfields will be constructed to provide treatment. Treated effluent will be discharged to upland areas where possible. If discharge of treated effluent occurs to receiving water bodies, bacteria and nutrients in the receiving waters will be elevated at the point of discharge. Impacts are not expected to be significant due to the short construction period and relatively small volume of discharge anticipated. Sanitary waste facilities constructed for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 22 DAMES & MOORE project will be dismantled and removed following project construction to prevent development of additional population centers. Solid waste management practices will include at a minimum containment of solid waste and debris at recepticals located at appropriate intervals. The waste management plan may include establishment of a sanitary landfill at work camps in accordance with Bolivian regulations. Proper handling of solid waste will prevent water quality impacts to surface and ground waters. 6.2.4 Noise and Lighting The location of camps and construction activities along the pipeline alignment and the compressor station could affect wildlife and human settlements directly by disturbing local individuals or wildlife populations due to construction noise, lighting, and general habitat disturbance. 6.3 IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT This section addresses potential impacts on various biological resources from construction, operation, and maintenance activities associated with the project. The duration and magnitude of impacts vary according to project activities (construction versus operation) and the various elements of the project (export pipeline, pump stations). Some impacts would require mitigation measures to reduce impacts to less-than-significant levels. Inpacts are discussed in terms of: * Vegetation * Fauna * Species of Special Concern * Protected Areas 6.3.1 Vegetation Construction activities, including clearing and grading, trenching, backfilling, hydrostatic testing (during discharge of water), and final cleanup, will cause temporary and permanent alteration of vegetation witiin the pipeline right-of-way. Woody upland vegetation will be cut at ground level Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 23 DAMES & MOORE and, in some cases, stumps will be removed to allow for movement of construction equipment and trench excavation. Throughout much of the proposed pipeline corridor, vegetation was cleared in 1993 in preparation for construction activities. Many older cut lines originally established for seismic work criss-cross the area between the Rio Grande and Rio Parapeti. The effects of the previous clearing activities on vegetation are currently visible to varying degrees along the route. Additional impacts will result from expansion of the cleared area to a width of 30 meters for pipeline construction. The route crosses predominately upland low forest, tall scrub, and savannah areas. The pipeline construction activities will also affect medium forest areas (both dry and wet) and a small area of riparian forest associated with the Rio Parapeti system. Open savannahs and some pasture areas will also be encountered along the route. Herbaceous and shrubby vegetation will be temporarily impacted by construction activities. However, in most areas of the pipeline corridor, native herbaceous and shrubby species are expected to revegetate naturally following completion of pipeline construction. Over time, native species are expected to return. Due to the nature of the soils and dry climatic conditions, revegetation of the pipeline corridor in the dry Chaco may take longer than in the remainder of the corridor. In this area, recovery of vegetative cover from the previous survey cut has been slow. The actual rate of revegetation along the pipeline route will vary depending on local climate, soil type, and nature of native vegetation. Provided that natural contours are maintained and hydrologic characteristics re-established following pipeline construction, wetland vegetation is expected to return within one growing season. Aquatic emergent and submergent species may be adversely affected by silt deposition and turbid water during trenching activities or discharge of hydrostatic test water, but will return quickly following completion of construction activities. For pipeline maintenance activities, trees in forested areas removed during construction will not be allowed to re-establish within the permanent pipeline right-of-way. In both wetland and upland areas, the pipeline will result in the permanent loss of the forested canopy in the 17-meter wide permanent corridor. A five-meter corridor was previously cleared. In wetlands areas, wetland Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Fimal Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 24 DAMES & MOORE species are expected to return rapidly and wetland functions will not be significantly affected except for the canopy loss. Trees will be allowed to revegetate in the temporary construction areas. 6.3.2 Fauna Potential impacts to indigenous wildlife are expected to result from construction of work camps and access roads as well as all construction tasks. Both direct and indirect effects will occur. Potential impacts affecting animal populations generally include the following: * Direct loss of individuals from construction activities or increased hunting pressure due to new or improved access into a previously remote area. * Direct loss of important habitat elements such as breeding, foraging, and cover areas. * Direct disturbance to or loss of wildlife habitat. * Displacement of individual animals during construction or maintenance. * Fragmentation of habitats due to construction and maintenance of the pipeline right-of-way. * Temporary disruption of movement patterns of animals across the right-of-way. The most substantial wildlife impacts associated with the project will be the conversion of habitat in the permanent maintenance corridor. Temporary loss of habitat will occur in the non-forested portions of the construction right-of-way. Along portions of the right-of-way which were cleared in 1993, additional impacts will be minimal, because some impacts to faunal species associated with effects on vegetative cover have already occurred in the previously cleared corridor. Some loss of habitat will occur due to construction of the compressor stations, work camps, and other associated facilities. Additional impacts on wildlife will include disturbance, displacement, and mortality during construction. Clearing of vegetative cover in the right-of-way will affect the nesting and foraging habitat for some wildlife species. Mobile species will temporarily move out of the pipeline corridor. The loss of forested canopy within forested areas will result in impacts to wildlife species utilizing this stratum of the forest, but this impact is expected to be minimal due to the narrow permanent right-of-way strip. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 25 DAMES & MOORE Other impacts to wildlife include effects resulting from noise generated by machinery and/or construction workers and potential contamination effects should a spill occur. These types of impacts should be temporary and will cease at the end of construction. Noise is considered to be of concern primarily during breeding or nesting periods. Secondary impacts to wildlife may occur as a result of project construction. Without the application of specific measures to prevent it, hunting pressure would be expected to be heavy during construction and could have significant impacts on important wildlife species such as tapir, peccaries, and jaguars. Hunting will be of special concern in the area around the work camps due to the concentration of construction workers in areas. previously undeveloped. Following construction, increased access along the pipeline corridor may allow continued hunting pressure on the abundant wildlife in the area. As a result of clearing and erosion, sediments and organic material may enter nearby waterways resulting in elevated turbidity levels, sedimentation and shoaling of rivers systems or smaller water bodies. Physical changes resulting from heavy sedimentation may affect local hydrology. Implementation of appropriate construction and management techniques are expected to minimize turbidity and sedimentation in adjacent waters. Aquatic species in the area of the Pantanal, floodplains, and major river systems of the Rio Grande, Rio San Miguel, and Rio Otuquis are expected to be adversely impacted by construction activities generating high turbidity. However, such impacts are expected to be short-term. Fish species and mobile reptilian and mammal species will likely move out of the area temporarily and will return following completion of construction activities. Non-mobile species including benthic invertebrates and any bivalves will be elininated in the construction corridor, but are expected to recolonize impacted areas quickly from surrounding areas. The Rio Grande is naturally high in turbidity, and temporary increases in turbidity are not expected to have adverse impacts on animal species in this river. Hydrocarbon spills and the introduction of other chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides into water bodies and wetland areas could have a severe impact on aquatic resources. Fuels and lubricants are generally lighter than water and float on its surface dispersing quickly and widely Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 26 DAMES & MOORE lthus potentially impacting many organisms. With implementation of spill prevention and containment procedures which will be implemented during project construction impacts to aquatic fauna are expected to be minimal and localized. Relative to the extent of undisturbed wildlife habitat in the study area, the effects of the project are expected to be negligible. The main concern is the potential increase in hunting for large mammals. 6.3.3 Species of Special Concern Impacts to terrestrial and wetland/aquatic plant and animal species identified as species of special concern are expected to be minimal and temporary. Temporary displacement of some species from the construction area will occur, and for some species movement across the right-of-way will be hampered during construction activities. After completion of construction, however, the right- of-way will be allowed to naturally revegetate. Affected species of special concern are expected to return to the right-of-way. Inpacts to the population of protected plant species are expected to be insignificant. Adverse effects of pipeline construction to various listed species will be associated with removal of the canopy in forested areas. Birds which depend on forested habitat for roosting, nesting, or feeding such as the Paraba roja, Amazona aestiva, and Paroaria coronata may realize a slight reduction in availability of suitable habitat. However, the permanent corridor should have an insignificant effect on these species. No evidence of nesting by avifaunal species of special concern was observed within the proposed pipeline corridor during field investigations. Those species which require or prefer open herbaceous/shrub plant communities may benefit, at least temporarily from the establishment of the right-of-way. Such species include tortoises, terrestrial raptors, wading birds and reptiles and amphibians. As discussed above, hunting pressure on wildlife including species of special concern is expected to be increased particularly during pipeline construction and in the vicinity of the work camps. Of primary concern are effects on mammalian species such as Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu tajacu, Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 27 DAMES & MOORE Tayassu albirosiris, and Catagonus wagneri, of the humid forests of the Chaco region and Blastocerus dichotomus and Pieronura brasiliensis of the Pantanal area. Other species including the large cats, Felis concolor and Panthera onca , may also be affected by increased hunting pressure during pipeline construction activities when large numbers of workers are in the area. Additionally, reptilian species such as Geochelone carbonaria, Caiman yacare, and Tupinambis teguixin may be affected by increased hunting pressure. Many of these species are hunted for food. Hunting will be strictly prohibited for anyone associated with the pipeline construction to mitigate impacts to the wildlife populations. 6.3.4 Protected Areas Project activities will be conducted within two protected areas: the Integrated Management Area of the Gran Chaco National Park and the Historical National Park Santa Cruz La Vieja. Direct impacts to areas within the Integrated Management Area will be limited to clearing the right-of- way, as discussed above. Indirectly, the possibility of increased hunting pressure within the park boundaries exists, and specific measures will be implemented to prevent it. The access road from San Jose de Chiquitos traverses the Santa Cruz La Vieja park. The park will be affected by road improvement work, but it may also be favored by the improved access which may promote tourism into the park. Other areas of interest for their resources and tourism potential within the study area include the hot springs at the Rio Aguas Calientes' headwaters, the forested wetlands associated with the Rio Tucavacas south of Naranjos, and the Tacuaral marsh, including the connection between the Bafiados de Otuquis and the Pantanal at the Canon de la Victoria. These areas will not be directly impacted by construction activities, 6.4 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The project's impacts on the human environment would originate from the following sources: * Land Use Aspects * Social Aspects - Changes in population Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 28 DAMES & MOORE - Inpacts on public health and safety - Improvements in education and training - Education and training - Effect on Indigenous people - Cultural and archaeological resources Economic Aspects - Project Revenues (Total, Local Taxes, and Central Government Taxes, Public Participation Law, Government Revenues) - Employment (hiring and wages, labor, and accommodations) - Improvements in Infrastructure - Local business opportunities 6.4.1 Land Use Changes in land use are expected to occur as a result of the project implementation. However, the Project Sponsors plan to reinstate as much land as possible throughout project development, construction and operations. Conversion of land from existing uses (e.g. farming, grazing, fallow) has the greatest potential to create adverse social and economic impacts to rural households. Three levels of land use impacts will potentially occur. In order of increasing severity they are: 6.4.1.1 Temporary Land Use Change Temporary conversion of land to support pipeline and facility construction may result in the loss of one to two years' plantings, but no displacement of households is anticipated. Construction of the pipeline will necessitate the temporary clearing of a strip of land along the pipeline route and at various other locations (for use as storage yards, etc). The affected area along the pipeline route will be approximately 1,680 ha (represented by a 30 m wide strip, 560 km long), while the area off the pipeline route that will be temporarily affected is not expected to exceed 60 ha. Not all of this land will be under human use at the time of construction; however, the impact of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental hmpact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 29 DAMES & MOORE temporary changes in land use during the construction period is considered to be significant but mitigable. 6.4.1.2 Permanent Land Use Change without Resettlements Permanent loss of a portion of land holdings (including fallow and bush lands) at facility sites may impair, but not eliminate, the economic viability of a household. The land requirements for the project will generally result in the loss of only a portion of the total land holding of any particular household or individual. The limited extent of land loss will be such that adjustments can be made to ensure that the economic viability of the household or individual may be maintained without the need for their relocation. Such an impact is considered significant but mitigable. 6.4.1.3 Permanent Land Use Change with Resettlements There is not expected to be any permanent loss of land that results in household resettlement. During preliminary design of the project, the facilities and pipeline corridor were sited to avoid populated areas. As a result, no requirement for involuntary resettlement has yet been identified. However, the uncertainties of population movements prior to the commencement of construction and the refinement of routing and site selection that will continue as the project design evolves, mean that some requirement for resettlement is possible, although the overall number of displaced households would be minimal. No displacement of households is anticipated, therefore, the potential impact is considered less than significant. 6.4.1.4 Indirect Land Use Impacts In addition to the above impacts that are direct consequences of the development of the project, the potential exists for indirect impacts as a result of changes in land use. A potentially significant impact is the increase in value of land near project facilities as a result of factors such as improved access to that land, proximity to the new market for goods and services represented by manned project facilities such as construction storage yards and compression stations. An increase in land value would be considered a beneficial impact if the traditional owner or user of the land retained ownership or usage rights. However, in view of the informal nature of such land tenure this Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 30 DAMES & MOORE increase in value could lead to misappropriation of the land in question to the disadvantage of the customary or traditional owner or user of the land. This would be considered a significant but mitigable impact. Pressure may also exist to utilize portions of the right-of-way as a trail or road, which may promote illegal trade, increase mobilization, and colonization pressure. However, the project does not intend that the right-of-way be used as an access road and will provide measures to prevent such use. The changes would result in a variety of both beneficial and adverse impacts, sometimes affecting different groups at different times. The nature of impacts would vary with project activities (i.e., construction, operations, abandonment) and locations of project elements (i.e., facility, pipeline, roads, etc.). Some adverse impacts would require mitigation measures to reduce their severity to less-than-significant levels. 6.4.2 Social Impacts 6.4.2.1 Population The study area will experience a small and temporary increase in population during the construction phase due to the influx of approximately 1,600 workers. While workers will be housed in camps along the right-of-way, it is expected that they will visit the main population centers, such as San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, and Puerto Suarez, in search of relaxation and entertainment during work breaks. A 800-person camp will be located in El Carmen and the presence of the working crew will be continuous, adding to the demand for services in this town. Due to the additional temporary demand for goods and services associated with the pipeline workers, it is possible that small scale merchants may relocate temporarily from other areas to nearby towns. It is unlikely that the project will directly promote any permanent increase in the population of human settlements located along the pipeline alignment. 6.4.2.2 Public Health and Safety The construction phase of the project will cause a significant but temporary increase in population due to construction-related employment and other supporting activities. With the temporary influx Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 31 DAMES & MOORE of population, there may be a slight increase in contagious diseases. Also, the vast majority of the incoming workers are likely to be males who will join the project alone and may look for entertainment in the nearby towns. This may result in an increase in the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases. Other health problems which are often not highly visible but may have long-term implications can be caused by parasitic diseases such as malaria. In addition, the influx of hundreds of workers into a remote work area has the potential to alter the natural disease immunity. Workers who have developed resistance to local strains of malaria may relocate for work along the pipeline. They mistakenly can be presumed malaria-resistant and not entered into chemoprophylaxis programs. The workers would then be vulnerable to outbreaks of malaria from specific local strains of malaria. Malaria resistance is highly local and small geographic shifts of either workers or mosquitos can have large public health impacts. Heavy equipment traveling along dirt roads will temporarily increase noise and air pollution levels, potentially affecting surrounding communities. The assimilation of large numbers of workers selected from local communities brings with it the potential for hiring worker subgroups from various community groups, potentially creating camp conflicts and safety concerns. Vector control measures could potentially impact local health status, depending on the extent of chemical spraying. Consequently, health related services, which are deficient in the study area, may face an increased demand, which could become critical in the event of an outbreak of contagious diseases. As part of the project, an occupational health and safety program will be developed to address health and safety concerns of project personnel. The program includes medical (clinical) and industrial hygiene components. A medical director is planned to be based in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to assist with patients from operations facilities. Medical facilities located at Santa Cruz, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Suarez would serve as the major trauma care and inpatient treatment centers. Preventive health measures will also be included in the program. With implementation of this program, public health and safety impacts are considered less than significant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 32 DAMES & MOORE 6.4.2.3 Education and Training Bolivian and expatriate project personnel will receive training in safety measures, environmental protection, and basic work practices. Comprehensive training will be provided to craftsmen in their respective crafts to develop entry level and mid-level construction workers, and technical training will be administered to employees as required to prepare them for their assignments. Supervisory personnel will receive training in safety, human relations, planning and scheduling, problem solving, and decision making. This education and training would be considered a beneficial impact of the project on the Bolivian national work force. 6.4.2.4 Indigenous Peoples The three groups of indigenous people that are known to reside within or close to the study area and are likely to be impacted by the project are the Ayoreos, Chiquitanos, and Izozefnos. The Ayoreos inhabit the areas located along the Santa Cruz-Puerto Suarez railroad. The Chiquitanos mainly reside in areas located in the vicinity of San Jos6 de Chiquitos. The Izozenios inhabit along both flanks of the Parapeti River in the area of the Banados de Izozog. These groups' livelihoods depend on the forest and its faunal and floral resources. They live separately from, but interact with, the dominant society in the area from whom they are socially and culturally different. The project would potentially impact the indigenous peoples at three levels: * The forest resources will be reduced as a result of limited clearing associated with the construction of the pipeline, which may also facilitate further forest exploitation for hunting and logging. Given the small area to be cleared, this impact is considered less than significant. * Opening up previously inaccessible areas of new forest could have the further impact of more forest clearing for agricultural purposes, thus reducing forest areas available for indigenous use. Because the pipeline and access roads will use existing corridors, this impact is considered less than significant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 33 DAMES & MOORE * Some Indian villages or camps might be overlooked because of their small size and the air of impermanence associated with them. Because impacts to undisturbed areas will be minimal, it is unlikely that small villages will be overlooked. This potential impact is considered less than significant. With the establishment of the Gran Chaco National Park, the core territory of indigenous groups has been given legal protection. The project will provide opportunities for the implementation of portions of the management plan of the park. The project may also bring more attention to the area and may indirectly promote colonization, which would in turn represent conflict with the indigenous populations. However, since the right-of-way was partially cleared in 1993, no evidence of colonization has been detected. Therefore, these potential impacts are considered less than significant. 6.4.2.5 Cultural and Archeological Resources No significant potential impacts to cultural, archaeological, and historical resources have been identified. No archaeological resources have been identified along the pipeline alignment or along access road corridors based on literature research. However, the existing access road from San Jose de Chiquitos to the pipeline right-of-way traverses the Historical National Park Santa Cruz La Vieja. Impacts to the park related to the increase traffic in this existing road are likely to be minimal. 6.4.3 Economic Impacts 6.4.3.1 Project Revenues The project will provide substantial direct financial revenues to the Republic of Bolivia through the sales of 8 million cubic meters of natural gas per day in the first year up to 16 million cubic meters per day in year eight. These sales will generate revenues for the central government (through corporate taxes), the regional governments of gas-producing areas (through local taxes locally known as regalias), the municipalities (through the new Law of Public Participation), and the retirement funds (through the capitalization shares). The central government will generate Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 34 DAMES & MOORE additional indirect revenues from employee income taxes resulting from project-related employment and aggregate value taxes (IVA in Spanish) on business transactions completed as a result of the construction and operation of the project. This increase in governmental revenues associated with the project would be considered a beneficial impact that would extend over the life of the project. 6.4.3.2 Employment Hiring and Wages. The project will employ approximate 500 local non-specialized workers for the construction activities. Preliminary estimates of total personnel requirements indicate that approximately 1000 jobs would be held by Bolivian nationals during peak construction of the pipeline, the installation of the first compressor station, construction of the associated housing and support facilities, the port and railroad operations, and the upgrading of the access roads. Wages for these workers over the one year construction period are projected at approximately U.S. $4.8 million. The provision of wages and other benefits to Bolivian nationals would be considered a beneficial impact of the project. While positive, this effect will be temporary and will cease after construction is completed. Increased employment during construction will be followed by a retraction in incomes as workers are released. This potential boom-bust syndrome would be considered a significant but mitigable impact. However, it is expected that a limited number of the Bolivian construction work force will be recruited as operations and maintenance personnel. The Project Sponsors will implement an aggressive nationalization plan to maximize the speedy replacement of expatriates with nationals. This approach would result in a beneficial impact to the local economy. During abandonment, employment of Bolivian nationals would decrease. This decrease in employment and the effect on the local conmmunities would be considered a less-than-significant impact, given the low number of operations personnel and the ability of the local communities to absorb these workers. Labor Recruitment. The availability of employment during the construction and operations phases of the project is a major expectation of the local population. The equitable distribution of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 35 DAMES & MOORE jobs among people in the study area is a real concern of the local labor force. Residents of villages in and near the pipeline right-of-way are interested in securing jobs with the project to supplement their incomes. The primary concern of residents is that no single group would be favored over another, and that outsiders (Bolivians as well as foreigners) would not be recruited for work that residents are capable of performing. It is recognized that expatriate personnel would fill many of the supervisory, technical, and skilled craft jobs on the project; however, most of the manual labor work is expected to be allocated to local laborers. Labor recruitment with the potential for inequitable distribution of jobs would be considered a significant but mitigable impact. Workers Accommodations. Housing will be required for both the construction and operations phases of the project. During construction of the fixed facilities, such as compressor stations, the local Bolivian work force will be responsible for its own housing, and transportation will be provided for the workers. For those Bolivian nationals living beyond a reasonable bussing distance, accommodations will be provided. Expatriates will be housed in construction camps. For pipeline construction, housing will be provided for both Bolivian nationals and expatriates. Given the bussing and accommodation provisions of the project, the need for housing during construction is considered a less-than-significant impact. During operations, some Bolivian workers (operating and maintenance work force) will require permanent housing within commuting distance of the compressor stations. It is expected that Bolivian workers would assimilate into nearby towns. Given the relatively low number of operations personnel and the ability of local towns to accommodate them, the need for housing during operations is considered a less-than-significant impact. During abandonment, the reduction in labor force may result in a minor surplus of housing in local villages and towns. This housing surplus should be absorbed by the community and is considered a less-than-significant impact. 6.4.3.3 Infrastructure To facilitate movement of materials for the construction and operation of the pipeline and compressor stations approximately 508 kms of existing roads will be upgraded, and no new road sections are anticipated to be constructed for the project. Additionally, replacement and widening Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 36 DAMES & MOORE of some existing bridges, installation and construction of bypasses, and various other infrastructure upgrades would be undertaken for the project. Road upgrades associated with the project will ease transportation problems for local residents and help reduce transportation costs associated with imports and exports. Upgrade and maintenance of roads during construction of the project would be considered a beneficial impact. However, increased traffic flow associated with infrastructure upgrades may result in an increased accident risk to people and animals. This increased risk is considered a significant but mitigable impact. 6.4.3.4 Local Business Opportunities Goods, services, and some additional infrastructure will be required to support construction and operations personnel. A portion of these procurement can be purchased from local markets. It is anticipated that most goods required for the project will be purchased in Santa Cruz and Corumba. However, pipeline workers will have demands for retail items such as food, cigarettes, and clothing, as well as services mainly related to health and entertainment. To spread the project's economic effects to local communities, the Project Sponsors are developing plans to encourage local business development so that goods and services can be purchased locally and infrastructure made available. This purchase of local goods and services will also create indirect market development for foodstuffs, construction materials, and transportation. The purchase of local goods and services would be considered a beneficial impact of the project. While most of the resources and supplies for the project will be purchased in Santa Cruz and Corumba, a moderate increase in the demand of goods and services from the towns along the railroad is likely. Based on projected manpower loading for the project, local goods and services expenditures for camp operations during the one year construction period are expected to be on the order of US$ 5 to 10 million. Increased demand for goods and services may cause prices to increase in rural areas. While higher prices may benefit suppliers, rural residents would be affected adversely by the inflationary prices. This inflation would be considered a significant but mitigable adverse impact to local residents. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 37 DAMES & MOORE In addition, local suppliers may increase production to maximize benefits from the proposed project's purchasing of local goods and services. Purchasing would decline as construction is completed. This decline may create a potential boom-bust syndrome for local suppliers, which is considered a significant but mitigable impact. During operations, purchasing activity should be somewhat constant, although at a lower level than during construction. The local economy should have no difficulty meeting the project's requirements and the anticipated infusion of monies to local and regional markets is considered a beneficial impact. After abandonment, the project demand for provisions and procurement would disappear. However, it is expected that the regional economy would have developed sufficiently to accommodate the change. As a result, abandonment would have a less-than-significant impact on the local and regional economy. 6.5 RISK ASSESSMENT 6.5.1 General Gas transmission pipelines have a history of reliability and safety compared to other transportation and shipping systems. The Bolivia to Brazil pipeline project is being routed, designed, and constructed to standards equal to or above those of other modern pipelines built in the world. Operation, maintenance and emergency procedures are being designed to reduce the potential for interruption and emergencies. Through these measures, the proposed gas transmission pipeline will provide safe and reliable transport of needed clean burning fuel. The reliability and safety of the proposed Bolivia to Brazil pipeline system will be affected by natural occurrences as well as acts of man. This section discusses the risk assessment of the project covering the following topics: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 38 DAMES & MOORE * the safety performance of gas pipelines based on statistical data available for pipeline projects located in the U.S. Data from the U.S. were selected for this analysis because of the abundance and quality of statistical information readily available in this country. the assessment of pipeline hazards based on statistical data and the specific known potential hazards for this project. * the means which will be incorporated into the project to control the inherent risk levels of gas pipeline systems. A project contingency plan is presented in Appendix D. 6.5.2 Safety Performance of Gas Pipelines in the U.S. In 1989, there were over 1.6 million miles of natural gas pipelines in the United States (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1989). Records of reportable failure or leakage including damage cost estimates, injuries and fatalities have been kept by the U.S. Department of Transportation since 1970 (American Gas Association, 1990). However, reporting requirements were changed in 1984 so that it is difficult to combine the data before and after that date. Data from 1984 to 1989 have been used along with other sources as the basis for the analysis presented in this section. As shown by the U.S. Statistics, pipelines are one of the safest modes of transportation available (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1989). Based on the estimated 1989 gas pipeline mileage and the 1984-1989 performance data referenced above, the annual occurrence of gas pipeline leaks is less han one per 6,500 miles and the annual occurrence of rupture is less than one per 10,000 miles. Table 6.3 lists the fatalities from various transportation modes for 1989. As shown in this table, pipelines have the lowest annual fatality rates (0.08%) of all listed modes. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 39 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.3 1989 TRANSPORTATION FATALITIES* Transportation Mode Fatalities Passenger Cars 24,929 Trucks and Vans 9,365 Motorcycles and Bicycles 4,147 Pedestrians 6,525 Other Highway 668 Aviation 1,158 Marine 991 Rail 601 Recreation 896 Transit 601 Other Commercial 95 Pipelines 39 * Data from NTSB Digest Vol. 9, No. 5 Of the 39 reported fatalities associated with pipelines, gas transmission lines accounted for only 22, which represents less than 0.05 % of the total transportation fatalities. A comparison of gas transmission and other pipeline fatalities to other accidental fatalities is shown in Table 6.4. Compared to total accidental deaths, the number of pipeline fatalities falls to an even lower rate, less than 0.03 % of the national total. TABLE 6.4 1989 NATIONWIDE ACCIDENTAL DEATHS* Type of Accident Fatalities Motor Vehicles 46,900 Falls 12,400 Poisoning 6,500 Drowning 4,600 Suffocation by ingested object 3,900 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 40 DAMES & MOORE Firearms 1,600 Other** 14,200 Pipelines 39 Gas Transmission Pipelines*** 22 * All data, except as noted, are 1989 statistics from "Accident Facts' - 1990 Edition, National Safety Council, Chicago, IL. ** Includes Medical Complications, Air Transportation, Machinery, Mechanical Suffocation, Struck by Falling Objects, etc. *** U.S. Departnent of Transportaion, 1989 6.5.3 Assessment of Pipeline Hazards In assessing the hazards of gas pipelines, the history of pipeline incidents reporting to the U.S. Department of Transportation provides direction. These data for total incidents, ruptures, and leaks, for the period from mid 1984 through 1989 (American Gas Association, 1990), are summarized in Table 6.5. As indicated in this table, the two most significant hazards to gas pipelines are outside forces and corrosion. Less significant is the effect of natural hazards and fire. The data from the 1984-1989 report breakdown the outside forces and corrosion causes even further. These fiurther breakdowns indicate that 89% of the outside force incidents for on shore lines are caused by construction or earth moving equipment whereas the remaining causes are related to natural hazards and "Other". The further breakdowns also indicate that over half the incidents in on shore lines are related to external corrosion. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental lmpact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 41 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.5 INCIDENTS, RUPTURES, AND LEAKS PERCENTAGE BY CAUSE 1984-19892 Cause Incidents Ruptures Leaks Outside Forces 39 30 34 Corrosion 23 37 30 Material Defects 9 14 9 Construction Defects 6 6 8 Other* 23 12 19 More than one third of the "Other" cause is due to fire, which is more than twice as high as the next largest sub- cause under "Other". The remaining sub-causes are scattered and are a small part of the overall. For the Bolivia to Brazil pipeline project, the anticipated hazards can be summarized as follows: * Outside forces (construction or earth moving equipment) * Natural hazards (earthquake, flooding, Differential Settlement) * Corrosion The means of controlling the risks associated with these potential hazards are discusses in the following section. 6.5.4 Risk Control Outside Forces As indicated in the previous sections, buried pipelines have an excellent record of reliability and safety in relation to outside forces such as construction and earth moving equipment. To increase project safety, operating procedures will be developed for pipeline marking to provide for signs along the Bolivia to Brazil pipeline right-of-way. The signs will alert the public to the existence of the pipeline and provide information on contacting the appropriate party to anyone planing excavation or other potential disruptive activities in the area of the pipeline. On notification, local Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 42 DAMES & MOORE pipeline crew members will mark the location and depth of the pipeline to avoid accidental damage. Natural Hazards The area of the Brazilian Shield geologic formation, where the project will be located, has been characterized by a low level of seismic activity based on readily available information (see Section 4.3.3). By its design and construction, the Bolivia to Brazil pipeline will be placed below the level of the effect of such natural hazards as tornadoes and most lighting. The proposed burial will be sufficient to resist any but unusually severe flooding. River, stream and wetlands crossings will be built as open cuts and the pipe will be weighted to compensate for buoyant forces. For standard in ground installation, since the pipeline gas normally weight less than the displaced soil, the potential for settlement is small. Consequently, the potential risks associated with natural hazards are considered relatively low. Corrosion The proposed Bolivia to Brazil pipeline will be designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in accordance with internationally accepted safety standards intended to ensure adequate protection for the public from natural gas pipeline failures. In addition to compliance with international requirements for corrosion protection, Operating Procedures will be written for procedures on corrosion protection. Both a high quality coating and an impressed current cathodic protection system will be installed as a part of the pipeline construction to mitigate this hazard by inhibiting corrosion. In addition, operation of the system under those procedures includes protection of the line, the protection system, and the operating of the protection systems. With the proposed protection, the potential risks associated with corrosion of the pipe are considered relatively low. Other Safety Considerations Along with other industry standards, the Bolivia to Brazil project is being designed according to ASME B31.8 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code for Pressure Piping). This Code considers population density along the project route and requires additional safety features in the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 43 DAMES & MOORE more populated areas. Population density, or class location, is categorized into four classes depending on the number and type of structures existing within an specified area of the pipeline centerline. The code incorporates design and construction requirements which compensate for the higher risks associated with the event of an unlikely pipeline rupture in the more densely populated areas. As part of these requirements, pipe wall thickness, minimum pipeline burial depths and hydrostatic testing requirements all increase with increasing population density, or with the class location. The ASME B31.8 Code adopted for the project also requires the installation of mainline block valves capable of isolating sections of pipeline on new transmission systems. The maximum spacing of these mainline valves is specified by class location in the code, and for the Bolivia to Brazil pipeline project, the maximum spacing is specified to be 32 km. The incorporation of these valves will allow local crews, established as part of the operating company, to isolate a problem area by closing the nearest valves in the event of an emergency situation. Once the problem area has been isolated and the supply source has been separated, the natural gas within the section will eventually deplete, and repairs can be made by operating crews to restore service to the pipeline customers. As an additional safety feature, some mainline valves will be equipped with devices which will automatically close the valve under certain conditions. These devices will constantly sense the system to trigger the closure of the subject valve in the event of an excessive rate of drop in the pipeline pressure or an excessive low pressure, conditions that can indicate a leak or a rupture in the pipeline. The compressor stations will be equipped with an emergency shut down system which, in the event of an emergency, will isolate the station piping from the mainline, and will vent all gas contained in the station piping. The emergency shut down system will allow activation either manually, or automatically in the event of a significant system upset. As a further guard against accidents, the project will develop operating procedures to implement a periodic inspection and leak detection program, a patrol program, and a gas leak detection survey. In addition, an operating procedure will be implemented for continuing pipeline surveillance, to includes periodic on site inspections by location supervision. This procedure will include a program for reviewing maintenance, patrol, corrosion and other tests, leak detection and Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environrmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 44 DAMES & MOORE pipeline historical records to assess potential areas requiring pipe replacement or increased maintenance. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 45 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SLIMnMARI OF IAIPACTS AND NUTIGATION MIEASUTRES FOR THE BOLI%'IA-BRAZzIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL [MPACr AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONINMENTS KEV MITIGATION MtEAsURES PARAMETER ACTIVITV Climate No impacts on climate N/A N/A N/A parameters are expected Air Quality Release of dust and Adverse, Direct, Effects are expected to be largely If available, water should be particulate due to Temporary, Localized, avoidable. Actual emissions will used to wet construction areas construction activities and Proximal, Reversible, likely be minimal and localized. (Section 7.5.5). traffic Mitigable, Less than Significant. Emission of contaminants Adverse, Direct, Effects are expected to be largely Proper engine and equipment from engines and other Temporary, Localized, avoidable. Actual emissions will maintenance and minimization equipment operation Proximal, Reversible, likely be minimal and localized. of operation times (Section Mitigable, Less than 7.5.5). Significant. Emissions associated with Adverse, Direct, Screen-modeling suggests that Final design will incorporate turbines at compressor Permanent, Localized, some Bolivian standards could be measures to ensure compliance stations Proximal, Reversible, exceeded. with applicable regulations Mitigable, Significant (Section 7.5.5). Geology Need for blasting due to Adverse, Direct, Outcrops are unlikely throughout If blasting is necessary, best rock outcroppings Permanent, Localized, the route. Higher probability of management techniques for Proximal, Irreversible, occurrence in the Puerto Sudrez blasting will be employed Mitigable, Less than area. (Appendix B). Significant. Likelihood of earthquakes (earthquakes would affect Earthquake records suggest that Design considerations will affecting the pipeline pipeline safety and earthquakes are unlikely. provide for standard pipeline operation) protection (Appendix B). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 46 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SUNMMLARI OF I1MIACTS AND MIITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMIM\ENTS KEY NIITIGATION MIEASURES PARANMETER ACTIv'rm' Geomorphology Changes in local topography Neutral, Direct, Changes on the land forms will be Restore original grade (Section (land forms) due to cut and fill, grading, Temporary, Localized, negligible. 7.5.1). and road improvement Proximal, Reversible, activities. Mitigable, Less than Significant Soils Increased erosion potential Adverse, Indirect, Much of the area of influence is Application of erosion due to vegetation clearing, Temporary, Localized, rather flat, with low precipitation, prevention and control trenching, spoil piling, road Proximal, Reversible, and natural vegetation cover, techniques (Section 7.5.1). improvements, and other Mitigable, Less than which reduce the potential for construction activities. Significant erosion. Observations on the 3-yr old cut line suggests low erosion potential. Soils compaction due to Adverse, Direct, Much of the ROW traverses areas Soils restoration techniques heavy traffic on the ROW. Temporary, Localized, of Quaternary deposits, likely during final grade (Section Proximal, Reversible, prone to compaction. 7.5.1). Mitigable, Significant. _ Potential scouring and bank Adverse, Indirect, Water courses along the route tend Application of wetland and erosion due to stream Temporary, Localized, to have shallow cross-section, with stream crossing techniques crossing activities. Proximal, Reversible, gently sloping banks and low (Section 7.5.2). Mitigable, Less than scouring. Significant. Other potential effects: Soil Adverse, Direct, Immediate effects are more likely Application of appropriate layers mixing, nutrient Temporary, Localized, to be significant in wetland areas construction final grading leaching, loss of organic Proximal, Reversible, where an organic layer exits. In techniques (Sections 7.5.1, layer. Mitigable, Less than most of the route, soils are sandy, 7.5.2). Significant with poor horizon development and little or no organic layer. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 47 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SUMIARY' OF IIPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THlE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) EM IRONmIENTAL IMPACT AND CALISAL CLASSIFICATION CONINIENTS KEy NMITIGATION MEASURES PARANMETER ACTIVIT' Soils (cont ...) Potential sudden erosion due Adverse, Direct, Hydrotest water will be discharged Application of measures to to discharge of hydrotest Temporary, Localized, in upland areas. minimized the potential for water. Proximal, Reversible, erosion, such as energy Mitigable, Less than dissipation devices (Section Significant. 7.5.3). Groundwater Potential mixing of aquifers. Adverse, Indirect, Groundwater resources seem to be Groundwater resources will be Permanent, Localized, adequate for the project with evaluated before well Remote, Reversible, Not relatively high annual recharge. establishment to determine if Mitigable, Less than Effects are likely to be less than they meet project needs. Significant significant with the application of Wells will be cased to avoid appropriate management aquifer interaction (Section Potential groundwater Adverse, Direct, techniques. 7.5.4). contamination in the case of Temporary, Localized, accidental spills. Remote, Reversible, Not Mitigable, Less than Significant Potential lowering of the Adverse, Direct, water table due to Temporary, Localized, withdrawal of water for Remote, Reversible, Not camps. Mitigable, Less than Significant Surface Water Potential increase in Adverse, Direct, The main rivers to be crossed are Application of erosion and sediment loads due to Temporary, Localized, shallow and carry important sedimentation control construction activities. Proximal, Reversible, sediment loads. The additional measures (Section 7.5.1). Mitigable, Less than load is likely to be insignificant. Significant. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 48 DAMES & MOORE TA.BLE 6.1 SUMMAWR OF IMPACTS AND MUTIGATION MIEASURES FOR TIiE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIV'IAN PORTION) ENVIRONMIENTAL IAIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMMENTS KEY MITIGATION IEASURES PARAMETER ACTIVITY Surface Water Temporary disruption to Adverse, Direct, Most water crossings will be on Application of special wetland (cont.) local hydrology (drainage Temporary, Localized, shallow, slow flowing waters, thus and water body construction patterns) due to wetland and Proximal, Reversible, reducing the magnitude of potential techniques (Section 7.5.2). water body crossing Mitigable, Less than effects on local drainage patterns. activities. Significant. Similarly, low rainfall reduces the risk of drainage problems. Permanent modification of Adverse, Direct, This potential impact is considered Proper design of stormwater local drainage patterns due Permanent, Localized, less than significant because of low management systems and cross to placement of fill and Proximal, Reversible, rainfall, generally flat terrain, and drains where necessary impervious surface for Mitigable, Less than limited placement of fill and (Appendix B). project facilities (e.g., Significant. impervious surfaces. compressor stations). Potential reduction in Adverse, Direct, The main sources of hydrotest This impact can be avoided surface water availability at Permanent, Localized, water will be the Rio Grande, Rio with proper calculation of the source due to withdrawal Proximal, Reversible, San Miguel and Rio Otuquis. surface flow and withdrawal for hydrostatic testing. Mitigable, Less than Withdrawal will be limited to rate and volume (Section Significant. protect aquatic life, and preserve 7.5.3). water volumes for other uses downstream. Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Project activities will require the This impact can be largely surface waters due to Temporary, Localized, utilization of hazardous materials avoided by applying proper accidental spills. Proximal, Reversible, such as gasoline, oil, and paints, techniques to manage and Mitigable, Less than but in small quantities and in dispose hazardous materials Significant. localized areas. (Section 7.5.6). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 49 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 StINU4MAR1 OF DIPACTS AND NUTIGATION MEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL. GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) EN"IRONNIENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COI\IIENTS KE1 IITIGATION MEASURES PARANIETER ACTIVITY' Surface Water Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Domestic wastewater will be Proper treatment and discharge (cont ...) surface waters due to Temporary, Localized, generated mainly at the workers of domestic wastewater untreated discharges of Proximal, Reversible, camps. (Section 7.5.6). domestic wastewater. Mitigable, Less than Significant. Potential contamination of Adverse, Direct, Solid and domestic wastes will be Waste management must surface water (and Temporary, Localized, produced in all construction and include minimization, groundwater) due to Proximal, Reversible, camp areas. separation, recycling, and improper solid wastes Mitigable, Less than proper disposal procedures disposal. Significant. (Section 7.5.6).' Vegetation Removal of vegetation Adverse, Direct, A 5-m cut line along the majority This impact is unavoidable. biomass due to clearing Temporary, Localized, of the route was established in Localized revegetation and activities. Proximal, Reversible, 1993. The project will result in compensation will be provided Mitigable, Significant. additional impacts on this existing (Sections 7.5.1 and 7.6.1). disturbance. Removal of individuals of Adverse, Direct, In the Dry Chaco area, a number This impact is unavoidable but species of special concern. Temporary, Localized, of endemic species as well as it will be minimized by Proximal, Mitigable, Less species used for different purposes containing the clearing within than Significant. will be affected. the right of way (Section 7.6.1). Loss of tall forest canopy in Adverse, Direct, In the Bafiados, the presence of This impact is unavoidable but the Baflados de Izozog (Rio Permanent, Localized, vines may result in falling trees it will be minimized by Parapeti) and low forest Proximal, Mitigable, Less dragging adjacent trees located containing the clearing within canopy in the Dry Chaco. than Significant. outside the ROW. This is not the the right of way (Section case in the vine-free uplands. 7.6.1). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 50 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 StrUINIARY' OF IIPACTS AND MITIGATION NEASLIRES FOR TIE BOLI 'IA-BRAzIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMMENTS KEY, MIITIGATION MEASURES PARAMIETER ACTIVITY Fauna Direct incidental loss of Adverse, Direct, Slow moving and/or small This impact can be minimized individuals (including Temporary, Localized, terrestrial animals, such as by applying common sense and species of special concern) Proximal, Mitigable, Less tortoises, are most likely to be training the work force about due to construction than Significant. affected. Snakes are likely to be protecting the natural activities. particularly affected given human resources (Sections 7.6.1 and aversion toward them. 7.8.1). Increase in the hunting Adverse, Direct, Perhaps the most important Strict measures will be applied pressure on large mammals Temporary, Localized, potential impact due to the to avoid undue impacts on and reptiles (including Proximal, Mitigable, remoteness of the area, the wildlife (Sections 7.6.1 and species of special concern) Significant. abundance of wildlife, and the 7.7.1). special concern status of many species. Potential entrapment of fish Adverse, Direct, This impact is largely avoidable. Provisions will be made to at intake for hydrotest Temporary, Localized, prevent fish and other animals water. Proximal, Mitigable, Less from entering the intake than Significant. (Section 7.5.3). Permanent loss of habitat Adverse, Direct, This will affect mostly insects and This impact is unavoidable but along the cleared ROW. Permanent, Localized, other small animals. Most animal it will be minimized by Proximal, Mitigable, Less will move away from the ROW. containing the clearing within than Significant. At the regional level, the loss of the right of way (Section habitat is negligible. 7.7.1). Habitat fragmentation due to Adverse, Direct, A cut line has already been This impact is unavoidable but the establishment of the Permanent, Localized, established throughout the majority it will be minimized by ROW. Proximal, Mitigable, Less of the route. The additional impact containing the clearing within than Significant. is considered negligible. the right of way (Section _ _______________________ 7.7.1). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 51 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SUM1ARY OF nsIPACTS AND NUTIGATION MEASURES FOR TIIE BOLIVIA.-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENVIRONMENTAL INIPACT AND CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION CONINIENTS KEV MITIGATION MEASURES PARANIETER ACTI['ITY Species of Special Direct loss through Adverse, Direct, Species of special concern are This impact is unavoidable but Concern incidental mortality, Temporary, Localized, rather abundant in the project area. it will be minimized by increased hunting, or Proximal, Mitigable, Less containing the clearing within secondary habitat effects. than Significant. the right of way and strictly enforcing species protection measures (Sections 7.6.1 and 7.7.1). Protected Areas Encroachment into the Gran Adverse, Direct, The project does not represent This impact is unavoidable, Chaco National Park and the Permanent, Localized, conflict with approved land uses in but it will be minimized and Historic National Park Santa Proximal, Mitigable, Less the parks. compensated (Sections 7.7.1 Cruz la Vieja. than Significant. and 7.8.4). Population Slight and temporary Beneficial, Direct, It is unlikely that pipeline workers Measures will be taken to increase in the population of Temporary, Extended, will settle permanently in the study accommodate the incoming the study area due to the Proximal, Significant area. workers (Section 7.7.2). influx of 1000-1500 workers. Potential for cultural and Adverse, Direct, Cultural and social differences may Measures will be applied to social tension due to the Temporary, Localized, arise. promote positive interactions interaction between residents Proximal, Mitigable, Less and a productive cultural and incoming workers. than Significant. exchange between residents and incoming workers (Section _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _7 .7 .2 ). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 52 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SUMNIARY OF nIPACTS AND MITIGATION M]EASURES FOR THE BOLI'IA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENvIRONMTENTAL tIPACT ANT CAUSAL CLASSIFICATION COMMENTS KEY MITIGATION NMEASURES PARANIETER ACTIVITY Population (cont ...) Potential for a slight Adverse, Direct, Camp workers will visit nearby Measures will be applied to increase in the incidence of Temporary, Localized, communities occasional in search promote hygiene and safe contagious diseases, Proximal, Mitigable, Less of relaxation and entertainment. practices (Section 7.7.4). including sexually than Significant. transmitted diseases due to the interaction between residents and incoming workers. Economy Potential for a temporary Beneficial, Direct, Camp worker are expected to None necessary. increase in the demand for Temporary, Extended, spend a portion of their pay services and goods to Proximal, Significant locally. accommodate the influx of workers into the study area. Temporary employment of Beneficial, Direct, There are significant opportunities Fair hiring and remuneration 500-1000 unspecialized local Temporary, Extended, for local recruitment for the practices will be applied. labor for construction- Proximal, Significant. pipeline labor force. related work. Potential increase in Beneficial, Direct, There are significant opportunities None necessary. Local areas transportation-dependent Permanent, Temporary, for tourism promotion. with tourism potential (e.g., activities due to Extended, Proximal, hot springs at the Rio Aguas improvements on the road Significant. Calientes headwaters) will be system. protected during project construction. Land Use Potential for changes in land Neutral, Direct, The pipeline project does not This impact is considered use patterns. Permanent, Localized, Less represent conflicts with existing or negligible. than Significant. planned land uses. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 53 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.1 SUNMAURY OF INIPACTS AND MITIGATION rIEASURES FOR THE BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPEL1NE PROJECT (BOLIVIAN PORTION) ENYrRONNIENTAL IMPACT AND CALISAL CLASSIFICATION CONINIENTS KEV MIITIGATION NIEASURES PARANMETER ACTIVITY Indigenous Encroachment into the Neutral, Direct, Their territory has been afforded Compensatory measures will Populations historical range of Ayoreode Permanent, Localized, Less protection through the be applied to assist in the and Izocefhos groups. than Significant. establishment of the Gran Chaco consolidation of the National Park. management plan for the park (Section 7.8.4). Cultural, Potential disturbance to sites Adverse, Direct, No sites of special concern were A contingency plan will be Archaeological, and of special concern. Permanent, Localized, identified along the pipeline applied for incidental finding Historical Proximal, Mitigable, Less alignment. Historical resources of sites of special concern Resources than Significant. occur particularly in and around (Section 7.7.3). San Jos6 de Chiquitos. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 54 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 6.2 AREA OF VEGETATION, SOILS, AND FORESTR POTENTIAL TYPES AFFECTED BY THE CONSTUCTION OF THE RIGHT-OF-WAY' ENVIRONIENTAL COVER TYTE P[PEL[NE LENGTh TOTAL AREA PARAMETER "T-I{IN COVER TYPE AFFECTED (HA) Vegetation Very Low Forest (scrub) 65.8 197.5 Low Forest 202.0 606.3 Medium Forest 158.1 474.2 Very Tall forest 1.1 3.2 Riparian Forest 41.2 123.5 Pastures 7.4 22.3 Savannah 73.9 221.8 Marshes and Swamps, including 2.0 6.1 Palm Formations Physiography and Soils Steep Slopes 15.9 47.8 Foothills 18.5 55.5 Ancient Alluvial Plain 167.5 502.4 Floodplain 21.4 64.3 Recent Alluvial Plain 22.9 68.8 Aeolian Plain 4.6 13.8 Isolated Hills of the Chaco 106.2 318.7 Consolidated Sediments 47.1 141.2 Alluvio-Aeolian Deposits 33.0 99.0 Dissected Plateaus 114.3 342.9 Forestry Potential No Forestry Potential 157.2 471.8 Low Forestry Potential 159.1 477.4 Limited Forestry Potential 94.5 283.3 Moderate Forestry Potential 140.7 422.1 Assuming a right-of-way width of 30 meters Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 6 - 55 DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMElNT TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.1 OBJECTIVES ...................................... 7 -1 7.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................... 7-1 7.3 GENERAL PRECONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES .. 7 - 2 7.4 COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ....................................... 7-2 7.5 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... ..................... 7-4 7.5.1 Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Procedures ... 7 - 5 7.5.2 Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures (Stream and River Crossings) ............. .7 - 7 7.5.3 Hydrostatic Testing Procedures .................... .7 - 8 7.5.4 Protection of Groundwater Resources ....... ........... 7 - 10 7.5.5 Air Quality and Noise Control .............. .7 - 11 7.5.6 Waste Management Procedures ........... ... .7 - 11 7.5.7 Spill Prevention, Control, and Containment Procedures ...... 7 - 13 7.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... .................... 7 -15 7.6.1 Vegetation and Wildlife Protection ........ ............ 7 - 16 7.7 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...................... 7 - 17 7.7.1 Right-of-Way Protection .......... .. ............... 7 - 17 7.7.2 Community Relations .............................7 - 18 7.7.3 Protection of Cultural, Historical, and Archaeological Resources . 7 - 18 7.7.4 Construction Safety Plan .............. .7 - 19 7.8 GENERAL MITIGATION MEASURES ..................... 7-21 7.8.1 Workers Environmental Training ................... .7 - 21 7.8.2 Environmental Inspection Program ........ ............ 7 - 22 7.8.3 Environmental Monitoring Program ....... ............ 7 - 24 7.8.4 Compensatory Mitigation Program ........ ............ 7 - 25 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7-i DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.8.5 Contingency Plan ............................... 7 - 26 7.8.6 Abandomment Procedures ............. ............. 7 - 27 7.9 COST OF MITIGATION MEASURES ............ . 7 - 28 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - ii DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION 7.1 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - iii DAMES & MOORE 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 7.1 OBJECTIVES The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is presented in Appendix B. It establishes guidelines and procedures for measures and plans that address all the environmental aspects of the project, including impact mitigation measures, environmental construction procedures, health and safety, community relations, impact compensation, environmental monitoring, and environmental maintenance. The main objectives of the EMP are: 1) to avoid, minimize, control, or mitigate potential impacts from the project construction and operation on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment, and 2) to ensure continued project compliance with applicable environmental regulations. The pipeline route and the location of associated facilities were selected in an effort to minimize physical, biological, cultural and socio-economic impacts while making the project economically feasible. However, some unavoidable impacts will occur as a result of construction and operation of the pipeline. Most of the impacts to soils, water quality, and to some extent vegetation and wildlife, will be localized and temporary. These impacts can be controlled or limited to acceptable levels by the application of mitigating measures during and after construction. This chapter provides a summary of the elements of the EMP. 7.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEM1ENT PLAN Due to its complexity and scope, the implementation of the EMP requires the establishment of a specific organization and specific funding support. An Enviromnental Manager will coordinate the activities of a technical staff responsible for inspecting, monitoring, and controlling EMP compliance. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 1 DAMES & MOORE The Environmental Manager will also be responsible for technical, community, and administrative affairs relating to the EMP. The Environmental Manager will be responsible for overall compliance with the EMP and will be assisted by an appropriate staff to address all technical questions and project-specific issues relating to the EMP, including liaison between the general public and environmental issues related to the project. This person will interact with local communities to keep them informed of the project's events and to properly address any issues of concern. 7.3 GENERAL PRECONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Some general mitigation measures are applicable during the final design and preconstruction activities, including the following: * Establish an Adequate Construction Schedule. * Design Construction Areas in Order to Minimize Impacts. * Construction of Fences and Gates. * Establish Access Restrictions. * Conduct a Pre-Construction Survey of Right-of-Way Conditions. 7.4 COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The overall environmental strategy for the project is described in the following documents: Envirornental Management Plan, presented in Appendix B; Health and Safety Plan, presented in Appendix C; and Contingency Plan, presented in Appendix D. The environmental management of the project considers 18 components categorized according to the following classification: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 2 DAMES & MOORE Physical Environment Biological Environment Socioeconomic Environment General Category The components in each of these categories are as follows: Physical Environment * Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Procedures * Wetland and Water Body Construction and Mitigation Procedures * Hydrostatic Testing Procedures * Protection of Groundwater Resources * Air Quality and Noise Control * Waste Management Procedures * Spill Prevention, Control, and Containment Procedures Biological Environment * Vegetation and Wildlife Protection Guidelines The Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Procedures and Wetland and Water Body Construction and Mitigation Procedures Socioeconomic Environment * Right-of-Way Protection * Community Relations * Archaeological and Historical Resources Protection Guidelines * Health and Safety Guidelines Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 3 DAMES & MOORE General Mitigation Measures * Workers' Environmental Training * Environmental Inspection * Environmental Monitoring * Compensatory Mitigation * Contingency Plan * Abandonment Procedures In the following sections, environmental management measures are summarized in a standard format in which the information for each type of measure is presented as follows: Impact.- The environmental impact(s) the mitigation measure is intended to address. Duration.- The duration or period of time the mitigation measure will be implemented. Benefits.- Identifies the environmental resource that benefits from the application of the measure. Character.- Whether the mitigation measure is aimed at preventing, minimizing, or compensating for project impacts. Description.- A brief description of the measure. 7.5 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The following mitigating measures will be implemented to avoid, minimize, or mitigate for potential impacts of project construction on the physical environment. In many cases, the implementation of these procedures will also address potential impacts to the biological environment. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 4 DAMES & MOORE 7.5.1 Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Procedures Impact: Potential erosion, sedimentation, and turbidity. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities and until right-of-way is stabilized). Benefits: Soils, water quality, hydrology, aquatic flora and fauna. Character: Prevention, minimization. Description: The potential for erosion is the most common impact associated with construction activities; however, review of the field conditions throughout this pipeline route suggest that the erosion potential may be low. Erosion can be prevented or minimized utilizing a series of techniques which are now industry standard. In summary, the goals of the erosion control, revegetation, and maintenance measures are: * To prevent soil erosion or sedimentation during construction activities. * To provide sufficient bank stabilization, both temporary and permanent (as needed) to prevent deterioration of waterbody banks cut during construction activities. * To provide adequate restoration of the right-of-way; and * To provide for monitoring and maintenance of the area until stabilization and re-establishment of vegetation. Key elements of the plan include the following: * Install standard erosion control techniques, such as filter fabric fencing, slope breakers, trench breakers, and riprap prior to or during pipeline construction activities, preparation of work camps, access road improvements, or other associated activities. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 5 DAMES & MOORE * Inspect erosion control devices periodically to ensure that these barriers are not moved or disturbed. Repair damaged filter fabric fences or other erosion control barriers immediately. * Stormwater sediment control structures are to be in place during initial ground disturbing activities. * Replace trench spoil where possible. * Construct permanent slope breakers as needed on slopes along the right-of-way. * Selective revegetation. Slow recovery rates and low erosion potential make revegetation in the forested areas of the Chaco unadvisable. Natural resprouting through the rootstock of shrubs and trees as well as through germination from the seed bank will occur over time. Similarly, the recovery of native vegetation in marshes is anticipated to occur within a growing season. Active revegetation is recommended in the aeolic plains associated with the Rio San Miguel. This area includes a sandy substrate supporting grassy vegetation. If devoid of vegetation, wind erosion is likely to occur. The disturbed areas will be reseeded with a fast growing native grass or with vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), a fast-growing, thick-rooted grass used widely for erosion control in tropical and sub-tropical areas throughout the world (National Academy Press 1993). A nursery for Vetiver grass exists in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 6 DAMES & MOORE 7.5.2 Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures (Stream and River Crossings) Impact: Disturbance of biological habitat, alteration of physical characteristics, sedimentation and turbidity. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities). Benefits: Vegetation, aquatic flora and fauna, water quality, hydrology. Character: Prevention, minimization. Description: The wetland and waterbody construction and mitigation procedures specify construction procedures for stream and waterbody crossings (Appendix B). If any part of these procedures is not technically feasible at a particular stream or waterbody crossing, modifications will be made to address site- specific conditions. All rivers, streams and wetlands will be crossed using the open cut construction method. Heavy equipment will traverse wetlands and/or streams using appropriate equipment bridges where needed. The primary goals of the Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures are: * Minimize disturbance to wetland and waterbody to the maxirnum extent practicable. * Consider site-specific constraints to develop alternative crossing techniques. * Minimize duration of disturbance. * Provide for adequate physical restoration of site. * Avoid long-term impact to aquatic organisms by protecting water quality. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 7 DAMES & MOORE In general, the following guidelines apply to most stream or waterbody crossings: * Minimize the size of crossing areas and reduce clearing of trees and other vegetation on stream bank as much as possible. * Construct crossings as close as possible to perpendicular to the waterbody channel. * Minimize disruption of wetland and waterbody substrate during crossings. Heavy equipment should utilize equipment bridges or other means to avoid rutting or to minimize disturbance. * Maintain adequate water flow rates and hydrologic patterns. * Minimize turbidity and sedimentation. * Complete construction, trenching and backfilling at all crossings as quickly as possible. * Fueling or maintaining equipment and storing fuels and other chemicals must occur at least 15 meters from water bodies and abide by the Spill Prevention, Control, and Containment (SPCC) Procedures (Appendix B). * Install appropriate erosion control devices along water bodies and crossing points. * Remove construction debris, materials, and equipment bridges as soon as practical after construction is complete. * Restore waterbody banks and provide temporary or permanent stabilization where needed. * Maintain or restore site physical characteristics (e.g. recontouring to restore topography). 7.5.3 Hydrostatic Testing Procedures Impact: Disturbance of biological habitat, alteration of physical characteristics, erosion, sedimentation, and turbidity. Duration: Temporary (during hydrostatic testing). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 8 DAMES & MOORE Benefits: Vegetation, fauna, soils, water quality, hydrology. Character: Prevention, miniimization. Description: Hydrostatic testing of the pipeline will be conducted after pipeline installation is completed (Appendix B). If possible, all test water for testing will be withdrawn from the Rio Grande, Rio San Miguel and Rio Otuquis and discharged to uplands where possible. Goals of the hydrostatic testing procedures include: * Avoid disruption of hydrology during withdrawal of water. * Minimize impacts to aquatic fauna. * Minimize erosion, sedimentation, disruption of soils and physical characteristics of discharge area. * Protect water quality of receiving waters and adjacent wetlands Withdrawal. Withdrawal of water for hydrostatic testing will occur via an intake hose which will be screened to prevent fish entrainment. Additionally, the flow of intake waters will be maintained to protect aquatic life, provide for all waterbody uses, and provide for downstream withdrawals by existing users. Guidelines for withdrawal of hydrostatic test water: * The intake hose will be screened to prevent fish from being drawn into the hose. * Pumping must not interfere with stream flow rates required to protect aquatic life and to provide for all waterbody uses. * Hydrostatic test manifolds will be located outside wetlands and riparian areas to the greatest extent possible. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 9 DAMES & MOORE Discharge Methods and Rates. Once the hydrostatic test is complete, water will be discharged from the pipeline. The following guidelines apply to the discharge of hydrostatic test water: * When discharging test water, regulate the discharge rate and use energy dissipation devices so that erosion of upland areas, stream bottom scour, suspension of sediments, or excessive stream flow are prevented. * Discharge test water through a dissipation device into a filter bag, filter fabric fence or other containment structure. * Discharge in uplands to the extent possible or at other locations to minimize return of test water to water bodies. * Avoid discharge of test water into any water bodies which provide habitat for species of special concern. 7.5.4 Protection of Groundwater Resources Impact: Potential contamination, lowering, or mixing of groundwater resources. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: Groundwater, human population which use the resource. Character: Prevention. Description: Prevention of Potential Contamination. Groundwater resources will be protected from potential contamination through the implementation of the SPCC Procedures (Section 7.5.7). Protection of the Aquifers. The project will require the installation of several water wells to depths between 100 and 200 m. Aquifer mixing will be prevented by properly casing the well. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 10 DAMES & MOORE Withdrawal rates and periods will be regulated to prevent lowering of the aquifer volumes. 7.5.5 Air Quality and Noise Control Impact: Potential impacts to air quality and impacts to humans and wildlife due to exposure to noise. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: Humans and wildlife. Character: Prevention, miniimization. Description: Air Ouality. The following measures will be applied to prevent or minimize impact to air quality. 1. All engines will be properly maintained to minimize emissions of contaminants. 2. A schedule for the operation of engines will be established to *o minimize, to the extent practicable, the time of operation of emission sources. 3. Detail design will consider modifications to stack height and other parameters related to the operation of the compressor stations to ensure compliance with applicable regulations. Noise. Noise impacts are expected to be less than significant. Workers who are exposed to noise generators, such as compressors or heavy machinery will be provided with appropriate protection, such as ear plugs or mugs. 7.5.6 Waste Management Procedures Impact: Disruption of biological habitat, alteration of physical characteristics, water quality impacts to surface or groundwater, health and safety. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 11 DAMES & MOORE Benefits: Vegetation, fauna, water quality, hydrology. Character: Prevention, minimization. Description: Solid Waste. Solid waste management will be implemented based on the following principles: 1. Minimize waste generation. 2. Maximize recycling and reusing. 3. Dispose waste appropriately. Appropriate disposal facilities will be provided during the construction phase. Solid waste will be collected in clearly identified receptacles located at strategic points along the pipeline route and within work camps, staging areas, and other associated facilities. Plastics, metals, or any other non- biodegradable materials brought to the work site will be discarded into appropriate containers and/or containment facilities and/or disposed of at appropriate facilities, which may include sanitary landfills at workers camps. Recycling of materials will occur whenever possible. Paper, wood and other dry refuse may be burned in a pre-constructed pit. No plastics or synthetic polymer materials will be burned. Sanitary Waste. Extended aeration package plants or conventional septic systems will be constructed for disposal of sanitary wastes in areas of high worker concentration such as work camps. Where possible, discharge of treated effluent will be to upland areas away from water bodies. If discharge is to receiving waters, the potential for assimilation of treated effluent will be considered in selecting receiving streams. Waste water from work camps may be disposed by land application in appropriate areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 12 DAMES & MOORE Hazardous Waste. Hazardous waste generated during the construction of the pipeline will be collected, properly contained, and transported to temporary storage areas at work camps or at designated locations along the pipeline route. Temporary storage areas will be sited away from surface waters, wetlands, and agricultural areas. Such wastes will be transported to a central location for collection and disposal. One person (or one person at each collection/disposal facility) will be responsible for collecting, inventorying, and disposing of hazardous waste. The management and disposal of hazardous waste will be conducted and documented in accordance with Bolivian regulations and/or sound environmental management practices. 7.5.7 Spill Prevention, Control, and Containment Procedures Impact: Potential disruption of biological habitat, water quality impacts to surface or groundwater, health and safety. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: Vegetation, fauna, water quality. Character: Prevention, nmnimization, restoration. Description: The SPCC Procedures (Appendix B) addresses actions used to prevent spills and actions to be taken should a spill occur. Emergency notification procedures are included and will be expanded to include appropriate additional individuals/agencies as they are identified. The project sponsors are committed to complying with all regulations governing hazardous materials and spills of fuels, lubricants, and chemicals. The requirements of the SPCC Procedures will be explained to all workers handling, transporting, or responsible for distributing fuels, lubricants, or chemicals. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 13 DAMES & MOORE Summary of guidelines from the SPCC Procedures: * Store all fuel and potentially hazardous materials at least 30 meters away from private wells and 100 meters from municipal or community water supply wells. * Store fuel, lubricants, or hazardous materials at least 15 meters away from stream banks or wetland boundaries. * No potentially hazardous or hazardous materials may be transported onto the right-of-way with the exception of equipment fuel (gasoline, diesel, etc.) or lubricants (engine oils, grease, etc.). * Store all drums on pallets or drum racks. * Provide secondary containment for all containers with aggregate capacity of 55-gallons or greater. If a spill occurs, the following procedures must be followed: * Immediately notify the Environmental Inspector. * Evacuate the area, if warranted. * Stop operation of affected equipment/area, if warranted. * Turn off utilities to area, if necessary. * Barricade the area to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel or equipment. Establish a single point of entry and exit to control access to spill area. * Take whatever steps necessary to eliminate source of leak or spill (e.g., shut off valves, upright containers, or stop pumps). * Collect information concerning the nature and size of the spill. A report will be completed by the Environmental Inspector, who will rely on information obtained from personnel working in the area of the spill. * Environmental Inspector shall notify the Environmental Manager, who will handle notifications to authorities, if required. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 14 DAMES & MOORE Controlling spills on land: Plug all drains the spill may access. Construct terrace dam or ditch to stop the spill's flow. Scatter sand sorbent pads or other similar materials to absorb the spill. If free standing fluid is present, skim fluid, and place into approved containers. Controlling spills on pavement: * Plug any drains that the spill may access. * Construct/provide barriers to stop the flow. Use dirt berms, sand bags, or commercial absorptive pads to stop the spill's flow. * Scatter sand sorbent pads, or other absorptive materials to absorb any excess spill material. * If free standing fluid is present, skim fluids and place in approved container. Controlling spills on water: * Create a back current to limit out-flow of material. * Use absorbent floats if available. * Create shoreline earth berms or terrace dams to limit spill access to the shoreline. * Recover spilled material from water surface using skimmers, pumps, or absorbent materials, if available. 7.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The following environmental measures will be implemented to provide protection and minimization of impacts to vegetation, fauna, and species of special concern encountered during Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 15 DAMES & MOORE construction of the pipeline. Additionally, the Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Procedures and the Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures discussed above includes important mitigating measures to minimize impacts to the biological environment as well as physical aspects of the environment. 7.6.1 Vegetation and Wildlife Protection Impact: Disturbance to native vegetation and wildlife; increased hunting pressure. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities). Benefits: Indigenous fauna, species of special concern. Character: Prevention, minimization. Description: While some direct effects on vegetation and wildlife as a result of right-of- way clearing and construction activities are unavoidable, the objectives of these measures are to minimize those impacts and to prevent secondary impacts such as increased hunting pressure. Primary goals of the vegetation and wildlife protection plan include: * Protection of rare, threatened, or endangered species. * Minimization of disturbance during construction. * Avoidance of hunting pressure on protected species or important indigenous species. * Restoration of disturbed areas to extent possible to prevent long- term impacts. While no specific regulations are in place to prevent harm to species of special concern, efforts will be made to minimize disturbance to flora and fauna encountered along the pipeline corridor and in the vicinity of work camps, storage yards, and other facilities associated with the project. Such efforts include avoiding disturbance to areas outside approved construction zones, limiting access to construction areas or associated facilities/activities, inforning workers of status and protection of wildlife Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 16 DAMES & MOORE and penalties for infractions, providing workers with materials depicting protected species which must not be harmed or harassed, and instructing workers on appropriate protocols in the event of accidental injury or mortality to wildlife. 7.7 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Potential impacts to the Socioeconomic Environment associated with pipeline construction include a variety of issues from effects on the local economy and indigenous people to protection of cultural, historical, and archeological resources. The following mitigating measures have been developed to minimize or mitigate for potential impacts occurring the socioeconomic environment. 7.7.1 Right-of-Way Protection Impact: Potential secondary impacts due to right-of-way utilization as a transportation corridor. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: All biological, physical, and cultural resources Character: Prevention. Description: The pipeline right-of-way is not intended to become a road. While colonization and traffic may be promoted by the existence of the right-of- way, it is anticipated that this effect will be low. Since 1993, when a cut line was established along the proposed alignment, no detectable colonization has occurred. Much of the study area has limitations for agricultural or forestry activities and may not be appealing to prospective colonists. However, the right-of-way will be secured with barriers and gates to discourage its utilization by unauthorized people. Signs and public education will support the physical measures. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 17 DAMES & MOORE 7.7.2 Community Relations Impact: All socio-economic impacts. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: Neighboring communities. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: As part of the management of the project, the sponsors will maintain a Community Relations program aimed at promoting good relations with the communities in the area of influence of the project, as well as providing environmental education and increasing awareness about the project and the environment. The community relations program will include the following components: 1. Maintaining a Public Liaison during construction. 2. Developing an environmental education program. 3. Developing a public information program about the project. 4. Educating the construction labor force regarding proper relations with the host communities. 7.7.3 Protection of Cultural, Historical, and Archaeological Resources Impact: Disturbance of cultural, historical and archeological sites and artifacts. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities). Benefits: Historical and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimiization. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 18 DAMES & MOORE Description: Cultural resources may include prehistoric or historic sites, buildings, or objects such as projectile points, lithic tools, cooking debris, ceramic fragments or other evidence of previous human occupation. Human remains are also included in this category. The project sponsor is committed to exercise extreme care with regard to cultural resources. The protocol addressed in the Accidental Discovery Plan for Archeological, Cultural and Human Remains, included in Appendix B will be implemented. In the event of a fimd, crews will halt work that would disturb the artifacts and notify the Environmental Inspector. Work will cease at that location, and the Ministry of Education and Culture will be notified. Any artifacts encountered will be secured and preserved until evaluated, then delivered to the Archaeological National Institute if so advised by the Ministry. 7.7.4 Construction Safety Plan Impact: Health and safety. Duration: Temporary (during construction) and Permanent (during operation). Benefits: Human and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, correction. Description: A Construction Safety Plan (Appendix C) will provide explicit instructions regarding health and safety issues. This manual will apply to all contractor and subcontractor personnel as well as project personnel. The following subjects are covered in the Construction Safety Plan: * Accident Prevention Responsibilities. * Safety Training and Education. * Personal Protective Equipment. * First Aid. * Good Housekeeping. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 19 DAMES & MOORE * Drinking Water. * Sanitation. * Occupational Noise Exposure. * Radiation. * Illumination * Gas, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts and Mists. * Ventilation. * Respirator Protection. * Fire Protection and Prevention. * Flammable and Combustible Liquids. * Signs, Signals and Barricades. * Rigging Equipment for Material Handling. * Tools - Hand and Power Operated Handling. * Welding. * Cranes. * Automotive Equipment. * Material Handling Equipment. * Blasting. * Working Over or Near Water. * Construction Guidelines. * Fire Protection Precautions. Other information, such as the safety policy and management for this project, plus accident record forms are included in the plan. The Construction Safety Plan is included as Appendix C. All personnel will be provided a copy of this plan in conjunction with training. Newly hired personnel will be trained and provided a copy of the plan prior to commencement of work. Additionally, a Safety Officer will be responsible for employee training and general oversight of safety issues. The Safety Officer will monitor persormel on the project to ensure compliance with the safety policy. If an infraction is discovered, the person committing the infraction will be re- trained and subsequently monitored to ensure compliance. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 20 DAMES & MOORE Based on job exposure, personal protective equipment (safety shoes, hard hats, eye protection, hearing protection, safety belts, respirators, and welder's helmets) may be required. Each crew leader will be responsible for safety supervision and reporting of accidents. The Safety Officer must be notified immediately of any accidents. 7.8 GENERAL MITIGATION MEASURES In addition to the mitigating measures developed to address specific impacts to the physical, biological, or socioeconomic environment, several key measures will be implemented which will also reduce potential environmental impacts and assure overall compliance with the EMP. These measures are described below. 7.8.1 Workers Environmental Training Impact: All biological, physical, and cultural impacts. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities). Benefits: All biological, physical, and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: Environmental training will be provided for all employees prior to commencement of work. New workers brought to the project after the initiation of project activities will receive training as soon as is practicable following their arrival. Training will include the following topics: * Right-of-way. * Species of special concern. * Streams and water bodies. * Wetlands. * Erosion control. * Spill prevention, control, and containment. * Water withdrawal and discharge. * Cultural resources. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 21 DAMES & MOORE Community relations. Contingency plan. A formal training, curriculum will be developed consisting of "classroom" type instruction (generally at the work camp sites). Materials developed will include a notebook style manual providing written and pictorial presentation of infornation covering the topics above and a video produced in appropriate language(s) providing verbal instruction on the topics. 7.8.2 Environmental Inspection Program Impact: All biological, physical, and cultural impacts. Duration: Temporary (during construction activities). Benefits: All biological, physical, and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: An Environmental Inspector (having knowledge of the environmental conditions in the project area) will be appointed for each construction spread and will be responsible for monitoring construction areas and activities for environmental compliance. The Chief Environmental Inspector will recommend to stop work if an environmental violation occurs. Environmental Inspectors will provide assistance and guidance to all other members of the construction team regarding environmental issues. They will also coordinate required testing, monitoring, and training of personnel involved with the project as to environmental aspects. At a minimum, the Environmental Inspector(s) shall be responsible for: 1. Ensuring compliance with the requirements of the plans and procedures and all license and permit conditions imposed on the project by Bolivian regulatory agencies. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 22 DAMES & MOORE 2. Verifying that the limits of authorized construction work areas and locations of access roads are properly marked before clearing. 3. Verifying the location of drainage and irrigation systems. 4. Identifying stabilization needs in all areas. 5. Locating dewatering structures and slope breakers to ensure they will not direct water into known cultural resource sites or locations of sensitive species. 7. Verifying that trench dewatering activities do not result in the deposition of sand, silt, and/or sediment near the point of discharge into a wetland or waterbody. If such deposition is occurring, the dewatering activity shall be stopped and the design of the discharge shall be changed to prevent reoccurrence. 8. Testing subsoil and topsoil in agricultural and residential areas to measure compaction and determine the need for corrective action. 9. Advising the Chief Environmental Inspector when conditions (such as wet weather) make it advisable to restrict construction activities. 10. Ensuring restoration of contours and topsoil. 11. Approving imported soils for use in agricultural and residential areas. 12. Ensuring that temporary erosion controls are properly installed and maintained daily, if necessary. 13. Inspecting temporary erosion control measures on a daily basis in areas of active construction or equipment operation, on a regular basis in areas with no construction or equipment operation, and as soon as possible after each one inch of rainfall. 14. Ensuring the repair of all ineffective temporary erosion control measures within 24 hours of identification. 15. Keeping records of compliance with the enviromnental conditions of the appropriate permits, certificates, and authorizations, and the mitigation measures proposed by the project sponsor in the applications submitted during active construction and restoration; and, Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 23 DAMES & MOORE 16. Establishing a program to monitor the success of restoration. Implementation of this program may be transferred to the operating entity upon completion of construction and restoration activities. The project inspection program is discussed in detail in the Environmental Construction Plan included as Appendix B. 7.8.3 Environmental Monitoring Program Impact: All biological, physical and cultural impacts. Duration: Temporary (until the area is stabilized). Benefits: All biological, physical and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: During construction, monitoring will be part of the inspection program. Environmental monitoring may include, but not be limited to, erosion control, water quality, indigenous and protected wildlife species, cultural resources, water resources, vegetation, and protected areas. As stated earlier under the section pertaining to the Environmental Inspector's duties and responsibilities, the Environmental Inspector will prepare a plan to monitor the success of revegetation and stabilization of the right-of-way and temporary work areas following construction. Monitoring will also include visual inspection and documentation of establishment of temporary vegetation for sediment and substrate stabilization. If deficiencies in the establishment of temporary vegetation cover are discovered, the Environmental Inspector will develop a plan of remediation and implement that plan. All erosion control devices are to remain in place and in a functional condition until stabilization is achieved. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 24 DAMES & MOORE 7.8.4 Compensatory Mitigation Program In addition to the mnitigating measures which will be implemented during construction and operation of the pipeline to minimize enviromnental impacts, a compensatory mitigation program will be provided to offset potential impacts in the vicinity of the Gran Chaco National Park. The pipeline will mark the northern boundary of the Gran Chaco National Park, and will be adjacent to the boundary of the Integrated Management Area. Secondary impacts of the pipeline may include the risk of colonization of areas in and around the park due to the establishment and maintenance of the right-of-way. These impacts may affect the physical environment, biological, and human environment. Impact: Alteration of biological habitat, increased hunting pressure, potential colonization pressure in the Gran Chaco National Park and other undisturbed areas. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: Biological and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, compensation. Description: The Project Sponsors will propose a contribution to the endowed fund for the park as an offset mitigation for direct and potential indirect impacts of the project. Revenues from the contribution will be earmarked for management of the parks in the Department of Santa Cruz funded through this program. Administration of the funds will be managed by the National Secretary of Natural Resources and the Environment. Other compensatory action which will also be taken in conjunction with the Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian portion) includes the following: Impact: Alteration of socioeconomic environment. Duration: Permanent. Benefits: Cultural resources, water resources, socioeconomics. Character: Compensation, improvements. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 25 DAMES & MOORE Description: The project will require the establishment of water wells and generators at different locations. During detail design, provisions will be incorporated to the extent possible to ensure that these facilities are left for the continuing benefit of the neighboring communities. The additional water and energy sources will help the communities satisfy their growing needs for water and energy. Provisions will be made to compensate land owners for damages resulting from the project. During final design, a complete assessment of land ownership and agricultural areas will be made in order to carry out any necessary negotiations to compensate anticipated impacts. 7.8.5 Contingency Plan Impact: All biological, physical, and cultural impacts. Duration: Temporary and Permanent. Benefits: All biological, physical, and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: If conditions are encountered which require modification of the project, or which require non-compliance to complete the execution of the work, the Environmental Inspector will be notified imnmediately and work will stop. Upon evaluation of the situation, the Environmental Inspector will implement the following plan: 1. Notify the Chief Environmental Inspector of the situation. 2. Gather data necessary for presentation to the Chief Environmental Inspector and/or project officials to develop an alternative plan. 3. Meet with the Chief Environmental Inspector and any other Inspectors or project officials that the Chief Environmental Inspector deems appropriate. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 26 DAMES & MOORE 4. Present the existing conditions preventing the completion of work as or.iginally planned and anticipated duration of the conditions. 5. Develop written and detailed (as necessary) alternative approaches with the -appropriate parties (craft inspectors, design engineers, construction engineers, and company officials). 6. Present preferred alternative to regulatory authorities as necessary (if alternative requires modification of license or permit conditions). 7. Brief appropriate construction personnel of change in plans. 8. Execute new approach and monitor for compliance with existing or modified license or permit conditions. A preliminary contingency plan is presented in Appendix D. 7.8.6 Abandonment Procedures Impact: All biological, physical, and cultural impacts. Duration: Temporary. Benefits: All biological, physical, and cultural resources. Character: Prevention, minimization, restoration. Description: The pipeline is being constructed as part of a contract between the countries of Bolivia and Brazil for the supplies of additional natural gas to Brazil over the next twenty years. No plans for abandonment have been developed at this time. Should abandonment become necessary, standard industry accepted procedures will be followed. Such procedures typically include removal of sections of pipe where necessary due to exposure or potential conflicts with future use, and capping and abandoning in place sections of pipe where removal is not necessary. Both ends of the pipeline will be disconnected and all openings will be closed and sealed. Where the pipeline is subject to pressures or external forces such as those caused by geologic fault sites Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 27 DAMES & MOORE or landslides, the pipe will be filled with an inert material from the local area (if possible) and sealed. Abandonment in place is preferred as a means of limiting environmental impacts. All equipment from compressor stations will be dismantled and transported to storage or a proposed disposal facility. If appropriate, building structures will be assigned to alternate uses compatible with the station environment. Otherwise, such structures will be demolished and their foundations will be removed to allow site restauration to preconstruction conditions to the extent possiblle. 7.9 COST OF MITIGATION MEASURES This section presents a preliminary assessment of anticipated costs associated with the implementation of mitigation measures. Some of the components of the EMP, such as erosion control, constitute standard components of the construction plan and are thus not included as a specific item in this cost estimate. Table 7.1 summarizes the cost of the EMP. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 28 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 7.1 SUNINIARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INIPLEN[ENTATION OF THE ENVIRONNIENTAL MtANAGENMENT PROGRANI EWP CONIPONENT MEASURE UNIT UNIT COST NIFMNBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Erosion Control, Revegetation of aeolic Plants Install plants; one-year 12 ha (120,000 m2) Total $180,000 Revegetation plains at Rio San survival guarantee Miguel included Environmental Inspection Plan Environmental $13,000/mo. 1 Manager (15 mos) $195,000 Inspection Manager (1) Chief Inspector (X $9,000/mo. 2 Chief Inspectors $180,000 (10 mos) Inspectors (" $7,000/mo. 4 Inspectors (9 mos) $252,000 Trucks $3,200/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $227,200 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Fuel & Maintenance $750/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $53,250 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Total $907,450 Compensatory National Park Rangers, facilities, Annual interest Donation to National Total $1,000,000 Mitigation Management operations, and contributed toward Endowment Fund, maintenance operational cost estimated at 10% yearly return to cover investment and _____________________ _____________________ __________________ ____________________ operating expen ses Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 29 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 7.1 SUNINMARI OF ESTINMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIE ENVIRONMENTAL NIANAGENMENT PROGRANM ENIP CONIPONENT MIEASURE IJNIT UNIT COST NUM%fBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPrER SECTION) Protection of Wildlife Signage and Barricade Signs & ROW $200/sign 560 $112,000 and the Right-of-Way Program Barriers & Gates $1,400/gate 82 $115,000 Total $227,000 Community Relations Water and Generator Well $80,000 4 - San Jose, Robore, $320,000 donation to the El Carmen, CABI community 4 Pumps and Other $25,000 $100,000 Total $420,000 Generator (3) $76,000 1 - San Josd $76,000 $93,000 2 - El Carmen $186,000 Total $262,000 l____________________ _____________________ Building $30,000 1 - Pail6n Total $30,000 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 30 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 7.1 SUNINIARY OF ESTINIATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMIrLE,IENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL NIANAGENIENT PROGRANI El\P CONIPONENT MEASURE UNIT tNIT COST NMnVBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Community Relations Public Education Professionals Public Education 520 hr $20,800 Program Manager at $40/hr Public Education Two for 520 hr each Trainers at $20/hr $20,800 Materials Miscellaneous supplies Enough to cover 3,000 and brochure materials people (panphlets) $20,000 Total $61,600 Public Communications Public One at $2000/mo For 2 years Total $48,000 Program Communications Officer Total Cost of Mitigation Measures: $3,136,050 '" Salary plus living expenses. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 7 - 31 DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM TABLE OF CONIENTS 8.1 GENERAL ............... ......................... 8 -1 8.1.1 Introduction ............ 8 - 1 8.1.2 Purpose ............ 8-1 8.1.3 Approach ............ 8-2 8.1.4 Scope ............ 8 - 3 8.2 CONSULTATION MEETINGS WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES . . 8-4 8.2.1 Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano - Secretaria Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos, de Genero y Generacionales (SAE) .... .......... 8 - 5 8.2.2 Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Direcci6n Nacional de Biodiversidad (DNCB) ............ 8 - 7 8.2.3 Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Secretaria Nacional de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (SNRNMA) ....... ..................... 8 - 10 8.2.4 Ministerio de Cultura - Bolivian Institute of Archaeology ...... 8 - 12 8.3 CONSULTATION MEETINGS WITH NGO'S ................. 8-13 8.3.1 Liga de Defensa del Medio Ambiente - LIDEMA ...........8 - 14 8.3.2 Asociaci6n Ecol6gica Boliviana del Oriente - ASEO .8 - 15 8.3.3 Fundaci6n Amigos de la Naturaleza - FAN .8 - 16 8.3.4 Confederaci6n de Pueblos Indigenas de Bolivia (CIDOB) .8 - 17 8.3.4 Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI) .8 - 25 8.4 PUBLIC MEETINGS .. 8 - 31 8.4.1 Pail6n ....................................... 8-31 8.4.2 San Jose de Chiquitos .8 - 36 8.4.3 Robor. 8 - 39 8.4.4 El Carmen. 8 - 42 8.4.5 Puerto Suarez .8 - 45 8.4.6 Puerto Quijarro. 8 - 49 8-i CHAPTER 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION 8.1 SURVEY RESULTS FROM PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study June 24, 1996 8 - ii DAMES & MOORE 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM 8.1 GENERAL 8.1.1 Introduction A Public Consultation Program (PCP) was conducted with government agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGO's), and affected conmmunities during the preparation of the EIS for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline project. The PCP was developed to comply with the requirements of the World Bank Environmental Assessment Source Book (World Bank, 1991-1995 [1991a, 1993, 1994b3), World Bank Operational Directives 4.01 and 14.70 (World Bank, 1991b and 1989), and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental Review and Analysis of Projects (IFC, 1993). 8.1.2 Purpose Consultation with government agencies and interaction with local NGO's, and affected communities, was viewed as a critical component of project development and EIS preparation. This consultation assisted with identification of possible project impacts, reconciliation of opposing views about the project, discussion of licensing requirements, promotion of understanding of the nature and extent of any social or environmental impacts, and fulfillment of the requirements of Bolivian Law. Consultation with government agencies at national, regional, and local levels was necessary because of the broad range of responsibilities of such agencies in social and environmental related matters such as water, land use, biological resource conservation, health, etc. In the case of the project, such consultation also reflected the position of the Government of Bolivia as a major participant in the project. Consultation with local NGO's and affected communities was essential to gain a proper understanding of the nature and extent of social and environmental impacts that may result from Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 1 DAMES & MOORE the development of the project and to seek inputs from those communities in the development and implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. 8.1.3 Approach The approach followed for the PCP consisted of a series of visits and public meetings with government ministries, local NGO's based in the cities of La Paz and Santa Cruz, local communities settled in the general vicinity of the proposed Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project and organizations of indigenous peoples. The program was completed from May 15 though May 24, 1996. The PCP Team consisted of sponsor representatives from Yacimientos Petrolfferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), Enron, and the BTB Group (Tenneco Energy, British Gas, and BHP), and specialists from Dames & Moore. The meetings with government officials followed an interactive approach to identify and discuss the main environmental matters associated with the project. During these meetings the project was explained to representatives of different ministries and the position of the Government of Bolivia was also discussed. These meetings were also used to gain a better understanding of the requirements of Bolivian's new environmental law and the status of the environmental license previously obtained for the project. The meetings with local NGO's followed an interactive approach to identify and develop an understanding of key issues that should be addressed in the EIS. In addition, these meeting were to communicate an understanding of the project and EIS analysis process to meeting participants to support the public review process. During these meetings discussions were also held to clarify any misconceptions and expectations associated with the project and provide project-specific knowledge to NGO's participants. The public meetings effort was initiated by sending written invitations to public officials and principal business leaders in the local communities. In addition, public notices were posted and placed in several conspicuous places in each community several days prior to the meetings. At each meeting there was a formal presentation of the project, brochures were distributed providing project information, and there was an open forum question and answer period. In conjunction Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 2 DAMES & MOORE with the public meetings, questionnaires were distributed to all participants to gather supplemental information on the socioeconomic baseline conditions of each community and the concerns of the people. The team sociologist also conducted a series of random individual interviews in each of the communities. Following the public meetings, a private reception was held for public officials and principal business leaders to provide additional interaction between local officials and the Project Team. The Team also met with the Subprefecto of the Chiquitos and German Busch Provinces. This opportunity was used to gather additional information about the socioeconomic structure of the communities. During the course of the visit to each community the Project Team observed the local infrastructure including schools, hospitals, water and electrical facilities, visited with local utility companies, and developed a better understanding of the local resources. 8.1.4 Scope The scope of work of the PCP included the following tasks: Development of a project brochure that summarizes the technical components of the project along with the main environmental and socioeconomic issues. A total of 900 brochures were distributed in the public meetings. A copy of the project brochure is included in the Appendix. * Preparation of two socioeconomic questionnaires designed to gather supplemental information for the socioeconomic conditions chapter of the EIS. Six copies of a long version questionnaire were distributed to the local authorities of each town. A total of 301 copies of a short version questionnaire were collected during the public meetings. Results of the project questionnaires are summarized in Table 8.1. * Four consultation meetings with government officials to discuss the project related environmental and socioeconomic matters and identify the range of environmental and socioeconomnic issues to be included in the EIS. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 3 DAMES & MOORE * Five meetings with local NGO's to identify and develop an understanding of key issues that should be addressed in the EIS and communicate an understanding of the project goals and objectives. * Six public meetings attended by approximately 800 people to gain a broad understanding of the environmental and socioeconomic setting of the pipeline corridor, local communities, and surrounding area. 8.2 CONSULTATION MEETINGS WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES The public consultation program included meetings with four government agencies. These meetings served as a forum for exchanging information related to data that could be made available for the EIS preparation, describing the organizational structures of the ministries and past experiences in-country which may be of relevance or interest to the project. Ministry representatives were shown copies of pipeline route maps and other project related materials. Discussions were held regarding project specific items and related matters, including applicable legislation. Additionally, some issues and areas of concern in relation to the project were raised by meeting participants. * Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano - Secretaria Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos, de Genero y Generacionales - SAE (Ministry for Development of Human Issues - National Secretariat for Ethnic, Generic and Generational Issues). * Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Direcci6n Nacional de Biodiversidad - DNCB (Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment - National Directorate of Biodiversity). * Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Secretaria Nacional de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente - SNRNMA (Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment - National Secretariat of Natural Resources and the Environment). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 0 September 1, 1996 8 - 4 DAMES & MOORE * Ministerio de Cultura - Instituto Bolivia de Arqueologia - IBA (Ministry of Culture - Bolivian Institute of Archaeology. A summary of the topics discussed in these meetings is presented as follows: 8.2.1 Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano - Secretaria Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos, de Genero y Generacionales (SAE) SAE is the National Secretariat for Ethnic, Generic and Generational Issues, which is a division of the Ministry for Development of Human Issues. This meeting took place on May 15, 1996 at SAE' s offices in La Paz. Attendees to the meeting included- Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - Tenneco/BTB Laine Powell - Enron Luz Maria Calvo Carmona - SAE Silvia Urrutia - SAE Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Enrique Escobar Ayoroa - YPFB Moijes Gutierres R. - SAE Victor Ramos Gutierrez - SAE The meeting began with an introduction of the team and its purpose to Ms. Calvo, Sub- Secretaria de Asuntos Etnicos, and the other members of the Ministry. This discussion was followed by an explanation of the project including technical issues and benefits. * The project presentation was followed by an explanation of the EIS, the background, purpose, objectives, and the current schedule. Emphasis was placed on the socioeconomic studies and the consultation program. * The schedule of the public consultation program was discussed along with the itinerary for the visits to each of the towns. Ministry representatives indicated that it would be Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 5 DAMES & MOORE important to involve the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI) settlement in the presentation programs. Although CABI was included in the presentation to CIDOB in Santa Cruz, the Ministry recommended that a separate meeting with CABI and possibly a visit to their territory be considered. They recommended that the meetings in the towns be open to the public. They also indicated that they would like to be able to review the socioeconomic information that is going to be gathered and put together as part of the EIS. At the end of the meeting they expressed an interest in sending a representative from this Ministry with the project team giving the public participation presentations. It was agreed that Mr. Ramos would travel with the Project Team to meet Pail6n and CIDOD representatives on Friday and Saturday. The meeting was followed by a question and answer period. Most of the questions and concerns were related to the consultation program and other social issues that included how the program was structured and what kind of information we planned to give to the public. They also wanted to know if we were going to give an opportunity to the public to ask questions and to express concerns or if it would be a one-way presentation where we only give our view of the project. We indicated that it would be a two-way program, and that there would be a specific question and answer period. * We discussed the questionnaire that had been developed and how the purpose of the meeting was not only to give a presentation but also gather additional information required to supplement the EIS. Ms. Calvo commented that she was very pleased with the effort we were making to meet with the Ministry and involve them at this early stage of the project. She believed this would be an excellent example for other projects to see how the public should be given access to project information. * In summary, the meeting was very positive, and Ms. Calvo expressed an interest in continuing dialog with the Project Team as the project proceeds. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 6 DAMES & MOORE 8.2.2 Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Direcci6n Nacional de Biodiversidad (DNCB) DNCB is the National Directorate for the Conservation of Biodiversity, which is a division of the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment. This meeting took place on May 15, 1996 at DNBC's offices in La Paz. Attendees to the meeting included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - Tenneco/BTB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Enrique Escobar A. - YPFB Laine Powell - Enron Rigoberto Sossa - DNCB Boris Fernandez - DNCB * Mr. Sossa apologized for the absence of Ms. Alexandra Sanchez de Lozada who was unable to attend the meeting as planned, due to the unexpected necessity of her attending meetings in Europe with the President of Bolivia. Mr. Sossa is National Chief of Protected Areas reporting directly to Ms. Sanchez. The other representative of the Ministry was Mr. Fernandez who is an engineer with the Ministry. The project team members were introduced and the purpose of the meeting was stated. Mr. Mendez had met with Ms. Sanchez de Lozada previously, and this follow up meeting was proposed at that time. * The project team gave an overview of the project, including Enron's role in the project and the activity of the company in other areas of the world. The participation of Petrobras and the BTB group in the project was stated and status of financial aspects were reviewed. * Mr. Sossa explained how the Ministry was organized. Operations are divided into three units; Protected Areas, Wildlife and Genetic Resources. He said that the protected areas are divided into six different categories. The three most important are reserves for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 7 DAMES & MOORE protection of biodiversity, national parks and integrated management areas. The Grand Chaco National Park and other protected areas are managed by a Director under DNCB supervision. The parks are typically managed through management contracts with private non-profit organizations and .local communities which fulfill necessary minimum requirements. Where no such organization exists, the DNCB can undertake the management of the area directly. * The financing of park administration is managed by DNCB based on available endowment funds. At the present time they have $6 million dollars in the fund, and they are using the interest on this money to administer the parks. They plan to increase this fund to $15 million dollars with funds provided by the World Bank. They hope to later increase the fund to $30 million dollars, which would provide sufficient interest from the fund to manage the existing park areas. * The relationship of the pipeline right-of-way and the limits of the National Park and the Integrated Management Areas of the Grand Chaco Park was discussed. The project team explained that the pipeline right-of-way is outside of the park and contiguous to the northern boundary of the park. The discussion also involved the interpretation of Presidential Decree No. 24122 with respect to the status of the right-of-way in relation to the Integrated Management Area. * The potential scenarios discussed were: 1) that the right-of-way represents an independent area that divides two categories of protected land, the park and the integrated management area (under this interpretation, the pipeline right-of-way would be outside the park and the management area), and 2) that the right-of-way is within the integrated management area an has a zoning classification compatible with the construction and operation of the gas pipeline (Article 3 of the Decree states that the park will develop special zoning designations compatible with the dual purpose of the area: conservation and protection on one hand, and sustainable development on the other hand). It was noted that both the park and the integrated management areas were established after the alignment of the pipeline was determined and that the pipeline alignment was used a Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 8 DAMES & MOORE physical border between the two protected areas. Mr. Sossa indicated that his office would review the two-possible scenarios and that YPFB would be advised which one represents the official interpretation of the Ministry. * The Law states that the management areas are for the use of the natural renewable resources, particularly for the benefit of the local communities. The Ministry was requested to provide some insight as to the definition of how these areas would be managed. Mr. Fernandez explained that the purpose of the integrated management areas is to provide a controlled area for the local inhabitants to conduct activities such as hunting, agriculture, logging, and other life-sustaining activities. The integrated management areas would be utilized to promote these activities outside the protected park reserve and manage the available renewable resources to sustain the life of the local indigenous people. * Additional emphasis was placed on the importance of the Project Team talking to the CABI community and asked that they be included in a meeting. * The Ministry was concerned about the location of compressor stations and whether one might be located within the Park or the Management Area. The project team explained that one station will be located on the west side of the park, but would not be within the protected park area. * Another issue discussed was the importance that communities receive environmental education programs. Mr. Sossa explained that other educational programs were underway. Dr. Andrew Taber with the Wildlife Conservation Society has started a program locally, and has had good response. The project team stated that the EIS will consider an environmental education program. * Finally, the Ministry explained that a map of protected areas in Bolivia, at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is being developed which will be available for distribution in approximately 30 days from the date of the meeting. The project sponsors agreed to have additional interaction within the next few weeks. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 9 DAMES & MOORE 8.2.3 Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente - Secretaria Nacional de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (SNRNMA) SNRMA is the Secretariat of Natural Resources and the Environment which is a division of the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment. This meeting took place on May 16, 1996 at SNRMA's offices in La Paz. Attendees to the meeting included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - Tenneco/BTB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Enrique Escobar - YPFB Raul Lora Rocha - SNRNMA Rodolfo Barriga - SNRNMA * Mr. Lora stated that Bolivia had adopted a new policy for sustainable development. The four objectives of the policy are: 1) economic growth, 2) social equality, 3) rational use of environmental resources, and 4) administrative organization. * Mr. Lora also discussed the five areas in which they had made major changes in order to accomplish the following objectives: 1) capitalization, 2) educational reforms, 3) new laws such as Environmental Law 1333, protection of the forest, conservation of biodiversity, the new Hydrocarbon law, 4) the administrative requirement for public participation in new projects, and 5) decentralization of the govenment whereby there is a delegation of authority by the federal government to local governments. * Mr. Lora then presented a sustainable development model, summarizing the activities in which the Ministry is involved. Mr. Lora stated that Bolivia now has a central government, nine state administrations and 311 municipalities. He identified two major problems in Bolivia: widespread poverty and the isolation of individuals from the economic process. The Ministry's goal is to support this project without compromising any of the new objectives of the government. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environ}mental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 10 DAMES & MOORE * Following Mr. Lora's presentation, the discussion was centered on the licensing requirements for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline project. We explained that a license had been issued for the project in 1,991, based upon the EIS performed by CUMAT. Since that time the scope of the project has changed in some aspects and new environmental laws have been passed in Bolivia. The project team explained that an updated EIS being prepared, based upon the new project scope and regulatory guidelines. The Subsecretary then indicated that the proper procedure would be to pursue renewal of the original license. Under the new Law, if a project does not commence activity within twelve months from issuance of the license, the license must be renewed. This process will require submittal of the Ficha Ambiental (Environmental Card) and submittal of the updated EIS. * Bolivian Law requires that the government provide comments to the Project Sponsor within 30 working days. However, due to the magnitude of the project and the limited Ministry staff, the schedule was modified as follows: - June, 1996 - Submit Ficha Ambiental to Ministry - August or September, 1996 - Make site visit with Ministry - September 1, 1996 - Submit Supplemental Environmental Impact Assessment to Ministry - October 15, 1196- Receive comments from Ministry - November 15, 1996- Submit supplementary data and revisions to Ministry - December 15, 1996 - Receive approval from Ministry - December 20, 1996 - License (DLA) issued for project * It was agreed that Ministry representatives would make one field reconnaissance visit in August or September. With regard to the number of copies of the EIS required by the Ministry, they requested an advance copy of the English version as soon and this becomes available for distribution and two copies of the Spanish translation. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 11 DAMES & MOORE * The Subsecretary also strongly suggested that it would be very important to the project to involve the local government and local Mayor in the city of Santa Cruz in the project presentation program. 8.2.4 Ministerio de Cultura - Bolivian Institute of Archaeology IBA is the Bolivian Institute of Archaeology, an organization within the Ministry of Culture. This meeting took place on May 15, 1996 at IBA's offices in La Paz. Attendees to the meeting included Carlos Mendez and Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud of Dames & Moore. * The purpose of the meeting with the Institute was to ascertain if there were any known archaeological or cultural resource areas within the area of the pipeline corridor. The representatives of the Institute indicated that for any construction work to be authorized in Bolivia, a permit from the Institute is required. To obtain this permit, the project sponsors must write a letter to the Institute requesting identification of any archaeological or cultural resources in the project vicinity. This permitting process would begin with a literature evaluation prior to construction. They indicated that even if there is no evidence of sites in the literature, a site evaluation performed by the Institute would be required. They would send archaeologists to perform shovel tests along the pipeline right-of-way every 20 to 40 kilometers to determine if there is any ground evidence of archaeological or cultural resources in the area. Upon completion of the field survey, if no evidence was found, the Institute would issue a letter stating that there are no archaeological resources in the area. They were questioned as to whether this was a legal requirement. They indicated that it was a legal requirement, but the information provided did not substantiate a requirement for any field studies. * The representative of the Institute also indicated they would require a full-time archaeology team from the government paid by the project on site during construction. However, the regulations provided by the Institute only indicated prohibition of destruction of cultural Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 12 DAMES & MOORE resources during construction. Additional research into this matter needs to be completed; however, it appears that an archaeological contingency plan for construction will be adequate to meet Bolivian regulations. * The Project Team intends to discuss the matter with Mr. Raul Lora, Enviromnental Subsecretary with the Sustainable Development and Environment Ministry, and ask him to contact Messrs. Alberto Bailey and Carlos Ostermann, upper management with the Institute, to clarify the Bolivian requirements for archaeological review for a project of this magnitude. 8.3 CONSULTATION MEETINGS WITH NGO'S The public consultation program included meetings with five Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's). These meetings served as a forum for exchanging information related to the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project and for describing the organizational structures of the Project Sponsors and the NGO's. NGO's representatives were shown copies of pipeline route maps and other project related materials. Discussions were held regarding project specific items and related matters, including applicable legislation recently ensued. Additionally, a few issues and areas of concern in relation to the project were raised by meeting participants. The meetings took place with representatives of the following NGO's: * Liga de Defensa del Medio Ambiente - LIDEMA (Association for the Defense of the Environment). * Asociaci6n Ecol6gica Boliviana del Oriente - ASEO (Ecological Association of Eastern Bolivia). * Fundaci6n Amigos de la Naturaleza - FAN (Friends of the Environment Foundation). * Confederaci6n de Pueblos Indigenas de Bolivia - CIDOB (Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia) * Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog - CABI (Submunicipality of the Izozog highlands and Lowlands). A summary of the topics discussed in these meetings is presented below. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 13 DAMES & MOORE 8.3.1 Liga de Defensa del Medio Ambiente - LIDEMA LIDEMA is the Association for the Defense of the Enviromnent. This meeting was held at LIDEMA's headquarters located in La Paz on April 16, 1996. Attendees to the meeting included: Laine Powell - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Dr. Luis Alberto Rodrigo - LIDEMA * Mr. Powell presented the project history and the technical aspects of the project and discussed economics and the financial and political aspects and the importance of the project to Bolivia. He also addressed the YPFB association with Enron. * Mr. Mendez provided an overview of environmental issues, which focused on two areas, one was biological-ecological, and the second was socioeconomic. The presentation identified what is generally included in an EIS, the Supplemental EIS for this project, and the purpose of the presentation and the meeting. * Dr. Rodrigo provided an overview of LIDEMA's organization and administrative structure and discussed LIDEMA's main objectives. Following the presentation, there was a discussion/question and answer period. The questions, issues, and concerns address during this period are summarized below: * Question: What provisions will the project take to control colonization of areas located adjacent to the new roadways and to the right-of-way corridor. Answer: The response was that 1) the project intends to use only existing access roads which are already connected to the right-of-way, and 2) the right-of-way will not constitute a pennanent road. After construction, the right-of-way will transformed into a Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 14 DAMES & MOORE maintenance path where vegetation will be allowed to grow. The right-of-way will have a limited number of gates. * Concern: Mr. Rodrigo indicated that gates will not work and suggested that actual ditches are built across the right-of-way at different locations to discourage the passage of regular vehicles. He explained that this method have been used in Africa with good results. Answer: The response was that the design team will consider the suggested method as another means to control colonization. 8.3.2 Asociaci6n Ecol6gica Boliviana del Oriente - ASEO ASEO is the Ecological Association of Eastern Bolivia. This meeting was held at ASEO's offices in Santa Cruz on April 18, 1996. Attendees to the meeting included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - Tenneco/BTB Juan Tavolara - YPFB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Jurgen Reppke - ASEO * Mr. Tavolara presented the project history and the technical aspects of the project and discussed economics and the financial and political aspects and the importance of the project to Bolivia. He also addressed the YPFB association with Enron. * Mr. Mendez provided an overview of enviromnental issues, which focused on two areas, one was biological-ecological, and the second was socioeconomic. The presentation identified what is generally included in an EIS, the Supplemental EIS for this project, and the purpose of the presentation and the meeting. * Mr. Repkee provided an overview of ASEO's organization and administrative structure and discussed ASEO's main objectives. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 15 DAMES & MOORE Following the presentation, there was a discussion/question and answer period. The questions, issues, and concerns address during this period are summarized below: Question: What provisions will the project take guarantee public safety related to possible gas releases to the atmosphere and potential explosions. Answer: The response was that 1) the pipeline will be underground along the entire alignment and thus the potential for accidents involving vehicular crushes did not exist, 2) the pipeline will have safety valves located every 32 Km which will be designed to close a pipeline segment where a reduction in gas pressure is detected, 3) the project will include a Contingency Plan designed to establish the necessary guidelines in case of a contingency, 4) the safety statistics of gas transmission pipelines is one of the best in the energy transmission industry. * Question: What provisions will the project take to control colonization of areas located adjacent to the new roadways and to the right-of-way corridor. Answer: The response was that 1) the project intends to use only existing access roads which are already connected to the right-of-way, and 2) the right-of-way will not constitute a permanent road. After construction, the right-of-way will transformed into a maintenance path where vegetation will be allowed to grow. The right-of-way will have a limited number of gates. 8.3.3 Fundaci6n Amigos de la Naturaleza - FAN FAN is the Friends of the Environment Foundation. This meeting was held on April 16, 1996 at FAN offices in Santa Cruz. Attendees to the meeting included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - Tenneco/BTB Juan Tavolara - YPFB Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 16 DAMES & MOORE Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Hermes Justiniano - FAN * Mr. Tavolara presented the project history and the technical aspects of the project and discussed economics and the fmancial and political aspects and the importance of the project to Bolivia. He also addressed the YPFB association with Enron. * Mr. Mendez provided an overview of environmental issues, which focused on two areas, one was biological-ecological, and the second was socioeconomic. The presentation identified what is generally included in an EIS, the Supplemental EIS for this project, and the purpose of the presentation and the meeting. * Mr. Justiniano provided an overview of FAN's organization and administrative structure and discussed FAN's main objectives. * Mr. Justiniano indicated that his main concerns with the project were: 1) that the Chaco is one of the richest areas in Biodiversity and that as such, any project in this area requires a sound enviromnental management plan, and 2) that the banados del Otuquis should have protection status as a national park. * Mr. Justiniano also indicated that although he believes the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline project is very important for Bolivia, this project should be used to set up precedent in the development of meaningful environmental management plans for major projects. He added that major projects should contribute to the improvement of life conditions of the nearby communities. 8.3.4 Confederaci6n de Pueblos Indigenas de Bolivia (CIDOB) CIDOB is the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia. The presentation was given on Saturday, May 18, at the CIDOB headquarters in Santa Cruz. Attendees to the presentation included: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 EnvironImental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 17 DAMES & MOORE Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Juan Tavolara - YPFB Enrique Escobar - YPFB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore Victor Ramos G. - Secretaria Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos Rodolfo Barriga - Subsecretaria de Media Ambiente * Mr. Rodolfo Barriga Estenssoro with the Sustainable Development and Environmental Ministry, and Mr. Victor Ramos Gutierrez with the Planning Department of the Ministry of Human Development also attended the meeting. * Mr. Valentin Muiba, the local leader of the Indigenous people in Santa Cruz introduced the group, welcomed the participants, and explained to the indigenous leaders the purpose of the meeting. * Mr. Tavolara presented the project history and the technical aspects of the project. * Mr. Escobar discussed economics and the fnancial and political aspects and the importance of the project to Bolivia. He also addressed the YPFB association with Enron. * Mr. Mendez provided an overview of environmental issues, which focused on two areas, one was biological-ecological, and the second was socioeconomic. The presentation identified what is generally included in an EIS, the Supplemental EIS for this project, and the purpose of the presentation and the meeting. Following the presentation, there was a question and answer period. The questions asked are summarized as follows: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 18 DAMES & MOORE Question: The first question had to do with the safety of the gas pipeline in residential areas, especially related to the communities located in the eastern third of the Bolivian sector, after El Carmen. They wanted to know what the risk was of having a safety problem which might affect the community. Answer: The response was that 1) the pipeline will be buried so there will be no concern about cars or other vehicles damnaging the pipeline or causing a rupture, 2) safety valves located every 32 kilometers would shut in the system automatically in the event a loss of pressure is detected, and 3) the Environmental Impact Assessment will include a contingency plan that will specify the response program to be followed in the event of a gas leak. Question: The second question related to colonization and human settlement resulting from opening of the right-of-way along the pipeline, especially in the area of the Gran Chaco Park. One individual asked what the project would do to prevent this problem. Answer: The only existing access roads would be used, no new access roads would be built, half the right-of-way width would be returned to the environment, and within the 17 meter permnanent right-of-way no traffic will be allowed. A road would not be left, only a path for maintenance operations, and the project was going to consider a cooperative effort with the Park management to control the use of the pathway. * Question: What contamination would result from a gas leak under any one of the three rivers traversed by the pipeline? Answer: We explained that in the event of a leak, gas would pass through the water into the atmosphere. It would not mix with the water. Also, the pipeline would have low pressure actuated shut-off valves on either side of the river which would stop gas flow and isolate the area should a pressure drop occur. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 19 DAMES & MOORE Question: This question had to do with the possibility of having the project install gas to the towns for industrial use and power generation. The question specifically addressed service to towns in close proximity to the pipeline for reliable power generation. Answer: We responded that this was technically possible, a valve could be installed when market conditions justify the investment for such a connection. The project did not include such a valve at this time, but this could be considered in the future. * Question: One individual wanted to know what measures the project would have to control hunting during construction and how hunting could be discouraged, reported and controlled. Answer: Hunting by construction personnel will be forbidden. Anyone who violates this rule will be terminated. In addition, the EIS will recommend that an individual or group be designated as a personal contact to handle any problems or concerns the public might have, and the people will be advised as to who that contact person is. * Question: This question had to do with economic impacts in relation to the financial benefits the project would generate for distribution in each one of the states that produce gas. Based on an estimated 32% gas tax, they questioned how much would be distributed to the states that would produce the gas. Answer: 11% was the number that was given to them for the producing states and 1% for Pando and Beni. * Question: Will there be compensation for the value of crops being grown by indigenous people on property for which they do not have legal title or papers? Answer: The project would pay a fair market value for the economic impact to agricultural crops regardless of whether or not the people had papers. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 20 DAMES & MOORE Question: This question was related to the current status of the project, the status of the EIS, why the presentation was not given prior to this time, and if it was possible for the project sponsors to submit a copy of the environmental report to CIDOB so they could have the opportunity to review the information presented in the report. Answer: The project was still in the planning stage and construction had not started. The EIS was approximately 50% complete, and we anticipate that the study will be submitted to the Ministry for review on September 1. It was not possible to hold the meeting prior to this time because there was no study and information was not available to appropriately discuss the project. We offered to provide them with environmental information, but did not offer to send the entire report. * Question: This question was asked by a leader from the Argentine border region who lived in Villamontes close to the Pilcomayo river. He indicated that the pipeline to Argentina ran close to their community and that although they had no negative impacts from the pipeline, there were no positive impacts either. They had hoped that the project would bring good things to the area, but nothing happened. At the same time, he was open to recognize that the pipeline was underground and that it didn't bother anybody. It was understood that the benefits to the community would come through the municipalities. He asked who he could go to if the mayors did not properly manage the funds. Answer: He was told that the new Public Participation Law has some control features which allow the local people to organize and create a controlling unit that would oversee all the actions that a mayor or authority is undertaking. * Question: In addition to employment opportunities and a temporary improvement in the economy of the towns, what benefits could the project give to areas adjacent to the project? Answer: The response was again to stress other benefits of the project such as the taxes that would come back through the public participation law and the improvement of some Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 21 DAMES & MOORE of the local infrastructure that would be required by the project. It was also explained that this project was of national importance and as such it was not possible to add supplementary projects to benefit regional areas. The purpose of the project was to sell gas and make it profitable so the project could be built. If other objectives were added, it could reach the point that the project is not feasible, and it will not be built. * Question: This question was asked by an individual from Robore who inquired as to whether labor opportunities in the project would be only in the technical field, or if there might be opportunities for unskilled labor. Answer: It was explained that there would be ample opportunity for utilization of unskilled labor. * Question: This question was related to the number of opportunities that the project might generate with respect to unskilled labor, and to whom they might go with questions about project opportunities. Answer: There would be many opportunities for unskilled labor, particularly in the a camps, such as cooks, laundry workers, and other types of maintenance personnel. This would be handled through subcontractors in the project. The mitigation and social management plan in the EIS will recommend that a separate department within the project team be formed to take care of any socioeconomic issues and provide a contact source for any questions or complaints the people might have. This social communications person or group of people would be able to respond to issues which the communities feel are not in accordance with their expectations, or any problems the project is creating for them. * Question: In addition to this effort to inform the communities that are going to be affected by the project, what other organizations have the project sponsors contacted to inform and get opinions about the project? In particular, they were interested in COB, the general union organization in Bolivia which deals with labor issues. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study 0 September 1, 1996 8 - 22 DAMES & MOORE Answer: We explained to them that after the study is finished, the report would be submitted to the Ministry, and it would be available to the public so that anyone who wanted information about the project could review the report. Question: It was asked if the project could provide the gas required for generators to enable the closest towns to the project to have electricity twenty-four hours a day. They asked who they might contact to follow up on this, YPFB or CIE (rural electricity cooperative which takes care of extending electricity networks into the rural areas). Answer: We told them that technically it was possible, but this was not part of the current project scope. We advised them to contact CIE. * Question: What possibility exists that the treaty between Bolivia and Brazil to buy and sell gas could stimulate significant settlement by the Brazilians in the Santa Cruz area which could promote colonization or even promote armed conflict between the two countries? Answer: Our response was that we did not see anything in the project or the contract that would encourage the Brazilians to invade Bolivia. It was a clear-cut agreement for one country to produce gas and transport it to the border for sale to the other for a given price. * Question: Does Bolivia have sufficient capacity to produce gas to ensure the gas supply needs of Bolivia can be met in the future, and what procedure will be used to measure the volumes to be sold to Brazil? Answer: Gas could be brought to Bolivia from Argentina or possibly Peru, and a measuring station would be set up at the border to measure gas sold. * Question: This question was related to the possibility for project sponsors to have meetings every six months with indigenous settlements through CIDOB to provide an update on project activities. They also asked if it was possible for the project sponsors Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 23 DAMES & MOORE to have the same group go to other indigenous communities located in other areas of the country. Answer: The response was that it was possible. Following the question and answer session, the leader of the indigenous people asked the participants to critique the workshop. The people were asked to identify what was excellent about the workshop, what was good, what was average and what was bad about the presentation. * The first person indicated that the excellent things were the organization, the quality of the presentation, and the amount of information that was presented during the day. * The second individual, who was an attorney, felt that the good thing about the workshop was the fact that they were being informed about the cause and effect aspects of the project. She said it was unique for project sponsors to come to them to discuss not only the effects of a project, but also the reasons for doing the project. The bad thing was that the information was being given only to communities located adjacent to the project and not to other communities in other parts of the country. She felt this information should 0 be given all over Bolivia and she suggested that the project sponsors use the newspapers or television to provide the same information presented today to the other sectors of the country. * The third person said that the good thing was the participation of the project sponsors in the program, the information presented in the workshop and the food. The bad thing was the hot weather. * The fourth person said the good thing was that we were doing this presentation not only in Santa Cruz, but in other areas as well. They were not happy that for most events people had to come from their towns to Santa Cruz to participate. He praised the project team for going to the small towns and giving the opportunity to people in each town to hear the same thing we presented in Santa Cruz. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 24 DAMES & MOORE 8.3.4 Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI) CABI is the Submunicipality of the Izozog highlands and Lowlands, an indigenous organization of guaranies natives that are settled in 22 communities located along the Parapeti river. The presentation was given on Sunday, May 19, at the Hotel La Quinta in Santa Cruz. The meeting was held with key leaders from CABI, which is the umbrella organization for the Izozenio Indigenous peoples of the Chaco. The CABI organization was instrumental in establishing the Spirits of the Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area, which was officially authorized by signing of a Bolivian Presidential Decree in September, 1995. Attendees to the meeting included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Juan Tavolara - YPFB Enrique Escobar - YPFB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore Victor Ramos G. - Secretaria Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos Rodolfo Barriga - Subsecretaria de Media Ambiente The Chaco is one of the largest protected areas in South America, and contains the highest mammalian biodiversity on the continent. The route of the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline follows the northern boundary of the Park for approximately 75 kilometers. The CABI representatives included Juan Aguirre Castro (Gran Chaco Park Director), Marcelino Morales (Chief Park Ranger), Evelio Aranvisa (Project Coordinator) and Bonifacio Barrientos (CABI Grand Captain). The CABI people were thanked for coming on Sunday morning to discuss the project. The Project Team was then introduced, and the purpose of the meeting presented. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 25 DAMES & MOORE Mr. Tavolara gave a brief explanation of the project. Mr. Mendez discussed the EIS and the relationship of the Gran Chaco Park to the project. Following the presentation by the project team, the CABI representatives gave a brief overview of their organization and provided some historical background of the Gran Chaco Park. Mr. Barrientos explained that CABI is the first legally established Indigenous Sub-Municipality in Bolivia. Their jurisdiction is the Alto and Bajo Izozog (the highland and lowland areas of the Izozog). The Bafiados del Izozog represents an area of interest from an environmental perspective, and is the area where the natural resources for survival of the Izozefios are concentrated. They have a special interest in the Gas Pipeline Project and how it will impact this area. Mr. Evelio Aranvisa then described the origination of CABI, how the Public Participation Law affected their activities, and how the Protection Law of the Gran Chaco Park was instigated by the CABI people. He emphasized that establishment of the Park was not a government effort, but driven by the desire of the CABI people to have a protected area to conserve their homeland. He also explained that one of the primary reasons for creating the Park was to fight the uncontrolled expansion of large agricultural areas instigated by urban development. He explained their struggle to gain administration of the Park from the government. In the discussion, he explained that CABI had proposed creation of the Park in 1990, but it was not until the fall of 1995 that the law creating the Park was signed by the government. Two months after the Park was established, CABI signed a contract with the Bolivian government for administration of the Park. CABI has three main programs in the administration of the Park. The first one is the control of the Park, which has received some financing from the World Bank. The second program is a community mapping program for sustainable development to protect their primary sources of livelihood, which are hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Their third program is a natural resources planning program which focuses on the protection of biodiversity. With regard to organization, CABI is a local organization comprised of 22 communities located along a 100 km stretch of the Parapeti River. The 22 groups which belong to CABI are as follows: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 26 DAMES & MOORE Isiporenda Rancho Nuevo Carapari Mini Koperay Guasu Yugui Kopere Montenegro San Silvestre Kopere Brecha Tamane Kopere Loma Cuarirenda Capeatindi Aguaraty Yapiroa Coropo Ivasiriri Yobi La Brecha Aguarayba Tamasindi Rancho Viejo After the war between Bolivia and Paraguay for the Chaco region in 1937-39, there were only 800 people in these communities. In 1972 there were 3,500 people, and in the 1992 census were 7,500 people. They estimate that in 1996 there are 8,000 people. Mr. Aranvisa indicated that the three main groups in the area are the Chiquitanos, Ayoreos, and the Guaranis. CABI belongs to the Asamblea del Pueblo Guarani (APG), which is a regional organization of all Guarani settlement groups or towns. APG then belongs to CIDOB, which is the national organization of indigenous settlements. CABI has an annual meeting of 200 delegates in which the administration gives information about the previous year's programs, explains how funds were administered, and presents a budget for the following year. CABI has a traditional justice system, without police. They have a Grand Captain, "mburubicha guazu", who has authority over the 8,000 people. The Grand Captain is currently Mr. Bonifacio Barrientos. They have two vice-captains, one responsible for the high areas of the Izozog, and the other responsible for the low areas. Each group has four assistants, and there are representatives from each of the communities. They explained that their democratic system is based upon the Popular Participation Law. To win an election requires a consensus in which there is unanimous agreement on the people to be elected. Discipline for civil or criminal injustice is administered by the Grand Captain. In extreme cases people are excommunicated or banned from the community. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 27 DAMIES & MOORE In 1990 the central government recognized the populations of Indigenous settlements and gave them resources to be used for health, education and development programs, such as clinics, schools, and irrigation. They said their educational programs include bilingual education to teach their children not only castellan Spanish but also Guarani. There is an agreement between CABI and the Normal de Chiragua, a university for teachers which is implementing bilingual educational programs. The school system has 16 schools and 69 teachers, including 60 bilingual teachers and 9 who speak only Spanish. CABI has been looking at the possibility of developing and coordinating traditional medicine in the area, which is significantly less expensive than western medicine. They have four medicine men in the area, who are called "chamanes". They are involved in research activities and have developed four medications, in conjunction with the University of San Andres in La Paz, which are sold in local hospitals. They have one hospital in La Brecha, four clinics, one doctor and sixteen nurses. They have an agreement with the Red Cross of Switzerland that was set up in the area five+ years ago. Several other international organizations are active in the area to develop education and training programs to assist the people in understanding better use of the land, including APCOB and Centro de Investigaci6n Agricultura Tropical (CIATICIPCA). The main problems in the area are: 1) chagas, 2) water supply, and 3) transportation. They need a laboratory to study and develop prevention programs for the chagas disease, which is transmitted through an insect. Availability of potable water is a major issue for sustainable development in the area. Eighteen of the communities have water supply from wells, which range in depth from 160-180 meters. Four more wells are needed to provide water to all the communities. Electrical service is available only in La Brecha. There was some discussion regarding the relationship between the right-of-way and the Park boundaries. It was explained that the gas pipeline would not cross the Park but is going to be built adjacent to the Park. The law creating the Park was issued after the route of the pipeline was determined, and the Park was defined to be south of the pipeline right-of-way. Although the CABI people agreed with this concept, they explained that they estimated that approximately 450 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 28 DAMES & MOORE hectares of land would be affected by the 30 meter right-of-way along the 150 kilometers of the pipeline in the Chaco. The CABI people consider that the gas pipeline from Bolivia to Brazil is a project of national interest, and they do not plan to oppose the project. However, they believe the project should contribute to the operation of the Park. The third part of the presentation by CABI was given by Mr. Aguirre. He explained that the Park was created with two main purposes, 1) to create a protected area that was by law designated as a National Park, and 2) to designate a management area to be used by the local people. One of the objectives of the management of the Park is to preserve land in the area for agricultural purposes. They stated that they were looking for the pipeline project to set up a program through an agreement with CABI and the Ministry whereby CABI would be contracted to control access to the Park and provide the environmental inspection for the project area adjacent to the Park before, during, and after construction. They explained that they currently have funds available to support fifteen rangers based in three areas, 1) Natividad, 2) Tita, and 3) Caniado Abaroa. Based on their studies fifteen rangers are insufficient to control the Park. They believe they ultimately need 45 rangers located in seven different stations to adequately protect the 3.5 million hectare area. In addition, they need all-terrain vehicles, motor vehicles, and related equipment to be able to patrol the area. They hope that the project can finance another group of fifteen rangers which would allow them to better control the resources of the CABI community. They also discussed some local concerns and expressed the desire to work with the project to resolve some of these issues and protect the area from impacts of the project. One issue of concern is migration into the area by outsiders who settle on the land and claim ownership rights. Another area of concern is the drug traffic from Bolivia to Paraguay and the potential for the pipeline right-of-way to enhance traffic through the Park. They felt that park rangers located in strategic areas would help control these issues. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 29 DAMES & MOORE They were asked to provide a better understanding of how the Park management is funded and how those funds are being managed at the present time. They explained that their financing comes from three different sources: 1) the World Bank through FNMA ($1,000,000), 2) USAID ($89,000), which is a program started, in April of this year and will extend until August, 1996, and 3) USAID ($93,000) which is a fund to extend from May until December, 1996. They said the World Bank allowed them to receive $400,000 in funds in the first year to implement and operate the 15-ranger program for one year. They explained that the total budget for the World Bank fund was $8.5 million, to be used for eight different protected areas, including the Chaco. The total budget for the Gran Chaco Park is approximately $1 million - $400,000 for the first year, then $150-250,000 for years two, three, and four. These funds were allocated to them in 1993, and they were supposed to last until 1997. At this time they have spent 70%, so they still have 30% of the funds which they believe will last until 1998. The USAID funds include the community mapping previously discussed, development of a plan for use of natural resources, and a management program for the area. These funds would also people. They explained that Dr. Taber's people were not paid by the fund, but by their own organization, the Wildlife Conservation Society. Program funds are audited every three months, and an external audit is performed once a year. They also told us that they were evaluating other programs that are related to environmental education, tourism, and development projects that would allow them to export plants and animals for medical research to other countries. With funds provided by the World Bank, they believe they can finance another fifteen rangers, which would give them a total of 30. An additional fifteen rangers are what CABI would like to see fmanced by the project, to make a total of 45. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 30 DAMES & MOORE 8.4 PUBLIC MEETINGS The public consultation program included public meetings in six communities. These meetings served as a forum for exchanging information related to the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the project and for describing the organizational structures of the Project Sponsors. Maps of the pipeline route and other project related materials were presented to the audience and project brochures were distributed to all attendees. Discussions were held regarding the technical, environmental, and socioeconomic issues related to the design, construction, and operation of the pipeline project. Other related matters included applicable legislation recently ensued. Issues and areas of concern in relation to the project were raised by audience. The meetings took place with representatives in the following communities: * Pail6n * San Jos6 de Chiquitos * Robore * El Carmen * Puerto Suarez * Puerto Quijarro An outline of the discussed items and a brief summary of the approach to dealing with each is set forth below. 8.4.1 Pail6n Attendees to the meeting in Pail6n on May 17, 1996 included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Enrique Escobar - YPFB Juan Tavolara - YPFB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Laine Powell - Enron Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 31 DAMES & MOORE Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore * Prior to the public meeting, the project team met with Mr. Humberto Mejia Rocha, the Mayor of Pail6n. The Mayor shared with the group some of the history and recent developments in the area. He said that Pail6n was established as a municipality only recently, and the position of Mayor is new to the town. Mr. Mejia has been in this administration for the past four months, and basically the policy he is following is to motivate investment in the area without regard to nationality. He stated in many cases a tax incentive can be offered and real estate made available for investors promoting businesses in Pail6n. * According to the 1992 census, the area under the new municipal administration has 12,000 inhabitants, although the Mayor claims that it now has 20,000. The 1992 census listed 3,700 inhabitants in the township itself. These population figures are taken into account to determine the distribution of taxes from the central government compensation fund. After the Mayor spoke, Mr. Powell thanked him for his assistance in coordinating the public meeting. * Prior to the public meeting, Ms. Canavesi, the group sociologist, worked with the Mayor to complete a questionnaire about the community. Personal interviews were also conducted with several of the town people. * Ms. Canavesi took a brief tour of the town. There is only one medical center which has five beds and one doctor and one nurse. They have two schools, with a total of 1,700 students. The public school has 1,500 students, and the private school has 200. The public school is in poor condition. * The public meeting began at 11:00 a.m. and followed the agenda which had been prepared for the public meetings. The Mayor thanked the public for their attendance and introduced the Project Team. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 32 DAMES & MOORE * Mr. Tavolara then discussed technical issues and YPFB's previous history with the project. Mr. Powell reviewed the current project status and latest developments. * Finally, a presentation of environmental issues was given by Mr. Mendez. The discussion included basic components of an EIS, the Supplemental EIS for this project, and the purpose of the socioeconomic trip. Following the presentation, there was a question and answer session, in which twenty to thirty questions were raised. The audience was comprised of approximately 150 participants, including 70-80 teenage students. Following is a summary of the principal questions and concerns expressed: * Question: Is it possible for the project to fmance a gas pipeline to Pail6n to provide gas for all the residents of the town? Answer: It was explained that the project was not considering a connection to any of the towns along the route at this time. Although this is technically possible, it would have to be economically justified. The purpose of the project is to sell gas to Brazil. * Concern: The economic benefit of the project for Pail6n did not appear to be clearly understood. One individual expressed the feeling that to have the economic boom only during the construction period would not be sufficient because the construction period was too short. He felt that the project should leave something else to provide economic benefit for Pail6n. Answer: It was shared with the audience that taxes generated by the project would be distributed to the municipalities in accordance with current Bolivian regulations. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 33 DAMES & MOORE * Concern: One individual expressed a concern about hunting, not only during the construction period, but also after construction. There was a concern that the right-of-way might be used as a path for people to gain access into areas which are now inaccessible. Answer: It was explained that hunting by construction personnel will be strictly forbidden, and anyone who violates this rule will be terminated. Following construction, barriers to prevent vehicle access will be constructed to discourage access to the new right-of-way. Also, the proposed Right-of-way was partially cleared for surveying some time ago, and there is little evidence of colonization due to the previous clearing. * Question: What is the possibility of having an accident due to a gas leak in a populated area, which might kill people? Answer: Safety records in the United States indicate that gas pipelines are the safest means of transporting energy, and this should not be a concern. In addition, the pipeline route does not include heavily populated areas. * Question: Would it be possible for any of the infrastructure built for the pipeline to be left for use by the people of Pail6n, such as a school, meeting place or library? Answer: Some infrastructure will be required for construction of the pipeline, and where practical and economically reasonable, some of these facilities will remain. * Question: What will be the income generated by the project in dollars per day or dollars per year? How many years will it take the project to pay for the cost of construction? What is the cost of the project and the interest of each of the participating companies? They also wanted to know if Bolivia would pay for the pipeline cost in Brazil and how much Bolivia would receive from the total profits of the project. Answer: Revenue from the sale of gas is expected to be $US250-300 million per day, based on an initial demand of 8 million cubic meters per day. The time required to pay for the cost of construction will depend upon the term of financing. The cost of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 34 DAMES & MOORE Bolivian sector of the project is approximately $US450 million. Participation of YPFB/Enron in the Bolivian transportation company is 85%, and PetrobrasiBTB 15%. Pipeline costs in Brazil will be shared by all partners according to the terms of the agreements in Brazil. * Question: They asked about the schedule for construction and the most likely time to start construction. Answer: It is anticipated that the earliest start date for construction is July, 1997. * Question: They asked about the public participation program and expressed more interest in the infrastructure of the project remaining for the benefit of the local community. Answer: It was explained to them that there were three different levels of economic benefit from the project, 1) there would be employment opportunities and other direct benefits during construction, 2) they would realize benefits indirectly through the distribution of taxes from the central government, based upon the number of people in the municipality, and 3) some infrastructure required for the pipeline construction would remain for the people. They understood the tax distribution process, but claimed that they would get that money anyway even if the project were following another alignment. They stressed that they wanted to see more direct benefits from the project through enhancements to the infrastructure that could be used by the town. * Question: A representative from the teachers association commented that they are building a new room which will be used for teachers' meetings, training or a library. They wanted either the project or the companies involved in the project to contribute to some of the construction costs. Answer: This request will be taken under advisement. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 35 DAMES & MOORE 8.4.2 San Jose de Chiquitos Attendees to the meeting in San Jose de Chiquitos on May 20, 1996 included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Juan Tavolara - YPFB Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Laine Powell - Enron Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore * The meeting opened with an introduction given by the Mayor, Mr. Gerardo Pereira Flores. The group was also welcomed by the Subprefecto of the Chiquitos Province, Mr. Hugo Rivero Antelo. Presidenta Concejo Municipal, Ms. Jenny L. de Ferrante, was also part of the official delegation. The meeting was attended by approximately 100 people, including 35 students. * Mr. Tavolara made a presentation about the proposed gas pipeline project and its history, Mr. Powell discussed the financial aspects of the project and latest developments, and Mr. Mendez spoke about the Supplemental EIS. Following the presentation, a question and answer period was opened. Most of the questions focused on three areas: water supply, electrical energy, and construction of a roadway between Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez. Questions, concerns and answer are summarized below: * Question: It was indicated that San Jose de Chiquitos has severe water supply problems. In this area up to 30,000 liters per hour can be produced from a 100-meter deep well. The question was if the project could provide wells for water supply. Answer: The project did not include solutions for local problems; however, the project would have requirements such as water, and one of the purposes of these meetings was to ascertain local needs to be able to assist local communities whenever possible. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 36 DAMES & MOORE * Concern: One gentleman related a previous experience with YPFB wherein the YPFB plant in San Jose had a water connection from the city water supply which had taken a large volume of water from the local population during construction. He felt YPFB should have an obligation now to repay the negative impact of this water usage. Answer: During construction, the project would see if assistance could be provided. * Question: The electrical generators in the town are insufficient for adequate generation of electricity. It was asked if the project could supply electricity for the town of San Jose. Answer: Again, the response was that we were making note of the town's needs and would attempt to fulfill needs of the project and the community where feasible. * Question: It was asked if a pipeline connection could be made to bring gas to San Jose which could be used for the generation of cheaper electrical energy. Answer: It was indicated that technically this was possible, but it would have to be economically feasible and that would depend upon the market. It was also explained that the project was not considering a connection to any of the towns along the route at this time, but we were taking note of the needs to evaluate the possible assistance. However, the purpose of the project is to sell gas to Brazil, and this is a national project, not a local project designed to resolve local problems. * Question: Will the subsidies currently given by YPFB for diesel used for generation of electricity by electrical cooperatives continue? If after the capitalization of YPFB this will not be the case, the cost of a kllowatt hour would increase from approximately $1.00 per kilowatt to $2.00 per kilowatt. Answer: Mr. Tavolara indicated that this did not depend on the project, but rather the government, and that he would attempt to provide this information to the local authorities. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 37 DAMES & MOORE * One individual said he felt the project should study the possibility of not only supplying gas to the town, but also installing an electric generator to supply the mines located near San Jose and Robore. * Another gentleman spoke about how thirty years ago the government labeled international companies such as Enron as a huge black 'octopus' that would take resources from countries and give nothing in return. In the past few years things have changed, governments are being sold to international corporations, and this was a good opportunity for Enron to demonstrate that they were not the big octopus of the past - that they had a local interest and responsibility to support the development of the local towns they would impact in the project. He felt Enron should consider the possibility of using its influence with the authorities in order to: 1) secure a gas powered electric generator for San Jos6, 2) convince the government to drill two to three wells for water supply and 3) use their connections with the government to send a message that construction of a roadway from Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez was greatly needed by the towns which would be impacted by the project. * Concern: The supervisor of teachers in the area said that all the information given in the presentation was of a commercial type, simply public relations, and that he was disappointed that we did not have any solutions for the town's problems. He felt we should have come with actual proposals that would have real solutions for local problems Answer.: It was explained that the purpose of the presentation was to inform the public about the project and to learn about the concerns of the local communities. * Concern: One man stated that local authorities don't always use the resources such as taxes in the best way for the communities. He wondered if it was possible for the project to make a deal with the government to build a thermoelectric plant in San Jose in exchange for taxes so the govermnent doesn't have to put their hands on taxes. Answer: It would not be possible for the project to change the laws of the country which determine the distribution of taxes to local communities through appropriate local authorities. Such a proposal could be considered intervention into local politics. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 38 DAMES & MOORE ~ * Concern: One individual expressed concern that the improvements to be made to access roads which will be used for the project would be only temporary cosmetic improvements to provide for use during construction and that the roads would be a mess following construction. He felt that the project should make more substantial improvements so that the roads would be in better condition after the project is completed so the roads could be used for other purposes such as ecotourism of the Gran Chaco Park. Question: The last question was whether the right-of-way could be left for use as a roadway following construction to connect Pail6n to Quijarro so that the local communities could use the roadway for development of the area. Answer: This would not be possible due to environmental concerns. The area is very important from an ecological point of view and as such no roadway could be left. To do so would encourage colonization of the area. . 8.4.3 Robore The public presentation was held in Colegio Marista (Marista School) on May 21, 1996 and was attended by approximately 200 people, including 115 students. Attendees to the meeting also included: Jin Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Juan Tavolara - YPFB Laine Powell - Enron Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report is Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 39 DAMES & MOORE Mr. Tavolara gave the project description, Mr. Powell discussed the financial situation and recent developments, and Mr. Mendez elaborated upon the Environmental Impact Study, followed by a question and answer period. The questions, concerns and answers were as follows: Question: Robor6 has a severe electrical supply problem. They have a diesel generator which is very expensive to operate. They asked if the project could provide gas to Robore to generate electricity in Robore. Answer: Technically, this was possible, but financial and economic studies would be required to evaluate the feasibility of such a project. Question: Many years ago the project sponsor, YPFB, said that generators were going to be installed close to the gas pipeline in order to reduce the cost of transporting gas to Robore. What was the possibility that the project could build and install a gas power generator close to the pipe then the electricity would be taken to Robore and San Jose or other towns by cable? They understood that the cost of this project was about $1 million. Answer: This option would have to be studied, along with other options such as transporting gas to one of the towns and used for a generator, but that this is not part of the current project and would have to be sponsored by other parties. One gentleman asked if the project sponsors could pay for a feasibility study to evaluate the possibility of bringing gas to Robore? Another gentleman interrupted and stated that they did not want a study, that they wanted electricity. Question: What was the possibility of changing the route of the project so that the gas pipeline could go through the towns along the railroad which would allow an easy access to each town of gas for the purpose of generating electricity? Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 40 DAMES & MOORE Answer: It was explained that the alignment was chosen due to environmental and economic reasons, and that running the gas pipeline near the towns would cost several million dollars more. Comment: The project should include conditions which would allow the possibility of getting a permanent solution to the energy problem. The population of Robore is decreasing, and they are desperate to obtain cheap energy for the region so that people could stay and come to Robore to develop the area. If at this time there is no possibility of generating energy or taking gas to Robor6, at least there should be conditions in the contract that would allow Robore to get the required connection once it is economically feasible. Question: What is the current status of the project? Answer: The answer was a brief description of where we are with the technical, financial, and economic studies. Question: There was a request by another gentleman who suggested the Subprefectura of Chiquitos would be asked to participate in a series of meetings with the rural electricity cooperative (CRE) in Santa Cruz with the project sponsors to evaluate the possibility of getting electricity to these towns. He also asked how the project could contribute to gas supply for generators located along the pipeline. Answer: The response was that it would be possible for the project sponsors to attend such a meeting, and the Subprefecture indicated he would contact Mr. Tavolara in Santa Cruz to set up some meetings with the CRE people to see what their plans were to provide electricity in the region and what plans they had to install gas generators, specifically in relation to the needs and to the markets created by the energy triangle which is define as Robore, San Jose and the mining development to the north of San Jose. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 41 DAMES & MOORE Comment: A comment was made that the project should conduct a feasibility study to set up and operate a power plant that would be designed for supplying electricity to all communities that the project would affect. Answer: The project sponsors, because of the new Hydrocarbon Law, could not participate in anything except transportation once they have associated with YPFB in the Gas Pipeline Project. For this reason they will be unable to start any generating facilities. Concern: One individual stated that Robore has always been left aside. The roadway hasn't been built, the pipeline is not going through Robore, it was very important for them that the project sponsors consider Robore in their plans during the design. Again, they wanted to reiterate how important electricity was, how important it was that the Subprefecto be responsible for all contacts with the government and with CRE to solve the electricity problem in the area with the contribution of the project sponsors. Answer: The Subprefecto accepted this request, and he indicated that he would contact YPFIB representatives through Mr. Tavolara in Santa Cruz to set up the meetings and see what could be done for the electricity problem of Robore. 8.4.4 El Carmen Attendees to the meeting in El Carmen on May 22, 1996 included: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTBlTenneco Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Juan Tavolara - YPFB Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore An introduction was given by the Alcaldesa (The Mayor of the town), followed by the presentation by the Project Team. The meeting was attended by approximately 175 people. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 42 DAMES & MOORE Questions, concerns and answers following the presentation are summarized as follows: Question: El Carmen has been growing in the past few years and is in urgent need of development. Would El Carmen have access to a special valve to get a gas connection to supply gas to the town. Answer: Technically this would be possible at any time during operation of the project, but it would be more dictated by market conditions. The cost of the pipeline and any additional infrastructure is not within the scope of the transmission line project and would have to be funded through other sources. The project does not include a valve as presently designed. Question: Why is the project using the railroad when they could use a roadway in order to help the development and improvement of the existing roadway? Answer: Project sponsors indicated the railway was a more economic means of transportation, but that the final decision would be made by the turnkey contractor. Question: One individual understood that the project is going to build some roadways. Is it going to be possible for the local population to have access to the new roadways? Answer: No new roadways were anticipated to be built. Some existing roadways were going to be improved and would be turned over to the public for their use. The right-of- way was going to include a path along the alignment which was not going to be used for transportation. It would be used only for maintenance and operation of the pipeline. Question: The local doctor stated that they recognize that the project would have a requirement for use of local labor, and they were happy to hear about that. But also they understood that there was going to be infrastructure built in different towns. He wanted to know if medical centers were going to be set up in each one of these towns or if major medical problems would be moved to other cities. He asked if it was possible that localizing the medical services in the towns the project could improve some of the infrastructure. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 43 DAMES & MOORE Answer: Project sponsor were in the process of deciding if the project would require local medical services, and most likely there would be some locations along the pipeline where infrastructure would be improved. Question: The doctor indicated that El Carmen had good medical infrastructure, but had limited financial resources. He asked if it were possible to include in the terms of reference for the project a requirement for the contractor to improve supplies and infrastructure related services like a pharmacy, medical laboratory, x-ray services, and surgery room which they really need in the area. He also indicated that they only have one doctor and they would like for the project to increase that number so that El Carmen could be used as a permanent medical facility for the project. Answer: The project would include some improvement in infrastructure, and that it was very important to know which towns had good infrastructure. In some cases, like El Carmen, the project might consider the possibility of improving services and improving resources as a way to be able to use the existing infrastructure Question: El Carmen hasn't had any electricity service for several years. The distribution network had been built, and they have two existing generators, but they are very old and out of order. They wanted to know if the project could provide electricity to the town. Answer: The project would include the installation of electrical power generators in some areas. They would be diesel generators, and they would be located at different places along the alignment. As part of the project we are trying to evaluate which areas are going to be the best areas for these generators to be located, not only from the project point of view but also for the local town needs. Question: Will the project be able to use local labor based in El Carmen? Answer: The project would give preference to local labor in each one of the towns, including El Cannen. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 44 DAMES & MOORE Question: They indicated that El Carmen has only one water well which is about 100 meters deep and has a capacity of 10,000 liters per hour. However, the pipeline distribution network is over 30 years old and is in very bad condition. Can the project help improve the water distribution and water supply services for the town? Answer: The project would drill some wells, and again just as in the case of the generators, in the design phase of the project the sponsors would determine the best locations for the wells to be drilled to meet the project needs and meet some needs of the towns that would be located close to the right-of-way. Question: What is the status of the YPFB exploration well drilled in Santa Ana? Answer: Mr. Tavolara did not know the current status, but wouldfind out in Santa Cruz and send a message through the local Mayor. Question: Could the project build a water well to improve the water supply capacity of El Carmen? Answer: The response was the same as above. Question: Will the project pay for the damage to crops along the alignment that were going to be damaged? Answer: Yes, the project included compensation for crops that would be affected negatively along the pipeline. This is part of the Bolivian legislation, and it was going to be respected. 8.4.5 Puerto Suarez The meeting in Puerto Suarez on May 23, 1996 was attended by approximately 150 people, including 100 students. Attendees to the meeting also included: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 45 DAMES & MOORE Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Enrique Escobar Ayoroa - YPFB Juan Tavolara - YPFB Javier Olnedo - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore Following the presentation of the project, the floor was opened to questions, concerns, and answers which were as follows: Question: What would be use of the right-of-way upon completion of construction; specifically, would it be used as a roadway between the Brazilian border and Santa Cruz? Answer: It would not be used for this purpose due to ecological aspects, this is part of the sustainable development the government is pursuing, that due to the Gran Chaco Park no roadways would be left pernanently in the area except the existing roadways, which would be improved. * Question: How many personnel would be required for each of the compressor stations? Answer: Personnel requirements would be minimal - perhaps 3-5 people because most of the controlling units would be connected to Santa Cruz, and all the control would be carried out in this city. * Question: Would it be possible for the project to improve the existing roadway for transportation of the pipe by truck, rather than use the railway? Answer: This would not be possible due to economic reasons. The railway offered the least cost transportation alternative. It was added that this would be left up to the turnkey contractor, but use of the roadway for transportation of supplies and materials did not appear to be feasible. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 46 DAMES & MOORE * 0 Question: What kind of infrastructure would be built in Puerto Suarez? Answer: Only the metering station which will be located on the border. The station would measure the volumes of gas leaving Bolivia, since Bolivia would charge Brazil for the volumes measured at the border. * Question: They were aware that the original scope of the project included a development program for the Puerto Suarez area. The question was if current project conditions include a gas connection to the Mutun mining development. Answer: Setting up a gas network along the pipeline was technically possible. Vhenever the Mutun mining development effort could demonstrate that conditions were ready for purchasing gas from the pipeline, it would be possible to do so at that time. * Question: Does the project include construction of an electric power generator in Puerto Suarez? Answer: It was included in the previous program, but it is no longer part of the project. The project sponsors could no longer build a power generation facility as part of the project due to the new Hydrocarbon Law, which will not allow them to generate electricity when they are in the transportation business. * Question: Does YPFB need to be capitalized in order to execute the gas pipeline project? Answer: The reason for the capitalization of YPFB was to get new investors into the gas exploitation business which would expand the gas supply for the gas pipeline project. The more companies invested in exploration, the more gas would be available to be exported to Brazil. * Question: What is the reason the project does not follow the railroad alignment and the main towns located between Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez? Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 47 DAMES & MOORE Answer: The reason was based on both environmental and economic reasons - it is much more expensive to route the pipeline through the towns and parallel to the railroad system. Question: Puerto Suarez does not have good electrical service. They were aware that the 1972 treaty with Brazil considered extending the electrical network along the Chiquitania. The question was 1) does the project include construction of a thermoelectric plant to be located in Puerto Suarez, and 2) if the project could include installation of a gas plant to be able to distribute and sell liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to be sold? Answer: The project did not include the construction of a generating facility because the new Hydrocarbon Law prohibits construction of a power generator by a company in the transportation business. The project could not include LPG distribution because they were two different types of gas. Natural gas is methane and cannot be used to produce LPG, which is comprised of butanes and propanes. * Question: Why could the project not include construction of a thermoelectric plant in Puerto Suarez? Answer: Again, the response was that this was due to the new Hydrocarbon Law. * Question: What kind of economic benefit would each one of the towns have in relation to labor opportunities with the project and what kind of instrument would the project have to ensure that the contractor gives preference to local people? Answer: Local labor would be used and local communities would be given preference. The Environmental Impact Assessment would include a socioeconomic chapter where recommendations would be made to give preference to hiring local labor. * Question: The Santa Ana wells YPFB drilled some time ago prompted the following question. Do YPFB representatives believe that the area in the German Bush territory includes important gas reserves that could be used in the future? Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 48 DAMES & MOORE Answer: We didn't have any experts in the gas exploration fields, the project team understood that this well was not successful, but were going to check to determine the correct status. An example was given that several years ago in the Cochabamba area the first exploitation efforts failed, but in recent years significant reserves of gas have been found and now Cochabamba is a very active gas supply area. 8.4.6 Puerto Quijarro Attendees of the meeting in Puerto Quijarro on May 23, 1996 included: Attendees: Jim Alexander - Enron Kay Beasley - BTB/Tenneco Carlos Mendez - Dames & Moore Enrique Escobar Ayoroa - YPFB Juan Tavolara - YPFB Javier Olmedo - Dames & Moore Marie Lissette Canavesi Rimbaud - Dames & Moore The meeting was attended by approximately 60 people, including 25 students. Following the presentation by the Project Team, there was a question and answer period in which the following questions were asked by the local citizens: Question: Are the Bolivian gas reserves guaranteed for the project, and would it be possible, based upon current knowledge of these reserves, to sell gas to other countries in addition to Brazil, like Uruguay and Paraguay? Answer: Yes, there were enough reserves in Bolivia to comply with the contract with Brazil and it was expected that additional reserves were going to be found in the next few years that only less than 50% of the country has been explored and therefore it was expected that additional gas reserves would be found. With respect to extending the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 49 DAMES & MOORE network to sell gas to other countries, the answer was that it is possible, but at this time the project only considered the sale of gas to Brazil. Question: What is the current status of the transportation contract for the pipeline into Bolivia? Answer: The contract was not finalized yet, that the project sponsors were working on the terms of reference and the financial terms of the project. * Question: What is the current status of the thermoelectric project to be located in Puerto Suarez? Answer: This time the project did not include a thermoelectric plant for Puerto Suarez and that the project sponsors could not build any generating facility because of the new Hydrocarbon Law. * Question: What will be the cost of infrastructure which could be transferred to the local utilities after the project construction is complete? For example, wells and electrical generators which could be transferred to towns like El Carmen - would these be given as a gift or would there be a cost associated with the transfer? Answer: This time we are in the process of evaluating the possibilities to determine the best way to transfer infrastructure to the local towns. * Question: Will the existing path be used for the right-of-way or will a new path be opened in the forest for the pipeline? Answer: The existing path would be used for the pipeline. * Question: Will the project consider construction of a port facility in Puerto Quijarro for unloading pipe? If so, are there any provisions for leaving improvements in port construction facilities to benefit the local community? Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 50 DAMES & MOORE Answer: There were no plans to build a new facility in Puerto Quijarro. If possible, existing facilities would be used. If required these facilities may need improvement, but this depends more on the transportation contract bidding process. Question: Is there any clause that would be included in the terms of reference to specify the requirement for hiring local workers? Answer: No, the terms of reference did not include any such clause. However, the Environmental Impact Assessment would make a recommnendation to use and give preference to local labor. * Question: Has the project taken in account some measures to improve existing roadways from Puerto Suarez to El Carmen, taking into account that the existing roadway cannot be used during approximately six months of the year? Answer: Any roadway that needed to be improved for the purpose of transporting pipe by truck would be improved, and the local towns would benefit from this. * Question: What will be the economic benefit to the local towns with respect to the construction of the 557 km in the Bolivian territory? Answer: In addition to the use of local labor, local enterprises will be asked to present proposals for various types of work that was going to be bid. * Question: How will the project take into account the inspection of construction work? Answer: Most likely an independent company would be hired for the quality assurance/quality control of the project. * Question: Is there an Enviromnental Impact Assessment for the compressor stations, and is there any provision to locate a compressor station close to or in the vicinity of Puerto Suarez and Puerto Quijarro? Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 51 DAMES & MOORE Answer: The EIS included construction of four compressor stations in the Bolivian territory. However, at this time only one would be constructed. The only station near Puerto Sudrez or Puerto Quiarro will be located in Yacuses. Question: What kind of infrastructure will be built on the Bolivia/Brazil border to measure gas volumes? Answer: There will be a metering station that will require a small parcel of land and minor infrastructure. * Question: Will the terms of reference define the beginning of the construction period and when will the terms of reference for the project be ready for distribution to the public? Answer: The tenns of reference are not yet complete. The project sponsors are working on them, particularly with regard to the pipeline supply and transportation services. * Question: Will it be possible to improve and use the existing roadway between Puerto Suarez and El Carmen to transport pipe to the right-of-way? Answer: Any roadway that needed to be improved for transportation of materials would be improved if necessary. * Question: How much time will it take to get rid of all the gas in Bolivia if we sell 16 million cubic meters per day? Answer: Initial delivery volumes are estimated to be 8 million cubic meters per day, escalating to 16. There is sufficient gas to comply with the contract period of 25 years; however, with the new capitalization law, it is expected that additional gas reserves will be found in the country to provide gas for many more years. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 8 - 52 DAMES & MOORE TABLE 8.1 SURVEY RESULTS FROM PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS PIIERTO QtrESTION OPTr IONS I'AIlON SAN JOSE ROBORE EL CARMEN SLtAREZ CARI n*.=42 nA=51 nW =59 nA= 49 n*= 78 *=22 I What do you like most about your city? a. Weather 20 21 24 25 13 15 b. Landscape 13 25 40 20 34 14 c. Life style 20 36 17 22 35 10 d. People 12 16 21 15 9 10 e. Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Why do you think most people live in your a. Economic factor 36 25 14 21 63 18 city? b. Family factor 14 29 30 26 10 13 c. Social factor 10 10 11 9 7 8 d. Traditional factor 10 19 19 14 9 8 e. Ethnic factor 3 6 4 8 5 2 f. Political situation 7 4 7 1 7 3 g. Others 6 1 0 0 0 1 3 What problems does your community a. Crime 8 2 2 1 12 7 deal with? b. Housing 19 25 10 14 23 14 c. Education 22 26 12 21 53 15 d. Health 25 31 21 31 48 17 e. Poverty 23 27 29 31 27 18 f. Land tenure 12 6 3 11 9 19 g. Bounderies between communities 0 2 3 7 4 7 h. Turnoils 0 0 1 3 0 2 i. Lack of road infrastructure 17 42 49 40 66 14 j. Lack of other type of infrastructure 13 17 12 15 19 10 k. Unemployment 17 33 35 35 29 14 1. Others 1 18 9 6 6 2 * Number of surveys carried out at each location Each number reported in this table represents the number of individuals that icncluded a subject item as one of the several items included in one single answer. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-53 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 DAMES & MOORE 4 What do you think are the main causes of your community problems? SOCIO-ECONONIIC UMT OPINIONS PAILON Lack of Governmental and Municipal Attention Lack of medical infrastructure and professional doctors Lack of infrastructure for education Lack of roads Lack of support and employment generation by companies Large migration of people to other parts of the country Economical problems Poor condition of streets Lack of credit lines for housing Lack of sport and recreational infrastructure Lack of housing infrastructure and low salaries Lack of rational distribution of the land, oligarquial system serving foreign capitals Road abandonment and authorities lack of interest Duplicity on land property titles Lack of infrastructure for higher education, which causes young people to travel overseas for specialization Lack of a two-way road on the Rio Grande bridge SAN JOSE Lack of incentive policies and effective support Lack ofjob sources Lack of maintenance on secondary roads Lack of specialists in medical centers Lack of local companies Lack of energy at reasonable prices Lack of potable water Lack of technology Lack of interest of authorities Lack of education Lack of economical resources Poor organization and management by local Authorities Excess bureocracy in central government Lack of support from central government Lack of schools Lack of medical equipment Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-54 Environmental Impact Study September 1,1996 DAMES & MOORE 4 'What do you think are the main causes of your community problems? SOCIO-ECONOMIIC LiNliT OPINIONS ROBORE Lack of heavy machineary and effective roads policy (National Roadway Service) Lack of resources and geographic isolation Lack of local companies, education and transport Low economic level High cost of electricity Lack of governmental support Lack of a long-term plans with defined goals Lack of local projects that generate jobs Lack of organization, there are no exports for development and people are not taken into account Lack of banks with incentive credits There are no productive zones, lack of support to cattle raising and agricultural activities City is isolated Lack of medicines Lack of unity among locals and Menonites Lack of solidarity and team work Lack of coordination among authorities Lack of education and organization EL CARMEN Authorities are negligent towards the town Lack of roads to Puerto Suarez and Santa Cruz There is no medical infrastructure Economic problems and disunited policies Lack of technical assistance to agriculture and cattle raising activities Lack of doctors and dentists There is no higher education Lack of job sources, and lazyness as the most important reason Lack of funding to solve local problems Scarce economical resources Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-55 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 DAMES & MOORE 4 'What do you think are the main causes of your community problems? SOCI()-El'ONOl\IIC U191T ()PINIONS PUERTO SUAREZ Lack of attention to progress by local Authorities Lack of citizens participation Lack of liquidity on the economy Lack of local investment and projects No basic sanitary infrastructure The idea of a local development center must be put to practice Town's lack of interest and people with few ambitions, they prefer easy things rather than working on a daily basis Incipient agriculture and cattle raising activities There is no production, just commercialization There is no governmental support Most of first needed items are brought from Santa Cruz and/or Corumba Lack of capital towards the production There is a lack of mechanization and technical assistance Lack of interest towards agricultural work Production is for family consumption only CABI Poor management of economic resources Lack of higher education Lack of medicines and medical care Lack of transportation Lack of electric power Lack of job sources Lack of infrastructure for education Lack of trained leaders Government does not support the development of local communities Lack of social care Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-56 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 DAMES & MOORE PtUERTO QUESTION OPTIONS PAILON SANJOSE ROBt)UE ELCARMEN SlUAREZ CARI n, 42 n*=5I n 59 n* 49 n*=78 n*=22 5 Describe the agricultural activity? a. Intensive 22 10 7 6 10 12 b. Extensive 13 10 14 11 7 6 c. Mechanized 25 9 4 0 2 2 d. Monoculture 1 21 24 17 18 8 e. Diversified 13 19 13 10 19 4 f. Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Describe the livestock raising activity? a. Intensive 14 18 8 12 7 7 b. Extensive 8 13 15 6 9 5 c. With cultivated pasture 25 29 13 9 20 3 d. With natural pasture 12 40 45 36 53 18 7 What kind of livestock do you have in your community? a. Specie Bovine 31 39 45 31 46 16 Sheep 0 3 0 0 l 3 Equine 11 25 19 17 15 13 Hog 8 17 10 13 21 11 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 b. Breed Native 26 34 34 29 35 16 Other 7 8 4 1 3 5 8 What sort of domestic crops and animals Poultry breeding 34 37 35 31 43 12 are there? Bovine 6 5 3 0 22 6 Equine 2 2 0 0 11 4 Hog 20 23 19 16 36 9 Others 19 16 17 13 25 6 None 5 6 5 2 2 0 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-57 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 DAMES & MOORE PUERTO QI EST ION OPlI-ONS PAILON SAN JOSE R1010RE EL CARNMEN SLIAREZ CARIl n'=42 n= 51 nA 59 n -49 n*=78 n*=22 9 What products provide a surplus? Soy 29 22 0 0 1 1 Corn 17 11 5 4 0 7 Cheese 0 14 0 0 0 0 Weed 13 1 0 0 0 0 Sorghum 8 I 0 0 0 0 Sunflower 15 0 0 0 0 0 Rice 1 2 0 3 0 3 Cotton 15 1 0 0 0 0 Cattle meat 1 9 10 5 4 0 Others 0 20 16 36 14 14 10 How are the surplus commercialized? Intermediary 24 17 9 12 5 9 Direct Sale 6 2 7 4 10 4 Exchange 0 3 4 8 4 8 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Is the production enough for the city Yes 10 18 13 1 1 12 0 consumption? No 24 29 35 29 59 5 12 Where are the existing surplus Brazil Local market Local market Santa Cruz Brazil commercialized? Argentina Santa Cruz Brazil Puerto Suarez Local Market Communities Communities Puerto Quijarro Santa Cruz Intermediaries Other cities Communities ___ Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 8-58 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 DAMES & MOORE CHAPTER 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.1 INTRODUCTION ....................... 9-1 9.2 CONCLUSIONS ...................... 9-1 9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ........ .............. 9-3 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 9 - i DAMES & MOORE 9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1 INTRODUCTION The conclusions and recommendations presented in this chapter are based on the results of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) for the Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion). 9.2 CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions take into account the existing environmental legislation in Bolivia, the new Hydrocarbon Law, the international environmental guidelines, the technical characteristics of the project, the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions, the anticipated potential impacts associated with the project, and the proposed Environmental Management Plan as presented in this report. * The area of influence of the project, defined here as the study area, includes three main ecological units: the mostly-flat alluvial plains of the Llanura Chaquefia, the marshes of the Baniados de Izozog and Otuquis, and the hills and foothills of the Serranias Chiquitanas. * Through much of the study area, land use is sparse, partly due to limited land use capability associated with poor soils, low precipitation, and a lack of readily available surface and groundwater. Native, undisturbed vegetation is prevalent throughout the study area. * The population in the study area is small, and largely concentrated in five population centers located along the railroad: Pail6n, San Jose de Chiquitos, Robore, El Carmen, and Puerto Su6rez/Puerto Quijarro. Additionally, in the vicinity of the study area the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Izozog (CABI) is the umbrella organization for 22 Izozefio Indigenous groups settled along the Parapeti River. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 9 - 1 DAMES & MOORE * The Gran Chaco National Park is considered the most environmentally sensitive area within the study area, due to its protected status, large biological resources, indigenous populations, and biogeographic status. The pipeline right-of-way will traverse the Integrated Management Area of the park, which will not represent a conflict with allowable land uses within this area. * Throughout most of the study area, the physical and biological environment seems to be resilient to the type and magnitude of impacts anticipated to occur because of the project: the primary direct impact is the widening of an already cleared swath 5-10 wide. The western part of the study area is criss-crossed with 3 to 30 year old cut lines from seismic surveys with no negative secondary effects observed during this study. * The proposed pipeline alignment was selected because it traverses relatively homogeneous terrain and avoids areas of slope instability and populated areas. This route was determined to balance best the overall impacts to the human, biological, and physical environment while achieving its overall purpose, which is to transport natural gas from production fields in Bolibia to the markets in southern Brazil through an environmentally acceptable and economically viable transportation project. * The logistics assessment had identified the locality of Naranjos as a storage area with an access road connection to the pipeline right-of-way. The area reconnaissance revealed the existence of a nearly pristine mesic forest between Naranjos and the right-of-way. Evidence of incipient human encroachment into this area was observed along a narrow access road built three years ago. It was decided that this location and access road would not be used to prevent additional direct impacts to the forest and to discourage further encroachment along the access road. * As originally proposed, the route was designed to traverse the Cafi6n de la Victoria across its narrowest point, thus mininmizing the length of the direct impact to the wetland. The Cafi6n de la Victoria is a hydrologic and biological connection between the wetland systems of the Bafnados de Otuquis, in Bolivia, and the Pantanal, in Brazil. The review of the area suggested that the pipeline crossing at the narrowest point would affect a nearly Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report September 1, 1996 9 - 2 DAMES & MOORE pristine marsh and may affect the hydrologic connection between the systems. A route modification was proposed to make the route parallel to the existing road/railroad corridor, where the pipeline would traverse a longer section of the floodplain, but along an already disturbed corridor. Thus, the new route will result in minimal additional impacts to this regional wetland system. * The main anticipated negative impacts of the project in its area of influence will be: a) the removal of vegetation and wildlife habitat along the right-of-way, b) the increase in the potential for erosion, sedimentation, and hydrology disruption due to project construction activities, c) the potential for increased hunting pressure on species of special concern, d) the potential for promoting colonization of undisturbed areas, and e) the potential disruption of the hydrologic patterns in the rivers and Baniados. * The primary anticipated positive impacts of the project will be: a) an increase in revenues for Bolivia from the sale of gas to Brazil, b) a redistribution of those revenues back into the area of influence of the project, c) a temporary increase in employment within the study area, d) an improvement in the road infrastructure, which is needed to execute the project, e) an increase in the demand for goods and services in the study area, which may promote wholesale and retail commerce in the area, and f) a contribution to an Endowment Fund to supplement existing funds allocated for the management of the Gran Chaco National Park and the protected park areas in the Department of Santa Cruz. 9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS To ensure that the project is executed within the environmental and socioeconomic limits established by the regulatory framework and outlined in the Environmental Management Plan, the following recommendations are offered: * Final design of the project should refine procedures, and design parameters to fully respond to the environmental concerns identified in this Environmental Impact Study. O Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 9 - 3 DAMES & MOORE * Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan presented in the EIS is required to provide appropriate mitigation of unavoidable impacts and lower the significance of negative impacts to acceptable levels under the current Bolivian regulatory framework and international standards. * The project sponsors should continue to track the public's perception regarding the project in order to evaluate new or changed concerns as they relate to the final design and execution of the project. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 9 - 4 DAMES & MOORE 10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY American Gas Association. 1990. An Analysis of Reportable Incidents For Natural Gas Trasnmission And Gathering Lines, June 1984 Through 1989. NG-18. Report No. 196. American Gas Association. 1985. An Analysis of Reportable Incidents for Natural Gas Transmission and Gathering Lines, 1970 Through 1984. Ng-18 Report No. 158. Brown, K. Jr. 1986. Zoogeografia da Regiao do Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Anais de lo. Sipm6sio sobre Recursos Naturais e S6cio-Econ6micos do Pantanal. Ed. Ministerio da Agricultura - MA; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - EMBRAPA. Corumba - Brasil pp 137 - 178. Cabrera, A., and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de America Latina. Ed. Secretarfa General de la Organizaci6n de los Estados Americanos. Washington, D. C. pp 41 - 75. CERESIS (Centro Regional de Sismologia para America del Sur). 1983. Maximum Intensity Map of South America, approximate scale 1:5,000,000. Clapperton, M. 1993. Quatemary Geology and Geomorphology of South America Elsevier Press, London, 779 pp. CORDECRUZ-KFW. 1995. Fisiografia y Suelos (Map of Physiography and Soils): Proyecto Plan de Protecci6n de Recursos Naturales de Santa Cruz, Mapa IGM 13, scale 1:500,000. De Almeida, C. & J. De Paula. 1986. Contribuicao para Conhecimento da Flora do Pantanal Mato-Grossense e sua Relacao com Fauna e o Homem. Anais de lo. Sipmr6sio sobre Recursos Naturais e S6cio-Econ6micos do Pantanal. Ed. Ministerio da Agricultura - MA; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - EMBRAPA. Corumba - Brasil. pp 107 - 130. Enron Gas Pipeline Operating Group. Operating Procedures Manual. Latest Rev. 1990. FAO/PNUMA. 1985. Un Sistema de Areas Silvestres Protegidas para el Gran Chaco. Basado en los resultados del taller sobre un sistema de areas silvestres protegidas para el Gran Chaco. Ed. Oficina Regional de la FAO para America Latina y el Caribe. Asunci6n - Paraguay. 158 pp. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 10-1 DAMES & MOORE GEOBOL (Servicio Geol6gico de Bolivia). 1978. Mapa de Cobertura y Uso Actual del Suelo, Bolivia (Map of Coverage and Current Soil Usage, Bolivia), Edici6n 1-P.E.B. (Preliminar), scale 1:1,000,000. IFC (International Finance Corporation), 1993. Environmental Analysis and Review of Projects. September, 1993. Kempff, N. 1985. Aves de Bolivia. Ed. Editorial Gisbert y Cia. S.A. La Paz - Bolivia. 156 pp. Kempff, N. 1975. Ofidios de Bolivia. Ed. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia. lra ed. La Paz - Bolivia. 46 pp. National Research Council. 1993. Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. National Safety Council, Chicago, Ill. 1990. "Accident Facts" - 1990 Edition. Navarro, G. 1992. Estudio de Parques Nacionales y Otras Areas Protegidas. Proyecto de Protecci6n de los Recursos Naturales en el Departamento de Santa Cruz (Componente Proyecto Tierras Bajas). Cooperaci6n Financiera del Gobierno Aleman; CORDECRUZ - KFW - CONSORCIO IP/SCG/KWC. Santa Cruz - Bolivia. 114 pp. Pareja, J.L. Pareja, C. Vargas., R. Suarez, R. Ball6n, R. Carrasco, and C. Villaroel. 1978. Mapa Geol6gico de Bolivia, scale 1:1,000,000, and Memoria Explicativa, 27 pp.: Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos y Servicio Geol6gico de Bolivia. Parker, T., A. Gentry, R. Foster, L. Emmons & J.V. Remsen. Jr. 1993. The Lowland Dry Forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. A Global Conservation Priority. Conservation International, RAP Working Papers 4. 104 pp. Sadud Q., Faisal. undated a. Estudio Geotecnico, Cruce Rio Grande: geotechnical report prepared for YABOG-YPFB, 30 pp. plus attachments. Sadud Q., Faisal. undated b. Estudio Geotecnico, Cruce Rio Parapeti: geotechnical report prepared for YABOG-YPFB, 7 pp. plus attachments. SECIPI-OPE; Cifd (ICI-AECI); CORDECRUZ. 1994. Inforne Preliminar sobre los Recursos Naturales del Pantanal Boliviano (Area de San Matias). Memoria de las Practicas del Curso "Conservaci6n y Gesti6n de los Recursos Naturales: Aspectos Ecol6gicos". Santa Cruz - Bolivia. 62 pp. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 10-2 DAMES & MOORE Technical Paper No. 80. Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects. 1988b The Forest Sector: A World Bank Policy Paper. 1991d. TOLEDO, M. 1995. Estudio Etnobotanico de los Chiquitanos de la Regi6n de Lomerfo en Santa Cruz - Bolivia. Tesis de Grado para optar el titulo de Lic. en Ciencias Biologicas. Universidad Aut6noma "Gabriel Rene Moreno". Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Bolivia. 85 pp. Tricart, J. 1982. El Pantanal: Un Ejemplo del Impacto Geomorfol6gico sobre el Ambiente: Informaciones Geograficos. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, vol. 29, pp. 81-97. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C. Annual Report On Pipeline Safety, Calendar Year 1989. Van Den Berg. M.E. 1986. Formas Atuais e Potenciais de Aproveitamento das Especies Nativas e Ex6ticas do Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Anais de lo. Sipm6sio sobre Recursos Naturais e S6cio-Econ6micos do Pantanal. Ed. Ministerio da Agricultura - MA; Empresa Villanueva, Edwin. 1996. Personal communication from Ing. Edvin Villanueva Trigo, Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos, to Paul V. Smith, Dames & Moore, February 27, 1996. Whiteside. 1996. Personal communication from Lowell S. Whiteside, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center, to Paul V. Smith, Dames & Moore, March 5, 1996. World Bank, Operational Policy Note 11.02. Wildlands. 1986. World Bank, Operational Directive 4.30. Involuntary Resettlement. 1990a. World Bank, 1990a. Operational Directive 4.30: Involuntary Resettlement. The World Bank Operational Manual. June 1990. World Bank, 1991a. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. Volumes I, II, and HI. World Bank Technical Papers Numbers 129, 140, 154. Environmental Department, the World Bank, Washington, D.C. World Bank, Operational Directive 4.01. Environmental Assessment. 1991b. World Bank, Operational Directive 4.20. Indigenous People. 1991c. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 10-3 DAMES & MOORE World Bank, 1994a. Draft Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines. World Bank, 1995 The World Bank Atlas. YPFB (Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos). 1994. Informaci6n "Sondeos Lecho Para Cruce Rio Grande C/ Perforaci6n Horizontal": Internal Communication, 8 pp. plus attachments, October 12, 1994. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 10-4 DAMES & MOORE APPENDIX A ANALYSIS OF POTENTLIL IMPACTS TO AIR QUALITY BOLIVIA-BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT APPENDIX A ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO AIR QUALITY 1.0 INTRODUCTION This Air Quality Inpact analysis for the proposed Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project compressor stations addresses ambient air quality and in-stack considerations for compliance with Bolivian regulations and World Bank Guidelines. The World Bank Guidelines address onshore oil and gas operations which includes natural gas pipeline transmission systems. For the ambient air impacts analysis, the simulator program SCREEN3 was used to screen- model the four compressor stations along the Bolivian portion of the proposed pipeline project. The pollutants evaluated were nitrogen oxides (NO.), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10). Modeled impacts were compared with current Bolivian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Bank Guidelines for onshore oil and gas production. Sections 2.0-5.0 address the ambient air quality impacts, while Section 6.0 addresses the in-stack standards and guidelines for Bolivia and the World Bank. Section 7.0 provides conclusions for this analysis. 2.0 SCREEN3 MODEL DESCRIPTION The most recent version of the simulation screening model, SCREEN3, was used in this air quality impact analysis. SCREEN3 is classified as a Gaussian model because the pollutant mass (i.e. concentration) is assumed to follow a bell-shaped curve, or normal distribution. When following a Gaussian distribution, the maximum concentrations associated with a source's emission plume are highest in the center of the plume and taper exponentially to almost zero in both the horizontal and vertical direction. The edge of an emission plume is defined as the point where the concentration drops to 10% of the centerline value. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-1 DAMES & MOORE SCREEN3 is a very simplistic model; however, the model is well suited for screening a source's potential impact on the air quality of a region. Primarily, SCREEN3 is used to perform single source, short-term calculations that estimate maximum off-site ground-level concentrations. SCREEN3 also provides the distance to, the maximum off-site impact, incorporates the effects of building downwash on the maximum concentrations for both the near wake and far wake regions, estimates concentrations in the cavity recirculation zone, and estimates concentrations due to inversion break-up and shoreline fimigation. In addition, the model can be used to evaluate the effects of simple elevated terrain on maximum concentrations. It also estimates 24-hour average concentrations due to plume impaction in complex terrain using the VALLEY model 24-hour screening procedure. The SCREEN3 model will calculate the maximum concentration at any number of user-specified distances in flat or elevated simple terrain, including distances out to 100 km for long-range transport. 2.1 SCREEN3 APPLIED TO PROPOSED PIPELINE PROJECT SCREEN3 was used to predict the highest off-site impacts associated with the compressor stations along the pipeline. Two sets of screen modeling runs were performed for each pollutant, NOR, CO, and PMIo, to evaluate the impacts from both the CENTAUR 50 and TAURUS 60 natural-gas fueled combustion turbines. Both compressor units were evaluated because detail design is not complete at this time, and the mechanical unit of choice has not been selected. Additionally, two modeling scenarios were simulated with the use of SCREEN3. The first scenario considers four turbines housed in one building with only three in operation at any given time and the fourth serving as a stand-by unit. This scenario simulated three of the compressor stations along the pipeline. The second scenario was to simulate only one turbine in operation at the fourth station along the pipeline. Each compressor station was simulated housing the turbines in the compressor building, with the emission stack roughly 3.5 meters above the building height. The dimensions of the building used in the simulation for downwash calculations in SCREEN3 are given below. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-2 DAMES & MOORE Structure Height Structure Width Structure Length (meters) (meters) (meters) Compressor Building 7.6 (25 ft) 6.0 (20 ft) 12.0 (39 ft) The algorithms in SCREEN3 designed to simulate impacts in simple and complex terrain were not necessary since it was assumed that the entire length of the pipeline will stretch across relatively flat terrain. Simple terrain is defined as terrain existing above the stack base, but below the top of the stack. Complex terrain on the other hand is terrain existing above stack height. Rural dispersion coefficients were used to simulate stability parameters in a forested/grassland region. 3.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA SET SCREEN3 does not allow for the use of actual meteorological data. Instead, the data used are a "worst-case" combination of wind speed and stability parameters. SCREEN3 evaluates a range of wind speeds (1.0 m/s - 20.0 m/s) and six stability classes ranging from unstable (well mixed atmosphere), through neutral, to stable (essentially no mixing), and selects the "worst-case" combination that will result in the highest ground-level concentration. As mentioned above, stability classes describe the lower layers of the atmosphere in terms of how well it is "mixed". The mixing height in meteorological terms is defined as the depth of a layer in the atmosphere where thermal and mechanical turbulence provide mixing of air parcels before being damped out by more stable air aloft. The depth of the mixed layer is a key factor in model predictions of ground-level concentrations of pollutants. For instance, an emission plume that is trapped within a very shallow mixing layer near the ground often results in very high ground- level concentrations, and in many cases exceedances of allowable ground-level concentrations. SCREEN3 automatically calculates the mixing height in unstable and neutral conditions (i.e., 4 of the 6 stability classes). The mixing height is not used for stable conditions. Unlike the meteorological data sets used with ISCST3 (a more refined Gaussian model), wind direction is not important when using SCREEN3. SCREEN3 looks in only one direction, predicting impacts at user-specified distances. This is obviously not very realistic, however, the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-3 DAMES & MOORE purpose of screen modeling is to quickly get an "absolute, worst-case" estimate of the source (s) impact on the air quality of the region. 4.0 MODELED PARAMETERS The two screen modeling runs were built using the stack parameters listed in the table below. Only the exit velocity and the effluent temperature differ from one turbine to the other. Stack Exit Compressor Stack Exit Stack Height Stack Diameter Building Stack- Velocit) (m/s) (meters) (meters) (K) CENTAUR50 43.63 12.0 1.10 785.9 TAURUS 60 48.10 12.0 1.10 755.4 The CENTAUR 50 turbine has a horsepower (hp) rating of 5680 hp. The TAURUS 60 turbine is rated at 6960 hp. 5.0 PREDICTED RESULTS WITH A COMPARISON TO BOLIVIAN NAAQS AND WORLD BANK GUIDELINES A total of six SCREEN3 modeling runs were used to predict the impact on the air quality of the proposed compressor stations along the pipeline. Two modeling runs were set up to evaluate the impacts from both the CENTAUR 50 and the TAURUS 60 natural-gas fueled turbines. For each of these modeling runs, a set up was developed for each pollutant emitted from the compressor building stack. NOR, CO and PM,0 emissions were evaluated for each turbine for a total of six SCREEN3 modeling runs. The two types of turbines modeled are fueled by natural gas and the sulfur content of the gas is considered negligible, thus no significant (in terms of modeling) sulfur dioxide emissions were expected. The scenario of three turbines operating together was simulated by taldng the predicted SCREEN3 impacts for one turbine in operation, and multiplying by three to obtain the impacts associated Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-4 DAMES & MOORE with three turbines in operation simultaneously. This conservative assumption was used to simplify the analysis and evaluate a "worst case" scenario. 5.1 PREDICTED NOx IMPACTS 5.1.1 Comparison to Bolivian NAAQS Off-site impacts for NO, emissions from the compressor operations were predicted for the CENTAUR 50 and TAURUS 60 turbines. The two sub-sections below (5.1.3 and 5.1.4) contain the tables for the two operating scenarios for NOQ impacts. The maximum 1-hour impact associated with the CENTAUR 50 was 128.6 yg/ml and was located at a distance of 76 meters from the compressor building. The predicted impact for three CENTAUR 50's in operation simultaneously was 385.8 4g/m3. For a set of three TAURUS 60's, the highest predicted impact was 441.0 ug/rm3 at a distance of 76 meters from the source. The Bolivian 1-Hour NO NAAQS is 400 ug/rm3 and for the three turbines operating simultaneously, SCREEN3 predicted an exceedance of the NAAQS for the TAURUS 60's only. Likewise, SCREEN3 predicted an exceedance of the 24-Hour Bolivian NO, NAAQS of 150 zg/rn3 for the three TAURUS 60's and the three CENTAUR 50's as well. SCREEN3 predicted no exceedances of the Bolivian NO- NAAQS for either the CENTAUR 50 or TAURUS 60 in the scenario of one turbine at a compressor station. 5.1.2 Comparison to World Bank Guidelines All predicted impacts were in compliance with the World Bank Guidelines and can be seen in Sections 5.1.3-5.1.4. The World Bank Guidelines allow for ground-level concentrations of NO, to be less than or equal to 200 Mglmr for the 24-hour averaging period and less than or equal to 100 4g/n3 on an annual basis. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-5 DAMES & MOORE 5.1.3 NOx Impacts For Three Compressors Operating Simultaneously Modeled Predicted Off-site Impacte Bolivian Guidelines SoMrce- Emsioeln (pg/m3) NAAQS (ug/m3) (gun3) IMpact Compressor RaEmsinmpc Distance (g/s) 1-hr 24 -hr Ann 1-hr 24-hr 24-hr Ann (meters) CENTAUR 50 10.08 385.8 | 154.32b 30.86C 400.00 150.00 200.00 100.00 76.00 TAURUS 60 11.88 441 | 176.40b 35.28c 400.00 150.00 200.00 1100.00 76.00 a The predicted impacts do not include existing NO. background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 24-Hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.4 c annual average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.08 5.1.4 NOx Impacts For One Compressor Predicted Off-site Impact' Bolivian World Bank Source- Modeled NASGuidelines Ma Emission (pug/in) NAS(pg/ni3) (9g/mn)Ma Compressor E Impact Distance (Wls) 1-hr 24-hr Ann 1-hr 24hr 24-hr Ann (meters) CENTAUR 50 3.36 128.6 51.44b 10.28c J 400.00 150.00 200.00 100.00 76.00 TAURUS 60 3.97 147 58.80b 1 11.76 | 400.00 150.00 1200.00 100.00 76.00 a The predicted imnpacts do not include existing NO, background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 24-Hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.4 c annual average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.08 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-6 DAMES & MOORE 5.2 PREDICTED CO IMPACTS 5.2.1 Comparison to Bolivian NAAQS/World Bank Guidelines SCREEN3 predicted impacts for CO were well below the allowable concentrations set forth in the Bolivian NAAQS. The predicted impacts were nearly the same for both turbine models. The results of the screen modeling for CO can be seen in the two tables below. Impacts from CO are not anticipated to contribute to any air quality reduction in the region. The World Bank Guidelines contain no limits on CO emissions. The tables in sections 5.2.2 thru 5.2.3 indicate this by N/A in place of the standard. 5.2.2 CO Impacts For Three Compressors Operating Simultaneously Modeled Predicted Off-site Bolivian NAAQS World Bank Source- Emission Impacte (jig/m3) (,,g/m3) Guidelines (ugIm3) Max Compressor Rate Impact Wg/S) 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr Distance (9/s)l (meters) CENTAUR 50 0.7635 87.69 61.38b 40000 10000 1 N/A N/A } 76.00 TAURUS 60 0.8450 94.11 65.87b 40000 J 10000 N/A N/A _ 76.00 l a The predicted impacts do not include existing CO background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 8-Hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.7 5.2.3 CO Impacts for One Compressor Modeled Predicted Off-site Bolivian NAAQS World Bank Source- Emission Impacta (jig/m3) (g/m3) Guideines (gg/m3) Max Compressor Rate Impact 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr Distance (l/s) (meters) |CENTAUR 50 J 0.7635 | 29.23 J 20.46b | 40000 J 10000 N/A N/A 76.00 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-7 DAMES & MOORE Modeled Predicted Off-site Bolivian NAAQS World Bank Source- Emission Impace (,ug/m3) (,ug/m3) Guidelines (jug/m3) Max (gts) 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr 1-hr 8-hr Distance I T T T I ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(meters) TAURUS 60 0.8450 31.37 21.96b -_ I 10000 N/A N/A 76.00 a The predicted impacts do not include existing CO background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 8-Hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.7 5.3 PM1o PREDICTED IMPACTS 5.3.1 Comparison to Bolivian NAAQSlWorld Bank Guidelines The predicted impacts for PM1o were well below the allowable concentrations given in both the Bolivian NAAQS and World Bank Guidelines for both types of turbines and both operating scenarios. The results are in the tables below. 5.3.2 PM10 Impacts for Three Compressors Operating Simultaneously Modeled Predicted Off-site Bolivian NAAQS World Bank Source- Emission Impact' (jig/m3) (jig/M3) Guidelines (jg/M3) Max Compressor Rate Impact (g/s) 24-hr Ann 24-hr Ann 24-hr Ann Distance l____ (meters) CENTAUR 50 0.0252 1.1577b 0.2315c 150.00 50.00 J 500.00 |_100.00 76.00 TAURUS 60 0.0252 1.1226b 0.2245c 150.00 50.00 | 500.00 100.00 76.00 a The predicted impacts do not include existing PM,( background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 24-hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.4 c Annual average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.08 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environrental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-8 DAMES & MOORE 5.3.3 PM,, Impacts for One Compressor Predicted Off-site Bolivian NAAQS World Bak Source Modeled Iipace (ug/m, ) (jgIM3) Guidelines (4g/m') Max Compressor Emission Impact Rate (fls) 24 hr 24-hr Am 24hr ADistance _____ ____ ___ I I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (m eters) CENTAUR 50 0.0252 0.3859b 0.0772' 150.00 J50.00 100.00 50.00 j 76.00 TAURUS 60 0.0252 0.3742b 0.0748v 150.00 0 50.00 100.00 0 50.00 7 76.0 0 a The predicted impacts do not include existing PM,0 background concentrations. The background concentrations are not known at this time. b 24-hour average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.4 c Annual average obtained by multiplying SCREEN3 1-hour impact by 0.08 6.0 IN-STACK EMISSIONS STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES For certain criteria pollutants, Bolivia has in-stack emissions standards. Additionally, the World Bank has in-stack guidelines which should be assessed. 6.1 EMISSION RATES IN COMPARISON TO BOLIVIAN STANDARDS' The following table demonstrates compliance with the applicable Bolivian emission standards. Emission Rate In-Stack Bolivian Standard2 Pollutant Centaur Unit Taurus Unit Kg/l0m3' l_______________ Kg/Nm3 Kg/Nm3 ___ PM10 0.0006 0.0006 50 |____________S_ 02 negligible negligible 9.6 CO 0.02 0.02 640 NO, 0.09 0.09 8800 1 Anexo 4 2 Kilograms per 10 cubic meters of natural gas consumed Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-9 DAMES & MOORE 6.2 EMISSION RATES IN COMPARISON TO WORLD BANK GUIDELINES The following table demonstrates compliance with the World Bank in-stack emission guidelines. Emission Rate In-Stack World Bank Guidelinesa Pollutant Centaur Unit Taurus Unit mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 PMio 1.70 1.50 100 S02 negligible negligible 1000 CO N/A N/A N/A NO, 221 228 600 a From the World Bank Guidelines for Natural Gas Pipeline Transmission Systems N/A = not applicable 7.0 CONCLUSIONS 7.1 IN-STACK BOLIVIAN EMISSION STANDARDS The project emission rates are well below any of the Bolivian air emission standards for PM0, SO2, CO and NO,. 7.2 IN-STACK WORLD BANK EMISSION GUIDELINES The in-stack emissions for PM10, SO2, and NO, are well below the World Bank Emission Guidelines for the gas turbine sources. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-10 DAMES & MOORE 7.3 BOLIVIAN NAAQS SCREEN3 predicted exceedances of the Bolivian 1-hour and 24-hour NO, NAAQS for the three TAURUS 60 turbines. The three CENTAUR 50 turbines had a predicted exceedance of the 24-hour NO, NAAQS as well. The three TAURUS 60's exceeded the 1-hour NQ NAAQS by 41 ktglm3 for the scenario of three turbines in operation simultaneously. The 24- hour NOX NAAQS was exceeded by nearly 4 ,ug/ld for the CENTAUR 50 (three turbines operating) and by nearly 26 ,ug/m3 for the TAURUS 60 (three turbines operating). No exceedances were predicted for CO and PM1o when compared to the Bolivian NAAQS. 7.4 WORLD BANK GUIDELINES FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY No exceedances of the World Bank Guidelines for ambient air quality were predicted for any of the pollutants modeled. 7.5 SOLUTIONS TO PREDICTED AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS Further analysis of the SCREEN3 modeling results revealed that the impacts fell below the Bolivian 1-hour and 24-hour NO, NAAQS at a distance of roughly 92 meters (300 ft) from the compressor building for the TAURUS 60 turbine. For the CENTAUR 50, the impacts fall below the 24-hour NO, NAAQS at a distance of 79 meters (259 ft) from the compressor building. If the property-line surrounding the compressor stations could be expanded to these distances, then compliance with the Bolivian NOx NAAQS could be attained. Compliance with the standards could also be achieved by raising the compressor building stack height. The current stack height is not high enough to allow the plume to escape the influence of the airflow around the compressor building (i.e. downwash effects). Many times, source emissions are "caught" by the vertically circulating region of air downwind of structures, known as the cavity region. Depending on the height of the stack, the entire pollutant mass may be entrained or only a small portion. Perhaps one of the most useful features of air dispersion modeling is its ability to serve as a design tool. By raising or lowering the stack height, a prediction can be made as to how much of the pollutant mass within a plume will be- Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environ}mental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-11 DAMES & MOORE entrained into the cavity region. The idea is to design a stack height that will be cost effective and keep the plume high enough above this cavity region as to prevent high pollutant concentrations from being brought to the ground before the pollutant mass has had a sufficient time to disperse. For the Bolivian pipeline modeling, a portion of the plume is being brought to the ground at a distance of 76 meters from the source with the predicted impacts exceeding the Bolivian standards for NO,. A couple of SCREEN3 "design runs" have been performed and it was determined that compliance with the Bolivian NO, NAAQS can be attained by increasing the stack height by just one meter (i.e. raising the current height of 12.0 meters to 13.0 meters). Another alternative for lowering predicted impacts is to perform refined air dispersion modeling. As stated earlier, SCREEN3 modeling is extremely conservative and over- predictive. Refined modeling techniques would utilize the ISCST3 model; a model that is more realistic and far less over-predictive. The advantages of using ISCST3 to determine source impacts on existing air quality are its use of "actual" meteorological data, and a more accurate simulation of downwash effects from buildings on a source's emissions. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 A-12 DAMES & MOORE APPENDIX B ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 0 0 ~~~BOLIVIA-BRAZIL PIPELINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ENVIRONM\ENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Section Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................... B-i 1.1 OBJECTIVES . ...................................... B-1 1.2 ORGANIZATION ..................................... B-1 1.3 RESPONSIBILITIES .......... ......................... B-2 1.4 SCHEDULE . ........................................ B-2 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ........ .......... B-3 2.1 PRECONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES ........................ B-3 2.2 WORKERS ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING ..... .............. B-3 2.3 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION AND INSPECTION .... ........ B4 2.4 MONITORING ............ .......................... B-6 2.5 COMMUNITY RELATIONS ............................. B-7 3.0 STANDARD CONSTRUCTION ........ ........................ B-7 3.1 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL ..................... B-7 3.2 CLEARING ..B-8 3.2.1 Standard Procedures ....... ........................ B-8 3.2.2 Useable Timber .......... ................ B-9 3.2.3 Trees and Brush Disposal .......................... B-9 3.3 GRADING ............. ............. B-10 3.3.1 Removal of Tree Stamps ........................... B-11 3.3.2 Disposal of Tree Stumps ........................... B-li 3.3.3 Rock Disposal .......... ................ B-11 3.3.4 Water Bars/Terraces (Slope Breakers) ...... ............. B-12 3.3.5 Erosion Control Barriers/Structures ...... .............. B-13 3.3.6 Filter Fabric Fence Installation ....... ................ B-13 3.4 DITCHING ................................... B-13 3.4.1 Topsoil Segregation . .............................. B-13 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-i DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.4.2 Underground Utilities ............................. B-14 3.4.3 Temporary Ditch Plugs ............................ B-14 3.5 LOWERING-IN/BACKFILLING .......................... B-15 3.5.1 Trench Dewatering ............................. B-15 3.5.2 Padding ............................... B-16 3.5.3 Trench Breakers ............................... B-16 3.5.4 Baclalling ............................... B-17 3.5.5 Use or Disposal of Blast Rock ......................... B-17 3.6 HYDROSTATIC TESTING ............................. B-17 3.7 RESTORATION AND REVEGETATION .................... B-19 3.7.1 Temporary Erosion Control ......................... B-19 3.7.2 Permanent Restoration Measures ......... ............. B-19 3.7.3 Permanent Water Bars ............................. B-20 3.7.4 Contour Wattling ............................. B-20 3.7.5 Revegetation and Seeding ........................... B-21 3.7.6 Mulching ............................... B-21 3.8 SAFETY ........................ B-22 3.9 ACCESS ROADS ............................... B-22 4.0 SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION ......................... B-22 4.1 BLASTING ....................................... B-23 4.2 THE TWO-TONE APPROACH ....................... B-24 4.3 DRAG SECTIONS .............. ....... B-24 4.4 STOVEPIPE ........... ... ....... B-24 4.5 RESIDENTIAL AREA CONSTRUCTION ..... ............... B-25 4.6 BORING . . .... B-25 4.7 JACKING ....... B-25 4.8 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ............................. B-26 4.9 EQUIPMENT CROSSOVERS ............................ B-26 4.10 AGRICULTURAL AREA CONSTRUCTION ................. B-26 4.10.1 Grading ..................................... B-27 4.10.2 Ditching\Lowering\Backfilling ....................... B-27 4.10.3 Restoration and Revegetation ............ ............ B-27 4.11 WETLAND CROSSINGS ............................... B-28 4.11.1 General Measures ............................... B-28 4.11.2 Additional Work Space Areas ........................ B-29 4.11.3 Spoil Pile Placement/Control ...... ...... ... ......... B-29 4.11.4 Wetland Crossing Procedures ...... .................. B-29 4.11.4.1 Method I: Standard Pipeline Construction .... ...... B-30 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-ii DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.11.4.2 Method II: Conventional Wetland Construction ...... B-32 4.11.4.3 Method m: Push/Pull Wetland Construction .... .... B-34 4.12 WATERBODY CROSSINGS .............................. B-37 4.12.1 General Measures ............................... B-37 4.12.2 General Procedures ......... ..................... B-38 4.12.3 Waterbody Crossing Procedures .......... ............ B-39 4.12.3.1 Method I: Wet Crossings ..... ............... B-39 4.12.3.2 Method II: Other (Site-Specific Crossings) ......... B-41 4.13 COMBINED WETLAND/WATERBODY CROSSINGS ... B41 5.0 SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL PLAN. . . . B-41 5.1 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES. . . B41 5.1.1 Training .. B41 5.1.2 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance ....... ........ B-42 5.1.3 Refueling. . . B-42 5.1.3.1 Refueling Operations. B-42 5.1.3.2 Conditions. B-43 5.1.4 Storage.. B-44 5.2 MITIGATION MEASURES. B-44 5.2.1 Containment. . . B-44 0 5.2.2 Clean up. . . B-44 5.2.3 Notification.. B-45 5.2.4 Excavation and Disposal .. B-45 5.2.4.1 Small Spills. B-45 5.2.4.2 Large Spills. B-45 5.2.5 Reporting ..B45 5.3 CLEAN UP EQUIPMENT. . . B46 5.3.1 TERRESTRIAL CONSTRUCTION . . B46 5.3.1.1 General. B-46 5.3.1.2 Fuels and Lubricating Oil Storage ....... ......... B47 5.3.1.3 Routine Refueling and Maintenance ............... B-47 5.3.1.4 Equipment Failure ........... .............. B47 5.3.2 Waterbody and Wetland Crossings ........... . B47 6.0 WASTE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL B-48 6.1 SOLID WASTE ..................................... B-48 6.2 SANITARY WASTE ................................... B48 6.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE . ................................ B48 * Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-iii DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.0 AIR QUALITY PROTECTION AND NOISE CONTROL ............. .. B-49 7.1 AIR QUALITY ..................................... B-49 7.2 NOISE CONTROL .................................... B-49 8.0 VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION ...... .............. B-49 8.1 GENERAL ........................................ B-49 8.2 SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN . B-50 9.0 ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES AND HUMLAN REMAINS ... B-51 9.1 CULTURAL RESOURCES .. B-51 9.1.1 Identification . B-51 9.1.2 Treatment . B-52 9.2 HUILAN REMAINS .. B-53 10.0 ABANDONMENT . B-54 11.0 COMPENSATORY MITIGATION PROGRAM . B-54 12.0 COST OF THE EMP . B-55 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-iv DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN LIST OF TABLES No. Description EMP-1 List of Endemic, Endangered, and Economically Inportant Plant and Animal Species in the Study Area EMP-2 Summary of Estimated Costs Associated with the Inplementation of the Environmental Management Program Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-v DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN LIST OF ]FIGURES No. Description 1 Typical Construction Right-of-Way 2 Filter Fence Construction 3 Typical Trench Breakers 4 Permanent Water Bars or Terraces 5 Contour Wattling 6 Typical Erosion Control Fabric 7 Typical ROW in Agricultural Areas . ~~8 Conventional Wetland Construction (Method II) 9 Push/Pull Wetland Construction (Method Il 10 Wet Waterbody Crossing (Mlethod I) . ~~~Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-vi DAMIES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OBJECTIVES This Enviromnental Management Plan (EMP) is a planning tool that establishes guidelines and procedures to manage environmental impacts of the Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. The EMP presents the project guidelines on environmental management strategies, specialized environmental construction procedures, spill prevention and control, waste and hazardous materials management and disposal, air quality protection and noise control, vegetation and wildlife protection, accidental discovery of cultural resources and human remains, and abandonment procedures. The EMP also includes a compensatory mitigation program designed to offset potential impacts in the vicinity of the Gran Chaco National Park. The main objectives of the EMP are: 1) To avoid, minimize, control, or mitigate potential impacts from the project construction and operation on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment, and 2) To ensure continued project compliance with applicable environmental regulations. The pipeline route and the location of associated facilities were selected in an effort to minimize physical, biological, cultural and socio-economic impacts while making the project economically feasible. However, some unavoidable impacts will occur as a result of construction and operation of the pipeline. Most of the impacts to soils, water quality, and to some extent vegetation and wildlife, will be localized and temporary. These impacts can be controlled or limited to acceptable levels by the application of mitigating measures during and after construction. The environmental management measures presented in this chapter provide a conceptual approach to establish the environmental procedures to be followed in the execution of the project. 1.2 ORGANIZATION Due to its complexity and scope, the implementation of the EMP will be executed utilizing a specific organization and specific funding support. An Environmental Manager will coordinate the activities of a technical staff responsible for monitoring and managing EMP compliance. The Environmental Manager will also be responsible for technical, community, and administrative matters relating to the EMP. The Environmental Manager will be responsible for monitoring compliance with the EMP and will be assisted by an appropriate staff to address all technical questions and project-specific issues relating to the EMP, including liaison between the general public and environmental issues related to the project. This person will interact with local Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental hnpact Study September 1, 1996 B-1 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN communities to keep them informed of the project's events and to properly address any items of concern. 1.3 RESPONSIBILITIES In the execution of this EMP and its associated monitoring and inspections, the responsible parties will be as follows: The Project Sponsors are responsible for providing all necessary funding and administrative support to the EMP. The Project Sponsors are ultimately responsible for carrying out this project within acceptable environmental standards. The Environmental Manager, who will work for the Project Sponsors, will be responsible for coordinating the activities of a technical staff responsible for monitoring and managing EMP compliance. The Environmental Inspectors, will be responsible for monitoring EMP compliance and reproting to the Enviromnental Manager. The Construction Contractor will be responsible for compliance with the environmental measures related to construction activities described in this EMP. 1.4 SCHEDULE The implementation of the EMP will begin at the final design stage. Project specifications will be better defined to avoid or minimize potential impacts identified in the Environmental Impact Assessment. During the pre-construction phase a project Environmental Department will be established by the Project Sponsors. Once a Construction Contractor is hired, envirornental training of workers will take place. The Environmental Inspectors will be hired and trained in time to begin their activities as the construction begins. A contribution will be made to the Endowment Fund at the commencement of commercial operations of the project. During construction, the EMP will be in full operation, with implementation being the responsibility of the Contractor, and monitored by the Environmental Inspectors. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-2 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 2.1 PRECONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES Some general mitigation measures are applicable during the final design and preconstruction activities, including the following: * Establish an Adequate Construction Schedule. The construction schedule will be developed to the extent possible to minimize potential adverse impacts due to seasonal considerations. * Design Construction Areas in Order to Minimize Impacts. Final design will favor the use of previously disturbed areas and avoidance of environmentally sensitive areas. The construction area will be minimized while providing necessary work space. * Construction of Fences and Gates. Temporary fences, gates and other devices will be installed to clearly indicate construction areas and restrict access to sensitive areas. * Establish Access Restrictions. Access routes will be monitored as needed to avoid unauthorized entry into the project area. * Conduct a Pre-Construction Survey of Right-of-Way Conditions. A pre-construction survey will be conducted to finalize alignment, determine topography, identify conflicts, identify land owners, land use and other site characteristics necessary to complete the detail design and construction. 2.2 WORKERS ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING Environmental training will be provided to all employees prior to commencement of work. New workers brought to the project after the initiation of project activities will receive training as soon as is practicable following their arrival. Training will include the following topics: * Right-of-way * Community relations * Erosion control * Wetlands * Streams and water bodies * Water withdrawal and discharge Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-3 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN * Spill prevention, control, and containment * Species of special concern * Cultural resources * Contingency plan A formal training curriculum will be developed consisting of a written and pictorial presentation of information covering the topics above and a video providing verbal instruction on the topics. 2.3 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION AND INSPECTION The project will have a Chief Environmental Inspector and will use at least one qualified Environmental Inspector (EI) per construction spread. The project will conduct in-house Environmental Inspector training to ensure that the Enviromnental Inspectors will be able to carry out their assigned duties and that construction activities will be in compliance with requirements of applicable environmental licenses and permits. The Environmental Inspectors will review all project documents (right-of-way descriptions, licenses, alignment sheets, aerial photography and relevant plans) prior to construction. The inspectors will also be responsible for: 1. Identifying areas that require stabilization; 2. Ensuring all erosion and sedimentation control devices are installed and maintained properly; 3. Monitoring restoration of upland areas, waterbodies and wetlands; 4. Ensuring that all construction activities occur within authorized work areas and only approved access roads are used; 5. Ensuring that the requirements set forth in the Spill Prevention Containment and Control Plan (Section 5.0 of this EMP) are met; 6. Monitoring waste collection and disposal; 7. Inspecting construction activities daily to verify and document that contractors are complying with the requirements of this EMP, the environmental provisions included in the construction drawings and the environmental conditions of the license; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B4 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8. Photo-documenting the condition of sensitive areas and work spaces prior to, throughout, and after construction; 9. Documenting (including photos/videos) construction activities; 10. Identifying potential problems and initiating appropriate actions prior to occurrence; 11. Ensuring that the soil profile is restored as required; 12. Educating other Inspectors on project specific environmental concerns; 13. Ensuring the repair of all ineffective temporary erosion control measures as soon as possible after identification; 14. Marking of surface and subsurface drainage and irrigation system locations; 15. Performing tests of subsoil and topsoil where appropriate to determine the extent of compaction across the disturbed ROW in agricultural areas; 16. Approving of imported soils used as fill and/or additional cover material in sensitive areas (i.e., agricultural, residential and wetland areas); 17. Monitoring hydrostatic test fill and spill activities and conducting required sampling of the test water; and 18. Ensuring that Waterbody and Wetland Crossing Plans are properly implemented; 19. Locating dewatering structures and slope breakers to ensure they will not direct water into known cultural resource sites or locations of sensitive species; 20. Verifying that trench dewatering activities do not result in the deposition of sand, silt, and/or sediment near the point of discharge into a wetland or waterbody. If such deposition is occurring, the design of the discharge shall be altered to prevent reoccurrence; 21. Advising the Chief Environmental Inspector when conditions (such as wet weather) make it advisable to restrict construction activities in agricultural areas. The Environmental Inspector will be required to use best judgment in the field at all times to ensure that violations, audits, and other environmental related documentation are transmitted to Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental hmpact Study September 1, 1996 B-5 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN appropriate project personnel. Each Environmental Inspector will have peer status with the other inspectors. The Enviromnental Inspector will report compliance problems to the Environmental Manager. A Safety Inspector will be responsible for ensuring and documenting that safe conditions are maintained throughout construction. 2.4 MONITORING During construction, monitoring will be part of the inspection program. Environmental monitoring may include, but not be limited to, erosion control, water quality, indigenous and protected wildlife species, cultural resources, water resources, vegetation, and protected areas. As stated earlier under the section pertaining to the Enviromnental Inspector's duties and responsibilities, the Environmental Inspector will prepare a plan to monitor the success of revegetation and stabilization of the right-of-way and temporary work areas following construction. Monitoring will also include visual inspection and documentation of establishment of temporary vegetation for sediment and substrate stabilization. If deficiencies in the establishment of temporary vegetation cover are discovered, the Environmental Inspector will develop a plan of remediation and implement that plan. All erosion control devices are to remain in place and in a functional condition until stabilization is achieved. Once stabilization is achieved, all temporary erosion and sedimentation control devices will be removed. All such materials removed will be disposed of in compliance with applicable regulations and conditions of permits/certifications for the project. During routine inspections of the ROW, personnel will also make visual observations of the re- establishment of native vegetation within disturbed areas. The amount of native vegetational cover returning within areas disturbed by construction will be documented. During operations, periodic route inspections will be made to identify if the right-of-way shows signs of erosion and if vegetation is being reestablished. These assessments will be made semi- annually during the first two years, and annually thereafter until the area is stabilized. If indicated, remedial action wil be implemented. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-6 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2.5 COMMUNITY RELATIONS As part of the management of the project, the sponsors will maintain a Community Relations program aimed at promoting good relations with the communities in the area of influence of the project, as well as providing environmental education and increasing awareness about the project and the environment. The community relations program will include the following components: 1. Maintaining a Public Liaison during construction. 2. Developing an environmental education program. 3. Developing a public information program about the project. 4. Educating the construction labor force regarding proper relations with the host communities. 3.0 STANDARD CONSTRUCTION . Construction of a natural gas pipeline consists of distinct phases: clearing, grading, ditching, lowering-in, backfilling, hydrostatic testing and restoration. The construction methods described herein will be used unless site-specific conditions warrant special methods. Figure 1 shows a typical ROW configuration depicting the typical sequence of construction activities that will take place. Preconstruction surveys will be conducted to determine the specific needs of the project. Information on soils was obtained from the Prefectura's National Secretariat of Natural Resources (Ex-Cordecruz), including land use capacity and soil cartography. Wetlands will be delineated by vegetation type and soil classification. 3.1 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL The Project's objective is to minimize the potential for erosion and sedimentation during pipeline construction, and to effectively restore the ROW and other disturbed areas. The erosion and sediment control measures contained in this section will serve as minimum standards to be used during construction. In general, the measures are designed to minimize erosion and sedimentation by: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-7 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1. Minimizing the quantity and duration of soil exposure; 2. Protecting critical areas during construction by reducing the velocity of water and redirecting runoff; 3. Installing and maintaining erosion and sediment control measures during construction; 4. Establishing vegetation as soon as possible following final grading; and 5. hispecting the ROW and maintaining erosion and sediment controls as necessary until final stabilization is achieved. This section includes erosion and sediment control techniques that apply to all areas of construction; and expands on the clearing, grading, ditching, lowering-in/backfilling and restoration phases of construction to describe how these operations will be controlled to minimize potential impacts from construction. This section also discusses the use of safety precautions during construction. 3.2 CLEARING 3.2.1 Standard Procedures Clearing involves the removal of trees, brush and other vegetation from the ROW. The following are standard procedures to be followed during clearing: 1. ROW boundaries (e.g., limits of work) will be clearly delineated and the Inspector will ensure that no clearing occurs beyond the boundaries. 2. Trees to be saved shall be marked by flagging, fencing, or some other method before clearing begins. 3. Stemmed vegetation such as brush, shrubs and trees shall be removed at or near the ground level, leaving the root systems intact to the greatest extent practical. All fences whether they be for livestock or security shall be maintained by the use of a temporary fence section (gap). Prior to the fence being cut, the fence will be properly braced and similar material used to construct the gap. At no time will an opening be left unattended. The gap will be replaced after cleanup with a permanent fence of the same material and in a like condition as was prior to the construction. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-8 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMEIT PLAN When pruning is necessary to clear the ROW, pruning cuts shall be made as follows: a. Cuts should be smooth; b. Branch collars shall not be cut (i.e., cuts should be made immnediately in front of the branch collar); c. Large, heavy branches shall be precut on the underside to prevent splitting or peeling of bark; and d. Climbing spurs shall not be used, as they will damage the bark. e. Trees shall be felled into the ROW. f. Any trees which have fallen into waterbodies or beyond the edge of the ROW shall be removed immediately. g. Trees located outside of the ROW will not be cut to obtain timber for use elsewhere along the ROW. 3.2.2 Useable Timber Timber not specifically designated for other uses will be left in tree lengthas and stacked along the edge of the ROW, used for rip-rap or to control erosion. Rip-rap must be removed from the ROW after construction is complete. Timber shall not be stacked in drainage ways or left within wetlands unless site specific conditions warrant and procedures are approved by the Chief Environmental Inspector. 3.2.3 Trees and Brush Disposal Removed trees and brush shall be disposed of in one of the following ways depending on local restrictions, applicable license stipulations and as approved by the Chief Environmental Inspector: Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-9 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN * Brush Piles a. Brush shall be piled along the edge of the ROW to provide filter strips,wildlife habitat, or sediment barriers. b. In agricultural areas, any toxic vegetation shall be removed and shall not be stockpiled in areas available to livestock. c. All brush will be removed from wetland areas. * Chipping Slash and brush will be chipped or burned. Chips can be left on the ROW, in a manner that does not inhibit revegetation. * Burying Cleared materials may not be buried in wetlands, agricultural lands or residential areas . Stumps removed on the ROW will be buried. * * Burning Burning of brush is permitted unless specifically prohibited in an area. Appropriate precautions must be exercised to prevent wild fires in the surrounding areas. Off Site Disposal a. Shall be done only when brush piles, chipping or burying are not permitted. b. An attempt should be made to find a market for any useable materials. c. Woody materials should be restricted to the edge of the ROW . 3.3 GRADING When existing topography does not permit equipment to operate safely and does not provide access or an efficient work area, grading shall be required. Sharp topographic irregularities shall be graded to ensure rapid and safe passage of the work crews and equipment. Rock outcrops, ridges, . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report 4D Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-1 0 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5. Used as rip-rap for stream bank stabilization where available and warranted by field conditions and approved by the Environmental Inspector. 6. Used to construct stonewalls or stone fences. 3.3.4 Water Bars/Terraces (Slope Breakers) 1. Water bars/terraces shall be installed diagonally across the ROW on slopes to control erosion by reducing and shortening the length and concentration of runoff. 2. Soil will be slightly excavated and compacted to form a temporary channel with an adjacent downslope berm or ridge of compacted soil. 3. The degree of slope, soil characteristics, runoff area and location of suitable outlets determines the number and shape of water bars required; however, the inimnum guidelines for spacing are as follows: Slope So Spacing 5 - 15 100 meters apart 16 - 30 65 meters apart > 30 30 meters apart 4. The bar/terrace shall be broad and gradual to permit traffic to move over it safely without easily destroying it. 5. Water bars/terraces shall be maintained and repaired as necessary during construction. 6. Water bars/terraces shall divert water to a well-vegetated area. If a vegetated area is not available, erosion control barriers shall be installed to filter the runoff at the outlet of the water bar and off of the construction ROW. 7. Filter fabric fences or brush piles may be used in place of water bars/terraces at the discretion of the Environmental Inspector. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-12 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.3.5 Erosion Control Barriers/Structures Erosion control barriers/structures consist of filter fabric fences, brush piles or rock rip-rap. Erosion control barriers/structures are required, as described below. 1. At the outlet of a water bar when vegetation is not adequate to control erosion. 2. Along banks of waterbodies between the graded ROW and waterbody after clearing. 3. Downslope of any stockpiled soil in the immediate vicinity of waterbodies and wetlands. 4. At the base of slopes adjacent to road crossings where vegetation has been disturbed 5. To be maintained throughout construction and shall remain in place until permanent revegetation measures have been judged successful. 6. To be inspected periodically to ensure its proper functioning, and as soon as possible following a significant rainfall, throughout construction. . 3.3.6 Filter Fabric Fence istallation (Figure 2) 1. Filter fabric fences shall be imbedded a minimum of approximately 10 centimeters or anchored as site conditions require. 2. The fence shall be installed in compliance with manufacturer's specifications. 3. Accumulated sediment shall be remnoved regularly and the fence inspected to ensure that the bottom of fence remains imbedded in ground. 4. A sufficient stockpile of silt fence shall be maintained on site for emergency use. 3.4 DITCHING 3.4.1 Topsoil Segregation Topsoil is required to be segregated in most wetlands and cultivated agricultural lands. Topsoil is segregated as part of the ditching procedure for wetlands. In agricultural lands topsoil is segregated prior to ditching (see Section 4.10). Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-13 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1. Topsoil and subsoil will be segregated during ditching and stockpiled separately. 2. Topsoil should be removed to its actual depth or to a maximum depth of 30 centimeters, as determined by the Environmental Inspector. 3. Topsoil shall not be used for padding, backfill or trench breakers, under any circumstances. 4. Topsoil stripping shall be accomplished as follows: a) Cultivated Aericultural areas - Topsoil should be stripped over ditch line. b) Wetland areas - Topsoil must be stripped over ditch line only. c) Forest and other areas - Topsoil stripping is not required. d) Aeolic Plain area - Topsoil will be stripped over the ditch line. 3.4.2 Underground Utilities 1 . Shall be located and carefully exposed. 2. Appropriate authorities must be notified. 3.4.3 Temporary Ditch Plugs Ditch plugs are portions of the ditch which break the continuous open trench. Soft plugs consist of compacted subsoil or sandbags placed across the ditch following excavation. Hard plugs consist of unexcavated portions of the ditch. On steep slopes, plugs serve to reduce erosion and sedimentation in the trenchline and thus minimize dewatering problems at the base of the slope where sensitive environments, such as waterbodies and wetlands, are frequently located. Plugs adjacent to wetlands and waterbodies prevent diversion of water into upland portions of the pipeline trench during construction. In addition, plugs provide access across the ditch for wildlife and livestock. The following guidelines will apply to trench plugs: 1. To guard against failure, soft plugs constructed to hold water will be longer, along the trenchline, than they are tall, constructed of compacted layers, and inspected regularly by the Contractor to prevent breaching. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-14 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2. Installation of plugs will be coordinated with installation of temporary water bars in order to more effectively divert water off the ROW. 3. Topsoil will not be used for plugs. 4. When removing plugs located above waterbodies or wetlands, water accumulated behind the plugs will be pumped out onto a well-vegetated area or filtered before the plug is removed (see trench dewatering Section 3.5 of this EMP). 3.5 LOWERINGIN/BACKFILLING During lowering-in and backfilling, the following standard techniques will be used: 3.5.1 Trench Dewatering Removal of collected water from the trench is one of the potential sources of siltation and erosion during pipeline construction. To minimize the risk, the following procedures should be followed: The intakes of the hoses used to withdraw the water from the ditch will be elevated above the bottom of the trench to minimize pumping the deposited sediments. 1. Intake of the hoses used to withdraw the water will be screened. 2. The discharge shall be equipped with a device to dissipate the velocity to prevent erosion and scouring. 3. The locations of all areas which are to receive water discharged from trenches will be approved by the Environmental Inspector. The discharged water will be filtered by one of the following methods: a. if greater than approximately 30 meters from a wetland or stream bank, the discharge should be directed into a well vegetated area; or b. if no well vegetated area is available or the discharge point is less than approximately 30 meters from a wetland or stream bank, then the discharge should will be directed through a filter bag and/or into areas contained by erosion control barriers. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-15 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Under no circumstances will trench water or other forms of turbid water be directly discharged onto exposed soil or into any wetland or waterbody. 3.5.2 Padding 1. Used where specified so that rock, gravel or other materials will not damage the pipe coating. 2. Consists of a layer of rock-free (less than approximately 4 centimeters in dimension) subsoil or sand placed around the pipe. 3. Under no circumstances will topsoil be used as padding. 4. May need to be hauled to the site from an approved borrow site. Topsoil from borrow site will be stripped prior to excavation of padding material. All borrow sites will be restored following construction. 5. Rocks up to 15 centimeters in dimension may be placed adjacent to the pipeline where specified rock shield is used to protect the pipe. 3.5.3 Trench Breakers (Figure 3) 1. Installed in ditch as a permanent measure prior to backfilling. 2. Constructed on sloping terrain to control runoff from channeling along the buried pipeline. 3. Consists of sandbags, earth-filled sacks or other approved materials. 4. Topsoil shall not be used to fill the sacks. 5. Must be a minimum of two sacks wide and should be embedded in the sides of the ditch to create a seal. 6. Installed on slopes, as required, including the base of slopes, adjacent to waterbodies and/or wetlands and in agricultural fields and residential areas. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-16 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 0 7. Installed at the same spacing as permanent water bars unless otherwise determined necessary. 3.5.4 Backfiuling 1. Subsoil shall be placed directly onto the padding material. 2. Excavated and blast rock may be used as backfill above the layer of padding in agricultural, wetland, and residential areas, up to the level of bedrock. Size and quantity of stones in the top 30 centimeters of subsoil backfill in agricultural lands shall be consistent with undisturbed soils adjacent to the right-of-way. 3. Heavy equipment may be used to compact the backfilled ditch to minimize settling, or else a crown of soil will be put over the pipeline to compensate for any future soil settling which may occur. Openings shall be left in the trenchline crown to allow for lateral surface drainage. 4. Excess or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in accordance with applicable regulations. 3.5.5 Use or Disposal of Blast Rock 1. Excess blast rock may be used as rock walls to prevent unauthorized access to the ROW or windrowed, as approved by the Chief Inspector and in accordance with landowner agreements and license requirements. 2. Blast rock which cannot be used shall be removed from the ROW and disposed of at an approved location or buried along he ROW at locations approved by the Chief Environmental Inspector. 3.6 HYDROSTATIC TESTING Hydrostatic testing verifies the integrity of pipeline segments. Integrity is tested by capping pipeline segments with test manifolds and filling the capped segments with water. The water is then pressurized and held for approximately eight hours (four hours for pretested fabricated units and short, visible sections). Any significant loss of pressure indicates that a leak may have Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-17 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN occurred. The source of the water used for testing is typically local streams and rivers. Once the pipe is installed, hydrostatic testing will be performed in one or more segments. The potential for environmental impacts from withdrawal and discharge of test water shall be minimized by utilizing the following procedures: 1. Pipeline sections will be hydrotested before installation under major waterbodies. 2. Hydrostatic test manifolds shall be located outside of wetlands and riparian areas to the maximum extent practicable. 3. Withdrawal from and discharge to all water sources will consider the protection of fisheries resources on a case-by-case basis. 4. Fill and spill activities will be in compliance with any license or permit requirements. 5. The intake shall be screened to avoid entrainment of fish. 6. Adequate flow rates will be maintained to protect aquatic life, provide for all waterbody uses, and provide for downstream withdrawals of water by existing users. 7. The discharge pipe shall be secured in place. 8. Test water shall be discharged either to a suitable receiving body of water, across a well- vegetated area or filtered through a filter bag or erosion control barriers. Water quality standards must be maintained. 9. Water discharge into water bodies and cultivated lands will be avoided where possible. 10. Test water shall be discharged against a splash plate or other dispersive device in order to aerate, slow and disperse the flow. 11. The rate of discharge shall be controlled in order to prevent flooding or erosion. 12. The Environmental Inspector will take samples of the fill and discharge waters, and the receiving waters before and after discharge, to ensure compliance with applicable water quality standards. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-18 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 13. The Environmental Inspector will coordinate all hydrostatic test water withdrawal and discharge activities with the Chief Environmental Inspector. 3.7 RESTORATION AND REVEGETATION Restoration and revegetation of the pipeline ROW includes permanent erosion and sediment control measures. However, in the event that final restoration cannot occur immediately, temporary erosion and sediment control measures will be employed until the weather is suitable for final cleanup. This section covers restoration and revegetation procedures for upland areas. Procedures for agricultural areas, wetlands and waterbodies are contained in Section 4.10.3, Section 4.11.2 and Section 4.12.2 of this EMP, respectively. 3.7.1 Temporary Erosion Control 1. Initiate stabilization measures as soon as practicable on those portions of the ROW where activities have temporarily or permanently ceased. 2. In the event that construction is completed well in advance of the seeding season for perennial vegetation, all areas adjacent to waterbodies shall be mulched on either side of the waterbody, as directed by the Environmental Inspector. 3. Ferdlize temporary plantings in accordance with the recommendations of soil conservation consultants. 3.7.2 Permanent Restoration Measures Permanent restoration and revegetation measures serve to control erosion and sedimentation by establishing a vegetative cover which protects the soil, and by using mechanical structures which can divert or slow runoff and trap sediment. 1. Final grading shall be completed as soon as practical after the ditch is backfilled, weather permitting, except as approved by the Environmental Inspector. 2. Rock which cannot be windrowed, buried, or exceeds that of the surrounding terrain shall be removed or used for ROW stabilization as specified by the Environmental Inspector. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-19 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3. All construction debris shall be removed from the ROW, and the ROW shall be graded to restor the original contour as much as possible. 4. Where trench compaction has not been done, the ROW shall be graded to pre-construction contours, as practical, with a small crown of soil left over the ditch to compensate for settling, but not to interfere with natural drainage. 5. Where topsoil has been segregated, the topsoil shall be spread back along the ditch line in an even layer. 6. All fences which were cut and replaced by gaps during construction shall be repaired to at minimum the equivalent preconstruction conditions. 3.7.3 Permanent Water Bars (Figure 4) 1. Permanent water bars/terraces shall be constructed after final grading and prior to seeding according to the revegetation plan. 2. Where adjacent area is sloped, permanent water bars will be constructed to replace temporary erosion control barriers at road, waterbody and wetland crossings. 3. Soil will be slightly excavated and compacted to form a channel with an adjacent downslope berm or ridge of compacted soil. 4. The berm shall be broad and gradual to permit traffic to move over it safely without easily destroying it. 3.7.4 Contour Wattling (Figure 5) 1. The ideal plant materials for wattling are those that: (1) root easily; (2) are long, straight, and flexible; and (3) are in plentiful supply near the job site. 2. Wattling bundles should be cigar shaped, approximately 20-25 cm in diameter, a minimum of 1 meter in length, and placed in shallow trenches dug perpendicular to the slope. 3. Stakes should be placed on downslope of trenches in a manner which anchors the bundles to the slope. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-20 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.7.5 Revegetation and Seeding 1. The ROW will be seeded and fertilized in the sandy Aeolic plain near the San Miguel River with appropriate seed mixes and seeding dates. 2. Slopes steeper than 3:1 shall be seeded immediately after final grading in accordance with recommended procedures and seeding dates, weather permitting. 3. The seed shall be applied uniformly over the area and covered approximately 1 to 2.5 centimeters deep, depending on seed size. A seed drill equipped with a cultipacker (rastra) is preferred, but broadcast or hydro-seeding can be used at double the reconunended seeding rates. Where broadcast seeding is used, the seedbed shall be firmed with a cultipacker or roller after seeding. 4. Where broadcast or hydro-seeding is to be done, the seedbed will be scarified to ensure sites for seeds to lodge and germinate. 5. Where hand broadcast seeding is used, the seed shall be applied at one-half the rate in each of two separate passes. The passes will be made perpendicular to each other to ensure complete and uniform coverage. 6. The seedbed will be prepared using appropriate equipment to provide a firm, smooth seedbed. 7. If seeding cannot be done within the recommended seeding dates, temporary erosion and sediment controls shall be used and seeding of permanent cover shall be done at the beginning of the next seeding season. 8. Other alternative seed mixes specifically requested by the landowner or land-managing agency may be used. 3.7.6 Mulching Mulching assists in controlling erosion by: decreasing the impact of rainfall on soil surface; reducing runoff, holding seed, lime and fertilizer in place; reducing loss of soil moisture by evaporation; and moderating soil temperature. Mulching should be used as needed to assist in controlling erosion and assisting in establishing revegatative cover. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-21 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Mulch should not be used in wetlands, on lawns, in agricultural (crop) areas, and areas where hydro-mulch is used. In steep slopes, mulch may be anchored with a netting made of jute or similar materials (Figure 6). 3.8 SAFETY 1. Temporary safety fences shall be erected at ROW crossings where necessary, to maintain a safe workplace. 2. The length of time the ditch is left open shall be minimized as much as practical. 3. Unauthorized vehicular use shall be prevented on the access roads. 3.9 ACCESS ROADS 1. Access roads may require side ditches and water bars or terraces to provide drainage. If side ditches are required, they shall be excavated parallel to the road in such a way to channel runoff away from the road. 2. The access roads will be restored to pre-construction conditions or better unless specified by the landowner. 3. If subsoils are unstable, corduroy paths (log, rip-rap or timber matting) may be needed. These materials will be removed during clean-up. 4. Only approved access roads will be used. 4.0 SPECLALIZED CONSTRUCTION Specialized construction techniques will be used in certain areas along the pipeline route. Specialized construction methods will be used only as required. These methods are described below. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental impact Study September 1, 1996 B-22 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.1 BLASTING Installing the pipe may require blasting in some areas, such as those with rock outcrops. During blasting, contractors will take precautions to minimize damage to adjacent areas and structures. These precautions include: 1. Installing blasting mats in congested areas, in shallow waterbodies, or near structures that could be damaged by fly-rock; 2. posting warning signals, flags, and barricades; 3. following procedures for safe storage, handling, loading, firing, and disposal of explosive materials in accordance with country regulations; and 4. manming adjacent pipelines at valves for emergency response. Blasting standards will meet or exceed all applicable governmental requirements covering the use of explosives. Excessive vibration can be controlled by limiting the size of charges and by using charge delays, which stagger each charge in a series of explosions. If the Contractor has to blast near buildings, a qualified independent contractor will inspect potentially affected structures prior to blasting, either at the pipeline contractor's request or at the request of the affected landowner. Post-blast inspections by the company's representative will also be performed as warranted. All blasting will be performed by registered blasters. During blasting, the Contractor will monitor ground vibrations at the nearest structure (or well) that is within 60 meters of the blast site, or in accordance with regulations. If the Contractor has to blast near wells, all wells in potentially affected areas will be inventoried prior to construction. In addition, all wells will be inspected both before and after blasting. Where blasting occurs in wetlands, topsoil along the ditchline will be segregated prior to blasting. Rock removed from the trench will be stored with subsoil material. In order to limit the equipment operating in wetlands and avoid the need to import replacement fill, rock will not be removed from the wetland but will be returned to the trench as subsoil. Surface rock should not exceed pre-constmction conditions as directed by the Environmental Inspector. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-23 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 0 4.2 THE TWO-TONE APPROACH When working in areas with homogeneous topography, the surface of the working side of the ROW is usually leveled at a grade equal to the elevation of the top of the ditch. This facilitates the safe passage of equipment and installation of the pipe. Where the pipeline crosses rugged topography, however, such as steep side slopes, contractors often construct the working side of the ROW such that it has two levels, or tones, that parallel the ditch. The tone closest to the ditch is used for construction, while the tone farthest from the ditch is used for travel. The height of the construction tone is usually as close to the height of the ditch as possible. The elevation of the travel tone will be higher or lower than the height of the construction tone, depending on the area's natural grade. The two-tone approach reduces the amount of dirt and rock that must be moved. 4.3 DRAG SECTIONS Drag sections are used when trying to reduce the space necessary to work in a given location. Drag sections are multiple joint sections of pipe which have been pre-assembled (bent, welded, x- rayed, coated, etc.) in a staging area near, but not adjacent to, the ditch where it will eventually be placed. Drag sections are used for road crossings, waterbody and wetland crossings, residential areas and other locations. This technique is used when there is insufficient room to assemble the pipe in place or where the obstruction of having the pipe sitting along the ditch for a long period of time, such as a road crossing, is unacceptable. This technique is limited to a length of several joints which, can be picked up and carried (it is not dragged) as one piece into place by the available equipment. 4.4 STOVEPIPE Stovepipe construction is often used in congested areas where there is extremely limited work space. This method entails welding together sections of pipe, lowering-in and immediately backfilling the ditch. Simultaneously, the pipeline ditch ahead is being excavated. Only tie-in points will be left excavated during non-working hours and will be fenced and secured. Stovepipe construction can significantly reduce the amount of land disturbed while reducing the length of time the ditch is left open. However, this method typically progresses more slowly than normal construction methods. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report 0 Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-24 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.5 RESIDENTIAL AREA CONSTRUCTION The care exercised by construction crews and the quality of cleanup following construction are paramount concerns of homeowners. The Contractor will make every effort to ensure that all construction activities minimize any adverse impacts to residences and that cleanup is quick and thorough. Throughout construction, access to homes will be maintained except for the brief periods essential for laying the new pipeline. Temporary safety fences may be erected by the Contractor in the vicinity of streets and homes to keep the public away from the construction zone. Techniques such as stovepipe and drag section construction may be used in order to minimize the impacts of construction in residential areas on a site-specific basis. Homeowners will be notified in advance of any scheduled disruption of household utilities, and the duration of the interruption will be kept as brief as possible. Representatives of local utility companies will be on-site during construction when necessary. In addition, the Contractor should strive to accommodate any special concerns regarding shrubs, trees, or structures by avoiding them, as long as such avoidances will not unduly interfere with construction and operation of the pipeline. Immediately after backfilling, residential areas will be cleaned up and all construction debris will be removed. 4.6 BORING Boring entails drilling a hole below travel arteries, such as highways and railroads through which the pipe will pass. This method may be used in sensitive areas where the artery cannot be crossed by conventional open cut methods. Tumneling may be acceptable in some areas. 4.7 JACKING Jacldng is similar to boring except that an open-ended casing is forced, or jacked through the earth below the artery. Soils are then removed from the casing. The remainder of the installation procedure is identical to that described for boring. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-25 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN 4.8 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING Directional drilling requires the drilling of a small diameter hole, or pilot hole, along a predetermined design path. The pilot hole is then enlarged sufficiently to accommodate the pipeline to be installed. The pipeline may or may not be installed concurrently with the hole enlargement depending upon the fnal diameter of the enlarged hole and the soil conditions encountered. The following conditions also apply to directional drilling: 1. Excavation of the drill entry and exit locations will be necessary to contain drilling fluids during all phases of the installation. These fluids and cuttings must be disposed of in an approved manner periodically or at the completion of the crossing installation. 2. The crossing length and cross sectional geometry is dependent upon the pipeline design parameters, the obstacle to be crossed, and the subsurface conditions. 3. Additional temporary work space, including pipe staging areas and storage areas for drilling mud and borehole cuttings, will be located in upland areas outside of wetlands and rparian zones wherever practicable. This method requires a large amount of additional temporary work space and is only used in areas where boring and conventional open cut methods are not suitable. 4.9 EQUIPMENT CROSSOVERS In an equipment crossover, the working side of the ROW is temporarily shifted to the other side of the ROW. Equipment crossovers are used to reduce impacts to sensitive areas such as residential, wetlands, and archaeological sites. The use of equipment crossovers will be reserved for extreme circumstances because of the requirements for the construction equipment to work backwards. 4.10 AGRICULTURAL AREA CONSTRUCTION (Figure 7) Agricultural areas include crops, orchards, and vineyards. Prior to construction, landowners will be contacted to locate any existing and determine future locations of drainage tiles and irrigation systems. Water flow in crop irrigation systems will be maintained unless shutoff is coordinated with the affected parties. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-26 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN Wetlands and waterbodies in agricultural areas shall be crossed as specified in Section 4.11 and Section 4.12 of this EMP, respectively. At a minimum, the following measures will be adopted in actively farmed areas affected by project construction: 4.10.1 Grading 1. Prior to grading, the Enviromnental Inspector will determine the depth of topsoil to be stripped and segregated and enter the information into a field book for future reference. The depth to which the topsoil will be stripped will be to its actual depth or to a maximum depth of approximately 30 centimeters. 2. Natural flow patterns of fields will be maintained by providing breaks in topsoil and subsoil stockpiles. 3. In all actively cultivated agricultural lands, which includes permanent or rotated cropland, hayfields, or improved pastures, topsoil stripping over the ditch line shall be used. Additional temporary work space will be used for topsoil storage in agricultural areas. 4.10.2 Ditching\Lowering\Backfilling 1. It is necessary to maintain flow in the drainage system during construction. 2. All drainage systems shall be probed to determine if damage has occurred. All tiles damaged during construction shall be flagged by the trench inspector, then repaired to its original or better condition. 3. Records of drainage system repairs shall be kept and given to the landowner for future reference upon request. 4.10.3 Restoration and Revegetation 1. Final grading shall be completed as soon as possible after the ditch is backfilled, weather permitting. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-27 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2. Construction debris shall be removed from the ROW. 3. Any rutting or compaction shall be repaired prior to revegetating disturbed areas. 4. The ROW shall be graded to pre-construction contours, except where original contours were irregular and more uniform contours may be acceptable. 5. Subsoil compaction shall be relieved using a harrow, paraplow, paratill or other equipment. All stones greater than those in adjacent undisturbed soils which are brought to the surface during the decompaction process shall be removed. Decompaction activities shall be conducted only during periods of relatively low soil moisture to ensure the desired mitigation and prevent additional subsurface compaction. The subsoil shall be decompacted prior to replacement of the segregated topsoil. 6. Topsoil shall be replaced last. Soils shall be crowned along the ditchline to allow for settling, unless otherwise directed by the Chief Environmental Inspector. Openings shall be left in the ditch line crown to allow lateral surface drainage. 7. Size and quantity of stones in the top 30 centimeters of subsoil backfill in agricultural lands shall be consistent with undisturbed soils adjacent to the right-of-way. 4.11 WETLAND CROSSINGS 4.11.1 General Measures Potential adverse impacts to wetlands will be minimized by: 1. Expediting construction in and around wetlands, and limiting the amount of equipment and mainline construction activities within wetlands to reduce disturbances of wetland soils; 2. Restoring wetlands to their original configurations and contours; 3. Stabilizing upland areas near wetLands as required to prevent erosion using control measures and vegetative cover as soon as possible after backfilling; and 4. Inspecting the ROW periodically during and after construction, and repairing any erosion control or restoration features as needed in a timely manner. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-28 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 0 4.11.2 Additional Work Space Areas The size of staging areas at wetland crossings will be limited to the space necessary for fabricating only those pipe segments required for the crossing. Other additional work spaces, such as additional spoil storage areas, at wetland crossings will also be limited to the size necessary to perform their function. All additional work space areas will be located at least 10 meters from the edge of the wetland where topographic conditions permit. The wetlands and setbacks will be clearly marked prior to the start of construction. To avoid contaminants entering the wetland, the Contractor will follow the spill prevention measures described in Section 5.0 of this EMP. Hazardous materials, chemicals, fuels or lubricating oils will not be stored nor will concrete coating activities (excluding field joints) be performed within 15 meters of any water body. If field joints are concrete coated within 15 meters of a wetland, protective ground coverings will be used in the area of the coating operation. In addition, construction equipment will typically not be refueled or serviced within 15 meters of all wetlands. If the equipment cannot be reasonably moved 15 meters or more away from the wetland without unnecessarily harming the environment, or the equipment being fueled or serviced is mounted on a barge, Contractors will complete such activities in accordance with the measures specified in Section 5.0 of this EMP and supervised by on-site Environmental Inspectors. . 4.11.3 Spoil Pile Placement/Control Spoil placed up-gradient of wetlands will be contained with sediment control devices as necessary to prevent spoil materials from flowing into wetlands or off of the ROW. 4.11.4 Wetland Crossing Procedures Unless a site-specific method is recommended, on of the following four methods will be used for crossing wetlands during construction. The four wetland crossing methods are: Method I: Standard Pipeline Construction Method Method II: Conventional Wetland Construction Method Method III: Push/Pull Wetland Construction Method Method IV: Other (Site-Specific concerns) This section discusses Methods I, II and El[ which are based on standard wetland pipeline construction practices. The proposed method of crossing each wetland will be determined in the field based on the site conditions found in the field at the time of construction. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-29 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.11.4.1 Method I: Standard Pipeline Construction The Standard Pipeline Construction, Wetland Method I, can be used in wetlands where soils are dry enough at the time of construction to support equipment. Thus, this method is typically used when rainfall is at a minimum and the water table is lowest. This crossing method requires the segregation of topsoil from subsoil. Specific mitigative measures which will be employed when using this method are as follows. Clearing 1. This method requires no special stabilization techniques because conditions can support construction equipment. 2. No equipment with rubber tires will be allowed to work in wetlands unless the equipment will not damage existing root systems and its use is approved by the Chief Environmental Inspector. Hydroaxe and bulldozers will be used to remove timber, trees or brush. 3. All timber and brush will be removed from the wetland. . 4. Debris and stumps will not be buried within wetlands, but may be buried in the ROW outside of wetlands. 5. Contractors will not cut trees located outside of the ROW. 6. The Environmental Inspector will photo document areas before and after clearing for use in later revegetation/restoration. Grading 1 . Extensive grading will normally be unnecessary because the topography of most wetlands is level. Grading will be limited to the areas directly over the trenchline, except where topography, such as side slopes, requires additional grading for safety reasons. Where grading is required, topsoil will be segregated and returned as an even layer to all graded areas. 2. Grading along waterbodies within wetlands will be done according to requirements specified in Section 4.12. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-30 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Trenching 1. The wetland topsoil, to a depth determined by the Environmental Inspector up to a maximum of 30 centimeters, will be stripped from over the ditchline and stockpiled separately from subsoil for later restoration of the ROW. 2. Following segregation of the topsoil, the remainder of the ditch will be excavated so that the pipe will have a minimum of approximately 1 meter of cover unless otherwise specified. 3. Where rock has been removed from the ditch, it will be stored with subsoil material. 4. Spoil will be contained with filter fabric fences or other sediment barriers to prevent the spoil from flowing off of the ROW or into waterbodies. Lowering-in\Backfilling 1. The trench will be backflled with subsoil first. After the subsoil has been rough graded, topsoil will be replaced in an even layer. The topsoil contains seeds, rhizomes and other plant propagules which will aid rapid recolonization by indigenous wetland species. 2. Because wetland soils are generally soft, and the pipe is concrete coated to provide negative buoyancy, pipeline padding is usually unmecessary. 3. The trench will be dewatered as needed and in accordance with erosion and sediment control specifications detailed in Section 3.5. 4. Any additional spoil material imported from off the ROW must be approved by the Environmental Inspector. 5. In order to limit the equipment operating in wetlands and avoid the need to import replacement fill, rock excavated from the trench will not be removed from the wetland but will be returned to the trench with the subsoil. 6. Where rock (boulders, etc) was part of the surface features prior to construction of the pipeline, rock will be placed back in the wetland in approximately the same configuration as had been the pre-construction situation. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-31 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7. Permanent trench plugs shall be installed at both ends of the wetland where drainage of the wetland along the pipeline trench may occur. Cleanup/Restoration 1. All work mats, timber rip-rap and other construction debris shall be removed following backfilling of the pipeline. 2. Once backfilling is complete, the affected areas will be restored to their original contours and flow regimes to the extent practicable, with the exceptions of unnatural features and unstable grades. 4.11.4.2 Method II: Conventional Wetland Construction (Figure 8) Conventional Wetland Construction, Wetland Method II, will be used for crossing wetlands with saturated soils or soils otherwise unable to support mainline construction equipment. Because the soils are saturated, there is a need to stabilize the ROW during construction. Method II addresses this need for stabilization. The following mitigation measures will be used when constructing by this method: Clearing 1. The ROW will be stabilized by the use of: timber rip-rap (corduroy roads), fabricated timber mats or gravel over geotextile fabric. 2. Contractors will not use soil, rockfill, pulled tree stumps or slash rip-rap to stabilize the travel lane. 3. No equipment with rubber tires will be allowed to work in wetlands unless the equipment will not damage existing root systems and its use is approved by the Chief Environmental Inspector. 4. All timber and brush will be removed from the wetland. 5. Debris and stumps will not be buried within wetlands, but may be buried in the ROW outside of wetlands where permitted. 6. Contractors will not cut trees located outside of the ROW. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-32 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN Grading 1. Because of the construction constraints associated with saturated wetland soils, and because of the level nature of these wetlands, grading will most likely not be required. Should grading be necessary, it will be limited to the areas directly over the trenchline, except where topography requires additional grading for safety reasons. Where grading is required, topsoil will be segregated and returned as an even layer to all graded areas. 2. Grading along waterbodies within wetlands will be done according to requirements specified in Section 4.12.2.1 of this EMP. Trenching 1. The wetland topsoil, to a depth determined by the Environmental Inspector up to a maximum of 30 centimeters, will be stripped from over the ditchline and stockpiled separately from subsoil removed during trenching except where standing water is present. 2. Following segregation of the topsoil, the remainder of the ditch will be excavated so that the pipe will have a minimum of 1 meter of cover unless otherwise specified. . 3. Where rock has been removed from the ditch, it will be stored with subsoil material. 4. Spoil will be contained with filter fabric fences or other sediment barriers to prevent the spoil from flowing off of the ROW or into waterbodies. Lowering-in\Backfilling 1. The trench will be backfilled with subsoil first. After the subsoil has been rough graded, topsoil will be replaced in an even layer. The topsoil contains seeds, rhizomes and other plant propagules which will aid in the rapid recolonization by indigenous wetland species. 2. Because wetland soils are generally soft, and the pipe is concrete coated to provide negative buoyancy, pipeline padding is usually unnecessary. 3. The trench will be dewatered as needed and in accordance with erosion and sediment control specifications detailed in Section 3.5. 4. Any additional spoil material imported from off the ROW must be approved by the Environmental Inspector. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-33 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN 5. In order to limit the equipment operating in wetlands and avoid the need to import replacement fill, rock excavated from the trench will not be removed from the wetland but will be returned to the trench as subsoil. 6. Where rock (boulders, etc) was part of the surface features prior to construction of the pipeline, rock will be placed back in the wetland in approximately the same configuration as had been the pre-construction situation. 7. Permanent trench plugs shall be installed at both ends of the wetland where drainage of the wetland along the pipeline trench may occur. Cleanup/Restoration 1. All work mats, timber rip-rap, and other construction debris shall be removed following backfilling of the pipeline. 2. Once backfilling is complete, Contractors will restore the affected area's original contours and flow regimes to the extent practicable, with the exceptions of unnatural features and unstable grades. 4.11.4.3 Method m: Push/Pull Wetland Construction (Figure 9) Push/Pull Wetland Construction, Wetland Method III, entails pushing or pulling a floating section of pre-assembled pipe into position over an inundated trench. The floats are removed and the concrete-coated pipe sinks into the trench. The section of pipeline to be floated into place must be straight or nearly straight to be able to float within the confines of the excavated ditch. This method should be used in large wetland areas where water levels are high enough at the time of construction to float the pipeline into the trench and where such levels can be maintained without damming. Through the use of this crossing method, impacts to the wetland are minimized. The Push/Pull Method requires less clearing than Methods I and II because construction space is only required to allow the backhoe to traverse the wetland and to stockpile excavated soil. Although all equipment will be allowed to pass through wetlands as necessary, only equipment needed to clear, excavate, and backfill will be permitted to work in the wetland area. Also, because the pipe will be assembled outside the wetland, this technique will not require work space adjacent to the trench to operate sidebooms. Additional work space may be needed adjacent to the wetland boundaries for pipe fabrication. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-34 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The following impact minization measures will be followed when using the Push/Pull Method of construction: Clearing 1. Clearing within the wetland will be minimized. (The width cleared will be limited to only that necessary to install the pipeline.) 2. Trees and brush will be cleared using low ground pressure or pontoon mounted equipment, or with equipment supported by timber work mats. 3. No equipment with rubber tires will be allowed to work in wetlands. 4. All timber and brush will be removed from the wetland. 5. Debris and stumps will not be buried within wetlands, but may be buried in the ROW outside of wetlands where permitted. 6. Trees located outside of the ROW shall not be cut. 7. The Environmental Inspector will photo document areas before and after clearing. Grading 1. Grading in inundated wetlands will be held to a minimum and generally will not be necessary due to the typically level topography and the absence of rock outcrops in such areas. Trenching 1. Amphibious excavators (pontoon mounted backhoes) or tracked backhoes (supported by fabricated timber work mats or floats) will be used to dig trenches. 2. If fabricated timber work mats are used for stabilization, the backhoe will gradually move across the wetland by moving the mat from immediately behind to the front of the backhoe's path. This "leap frog" process minimizes impact to the wetland by distributing the weight of the backhoe, reducing the number of passes through the wetland, and minimizing the area covered by timber mats at any given time. Amphibious excavators and floats are self-supporting and do not require the use of timber mats. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviroumental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-35 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3. The wetland topsoil, to a depth determined by the Environmental Inspector up to a maximum of 30 centimeters, will be stripped from over the ditchline and stockpiled separately from subsoil removed during trenching except in submerged areas unless determined by the Environmental Inspector that segregation is not feasible. 4. Following segregation of the topsoil, the remainder of the ditch will be excavated so that the pipe will have a minimum of approximately 1 meter of cover unless otherwise specified. 5. Where rock has been removed from the ditch, it will be stored with the subsoil material. Lowering-in 1. Each pipeline section will be floated and pushed/pulled through the trench in the wetland. Once the appropriate location is reached, the floats will be released and the concrete-coated pipe will be allowed to sink to the bottom of the trench. Backfilling 1. Backfilling (with backhoe or amphibious excavator) and obtaining final elevations will be done in one pass. Original excavated material will be used to backfill the trench. 2. Wherever topsoil and subsoil have been segregated, the trench will be baclklled with subsoil first. After the subsoil has been rough graded, topsoil will be replaced in an even layer. The topsoil contains seeds, rhizomes and other plant propagules which will aid in the rapid recolonization by indigenous wetland species. 3. Because wetland soils are generally soft, and the pipe is concrete coated to provide negative buoyancy, pipeline padding is usually unnecessary. 4. The trench will be dewatered as needed and in accordance with erosion and sediment control specifications detailed in Section 3.5. 5. Permanent trench plugs shall be installed at both ends of the wetland where drainage of the wetland along the pipeline trench may occur. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-36 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Cleanup/Restoration 1. All work mats, timber rip-rap, and other construction debris shall be removed following backfilling of the pipeline. 2. Once backfilling is complete, the affected area's original contours and flow regimes will be restored to the extent practicable, with the exceptions of unnatural features and unstable grades. 4.12 WATERBODY CROSSINGS 4.12.1 General Measures Contractors shall protect and miniiize potential adverse impacts to waterbodies by: 1. Expediting construction and limiting the amount of equipment and mainline construction activities within waterbodies to minimize disturbances to streambeds and adjacent soils, thereby minimizing the amount of suspended sediments attributable to the project; . 2. Reducing clearing, leaving in place as many trees as possible on stream banks; 3. Constructing waterbody crossings as perpendicular to the axis of the waterbody channel as engineering and routing conditions allow; 4. Maintaining ambient downstream flow rates; 5. Removing all material and structures related to construction from each waterbody bed after construction; 6. Restoring stream channels and bottoms to their original configurations and contours; 7. Permanently stabilizing stream banks and adjacent upland areas using erosion control measures and vegetative cover as soon as possible after construction; and 8. Inspecting ROWs periodically during and after construction and repairing any erosion controls and/or performing restoration, as needed, in a timely manner. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report 0 Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-37 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.12.2 General Procedures The following general conditions apply to all waterbody crossings: Schedule Construction across waterbodies should be completed in the shortest amount of time possible to minimize the duration of potential adverse impacts. Installing pipe and backfilling of waterbody crossings should be completed in the shortest time possible unless site conditions prohibit the completion, or in the case that blasting is required. If site-specific physical conditions make these time restrictions impractical, then a site-specific plan should be developed. Additional Work Space Areas Construction staging areas for waterbody crossings will be as small as possible while still allowing for prefabrication of pipe segments that will cross the waterbody. Other additional work spaces, such as additional spoil storage areas, at waterbody crossings will also be limited to the size necessary to perform the required function. All additional work space areas will be located approximately 10 meters from the stream banks, where topographic conditions permit. To minimize the potential for contaminants entering the waterbody, Contractors will follow the spill prevention measures described in Section 5.0. Hazardous materials, chemicals, fuels, or lubricating oils will not be stored nor will concrete coating activities be performed within 15 meters of stream banks. In addition, construction equipment will not be refueled or serviced within 15 meters of stream banks in most cases. If the equipment cannot be reasonably moved 15 or more meters away from the stream banks, without unnecessarily harming the environment, or the equipment being fueled or serviced is mounted on a barge, such activities will be performed according to spill prevention measures described in Section 5.0. Spoil Pile Placement/Control Trench spoil will be stored at least 3 meters back from stream banks at waterbody crossings, where possible. Spoil placed up-gradient of stream banks will be contained with sediment control devices to prevent spoil materials from flowing into waterbodies or off of the ROW. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-38 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Equipment Crossings Construction of equipment crossings, will occur during the clearing or grading process. Protective measures will include the use of timber mats laid adjacent to and across streambeds if banks are high enough, flume pipes covered by fill material or portable bridges approved by the Environmental Inspector. The size and number of the flume pipes will be sufficient for maximum anticipated flows. If fill for equipment crossings includes soil or other material which could erode into the waterbody, sandbags will be used on both sides of the crossing. Sandbags will be placed in the waterbody, at the upstream and downstream ends of the crossing, to stabilize and seal any flume pipes used. To prevent erosion, sandbags will be placed high enough along both sides of the equipment crossing to contain the fill material during construction. 4.12.3 Waterbody Crossing Procedures The methods applied to waterbodies are: Method I: Wet Crossings - intermittent streams - non-sensitive, perennial streams Method II: Other (Site-Specific Crossings) - waterbodies that can not be crossed by Method I or Method II - rivers, ponds and lakes This section discusses Method I which is based upon standard waterbody pipeline construction practices. The proposed method of crossing each waterbody will be determined in the field based on conditions found in the field at the time of construction. 4.12.3.1 Method I: Wet Crossings (Figure 10) Clearing/Grading 1. Clearing crews may cross waterbodies once, prior to installing equipment crossings. Clearing crews may construct temporary crossings by using timber mats or, occasionally, logs. Temporary crossings may not be used by grading or any subsequent crews; these crews will be responsible for constructing the long term equipment crossing. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-39 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2. The construction of the equipment crossing will use one of the following: a. timber mats with or without flume(s), or b. clean fill and flume(s), or c. a Flexi-float or portable bridge. 3. Contractors will install flume pipes, as necessary, in the streambed for the equipment crossing in order to maintain the existing flow and course of the waterway. The size and number of the flume pipes will be sufficient for anticipated flows. 4. If it is likely that more than one week will pass between the time when the area is cleared and when the pipe is installed, the clearing crew may install sediment barriers at the top of the stream bank, if no vegetative strip is left. 5. Contractors will implement erosion and sedimentation controls, and bank stabilization procedures at all stream banks as described in Section 3.0. TrenchinglLowering-in/Backfflling 1. If mainline ditching crews excavate waterbody crossings, ditching, lowering-in, backfllling, and restoration will be completed within the shortest time possible. If ditching, lowering- in, backfilling, and restoration of the waterbody crossing cannot be completed in a short time frame, a site specific work plan will be developed. 2. Where blasting is required, the banks of the waterbody are to be left intact (hard plugs). If soft plugs must be installed, then the pipe installation shall be completed as soon as possible upon completion of the blasting. 3. Contractors will use a backhoe or dragline to excavate the trench across the waterbody. Equipment used to dig the trench will work from the stream banks, equipment crossings, or by straddling the trenchline where the width of the waterbody prohibits excavations solely from the banks. The depth of trench will be sufficient to allow a minimum of 1 meter of cover over the pipeline below the streambed, unless otherwise specified. 4. Where necessary, the grade of the stream banks will be reduced to form a gradual slope and soil will be pushed or pulled away from the waterbody to minimiize siltation. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-40 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN Cleanup/Restoration 1. Stream chanmels will be backfilled, re-contoured and restored immediately. 2. During restoration, flume pipes, sand bags and other material used for the waterbody crossing will be removed and the stream bottom and banks will be restored to their preconstruction contours or better to the extent practical. 3. Equipment crossings will be left in place if they are determined to be needed for access. 4. Jute thatching or other erosion control matting or material will be used to stabilize stream banks where necessary. 4.12.3.2 Method II: Other (Site-Specific Crossings) Procedures for crossing rivers, ponds and lakes which cannot be crossed by Method I will be developed on a site specific basis. 4.13 COMBINED WETLAND[WATERBODY CROSSINGS Wetlands and waterbodies are commonly found together as one ecosystem. The crossing methods used will be based on field conditions to protect both resources equally. It is essential to recognize that individual construction methods will be assigned to both the wetland(s) and the waterbody(ies) to protect the resources. For complex systems, site-specific crossing methods will be designed. 5.0 SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL PLAN Contractors are responsible for implementing and maintaining spill control measures which address actions used to prevent spills and measures which should be taken should any spills occur. 5.1 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES 5.1.1 Training The Contractor will instruct construction personnel on the operation and maintenance of construction equipment to prevent the accidental discharge or spill of fuel, oil, and lubricants. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Envirornmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-41 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Personmel will also be made aware of the pollution control laws, rules, and regulations applicable to their work. Spill prevention briefings with the construction crew will be scheduled and conducted by the Environmental Inspector at intervals frequent enough to assure adequate understanding of spill prevention measures. These briefings will highlight the following: * precautionary measures to prevent spills; * sources of spills, such as equipment failure or malfunction; * standard operating procedures in case of a spill; * equipment, materials, and supplies available for clean-up of a spill; and * a list of known spill events. 5.1.2 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance The Contractor will inspect and maintain equipment that must be fueled and/or lubricated according to a strict schedule. The Contractor will submit to the Environmental Inspector for approval written documentation of the methods used and work performed. All containers, valves, pipelines, and hoses will be examined regularly to assess their general condition. The examination will identify any signs of deterioration that could cause a spill and signs of leaks, such as accumulated fluids. All leaks will be promptly corrected and/or repaired. 5.1.3 Refueling 5.1.3.1 Refueling Operations The Contractor will assure that all equipment is refueled and lubricated within the ROW and at least 15 meters away from all waterbodies and wetlands with the following exceptions: 1. Areas such as rugged terrain or steep slopes where movement of equipment to refueling stations would cause excessive disturbance to the surface of the ROW; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-42 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMEAT PLAN 2. Areas where removing equipment from a wetland for servicing would increase adverse impacts to the wetland; 3. Construction sites where moving equipment to refueling stations from pre-fabricated equipment pads is impracticable or where there is a natural barrier from the waterbody or wetland (i.e., road or railroad); 4. Locations where the waterbody or wetland is located adjacent to a road crossing (from which the equipment can be serviced); 5. Areas where flotation equipment will be used which will be refueled at designated docking locations; and 6. Refueling of immobile equipment including, but not limited to, bending and boring machines, air compressors, padding machines, and hydro-test fill pumps. In these areas, auxiliary fuel tanks will be used to reduce the frequency of refueling operations and in no case will refueling take place within 30 meters of any known potable water wells. 5.1.3.2 Conditions The Contractor will assure that all refueling be done pursuant to the following conditions: 1. Mitigation measures and equipment will be sufficient to prevent discharged fluids from leaving the ROW or reaching wetlands or waterbodies, and be readily available for use. These will include some combination of the following: a. dikes, berms or retaining walls sufficiently impervious to contain spilled oil; b. sorbent and barrier materials in quantities detemiined by the Contractor to be sufficient to capture the largest reasonably foreseeable spill; c. disposable drums or containers suitable for holding and transporting contaminated materials; d. curbing; e. culverts, gutters, or other drainage systems; Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 EnvirorLmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-43 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN f. weirs, booms, or other barriers; g. spill diversion or retention ponds; and h. sumps and collection systems. 2- The Contractor will prepare a list of the type, quantity, and the storage location of containment and clean up equipment to be used during construction. The list will include the procedures and impact minimization measures to be used in case of a spill. 3. The Contractor will prepare a pre-job, written inventory of lubricants, fuel, and other materials which could be accidentally discharged during construction. 4. All spills will be cleaned up immediately. In no case will containment equipment be used for the storage of contaminated equipment. 5.1.4 Storage Storage containment areas will not have drains, unless such drains lead to a containment area or vessel where the entire spill can be recovered. 5.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 5.2.1 Containment Containment is the immediate priority in the case of a spill. A spill will be contained on the property or ROW if possible. 5.2.2 Clean up Clean up procedures will begin immediately after a spill is contained. In no case will contaimnent equipment be used to store contaminated material. Equipment that will be used to facilitate cleanup and minimize damage to the environment is listed in Section 5.3. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-44 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.2.3 Notifcation In case of a spill, the Contractor or utility inspector will notify the appropriate Environmental Inspector and construction supervisors. 5.2.4 Excavation and Disposal 5.2.4.1 Small Spils If the Environmental Inspector determines that a spill is small enough such that the construction crew can safely handle it, the crew will use construction equipment to containerize all spilled material, contaminated soil, and sorbent material in a manner consistent with the spilled materials' characterization. 5.2.4.2 Large Spills If the Environmental Inspector determines that a spill cannot be adequately excavated and disposed . of by the construction crew alone, the Contractor will follow procedures outlined in the Waste Management Plan. 5.2.5 Reporting The Contractor will prepare a Construction Site Spill Report form to be given to the Environmental Inspector that includes the following details of the incident: 1. the date, time and location of the occurrence; 2. a description of the material spilled; 3. the quantity spilled; 4. the circumstances that caused the spill; 5. a list of waterbodies affected or potentially affected by the spill; 6. a statement verifying whether a sheen is present; 7. the size of the affected area; 8. an estimate of the depth that the material has reached in water or on soil; 9. a determination of whether the spill will migrate off the ROW; 10. a determination of whether the spill is under control; . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report _o Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B45 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 11. a statement verifying that clean-up has begun and a description of the methods being used to clean up the spill. 5.3 CLEAN UP EQUIPMENT The Contractor will prepare a list of the type, quantity, and location of storage or containment and clean up equipment to be used on the construction site. The list will include the procedures and impact minimization measures to be used in response to a spill. The Contractor's choice of mitigation measures and equipment will be tailored to meet the characteristics of the affected terrain as well as the types and amounts of material that could potentially be spilled. 5.3.1 TERRESTRIAL CONSTRUCTION 5.3.1.1 General General equipment for spill containment and cleanup on terrestrial areas includes: 1. Sorbents including pillows, socks, and wipe sheets for contaimnent and pick up of spilled liquids; 2. Commercially available spill kits (or the functional equivalent thereof) that are self- contained and prepackaged with a large variety of sorbents for both small to large spills; 3. Structures such as gutters, culverts, and dikes for immediate spill containment, where available and appropriate; 4. Shovels, backhoes, etc, for excavating contaminated materials; 5. Sumps and collection systems; and 6. Drums, barrels, and temporary storage bags to clean up and transport contaminated materials. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-46 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.3.1.2 Fuels and Lubricating Oil Storage The potential for large spills exists wherever fuels and hydraulic fluids are stored. The Contractor will take precautions in areas where trucks carrying fuel are loaded and areas where oil barrels are loaded, and will implement special measures to prevent spills in these areas. Containment equipment will be kept close to tanks and barrels to minimiize spill response time, and will include absorbent pads or mats. The quantity and capabilities of the mats will be sufficient to capture the largest foreseeable spill, given ROW characteristics and crankcase and other fuel vessel capacities. 5.3.1.3 Routine Refueling and Maintenance Prevention is the preferred alternative for controlling common, small spills that often occur when crankcase oil is changed, hydraulic lines are repaired, and coolants are added to equipment. Absorbent pads and mats, will be placed on the ground beneath equipment before refueling and maintenance. Sorbent materials will be carried to each piece of equipment by maintenance personnel. Equipment that will be stored on site for routine refueling and maintenance includes small sorbent kits (or their functional equivalent). . 5.3.1.4 Equipment Failure Spills can result from unforeseen events such as the rupturing of fuel tanks, radiators, and hydraulic lines. Kits with the capacity of absorbing up to 20 liters of liquid can fit beneath the operator's seat on construction equipment. 5.3.2 Waterbody and Wetland Crossings For each waterbody and wetland crossed, the equipment listed below will be available in addition to that needed for terrestrial construction. This equipment will be stored close to the water or wetland to minimize response time, and will include: 1. Oil containment booms and the related equipment needed for rapid deployment, and 2. Equipment to remove oils from water, such as oleophilic and hydrophobic absorbent booms and mats, and/or mechanical skimmers. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-47 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.0 WASTE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL 6.1 SOLID WASTE Solid waste management will be implemented based on the following principles: 1. Minimize waste generation. 2. Maximize recycling and reusing. 3. Dispose waste appropriately. Appropriate disposal facilities will be provided during the construction phase. Solid waste will be collected in clearly identified receptacles located at strategic points along the pipeline route and within work camps, staging areas, and other associated facilities. Plastics, metals, or any other non-biodegradable materials brought to the work site will be discarded into appropriate containers and/or containment facilities and/or disposed of at appropriate facilities, which may include sanitary landfills at workers camps. Recycling of materials will occur whenever possible. Paper, wood and other dry refuse may be burned in a pre-constructed pit. No plastics or synthetic polymer materials will be burned. 6.2 SANITARY WASTE Extended aeration package plants or conventional septic systems will be constructed for disposal of sanitary wastes in areas of high worker concentration such as work camps. Where possible, discharge of treated effluent will be to upland areas away from water bodies. If discharge is to receiving waters, the potential for assimilation of treated effluent will be considered in selecting receiving streams. Waste water from work camps may be disposed by land application in appropriate areas. 6.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE Hazardous waste generated during the construction of the pipeline will be collected, properly contained, and transported to temporary storage areas at work camps or at designated locations along the pipeline route. Temporary storage areas will be sited away from surface waters, wetlands, and agricultural areas. Such wastes will be transported to a central location for collection and disposal. One person (or one person at each collection/disposal facility) will be responsible Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-48 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN for collecting, inventorying, and disposing of hazardous waste. The management and disposal of hazardous waste will be conducted and documented in accordance with Bolivian regulations and/or sound environmental management practices. 7.0 AIR QUALITY PROTECTION AND NOISE CONTROL 7.1 AIR QUALITY The following measures will be applied to prevent or minimize impacts to air quality. 1. All engines will be properly maintained to minimize emissions of contaminants. 2. A schedule for the operation of engines will be established to minimize, to the extent practicable, the time of operation of emission sources. 3. Detail design will consider modifications to stack height and other parameters related to the operation of the compressor stations to ensure compliance with applicable regulations. 4. If water is available, wetting will be used to minimize dust dispersion. 7.2 NOISE CONTROL Noise impacts are expected to be less than significant. Workers who are exposed to noise generators, such as compressors or heavy machinery, will be provided with hearing protection, appropriate for the noise level and time weighted exposure. 8.0 VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION 8.1 GENERAL While some direct effects on vegetation and wildlife as a result of right-of-way clearing and construction activities are unavoidable, the objectives of these measures are to minimize those impacts and to prevent secondary impacts such as increased hunting pressure. Primary goals of the vegetation and wildlife protection plan include: . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Is Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-49 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN * Protection of rare, threatened, or endangered species. * Minimization of disturbance during construction. * Avoidance of hunting pressure on protected species or important indigenous species. * Restoration of disturbed areas to extent possible to prevent long-term impacts. 8.2 SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN While no specific regulations are in place to prevent harm to species of special concern, efforts will be made to minimize disturbance to flora and fauna encountered along the pipeline corridor and in the vicinity of work camps, storage yards, and other facilities associated with the project. Such efforts include: 1. Avoiding disturbance to areas outside approved construction zones. 2. Limiting access to construction areas or associated facilities/activities. 3. Informing workers of status and protection of wildlife and penalties for infractions. 4. Providing workers with materials depicting protected species which must not be harmed or harassed. 5. Instructing workers on appropriate protocols in the event of accidental injury or mortality to wildlife. Clearing of vegetation outside construction areas will be strictly prohibited. The collection of plants or plant parts outside the construction area will be discouraged. Adherence to these rules will be emphasized during training and enforced during construction. Indigenous wildlife may be abundant in some locations. Hunting or harassing of any wildlife will not be allowed or tolerated. Possession of weapons and hunting or killing of any wildlife by workers will be grounds for immediate dismissal. Access may be limited in certain areas to minimize fiurther hunting pressure. Species of special concern likely to be encountered during construction activities include those listed in Table EMP-1. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-50 DAMES & MOORE EAWIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN If a species of special concerh is encountered, injured, or killed during construction, the Environmental Inspector must be notified immediately. No attempt should be made to move or handle such animals until the Environmental Inspector approves it. If animals are in the way of construction, they should be allowed to leave the area on their own. 9.0 ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES AND HUMAN REMAINS 9.1 CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural sites (archeological or historical) are occasionally encountered during construction. Project planning and a preliminary resource review will miniimize discoveries, but it is possible that construction may have an effect on a site. This plan will be implemented during project construction in the unlikely event of such unanticipated discoveries. 9.1.1 Identification If unidentified archeological or historical resources are discovered in spite of avoidance measures, the following steps will be undertaken: . 1. The Environmental Inspector will halt activities in the immediate area of the discovery and make reasonable efforts to avoid or minimize damage to the cultural resource. 2. The Archaeological Department of the Bolivian Ministry of Education and Culture and local authorities will be contacted by the Chief Environmental Inspector and advised of the nature of the discovery. 3. As much information as possible concerning the cultural resource, such as resource type (archaeological or architectural), location, size as well as any information on its significance, will be provided. If necessary, the Project Sponsors, in consultation with the Archaeological Departnent of the Ministry of Education and Culture, will order a technical reconnaissance to define the importance or merit of the discovery. The Chief Enviromnental Inspector will consult a qualified archaeologist and draw up a certificate that will record the discovery, and specifications and conditions of the objects encountered. Construction activities will not resume in the discovery area until approval is received from the Project Sponsors' Environmental Manager. . Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-51 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.1.2 Treatmnent If the site requires special treatnent, a mitigation plan will be prepared by the Project Sponsors in concert with the Archaeological Department of the Ministry of Education and Culture for the cultural resource discovered. Whenever feasible, preservation in place shall be preferred treatment. Historic properties may be avoided through: 1. Project design changes such as realignments and shifts in the pipeline right-of-way. 2. Shifts in the locations of the aboveground facilities. 3. Shifts in the location of construction staging areas, extra work spaces, access roads, disposal areas, or other support areas. 4. The use of temporary fencing or barricades to protect sites so that the sites will not be disturbed. Special design changes include: 1. Directional drilling or boring beneath the property; or 2. Specialized mitigation measures or construction techniques, such as matting, with a plan for monitoring effects and/or a data recovery plan; or 3. Data recovery. If data recovery is determined to be the most feasible and prudent treatment option, then the Project Sponsors will develop a data recovery plan in consultation with the Archaeological Departnent of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The Project Sponsors will make a reasonable effort to avoid any further impacts to the resource until a formal data recovery mitigation plan can be approved and implemented. Any archaeological pieces encountered will be presented to the nearest authority within jurisdiction; the authority will then remit the pieces to the Archaeological National Institute. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-52 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.2 HUMAN REMAINS The discovery and/or disturbance of human remains is a sensitive issue that must be addressed if the situation arises. It is possible that human remains could be encountered if an umrarked grave or a cemetery is impacted by construction. If human remains are discovered inadvertently or cannot be avoided, the following guidelines will be followed: 1. In the event human remains are discovered during line survey or prior to construction, the Project Sponsors will consult with local authorities or appropriate interested parties to determine which groups and/or representatives should be notified of the discovery. The Chief Environmental Inspector will notify those groups and or representatives of the nature and location of the discovery. 2. If unexpected human remains are encountered during construction, the work in that locale will be stopped immediately, and the Environmental Inspector will take steps to avoid damage to those remains, as well as to protect them, pending consultation with the local authorities and the Archaeological Department of the Ministry of Education and Culture. 3. The Chief Environmental Inspector will notify local authorities and the Archaeological Department of the Ministry of Education and Culture as soon as practical after learning about the presence of human remains. 4. If the remains are of archaeological importance, local authorities and the Archaeological Department of Ministry of Education and Culture will be asked to provide technical advice and guidance in preparing a plan for the avoidance of any further impact on the discovered human remains and/or mitigative excavation, re-interment, or a combination of these treatments, as appropriate. The Project Sponsors will implement such plan at its expense. 5. If warranted, the Project Sponsors will provide a qualified professional archaeologist to investigate the reported discovery. If necessary, alternative work areas that will avoid any further effect on the burial site will be evaluated. 6. The Project Sponsors or its agent will treat all discovered human remains with dignity and respect until they are re-interred. Any costs that accrue as a result of consultation, treatment, re-interment, etc., will be the responsibility of the Project Sponsors. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-53 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANA GEMENT PLAN 10.0 ABANDONMENT The pipeline is being constructed as part of a contract between the countries of Bolivia and Brazil for the supplies of additional natural gas to Brazil over the next twenty years. No plans for abandonment have been developed at this time. Should abandonment become necessary, standard industry accepted procedures will be followed. Such procedures typically include removal of sections of pipe where necessary due to exposure or potential conflicts with future use, and capping and abandoning in place sections of pipe where removal is not necessary. Both ends of the pipeline will be disconnected and all openings will be closed and sealed. Where the pipeline is subject to pressures or external forces such as those caused by geologic fault sites or landslides, the pipe will be filled with an inert material from the local area (if possible) and sealed. Abandonment in place is preferred as a means of limiting environmental impacts. All equipment from compressor stations will be dismantled and removed from the area. If appropriate, building structures will be assigned to alternate uses compatible with the station enviromnent. Otherwise, such structures will be demolished and their foundations will be removed to allow site restauration to preconstruction conditions to the extent possible. 11.0 COMPENSATORY MITIGATION PROGRAM In addition to the mitigating measures which will be implemented during construction and operation of the pipeline to minimize environmental impacts, a compensatory mitigation program will be provided to offset potential impacts in the vicinity of the Gran Chaco National Park. The pipeline will mark the northern boundary of the Gran Chaco National Park, and will be within the boundary of the Integrated Management Area. Secondary impacts of the pipeline may include the risk of colonization of areas in and around the park due to the establishment and maintenance of the right-of-way; however this potential is deemed low. These impacts may affect the physical environment, biological, and human environment. The Project Sponsors will make a contribution to the endowment fund for the park as an offset mitigation for direct and potential indirect impacts of the project. Revenues from the contribution will be earmarked for management of the parks in the Departnent of Santa Cruz funded through this program. Administration of the funds will be managed by the National Secretary of Natural Resources and the Environment. The project will require the establishment of water wells and generators at different locations. During detail design, provisions will be incorporated to the extent possible to ensure that these Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-54 DAMES & MOORE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN facilities are left for the continuing benefit of the neighboring communities. The additional water and energy sources will help the communities satisfy their growing needs for water and energy. Provisions will be made to compensate land owners for damages resulting from the project. During final design, a complete assessment of land ownership and agricultural areas will be made in order to carry out any necessary negotiations to compensate anticipated impacts. 12.0 COST OF THE EMP A budget will be established by the project sponsors to fund the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. The Turnkey Contractor will be responsible for implementation and QA/QC for the EMP. Costs are includd in the lump sum Turnkey Contract. All activities and costs represented in Table EMP-2 are the responsibility of the Turnkey Contractor and are included in the Turnkey price. In addition, the project sponsors will have an owners' technical staff that will include an Environmental Manager and Environmental Inspectors to audit the Contractor to ensure that QA/QC is being properly managed. -o o - Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-55 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ENIP-I LIST OF ENDENIIC, ENDANGERED, AND ECONOMICALL IMIPORTANT PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES IN THE STUDV AREA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P A T PLANTS CONIMION NANE SCENTIFIC FANIILY GROWTH FORI USES HABITAT STATUS SOURCE Cuchi, Urundel Astronium ANACARDIACEAE Tree to 20 m Timber, Forests of the Threatened, Bibliography urundeuva medicinal Cerrado, excessive subhumid- cutting humedo Chaco Guayacan Bulnesia ZIGOPHYLLACEAE Tree to 20 m Timber, Forests of the Threatened CITES, sarmientoi essential oils Chaco Bibliography Alcornoque Tabebuia aurea BIGNONIACEAE Tree to 6 m Forestry, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography medicinal savannahs of the Cerrado Ajo ajo Gallesia PHYTOLACACEAE Tree to 20 m Forestry, Forests of the Very frequent Bibliography integrifolia medicinal Cerrado, gallery forests Chaaco Curatela DILLENIACEAE Tree to 5 m Medicinal Wooded Very frequent Bibliography americana savannahs Cupesi Prosopis FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Alluvial plains in Very frequent Bibliography chilensis medicinal forests of the Chaco _ Curupau Anadenanthera FABACEAE Tree to 15 m Forestry, Tall forest of the Very frequent Bibliography colubrina medicinal Cerrado Cusi Attalea ARECACEAE Palm to 15 m Forestry, oil Forests of the Very frequent Bibliography phaleratta extraction, Cerrado .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ m edicinal Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Enviromnental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-56 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... PLSNTS CONIAION NANE FSCENIFIC |FAYILV GROWTH FORM | USES HABITAT STATUS SOURCE _____ ____ ____ N ANME Carandai Copernicia alba ARECACEAE Palm to 15 m Leaves used Marsh areas, Very frequent Bibliography for hats, trunk Bafiados, for posts, Pantanal ornamental Caparosa Victoria NYMPHACEAE Aquatic plant, Medicinal, Ponds, Pantanal Very frequent Bibliography amazonica floating leaves ornamental Coco Guazuma STERCULIACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Gallery forests Frequent Bibliography ulmifolia medicinal Guayacan Caesalpinia FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry Gallery forests Frequent, need Bibliography paraguariensis to protect Motacuchi Allagoptera ARECACEAE Stemless palm Medicinal, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography leucocalyx essential oils savannahs extracted from seeds Paraparau Jacaranda BIGNONIACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, Wooded Very frequent Bibliography cuspidifolia medicinal savannahs, forests of the Cerrado Penoco Samanea saman FABACEAE Tree to 8 m Medicinal Wooded Very frequent Bibliography savannahs Paqui6 Hymenaea FABACEAE Tree to 7 m Forestry, used Forests of the Frequent Bibliography courbaril for making Cerrado, tools Subhumid Chaco Soto Schinopsis ANACARDIACEAE Tree to 15 m Forestry, used Forests of the Frequent Bibliography brasiliensis for making Cerrado, tools Subhumid Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 57 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... PLANTS COMION NANtE SCIENTIFIC FAMILY GROWVTH FORI | USES HABITAT STATUS SOURCE Roble Amburana FABACEAE Tree to 12 m Forestry, used Forests of the Ocassional Bibliography cearensis for making Cerrado musical instruments Cacha Aspidosperma APOCYNACEAE Tree to 20 m Forestry, used Forests of the Frequent Bibliography quebracho- for tracks, Chaco blanco posts, constructions Cleitocactus CACTACEAE Columnar to 1 m Forests of the Endemic, dry Bibliography chacoanus Chaco Chaco Echinopsis CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic, dry Bibliography klingeriana Chaco Chaco Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography damsii var Chaco torulosum Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography damsii var Chaco tucavocense _ Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography griseo-pallidum Chaco Gymnocalycium CACTACEAE Globular Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography pflanzii var Chaco izozogsil . Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography chacoana Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B-58 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... PLANTS COMMA1ON NAME SCAEIFIC FAMILY GROIITH FORAI USES HABITAT STATUS SOURCE Cacha Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography ebenacantha Chaco Monvillea CACTACEAE Columnar Forests of the Endemic Chaco Bibliography _parapetiensis I_Chaco ANIMALS NIANINIALS: CONINION NANE SCIENTIFIC NAME CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Anta Tapirus terrestris CITES II Uncontrolled hunting, Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES habitat destruction, wetlands of the Chaco meat consumption and the Cerrado Pecarl Tayassu tajacu CITES II Uncontrolled hunting, Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES meat consumption wetlands of the Chaco and the Cerrado Tropero Tayassu albirostris CITES II Hunting, meat Subhumid forests, Bibliography, CITES consumption wetlands of the Chaco and the Cerrado Choco Catagonus wagneri CITES I, endemic Hunting, meat Subhumid forests, Bibliography consumption wetlands of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C h a co Urina Mazama americana Threatened Hunting, meat Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography consumption and the Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 59 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... MANINMALS: CONINION NANE SCIENTIFIC NAME CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Pejichi, Tatu carreta Priodontes maximus Threatened Habitat destruction Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco Jaguar, Tigre Panthera onca Threatened Habitat destruction, Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography uncontrolled hunting, and the Chaco fur trade Le6n, Puma Felis concolor Threatened Habitat destruction, Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography uncontrolled hunting and the Chaco Ciervo de los pantanos Blastocerus CITES I Uncontrolled hunting, Bafiados and Pantanal Bibliography, CITES dichotomus meat consumption areas Venado Ozotocerus Threatened Hunting, meat Forests of the Chaco Bibliography bezoarticus comsumption and the Cerrado Capibara, Carpincho Hydrochaeris Threatened Hunting, meat Ponds of the Pantanal Bibliography hydrochaeris consumption, fur trade and Bafhados Londra Pteronura brasiliensis CITES II, endangered Hunting, fur trade Ponds of the Pantanal, Bibliography, CITES Bafiados, and rivers Lobito de rio Lutra longicaudis CITES II, endangered Hunting, fur trade Ponds of the Pantanal, Bibliography, CITES Bafiados, and rivers Borochi Chrysocyon CITES Habitat destruction Hills and forests of the Bibliography, CITES brachiurus Cerrado and the Chaco Mono arafia Alouatta caraya CITES II Habitat destruction Subhumid-humid Bibliography, CITES forests of the Cerrado and the Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 60 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... BIRDS: COMMON NANE SCIENTIFIC NANE CATEGORY CAUSES HABITAT SOLRCE Paraba jacinta Anodorhynchus CITES I, endemic Trading, habitat Mountainous areas of Bibliography, CITES hyacinthinus destruction the Mutdn Paraba roja Ara chloroptera CITES II, need to Trading Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography, CITES protect and the Chaco Tuyuyu, Bato Jabiru mycteria Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography Bafiados Bato cabeza seca Mycteria americana Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography Bahiados Ciguefia Ciconia maguari Need to protect Habitat destruction Area of the Pantanal, Bibliography Baflados Pato negro Cairina moschata Need to protect Hunting, meat Ponds, Pantanal, and Bibliography- .________________ _________________ consumption Bafnados Pava pintada Penelope jacquacu Endangered Hunting, meat Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography consumption and the Chaco Loro hablador Amazona aestiva CITES II, to protect Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco Piyu, Nandu Rhea americana Need to protect Habitat destruction Wood savannahs of Bibliography the Cerrado Cardenal Paroaria coronata CITES II, need to Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography, CITES protect and the Chaco TucAn Ramphastos toco Threatened Commercialization Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 61 DAMES & MOORE Table 4.2 continuation... REPTILES: CONINION NANE SCIENTIFIC NANE CATEGORV . CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Peta Geochelone CITES II, threatened Hunting Forests of the Cerrado Bibliography carbonaria and the Chaco Lagarto Caiman yacare CITES II, endangered Hunting, meat Area of the Pantanal Bibliography, CITES consumption, skin and Bailados trading Iguana colorada, peni Tupinambis rufescens Threatened Hunting, meat Region of the Cerrado Bibliography consumption and the Chaco Peni Tupinambis teguixin CITES II, threatened Hunting, meat Region of the Cerrado Bibliography, CITES consumption and the Chaco Sicurf Eunectes notaeus Threatened Hunting, skin trading Region of the Pantanal Bibliography and Bafiados Boye Boa constrictor Threatened Hunting, skin trading Region of the Cerrado Bibliography and the Chaco FISHES: CONMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NANE CATEGOR' CAUSES HABITAT SOURCE Surubi Pseudoplatistoma Threatened, require Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography fasciatum management plan meat consumption Pacd Colossoma Require management Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography macropomum plan meat consumption Dorado Salminus maxillosus Require management Uncontrolled fishing, Area of the Pantanal Bibliography plan meat consumption Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 62 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ENIIP-2 SUNINIARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INMPLENIENTATION OF THE ENVIRONNIENTAL M\ANAGENIENT PROGRANI ENIP CONIPONENT MtEASURE UNIT UNIT COST NUNMBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Erosion Control, Revegetation of aeolic Plants Install plants; one-year 12 ha (120,000 m2) Total $180,000 Revegetation plains at Rio San survival guarantee Miguel includedl Environmental Inspection Plan Environmental $13,000/mo. 1 Manager (15 mos) $195,000 Inspection Manager (<) Chief Inspector ' $9,000/mo. 2 Chief Inspectors $180,000 (10 mos) Inspectors (X $7,000/mo. 4 Inspectors (9 mos) $252,000 Trucks $3,200/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $227,200 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Fuel & Maintenance $750/mo. 1 Truck (15 mos) $53,250 2 Trucks (10 mos) 4 Trucks (9 mos) Total $907,450 Compensatory National Park Rangers, facilities, Annual interest Donation to National Total $1,000,000 Mitigation Management operations, and contributed toward Endowment Fund, maintenance operational cost estimated at 10% yearly return to cover investment and l_________________ operating expenses Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B -63 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ENIP-2 SUNMIARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLENMENTATION OF Tl{E ENVIRONMENTAL NMANAGENEENT PROGRANI EMIP CONIPONENT M\EASURE UNIT UNIT COST NUNIBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPTER SECTION) Protection of Wildlife Signage and Barricade Signs & ROW $200/sign 560 $112,000 and the Right-of-Way Program Barriers & Gates $1,400/gate 82 $115,000 Total $227,000 Community Relations Water and Generator Well $80,000 4 - San Jose, Robore, $320,000 donation to the El Carmen, CABI community 4 Pumps and Other $25,000 $100,000 Total $420,000 Generator (3) $76,000 1 - San Jose $76,000 $93,000 2 - El Carmen $186,000 Total $262,000 .__________________ ____________________ Building $30,000 1 - Pail6n Total $30,000 Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 64 DAMES & MOORE TABLE ENIP-2 SUMMARY OF ESTIMtATED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH TIE INIPLEMEENTATION OF THE ENVIRONNIENTAI NMANAGENIENT PROGRArI ENIP CONIPONENT NMEASURE UNIT UNIT COST NUIMIBER OF UNITS TOTAL COST (CHAPER SECTION) Community Relations Public Education Professionals Public Education 520 hr $20,800 Program Manager at $40/hr Public Education Two for 520 hr each Trainers at $20/hr $20,800 Materials Miscellaneous supplies Enough to cover 3,000 and brochure materials people (panphlets) $20,000 Total $61,600 Public Communications Public One at $2000/mo For 2 years Total $48,000 Program Communications Officer Total Cost of Mitigation Measures: $3,136,050 (') Salary plus living expenses. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion) Final Report Project No. 12599-007-138 Environmental Impact Study September 1, 1996 B - 65 DAMES & MOORE TEMPORARY TEMPORARY WORKING SPACE NEW PERMANENT ROW WORKING SPACE PROPOSED GAS PIPELINE SPOIL BANK 4 < \ M ' . ~~~~~~~~~~~,-NATURAL GROUND (TOPSOIL SEGREAD \ \ ONLY FROM DITCHLINF IN WETLAND AREAS) e TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION RIGHT-OF-WAY AND WORKING TRAFFIC AREA BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) & D aore TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION RIGHT - OF - WAY FIGURE 1 CONSTRUCTION ROW + 9 + < ~~~WATERBODY/ / + + + + < ~~HiGHWAY/ / , "X + + + > / ~~~RAILROAD / - \ FRONT VIEW 1 Meter MIN. FENCE POSTS, DRIVEN- MIN. 40cm INTO GROUND AS SITE HEIGHT OF FILTER CONDITIONS ALLOW 60cm MIN. LEMBEDDED 1 Ocm MIN. INTO GROUND WHERE NECESSARY NOTE: FENCE SHOULD BE INSTALLED SO POSTS ARE ON THE DOWNSLOPE SIDE OF THE FABRIC. BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) * Dames & Moore FILTER FENCE CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2 SIDE VIEW CROSS SECTION GRADED RIGHT-OF-WAY j SANDBAGS -- , -BOTTOM /- OFDITCH MIN. 3 SACKS WIDE END VIEW CROSS SECTION FCROWN OVER DITCH FILL....L... _ RESTORED GRADE EXCEPT WHERE COMPACTION HAS BEEN ACHIEVED SANDBAGS NOTE: 1. CONSTRUCT ON SLOPING TERRAIN. 2. PRIOR TO LOWERING IN PIPE REMOVE ALL DECOMPOSABLE MATERIAL AND LARGE ROCKS. 3. BREAKERS MAY BE COMPOSED OF SANDBAGS OR OTHER APPROVED MATERIAL. BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) w Dames & Moore TYPICAL TRENCH BREAKERS FIGURE 3 \0CROSS SECTION 60ca /~ EXIST. VEGETATION OR STAKED HAY/STRAW BALES/SILT FENCE NOTES: 1. INSTALL ON SLOPING TERRAIN. AS REQUIRED 2. MAINTAIN THROUGHOUT CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR AT THE END OF EACH DAY. 3. OUTLET INTO AREAS STABILIZED BY EXISTING VEGETATION OR INSTALL STAKED HAY/STRAW BALES/SILT FENCE. 4. CONTOUR TO ALLOW PASSAGE OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. 5. MINIMUM 2% LATERAL SLOPE. 6. TERRACES SHOULD BE LOCATED AT INTERVALS NOT TO EXCEED 4.5m IN VERTICAL ELEVATION. BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) tDames & Moom PERMANENT WATER BARS OR TERRACES FIGURE 4 Prepore Wattling: Cigor-shaped bundles of live brush with butts olternoting. 20-25cm dia. tied 30-40cm o.c. Species which root are prefered. 1 Stake on contour 2. Trench above stakes 1/2 dia. of bundles 3. Place bundles r- ~~~in trench 4. Add stakes through and below bundles 5. Cover wattling NOTE: Work starts at with soil, tamp bottom of cut or fill firmly and proceeds from Step l through Step 5 BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) *0 Dames & Moom CONTOUR WATTLING . FIGURE 5 STAKE TO THE SLOPE WiTH WOOD PEGS OR STAPLE PER MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATION STABILIZED FILL < //DIVERSION BERM STRAWJULCH OR EQUAL EROSION CONTRL MULC FABRIC OR EQUALO < W I M t ~~~~~~PERMANENT BiANK SB STRIEAM BANK STRAW MULCH OR EQUAL OVER SEED & FERTILIZER 1.2m 1.2m E>ROSION CONTROL P< FABRIC OX3 cmS 4p7 STA~~~~BILIZED FILL NOTE: />t~ '~U PROVIDE MINIMUM OF 15cm OF SOIL COVER OVER FIRST 30cm OF EROSION CONTROL FABRIC AS SHOWN. SLOPE SECTION BOLIVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) TYPICAL EROSION CONTROL FABRIC FIGURE 6 TEMPORARY TEMPORARY WORKING SPACE NEW PERMANENT ROW WNORKING SPACE PROPOSED GAS PIPELINE TOPSOIL V ; a~~~~~~~~~~~~N.G. TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION RIGHT-OF-WAY IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS BOUVIA TO BRAZIL GAS PIPELINE (BOLIVIAN PORTION) TYPICAL ROW IN AGRICULTURAL w Dames & MoOre AREAS - ~~~~~~~~FIGURE 7 CDNSTRUCTION ROW TCPSGIL gMATERIAL / ~~~SUBSOIL| i i ~~MATERIAL HAYBALES OR REO'D TO MAINTAIN SPOIL WITHIN \\-CORDUROY/GRAVEL/ CLEARED AREA X rvB X TIMBER MATS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ UPLAND //2///gx @ X ; ~~~~WETLAN ID \ -CLEAN GRAVEL SUBSOIL-D