Document of
The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Report No: ICR00005101
IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT
IDA GRANTS
IN THE AMOUNT OF
SDR 11.0 MILLION (US$16.8 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN
SDR 4.6 MILLION (US$7 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
SDR 7.8 MILLION (US$12 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
SDR 7.8 MILLION (US$12 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO
IDA CREDITS
IN THE AMOUNT OF
SDR 3.9 MILLION (US$6 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA
SDR 19.5 MILLION (US$30 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF NIGER
GRANT UNDER THE FOOD PRICE CRISIS RESPONSE CORE MULTI DONOR TRUST FUND
IN THE AMOUNT OF
US$5 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
JAPAN POLICY AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT (PHRD) GRANTS
IN THE AMOUNT OF
US$8 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA,
US$10 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE
US$9 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA
US$8 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D’IVOIRE
AND
ADDITIONAL CREDITS
IN THE AMOUNT OF
EURO 18.3 MILLION (US$20 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN
SDR 16.8 MILLION (US$23 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA
EURO 13.7 MILLION (US$15 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF NIGER
EURO 9.2 MILLION (US$10 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO
FOR
The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C)
June 19, 2020
Agriculture And Food Global Practice
Africa Region
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(Exchange Rate Effective April 29, 2020)
Currency Units = CFAF, Euro
CFAF 607.50= US$1
€ 0.919791= US$1
US$ 1.3713 = SDR 1
FISCAL YEAR
January 1 - December 31
Regional Vice President: Hafez M. H. Ghanem
Country Director: Deborah L. Wetzel
Global Director: Martien van Nieuwkoop
Practice Manager: Marianne Grosclaude
Task Team Leader(s): Aifa Fatimata Ndoye Niane, Erick Herman Abiassi, Amadou Ba
ICR Main Contributor: Aifa Fatimata Ndoye Niane
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AF Additional Financing
AfCFTA African Continental Free Trade Area
AfDB African Development Bank
APL Adaptable Program Lending
AU Africa Union
CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program
CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
CARGS Competitive Agricultural Research Grant Scheme(s)
CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CFAF West African CFA franc
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CORAF Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche et le Développement Agricoles
(West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development)
CSA Climate-smart agriculture
CSO Civil society organization
ECOWAP Economic Community of West African States Regional Agricultural Policy
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EFA Economic and Financial Analysis
EIRR Economic Internal Return Rate
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
EU European Union
FIRR Financial internal rate of return
FPCR-MDTF Food Price Crisis Response - Multi-Donors Trust Fund-Core
GDP Gross domestic product
GNF Guinean franc
ha Hectare
HAAFS Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
IDA International Development Association
IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
IP Innovation platform
IRI Intermediate Results Indicator
ISO International Standardization Organization
kg Kilogram
KVK Indian’s Farm Science Centre called Krishi Vigyana Kendra
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MFD Mobilizing Finance for Development
MITA Market for Agricultural Innovations and Technologies
MRU Mano River Union
mt Metric ton
NCoS National Center of Specialization
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non-governmental organization
NPV Net Present Value
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PDO Project Development Objective
PHRD Japan Policy and Human Resources Development
PMP Pest Management Plan
QPM Quality protein maize
R&D Research and development
R&E Research and extension
R&TD Research and technology development
RARC Rokupr Agricultural Research Center
RCoE Regional Center of Excellence
RCoS Regional Center of Specialization
RI Regional integration
SMEs Small and medium enterprises
SRI System of Rice Intensification
t ton
T&I Technologies and innovations
TF Trust Fund
TTL Task Team Leader
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WAAPP West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program
WASIX West Africa Seed Information Exchange
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DATA SHEET ........................................................................................................................... I
I. PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ....................................................... 1
A. CONTEXT AT APPRAISAL ......................................................................................................1
B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION (IF APPLICABLE) ....................................7
II. OUTCOME .................................................................................................................... 10
A. RELEVANCE OF PDOs ............................................................................................................ 10
B. ACHIEVEMENT OF PDOs (EFFICACY) ...................................................................................... 11
C. EFFICIENCY ........................................................................................................................... 22
D. JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING .................................................................... 23
E. OTHER OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS (IF ANY) ............................................................................ 24
III. KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME ................................ 29
A. KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION ................................................................................... 29
B. KEY FACTORS DURING IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................. 30
IV. BANK PERFORMANCE, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME .. 31
A. QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) ............................................................ 31
B. ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND FIDUCIARY COMPLIANCE ..................................................... 33
C. BANK PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................... 34
D. RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME ....................................................................................... 36
V. LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 37
ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND KEY OUTPUTS ........................................................... 42
ANNEX 2. BANK LENDING AND IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT/SUPERVISION ......................... 87
ANNEX 3. PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT ........................................................................... 90
ANNEX 4. EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 91
ANNEX 5. BORROWER, CO-FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER/STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS ... 98
ANNEX 6. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ................................................................................ 101
MAP .................................................................................................................................. 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
DATA SHEET
BASIC INFORMATION
Product Information
Project ID Project Name
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL
P122065
(WAAPP-1C)
Country Financing Instrument
Western Africa Investment Project Financing
Original EA Category Revised EA Category
Partial Assessment (B) Partial Assessment (B)
Organizations
Borrower Implementing Agency
Republic of Togo, Republic of Liberia, Republic of
Niger, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Benin, CORAF/WECARD
Republic of The Gambia, Republic of Guinea
Project Development Objective (PDO)
Original PDO
To generate and accelerate the adoption of improved technologies in the participating countries' top agricultural
commoditypriorityareas that are aligned with the sub-region's top agricultural commodity priorities, as outlined in
the ECOWAP.
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
FINANCING
Original Amount (US$) Revised Amount (US$) Actual Disbursed (US$)
World Bank Financing
12,000,000 11,973,626 11,684,446
IDA-H6520
12,000,000 11,997,678 11,698,506
IDA-H6540
16,800,000 16,730,002 16,082,715
IDA-H6510
6,000,000 5,999,843 5,896,585
IDA-48830
7,000,000 6,991,930 6,768,332
IDA-H6490
30,000,000 28,694,120 27,092,089
IDA-48770
5,000,000 4,912,993 4,912,993
TF-99557
10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000
TF-99510
8,000,000 7,998,175 7,998,175
TF-99511
9,000,000 9,000,000 9,000,000
TF-99674
8,000,000 7,780,285 7,780,285
TF-10826
15,000,000 15,000,000 13,845,075
IDA-59540
23,000,000 22,999,543 23,595,789
IDA-59530
20,000,000 20,000,000 18,085,379
IDA-59520
10,000,000 10,000,000 10,203,798
IDA-59550
Total 191,800,000 190,078,195 184,644,167
Non-World Bank Financing
0 0 0
Borrower/Recipient 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Total Project Cost 191,800,000 190,078,194 184,644,166
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
KEY DATES
Approval Effectiveness MTR Review Original Closing Actual Closing
24-Mar-2011 01-Aug-2011 30-Jun-2016 31-Dec-2019
RESTRUCTURING AND/OR ADDITIONAL FINANCING
Date(s) Amount Disbursed (US$M) Key Revisions
27-Sep-2012 9.69 Change in Loan Closing Date(s)
Change in Financing Plan
07-Oct-2014 72.77 Reallocation between Disbursement Categories
23-Dec-2014 83.10
25-May-2015 91.57 Change in Loan Closing Date(s)
18-Nov-2015 103.02 Change in Results Framework
Reallocation between Disbursement Categories
07-Dec-2015 103.40 Change in Results Framework
Reallocation between Disbursement Categories
24-May-2016 112.61 Change in Loan Closing Date(s)
01-Dec-2016 118.17 Change in Loan Closing Date(s)
08-Dec-2016 118.17 Change in Loan Closing Date(s)
11-Jan-2017 118.64 Additional Financing
KEY RATINGS
Outcome Bank Performance M&E Quality
Satisfactory Satisfactory Substantial
RATINGS OF PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN ISRs
Actual
No. Date ISR Archived DO Rating IP Rating Disbursements
(US$M)
01 20-Sep-2011 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0
02 10-Dec-2011 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.04
03 22-Oct-2012 Satisfactory Satisfactory 10.06
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
04 25-Jul-2013 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 23.81
05 06-Apr-2014 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 49.57
06 24-Dec-2014 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 83.10
07 23-Jun-2015 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 93.52
08 08-Jan-2016 Satisfactory Satisfactory 104.98
09 28-Jun-2016 Satisfactory Satisfactory 114.43
10 30-Dec-2016 Satisfactory Satisfactory 118.37
11 30-Jun-2017 Satisfactory Satisfactory 119.33
12 29-Dec-2017 Satisfactory Satisfactory 134.38
13 28-Jun-2018 Satisfactory Satisfactory 146.20
14 18-Jan-2019 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 157.91
15 02-Aug-2019 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 171.71
16 07-Feb-2020 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 184.05
SECTORS AND THEMES
Sectors
Major Sector/Sector (%)
Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry 88
Agricultural Extension, Research, and Other Support
78
Activities
Public Administration - Agriculture, Fishing & Forestry 10
Industry, Trade and Services 12
Agricultural markets, commercialization and agri-
12
business
Themes
Major Theme/ Theme (Level 2)/ Theme (Level 3) (%)
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Private Sector Development 0
Business Enabling Environment 27
Innovation and Technology Policy 27
Regional Integration 28
Finance 0
Finance for Development 5
Agriculture Finance 5
Urban and Rural Development 0
Rural Development 35
Rural Markets 5
Rural Infrastructure and service delivery 30
Environment and Natural Resource Management 0
Climate change 20
Mitigation 5
Adaptation 15
ADM STAFF
Role At Approval At ICR
Regional Vice President: Makhtar Diop Hafez M. H. Ghanem
Country Director: Rachid Benmessaoud Deborah L. Wetzel
Director: Juergen Voegele Martien Van Nieuwkoop
Practice Manager: Simeon Kacou Ehui Marianne Grosclaude
Aifa Fatimata Ndoye Niane,
Task Team Leader(s): Abdoulaye Toure Erick Herman Abiassi, Amadou
Ba
ICR Contributing Author: Aifa Fatimata Ndoye Niane
Page v of v
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
I. PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
A. CONTEXT AT APPRAISAL
Context
Sector importance, challenges, and prospects
1. Agriculture is a key economic sector in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). At
the time of appraisal for the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP-1C), about 65 percent of
the ECOWAS population lived in rural areas. Most of these people obtained a livelihood through agriculture,
which contributed 35 percent of regional gross domestic product (GDP) and over 15 percent of exports.
Agricultural production met 80 percent of domestic food needs in West Africa, and the remaining 20 percent
was met through imports. As a net importer of cereals and livestock products, West Africa was severely
affected by rising global food and fuel prices in 2008–10. Within the region, agricultural trade was limited,
and the region contributed very little to global agricultural trade, accounting for only 0.51 percent of total
global exports and 0.57 percent of total global imports in 2015 (WTO).1
2. Despite the region’s natural resource endowment, favorable agroecological conditions, and markets,
agriculture was constrained by:
i) The dominance of subsistence farming. Agricultural production was dominated by small family farms
focused on growing food crops. They marketed very little surplus, if any. These farmers had little
exposure to agricultural advisory and extension services, limited access to improved inputs and other
technology (including agricultural machinery), and few links to markets for output or finance.
ii) Weak innovation and extension systems. Public research and extension (R&E) services, built in the
1970s and 1980s with donor support, had become increasingly irrelevant to current needs in agriculture.
A decline in donor funding of more than 50 percent between 1980 and 2006 had severely curbed the
implementation of research and technology dissemination programs. The research workforce suffered
from constant attrition, and even when researchers generated technologies, mechanisms for their
dissemination and adoption were inefficient, ineffective, and constrained by weak links between
research, extension, farmers, and agribusiness.
iii) Limited regional exchange of agricultural technologies and innovations (T&I). National regulatory
frameworks for cross-border dissemination of T&I did not exist or were not aligned with ECOWAS
common regulations for genetic materials, pesticides, and agrochemicals.
iv) Limited role of the private sector. Inadequate policies and weak incentives for private investors and
entrepreneurs held back private investment in R&E and T&I, including production of new T&I at scale.
v) Inefficient government interventions. Across West Africa, government policies and programs focused
on achieving food security by providing substantial input subsidies to farmers. The lack of transparency
in subsidy programs, the poor quality of subsidized inputs, leakage, and inadequately targeted subsidies
prevented these programs from having more than a modest impact on overall agricultural productivity.
Spending on subsidies meant that investments in agricultural R&E remained low in proportion to total
1 See http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/.
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spending on agriculture by governments in West Africa.
vi) Limited intra-regional trade. Intra-regional trade remains critical for agricultural development in the
region, but links between competitive production areas and consumer markets are not strong.
vii) Gender disparities. The needs and concerns of women producers and entrepreneurs were inadequately
addressed by R&E in West Africa, despite empirical evidence on women’s critical roles in agricultural
value chains. Women consistently had limited access to T&I and advisory services.
viii) Increasing vulnerability to climate change. The rapidly changing climate has challenged agricultural
livelihoods through increased warming and more extreme temperatures, droughts, rainfall, and
flooding. Older varieties and practices did not perform well under these conditions, especially under the
water deficits arising from increasingly irregular and brief periods of rainfall.
3. Even though agriculture was burdened by these challenges, it still had greater potential to generate
wide economic growth than other economic sectors in the region. A 2008 regional baseline study by the
International Food Policy Research Institute2 highlighted the enormous potential to raise agricultural
productivity by expanding the use of yield-increasing technologies, improving processing methods, and
reducing post-harvest losses. The study estimated high potential returns (46 percent on average) to
investments in West Africa to generate and disseminate agricultural technology. It concluded that countries
sharing similar agroecological conditions would enhance the efficiency of their investments in agriculture if
they pooled their resources to solve shared problems in technology development, adoption, and diffusion.
The WAAPP emerged from the findings of this and other strategic analyses, as well as from a growing
consensus that regional cooperation was essential to strengthen food security and promote agriculture-led
growth.
Alignment with regional agricultural priorities and policies
4. Another affirmation of agriculture’s pivotal role in Africa’s economic growth was the African Union’s
(AU’s) New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). NEPAD strategic direction has six priority
themes, one of which is agriculture and food security. The Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development
Program (CAADP) was therefore created to implement NEPAD’s focus on agriculture and food security. CAADP
called upon countries to invest in technology generation and dissemination to achieve growth in agricultural
GDP of 6 percent per year and an allocation of at least 10 percent of public expenditures to the agricultural
sector to reach the Millennium Development Goals by 2020. WAAPP was fully aligned with the fourth CAADP
pillar related to agricultural research, technology dissemination, and adoption.
5. The ECOWAS member countries understood the urgent need to encourage regional integration in
agriculture. All of these countries had economies that relied on natural resources, and all were low-income
countries (except for Ghana) in which agriculture could be a strong driver of economic growth. ECOWAS
launched its regional agricultural policy (ECOWAP) and supported the formulation and implementation of
harmonized National Agricultural Investment Programs and a Regional Agricultural Investment Plan. The
overall objectives (reflected in the design of WAAPP) were to: (i) satisfy food needs of their growing and
increasingly urbanized population; (ii) promote sustainable economic growth and reduce rural poverty; and
(iii) build a strong regional agricultural market for primary and agricultural products.
2Johnson, M., R. Birner, J. Chamberlin, X. Diao, S. Fan, A. Nin-Pratt, D. Resnick, L. You, and B. Yu (2008), “Regional Strategic Alternatives for
Agriculture-led Growth and Poverty Reduction in West Africa,” ReSAKSS Working Paper 22, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
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Rationale for World Bank Support
6. The WAAPP was aligned with Pillar III of the World Bank Regional Integration Strategy for Sub-Saharan
Africa, approved in 2008 and updated in 2011. Pillar III prioritizes support for cross-country collaboration to
provide regional public goods, including promotion of agricultural productivity. The WAAPP also supported
the implementation of the Country Assistance Strategies of the participating countries and contributed to
achieving two principal objectives: (i) improving agricultural productivity and sustainability to improve food
security, reduce poverty, and contribute to economic growth; and (ii) supporting regional integration.
7. More specifically, International Development Association (IDA) support to WAAPP would assist West
African countries to attain these strategic objectives through four pathways. First, IDA support would help
countries create the enabling conditions for harmonized regulations to foster technology generation and out-
scaling. Second, it would marshal the financial and human resources to develop a sound research program for
each priority commodity within National Centers of Specialization (NCoS). Third, it would help countries share
technologies that were already available as well as those developed and released by the NCoS. Fourth, it
would scale up regional adoption of those technologies by developing common strategies to promote the use
of improved genetic materials, yield-enhancing technologies, post-harvest technologies, and best practices to
accelerate sustainable, positive change in agricultural productivity and production.
The WAAPP series
8. The WAAPP was envisioned as a two-phase, ten-year, horizontal and vertical Adaptable Program
Lending (APL), covering 13 of the 15 ECOWAS countries. Under the first phase of WAAPP, the Board approved
three series, including WAAPP-1A (Ghana, Mali, Senegal) in 2007; WAAPP-1B (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire,
Nigeria) in 2010; and WAAPP-1C (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, and
Togo) in 2011. Only WAAPP-1A went into a second phase (WAAPP-2A) following highly successful
implementation that met all of the criteria to trigger a second phase.
9. WAAPP-1C was approved by the Board on March 24, 2011. The main differences between WAAPP-1C
and its predecessors (WAAPP-1A and WAAPP-1B) are: (i) the proposed support to the Mano River Union
(MRU) countries3, which are fragile states, with a special focus on rebuilding their adaptive research and
technology transfer capacities and (ii) the fact that under Component 2, some countries would not have their
own center of specialization. Total project funding was US$190 million (Table 1); the original funding amount
was US$122 million equivalent. While a second phase of the series was not granted despite satisfactory
performance, an Additional Financing (AF) for WAAPP-1C to the Governments of Benin, Guinea, Niger, and
Togo was approved on February 3, 2017. No regional allocation was provided. During the WAAPP-1C original
financing, Guinea joined the project through the Japan Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD)
Trust Fund for a total amount of US$9 million, without IDA resources, but ultimately Guinea benefited from
the IDA AF. The West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF), which
was selected as the regional coordinating body for WAAPP by ECOWAS, received one-fifteenth of the
proceeds of each participating country’s IDA financing to support regional coordination activities and the
regional Competitive Agricultural Research Grant Scheme (CARGS).
3 Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Table 1: Sources of funding, WAAPP-1C
Source of funding Amount
(US$ million)
1. IDA allocation, including one-third from countries' national IDA and two-thirds from the regional IDA 82
2. Japan Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD) Trust Fund provided to the MRU countries (Liberia, Sierra Leone, 35
Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire†) for the development of the rice value chain
3. Additional co-financing from the Food Price Crisis Response—Multi-Donors Trust Fund-Core (FPCR-MDTF) provided to The 5
Gambia to accelerate adoption of technologies and mitigate effects of high food prices
4. Additional Financing for WAAPP 1C to the Governments of Benin, Niger, and Togo from national IDA 53
5. Additional Financing from the IDA Crisis Response Window for Guinea 15
Total 190
† Côte d’Ivoire was included in the WAAPP-1C series as part of the MRU countries that benefitted from the Japan PHRD Trust Fund. Since this participation has been
documented in the WAAPP-1B ICR, this ICR will not focus on Côte d’Ivoire.
Theory of Change (Results Chain)4
10. Like the WAAPP-1A, 1B, and 2A series, WAAPP-1C and its AF (the last series but not the least) sought
to support the eight beneficiary countries in addressing the constraints to agricultural productivity and
development discussed previously. To do so, the project activated three key drivers of change, consisting
of (i) generating, (ii) facilitating access to, and (iii) accelerating the adoption of improved technologies and
innovations. By developing common strategies to promote the use of improved T&I, WAAPP-1C was expected
to: (i) promote positive and sustainable change in agricultural productivity (particularly yield increases) that
would increase incomes, reduce periods of hunger, and improve regional food security and (ii) contribute to
agricultural regional integration. The AF was expected to achieve additional positive outcomes in the form of
improved nutrition, job creation, and higher incomes through support for private sector development. Figure
1 illustrates the theory of change (results chain) of the project.
4The PAD was prepared in February 2011, at which time a theory of change was not required; one has been developed retroactively for this ICR
based on information in the PAD and other project preparation documents.
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Figure 1: Theory of change of WAAPP-1C
(Source of information: WAAPP-1C Project Appraisal Document and WAAPP-1 Additional Financing Project Paper)
Project Development Objectives (PDOs)
11. The development objective of WAAPP-1C5 is to generate and accelerate the adoption of improved
technologies in the participating countries’ top agricultural commodity priority areas that are aligned with
the sub-region’s top agricultural commodity priorities as outlined in the ECOWAP.
Key Expected Outcomes and Outcome Indicators
12. The expected outcomes of the project were: (i) the generation, (ii) access to, and (iii) dissemination
and adoption of improved T&I within beneficiary countries and across the West Africa region to increase
agricultural productivity. Those outcomes would be achieved through: (i) the establishment of a regional
5 The PDO formulation is the same in all the Financing Agreements (schedule I) and the PAD (page 4).
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
framework enabling conditions for sub-regional cooperation in the generation, dissemination, and
adoption of agricultural technologies; (ii) the establishment of NCoS or the strengthening of adaptive
research; and (iii) the funding of technology generation, dissemination, and adoption.
13. The PDO indicators defined in the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) are appropriate to be considered
key outcomes indicators. They include: (i) the number of technologies released by the targeted NCoS with
at least 15 percent productivity increase over the control technology; (ii) area under improved technologies
disseminated under the project in the beneficiary countries; and (iii) number of producers in the
participating countries, adopting improved varieties made available under the project by beneficiary
countries.
Components
14. As specified in the PAD and the AF Project Paper, WAAPP-1C had four components, described next.
15. Component 1: Enabling Conditions for Sub-regional Cooperation in the Generation, Dissemination,
and Adoption of Agricultural Technologies (US$10.16 million of which: IDA: US$9.27 million). This
component aimed at strengthening the institutional mechanisms and procedures for generating, adapting,
disseminating, and adopting improved agricultural technologies, best practices, and tools at the national
level to allow ECOWAS member countries to benefit from those technologies within a regional framework
for technical and scientific cooperation. More specifically, Component 1 would support CORAF and
participating countries to develop and implement technical networks and to establish, prepare, and
implement at the regional and country levels: (i) communication strategies (including the networking of
knowledge management and information); (ii) strategies along with annual action plans to mainstream
climate change and gender considerations in research and development (R&D) programs; (iii) common
regulations of ECOWAS on genetic materials, agrochemicals, and fertilizers; and (iv) registration/
regulatory systems for the effective release and cataloguing of genetic materials, approval of pesticides,
and management of intellectual property. In the specific context of the MRU countries, this component
also aimed at strengthening institutional mechanisms and procedures for integrating regional rice markets
and cross-border/national dissemination of technologies.
16. Component 2: Strengthening National Centers of Specialization/Strengthening of the Research
System (US$45.11 million, of which IDA: US$29.33 million; Japan TF: US$8.68 million). As noted, unlike
WAAPP-1A and WAAPP-1B, in WAAPP-1C this component did not systematically support the establishment
of NCoS in all WAAPP-1C countries. Rather, it provided supported to strengthen the NCoS for livestock in
Niger, for maize in Benin, and for mangrove rice Sierra Leone, and to rebuild the capacity for adaptive
research and technology transfer in Guinea, Liberia, The Gambia, and Togo, with the aim of transferring
and adapting the maximum number of T&I from the sub-region. Accordingly, this component financed:
(i) capacity building for researchers, along with the facilitation of regional and international partnerships—
including backstopping from research centers in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR)—support for research exchange programs, on-the-job-training of young researchers,
and implementation of annual capacity-building plans; (ii) construction and/or rehabilitation of core
facilities (such as laboratories, buildings, and experimental fields); (iii) supply chain analyses,
benchmarking, and monitoring and impact analysis for commissioned or strategic research; and (iv) the
financing of small grants to implement research to assess available technologies originating within or
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
outside the territory of the participating country.
17. Component 3: Support to Demand-driven Technology Generation, Dissemination, and Adoption
(US$57.84 million, of which IDA: US$33.48 million; Japan PHRD TF: US$8.44 million; FPCR: US$4.64
million). This component aimed at financing priority-focused agricultural research and advisory services
within participating countries and complementing core project activities financed under Component 2.
Component 3 had three subcomponents. Subcomponent 3.1: Demand-driven technology generation
supported the strengthening and/or setting up of the institutional framework of the regional and national
CARGS, with strong buy-in from major stakeholders. Subcomponent 3.2: Support to accelerated adoption
of released technologies aimed to bridge the gap between farmers’ yields and yields obtained by
researchers by accelerating the adoption of technologies that had already been released, particularly
technologies for the six value chains identified as strategic priorities at the regional level (rice, maize,
cassava, livestock, meat, and milk). Subcomponent 3.3: Facilitating access to improved genetic material
aimed to increase the availability of and producers’ access to improved genetic material (seed, planting
material, fingerlings, and animal breeds) for the strategic value chains targeted by the WAAPP, including
rice, maize, yam and cassava, livestock, meat, milk, and aquaculture.
18. Component 4: Project Coordination, Management, and Monitoring and Evaluation (US$17.59
million, of which IDA: US$11.72 million; Japan PHRD TF: US$0.88 million; FPCR: US$0.36 million). This
component sought to establish an effective coordination, management, and monitoring and evaluation
(M&E) system for the project at the national and regional levels. Like WAAPP-1A and WAAPP-1B, WAAPP-
1C was also implemented at the regional level by CORAF as ECOWAS’ mandated implementing agency, and
at the national level by the national coordinating units (see table in annex 3).
B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION (IF APPLICABLE)
Revised PDOs and Outcome Targets
19. No changes were made to the PDO.
Revised PDO Indicators
20. The PDO indicators were revised with the AF by: (i) increasing the end-targets; (ii) combining two
indicators in one; and (iii) adding two new indicators to better capture the regional integration and
technology dissemination activities (Table 2).
Table 2: Project PDO indicators
PDO Level Results Indicators Original Revised Change
target targets (percent)
1. Direct project beneficiaries, 40% of whom are female (cumulative, 1,200,000 3,550,000 196
disaggregated by country) – Total (480,000 (1,420,000
women) women)
2. Technologies generated by the project with at least 15% productivity 15 60 300
increase over the control technology (for NCoS countries–cumulative,
disaggregated by country)
3. Area under improved technologies disseminated under the project 890,000 2,908,000 227
(cumulative, disaggregated by country)
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4. Processors/producers who have adopted at least one new improved 720,000 2,210,000 207
technology, made available by the project (cumulative, disaggregated by
country)
5. Beneficiaries who are using technology generated/released by other New 600,000
countries’ NCoS (at least 3–cumulative, disaggregated by country)
6. Producers with knowledge of technologies generated/released by the New 75
project (by country, %)
Revised Components
21. No changes were made to the components, including under the AF. Under the AF, additional
resources were added to each component (see annex 3) to finance the new activities and to scale up
ongoing activities.
Other Changes
22. Ten restructurings were undertaken of which three were combined. One was related to the AF for
Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo, and the others were related to extensions of the closing date, resource
reallocations between categories, revision of the financing percentage between sources of funding, and
revision of the results framework. These successive restructurings were as follows:
i) September 27, 2012 for (a) The Gambia with a change in the closing date of FPCR Core TF
(TF099557) from June 30, 2016 to May 31, 2015 and (b) revisions of the financing percentages of
IDA Grant (H649-GM) and the FPCR Core TF (TF099557).
ii) October 7, 2014, Guinea Japan PHRD Grant TF (TF 099674) for the reallocation of resources
between categories.
iii) November 18, 2015, (a) to align the project’s results framework with the results frameworks of the
other projects in the series (WAAPP-1B and WAAPP-2A) and (b) to reallocate funds between
disbursement categories for both IDA and Japan PHRD TF financings. With respect to the Japan
PHRD TF, the restructuring concerned only Liberia and Sierra Leone.
iv) December 1, 2016, to extend closing dates from December 31, 2016 to March 31, 20.17.
v) May 17, 2016, for no-cost extension of the closing dates from June 30, 2016 to December 31, 2016
of all the grants and credits under WAAPP-1C.
vi) January 11, 2017, for AF using only national IDA for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo. No funding was
available from the regional integration window but due to the success of the program, the
participating countries chose to channel the funding through WAAPP-IC.
23. Under the AF, the results framework was revised. In addition to the change in the PDO-level
indicators, the intermediate-level indicators were revised not only to increase the end-targets but also to
add four new intermediate results indicators on employment, private sector participation, nutrition, and
citizen engagement to cover the additional/new priorities under the AF and to measure their achievement
(Annex 1 presents the updated results framework). The geographic scope did not change, as the AF
continued to be implemented at the national level in each of the recipient countries, but the project scaled
up its activities to reach additional beneficiaries, with a focus on small-scale farmers, young entrepreneurs,
women, and agro-processors. The project also was to develop a mechanism to encourage the private sector
to invest in project activities and in the innovation platforms (IPs), mainly in the domains of commercial
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seed production and tissue culture for vegetative crops, agroprocessing, and the fabrication of mechanical
tools and processing equipment. In addition, at closing, resources were reallocated from disbursement
category 2A (goods and services) to category 1 (works) for most participating countries and from category
4 to category 2A for CORAF to complete regional coordination activities. Moreover, the closing date of the
original project was extended from March 31, 2017 to December 31, 2019 to allow implementation of the
AF activities.
Rationale for Changes and Their Implication on the Original Theory of Change
24. The rationale for change is summarized below for each successive restructuring:
i) September 27, 2012 for The Gambia, to enable the closing date of the FPCR Core TF to be at least
six months before the end disbursement date of the main donor trust fund (of May 31, 2015). As
a result of the change in closing date, the FPCR TF Grant Agreement would close earlier than the
IDA Grant, and there would be no need to revise the financing percentages.
ii) October 7, 2014, to maintain the performance of the project by moving Guinea Japan PHRD Grant
funds from categories with lower disbursement rates to categories that were overdrawn.
iii) November 18, 2015 to: (i) implement a harmonized results framework for all 13 countries involved
in the WAAPP, ensuring greater consistency in the collection of country-level results and
facilitating their aggregation at the regional level; (ii) compensate for the increased cost of some
activities (mainly with respect to rehabilitating research centers) or the cost underestimates in the
initial cost tables; and (iii) better respond to revised/new priorities of the project, including the
increased focus on capacity building for young researchers and increased operating costs resulting
from the May 2014 Ebola outbreak (in the case of Liberia and Sierra Leone).
iv) December 1, 2016, to enable the credit/grants to remain open until Board approval and
effectiveness of the AF.
v) May 17, 2016, to allow the project to fully complete its activities and thus meet the development
objective for the first phase.
vi) January 11, 2017, to process AF using national IDA resources as there was no corresponding
regional allocation but participating states channeled their national IDA allocation to WAAPP-1C
to consolidate and scale up the project’s promising achievements.
25. The AF was developed in response to strong demand from ECOWAS and the recipient countries to
consolidate the positive results of the WAAPP. The WAAPP was the flagship regional program of ECOWAS
in the agricultural sector, intended to launch a green revolution in West Africa. The ECOWAS countries
appealed to the World Bank to continue funding the program. In particular, the governments of Benin,
Guinea, Niger, and Togo agreed to allocate part of their national IDA resources to the AF and committed to
fulfilling the WAAPP agenda by supporting the continuation of project activities for three more years, given
the tremendous positive results achieved and the desire to maintain momentum.
26. Aside from being used to consolidate and scale up the achievements of the project, the AF was used
for two other purposes. As noted, it would focus on the new or emerging priority areas of youth and female
employment, private sector participation, climate change, nutrition, and citizen engagement. The AF would
also reinforce and expand the use of digital tools that the project had developed to strengthen regional
integration (a major dimension of the WAAPP) and speed the adoption of improved T&I.
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27. The plans to scale up project achievements, focus on new priorities, and strengthen the use of digital
tools under the AF had implications for the original theory of change and expected results. The AF
assumed that if the participating countries could replicate and scale up their successes, they could have a
number of development impacts: they could create more jobs for hundreds of thousands of young
entrepreneurs, improve nutritional status, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and help to accelerate
agricultural growth, poverty reduction, and food self-sufficiency.
II. OUTCOME
A. RELEVANCE OF PDOs
Assessment of Relevance of PDOs and Rating
Rating of Relevance of PDO: High
28. The PDO of WAAPP-1C, which remains highly relevant, was “to generate and accelerate the adoption of
improved technologies in the participating countries’ top agricultural commodity priority areas that are aligned
with the sub-region’s top agricultural commodity priorities as outlined in the ECOWAP.” This objective
responds to the ECOWAS regional agricultural policy (ECOWAP), which in turn is aligned with the Africa-wide
initiatives of CAADP and NEPAD. The continued relevance of the PDO is underscored by AU’s adoption of the
Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation in January 2014, when AU
member states renewed their commitment to the CAADP goal of achieving a 10 percent target for public
spending on agriculture, doubling agricultural productivity, and sustaining annual growth in the agricultural
sector of at least 6 percent. The relevance of the PDO is further reflected in the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals adopted by the United Nations (UN) in September 2015, especially the second goal: “to end hunger,
achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.” WAAPP-1C is also aligned
with the fifth goal of the AU Agenda 2063 (2013–63), which underscores the need for “modern agriculture for
increased productivity and production.” By supporting the generation, transfer, and adoption of T&I across the
region, WAAPP-1C contributes to the aims of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which entered
into force in May 2019 and seeks to create a single continental market for goods and services. The continued
relevance of the PDO is also reflected in its alignment with the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa Science
Agenda for Agriculture in Africa and the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) initiative “Feed Africa: Strategy for
Agricultural Transformation in Africa, 2016–2025,” and its initiative on Technologies for African Agricultural
Transformation. It is also consistent with the African Agricultural Research Program, which focuses on
increasing the productivity and competitiveness of African agriculture by increasing the availability of science-
based technologies and practices, and by adopting the complementary policy, institutional, and market
innovations required for countries to adapt them and use them on a wide scale. At the country level, the PDO
is fully in line with the National Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security Program of each
participating country and their other agricultural development programs.
29. Beyond its full alignment with national and regional organizations, initiatives, and programs, the PDO
is fully consistent with World Bank national and Africa-wide frameworks and strategies. A priority focus
area or major pillar of the World Bank Country Partnership Framework for each participating country is to
foster agricultural productivity. The PDO is also well aligned with Supporting Africa’s Transformation, the
World Bank Africa Strategy (2019–2023). This strategy is designed to build the foundation for a resilient and
sustainable Africa, including climate-smart agriculture. Finally, the PDO reflects the World Bank Africa Gender
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Action Plan (FY18–22), with its focus on addressing gender gaps in agricultural productivity.
30. In summary, WAAPP-1C was relevant at design and continues to be relevant. This conclusion is
reflected by the project’s rapid expansion to 13
of 15 ECOWAS countries and is used as a model
Box 1: WAAPP, a landmark regional project
for other World Bank regional agricultural
projects in Sub-Saharan Africa (Box 1). WAAPP In several ways, the WAAPP series represents a landmark in
is also the model for an even more ambitious World Bank Investment Project Financing in the agricultural
upcoming project that will build on WAAPP sector of West Africa. It not only involved a very significant
number of countries and large amount of financing but
achievements in technology generation,
spurred an even wider effort to support agricultural
diffusion, and adoption to foster food security technology generation and dissemination across Africa
under climate change. The flexibility designed through similar regional operations in Eastern Africa and
into the project has enabled it to adapt Southern Africa, which Central African countries requested to
continuously—beyond expectations and join.
proactively—to address key emerging issues,
Beyond the specific results achieved at the regional and
using digital technologies and crowding in the country level, one of the overarching results of this support
private sector to: (i) support start-ups with has been to rejuvenate agricultural research and technology
disruptive technologies; (ii) support suppliers development (R&TD) capacity across the continent, after
of T&I, especially small and medium many years of plummeting public support. This is particularly
enterprises (SMEs); and (iii) use e-vouchers to true in West Africa, where structural adjustment and other
promote the adoption of T&I and distribute policies resulted in considerable deterioration in public
government agricultural subsidies to small- agricultural R&TD institutions without the emergence of
scale producers and processors, especially private sector substitutes. The WAAPP is one of the rare
projects to be fully adopted by ECOWAS—in this case, in the
youth and women. WAAPP-1C also
form of the ECOWAP, the ECOWAS agriculture policy. WAAPP
demonstrated a great deal of flexibility in
is widely credited for having revived agricultural R&DT in
implementation to respond to emergencies in West Africa.
West Africa, such as outbreaks of Ebola and fall
army worm. Such flexibility was fully
appreciated by the participating countries.
B. ACHIEVEMENT OF PDOs (EFFICACY)
Rating of Efficacy: Substantial
Assessment of Achievement of Each Objective/Outcome
31. Achievement of the three project objectives or outcomes related to (i) the generation, (ii) access to, and
(iii) dissemination and adoption of improved T&I is measured by the level of achievement of the end-targets
for the PDO indicators by each country and cumulatively for the eight participating countries. Table 3
summarizes achievement of the end-targets based on data from CORAF’s regional M&E system.
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Table 3: Achievement of end-targets for PDO indicators, WAAPP-1C
PDO indicators Country Revised targets Actual achieved Achievement ratio
(actual/target in %)
PDO Indicator 1: Direct project GAMBIA 100,000 136,494 136
beneficiaries (number) of whom are LIBERIA 200,000 241,040 121
female SIERRA LEONE 200,000 288,083 144
CÔTE D'IVOIRE 150,000 301,000 201
BENIN 900,000 974,890 108
NIGER 700,000 664,455 95
GUINEA 800,000 817,923 102
TOGO 500,000 613,610 123
TOTAL 3,550,000 4,037,495 114
(percent women) (40) (48) (120)
PDO Indicator 2: Technologies generated GAMBIA -† - -
by the Project with at least 15% LIBERIA - - -
productivity increase over the control SIERRA LEONE 5 14 280
technology CÔTE D'IVOIRE -
BENIN 20 26 130
NIGER 10 11 110
GUINEA 15 16 107
TOGO 10 14 140
TOTAL 60 81 135
PDO Indicator 3: Area under improved GAMBIA 70,000 56,000 80
technologies disseminated under the LIBERIA 110,000 101,669 92
project (hectare) SIERRA LEONE 70,000 113,881 163
CÔTE D'IVOIRE 108,000 98,150 91
BENIN 600,000 555,454 93
NIGER 1,000,000 2,793,265 279
GUINEA 600,000 616,450 103
TOGO 350,000 364,547 104
TOTAL 2,908,000 4,699,416 162
PDO Indicator 4: Processors/producers GAMBIA 60,000 69,139 115
who have adopted at least one new LIBERIA 90,000 103,604 115
improved technology, made available by SIERRA LEONE 120,000 249,164 208
the project (number) CÔTE D'IVOIRE 90,000 123,680 137
BENIN 500,000 502,086 100
NIGER 500,000 483,602 97
GUINEA 500,000 515,057 103
TOGO 350,000 422,971 121
TOTAL 2,210,000 2,469,303 112
PDO Indicator 5: Beneficiaries who are BENIN 150,000 12,401 8
using technology generated/released by NIGER 150,000 137,580 92
other countries’ NCoS (number)‡ GUINEA 200,000 200,196 100
TOGO 100,000 101,302 101
TOTAL 600,000 451,479 75
PDO Indicator 6: Producers with BENIN 75 77 103
knowledge of technologies NIGER 75 84 112
generated/released by the project GUINEA 75 80 107
(percent) TOGO 75 87 116
TOTAL 75 82 109
† Not Applicable.
‡ PDO Indicators 5 and 6 are the new PDO indicators added for the four countries beneficiaries of additional financing.
32. Overall, as shown in Table 3, WAAPP-1C succeeded in achieving or overachieving all end-targets for PDO
indicators, except for the PDO 5 target for “beneficiaries who are using technology generated/released by
other countries’ NCoS.” It is highly impressive that most of the PDO end-targets were achieved by 200–300
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percent (see Table 2), with the AF representing only 28 percent of the original project funding. The
achievement of PDO indicators varied from country to country. Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Togo achieved or
overachieved all of their PDO indicator end-targets, while Benin, Gambia, Liberia, and Niger narrowly missed
achieving all of them but still performed substantially well. For example:
▪ PDO Indicator 1: Direct project beneficiaries (number) of whom are female. The project reached
4,037,495 direct beneficiaries compared to an original target of 3,550,000 (114 percent of
achievement). The target was overachieved in all countries except Niger, which achieved 95 percent
of the target. Female participation was generally higher than originally expected: 48 percent of direct
beneficiaries were women, against a target of 40 percent. The gender target was exceeded in all
countries through strong implementation of the regional and national gender strategies. Aside from
farmers and herders and their organizations, other beneficiaries included key participants in the
generation and dissemination of technology, such as researchers, young scholars, public and private
extension services and advisory agencies, research institutions, universities, and government
agencies involved in managing the value chains of priority crops. Non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) also participated, particularly in disseminating
technologies and building citizen engagement.
▪ PDO Indicator 2: Number of generated/released technologies6 by the project with at least 15
percent productivity increase over the control. Overall, 81 improved technologies were generated
and released, significantly surpassing the target of 60 (an achievement rate of 135 percent). All
countries involved in technology generation surpassed their targets. Across all countries, the use of
improved technologies increased yields in farmers’ fields—for instance, by 18–242 percent for rice,
23–42 percent for maize, and 58 percent for pineapple. For more detail, see the economic and
financial analysis (EFA) in Annex 4 and the list of technologies generated by the NCoS in Annex 6.3.
▪ PDO Indicator 3: Area under improved technologies disseminated under the project (hectare).
Improved technologies disseminated by the project were used on 4,699,416 hectares compared with
the target of 2,908,000 (an achievement rate of 165 percent). Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and The
Gambia were slightly below their area targets, whereas other countries attained or surpassed their
targets. Niger widely surpassed its area target due to the widespread biological treatment of
headminer larvae in millet on over 1.6 million hectares, for an achievement rate of 279 percent.
▪ PDO Indicator 4: Processors/producers who have adopted at least one new improved technology,
made available by the project (number). The total achieved was 2,463,303 versus the target of
2,210,000. Except for Niger, which had an achievement rate of 97 percent, all other countries
achieved or overachieved their targets. For an assessment of the benefits accruing to agro-
processors and farmers, see the EFA in Annex 4.
▪ PDO Indicator 5: Beneficiaries who are using technology generated/released by other cou ntries’
NCoS (number). This new indicator, added during the AF to capture integration in technology
transfer across countries and within the region, was the most challenging indicator and in fact was
6Technologies counted here were agriculture-related T&I, including those addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and they may
relate to any of the products at any point in the supply chain. Agricultural technologies may include seed varieties, animal breeds, agronomic
practices (such as row planting, rotation, integrated farming systems, water conservation/harvesting, cover cropping, and so on); efficient and
effective utilization of land, labor, and capital; and value addition (such as processing, marketing, and distribution). All such technologies should
reflect a minimum productivity increase level of 15 percent.
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the only one that was not fully achieved. The overall achievement rate was 75 percent (451,479
against a target of 600,000), varying widely by country. Guinea and Togo met their targets for this
indicator, and Niger came close at 82 percent. In Benin only 12,401 beneficiaries used transferred
technologies, against a target of 150,000 (8 percent of target), which significantly reduced the overall
achievement rate of the project, preventing it from meeting the regional target. Benin’s
underachievement was related to poor planning and coordination, resulting in very late initiation of
technology transfer from other countries in the region. One of the main constraints to the rapid
regional transfer of T&I was that countries preferred to test and adapt any technology before
promoting its wide dissemination and adoption, which took at least 1–2 years. A second important
constraint was difficulty in moving technology across borders, including seed, cattle, and agricultural
machinery. The Market for Agricultural Innovations and Technologies (MITA) digital platform
(http://mita.coraf.org) established by CORAF helped to surmount the initial challenges, however,
and much progress was observed as the project approached its closing date. Given these
circumstances, the fact that 451,479 stakeholders in the four targeted countries ultimately
benefitted from transferred technologies represents a remarkable achievement for the project and
should be considered a relative success. Annex 6.6 presents data on technologies transferred across
countries.
▪ PDO Indicator 6: Producers with knowledge of technologies generated/released by the project
(percent). For this new indicator, the survey of beneficiaries indicates that the target of 75 percent
was overachieved in each country and across the region (the regional average was 82%).
Analysis of achievements of intermediate results indicators
33. The results framework included 26 intermediate results indicators (IRIs) for the four project
components. End-targets of the 21 IRIs were fully achieved, while 5 were partially achieved, most at a level
exceeding 80 percent. Countries varied by the number of IRI end-targets met and level of achievement.
Guinea achieved end-targets for 24 of 26 IRIs, and Togo achieved 22 of 26. Achievement of IRIs for each of
the three major outcomes—technology generation, technology access, and technology dissemination and
adoption—is described in the following sections. For more detail, see the Results Framework and Key
Outputs, Annex 1.
1) Technology generation
34. At the regional level, end-targets were met for five of the six IRIs. The exception was the target for
technologies generated/adopted by NCoS and demonstrated in at least three ECOWAS countries outside the
country of origin. The major outcomes achieved were :
i) Technologies generated by NCoS and by the national and regional CARGS research projects
35. Overall, the WAAPP-1C generated/adapted 81 technologies against a target of 60; NCoS
generated/adapted 53 technologies against a target of 41 (129% of achievement). All countries with NCoS
met the target, generating and widely disseminating several improved high-yielding and climate-smart
varieties and other productivity-enhancing technologies. None of the three WAAPP-1C NCoS were upgraded
to Regional Centers of Excellence (RCoE), but two (the livestock center in Niger and maize center in Benin)
met 70 percent of the criteria to do so. Progress by the NCoS on mangrove rice in Sierra Leone was limited
because the project ended in 2016 and Sierra Leone did not benefit from the AF, although much progress
was made in rebuilding the devastated national research system (Box 2). Figure 2 presents results of the
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2018 evaluation of NCoS.
Box 2: Through the WAAPP, Sierra Leone rebuilds its Figure 2: Results of the second round of
agricultural research system evaluations of the National Center of
Achievements: Building regional research capacity
Specialization as of March 2018
Rokupr Agricultural Research Center (RARC) conducts
agricultural research on cereals with a major focus on
rice, a staple food crop in Sierra Leone. Conflict in the
1990s and early 2000s devastated the Center’s 9 National Centers of
Specialization
infrastructure and human resources. Staff quarters,
offices, laboratories, and equipment were vandalized.
Research and seed production fields deteriorated.
Researchers and auxiliary staff departed en masse.
Under the WAAPP, Sierra Leone has developed a much
more conducive environment for research. For 90% 89%
77% 75% 72%
69% 69%
instance, 24 young scientists acquired degrees (2 PhDs, 61% 61%
22 MSc/MPhil) at local and foreign universities,
laboratories were newly built or refurbished and
restocked with equipment and vehicles, and staff
housing was renovated.
Source: Sierra Leone (2016), “Final Report End-of-Program
Evaluation of West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program -
Sierra Leone (WAAPP-SL).”
36. An analysis of the 53 technologies generated and released by the NCoS reveals important patterns.
As shown in Table 4, a breakdown of released technologies by commodity confirms the project’s focus on
the priority commodities of maize, livestock, rice, and cassava. It also confirms the project’s focus on priority
research themes identified in national action plans (enhancing agricultural productivity, adapting to climate-
change, and developing nutrition-sensitive and gender-responsive technologies). The analysis also reflects
the value chain approach used, confirming the attention given to on-farm and post-harvest technologies,
including processing. A detailed list of technologies is in Annexes 6.3–6.5.
Table 4: Technologies generated and released by domain of use, WAAPP-1C
Number of technologies generated and released
Total Breakdown by priority commodity Breakdown by theme Breakdown by value
chain segment
Maize Livestock Rice Cassava Productivity Climate Gender- Nutrition- On-farm Post-
change sensitive sensitive harvest,
processing
53 20 13 12 8 38 28 13 5 36 17
37. The generation of productivity-enhancing technology succeeded owing to the combination of
revitalized research systems and competitive grants (CARGS). WAAPP succeeded in enabling African
agricultural research to play its key role in increasing productivity in the targeted agricultural value chains of
beneficiary countries, with spillovers across the region. Agricultural research systems were revitalized and
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improved with new infrastructure, laboratory facilities, and stronger human capacity. A scholarship program
enabled young scientists to obtain MSc and PhD degrees to fill gaps in key disciplines, replace retiring staff,
and bring more female scientists onto the staff. The scholarship program benefitted 478 individuals (351
MSc and 127 PhD students) compared to the targets (447 total, including 333 MSc and 114 PhD recipients);
both regional and national targets were met. Several graduates received promotions. The project also set up
an MSc program in animal production and biotechnology in Niger. Scientific exchange visits enabled learning
and networking at the regional and international level with the CGIAR centers and through South-South
cooperation with Brazil, China, India, and Israel (see Annex 6.11). The regional target of 126 scientific
exchange visits was met, although Benin (with a 96% rate of achievement), Togo (with 90%), and Guinea
(with 84%) were slightly below the target.
38. National and regional CARGS supported initiatives of the revamped research systems. Overall,
national CARGS funded implementation of 134 research projects against a target of 150; the projects covered
production (variety development, animal breeding) as well as research relevant to other stages of the value
chain (processing, conservation, storage). Country level targets were met except for Liberia (where no CARGS
was set up because of a lack of local capacity) and Sierra Leone (where only 2 of 18 proposals qualified for
funding against a target of 5). CORAF established a regional CARGS that supported the implementation of 13
regional projects against a target of 15 (an achievement rate of 87%). The most important regional projects
disseminated fruit fly control technologies and built capacity of stakeholders in West African fruit value
chains; increased farmers’ access to certified seed; disseminated the System of Rice Intensification (SRI);
trained stakeholders to use climate information to enhance resilience in the agricultural sector; supported
soil fertility research; and responded to outbreaks of fall army worm. Regional projects disseminated 11
technologies (against a target of 11) on more than 12,000 hectares, reaching 53,000 direct beneficiaries.
Annex 6.1 summarizes the key achievements of regional initiatives. In implementing regional projects, CORAF
built synergies with a range of international partners.7
ii) Technologies generated outside and tested by non-NCoS countries and adapted for local use
39. Countries without NCoS (Guinea, Liberia, The Gambia, and Togo) tested 48 technologies generated
elsewhere, against a target of 45 (107 percent of achievement). This adaptive research was carried out with
the involvement of producer organizations, NGOs, universities, and the private sector.
2) Technology access
40. At the regional level, all IRI end-targets were reached or exceeded (see Annex 1). Four major
outcomes are highlighted here.
i) Adoption and implementation of harmonized regional regulations and guidelines facilitating access to
cross-border technologies
41. The WAAPP was essential in helping ECOWAS countries under the coordination of CORAF to adopt
and implement region-wide regulations on genetic materials, pesticides, fertilizers, and veterinary
products. Annex 6.7 summarizes these regulations. National seed committees have been established and
operate regularly in all beneficiary countries. In terms of sustainability, under the coordination of CORAF,
other development partners—the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the
European Union (EU), and AfDB—are taking the lead, holding regular regional meetings on these input
7 Including IITA (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, CCAFS, the
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, AGRHYMET, and the Borlaug Institute for South Asia.
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regulations. With the increased exchange of these products across national borders, the region has become
more outward looking and open to the benefits of regional and international cooperation in agricultural
technology generation and diffusion.
ii) Regional strategy on communication and knowledge management
42. The WAAPP gained immense visibility throughout the region with a successful communication for
development (Com4Dev) strategy. Participating countries used the strategy, developed by CORAF with the
Food and Agriculture Organization, to create their respective communication action plans. By the end of
implementation, communications had improved at the national level, as well as at the regional level with
CORAF coordination. Videos and newsletters on successful technologies generated by the NCoS were
available on national and CORAF websites and promoted widely on social media (Twitter and Facebook),
with impressive feedback. The WAAPP’s most outstanding communication and knowledge management
achievement is the MITA digital platform, which is particularly valuable for regional technology transfer.
MITA helps producers and other value chain actors to learn which technologies are available in the region
and how to obtain them. Through MITA, young entrepreneurs have used T&I developed through the WAAPP
to initiate or expand agribusiness (see Stories of Change; WAAPP in 10 years).
iii) Publication of regional catalogues
43. The Regional Species and Plant Varieties Catalog was issued (as of this ICR, it lists 239 registered
varieties, including 129 from WAAPP-1C; see Annex 6.2), and along with the Quarantine Pests List, it
facilitated development of an executive regulation for seed import and export. CORAF also developed a
harmonized regulatory framework for sharing and using animal genetic material (including live animals,
embryos, semen, and ova for breeding or improvement of animal species) in the ECOWAS region, which was
validated and submitted to ECOWAS (adoption is pending). Regional and national journals published 125
articles on WAAPP research compared to a target of 133 (94% of achievement) (see Annex 6.12).
iv) Country seed systems rebuilt with seed multiplication programs to improve producers’ access
44. The project successfully rebuilt country seed systems, giving producers better access to seed of
new, improved varieties that raised agricultural productivity. A similar achievement was made with breeder
stock. Like their other WAAPP peers, WAAPP-1C countries performed well in foundation seed production,
exceeding regional and country targets for all priority crops except cowpeas (Table 5). Benin, hosting the
Regional Center of Specialization (RCoS) for maize, was the top maize seed producer, generating 2,328 metric
tons (mt) compared to total sub-regional production of 2,611 mt. Guinea was the top rice seed producer
(22,480 mt). Beyond supporting increased production of foundation seed, the project offered considerable
support for the multiplication and importation of certified seed throughout the region. For instance, Togo
imported and distributed 3,505 mt of certified seed of various improved varieties to over 263,000
beneficiaries on 198,156 hectares. Guinea distributed 3,876 mt of locally produced and imported improved
certified seed for rice, maize, soybeans, and sesame to over 166,940 producers. A new rice hybrid (Mayun
1) released by the RCoS in Mali in partnership with China was procured by Guinea (15 mt) and Niger (20 mt)
and distributed to over 7,000 farmers. Many fixed and mobile seed processing units were provided by the
project to seed cooperatives, producer organizations, and individuals to promote emerging seed enterprises
at the local level.
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Table 5: Genetic material: Foundation seed produced under WAAPP-1C
Crop Revised target Actual achieved at completion Achievement ratio (actual/target, %)
Rice (mt) 8,568 30,953 360
Maize (mt) 1,040 2,611 251
Cowpeas (mt) 1,200 883 74
Straw (unit) 20,000 24,000 120
3) Technology dissemination and adoption
45. The seven most outstanding outcomes of technology adoption and dissemination initiatives
supported under WAAPP-1C are outlined here.
i) NCoS and CARGS demonstrated and disseminated numerous technologies
46. Overall, 165 technologies generated under national and regional CARGS subprojects were
demonstrated across the region, against a target of 128 (129 percent achievement). All countries met their
targets, except for Liberia and Sierra Leone (no technology was demonstrated). Niger excelled,
demonstrating 29 technologies under the CARGS compared to a target of 14 (207 percent achievement).
Public and private extension services involved with the project established 7,298 demonstration plots, much
more than the 5,561 targeted (131% achievement). Achievement rates varied significantly by country,
however, ranging from 333 percent (Togo) to 66 percent (Niger) and 43 percent (Benin). Aside from
demonstration plots, the project used other means of speeding dissemination of information on new
technology, including national dissemination plans, extension workshops, stakeholder forums, e-extension,
and the internet.
ii) Strengthened national extension systems supported wider technology adoption
47. Agricultural advisory and extension services were strengthened with renewed infrastructure,
facilities, equipment, project funding, and digital technologies. The CARGS considerably improved links
between research and extension by funding joint research and technology transfer subprojects. In Niger, the
use of e-extension with call-in centers has amplified the reach of extension organizations, making it possible
for them to learn about and respond to farmers’ needs more effectively. In Guinea and Niger, e-voucher
platforms improved targeting and increased transparency in the dissemination of improved technology
(improved seed, breeder stock, and machinery) and government-subsidized inputs.
iii) Nutrition-sensitive technologies were promoted and adopted
48. A total of 35 nutrition-sensitive technologies were promoted and adopted by processors, versus
32 planned. These technologies included a wide range of nutrient-rich and fortified alternatives8. All four
WAAPP-1C AF countries met their targets, except for Togo (six technologies against a target of eight). Niger
and Benin conducted training in processing enriched food from local ingredients. The technologies were
intended mainly for infants, orphans (through support to orphanages), boys and girls in school feeding
programs, pregnant women, and elders. The regional nutrition strategy and national action plans contributed
to this result (for details, see Annex 6.10).
8
Enriched flour for infants, parboiled rice, quality protein maize, sesame, composite flour for bread (soybean, sorghum, and cassava), edible
mushrooms, fonio (a dry cereal known for diabetes control), micronutrient-enriched flour for pregnant women, and cassava and sweet potato
varieties high in beta carotene.
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iv) Investment proposals were prepared to promote private investment in technology adoption
49. In total, 705 investment proposals were prepared, compared to 38 originally planned. All countries
exceeded targets except for Benin (where no investment proposals were prepared). The other three
countries differed in the extent to which investment proposals were implemented. Guinea made the most
progress; it offered training in business plan preparation and financial management and provided matching
grants of 80–90 percent to 75 service enterprises, IPs, producer organizations, and economic interest groups.
Investments implemented by these businesses created an estimated 2,849 jobs. Togo funded 12 investment
proposals against a target of 8. Although Niger received 618 investment proposals, delays prevented them
from being financed and implemented, but beneficiaries received technical and financial management
training.
v) Jobs were created through the adoption of technology generated under WAAPP-1C
50. A total of 13,672 jobs were created compared to 18,000 planned (76 percent of achievement). At
the country level, Guinea and Togo reached their targets but Benin and Niger did not (68 percent and 33
percent of achievement, respectively), owing to delays in implementing investment proposals. CORAF has
documented successful experiences of young agri-entrepreneurs using technologies generated and
disseminated by the project, and CORAF created the internet-based Agripreneur-TV to showcase
technologies generated under WAAPP to attract young entrepreneurs to agriculture.
vi) South-South partnership formed for technology transfer, dissemination, and adoption
51. To take advantage of scientific and technological progress in agriculture outside West Africa, under
World Bank leadership and with the regional coordination of CORAF, WAAPP built South-South
partnerships in Brazil with Embrapa, in China with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
and Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (HAAFS), and with India and Israel. Aside from
providing improved technologies for testing and dissemination in WAAPP countries, these partnerships
included joint research implemented by CAAS and the rice RCoS in Mali, resulting in the release of 10 new
hybrid rice varieties disseminated in Guinea and Niger. The Krishi Vigyana Kendra (KVK) approach for
technology transfer was tested in partnership with India’s Farm Science Centre. These partnerships led to
useful results for WAAPP-1C countries and arguably provided value for money (for details, see Annex 6.11).
vii) Adverse effects of the Ebola outbreak mitigated by prompt provision and adoption of improved varieties
52. WAAPP-1C responded positively and promptly to the Ebola outbreak by providing improved seed
to help producers resume and increase food production. By August 2015, over 28,000 people from Liberia,
Sierra Leone, and Guinea had been infected by the virus, and 40 percent (11,290) had died. Beyond these
losses, Ebola took a heavy toll on these fragile economies and severely threatened their agricultural and food
sectors. Food shortages led farm households to consume seed stocks saved for planting, and an acute
shortage of agricultural labor exacerbated food insecurity. Without measures to rapidly safeguard crop and
livestock production, over one million people were at risk of going hungry. WAAPP-1C along with the Ebola
Emergency Seed Support Program was instrumental in mitigating and dampening the negative impact of
Ebola epidemic on agriculture by promoting the adoption of certified seed of improved varieties. In 2015
CORAF helped to mobilize 4,384 mt of rice, maize, and cowpea seed for 240,113 farm families (45 percent
female-headed households). In 2016, the three countries multiplied an additional 8,400 mt of seed that
benefited over 450,000 additional farm families. The regional solidarity of all WAAPP series countries was
exemplary in ensuring the recovery of agriculture in the Ebola-affected WAAPP-1C countries.
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Technology generation, dissemination, and adoption: A summary of impacts
53. The combined efforts to generate, disseminate, and foster adoption of improved technologies
resulted in 2,463,303 producers and processors using improved technologies (97 percent of the target) on
4,699,416 hectares (165 percent of the target).
54. The use of those technologies raised agricultural productivity and incomes for beneficiaries across
WAAPP countries. Rigorous impact studies at the country level compared treatment to control groups and
status at baseline to capture the increases in production, productivity, and income arising from the project’s
interventions. Under the AF, project M&E teams organized meticulous yield evaluations to estimate yield
increases arising from the project. Evidence from those impact studies and M&E estimates has confirmed
the positive outcomes and impacts of improved T&I such as climate-smart technologies (high-yielding,
drought-resistant, and early-maturing varieties), improved livestock breeds, and improved agricultural
equipment on the livelihoods and wider socio-economic circumstances of project beneficiaries. CORAF has
publicized these impacts through many channels, including WAAPP Stories of Change. Box 3 highlights some
of the evidences on impacts; for more detail, see Annexes 6.8–6.9.
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Box 3: Evidence of WAAPP-1C impacts at the national level
Benin. Dissemination of new maize varieties increased yields from less than 1 metric ton per hectare
(t/ha) to 2.5–3.5 t/ha. Use of a new rice variety and SRI caused yields to increase from less than 2 t/ha up
to 9 t/ha for beneficiaries. The use of polyethylene film to save labor and water in pineapple production
was a major WAAPP-1C success story, doubling pineapple yields on average from 35 to 70 t/ha, and
increasing incomes from CFAF2.2 million to CFAF5 million (US$3,700–8,300) per hectare.
Guinea. Adoption of improved, high-yielding rice varieties with inbred tolerance to iron toxicity and pests
increased yields of irrigated rice from 2 t/ha to 4 t/ha and yields of rainfed rice from 1 t/ha to 3 t/ha.
Producer income increased by 40–60 percent (US$600–800) for irrigated rice and 30–40 percent for
rainfed rice (US$500). For cassava, the adoption of improved varieties that were high-yielding, early-
maturing (8–12 months against 18), and drought-resistant raised yields from 15 t/ha to 25 t/ha.
Liberia. Dissemination and adoption of improved rice varieties like NERICA 8 increased yields significantly
from less than 1 t/ha to about 2.5 t/ha for upland rice and from 1.5 t/ha to about 4 t/ha in lowland rice.
Household income increased by an estimated 20 percent. Improved cassava varieties disseminated by
the project had an average yield of 55 t/ha against 16 t/ha for traditional varieties.
Niger. Adoption of the Red Maradi goat breed on family farms has improved livelihoods, stimulated local
economies, and made better nutrition more accessible. A typical litter is produced twice each year,
consisting of two to three kids that reach reproductive age at six to seven months. Each female goat can
produce 0.6 liters of milk per day for three to four months after each litter.
Sierra Leone. Between 2012 (baseline) and 2016, rice yields increased by 65 percent and cassava yields
by 48 percent for the treatment group versus the control group, and by 97 percent and 60 percent
respectively for the treatment group compared to baseline. Increased rice and cassava productivity
caused household income from agriculture to increase by 77–122 percent on average.†
The Gambia. The ICR of the Government of The Gambia reports that rice yields increased from 2.5 t/ha
in the conventional production system to over 9 t/ha with SRI technology.
Togo. The project M&E team estimated that dissemination and adoption of improved rice varieties and
SRI increased yields from 1.5 t/ha to 4–5 t/ha in 2019. Income increased by 64 percent with the adoption
of improved rice varieties and over 500 percent when they were used in combination with SRI technology.
† Results from Sierra Leone (2016), “Final Report End-of-Program Evaluation of West Africa Agricultural Productivity
Program - Sierra Leone (WAAPP-SL).”
Justification of Overall Efficacy Rating
55. Taking all of these achievements into account (Box 4), the efficacy of the WAAPP-1C outcome is
rated Substantial. End-targets for all six PDO indicators were met, except for one, which was met at 75
percent. Twenty-one of twenty-six IRI end-targets were achieved, and five were partially achieved at levels
surpassing 80 percent. Conditions for sub-regional cooperation were strengthened with the adoption and
implementation of ECOWAS regional input regulations; national and regional strategies on gender, climate
change, nutrition, and communication and knowledge management; the establishment of a vibrant research
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system in which two of the three NCoS became
RCoS; demand-driven technology generation, Box 4: WAAPP-1C key achievements in numbers
dissemination, and adoption that proceeded as • 4,037,495 direct beneficiaries, of which 48
planned; and the production of targeted percent were women
quantities of certified foundation seed and
improved breeder stock, all with a positive impact • 81 improved technologies generated or
adapted
on agricultural productivity. The community of
agricultural scientists has been reinvigorated with • 4,699,416 hectares under improved
new and mostly young MSc and PhD graduates technologies disseminated
supported through the scholarship program. • 2,469,303 producers and processors adopted
Several networks were created within and across new improved technology
ECOWAS countries, and regional agricultural
• 451,479 beneficiaries use technology
technology transfer has taken off. South-South
generated by other countries
cooperation was built with Brazil, China, and India,
alongside global networking with CGIAR centers. • 82 percent producers have knowledge of
By promoting improved technologies through technologies generated/released
digital tools, building capacity to prepare business • 150 varieties released and registered in
plans, and providing financial support, the project regional catalogue
enabled young agri-entrepreneurs to operate and
• 34,477 metric tons of foundation seed
created jobs. The seed support was a positive and
produced
prompt response to the pressures on agriculture
and food arising from the Ebola outbreak. • 478 beneficiaries of the scholarship program:
127 PhD and 351 MSc
• 13,672 job created
C. EFFICIENCY
Assessment of Efficiency and Rating
Rating: Substantial
56. At appraisal for the original WAAPP-1C financing in 2011, the ex-ante EFA assessed returns at the
national and regional levels from improved efficiency in farming systems and value chains supported by
the project. Benefits were expected to be due to: (i) the generation, diffusion, and adoption of new or
improved technologies; (ii) enhanced technology spillovers between ECOWAS countries arising from an
integrated policy environment with regard to agricultural cooperation and exchanges; and (iii) sound
communication and dissemination approaches to enhance the project’s visibility, transparency, and
effectiveness. The ex-ante EFA showed that WAAPP-1C was an economically desirable project. The minimum
annual growth rate needed to break even—an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of 12 percent—was
modest and attainable in each country. At appraisal of the AF for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo in 2017, the
EFA also demonstrated that the project was economically and financially viable, with an EIRR on the order of
29 percent for a 20-year period.
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57. The ex-post EFA has updated that analysis with information gathered from IPs, WAAPP-1C
institutional and implementing partners and other authorities, as well as impact studies and ICRs. The
financial analysis is based on 14 models considered representative of farming and processing systems in the
participating countries, including 8 crop models (rice, maize, cassava, cashew, pineapple, sorghum, millet,
and cowpeas), 3 livestock models (milk production from camels and cows, and production of mono-sex
tilapia fry), and 3 agroprocessing activities (production of meat jerky, rice processing, and parboiled rice).
The estimated financial performance indicators show all of the promoted technologies to be financially
viable, with an increase in gross revenue ranging from 10 percent to 2,728 percent depending on the model.
The EIRR of WAAPP-1C is estimated at 22 percent, the net present value (NPV) at US$431 million, and the
benefit-cost ratio at 2.8, over a 20-year period, with a social discount rate of 6 percent against the project
expenditure of US$176 million. It is likely that the EIRR is underestimated, however, because insufficient data
were available to assess the spillover effects generated by the project at the regional level—hence the
variation in the EIRRs estimated ex post (22 percent) and ex ante (29 percent—reflecting the estimated
spillover effects based on assumptions). Additional EIRRs and NPVs were estimated for shorter time horizons:
10 years (EIRR 7 percent, NPV US$8 million), 12 years (EIRR 15 percent, NPV US$248 million), and 15 years
(EIRR 20 percent, NPV US$279 million). In sum, the project offered value for money and was cost efficient.
Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the models, as EIRRs remained relatively high and NPVs
remained positive under various adverse scenarios over a 20-year time horizon, including an extreme
reduction in benefits due to declining yields or output prices and rising costs (Table 6). The choice of scenarios
for the sensitivity analysis was based on the key parameters used for the EFA (benefits, cost, discount rate),
as well as the variable weather conditions related to climate change that could potentially reduce yields, and
the volatility in market prices that could affect most agricultural products and influence project benefits.
Table 6: Estimates from the ex-post economic analysis, WAAPP-1C
Scenario Economic internal rate of return (%) Net present value
(US$ million)
Base case 22 431
Cost overrun by 10% 21 405
Cost overrun by 25% 19 367
Cost overrun by 50% 16 304
Decrease in benefits by 10% 21 362
Decrease in benefits by 25% 18 260
Decrease in benefits by 50% 11 89
58. Furthermore, WAAPP-1C achieved or exceeded the quantitative and qualitative targets set in the
results framework, except with respect to the number of project beneficiaries using technologies from
other countries. With an overall rate of achievement of PDO indicators of 120 percent and a disbursement
rate of 97 percent, WAAPP-1C attained an efficiency rate of 1.23.
59. Altogether, overall project efficiency is rated Substantial.
D. JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING
Overall Outcome Rating: Satisfactory
60. The overall outcome rating is Satisfactory, based on the High rating of PDO relevance, the Substantial
rating of achievement of the PDO and intermediate outcome indicators, and the Substantial rating of
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efficiency. WAAPP-1C strengthened the capacity of participating countries to increase agricultural productivity
growth. The project: (i) succeeded in rebuilding the national and regional research system by strengthening
physical research infrastructure and building human and institutional research capacity; (ii) revamped the
process for generating, disseminating, and adopting new T&I; (iii) strengthened the capacity of other actors
involved in the agricultural innovation system (R&D); (iv) fostered regional cooperation to mutualize and
optimize the use of scarce financial and human resources; and (iv) developed South-South cooperation to
enable technology transfer and adoption. The project also remains highly relevant to the new strategies of
the respective governments, ECOWAS, and World Bank country partnerships, all of which aim to transform
agriculture through an emphasis on productivity increases and value chain development to improve the
regional food system, especially in light of constraints imposed by a changing climate.
E. OTHER OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS (IF ANY)
Gender
61. The project succeeded in surpassing the
Figure 3: Women direct beneficiaries of
gender target; 48 percent of the direct WAAPP-1C (%)
beneficiaries were women, compared to the
original objective of at least 40 percent (Figure 70 60
60 54
3). This gender achievement was not expected, 49 47 49 48
50 42
as the project had attained only 15–20 percent 40 41 41
female participation by 2013. A gender approach 30
was definitively adopted, however, with the 20
regional gender mainstreaming strategy and 10
gender screening tool developed by CORAF and 0
national gender action plans developed in each
of the eight countries based on advice from the
World Bank team. Gender training was provided
to different actors involved in implementing the Women direct beneficiaries (percent) Target (percent)
project to build a gender-sensitive team. Under
CORAF leadership, the project gender specialists started to evaluate all technologies based on their
relevance in addressing needs and activities specific to women and based on whether women could access
them. A major constraint beyond the project’s control was women’s limited access to and control over land,
which prevented women’s large-scale adoption of improved varieties disseminated by the project. As a
counter measure, the project specifically sought to include women with access to plots of land, particularly
women’s groups, in project activities such as training in seed multiplication, and to facilitate their access to
improved technologies, including new varieties, best practices, and improved machinery. Moreover, after
looking at women’s participation in the entire value chain from production to processing to marketing, it
became clear that women were much more active in the downstream segment. Consequently, technologies
that favored women’s requirements became a key selection criterion, and the number of women
beneficiaries increased considerably. Gender-sensitive technologies released by the NCoS were identified,
uploaded in MITA (NCoS Gender Sensitive Technologies), and promoted for women to adopt. Technologies
with proven labor-saving attributes were sources of job creation and income generation for vulnerable
groups such as women and youth in the project countries. WAAPP-1C also helped to expand
entrepreneurship among women and young people by providing technical and financial support for them to
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start or develop their agroprocessing business using improved technologies generated under the project.
62. The most impressive and possibly one of the most enduring gender outcomes of WAAPP-1C was
the provision of scholarships to women: 28 percent of scholarship recipients were young women who
pursued MSc or PhD degrees in the agricultural sciences. Some of these graduates joined research centers,
thereby increasing the participation of female (and young) researchers in the regional agricultural research
system.
Institutional Strengthening
63. The WAAPP-1C strengthened different types of agricultural institutions in different ways and at
different levels, from local to national and regional. For example:
▪ Existing rural institutions such as producer organizations, seed producer groups or cooperatives,
women’s community groups or organizations, economic interest groups, and youth groups benefited
from the project’s contributions to building technical capacity, expanding access to improved
agricultural T&I, developing infrastructure, and providing financial support through matching grants.
All of these interventions created new dynamism and development perspectives in the groups
involved. They increased members’ interest in group activities, built solidarity within community
groups, and strengthened the commitment to local development.
▪ The development of entrepreneurs and professional cooperatives that produce seed and seedlings,
and that engage in commercial agriculture and invest in agroprocessing, is taking off under the AF.
▪ With a total of 150 IPs created to accelerate adoption of released technologies, WAAPP enriched
local communities with a new type of institution that convened all stakeholders in a value chain,
from producers to marketers, to exchange knowledge and information and connect to markets.
Through the IPs, WAAPP provided an incentive for producers to organize and sell the surplus
production resulting from their adoption of improved varieties and best practices. By the same
token, IPs helped agroprocessors and traders to connect with farmer-suppliers.
▪ The innovation system was reconstituted and very substantially strengthened. The project
rehabilitated and improved extensively damaged national research systems, and the NCoS in Niger
and Benin qualified to be upgraded to RCoS with renewed infrastructure, facilities, and laboratory
equipment. The support for individuals to complete 478 advanced degrees deepened and bolstered
the scientific base in participating research and extension organizations, particularly in crop and
animal breeding. Links between national agricultural research systems, NCoS, RCoS, and RCoE have
been created, and networking with CGIAR centers expanded. Finally, the transition of NCoS in Benin
and Niger into RCoS is a game changer that will lay the basis for pursuing regional research priorities.
For example, through the CORAF-USAID partnership, the Benin maize RCoS benefits from the USAID-
funded Partnership for Agricultural Research, Education, and Development, and its will also benefit
from an EU-funded project with CORAF support. It is essential to maintain this momentum by
completing ISO certification for laboratories and meeting the other criteria that will allow Benin and
Niger to transition from RCoS to RCoE, like Senegal and Ghana, and improve their positions in the
regional research sphere.
▪ A large number of implementing partners or agencies benefited from WAAPP institutional support
in the form of renewed infrastructure, facilities, equipment, and capacity building in line with the
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policies of participating countries to enhance human resources for the attainment of development
objectives.
▪ National committees for seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides were created in line with regional
regulations. Before the project, most countries had no seed system (or a dysfunctional system),
particularly in the MRU. Under WAAPP-1C, national seed committees are operating particularly well
and meeting regularly. National seed laboratories of all participating countries have been built or
rehabilitated, equipped, and entered into operation. Countries also received fixed or mobile seed
processing plants to clean, grade, and guarantee the quality of certified seed. These efforts have
resulted in efficient seed certification and increased seed production in participating countries—one
of the most successful aspects of WAAPP. The next step is for countries to involve accredited private
agents in seed certification, given the increase in private seed production.
▪ The AF brought CSOs into WAAPP-1C as key partners to build citizen engagement. Numerous NGOs,
associations, and other CSOs gained opportunities to learn from the project, interact with
beneficiaries, and share their feedback for the project to improve beneficiary satisfaction and project
impacts.
▪ Through WAAPP, CORAF has elevated its profile as a strong regional coordination and networking
institution. With its confirmed capacity to coordinate and facilitate the groundbreaking and cutting-
edge research outputs needed to unlock agricultural potential in West and Central Africa, CORAF
well deserves the technical role assigned to it by ECOWAS. Under WAAPP, CORAF connected the
national research systems to each other, and to regional and global forums, and it fostered
partnerships and networking through face-to-face events and online communities. It has established
a strong communication and knowledge management system to foster those connections and
provide greater visibility for CORAF programs and products, including a digital repository of regional
agricultural technologies. It is well positioned to pursue new funding opportunities and cooperation
with other development partners supporting regional objectives, such as its partnerships with
USAID, the EU, and Swiss Development Cooperation to build on WAAPP achievements.
Mobilizing Private Sector Financing
64. At various levels and from diverse perspectives, the private sector has been a close partner during
the implementation of WAAPP-1C. The IPs were instrumental in connecting value chain actors, including
private sector actors, to speed technology dissemination and adoption and better match supply and demand
for agricultural commodities. Because private actors in the value chains for priority commodities were
viewed as primary end-users of the T&I generated under the project, they participated in setting research
priorities and analyzing the implications of research results for agribusiness.
65. By attracting private sector financing for entrepreneurship based on T&I generated through the
project, WAAPP-1C has supported the Mobilizing Finance for Development (MFD) agenda in the agri-food
sector. In all of the participating countries, the private sector is coming to see the potential of investing in
agriculture as a business. Box 5 highlights some of the WAAPP-1C success stories in supporting the MFD agenda.
WAAPP-1C has raised the profile of certified seed production as an attractive agribusiness for the private
sector, given the increasing regional and national demand for seed of good quality, and set up an especially
effective IP to add value to pineapple production in Benin. The project also supported private investments
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in the production of baked goods with composite flour (based on local cereals or cassava) as a substitute for
wheat flour; the production of smoked fish, dried mangos, meat jerky (kilichi), and parboiled rice; and
manufacturing by SMEs of agricultural machinery for sustainable mechanization. Private investors have included
retired staff (agronomists, agricultural scientists, veterinarians) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, who
are capitalizing on their technical knowledge to start their own farms and businesses.
Box 5: Mobilizing private investment for agri-food sector development: WAAPP-1C success stories
Innovation Platform for pineapple in Benin. This IP exemplifies how private investment can successfully support
development in the agri-food sector (see video link: Benin Pineapple Innovation Platform Success Story). The IP
included pineapple producer organizations, transporters, input and packaging suppliers, and an agroprocessor
(Promo Fruits Benin) producing pineapple juice. Through contract farming arrangements, Promo Fruits Benin
invested CFAF150 million (US$250,000) to finance the provision of improved technology promoted by WAAPP-1C
(fertilizer and polyethylene film) to pineapple producers. Equipped with this technology, contract farmers doubled
their yields from 35 t/ha to 70 t/ha. In return, the company obtained an assured and timely supply of pineapple of
the required quality for processing into juice, and it increased its competitive edge to export its product throughout
the region. This IP, like others initiated through WAAPP, appears to be cost-efficient and sustainable, because it
has enabled all stakeholders along the value chain to optimize their business.
WAAPP T&I for young entrepreneurs to develop a business. For example, a young Guinean woman used an
electric dryer acquired through WAAPP-1C to increase the capacity of her business to produce dried fruit from 6
kg to 80 kg per week, for annual production of about 16 metric tons of dried pineapple. Her product is now sold in
supermarkets and other shops across Guinea. In Togo, similar support helped another young entrepreneur to
expand his poultry business and increase its gross earnings from CFAF30,000 to CFAF600,000 (US$50–1,000). In
Niger, an improved high-capacity solar dryer, capable of processing 2–4 metric tons, combined with training in
quality and safety standards, enabled value chain actors to improve the quality and quantity of their products, sell
them in kiosks (protected from flies and dust), and earn more income.
Small and medium manufacturers of agricultural equipment. In Togo, support from WAAPP enabled
manufacturers to explore and take advantage of local engineering expertise to grow their businesses and
contribute to agricultural mechanization that supported producers’ income-earning and labor-saving objectives.
See also: CORAF AgripreneurTV; Young Guinean Woman Agri-Entrepreneur Success Story; Young Togolese Agri-Entrepreneur; Mini-
tractor Low Cost by Logoutract Manufacturer; Squash seed extractor and huller 1 by Guema Concept Manufacturer; Squash seed
extractor and huller 2; Multifunctional seed sheller alleviating women burden.
Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity
66. By improving productivity and production, supporting entrepreneurship and job creation, and
consequently increasing incomes, WAAPP enabled producers and other value chain actors to move farther
away from poverty. Impact studies and evaluations by M&E teams in participating countries documented
improvements in income of as much as several hundred percent, as noted (Annex 6.9 has more detail).
Beneficiaries invested the additional income in improved housing, children’s education, and meeting basic
household needs, all of which improved overall welfare.
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67. The integrated approach pursued by the project also helped beneficiaries diversify their sources
of income and reduce the risk stemming from any single income source. The project generated,
disseminated, and provided information on a wide range of T&I that enabled producers to integrate new
options for production and processing into their ongoing activities. Innovations included the prolific Red
Maradi goat (a robust breed that calves at 6–7 months and produces 2–3 liters of milk per calving), Wassachiè
chicken (disease-resistant, prolific, highly valued for its meat, and producing 160–170 eggs per year,
compared to 60–80 for other local breeds), a solar egg incubator, a fish smoking kiln (reducing cooking and
smoking time from four days to four hours with improved quality), among others.
Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts
68. An outstanding impact of WAAPP was its contribution to regional integration among ECOWAS
countries, overcoming the traditional francophone-anglophone divide. WAAPP developed the regional
seed market by increasing seed production at the national level and improving and harmonizing regional
market regulations. Although room for improvement remains, the regulations allow cross-border trade in
seed to proceed with fewer challenges. CORAF also supported the regional seed market by connecting seed
cooperatives and seed companies with buyers through the West Africa Seed Information Exchange (WASIX).
Finally, WAAPP fostered the sharing of information, technology, and innovations not only through its digital
resources but by enabling many stakeholders—agricultural scientists, recipients of scholarships, extension
officers, farmers, farmer organizations, and other value chain actors—to travel and network, including travel
to other countries.
69. By expanding the number of participating countries from 6 to 13, WAAPP-1C strengthened the
regional and economic justification of WAAPP. In expanding the regional space for collaboration in
developing and using agricultural T&I, WAAPP-1C also created space to increase returns to R&D investments
within ECOWAS. The project is a story of scaling up and increasing the efficiency of technology generation
and adoption, particularly with the January 2017 AF from national IDA for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo.
Under the AF, which represented only 28 percent of WAAPP-1C financing, project targets increased between
200 percent and 300 percent of the original targets, and they were overwhelmingly met—an impressive
achievement under any circumstances.
70. WAAPP-1C developed a sense of solidarity among the participating countries, which motivated
better performance. In particular, WAAPP countries responded with unprecedented solidarity to support
Ebola-affected countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea). Under CORAF coordination, they provided
certified seed to help those countries mitigate the effects of the outbreak on agriculture and producers’
livelihoods.
71. A significant outcome of WAAPP-1C is that the region is more prepared to respond to climate
change through climate smart agriculture (CSA) for resilience and risk reduction. Despite more irregular
and short rains in the region over the last few years, the multiplication and distribution of seed of high-
yielding, early-maturing, and drought-resistant varieties is helping to save countries from crop failure and
improving farmers’ resilience to climate risk. CORAF, with support from the CGIAR Research Program on
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), used the CSA Programming and Indicator Tool to
assess the extent to which WAAPP interventions were climate-smart. The tool evaluates a given project or
intervention based on three pillars of effective CSA: productivity/income, adaptation/resilience, and
mitigation. This tool showed that the project addressed the three pillars of CSA at different levels in Benin,
Guinea, Niger, and Togo. On average, however, 35–47 percent of WAAPP outcomes have contributed to
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productivity, 31–35 percent to adaptation/resilience, and 26–32 percent to mitigation.
72. WAAPP also had an extensive digital impact
at the local and regional level. The project developed Box 6: WAAPP-1C digital achievements
and experimented with many digital platforms well • e-voucher in Guinea: Distributed 25,000
before digital approaches became a standard feature input kits (seed, fertilizer, and pesticide)
of development efforts. Learning from Senegal’s to 230,000 producers on 270,000
experience, Niger developed an e-voucher platform to hectares.
disseminate improved agricultural technology, and • e-voucher in Niger: Distributed 300
Guinea developed an e-voucher platform to distribute Maradi goats to 100 women, 444 metric
government-subsidized inputs to improve targeting tons of certified seed of maize, millet,
and transparency. Following the WAAPP experience in cowpeas, and vegetables to over 15,000
Ghana, Niger piloted e-extension to provide beneficiary households.
• e-extension in Niger: Established a call
agricultural advisory services more effectively to
center and provided agricultural advisory
farmers and other value chain actors. At the regional
services to producers through voice
level, CORAF initiated the MITA digital platform to messages, text, and WhatsApp in six of
facilitate regional transfer of T&I, share knowledge, Niger’s eight regions.
and attract participation by the private sector and • Regional digital platform to market T&I:
youth (who value digital approaches). CORAF also Market for Agricultural Innovations and
developed WASIX, a digital seed market providing Technologies (MITA).
information on improved varieties of seed available • Regional digital platform to market
throughout the region. CORAF’s Agripreneur-TV seed: West Africa Seed Information
platform shares knowledge and success stories on Exchange (WASIX).
improved T&I developed under WAAPP through a • Web TV for agricultural entrepreneurs:
visual medium that is particularly well suited to Agripreneur-TV.
interest youth in agribusiness. Box 6 summarizes the
project’s digital achievements.
73. Finally, and perhaps most important, as a flagship regional project for both ECOWAS and the
World Bank, WAAPP-1C paved the way for the development of regional integration (RI) investment
projects in West Africa. The WAAPP has stimulated RI operations in agriculture and other sectors through
its pioneering design in which many countries work together, supported by innovative, efficient procedures
for implementation and supervision at the country and regional level. The World Bank RI portfolio in West
Africa has increased significantly to include initiatives such as Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project
(PRAPS) and Sahel Irrigation Initiative Support Project (SIIP-PARIIS).
III. KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME
A. KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION
74. Given the success of the WAAPP-1A and 1B series, countries were eager to join the project and
to benefit from its achievements to date. As the third horizontal expansion of the project, WAAPP-1C
enjoyed an unprecedented and high level of political support during preparation, as the countries involved
could foresee the potential for the project to transform their agricultural innovation systems. Although
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some of the WAAPP-1C countries had challenges related to capacity, the solidarity across WAAPP
countries helped to address them.
75. The preparation of WAAPP-1C had the advantage of building on the experience and lessons
from WAAPP-1A and 1B. Experience with those other projects improved the design of WAAPP-1C and
provided a very clear vision of how it could support the agricultural sector. At the regional level, the
experience accumulated by CORAF enabled it to play its coordinating role effectively and hastened
preparation.
76. Preparation of the AF for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo was also rapid. The entire team was
familiar with the project, and the participating governments were keenly interested in continuing the
project to consolidate its achievements. Lessons from implementation contributed to design
improvements that reflected emerging priorities such as nutrition, youth employment, and private sector
participation.
B. KEY FACTORS DURING IMPLEMENTATION
77. In general, implementation of WAAPP-1C went according to plan, except for some delay
observed with the AF for Benin, Niger, and Togo. All 14 implementation support missions rated
achievement of the PDO as Satisfactory. The implementation progress rating ranged between Satisfactory
and Moderately Satisfactory (the latter rating applied to the period from January 2019 to February 2020,
when progress in implementation was hampered by slow disbursement). A considerable effort was made
in the last months of the AF to improve progress in implementation, procurement, and disbursement,
which improved the project’s performance rating at closing.
78. As discussed, WAAPP-1C benefited from ownership and commitment by the highest
government authorities, including the presidents of the participating countries. The regional wrap-up
was chaired by prime ministers, ministers of finance, or ministers of agriculture and livestock, in the
presence of their counterparts from other countries, and even sometimes by the President, in the case of
Sierra Leone. The President of The Gambia visited project beneficiaries many times. In Guinea, the project
team and World Bank Task Team Leader (TTL) met with the president following his request to discuss
project implementation, and he chaired technology dissemination events held by the project. This high-
level interest created both incentives and pressures for the project implementation teams and agencies
to deliver, and it helped to speed disbursement (which was especially challenging for Benin, Niger, and
Togo during the last six months) and bring implementation to a smooth closing.
79. When political interest devolved into political interference, however, implementation in some
countries was affected by turnover in project staff. Gambia in particular experienced high turnover of
WAAPP project coordinators (six times) and support staff, which seriously affected implementation. The
situation improved toward the end of the project when management was entrusted to the Central Project
Coordination Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, but this arrangement also had its flaws due to the high
turnover of unit coordinators. Instability in the oversight leadership at the Ministry of Agriculture was
equally destructive. The ministry had more than five permanent secretaries and about an equal number
of ministers and deputy ministers. The end results of frequent leadership changes was that the people
who were eventually appointed were insufficiently experienced to lead implementation. A change in
coordinators in Sierra Leone and Niger (twice) occurred when coordinators resigned to pursue other
employment, and staff turnover was high during the last year of AF implementation, as there was no
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prospect of a second phase. Filling vacant positions took time and slowed progress and performance to
some extent.
80. On the World Bank side, the regional TTL changed, as did the co-TTL in Guinea, but the transition
was smooth, and supervision did not falter. World Bank team support was remarkable, driven by the
strong leadership of the regional TTL to foster team spirit, knowledge sharing, and the desire of
participating countries to showcase their results and improve performance. Close supervision was made
possible through support from the Trust Funds, as the World Bank budget was insufficient to finance the
strong implementation support model developed by WAAPP-1C.
81. Procurement was challenging and, in some cases, delayed implementation. First, some
countries (Niger, for example) struggled to replace any skilled procurement specialists who left the
project. Second, procurement challenges in Benin, Niger, and Togo (particularly in cases where local
enterprises failed to complete infrastructure on time) delayed implementation and affected disbursement
over the closing year of the project. Owing to strong government commitment and support by the World
Bank team, however, delays were mostly superseded by close monitoring, which occurred weekly in Benin
and Togo over the last six months of implementation. In the end, the project closed with an overall final
disbursement rate of 97 percent.
82. The Ebola outbreak inevitably affected project implementation in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and
Guinea. Travel restrictions constrained effective field monitoring and implementation support for some
time in the affected zones.
IV. BANK PERFORMANCE, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME
A. QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E)
M&E Design
83. Rating: Substantial. The design of M&E for WAAPP-1C was based on arrangements for WAAPP-
1A and WAAPP-1B, with some improvements under the AF (see section I-B). The results framework was
comprehensive, with six PDO-level results indicators and 26 IRIs (5 for Component 1, 6 for Component 2,
9 for Component 3, and 6 for Component 4). Most of the indicators were quantitative and measurable. A
well-thought-out M&E operations manual was prepared by CORAF for regional M&E and by each
participating country. All key concepts and variables were clearly defined, including who was eligible to
be counted as a beneficiary. The manual also specified: (i) data sources, (ii) method of data collection,
including rapid appraisals and various survey methods, (iii) frequency of data collection, and (iv) entities
responsible for data collection and processing. Even so, for a regional project the number of IRIs was high
and made M&E somewhat resource intensive. It is worth noting that “yield of priority crops” could have
been considered a PDO indicator to measure productivity increases, a critical outcome expected from the
project, although consistent yield measurements are complicated to obtain, owing to variables that affect
yield but are difficult to control for, especially weather. Some concepts, such as “technology” in PDO
Indicator 2 (“Technologies generated by the Project with at least 15 percent productivity increase over
the control technology”) require additional refinement. A higher number of unspecified technologies that
only a limited number of producers can use is not necessarily better than a smaller number of
technologies that can have a greater national or regional impact.
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M&E Implementation
84. Rating: Substantial. M&E implementation was taken very seriously by the participating countries
and CORAF. As discussed, considerable human and financial resources were deployed for M&E, given the
high number of IRIs. As WAAPP-1C was a regional project with many project management units
responsible for data collection, the biggest challenge was to make sure that project countries applied the
same standards and definitions so that data could be compared and computed in a consistent manner.
This challenge was addressed by learning from WAAPP-1A and 1B and with coordination by CORAF, which
played a leading role in M&E. CORAF organized several regional workshops to ensure a common
understanding of the definitions of indicators and data to be collected, and it also organized support
missions to national teams to make sure that data were collected in a professional manner. Focal points
responsible for M&E were in place in each country and in CORAF. CORAF set up a regional web-based
M&E platform for countries to regularly upload their results framework so that results could be
aggregated at the regional level. The number of beneficiaries and area planted to improved varieties were
closely monitored, as were the spillover effects of T&I promoted by the project at the country level.
CORAF regularly assessed data quality to help country M&E team identify and correct any double counting
of beneficiaries, based on guidance from the M&E implementation manual. During implementation and
especially during the mid-term review, indicators were reviewed to clarify definitions and harmonize
concepts. The project M&E teams became strong, interconnected, and supported one another as result
of continuous, tailored capacity building. When the CORAF M&E specialist resigned a few months prior to
closing, the M&E specialist from Guinea provided backstopping, successfully updating the regional results
framework until completion of the ICR.
M&E Utilization
85. Rating: Substantial. During implementation support missions, all indicators were regularly
compared in a transparent manner that required each country to justify the level of achievement of the
PDO indicators and IRIs. Countries lagging in a specific area sought to emulate countries that had
performed better and made great efforts to improve their performance by the time of the next
implementation support mission. In this type of agricultural research and extension project, it is
challenging to quantify the key variables “beneficiaries” and “benefits” and the risk of double counting is
always present, so the team had to make a very determined effort to produce reliable data. If abnormally
high or low achievement was reported for any indicator, the CORAF M&E specialist immediately set to
work with the country M&E counterpart to determine the explanation and take appropriate action.
CORAF and the implementing agencies in the participating countries used new technology (digital media,
internet) in addition to traditional channels to communicate the project’s results effectively to different
groups of stakeholders. WAAPP-1C results, technology success stories, and other achievements have
been featured on community radio, national radio, television, web-tv, and online. Under the coordination
of CORAF, the country M&E teams populated the regional MITA digital platform by collecting and
uploading information on all 81 T&I generated and disseminated by the project. Impact studies were
conducted when the original financing came to an end, and the outcomes are summarized in this ICR (see
Annexes 6.8 and 6.9), but unfortunately those studies were not updated at closing for countries benefiting
from the AF. Nevertheless, the M&E teams collected data on yield increases and income gains from the
adoption of technologies disseminated by the project to provide some understanding of the project’s
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development impact. This information was presented to authorities from the participating countries and
ECOWAS at the regional wrap-up session for the project; for details, see Annex 6.9.
Justification of Overall Rating of Quality of M&E
86. Rating: Substantial. In summary, WAAPP-1C had a well-prepared results framework that was
available in a regional web-based system coordinated by CORAF, and participating countries regularly
uploaded monitoring data into the system. These arrangements allowed the results framework to be
updated consistently. All stakeholders gave careful attention to reliable data collection and conducted all
studies required. M&E results were fed back into the operation and corrective actions were taken as
appropriate. The results contributed to the MITA digital platform. Although the economic impact
assessment done at the end of the original financing was not updated at the end of the AF for beneficiary
countries, the M&E team collected additional outcome data related to increases in yield and income at
project closing.
B. ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND FIDUCIARY COMPLIANCE
Environmental and social compliance
87. Recognizing that the potential social and environmental impacts of WAAPP-1C were expected
to be local, site-specific, and manageable, the project was classified as a Category-B project. The
corresponding safeguard instruments—an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
and Pest Management Plan (PMP)—were prepared for the original funding, updated for the AF, and
followed for each country. Each country and CORAF had dedicated social and environmental safeguard
specialists or focal points to oversee the implementation of social and environmental safeguards, identify
problems, and take the appropriate mitigation actions. A capacity-building plan for these specialists,
including national and regional workshops, was carried out under the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP) and PMP. During implementation, World Bank social and environmental
safeguard specialists closely supervised the safeguard measures. Integrated pest management practices
were applied, and environmental impact assessments were performed for minor civil works. Effective
overall implementation of social and environmental safeguards was reflected at the country and regional
level through social and environmental screening of all competitive and commissioned subprojects and
by monitoring implementation of the ESMPs for competitive subprojects. In some countries, the
implementation of subproject ESMPs underscored difficulties in maintaining hygiene, health, and safety
standards, including the low use of personal protective equipment, absence of fire extinguishers, failure
to register employees with the National Social Security Fund, absence of medical first aid, and absence of
sanitary facilities for employees.
88. The World Bank’s involuntary resettlement policy was triggered, but no negative social impacts
occurred. The research projects financed by the national and regional CARGS were mainly directed to the
needs of smallholder farmers, including women. They formed part of CORAF’s regional gender strategy to
mainstream gender considerations in technology generation and adoption. WAAPP is a well-known
project and highly appreciated by many farmers and stakeholders across ECOWAS countries. The adoption
of hundreds of new agricultural technologies developed under the WAAPP series over the past decade
has had positive, growing, and potentially lasting cultural, social, and economic impacts in beneficiary
communities. These impacts are likely to be augmented as a result of the project’s strong capacity-building
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program, especially its support for 478 advanced degrees in disciplines pertinent to agricultural
development. Over the past decade, this support has renewed interest in the agricultural sciences and
agricultural sector among young men and women.
Fiduciary compliance
89. CORAF and each country coordination unit had a cohort of financial and procurement
specialists. Financial management (FM) and procurement assessments conducted by World Bank
specialists during preparation concluded that arrangements in all beneficiary countries were adequate to
meet the World Bank’s minimum fiduciary requirements. Audit reports and interim financial reports from
the various executing agencies were received, albeit at times with delays. Annual procurement plans were
established and regularly reviewed during project implementation support missions.
90. Even with these arrangements in place, procurement challenges caused some delay in the
implementation of the AF, particularly in Benin, Niger, and Togo, as discussed. As result, some
infrastructure remained unfinished in Togo and Niger, along with some laboratory facilities and
equipment in Niger, but the respective governments will complete these facilities. In Benin, some
infrastructure works (experimental farms for seed multiplication and poultry breeding) were cancelled
following a delayed start.
C. BANK PERFORMANCE
Quality at Entry
91. Rating: Satisfactory. The project was designed well. It was relevant and sound from an array of
perspectives—technical, economic, political, and strategic—and fulfilled World Bank fiduciary and
safeguard requirements. The components nurtured strong, productive interactions between research,
extension, private enterprises, producer organizations, and civil society. As mentioned, the design and
preparation of WAAPP benefited from the World Bank team’s experience and learning from WAAPP-1A
(2007) and WAAPP-1B (2010). The World Bank ensured that CORAF and beneficiary countries fully
participated in preparation, including the definition of indicators and the setting of targets. Regional
planning exercises at the design stage optimized regional exchanges and synergies. The sense of solidarity
that developed among WAAPP countries as a result of World Bank and CORAF support was invaluable. A
particularly effective strategy was to involve WAAPP-1A and 1B countries in supporting their peers in
WAAPP-1C countries, where capacity was low. Liberia and Sierra Leone had both emerged from long
conflicts, and Togo has experienced prolonged political instability. This peer approach was valuable in
filling gaps in human capacity, building cross-regional relationships and trust, and creating enthusiasm for
WAAPP-1C countries to join the WAAPP regional family. The AF for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo was
designed to consolidate and scale up attainments under the original financing. The AF design with the
revised PDO indicators better captured the project’s regional integration and technology dissemination
activities and incorporated the new priorities mentioned earlier. Preparation of the AF involved an
innovative approach in which successive rounds of participatory consultation and engagement with
citizens provided input for designing AF subactivities. This approach encouraged ownership and social
accountability among beneficiaries, whose full engagement was essential for successful implementation.
In content and approach, the strong project design made it likely that the development outcomes would
be achieved.
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Quality of Supervision
92. Rating: Highly Satisfactory. Implementation support missions were conducted regularly in each
country, and regional implementation supervision by CORAF was remarkable (see Box 7). Following these
country missions, regional wrap-up
Box 7: A best practice for supervision in a regional project
missions were organized under CORAF
coordination. At the regional wrap- The WAAPP-1C arrangements for implementation support
ups, the World Bank co-TTLs shared and M&E stand out as a best practice for regional supervision
that can galvanize and strengthen R&D collaboration among
experiences across countries, and the
participating countries. Under the remarkable leadership of
CORAF team provided the regional the World Bank regional TTL, the project developed a vibrant
perspective. The fact that these platform to support implementation through transparent,
sessions gathered most of the thorough, and rigorous country supervision missions,
ECOWAS beneficiary countries (13 out complemented by equally substantive regional wrap-up
of 15) allowed for the open, missions. Through the wrap-up missions, country teams
transparent, and public assessment of collaborated very effectively to assess progress, share
the achievement of project outcomes knowledge, and discuss and solve common challenges at the
and intermediate outcome indicators regional level. This approach represents a best practice for
for each country. The overall country supervision that WAAPP-1C can showcase to other regions
within and outside Africa.
performance rating was based on five
agreed criteria: (i) PDO level of
achievement against the targets; (ii)
disbursement rates against targets; (iii)
execution of annual work plan and budget (percent); (iv) implementation of the agreed action plan from
the last mission (percentage of actions completed); and (v) regional activities, with number of T&I brought
in (at least three). This practice of rating performance against benchmarks was instrumental in
encouraging healthy competition among countries to improve implementation, and it also encouraged
CORAF to perform to a standard commensurate with its role as the institution in charge of regional
coordination.
93. Implementation encountered some roadblocks. As noted, during the last half year of the project,
the World Bank team provided close support to boost disbursement of the AF in Benin, Niger, and Togo
through weekly meetings reviewing implementation of the work plan and budget. This effort improved
disbursement rates, but the team could have intervened earlier to maximize disbursement and avoid the
final rush. As WAAPP-1C was the last in this series of operations, the final regional wrap-up organized by
the World Bank, CORAF, and ECOWAS convened all WAAPP participating countries to assess
achievements across ten years of WAAPP implementation, draw lessons from success and failure, and
initiate thinking future regional initiatives.
Justification of Overall Rating of Bank Performance
94. Overall World Bank performance: Satisfactory. Altogether, from design to implementation, the
World Bank performed in proactive, participatory, flexible, and innovative ways. The project was well
designed in terms of content and participation: aside from full engagement by WAAPP-1C countries, the
project drew in WAAPP-1A and 1B participants to optimize regional exchanges and synergies. Adaptive
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learning is evident in the effort to build on experience and incorporate emerging priorities into the AF
design and activities. The well-conceived supervision framework was central to maintaining a tight focus
on development outcomes and addressing issues as they arose. The team constantly probed for ways to
accelerate the dissemination and adoption of research results within countries and especially across
national borders. All fiduciary aspects of the project were monitored effectively. Despite the procurement
challenges described under the AF, the project closed with a disbursement rate of 97 percent.
D. RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME
Rating: Moderate
95. At completion, the risk to the project development outcome with respect to government and
stakeholder ownership and commitment is Moderate. WAAPP-1C benefitted from ownership and
engagement on the part of the governments, participating institutions, and the diverse array of
stakeholders and beneficiaries. This engagement should help to sustain the project’s achievements after
closing. For instance, the Governments of Benin and Togo have agreed to use their own financial resources
to complete unfinished project infrastructure. All governments were pleased with WAAPP-1C
achievements in rebuilding innovation systems to improve productivity, and they were eager to expand
this progress through new regional funding initiatives. Cancellation of the preparation of the follow-up
West Africa Agricultural Transformation Program (WAATP) was a disappointment, however, and countries
are still interested in pursuing the regional integration momentum built by the three WAAPP series, and
this may require additional support.
96. From an institutional perspective at both the regional and sectoral level, the risk to the project
development outcome is Moderate. Throughout implementation of the WAAPP series, CORAF has grown
as an institution. Its capacity for regional coordination and oversight has increased, including its capacity
to mobilize networks of operations specialists (M&E, safeguard, fiduciary, and communication specialists).
CORAF facilitated regional research planning and implementation by helping NCoS, RCoS, and RCoE to
connect through annual meetings to align regional and national R&D priorities. At the WAAPP-1C biannual
regional wrap up missions, a side meeting gathered country research systems, NCoS, RCoS, and RCoE to
assess progress and agree on an action plan for further regional cooperation. Clearly, CORAF’s capacity to
mobilize regional political support for the R&D achievements will be a critical determinant of whether the
momentum established through WAAPP will be sustained or decline over time. CORAF is contributing to
the sustainability of WAAPP-1C achievements by leveraging the USAID-funded Partnership for Agricultural
Research, Education, and Development to continue upgrading the MITA digital platform and to involve
the maize RCoS in Benin, and the EU-funded Development Smart Innovation through Research in
Agriculture 2020 initiative and involving the maize RCoS in Benin. It is hoped that through these efforts
CORAF will continue to gain visibility and trust and will be considered a prospective partner by other
development agencies. Strong financial support is essential for CORAF to maintain its current institutional
standing and keep serving the innovation system of West and Central Africa.
97. From an institutional perspective at the country level, the risk to the project development
outcome is also Moderate. WAAPP-1C succeeded in transforming moribund national agricultural
innovation systems into active systems. The project established NCoS and RCoS, built research
infrastructure, developed laboratories and supplied equipment, and trained a new generation of
agricultural scientists at the MSc and PhD level. The revitalized innovation systems generated and
disseminated improved T&I and developed effective networks with other national, regional, and
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international research systems, including the CGIAR. All of these actions have opened new avenues for
national innovation systems to develop and raise their profile at the regional and global level.
98. From a financial standpoint, the risk to the project development outcome is Substantial. Huge
progress in rebuilding national innovation systems cannot be maintained without a sustainable financing
mechanism for R&E. The lack of financial resources to fund activities and programs may prevent the NCoS,
RCoS, and the country research institutions from steadily generating and transferring T&I to producers
and other value chain actors. Unless governments increase their investment in the agricultural sector by
allocating at least 1 percent of the public budget to agricultural innovation, as specified by CAADP, the
sustainability of WAAPP research achievements could be threatened. The lack of regional funding from
ECOWAS or other donors may prevent the upgraded RCoS on livestock in Niger and maize in Benin from
sustaining a regional research agenda that reflects the needs of individual countries. Dependency on
donor funding may cause these institutions to drift away from their respective specializations.
99. The political risk to the project development outcome is also Moderate. The prospects for future
agricultural cooperation and exchange in the region depend heavily on continued political stability as
being observed and the development of a more closely integrated economic space in the ECOWAS
countries. The continued effective implementation and use of e-vouchers in Niger and Guinea will depend
on decisions by national policy makers. The political will for these undertakings needs to be maintained
and strengthened to ensure the sustainability of this important reform initiated under WAAPP-1C.
100. Finally, COVID-19 presents a new dimension of risk that cannot be ignored. The curtailment of
economic activity, disruption of food and agricultural systems, and urgent need for governments to focus
resources on countering the pandemic will make it increasingly challenging to sustain the full spectrum of
investments under WAAPP-1C. At the same time, the achievements of WAAPP-1C have positioned
governments to mount a more comprehensive response to the pandemic. The COVID-19 emergency seed
programs prepared by the governments are possible only because seed systems were strengthened under
the project. Most WAAPP-1C countries now have enough certified seed of improved varieties available,
or they can acquire it within the sub-region. Ten years ago, they would have been forced to import seed
from more distant sources—a fact that underscores the value of sustaining WAAPP investments.
V. LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
▪ From a regional perspective
101. An effective regional organization like ECOWAS was key to the success of the WAAPP series.
ECOWAS designated and supported CORAF, the regional implementing body to coordinate the activities
of WAAPP. WAAPP was successful because it had strong ownership from the participating member
countries.
102. A regional project, implemented successfully, can be a real driver of regional integration,
motivating participating countries to cooperate beyond the traditional francophone/anglophone
divide. The mixture of productive competition, exchange of information and technology at the annual
WAAPP fair, mutual support, and solidarity developed among the WAAPP countries (the rapid response
to the Ebola outbreak is only one example) is an outstanding development outcome that any regional
project would wish to emulate.
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103. The interdependence of national agricultural innovation systems can strengthen resilience to
shocks at the national and regional level, regardless of whether those shocks are related to climate
change, market volatility, or a pandemic. CORAF has demonstrated its capacity for regional coordination
and has formed good partnerships with the private seed sector, including cooperatives, which may be
highly useful in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Already, the strong seed systems built under
WAAPP are enabling governments to move rapidly and strategically to increase domestic food production
and limit vulnerability to food insecurity, which could be heightened by the border closures and transport
restrictions necessitated by the pandemic.
104. A regional approach to agricultural development remains very relevant to speed Africa’s
agricultural transformation. It is far from obvious that the achievements attained through WAAPP-1C
could be realized by projects focused on individual countries. African countries share a number of
constraints that could be addressed more efficiently through a regional approach based on shared
resources. Evidence from WAAPP shows that a regional approach can rationalize and optimize the use of
Africa’s scarce resources to develop regionally relevant mechanisms and tools and achieve development
impacts more rapidly in individual countries and throughout the region. The regional approach of WAAPP-
1C was instrumental for successful collaboration in developing and sharing T&I across borders, as well as
for streamlining trade in agricultural inputs and outputs. The peer learning and benchmarking of progress
reinforced the commitment of each participating country to achieve the development outcomes. All in
all, in West Africa, a regional approach is probably the best way to harness the benefits of modern
technologies, overcome the limitations of innovation systems that are too small to produce meaningful
results working alone, and increase agricultural productivity for millions of farmers.
▪ Project time frame
105. Development is essentially a long process that is supported most effectively through long-term
investments that favor continuous progress and growth. The key to the overall success of WAAPP is that
its implementation spanned a full decade. WAAPP-1C achieved a great deal, and countries benefiting from
the AF were granted eight years to implement their activities. Much more could have been achieved,
however, if the original adaptable program lending instrument had permitted at least ten years of
implementation as the first series (WAAPP-1A and 2A). In that case, for instance, the Sierra Leone NCoS
on mangrove rice, Benin RCoS on maize, and Niger RCoS on livestock could have becomes RCoEs like their
counterparts in Ghana and Senegal rather than leaving an unfinished development agenda. Long-term
program lending is critical because coordinated generation, dissemination, and adoption of improved
technologies requires institution building over the course of many years.
▪ Innovative regional coordination financing mechanism
106. WAAPP literally “invented” a good practice for regional projects, whereby a certain percentage
of country proceeds (1/15) is retroceded to the regional coordination entity (CORAF) for project regional
activities, management, and subsidiarity. This practice has also been instructive for participating
countries (everything comes with a price tag) and critical for country oversight of regional activities and
regional commitment to serving country needs. The precedent for regional coordination set by WAAPP
has made it easier for other regional projects to negotiate similar operational/financial arrangements.
107. Additional resources from trust funds (TF) are critical to the successful implementation of a
regional project. Additional TF resources (PHRD, FPCR-MDTF) allowed regular in-country field missions
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and regional wrap-up missions, which were vital to success, as noted in Box 7. The lesson from this
experience is that it is important for a regional project to benefit from resources other than World Bank
budget to exert strong leadership and undertake in-depth implementation support, particularly during a
regional project’s first years.
▪ M&E and communication
108. The WAAPP results framework was somewhat complex, with many indicators. Although the
indicators were relevant, they were costly in terms of time and human and financial resources. For a
regional project covering many countries, the results framework should be streamlined to include critical
PDO and intermediate results indicators, which would ease data collection and analysis at the national
and regional level.
109. In addition to the good country impact studies done to assess the impacts on productivity and
livelihoods of beneficiaries, a regional experimental study investigating the higher-level of impacts of
WAAPP-1C on the wider agricultural sector at the country and regional level, would be of interest too.
It is critical to plan for a comprehensive regional impact study that will begin at the start of the
intervention and going beyond social and economic impacts on direct beneficiary populations, to measure
the macro-economic impact on the food sector at country and regional level and make recommendations
to consolidate the gains. For a new regional agricultural program, it is recommended to reinforce CORAF’s
core staff with an M&E team, including impact assessment specialists, to implement experiments
throughout implementation. Given the relatively high cost of a regional impact assessment, however, the
mobilization of other sources of funding beyond IDA, such as TFs and Externally Funded Outputs, would
be helpful.
110. Communication is critical for any project. WAAPP-1C was well known at the regional level. CORAF
and participating countries issued an impressive array of communication materials (leaflets, booklets,
manuals, videos, and other digital media), but there is little evidence that the project realized the full
potential of these various communication approaches. It is important to investigate the effectiveness of
different communication approaches for disseminating information on improved T&I and raising
awareness of project achievements.
▪ Gender tagging
111. A gender-responsive, gender-tagged regional project requires the development of a sound
regional gender mainstreaming strategy, a gender screening tool, and national gender action plans. At
the beginning of WAAPP-1C, it was not certain that the project would meet the target for 40 percent of
beneficiaries to be female. The gender strategy and action plans made it possible for the project to
definitively adopt a gender approach, however. The project developed a clear understanding of men’s
and women’s activities in agricultural value chains, along with the gender constraints involved, to inform
the research program and ensure that it would generate technologies addressing women’s and men’s
specific constraints. The actors involved in implementation received training to build a gender-sensitive
team. Consequently, the project was able to address gender-specific needs to improve productivity and
income, close the gap in women’s access to improved T&I, and enhance family welfare.
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▪ Mobilizing Funding for Development though Innovation Platforms
112. The IPs were instrumental in implementing a value chain approach that supported the MFD
agenda by encouraging private sector participation. As the many WAAPP-1C success stories show,
promoting the adoption of improved T&I through IPs enabled the project to build win-win partnerships
among value chain actors, including the private sector. The most notable example of MFD under WAAPP-
1C was the mobilization of private sector funding to support producers’ access to improved technologies
through contract farming, which made it possible to replace the government input subsidy with the
private financing of production inputs for contract farmers.
▪ Building on WAAPP success moving forward
113. WAAPP had remarkable success in rebuilding country seed systems, which are poised to
develop into vibrant seed industries. The next step is to move beyond seed grower cooperatives and seed
producer associations and involve the private sector more actively in multiplying foundation and certified
seed and perhaps even in seed certification. Opening the market to private seed companies will allow
seed production to expand to meet local demand. Although WAAPP initiated this process, it must be
encouraged so that countries can benefit from a real seed industry that can promote wide adoption of
improved varieties with less intervention from governments to ensure sustainability. Most of the world’s
successful seed systems have transferred responsibility for commercial seed production and sales as well
as some regulatory oversight of the industry to the private sector.
114. Building upon the legacy of WAAPP, the future of the innovation system (R&D) lies in
strengthening opportunities to collaborate with the private sector to enhance value chain development
as a driver of technology adoption on a wider scale. Aspects of the project that created incentives to
increase private sector participation, such as the IPs, the development of seed systems that provide space
for private firms to multiply foundation seed, or the increased use of digital disruptive technologies and
IT to support cross-border flows of genetic material, offer lessons that resonate with more forward-
looking and modern R&D systems.
115. Improvements in regional trade are critical to increase agricultural productivity and develop
value chains. Under WAAPP-1C, a range of cross-border issues made the transfer of T&I slow and costly.
A regional trade policy must be adopted and effectively enforced to promote the regional transfer of
agricultural T&I. Such a policy is required now more than ever, given that a stock of highly promising and
transformative technologies has been developed but has not been fully transferred across the region. It
is highly recommended that ECOWAS act on trade policy along with enforcement mechanisms at the
country level to ensure the policy’s effectiveness. The implementation of AfCFTA could be helpful.
116. The e-voucher input subsidy platform piloted in Niger and Guinea needs to be developed and
supported. This digital response to the recurrent problem of targeting and transparency dramatically
improves the efficiency and development impact of input subsidy programs. Strong policy dialogue will
be required to marshal the political support to implement e-vouchers successfully.
117. Two other focus areas are priorities for regional collaboration: sustainable mechanization and
better water control to increase resilience to climate change. WAAPP has significantly strengthened the
capacity of the science and technology system to promote innovations that increase agricultural
productivity and disseminate them widely to farmers and other value chain actors. Similar success in
mechanization and irrigation could be achieved if the upcoming regional project and ongoing SIIP-PARIIS
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were strengthened with additional funding. Those achievements would modernize agricultural food
systems, moving West Africa closer to agricultural transformation.
▪ Teaming up approach
118. Task team spirit matters a lot in the success of a regional project. WAAPP created a uniquely
supportive task team that developed a strong relationship with country partners. If any future regional
project is to succeed, it must build on this strong foundation. Indeed, the joint task team of the World
Bank, CORAF, and ECOWAS governments was the principal key to WAAPP’s success. The lesson to draw
here is that institutional cooperation and partnership, joint commitment, mutual responsibility, and a
common drive to ensure success must be animated by strong sense of leadership. This spirit was
embodied by the TTL. During the final regional wrap-up of WAAPP-1C, the assembled colleagues from
ECOWAS, CORAF, and all WAAPP beneficiary countries provided meaningful testimonials to his
exceptional leadership and achievements.
.
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ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND KEY OUTPUTS
A. RESULTS INDICATORS
A.1 PDO Indicators
Objective/Outcome: Generate and accelerate adoption of improved technologies in the participating countries
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Direct project beneficiaries Number 0.00 3550000.00 4037495.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 16-Apr-2020
Direct Project beneficiaries Number 0.00 200000.00 288083.00
- Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 47.00
Direct Project beneficiaries- Number 0.00 200000.00 241040.00
Liberia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 54.00
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Direct Project benenficiaries Number 0.00 250000.00 900000.00 974890.00
- Benin
24-Mar-2011 17-Jul-2019 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 41.00
Direct Project beneficiaries Number 0.00 100000.00 136494.00
-Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 60.00
Direct Project beneficiaries - Number 0.00 200000.00 500000.00 613610.00
Togo
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 41.00
Direct Project beneficiaries - Number 0.00 450000.00 700000.00 664455.00
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Niger 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 16-Apr-2020
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 49.00
Direct Project beneficiaries Number 0.00 200000.00 800000.00 817923.00
- Guinea
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Female beneficiaires Percentage 0.00 40.00 42.10
Direct Project beneficiaries - Number 0.00 150000.00 301200.00
Cote d'Ivoire (Japan PHRD
TF) 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Female beneficiaries Percentage 0.00 40.00 49.00
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
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Technologies generated by Number 0.00 45.00 60.00 81.00
the Project with at least 15%
productivity increase over the 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 30-Dec-2020 09-Jan-2020
control technology
(cumulative, disag by ctry)
Technologies generated by Number 0.00 8.00 10.00 11.00
the Project- Niger
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Technologies generated by Number 0.00 14.00 20.00 26.00
the Project - Benin
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2020 09-Jan-2020
Technologies generated by Number 0.00 5.00 14.00
the Project- Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Technologies generated by Number 0.00 10.00 15.00 16.00
the Project - Guinea
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 1908000.00 2908000.00 4699416.00
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technologies disseminated 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
under the project
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 400000.00 600000.00 555454.00
technologies - Benin
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 09-Jan-2020
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 110000.00 101669.00
technologies - Liberia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 70000.00 113881.00
technologies - Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 650000.00 1000000.00 2793265.00
technologies - Niger
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 200000.00 350000.00 364547.00
technologies - Togo
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 70000.00 56000.00
technologies - Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 300000.00 600000.00 616450.00
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technology - Guinea 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Area under improved Hectare(Ha) 0.00 108000.00 98150.00
technologies - Cote d'Ivoire
(Japan PHRD TF) 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Beneficiaries who are using Number 2500.00 160000.00 600000.00 451479.00
technology generated by
other countries NCOS (at 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
least 3, cumulative)
Beneficiaries who are using Number 6000.00 10000.00 100000.00 101302.00
technology generated by
other countries (years, 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
cumulative) - Togo
Beneficiaries who are using Number 11500.00 50000.00 150000.00 137580.00
technology generated by
other countries (years, 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
cumulative) -Niger
Beneficiaries who are using Number 50000.00 50000.00 200000.00 200196.00
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technology generated by 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
other countries. (years,
cumulative) - Guinea
Beneficiaries who are using Number 1500.00 50000.00 150000.00 12401.00
technology generated by
other countries. (years, 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
cumulative) - Benin
Comments (achievements against targets):
This the only PDO indicator target that was not met at regional level.
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Beneficiaries who are using Number 50000.00 50000.00 200000.00 200196.00
technology generated by
other countries. (years, 18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
cumulative) - Guinea
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
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Processors/producers who Number 0.00 1410000.00 2210000.00 2463003.00
have adopted at least one
new technology, made 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
available by the project
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 300000.00 500000.00 502086.00
have adopted at least one
new technology, made 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
available by the project-
Benin
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 90000.00 103604.00
have adopted at least one
new technology - Liberia 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 120000.00 249164.00
have adopted at least one
new technology - Sierra 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Leone
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 350000.00 500000.00 483602.00
have adopted at least one
new technology, made 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
available by the project -
Niger
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 200000.00 350000.00 422971.00
have adopted at least one
new technology, made 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
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available by the project-
Togo
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 60000.00 69139.00
have adopted at least one
new technology - Gambia 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 200000.00 500000.00 515057.00
have adopted at least one
new technology, made 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
available by the project-
Guinea
Processors/producers who Number 0.00 90000.00 123680.00
have adopted at least one
new technology - Cote 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
d'Ivoire (Japan PHRD TF)
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Producer with knowledge of Percentage 0.00 75.00 82.00
technologies
generated/released by the 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project (by country)
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Producer with knowledge of Percentage 0.00 75.00 84.00
technologies
generated/released by the 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project (by country) - NIGER
Producer with knowledge of Percentage 0.00 75.00 87.00
technologies
generated/released by the 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project (by country) - TOGO
Producer with knowledge of Percentage 0.00 75.00 80.00
technologies
generated/released by the 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project (by country) -
GUINEA
Producer with knowledge of Percentage 0.00 75.00 77.00
technologies
generated/released by the 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project (by country) - BENIN
Comments (achievements against targets):
A.2 Intermediate Results Indicators
Component: Enabling conditions for Sub-regional Cooperation in Generation, Dissemination and Adoption of Techno
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Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
National regulations on Number 0.00 21.00 21.00
genetic materials, fertilizer,
and pesticides aligned to 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
regional (ECOWAS)
regulations and adopted
Benin Number 1.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 17-Jul-2019 31-Dec-2019
Gambia Number 0.00 2.00 2.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Liberia Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Niger Number 1.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 17-Jul-2019 31-Dec-2019
Sierra Leone Number 0.00 4.00 4.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
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Togo Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 17-Jul-2019 31-Dec-2019
Guinea (Japan PHRD TF) Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Regulations for fertilizer at Yes/No N Y Y
ECOWAS level developed and
adopted 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
A system for data collection, Yes/No N Y Y
analysis and reporting on ag
technologies, research skills, 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
and ag productivity
established at national and
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regional (CORAF) level
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Guinea
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Benin
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Gambia
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Liberia
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Niger
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Sierra Leone
24-May-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - Togo
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
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System for data collection Yes/No N Y Y
established - CORAF
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Hits for the national web- Number 0.00 550000.00 12379355.00
based information system on
ag technologies and research 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
skills
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 10000.00 87500.00
system - Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 20000.00 28170.00
system - Benin
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 0.00 0.00
system - Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 0.00 1000.00
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system - Liberia 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 10000.00 101370.00
system - Niger
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Hits for web-based infor Number 0.00 0.00 2270.00
system - Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Hits for web-based info Number 0.00 10000.00 132833.00
system - Togo
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
CORAF achieved 12,029,482 hits in total.
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
National/regional action plan Number 0.00 24.00 26.00
on gender, communication,
climate change developped 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Action plans - Benin Number 0.00 3.00 4.00
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24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Action plans - Gambia Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Action plans - Liberia Number 0.00 3.00 2.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Action plans - Niger Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Action plans - Sierra Leone Number 0.00 3.00 5.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Action plans - Togo Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Action plans - CORAF Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 57 of 123
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Component: National Centers of Specialization/Strengthening of the Research System
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Technologies generated Number 0.00 45.00 48.00
outside the country and
tested by a non-NCOS 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
country
Techno tested by non-NCoS Number 0.00 15.00 16.00
country - Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno tested by non-NCoS Number 0.00 12.00 12.00
country - Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno tested by non-NCoS Number 0.00 2.00 2.00
country - Liberia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno tested by non-NCoS Number 0.00 16.00 18.00
country - Togo
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 58 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Technologies Number 0.00 41.00 53.00
generated/adapted by NCOS
and demonstrated by the 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
project in the project area
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 10.00 11.00
Niger
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 5.00 14.00
Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 16.00 17.00
Benin
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 10.00 11.00
Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Page 59 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Technologies Number 0.00 29.00 28.00
generated/adapted by NCOS
and demonstrated in at least 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
3 ECOWAS countries outside
the country of origin
Techno demonstrated Number 0.00 9.00 13.00
outside the country - Benin
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated Number 0.00 7.00 7.00
outside the country - Niger
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
outside the country - Sierra
Leone 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno demonstrated Number 0.00 10.00 5.00
outside the country -
Guinea 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Client days of training Number 0.00 124960.00 199716.00
Page 60 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
provided (includes scientists, 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
extension agents, agro
dealers, farmers, community
members, etc.)
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 30000.00 27745.00
Benin
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 460.00 1384.00
Gambia
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 30-Dec-2016
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 12000.00 12225.00
Liberia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 30000.00 77040.00
Niger
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 11695.00 11695.00
Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 10000.00 13240.00
Togo
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 61 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 30000.00 54750.00
Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Client days of trainings - Number 0.00 1000.00 1637.00
Cote d'Ivoire (Japan PHRD
TF) 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2016
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Scientific exchange visits / Number 0.00 126.00 126.00
study tours
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scientific exchanges - Benin Number 0.00 45.00 43.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scientific exchanges - Number 0.00 5.00 6.00
Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Scientifi exchanges - Liberia Number 0.00 2.00 2.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Page 62 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Scientific exchanges - Niger Number 0.00 21.00 29.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scientific exchanges - Sierra Number 0.00 3.00 3.00
Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Scientific exchanges - Togo Number 0.00 20.00 18.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scientific exchanges - Number 0.00 25.00 21.00
Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Scholarships (disaggregated Number 0.00 447.00 478.00
by MSc and PhD)
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scholarships - Guinea Number 0.00 35.00 42.00
18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 63 of 123
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Scholarships - Benin Number 0.00 104.00 117.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scholarships - Gambia Number 0.00 18.00 18.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Scholarships - Liberia Number 0.00 37.00 37.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Scholarships - Niger Number 0.00 140.00 146.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Scholarships - Sierra Leone Number 0.00 41.00 41.00
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Scholarships - Togo Number 0.00 72.00 77.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Achieved: 478 scholarships of which 351 MSc and 127 PhD
Page 64 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Component: Funding of Demand-driven Technology Generation and Adoption
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
National Demand-Driven Number 0.00 150.00 134.00
Research Proposals Projects
Financed by the national 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
CARGS
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 33.00 41.00
under the national CARGS -
Benin 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 18.00 1.00
under the national CARGS -
Gambia 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 6.00 0.00
under the national CARGS -
Liberia 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Project proposals finacned Number 0.00 24.00 25.00
under the national CARGS -
Niger 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 20.00 3.00
Page 65 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
under the national CARGS - 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Sierra Leone
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 24.00 27.00
under the national CARGS -
Togo 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 15.00 27.00
under the national CARGS -
Guinea 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Project proposals financed Number 0.00 10.00 10.00
under the national CARGS -
Cote d'Ivoire (Japan PHRD 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
TF)
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Multi-country research Number 0.00 15.00 13.00
proposals financed by the
regional Competitive 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Agricultural Research Grant
System (CORAF)
Page 66 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Technologies generated Number 0.00 128.00 165.00
under the national/regional
CARGS and demonstrated by 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
the project in the project
areas
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 12.00 11.00
CORAF
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 60.00 78.00
Benin
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 5.00 1.00
Gambia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 1.00 0.00
Liberia
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 14.00 29.00
Page 67 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Niger 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 4.00 0.00
Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 11.00 12.00
Togo
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Techno demonstrated - Number 0.00 15.00 18.00
Guinea
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Technologies demonstrated Number 0.00 6.00 16.00
- Cote d'Ivoire (Japan PHRD
TF) 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Demonstration plots Number 0.00 4870.00 7298.00
established
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Demonstration plots - Number 0.00 1500.00 1517.00
Page 68 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Guinea 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Demonstration plots - Benin Number 0.00 1500.00 650.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Demonstration plots - Number 0.00 120.00 407.00
Gambia
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Demonstration plots - Number 0.00 20.00 12.00
Liberia
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Demonstration plots - Niger Number 0.00 300.00 494.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Demonstration plots - Number 0.00 230.00 221.00
Sierra Leone
24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Demonstration plots - Togo Number 0.00 1200.00 3997.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 17-Jul-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 69 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Foundation seeds and Tones/year 0.00 1200.00 883.58
breeder stock produced with
the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Oct-2018
Cowpea
Foundation seeds and Tones/year 0.00 1200.00 883.58
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Cowpea -Niger
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Foundation seeds and Number 0.00 20000.00 24000.00
breeder stock produced with
the Project support - Straw 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Foundation seeds and Number 0.00 20000.00 24000.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Straw -Niger
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 70 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Foundation seeds and Hectare(Ha) 0.00 360.00 300.00
breeder stock produced with
the Project support - 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Cassava
Foundation seeds and Hectare(Ha) 0.00 300.00 188.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2016
Cassava - Sierra Leone
Foundation seeds and Hectare(Ha) 0.00 60.00 112.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 24-Mar-2011 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Cassava - Liberia
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 1040.00 2611.00
breeder stock produced with
the Project support - Maize 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 800.00 2329.00
Page 71 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
breeder stock produced 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
with the Project support -
Maize - Benin
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 140.00 180.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Maize - Togo
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 100.00 103.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Maize - Guinea
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 8500.00 30953.00
breeder stock produced with
the Project support - Rice 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 300.00 612.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Rice - Benin
Page 72 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 500.00 22480.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Rice - Guinea
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 250.00 1015.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Rice -Liberia
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 100.00 93.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Rice -Sierra-Leone
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 350.00 6600.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Rice - Cote d'Ivoire (Japan
PHRD TF)
Foundation seeds and Metric ton 0.00 60.00 83.00
breeder stock produced
with the Project support - 20-Nov-2015 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Rice -Togo
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 73 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Publications released in a Number 0.00 133.00 125.00
regional / national journals /
magazines 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Publications - Benin Number 0.00 50.00 39.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Publications - Gambia Number 0.00 2.00 5.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Publications - Liberia Number 0.00 2.00 0.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Publications - Niger Number 0.00 25.00 26.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Publications - Sierra Leone Number 0.00 5.00 11.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Publications - Togo Number 0.00 30.00 35.00
Page 74 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Publications - Guinea Number 0.00 15.00 8.00
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Nutritive sensitive (fortified) Number 0.00 32.00 35.00
technologies adopted by
processors 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Nutritive sensitive Number 0.00 10.00 10.00
(fortified) technologies
adopted by processors - 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Benin
Nutritive sensitive Number 0.00 8.00 6.00
(fortified) technologies
adopted by processors - 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Togo
Nutritive sensitive Number 0.00 8.00 12.00
(fortified) technologies
adopted by processors - 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 75 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Niger
Nutritive sensitive Number 0.00 6.00 7.00
(fortified) technologies
adopted by processors ) - 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Guinea
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Investments proposals Number 0.00 38.00 705.00
prepared and presented to
private investors 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Investments proposals Number 0.00 10.00 0.00
prepared and presented to
private investors - Benin 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Investments proposals Number 0.00 10.00 75.00
prepared and presented to
private investors - Guinea 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Investments proposals Number 618.00 10.00 618.00
prepared and presented to
private investors - Niger 17-Jul-2019 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 76 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Investments proposals Number 0.00 8.00 12.00
prepared and presented to
private investors - Togo 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Beneficiaries in jobs created Number 2465.00 18000.00 13672.00
as result of project
interventions (full-time all 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
year, full-time in season)
Beneficiaries in jobs created Number 1000.00 3000.00 3010.00
as result of project
interventions (full-time all 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
year, full-time in season) -
Togo
Beneficiaries in jobs created Number 1265.00 5000.00 1655.00
as result of project
interventions (full-time all 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
year, full-time in season) -
Niger
Beneficiaries in jobs created Number 200.00 5000.00 5610.00
Page 77 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
as result of project 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
interventions (full-time all
year, full-time in season) -
Guinea
Beneficiaries in jobs created Number 0.00 5000.00 3397.00
as result of project
interventions (full-time all 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
year, full-time in season) -
Benin
Comments (achievements against targets):
Component: Project Coordination Management Monitoring and Evaluation
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Procurement and FM Yes/No N Y Y
activities are executed in
conformity with the timing of 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
the procurement plan, the
implementation manual, IDA
procedures
Comments (achievements against targets):
While the procurement manual and IDA procedures were followed, there were some delays in the implementation of the procurement plans in some
countries beneficiaries of the additional financing (Benin, Togo and Niger).
Page 78 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Project reports are presented Yes/No N Y Y
within 45 days of the end of
the relevant period 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
A harmonized M & E system Yes/No N Y Y
is established and
operational 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Sub-project granted with Yes/No N Y Y
environmental management
plan that have been 24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 79 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
implemented effectively
Benin Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Gambia Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Liberia Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Niger Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Sierra Leone Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Togo Yes/No N Y Y
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 80 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 97.00
(PHRD/IDA)
18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 04-May-2020
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 100.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Liberia
18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 100.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Guinea
18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 04-May-2020
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 94.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Benin
18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 04-May-2020
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 100.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Gambia
18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 97.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Cote d'Ivoire
18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 99.68
Page 81 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
(PHRD/IDA) - Togo 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 04-May-2020
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 100.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Sierra-Leone
18-Nov-2016 30-Dec-2016 31-Dec-2016
Disbursement rate of funds Number 0.00 100.00 94.00
(PHRD/IDA) - Niger
24-Mar-2011 31-Dec-2019 04-May-2020
Comments (achievements against targets):
Formally Revised Actual Achieved at
Indicator Name Unit of Measure Baseline Original Target
Target Completion
Citizen Engagement - Number 9.00 33.00 36.00
Supervision missions by Civil
Society 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Citizen Engagement - Number 0.00 6.00 6.00
Supervision missions by
Civil Society - Togo 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Citizen Engagement - Number 0.00 6.00 9.00
Supervision missions by
Civil Society - Niger 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Page 82 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Citizen Engagement - Number 0.00 6.00 5.00
Supervision missions by
Civil Society - Guinea 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Citizen Engagement - Number 9.00 15.00 16.00
Supervision missions by
Civil Society - Benin 18-Nov-2016 31-Dec-2019 31-Dec-2019
Comments (achievements against targets):
Page 83 of 123
The World Bank
West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
B. KEY OUTPUTS BY COMPONENT
Outcome 1: Conditions for Sub-Regional Cooperation in the Generation, Dissemination, and Adoption of Agricultural Technologies Created
1. Adoption and implementation of regional regulations on inputs.
2. Regional strategy on communication and knowledge management developed and implemented.
Outcome Indicators
3. Publication of regional catalogues.
4. Regional strategy on nutrition-sensitive agriculture.
1. National regulations on genetic materials, fertilizer, and pesticides aligned with regional (ECOWAS)
regulations and adopted.
2. Regulations for fertilizer at ECOWAS level developed and adopted.
Intermediate Results
3. A system for data collection, analysis, and reporting on agricultural technologies, research skills, and
Indicators
agricultural productivity established at national and regional levels (CORAF/WECARD).
4. National/regional action plan on gender, communication, and climate change developed.
5. Hits for the national/regional web-based information system of agricultural technologies and research skills.
1. 239 varieties of which 150 from WAAPP-1C published in ECOWAS-UEMOA-CILSS Regional Species and Plant
Varieties Catalog and the Quarantine Pests List, to facilitate the development of an executive regulation for
seed import/export.
2. All data gathered, including lists of researchers and institutions, technologies generated, and training
modules, were registered in the Market for Agricultural Innovations and Technologies (MITA) digital
Key Outputs by Component
platform set up by CORAF.
(linked to the achievement
3. Except for Liberia, all participating countries and CORAF set up frequently visited web-based information
of Objective/Outcome 1)
systems. The sites received more than 12.4 million hits—0.4 million for country websites and 12 million for
CORAF websites—versus a target of 550,000.
4. 26 actions plan on communication, gender, climate change, and nutrition were developed and implemented,
compared to 24 planned. In addition to CORAF regional actions plans, all countries made at least 3 actions
plans as expected, except for Liberia, which could not complete the climate change plan.
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Outcome 2 National Centers of Specialization (NCoS) and Research System Strengthened
Outcome Indicators Research system generating technologies to increase agricultural productivity.
1. Qualifying criteria for the NCoS to become RCoE met.
2. Technologies generated/adapted by NCoS and demonstrated by the project in the project area (for NCoS
countries).
3. Technologies generated outside the country and tested by a non-NCoS country (for non-NCoS countries).
Intermediate Results 4. Technologies generated/adopted by NCoS and demonstrated in at least three ECOWAS countries outside the
Indicators country of origin (for non-NCoS countries).
5. Training provided to clients (including scientists, extension, agri-dealers, farmers, community members,
etc.).
6. Scientific exchange visits organized.
7. Scholarships provided (disaggregated by MSc and PhD).
1. 70 percent of the criteria met for NCoS Livestock in Niger and Maize in Benin to upgrade to RCoS.
2. 53 technologies generated/adapted by NCoS countries (Benin, Niger, and Sierra Leone) against a target of 41
(129%).
3. 48 technologies tested in non-NCoS countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, The Gambia, and Togo),
compared to a target of 45 technologies (112%). At country level, only Liberia did not reach the target (2
against 6).
4. 28 technologies tested outside of country of origin against a target of 29. At the country level, while Benin,
Key Outputs by Component
Niger, and Sierra Leone met their targets, Guinea did not (with 5 technologies tested outside, against a
(linked to the achievement
target of 10).
of Objective/Outcome 2)
5. 199,716 man-days of training against a target of 124,960 (160%). Except for Benin, which very close to
achieving the target (92%), all of the other countries exceeded their targets by a wide margin.
6. 126 scientific exchange visits organized as planned at the regional level, although Benin, Togo, and Guinea
were slightly below the target with achievement rates of 96 percent, 90 percent, and 84 percent,
respectively.
7. 478 beneficiaries of the scholarship program, of which 351 MSc and 127 PhD (compared to the target of 449
beneficiaries, of which 333 MSc and 114 PhD).
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Outcome 3: Demand-driven Technology Generation, Dissemination and Adoption Supported
National and Regional Competitive Agricultural Research Grant Schemes (CARGS) established.
Outcome Indicators
Technologies generated, disseminated, and adopted.
1. National demand-driven research proposals projects financed by the national CARGS.
2. Multi-country research proposals financed by the regional CARGS maintained by CORAF/WECARD.
3. Technologies generated under the CARGS and demonstrated by the project in the project areas.
Intermediate Results
4. Nutrition sensitive (fortified) technologies adopted by processors.
Indicators
5. Demonstration plots established.
6. Genetic material (foundation seed and breeder stock) produced with project support.
7. Publications released in regional/national magazines.
1. 134 national research proposals executed under national CARGS, compared to a target of 150.
2. 13 regional research proposal funded by CORAF under the regional CARGS, compared to an initial objective of
15.
3. 165 technologies generated under national and regional CARGS subprojects were demonstrated across the
region, compared to a target of 128.
4. 35 nutrition-sensitive or fortified technologies adopted by processors versus 32 planned.
5. 7,298 demonstration plots established by the public and private extension services intervening in the project,
Key Outputs by Component compared to an end-target of 4,870.
(linked to the achievement 6. 34,447 mt of certified, foundation, and breeder seed produced with project support:
of Objective/Outcome 2)
Crop Revised target Achieved at completion
Rice (mt) 8,568 30,953
Maize (mt) 1,040 2,611
Cowpea (mt) 1,200 883
Straw (unit) 20,000 24,000
7. 125 publications released in regional/national magazines, compared to 133 planned.
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
ANNEX 2. BANK LENDING AND IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT/SUPERVISION
A. TASK TEAM MEMBERS
Name Role
Preparation
Supervision/ICR
Aifa Fatimata Ndoye Niane, Erick Herman Abiassi, Amadou Task Team Leader(s)
Ba
Mathias Gogohounga, Sylvain Auguste Rambeloson, Procurement Specialist(s)
Kouami Hounsinou Messan
Josue Akre Financial Management Specialist
Anita Bimunka Takura Tingbani Environmental Specialist
Salimata Bessin Dera Team Member
Komana Rejoice Lubinda Procurement Team
Allan Dunstant Odulami Cole Team Member
Abdoulaye Gadiere Environmental Specialist
Zoe Quoi Diggs Duncan Team Member
Adama Davida Taylor Team Member
Mariama Altine Mahamane Team Member
Winter M. Chinamale Procurement Team
Kouassi Germain Zinsou Team Member
Lemu Ella Makain Team Member
Leissan Augustine Akpo Team Member
Mariame Bamba Team Member
Sylvie Munchep Ndze Team Member
Kadir Osman Gyasi Team Member
Nikolai Alexei Sviedrys Wittich Team Member
Yeyea Gloria Kehleay Nasser Team Member
Maurice Adoni Procurement Team
Esinam Hlomador-Lawson Team Member
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Hardwick Tchale Team Member
Hadidia Diallo Djimba Team Member
Abdoulaye Toure Team Member
Bintou Sogodogo Team Member
Lydia Sam Team Member
Amadou Alassane Team Member
Volana Andriamasinoro Team Member
Marie-Claudine Fundi Team Member
Salimatou Drame-Bah Team Member
Sossena Tassew Team Member
Cheick Traore Procurement Team
Anta Tall Diallo Procurement Team
Rahmoune Essalhi Procurement Team
Rose Abena Ampadu Team Member
Cheikh A. T. Sagna Social Specialist
Ibrah Rahamane Sanoussi Procurement Team
Abimbola Adubi Team Member
Yassin Saine Njie Team Member
Boury Ndiaye Team Member
Ndeye Magatte Fatim Seck Procurement Team
Sylvie Charlotte Ida do Rego Team Member
Thierno Hamidou Diallo Team Member
Kofi Nouve Team Member
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B. STAFF TIME AND COST
Staff Time and Cost
Stage of Project Cycle
No. of staff weeks US$ (including travel and consultant costs)
Preparation
FY11 54.677 364,452.83
FY14 0 27.00
Total 54.68 364,479.83
Supervision/ICR
FY11 6.022 15,266.42
FY12 80.087 398,699.47
FY13 143.132 618,068.42
FY14 92.961 535,313.93
FY15 95.588 619,300.82
FY16 113.058 998,915.51
FY17 21.177 244,440.72
FY18 42.527 225,166.56
FY19 53.793 260,888.54
FY20 50.638 204,086.98
Total 698.98 4,120,147.37
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ANNEX 3. PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT
Amount at
Component Approval Actual at Project Closing (US$M) Percentage of Approval
(US$M)
Component 1 9.26 11.98 129.37
Component 2 38.40 48.35 125.91
Component 3 50.33 83.13 165.17
Component 4 15.00 40.73 271.53
Total Baseline Cost 113.01 184.19* 162.98
Physical Contingencies 1.31
Price Contingencies 6.37
Total Project Cost 120.69 184.64 152.99
*There is gap of US$ 0.45M compared to US$184.64 from the portal. It could be related to currency
change (US$, Euro and SDR)
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ANNEX 4. EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
A. Methodology of the Ex-post Economic and Financial Analysis
1. Challenges. Conducting an economic analysis of agricultural R&E projects is a particular challenge.
Investments in national institutional capacity (Component 1), research and research facilities
(Component 2), and advisory services and seed systems (Component 3) are very much interrelated,
and if they are successful, they lead to increases in farm productivity and revenues. The ex-ante EFA
extrapolates those increases based on assumptions, and this ex-post EFA measures them based on
M&E data. Although the costs of research (Component 2) and technology dissemination
(Components 1 and 3) are easy to disaggregate, their benefits for farmers are much harder to
separate, especially because the incremental benefits of research and advisory services are
complementary. The joint research and advisory efforts should produce a continuum of technology
generation and dissemination and eventually should induce increases in the productivity and
competitiveness of agriculture. This analysis thus assumes that the two types of investment have a
compounding effect on the productivity of commodities supported under WAAPP 1C and cannot be
separated.
2. Data collection. This ex-post EFA is based on the following sources of information: (i) Project
Completion Reports provided by the national teams in Benin, Guinea, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone,
The Gambia, and Togo, as well by the regional team at CORAF; (ii) information collected during visits
to Benin, Guinea, Niger, and CORAF headquarters (Senegal) in February–March 2020; (iii) regional
M&E data from WAAPP-1C, provided by CORAF; and (iv) other reports provided by CORAF, the
national PCUs, and the World Bank. Impact studies were done at the end of first phase for Guinea,
Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo, but they were not updated at the closing of the AF. For Liberia, Sierra
Leone, and The Gambia, where WAAPP 1C has been closed since December 2016, only limited data
were available to the ICR-EFA mission in February 2020. Benefits for those countries were calculated
mainly based on information from the rice production areas directly supported by the project, as
stated during the Abuja wrap-up meeting of November 2016.
3. Project benefits. This ex-post EFA is based on an analysis of the incremental cash flows resulting from
the costs/investments of the project and associated benefits at the level of the beneficiaries. The
benefits considered are those generated by productive investments at the level of enterprises/farms
with the adoption of technologies promoted through the project. The benefits of Component 3, which
focused on the dissemination and adoption of technology, are objectively quantifiable; the key
parameters are: (i) the number of farmers and processors adopting these technologies and (ii) the
productivity increase (yield increase) they deliver. The benefits from Components 1, 2, and 4 are
multiple and positive but cannot be quantified separately.
4. The main non-quantifiable benefits are: (i) production and regular updating of the regional catalogue
of 1,300 registered crop varieties, of which 116 were newly released by WAAPP 1C countries;
(ii) revitalization of the MITA platform; (iii) promotion of cassava and sweet potato varieties with high
levels of beta-carotene, and training in processing enriched food; (iv) development and
operationalization of 133 IPs; (v) realization of 20 research studies supported through competitive
grants (CARGS);9 and (vi) upgrading of two of the three WAAPP-1C NCoS to RCoS (the livestock NCoS
in Niger and maize NCoS in Benin).
5. Project costs. Project costs are defined as the costs related to implementing the four project
components, including: (i) the original financing of US$92.8 million (IDA, PHRD); (ii) the second PHRD
grant of US$18 million; (iii) the FPCR grant of US$5 million; and (iv) the AF of US$68 million. The
investments under Components 1, 2, and 4 are assumed to be preconditions for the successful
implementation of Component 3. Consequently, all costs related to Components 1, 2, 3, and 4 were
taken into account in the ex-post EFA.
6. Ex-ante EFA at appraisal. At appraisal for the original financing in 2011. In view of harmonizing
methodologies between the different “series” of the first phase of the WAAPP, the ex-ante EFA for
9 Based on information from CORAF.
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WAAPP-1C used the same framework and methodology as the EFA in the PAD of WAAPP-1B. The ex-
ante EFA at appraisal assessed the economic and financial aspects of investments in Components 2
(NCoS) and 3 (demand-driven technology generation and adoption). The ex-ante EFA estimated
returns at the national and regional levels from improved efficiency in value chains supported by the
project. Benefits were expected to be due to: (i) the generation, diffusion, and adoption of new or
improved technologies; (ii) enhanced technology spillovers between ECOWAS countries arising from
an integrated policy environment with regard to agricultural cooperation; and (iii) sound
communication and dissemination approaches to enhance the project’s visibility, transparency, and
effectiveness. The minimum annual growth rates and outreach required to break even (EIRR of 12%)
were calculated. They were modest and attainable in each country, indicating that the project was
economically desirable.
7. At appraisal of the AF for Benin, Guinea, Niger, and Togo in 2017, the ex-ante EFA also estimated
returns at the national and regional levels from improved efficiency in value chains supported by the
project. As in the previous EFA, benefits were still expected to be due to: (i) the generation, diffusion,
and adoption of new or improved technologies and (ii) enhanced technology spillovers between
ECOWAS countries arising from an integrated policy environment with regard to agricultural
cooperation. The economic analysis demonstrated that, from a socio-economic perspective, the
program as a whole was viable, taking into account all quantitative and non-quantitative benefits in
situations with and without the program. The ex-ante EIRR was estimated to be 29 percent.
8. The ex-ante EFAs at appraisal included some productive investments—production of maize porridge
(aklui), equipment to clean maize seed, production of cassava planting material, production of
tomatoes and potatoes, land levelling rods, parboiled rice, and others—that did not receive
significant support during implementation, which is a common occurrence with demand-driven
projects in an environment of changing market prices, opportunities, and trade flows. For that reason,
the ex-post EFA at implementation completion includes crops that were not included in the EFA at
appraisal (cashew, sorghum, millet, and cowpeas).
B. Achievement of PDO-level Indicators
9. Figures A4.1a–e show the level of achievement of PDO indicators compared to targets for WAAPP-
1C.
Figure A4.1a: Number of beneficiaries (target and achievement), WAAPP-1C
4,500,000
3,975,113
4,000,000
3,500,000 3,550,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
target achievement
Source: CORAF.
Figure A4.1b: Number of technologies released (target Figure A4.1c: Number of project beneficiaries using
technologies from other countries (target and
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and achievement), WAAPP-1C achievement), WAAPP-1C
100 700,000
600,000 600,000
80 81 500,000 438,770
60 60 400,000
300,000
40 200,000
100,000
20
0
0
target achievement
target achievement
Source: CORAF.
Source: CORAF.
Figure A4.1d: Number of producers/processors who Figure A4.1e: Area under new technologies (target and
adopted new technologies (target and achievement), achievement), WAAPP-1C
WAAPP-1C 5,000,000 4,699,416
3,000,000 4,500,000
4,000,000
2,500,000 2,408,524
3,500,000
2,000,000 2,210,000 3,000,000 2,688,000
2,500,000
1,500,000 2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
500,000 500,000
0
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
target achievement
target achievement
Source: CORAF. Source: CORAF.
C. Summary of the Financial Analysis
Methodology
10. The financial analysis assumes that financial or commercial sustainability is required for project
investments to be sustainable. The core financial performance indicators are incremental yields,
incremental gross revenues, the internal rate of return (IRR), the benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio), and
net present value (NPV).
11. The financial analysis is based on a comparison of “with project” and “without project” scenarios,
focusing on crop and livestock production and agroprocessing enterprises with quantifiable revenue
and cost flows. Using data that were already available or were collected for this purpose, the analysis
develops 14 models that are representative of crop and livestock production systems that are
important in one or more of the participating countries: 8 crop models (rice, maize, cassava, cashews,
pineapples, sorghum, millet, and cowpeas), 3 livestock models (camel milk and cow milk production
and production of mono-sex tilapia fry), and 3 off-farm activities (kilichi processing, rice milling, and
parboiled rice production). As most of these activities are relevant in more than one of the
participating countries, a sample of 27 financial models was analyzed. The parameters of the ex-ante
EFA (prices of outputs and inputs, yields, and so on) were updated based on information from project
officials, implementing partners, and national statistics offices.
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Summary of Financial Results
12. Rice production, rice under SRI, and rice seed production. In WAAPP-1C countries, farmers received
seed of improved rice varieties (NERICA L-19 and L-20; ROK 35, 36, and 37) to boost production and
productivity. In addition, SRI was promoted and adopted by 50,000 farmers through the subproject
“Improving and Scaling-Up the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in West Africa (SRI-WAAPP),”
implemented from January 2014 to December 2016 as part of WAAPP. As result of this intervention,
rice yields increased by 50–250 percent, depending on the characteristics of the production system
or the agroecology of the zone (lowland, upland, mangrove, or lowland irrigated).
13. Maize and maize seed production. Maize production benefited from improved seed provided to
farmers with WAAPP-1C support, which led to significant improvements in yield from approximately
1.3 t/ha to 2.5 t/ha (an increase of 40–50%). The financial internal rate of return (FIRR) for improved
maize production is 48.6 percent, with gross revenue of around US$198/ha. For certified maize seed
production, the FIRR is 86 percent and the NPV varies from US$363/ha in Benin to US$998/ha in
Guinea.
14. Staple food crops such as millet, cassava, sorghum, and cowpeas benefited from the support
provided by WAAPP-1C to increase the availability of improved seed and planting material. Adoption
of these technologies increased yields by 25–35 percent and gross revenues by 15–83 percent.
15. Cash crops. In Benin, WAAPP-1C supported the improvement of crop husbandry practices for cashew
and pineapple production. Access to improved seedlings and the use of polyethylene film were
promoted. Adoption of these technologies increased gross revenues by more than 600 percent for
cashew and pineapple producers.
16. Livestock-related activities. Livestock owners in Niger benefited from commercial promotion
(attendance and organization of promotional fair), quality improvement (capacity building in hygiene,
quality, and food safety), and productivity support (artificial insemination, processing and
conservation equipment), especially for producing kilichi and camel and cow milk. This support
enabled producers to obtain better prices and increase the volume of kilichi and milk sold within and
outside Niger, with incremental gross revenues between 214 percent and 2,728 percent.
17. Processing. In Guinea, WAAPP-1C support for equipment and capacity building allowed rice
processors to supply milled rice to international organizations and local markets, which increased
their gross revenue about 228 percent. In Togo, promotion of parboiled rice allowed women’s
organizations to increase their gross revenues by 604 percent.
18. Table A4.1 summarizes the results of the financial analysis. The discrepancies between the financial
models for different countries to some extent reflect: (i) variation in the economic, social, and
environmental context of each country during project implementation; (ii) the negative impacts of
the Ebola crisis (May 2014–January 2016) in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone; and (iii) differences in
institutional capacity between the post-conflict countries and other project countries.
Table A4.1: Summary of the ex-post financial analysis, WAAPP-1C
Financial model Yield Gross revenue Net present
(kg/ha or liters of milk) (US$/ha) value
Without With project Incremental With project Incremental (US$/ha)
project
Rice cultivation
Certified rice seed, BN 2,500 5,500 120% 2,665 421% 7,671
Certified rice seeds, GN 1,908 2,250 18% 592 21% 487
Upland rice, GN 920 1,880 104% 168 185% 377
Lowland rice, GN 1,345 2,100 56% 175 91% 326
Mangrove rice, GN 1,850 2,625 42% 326 44% 375
Rice, TG 1,345 2,100 56% 2,770 91% 2,743
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Rice SRI, BN 2,500 4,300 72% 1,018 135% 1,986
Rice SRI, TG 1,345 4,600 242% 1,115 668% 4,414
Maize cultivation
Certified maize seed, BN 1,300 1,885 45% 229 56% 363
Certified maize seed, GN 2,254 2,550 13% 847 42% 998
Maize, GN 1,414 2,002 42% 112 43% 100
Maize, BN 1,300 1,600 23% 198 15% 101
Maize, TG 1,300 1,600 23% 198 15% 101
Staple food crop cultivation
Millet, NG 385 539 40% 108 56% 70
Sorghum, NG 305 397 30% 39 46% 25
Cassava, BN 13,000 16,000 23% 28 83% 13
Cowpea, NG 450 563 25% 193 16% 35
Certified sorghum seed, NG 305 397 30% 352 13% 94
Certified cowpea seed, NG 450 563 25% 823 10% 125
Cash crops
Pineapples, BN 45,000 70,000 56% 14,664 608% 18,444
Cashews, BN 400 1,200 200% 735 1325% 2,510
Livestock production
Cow milk, NG 1,080 5,760 433% 4,948 472% 12,589
Camel milk, NG 6,300 33,600 433% 25,033 214% 235,159
Kilichi, NG 2,637 50,000 1796% 110,225 2728% 439,259
Mono-sex tilapia fry, BN N/A N/A N/A 8,359 N/A 11,935
Processing
Parboiled rice, TG N/A N/A N/A 2,653 604% 9,037
Parboiled rice, GN N/A N/A N/A 989 228% 14,675
Note: BN: Benin; GN: Guinea; NG: Niger; TG: Togo.
D. Economic Analysis
Efficiency Analysis
19. The efficiency analysis goes beyond the EFA to look at the allocation and use of project resources.
Efficiency is a measure of how economically a project’s resources are converted into results and is
therefore related directly to economic analysis. WAAPP-1C was considered to be an efficient
investment operation, based on several criteria related to its implementation: (i) funds were fully
disbursed by the time the project ended; (ii) the project was implemented without cost overruns or
an extension of the closing date; (iii) WAAPP 1C achieved and exceeded a number of quantitative and
qualitative targets in the results framework, as summarized in Figures A4.1a–e; and (iv) the actual
costs of the project were not greatly different from costs estimated at appraisal. With the PDO
achieved at a rate of about 120 percent and a disbursement rate of 97 percent as of May 30, 2020,
WAAPP-1C attained an efficiency rate of 1.23.
20. The objectives of the AF for WAAPP 1C were achieved. The purpose of the AF was to consolidate
and strengthen the regional integration of the project and speed the adoption of improved T&I.
WAAPP-1C ultimately achieved and exceeded the quantitative and qualitative targets in the results
framework, except for one target related to regional technology transfer, and enabled two out of
three WAAPP-1C NCoS to meet the criteria for becoming RCoS (at least 70% of achievement, owing
to AF to improve their performance). Unlike the livestock NCoS in Niger and maize NCoS in Benin, the
NCoS on mangrove rice in Sierra Leone did not progress to RCoS level because the project ended in
2016 and did not benefit from any AF.
21. Cost per beneficiary. The project directly benefited more than 4 million producers and processors,
which translates into a project cost of US$45 per beneficiary. The number of beneficiaries included
478 students who received support to obtain advanced degrees (127 PhD and 351 MSc degrees).
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22. Altogether, the overall project efficiency is rated Substantial.
Project Expenditures
23. The data on project expenditures available to the ICR mission were insufficiently detailed to provide
an in-depth analysis of project expenditures, particularly expenditures at the subcomponent level and
expenditures related to cross-cutting activities. Even so, the expenditure data (presented in Table
A4.2) provide some insights. Project targets for Components 1, 2, and 3 were achieved with an
efficient use of the resources allocated. Component 3 represented the largest share (45%) of project
costs. The project over-spent on Component 4 (182%). The overall disbursement rate was 97 percent.
24. Based on its achievements, project expenditure is rated satisfactory.
Table A4.2: Project expenditure by component (US$), WAAPP-1C
Components Allocation Percent Disbursement Percent
Component 1: Enabling Conditions for Sub- 14,291,129 8 11,982,623 7
Regional Cooperation
Component 2: Strengthening National Centers of 57,978,300 30 48,354,975 26
Specialization (NCOS)/Strengthening of the
Research System
Component 3: Support to Demand-driven 94,988,390 50 83,127,096 45
Technology Generation, Dissemination and
Adoption
Component 4: Project Coordination, Management 22,742,181 12 40,732,566 22
and Monitoring and Evaluation
TOTAL 190,000,000 100 184,197,260 100
Disbursement Rate 97%
Source: Author calculation as of May 2020 from country and CORAF data.
Economic Analysis
25. Assumptions of the economic analysis. The financial models were the starting point for the economic
analysis. For productive investments, economic or shadow prices of investments, labor, inputs, and
outputs were used to calculate the economic incremental cash flow. The discount rate is 12 percent
for the financial analysis and 6 percent for the economic analysis. Conversion factors are 0.88, and
averages for the economic benefits and economic costs were computed via Costab. The costs of
maintenance and replacement of equipment have been taken into account. The lifespan for
infrastructure is typically 20 years, and for small equipment it is 4 years. Costs of labor for
maintenance were included. Real ex-post disbursements were used for the project costs.
26. Results of the economic analysis. The ex-post EIRR of WAAPP-1C is estimated at 22 percent, the NPV
at US$431 million, and the B/C ratio at 2.8 over a 20-year period, with a social discount rate of 6
percent against project expenditures of US$175.8 million.10 The results indicate that the project offers
value for money and is cost efficient compared with the appraisal assessments, with an EIRR of 12
percent for the original financing and 29 percent for the AF.
27. Sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis assesses the impact of the main risks on project results
and the adverse situations that may arise in terms of benefits and costs. The analysis reveals that
even in the most severe scenarios, in which costs increase by 50 percent or benefits decrease by 50
percent,11 the EIRR remains positive (Table A4.3), above the 6 percent social cost of capital: For the
50 percent cost overrun, the EIRR is 16 percent and the NPV is US$304 million; for the 50 percent
decrease in benefits, the EIRR is 11 percent and the NPV is US$89 million. Even under a scenario in
which benefits are delayed by two years owing to a crisis linked with conflict or disease, the EIRR
remains positive at 16 percent, with an NPV of US$282 million.
10 The EIRR is -14 % and NPV is -US$88 million over 8 years, just at the end of the project.
11 This scenario reflected the extreme cases were prices or yields of the crops decrease by 50%.
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28. The sensitivity analysis also tested for an increase in the social discount rate (SDR) to determine the
break-even point of the project. The NPV remains positive until the SDR reaches 12 percent,
suggesting robust results.
Table A4.3: Sensitivity analysis, WAAPP-1C
Scenario Economic internal rate of return Net present value
(%) (US$ million)
Base case 22 431
Cost overrun by 10% 21 405
Cost overrun by 25% 19 367
Cost overrun by 50% 16 304
Benefits decrease by 10% 21 362
Benefits decrease by 25% 18 260
Benefits decrease by 50% 11 89
Benefits delayed by 1 year 19 357
Benefits delayed by 2 years 17 282
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ANNEX 5. BORROWER, CO-FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER/STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS
WAAPP-1C Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR)–CORAF COMMENTS
CORAF has reviewed the draft Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of WAAPP-1C and offers the
following observations:
General comments:
The report provides a detailed account of the implementation of WAAPP1C approved in March 2011 and
becoming effective in August 2011 with an expected completion date in December 2016 but final closure
in December 2019. The project was implemented in the following West African countries Benin, The
Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Côte d’Ivoire for PHRD grant to MRU countries.
The objective was to generate and accelerate the adoption of improved technologies in the participating
countries’ top agricultural commodity priority areas that are aligned with the sub-region’s top agricultural
commodity priorities as outlined in the ECOWAP. The report gives an overview of the context and
development objectives, presents the results achieved and associated outcomes, and deliberates on key
factors that affected project implementation and outcome. The report further evaluates the Bank’s
performance and then captures lessons learned and proffers recommendations.
CORAF is pleased that the ICR is thorough, objective, and highly instructive, with many lessons pertaining
to design and to implementation. CORAF is pleased that the program has delivered good outcomes,
notably on gender and equity. The report is well structured, with a flowing and coherent narrative
revealing the dynamic evolution of project implementation. It will serve as a reliable blueprint for
agricultural transformation in Africa in general and the West African region.
The report comprehensively captures the rationale of the project, including its contextual relevance to the
aspirations of the individual countries and of the region under the auspices of ECOWAS, as well as the
implementation process and the catalytical role of CORAF as a coordinating body.
Specific comments:
CORAF has made some suggested edits in track changes and provided a few comments for consideration
in finalizing the ICR directly in the draft, and would like to highlight the following specific issues/outcomes
as a result of coordinating the WAAPP-1C project:
I. Significant contribution to the delivery of CORAF results: The prescribed results and expected
outcomes of the project are largely aligned with the CORAF results, namely: technology generation
and dissemination; market and trade policies, capacity strengthening, and meeting the demand for
agricultural knowledge from target clients. The project therefore contributed to CORAF meeting its
objectives and supported its continued relevance in agricultural development in the region, thereby
contributing to improved welfare and development objectives of participating countries.
II. Improved regional collaboration in technology generation and trade: The project significantly
contributed to strengthening collaboration in the generation of demand driven technologies as well
as their dissemination among the participating countries and beyond. The synergy in the identification
of common research issues with regional implications against the background of diversity in the
capacity of individual national research institutes provided the basis for effective collaboration in
tackling common challenges in the agricultural sector. The focus on priority crops identified by
ECOWAS in collaboration with member countries (including WAAPP-1C implementing countries)
ensured that the project would focus on the strategic value chains that underpin a regional market
orientation, thereby fostering economies of scale.
III. Strengthened research coordination and delivery: CORAF had initiated the process of strengthening
constituent national agricultural research units through the identification of NCoS based on the
priority crops identified by ECOWAS with a view to ensuring standards and efficiency in the delivery of
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
research results. The process was vigorously pursued under WAAPP-1C, through which INRAB (Institut
National de Recherches Agricoles) of Benin and INRAN (Institut de Recherches Agronomiques) of Niger
achieved the level of RCoS, with significant advancement towards the ultimate level of RCoE. The
associated attributes of the various levels indicated an improvement in research coordination and
delivery in the region, with particular reference to maize and livestock designated to INRAB and INRAN,
respectively.
IV. Capacity strengthening to replace older generation: Associated with the above is the considerable
strengthening of both physical and human resources of the national agricultural research institutes,
including the NCoS as well as the RCoS. There was a significant boost in the laboratory capacity of the
institutions involved in the project together with a large number of young scientists including women
acquiring post-graduate degrees. Their exposure to facilities in leading universities in the region—for
example, the University of Ghana; the University of Science and Technology and the University
Agriculture in Abeokuta, Nigeria; and the University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey, Niger—in addition
to associations with IITA and AfricaRice, ensured the acquisition of the academic disciplines required
to meet the challenges of the region. This process also greatly helped in the replacement of ageing
scientists who dominated institutions in the region.
V. Gender mainstreaming: The report clearly shows the significant improvement in gender
mainstreaming in project implementation and development of technologies that have duly considered
gender ramifications in our farming systems. CORAF’s inherent interest in strengthening the position
of women in agricultural development and ensuring gender equity was largely manifested in the
implementation of WAAPP-1C.
VI. Knowledge products and communication: CORAF is increasingly positioning itself as a strategic
knowledge broker in the region, as projected in the 2018–27 Strategic Plan. WAAPP-1C provided an
enabling environment for establishing linkages with the national agricultural research systems,
strengthening their capacity, and building a framework for effective knowledge management with a
comprehensive and adaptable communication system. Monitoring of project achievements was
largely successful, and the exchange of information was largely supported. The CORAF communication
network now boasts of numerous success stories in a variety of forms, including print, audio and video,
shared across the region.
VII. Platform for linking with key stakeholders including policy makers and beneficiaries strengthened:
The various national and regional project meetings provided a platform for interaction across the
various categories of stakeholders, including producers, processors, retailers, researchers,
development partners, and policy makers. This strengthened linkages not only for influencing policy
but also for gathering essential feedback for demand-driven research and creating increased
opportunities for business.
VIII. Enhanced collaboration between CORAF and the World Bank, supervision, and laying the foundation
for enhanced collaboration with other donors: There was growing contact between CORAF staff and
World Bank officials in the realm of project implementation and supervision. A transparent
environment of mutual respect provided a context for effective engagement in successful project
implementation.
IX. Strengthened safeguard practices: WAAPP-1C contributed greatly to CORAF’s efforts in safeguards as
a key focus in ensuring sustainable management of the environment. CORAF benefited greatly from
the World Bank’s holistic approach to safeguards, including both social and environmental dimensions.
CORAF and its constituents benefitted a lot in mainstreaming safeguards into project implementation.
The knowledge gained by all stakeholders and the tools developed and shared will continue to serve
the region for many years to come.
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Appreciation:
CORAF would like to express its profound appreciation to the Management of the World Bank and
ECOWAS for being accorded this opportunity to coordinate the WAAPP series, including WAAPP-1C.
Special thanks and appreciation go to the TTLs and colleagues in Washington, DC and the West Africa
region for their engaged partnership and supervision in the implementation of the program, ensuring a
judicious blend of professional and cordial interactions with the CORAF team that in turn delivered the
success of WAAPP-1C.
Special acknowledgment is made, with gratitude, of the leadership of ECOWAS and the support of the
national governments of the implementing countries that made the WAAPP a success story: indeed, the
centrality of the WAAPP as a model research-supported regional development initiative in agriculture has
been firmly established and will remain one of the main legacies of the program.
In concluding, CORAF would like to pay a vibrant tribute to the late Abdoulaye TOURE, who had made
CORAF his other home. May his soul rest in peace!
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ANNEX 6. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
Annex 6.1: Key achievements of regional subprojects funded by WAAPP-1C
N Subproject Objectives Total Period Disbursement rate Status Key results
amount start/end
(US$
Million)
• SRI project has reached 47,282 total direct beneficiaries
of which 38.5% women. The total area under SRI in all
project countries was 7,918 ha at the end of 2016.
• The project allowed the emergence of at least 2 SRI
champions well recognized in each of the 13 countries
Improvement and To improve the covered.
Closed in
dissemination of SRI in productivity and July 2013– • The technical performance of SRI recorded during the
1.5 107% December
1 West Africa implemented competitiveness of Dec.2016 reporting period indicated an average yield of 6.81 t/ha
2016
in 13 WAAPP countries rice across the region. against 3.37 t/ha for conventional practice, showing an
increase of 102% for the irrigated system and 97% for
the rainfed lowland system, with 5.19 t/ha against 2.63
t/ha for conventional practice.
• Two documentary films on the project's achievements
produced.
• This seed project has set up 5 national networks of
Sustainable increase farmer organizations specialized in the production of
of the production of certified seed, which are functional in Benin, Burkina,
certified seed in Mali, Niger, and Senegal.
Development of a Seed
Benin, Liberia, Niger • 10% increase in seed production of producer
Program (PAProSEM-
and The Gambia (to organizations in Benin (soybeans), Senegal (groundnuts
ROPPA) implemented in: Mar. 2014– Closed in
2 replicate the success 1.5 61 and maize), and Burkina Faso (maize).
Benin, Burkina, Liberia, Dec. 2016 Dec 2016
of the ROPPA project • 1,943 farmers and 14 trainers trained in BPA and seed
Mali, Niger, Senegal, and
implemented in legislation, respectively.
The Gambia
Burkina, Mali, and • 44,308 tons of certified seed sold (groundnut, millet,
Senegal to the maize, sorghum, rice, soybeans, onions, sesame).
targeted countries). • 25 sales contracts with countries (Burkina Faso, Gambia,
Niger, Senegal).
Fruit fly control To promote the • 2,005 fruit growers (11% women) have been trained in
technologies disseminated mango value chain by the dissemination of fruit fly control technologies.
and related capacity increasing Mar. 2014– Closed in • 8,376 fruit growers (4% women) were using fruit fly
3 1.6 101
building implemented for productivity and Dec. 2016 Dec 2016 control methods.
stakeholders of West improving quality and • 3,050 fruit growers (24% women) adopted fruit fly
African fruit value chains trade through technologies.
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N Subproject Objectives Total Period Disbursement rate Status Key results
amount start/end
(US$
Million)
in Benin, Burkina Faso, effective fruit fly • 15,000 stakeholders (4% women) have been sensitized
Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, management in West on fruit fly control methods.
Guinea, Mali, Niger, Africa. • 5 IPs created and functional.
Nigeria, Senegal, The • Laboratory space for mass production of parasitoids at
Gambia, Togo Calavy University-Benin equipped with shelves in large
numbers.
• 6 training videos on fruit fly management developed
and disseminated in French and English.
• Fruit fly control methods used on 42,240 ha.
• Capacity of 162 technicians, including researchers,
Training for stakeholders To improve the meteorology specialists, extension agents, etc.,
in using Climate resilience of the strengthened in the concept of climate-smart
Information for Enhanced agriculture (crop, agriculture, the use of the Participatory Integrated
October
Resilience in the livestock and tree), Closed on Climate Services for Agriculture, and the AGRHYMET
2017–
4 Agricultural Sector in West food security, and 3.2 100 December regional agro-climatic risks analysis system (SARRA)
December
Africa (CaSCIERA-WA) nutrition system to 15th, 2019 approaches.
2019
implemented in Benin, seasonal climate • Over 568 agro-meteorological newsletters produced
Guinea, Mali, Niger, and shocks from farm to and disseminated.
Togo country scales. • 9,231 producers (of whom 4,303 women) trained in the
use of agro-meteorological information.
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Annex 6.2: Varieties released and registered in the regional catalogue under WAAPP
WAAPP series Country Number of varieties Number of varieties
released during 2016–18 registered
WAAPP-1C Benin 20 20
Togo 05 05
Côte d’Ivoire 15 13
Gambia 64 64
Niger 13 09
Guinea 09 09
Liberia 09 09
Total 135 129
WAAPP-1B Burkina Faso 08 08
Nigeria 37 37
WAAPP-2A Ghana 11 11
Senegal 25 25
Mali 29 29
All WAAPP series Total 245 239
Annex 6.3: Technologies generated and released by priority commodity, WAAPP
Countries with National Center of Specialization Benin Niger Sierra Leone
(NCoS)
N° Technology Maize Livestock Rice Cassava
1 Ablo mixer-fermenter X
2 Ablo steam cooker X
3 AZIZA maize grinding machine X
4 Bovine artificial insemination12 X
5 Breeding of Maradi Red goats X
6 Calibrating cleaner X
7 Densified multi-nutritional blocks X
8 Development of improved breeding pigs X
9 Gambali lifin flour X
10 Hybrid dryer for flour X
11 Ikenné variety X
12 Improved bovine breed X
13 Multi-system coarse fodder crusher X
14 Portable maize sheller X
15 Portable grinding machine "Zékédé 2" X
12Regarding artificial insemination, the innovation reported is the ability to harvest and package semen of local breeds (Azawak) for
insemination. Before WAAPP support, semen was imported from European breeds by all countries of the region.
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16 Poultry breeding cage MakeConnexion model X
17 Poultry feed production unit X
18 Poultry plucking machine X
19 Red Maradi goat breed X
20 Roller-calibrator X
21 Simple calibrator/sizer X
22 Solar center for milk processing X
23 Solar dryer X
24 Thermostable vaccines X
25 CK 26 rainfed rice variety X
26 CK21 rainfed rice variety X
27 CQ15 rainfed rice variety X
28 Massaraka rainfed rice variety X
29 RD15 rainfed rice variety X
30 SAMMAZ 11 maize variety X
31 SAMMAZ 14 maize variety X
32 SAMMAZ 15 maize variety X
33 SAMMAZ 16 maize variety X
34 BAG 97 TZE Composite 3 X 4 maize variety X
35 NERICA 15 rice variety X
36 NERICA 16 rice variety X
37 NERICA 18 rice variety X
38 NERICA 3 rice variety X
39 NERICA 4 rice variety X
40 NERICA 6 rice variety X
41 ROK 34 rice variety X
42 SLICASS 10 cassava variety X
43 SLICASS 11 cassava variety X
44 SLICASS 12 cassava variety X
45 SLICASS 13 cassava variety X
46 SLICASS 14 cassava variety X
47 SLICASS 7 cassava variety X
48 SLICASS 8 cassava variety X
49 SLICASS 9 cassava variety X
50 TZE Composite 3 DT maize variety X
51 TZE W Pop DT STR maize variety X
52 Wheeler-calibrator X
53 Winnowing machine X
Total 20 13 12 8
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Annex 6.4: Technologies generated and released by research theme, WAAPP
N° Technology Productivity Climate change Gender-sensitive Nutrition-sensitive
1 Ablo mixer-fermenter X
2 Ablo steam cooker X
3 AZIZA maize grinding machine X
4 Bovine artificial insemination X
5 Branding of Maradi Red goats X
6 Calibrating cleaner X
7 SLICASS 10 cassava variety X X
8 SLICASS 11 cassava variety X X
9 SLICASS 12 cassava variety X X
10 SLICASS 14 cassava variety X X
11 SLICASS 7 cassava variety X X
12 SLICASS 8 cassava variety X X
13 SLICASS 9 cassava variety X X
14 Densified multi-nutritional blocks X
15 Development of improved breeding pigs X
16 Gambali lifin flour X
17 Hybrid dryer for flour X
18 Ikenné variety X X
19 Improved bovine breed X
20 Multi-system coarse fodder crusher X
21 Portable corn-sheller X
22 Portable grinding machine "Zékédé 2" X
23 Poultry breeding cage MakeConnexion X
model
24 Poultry feed production unit X
25 Poultry plucking machine X
26 Red Maradi goats X
27 NERICA 15 rice variety X X
28 NERICA 16 rice variety X X
29 NERICA 18 rice variety X X
30 NERICA 3 rice variety X X
31 NERICA 4 rice variety X X
32 NERICA 6 rice variety X X
33 ROK 34 rice variety X X
34 Roller-calibrator X
35 Simple calibrator/sizer X
36 Solar milk processing center X
37 Solar dryer X
38 Thermostable vaccines X X
39 CK 26 rainfed rice variety X X
40 CK21 rainfed rice variety X X
41 CQ15 rainfed rice variety X X
42 Massaraka rainfed rice variety X X
43 RD15 rainfed rice variety X X
44 SAMMAZ 11 maize variety X X
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45 SAMMAZ 14 maize variety X X
46 SAMMAZ 15 maize variety X X
47 SAMMAZ 16 maize variety X X
48 BAG 97 TZE Composite 3 X 4 maize variety X X X
49 TZE Composite 3 DT maize variety X X X
50 TZE W Pop DT STR maize variety X X X
51 SLICASS 13 cassava variety X
52 Wheeler-calibrator X
53 Winnowing machine X
Total 38 28 13 5
Annex 6.5: Technologies generated and released by domain of use, WAAPP
N° Technology On-farm Post-harvest/processing
1 Ablo mixer-fermenter X
2 Ablo steam cooker X
3 AZIZA maize grinding machine X
4 Bovine artificial insemination X
5 Branding of Maradi Red goats X
6 Calibrating cleaner X
7 SLICASS 10 cassava variety X
8 SLICASS 11 cassava variety X
9 SLICASS 12 cassava variety X
10 SLICASS 13 cassava variety X
11 SLICASS 14 cassava variety X
12 SLICASS 7 cassava variety X
13 SLICASS 8 cassava variety X
14 SLICASS 9 cassava variety X
15 Densified multi-nutritional blocks X
16 Development of improved breeding pigs X
17 Gambali lifin flour X
18 Hybrid dryer for flour X
19 Ikenné variety X
20 Improved bovine breed X
21 Multi-system coarse fodder crusher X
22 Portable maize sheller X
23 Portable grinding machine "Zékédé 2" X
24 Poultry breeding cage MakeConnexion model X
25 Poultry feed production unit X
26 Poultry plucking machine X
27 Red Maradi goats X
28 NERICA 15 rice variety X
29 NERICA 16 rice variety X
30 NERICA 18 rice variety X
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31 NERICA 3 rice variety X
32 NERICA 4 rice variety X
33 NERICA 6 rice variety X
34 ROK 34 rice variety X
35 Roller-calibrator X
36 Simple calibrator/sizer X
37 Solar milk processing center X
38 Solar dryer X
39 Thermostable vaccines X
40 CK 26 rainfed rice variety X
41 CK21 rainfed rice variety X
42 CQ15 rainfed rice variety X
43 Massaraka rainfed rice variety X
44 RD15 rainfed rice variety X
45 SAMMAZ 11 maize variety X
46 SAMMAZ 14 maize variety X
47 SAMMAZ 15 maize variety X
48 SAMMAZ 16 maize variety X
49 BAG 97 TZE Composite 3 X 4 maize variety X
50 TZE Composite 3 DT maize variety X
51 TZE W Pop DT STR maize variety X
52 Wheeler-calibrator X
53 Winnowing machine X
Total 36 17
Annex 6.6: Technologies transferred across countries through WAAPP
Country Technology In From Out To
(Imported) (Countries) (Exported) (Country)
Benin Seed of rice variety IR 841 X Togo
Seed of groundnut variety TS 32- X Togo
1
Seed of soybean variety TGX X Togo
1830-20E
Rice processing technique X Mali
SRI X Mali
Prototype of solar fish smoking X Nigeria
kiln
Maradi Red goat breed X Niger
The Gambia SRI X Mali
Newcastle disease vaccines X Ghana
Seed of improved rice varieties X Mali
Seed of early maturing millet X Senegal
variety
Seed of improved groundnut X Senegal
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varieties
Guinea Seed of rice varieties SWARNA 2 X Mali
and MAYUN 1
Seed of rice variety WITTA9 X Côte d’Ivoire
Seed of rice varieties NL19 and X Burkina Faso
NERICA 4
Seed of rice variety FKR19 X Burkina Faso
Seed of maize varieties Wart, X Burkina Faso
Espoir, and Bondofa
Wassachiè poultry breed X Mali
Maradi red goat breed X Niger
Guinea fowl breed X Mali
Prototype of solar incubator X Burkina Faso
Prototype of solar incubator X Niger
Prototype of fish smoking kiln X Nigeria
Prototype fruit dryer X Nigeria
Seed of rainfed rice varieties X Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia,
CK21, CK73, CK90, CK801 Mali, Sierra Leone, and
Togo
Prototype of rice parboiler x Côte d’Ivoire, Mali,
Niger, and Sierra Leone
SRI X Mali
Liberia Seed of improved maize variety X Mali,
(Ebola support) Ghana
Seed of improved NERICA X Burkina Faso,
lowland rice varieties (Ebola Guinea, and Togo
support)
Seed of improved cowpea X Niger
varieties (Ebola support)
SRI X Mali
Prototypes of Rice weeder X Mali
Niger Maradi Red goat breed X Guinea
Prototype of solar incubator X Guinea
Prototype of fodder crusher X Burkina Faso, Ghana,
machine Senegal, and Togo
Prototype of rice parboiler X Guinea
Seed of Gambiaca rice variety X Mali
Wassachiè poultry breed X Mali
Planting cane X Togo
Cuttings of 5 cassava varieties X Ghana
SRI X Mali
Production technique for X Benin, Burkina Faso,
densified multi-nutritional blocks Ghana
Meat drying technique (kilichi) X Ghana, Mali, Senegal
Bovine Azawak and Goudali X Burkina Faso
breeds
Balami sheep breed X Mali
Sierra Leone Seed of upland rice variety X Mali
NERICA 4 (Ebola support)
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Seed of lowland rice varieties X Burkina Faso,
NERICA L19, L20, ARICA (Ebola Nigeria
support)
Seed of cowpea variety (Ebola X Niger
support)
Seed of improved maize X Burkina Faso,
varieties (Ebola support) Nigeria
SRI X Mali
Seed of mangrove rice varieties X Guinea
ROK 22, ROK 14 & 24
Togo Seed of soybean variety TGX X Guinea
1910-14F
Seed of rice variety IR 841 X Benin
Seed of maize variety TZPB X Benin
Seed of soybean variety TGX X Benin
1830-20E
Cashew seed X Ghana
Shea tree seed X Burkina Faso
Seed of Bondofa maize hybrid X Burkina Faso
variety
Seed of sesame X Burkina Faso
Poultry Faso-coq breeding X Burkina Faso
Maradi Red goat breed X Niger
Seed of fonio dry cereal variety X Mali
Seed of maize variety Sotubaka X Mali
SRI X Mali
Seed of improved sorghum X Senegal
varieties F2-20, Nguinthe,
Faorou, Darou
Seed of improved millet varieties X Senegal
ISMI 9507, Gawane, Thialack 2
Seed of improved groundnut X Senegal
varieties 55-437, 73-30, 73-33,
69-101, 28-206
Seed of improved cowpea X Senegal
varieties Mouride, Mepakh,
Yacine, Suvita 2
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Annex 6.7: Status of implementation of the ECOWAS-UEMOA-CILSS Regional Harmonized Seed
Regulation, as of December 2017
Côte d’ Ivoire
Guinea Bissau
Additional Measures to be taken
Gambia (The)
Target States
Burkina Faso
Sierra Leone
Cabo Verde
to facilitate the implementation
Mauritania
of the Regional Harmonized
Senegal
Guinea
Nigeria
Liberia
Ghana
Benin
Seed Regulation by MS (List
Niger
Chad
Togo
Mali
non-exhaustive)
%
1. Publication in the Official Journal
Y5 Y5 N N Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 N Y5 Y5 N Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 76
(#87)
• Policy reforms – Review of National Seed Regulatory Frameworks:
2. National Seed Legislation (cf. #4, 5,
6 & 8) Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 100
3. Institution of a National Catalogue of
Y5 Y5 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y5 100
Plant Species & Varieties (#9.3)
4. Establishment of a National Seed
Y3 Y5 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y5 100
Committee – NSC (#10.2)
5. Creation of a Seed Sector Support
Y3 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y2 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y1 Y3 Y4 100
Fund – FASS (#10.2)
6. Determination of cultivated areas
Y5 Y5 N Y N N Y3 N Y1 N N Y1 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y5 65
(minimum & maximum) (#26/24)
7. Determination of Types of
Packaging Authorized in the MS Y3 Y5 N Y N N Y3 N Y1 N N N Y3 Y5 Y1 Y3 Y4 65
(#51/49)
8. Determination of Certification Fee,
Payment modalities & the
conditions
Y3 Y5 N Y N N Y3 N Y1 N N N Y3 Y5 Y1 Y3 Y4 65
for allocation of the fees collected
under the Certification Fee
(#61/59.3)
9. Determination of Criteria for
Accreditation of Producer-
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N 53
distributors and Distributors
(#71.3/69.3)
10. Development of a Regulation
Governing Importation and
N Y1 N Y N N Y5 N Y1 N N N N Y5 Y1 Y3 N 53
Exportation of Unconventional
Seeds (#76.3/74.3)
11. Development and Update of a
National Quarantine Pest List Y5 Y5 N N Y5 N Y5 Y5 Y1 N Y5 N Y5 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y5 71
(#78.2, 3/ 76.2, 3)
12. Determination of appropriate
measures to impose sanctions for N Y4 N Y N N Y5 N Y1 N N N Y4 Y5 Y1 Y3 Y1 76
any infringement (#82.2/82.2)
13. Empowerment and Authority of
Controllers – Establishment of the
List of Officers Authorized to Carry N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N 65
out Compliance Verifications
(#83.1/11.2)
14. Any other measure taken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
15. Development of the Executive
Regulation on the Organization of
the Regional Catalogue of Plant Y5 Y5 N Y Y5 Y3 Y4 Y3 Y3 Y1 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y4 94
Species & Varieties (#9.4/)
ER_Commissions
16. Development of the Executive
Regulation related to the functions,
Organization, Operations &
Y5 Y5 Y3 Y Y5 Y3 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y4 100
Financing of the Regional Seed
Committee (#10.4/)
ER_Commissions
17. Development of the Executive
Regulation on the Enabling
Technical Regulations related to
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 100
Modalities of Seed Quality Control
& Certification (#58/)
ER_Commissions
18. Development of the Executive
Regulation related to Modalities of
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 12
Seed Phytosanitary Certification
(#78.4/) ER_Commissions
Adaptation of Procedure Manuals and Templates
19. Development of Procedure Manual
on Plant Variety Release – VR Y3 Y1 N Y1 Y1 Y1 Y4 Y1 Y1 N Y1 Y Y1 Y5 Y2 Y3 Y4 88
(#9.4/) PM_Commissions
20. Development of Procedure Manual
for Seed Quality Control &
Y5 Y5 Y3 Y Y5 Y3 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y2 Y1 Y5 Y5 Y3 Y4 100
Certification and for Accreditation –
SQC (#58.4/) PM_Commissions
21. Development of Procedure Manual
for Seed Phytosanitary Certification Y5 Y5 N N N N Y4 N N N N N N Y5 Y5 Y3 N 35
– PC (#78.4/) PM_Commissions
22. Development of Templates of
Administrative Documents to be
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 100
used by MS (#57/---)
ER_Commissions
• Capacity Building on:
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West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program APL (WAAPP-1C) (P122065)
Côte d’ Ivoire
Guinea Bissau
Additional Measures to be taken
Gambia (The)
Target States
Burkina Faso
Sierra Leone
Cabo Verde
to facilitate the implementation
Mauritania
of the Regional Harmonized
Senegal
Guinea
Nigeria
Liberia
Ghana
Benin
Seed Regulation by MS (List
Niger
Chad
Togo
Mali
non-exhaustive)
%
23. Human Resources13 (Training on
Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y 82
VR, SQC & PC)
24. Infrastructural Facilities14
Y Y N N Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 71
25. Financial Resources15
Y Y N N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y 76
❖ Global status in the country
(%) 96 100 33 71 75 92 58 79 46 92 54 88 100 96 92 71 83 78
Annex 6.8: Selected findings from WAAPP-1C impact studies and M&E team evaluations
• In Sierra Leone, an impact study was conducted in 2016 for WAAPP-1C original financing (Sierra
Leone, 2016). The study covered 59 villages and a sample of 501 farm households producing rice
and/or cassava, of which 367 were WAAPP beneficiaries and 134 were not (control group). WAAPP
disseminated high-yielding cassava and rice varieties with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and
improved economic value for both local consumption and industrial purposes. A randomized control
trial design and difference-in-difference approach were used to measure the impact of the
technologies and avoid the attribution of impact to external factors beyond WAAPP. Between 2012
(the baseline year) and 2016, rice yields increased by 65 percent for the treatment group compared
to the control group and by 97 percent percent compared to the baseline. Over the same period,
cassava yields increased by 48 percent for the treatment group compared to the control group and
by 60 percent comparing to the baseline (Table A6.8.1). The results suggest that compared to non-
beneficiaries, beneficiaries of WAAPP interventions obtained a production impact of an additional 1.7
mt (an increase of 120%) for rice and an additional 2.5 mt (an increase of 58 percent) for cassava
(Table A6.8.2).
Table A6.8.1: Productivity of cassava and rice in treatment and control groups, Sierra Leone
Crop Yield level at Yield level in 2016 Yield change relative to Yield change relative to
baseline in 2012 (t/ha) control and baseline control and baseline
(t/ha) (t/ha) (%)
Treatment Control Control Baseline Control Baseline
Cassava 12.30 19.68 13.28 6.40 7.38 48 60
Rice 1.25 2.46 1.49 0.97 1.21 65 97
Source: Sierra Leone (2016), Final Report End-of-Program Evaluation of West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program - Sierra
Leone (WAAPP-SL). Data from field survey, 2016.
Table A6.8.2: Impact of WAAPP on cassava and rice production at the household level, Sierra Leone
Crop Production at Production in 2016 Change in production as a
baseline in 2012 (mt) result of WAAPP (mt)
(mt) Treatment Control P-value Baseline Control
Cassava 4.31 8.53 6.03 0.1373 4.22 2.50
Rice 1.43 3.83 2.12 0.0321** 2.40 1.71
Source: Sierra Leone (2016), Final Report End-of-Program Evaluation of West Africa Agricultural Productivity
13 Y means that the country received at least one training (on variety release, seed quality control and certification, or phytosanitary
certification).
14 Y means that the country has at least one type of seed infrastructure (such as a seed testing laboratory, seed storage warehouses, etc.).
15 Y means that the country receives at least some financial support for the seed sector (such as WAAPP funds or any other financial support).
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Program - Sierra Leone (WAAPP-SL). Data from field survey, 2016.
• Furthermore, an evaluation of data from Sierra Leone by the project M&E team suggested further
productivity improvements. The dissemination of new improved rice varieties (NERICA and ROK),
combined with SRI and other best fertilizer and weed management practices, resulted in an average
yield ranging from 2 t/ha to 6 t/ha. With the multiplication and dissemination of high-yielding, pest-
resistant, and biofortified (yellow-fleshed Pro Vitamin A) cassava varieties (SLICASS 7-14), yields
increased to 30–40 t/ha. This rice and cassava productivity increase induced a rise in agricultural
household income ranging on average from 77 percent to 122 percent.
• In Liberia, economic analysis from the
Figure A6.8.1: Increase in yield with use of the
government ICR of WAAPP showed that the
NERICA 8 improved rice variety, Liberia
project had a positive impact on the national
economy. Implementation of the project
contributed to increased agricultural productivity,
especially through the dissemination and adoption
of improved rice varieties like NERICA 8. Use of
those varieties increased yields significantly from
less than 1 t/ha to about 2.5 t/ha for upland
production systems and from 1.5 t/ha to about 4
t/ha for lowland production systems (Figure
A6.8.1). Adaptative research conducted with
Source: Government of The Republic of Liberia, Ministry of newly released AfricaRice varieties (Arica 4 and 8),
Agriculture (2017). West Africa Agriculture Productivity Program which resisted bird attack and matured early (in 90
(WAAPP 1C) Implementation Completion Report (ICR).
days) increased yields to 3–5 t/ha. Other
technologies disseminated through WAAPP
included SRI, improved rice parboiling technology, a mechanized weeder for SRI adapted from the
USA, and a thresher. The additional rice production attributed to the project was estimated at more
than 3,000 mt, valued at about US$2.5 million and corresponding to 1.25 percent of national rice
imports for human consumption. Household income rose by an estimated 20 percent. Improved
cassava varieties disseminated through WAAPP had average yields of 55 t/ha against 16 t/ha for
traditional varieties.
• In The Gambia, according to the government ICR, dissemination and adoption of SRI increased rice
yields from the conventional 2.5 mt to over 9 mt. With this rice yield increase, traditional manual
threshing becomes laborious for women. A rice thresher was introduced by the project to reduce
post-harvest losses, alleviate drudgery and threshing challenges faced by women, and save time.
Power tillers were also disseminated to improve mechanization and help women plow rice fields
better and on time.
• The Red Maradi goat is improving the livelihoods of family farmers, stimulating local economies,
and making better nutrition more accessible in West Africa. The Red Maradi breed of central Niger
is economically important in rural households for the production of milk and skins. A typical litter of
two to three kids reaches reproductive age at six to seven months, and this breed typically produces
two litters per year. Each female goat can also produce 0.6 liters of milk per day for three to four
months after each litter. These indigenous livestock are well-suited to West Africa and possess a
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wealth of genetic diversity that makes them more likely to adapt to a changing climate. This breed
was widely disseminated over West Africa under WAAPPP and much appreciated by beneficiaries.
• In Togo, an impact assessment for WAAPP-1C (original funding) (Republique Togolaise, 2018) was
conducted for a sample of 2,600 producers, of which 2,020 were project beneficiaries (the
treatment group) and 580 were not (control group). Findings from this sample, based on a double
difference test, showed that between 2012 and 2016 WAAPP interventions induced a maize yield
increase from 1.5 t/ha to 1.8 t/ha for beneficiaries and 1.7 t/ha for the control group; in other words,
the project delivered a yield gain of about 0.1 t/ha. The household maize production increased by 0.2
mt over a baseline of 0.86 mt in 2012 to 1.65 mt for beneficiaries and 1.45 for the control group.
Project interventions for rice increase yields by an estimated 0.33 t/ha, from the baseline of 1.41 t/ha
in 2012 to 1.72 t/ha for project beneficiaries and 1.39 t/ha for the control group in 2016. Household
rice production was estimated at 0.36 mt, rising from a baseline of 0.60 mt to 0.99 mt for project
beneficiaries and 0.63 mt for the control group in 2016.
• Under the AF, further yield improvements were observed in 2019 in Togo. Estimates from project
M&E team showed that dissemination and adoption of improved rice (IR841) and SRI increased yields
from 1.5 t/ha to 4–5 t/ha. Beneficiary incomes rose by 64 percent with the adoption of improved rice
varieties and over 500 percent when the varieties were used with the SRI technology. The use of
improved maize varieties—Ikenné, Obatanpa, TZEE, ACR—increased yields from 0.8 t/ha to 2 t/ha.
• In Benin, a 2019 evaluation by the M&E team showed that yields and income increased with the
dissemination of improved technologies for maize, rice, and pineapple production. The technologies
included new maize varieties (AK 94, DMR, ESR-Y, ESR-W, EVDT 97, STR, QPM Faaba, TZPB SR); a new
rice variety (IR841) combined with fertilizer and the SRI technology; and the use of polyethylene film
for pineapple production. Maize yields increased from less than 1 t/ha to 2.5–3.5 t/ha. With the new
rice variety and SRI, yields increased from less than 2 t/ha to up to 9 t/ha for beneficiaries. The use of
polyethylene film for pineapple production was a major success for WAAPP. This technology reduced
the considerable labor and time required for weeding, helped soil to retain water (thus reducing
irrigation needs), and shortened the production cycle. Most important, the technology doubled
pineapple yields, which rose on average from 35 t/ha to 70 t/ha, and the income of pineapple
producers rose from 2.2 million West African CFA francs per hectare (CFAF) to CFAF5 million
(US$3,700 to US$8,300) per hectare.
• In Guinea, an evaluation by the M&E team suggested producers had obtained positive outcomes in
yield and income for rice, cassava, and especially pineapple. The dissemination and adoption of
improved high-yielding rice varieties that tolerated iron toxicity and pests (M6, CK90, CK801 for
irrigated areas; CK21, CK26, CK90, CK801 for rainfed areas) increased yields from 2 t/ha to 4 t/ha for
irrigated rice and from 1 t/ha to 3 t/ha for rainfed rice. This improved productivity increased
producers’ incomes by an estimated 40–60 percent for irrigated rice—an increase valued at 6–8
million Guinean francs (GNF) or US$600–800—and by 30–40 percent for rainfed rice (GNF5 million or
US$500). The adoption of the improved technology for parboiled rice increased processing capacity
by up to 150–200 kg per operation compared to 30 kg with traditional methods. Consequently, annual
income increased by GNF44,174,018 (US$4,400) for producer organizations using the technology and
by GNF25,380,059 (US$2,500) for individual women using the technology. For cassava, the adoption
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of improved, high-yielding and early-maturing (8–12 months against 18) varieties that were also
resistant to drought raised yields from 15 t/ha to 25 t/ha. Techniques for the rapid propagation of
new pineapple varieties (Tokoumbo, TME 419) increased the number of slips for propagation to 10–
15 compared to 2–3 before, making it possible to produce 200,000 slips per year, generating income
of GNF80–100 million (US$ 8,000–10,000).
• CORAF supported countries through the Integrated Agricultural Research for Development
paradigm using value chain and IP approaches. CORAF contracted a consortium of institutions,
including the International Centre for development-oriented Research in Agriculture in the
Netherlands and IITA to support WAAPP-1C countries in establishing IPs to accelerate the adoption of
released technologies. A total of 150 IPs were established and helped to accelerate adoption of
technologies and connect different value chain actors.
Annex 6.9: WAAPP-1C impacts on agricultural productivity and household income in Benin, Guinea,
Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo: Estimates from project M&E system
Table A6.9.1: WAAPP-1C impacts, Benin
Technology Technical and Action undertaken Number of Area covered, number
disseminated economic persons reached of animals, or number
performance of processing units
Cassava value chain
AK 94 DMR ESR-Y 3.5 t/ ha Acquisition of 2.3 t for the 230 115.02
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
DMR ESR W 2.5 t/ha Acquisition of 3.65 t for the 365 182.54
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
Maize value chain
EVDT 97 STR 3 t/ha Acquisition of 429,410 t for the 42,949 21,474.70
benefit of the farmers
subsidized at 75%; urea and
NPK fertilizer available with 50%
subsidy
QPM Faaba 3.5 t/ha Acquisition of 576.3 t for the 57,641 28,820.63
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
SYNEE 2000 2.5 t/ha Acquisition of 151.77 t for the 15,179 7,589.98
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
TZPB 3.5 t/ha Acquisition of 147.2 t for the 14,722 7,361.44
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
TZPB 3 t/ha Acquisition of 71,100 t for the 7,111 3,555.69
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benefit of the farmers
subsidized at 75%; urea and
NPK fertilizer available with 50%
subsidy
TZPB SR 3.5 t/ha Acquisition of 147.2 t for the 14,722 7,361.44
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
Rice value chain
IR841 with SRI 9 t/ha Acquisition of 306 t for the 20,400 10,200
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; urea and NPK fertilizer
available with 50% subsidy
Soybean value chain
TGX1910-14F 2 t/ha Acquisition of 167,855 t for the 7,460 3,730
benefit of farmers subsidized at
75%; 10,000 sachets of
inoculum subsidized at 50%
Table A6.9.2: WAAPP-1C impacts, Guinea
Technology or Technical and economic Action undertaken Number of Area covered
innovation performance persons or number of
reached processing
units
Rice value chain
Irrigated variety - Potential yield = 7.5 t/ha Multiplication of 4 t G3 15,000 10,250 ha
M6 - Average yield = 4 t/ha seed,120 t R1 seed; farmers, of
- Gross Revenue per Hectare = dissemination as part of SRI which 30%
GNF8 million (60% revenue women
increase)
- Key strengths: Adaptability
(lowland and plains), stable
productivity
Rainfed varieties - Potential yield = 5 t/ha Multiplication as of 2018: 85 t 47,000 rice 150,000 ha
CK21 and CK26 - Average yield = 3 t/ha G3 seed, 8.500 t R1 seed farmers (32%
- Gross Revenue per Hectare = female);
GNF5 million (30% revenue 225 seed
increase) multipliers
- Key strengths: Adaptability, (group and
tolerate iron toxicity, lodging, individual)
and certain viral diseases
Irrigated varieties - Potential yield = 5 t/ha Multiplication as of 2018 of 47,000 rice 150,000 ha
CK90 and CK 801 - Average yield = 3–4 t/ha 105 t G3 seed, 14.500 t R1 farmers (32%
- Gross Revenue per Hectare = seed female);
GNF6 million (40% revenue 225 seed
increase) multipliers
- Key strength: adaptability, (group and
tolerate iron toxicity, lodging, individual)
and certain diseases
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Rainfed varieties - Potential yield = 5 t/ha Multiplication as of 2018 of 15,000 rice 150,000 ha
Massaraka, CQ15, - Average yield = 3–4 t/ha 65 t G3 seed, 6.500 t R1 seed; farmers; 75
RD15 - Gross Revenue per Hectare = support for seed producers; seed
GNF5 million (40% revenue repurchase and distribution of multipliers
increase) seed; stakeholders’ RC (group and
- Key strength: Adapted to individual)
mangrove production, owned by the
tolerate iron toxicity, lodging, Kobarasé
and certain diseases Cooperative
Improved rice Cost-effectiveness of the oven: Availability of 200 improved 55,000 people 133 units
parboiling kit - Capacity of 150–200 kg per drying kits; training of 1,850 affected (85% installed
operation compared to 30 kg persons in drying technology women and
with traditional method (of which 1,530—84%— 65% young
- Reduction of drudgery female); training of 850 people)
- Low consumption of wood, persons in simplified
water management, quality and
- Better seed quality, drying marketing in a value chain
time, and cost, low rate of approach (85% female, 65%
broken grains young people); construction of
- Gross Revenue per Year = 12 rice processing and
GNF44,174,018 (producer marketing platforms; research
organization) program on improving the
- Gross Revenue per Year = quality of parboiled rice
GNF25,380,059 (individual
operator)
Pineapple value chain
Production of - Potential yield = 10–15 slips Multiplication of 2 million slips
slips for per strain versus 2–3 by IRAG; implementation of 5
propagation - Profit from a nursery of 1 ha fields for the production of 1
through stem producing 200,000 slips per million slips
sectioning year = GNF80–100 million
(80% revenue increase)
- Key strength: Homogeneous
planting material of a good
variety can be produced;
better control of the
production cycle
Cassava value chain
Production and - Potential yield = 30 t/ha Multiplication of 1 million
dissemination of - Key strengths: rapid 8–12 cuttings
variety Tokoumbo month vegetative cycle,
drought tolerant
Production and - Potential yield = 25 t/ha Multiplication of 1 million
distribution of - Key strengths: Mild variety, cuttings
variety TME 419 12-month vegetative cycle,
drought tolerant
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Table A6.9.3: WAAPP-1C impacts, Liberia
Technology Technical and Action undertaken Number of persons Area covered,
economic reached number of animals, or
performance number of processing
units
Rice value chain
NERICA L 19 variety - Yield = 3.5 t/ha Support to seed 90,000 30,000 ha
- Revenue increase = multiplication; seed
20% dissemination
SRI weeder - Simple to adapt, Support to SRI 300 farmers (of whom 30 units being
cost effective, interventions 150 women) fabricated
efficient
Customized power - Very easy to Produce tires allowing 300 through farmer 6 ha testing
tiller operate tiller to operate in field schools
- 2 gallons fuel daily lowland crop
operations
Cassava value chain
Variety Caricas - Yield = 3.5 t/ha Support to multiply 8,000 100 ha
- Revenue increase = cuttings
40%
World Bank I - Yield= 3 t/ha Support to process 6,000 150 ha
- Suitable for gari cassava for gari (of whom 3,400
production women)
Technology Technical and Action undertaken Status of release
economic (Yes/No)
performance
Rice value chain
Variety NERICA L-19 - Yield: 5–6 t/ha Foundation seed production Yes
- Revenue increase =
40%
Variety Orylux 6 - Yield: 5 t/ha Certified seed production Yes
Variety Arica 4 - Yield: 5 t/ha Adaptive research Yes
- Awned head
prevents bird
damage
Variety Arica 8 - Yield: 4–5t/ha Possible to have 3 production cycles per year Yes
- Matures in 3
months
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Table A6.9.4: WAAPP-1C impacts, Sierra Leone
Technology Technical and economic Action undertaken Number of Area covered
performance persons (ha)
reached
Rice value chain
Variety NERICA L- - Yield = 4 t/ha Support to seed multiplication: 94,593 20,654
19 - Revenue increase by (1,036 mt breeder seed; (of whom 59%
77% 9,250 mt foundation seed); women)
1,087 mt certified seed from Ebola
Emergency Seed Support Program
Variety NERICA - Yield = 5 t/ha Support to seed multiplication: 7,182 1,153
L.20 - Revenue increase = 1.02 mt breeder seed; (of whom 43%
122% 75 mt foundation seed women)
Variety ROK35 - Yield = 3 t/ha Support to seed multiplication:
- Revenue increase = 1 mt breeder seed
33%
Variety ROK36 - Yield = 3 t/ha Support to seed multiplication:
- Revenue increase = 1 mt breeder seed;
33% 0.005 mt foundation seed
Variety ROK 37 - Yield = 4 t/ha Support to seed multiplication:
- Revenue increase = 1 mt breeder seed;
77% 0.005 mt foundation seed
Herbicide - Yield = 3.6 t/ha On-farm trials conducted for 3 years
Butaforce for - Revenue increase =
weed control 111%
System of Rice - Yield basic SRI = On-farm trials conducted for 2 years; 5,000 20
Intensification 3.4 t/ha technology disseminated nationwide
(SRI) - Yield enriched SRI =
6.3 t/ha
- Revenue increase for
basic SRI = 70%;
enriched SRI = 215%
Deep placement - Yield = 1.9 t/ha On-farm trials conducted for 2 years 4,000
of Urea Super - Revenue increase =
Granules 58%
Cassava value chain
Varieties SLICASS - Storage root yield: Germplasm enhancement, 35,000 15,000
7–14 30–40 t/ha multiplication, and dissemination (of whom 49%
- Resistant to African women)
cassava mosaic
disease and cassava
bacterial blight
- One of the varieties is
a yellow-fleshed Pro
Vitamin A variety
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Table A6.9.5: WAAPP-1C impacts, Togo
Technology Technical and Action undertaken Number of persons Area
economic reached covered
performance (ha)
Maize value chain
Improved varieties - Yield= 2 t/ha Support for the dissemination of 57,600 28,792
Ikenné, Obatanpa, - Revenue increase = certified seed (of whom 40% women)
TZEE, ACR 25% Support for the dissemination of 248 farmers 887
certified seed
Support for the production of basic Researchers (ITRA) 10
seed
Rice value chain
Improved variety - Yield = 4 t/ha Support for the dissemination of 15,000 13,000
IR 841 - Revenue increase = certified seed (of whom 40% women)
64% Support for the dissemination of 300 farmers 289
certified seed
Support for the production of basic 5
seed
System of rice - Yield = 5 t/ha Support for the dissemination of 22,724, 1,800
intensification (SRI) - Revenue increase = SRI certified seed of whom 9,818 (43,2%)
595% women
Maize and rice value chain
GIFS/GIFER C - Yield = 2.5–3 t/ha Dissemination support 16,032, 999
- Revenue increase = of whom 5,735
25–50% (35.77%) women
Annex 6.10: Regional Strategy on Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and Food Safety
Under the WAAPP-1C AF, CORAF was charged with developing a regional strategy on nutrition and food
safety under the leadership of ECOWAS. The strategy would provide the framework for each participating
country to implement national action plans to disseminate T&I that was nutrition-sensitive and promoted
food safety. The strategy was completed and shared with WAAPP-1C-AF countries. As result, a number of
nutrition sensitive technologies were promoted, including soybean products in Togo, fonio, and beta-
carotene–enriched cassava and sweet potato varieties in Guinea. The WAAPP projects in Niger and Benin
conducted training on processing enriched food from local ingredients.
Annex 6.11: South-South partnerships
With World Bank leadership and CORAF regional coordination, WAAPP expanded its interactions
beyond Africa by building South-South partnerships. Exchange visits were organized to Brazil, China,
India, and Israel to explore the potential for WAAPP countries to benefit from scientific and technological
progress in agriculture in those countries.
Brazil: In 2013, a delegation of 52 scientists and farmers from the nine NCoS visited Embrapa centers
working on maize and sorghum, vegetables, cassava and fruits, rice and beans, aquaculture, beef cattle,
dairy cattle, and issues related to semi-arid environments. As a result, some technologies have been
transferred, tested, and disseminated in WAAPP countries, although the institutional partnership
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expected did not proceed as hoped. Owing to a change in Embrapa policy and management, CORAF did
not conclude a Memorandum of Understanding to implement the types of collaboration envisioned,
including joint research programs, the exchange of plant and animal materials, capacity strengthening
(including academic training), and the development of agricultural machinery.
China: An exchange visit to CAAS in Beijing took place in 2014, and in 2017 a second visit was hosted by
the HAAFS. The first visit resulted in a joint research program between the rice NCoS in Mali and CAAS,
which led to the development of 10 hybrid rice varieties, released in 2018 and disseminated in Guinea
and Niger. During the visit to HAAFS, three areas of collaboration were identified: co-development of rice
and maize varieties and dissemination any subsequently released, the introduction of intensive
aquaculture, and the establishment of demonstration sites for Chinese agricultural machinery. Ultimately,
two sites in Guinea piloted intensive aquaculture.
India: An exchange visit to the India Farm Science Centre in Hyderabad was organized in 2014 to explore
opportunities to pilot the centre’s KVK approach to technology transfer. Niger and four countries from
the other WAAPP series (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal) participated in this exchange. The KVK
approach uses demonstration plots and information and communication technology (mobile phones and
call centers for e-extension) to train farmers to use agricultural innovations. Each participating country
developed a road map to test the KVK approach. Niger established two centers for KVK testing (Winditan
and Toukounouss) and through the project procured a bus to facilitate extension activities.
Israel: In 2017, under ECOWAS leadership and CORAF coordination, 20 scientists and directors of NCoS
and agricultural research institutes attended a specially designed training program in Israel on the linkages
between applied research, extension, and production. A partnership was established between MASHAV
(Israel’s agency for development coordination) and the NCoS for capacity building and joint research
proposal preparation and implementation. As a next step, annual knowledge-sharing workshops between
Israel and West Africa research and development stakeholders were planned, with a workshop on
agricultural water management to be organized in Cape Verde in 2018. Budget constraints at CORAF and
ECOWAS prevented the workshop from taking place, and the partnership went no further.
Annex 6.12: Scientific publication of WAAPP research
A total of 125 publications in regional and national journals were produced compared to the target of 133
(94% of achievement). Côte d’Ivoire, Niger, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, and Togo met their targets, but
Benin, Guinea, and Liberia did not (Benin had 39 publications and Togo had 35). CORAF provided various
types of support to NCoS to encourage scientific publishing; its efforts train 30 young researchers in data
analysis and scientific writing led to the publication of 28 articles in two issues of Agronomie Africaine
(volume 29, numbers 1 and 2, 2017). Publications on the findings of WAAPP-funded research were
important for sharing knowledge with peers in the international agricultural research community, lending
visibility to African research, and better positioning African research organizations as prospective research
partners. Young scientists who benefited from WAAPP-1C scholarships advanced their research careers
by contributing to these publications.
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Annex 6.13: References
1. CORAF. http://www.coraf.org/
2. Government of The Republic of Liberia, Ministry of Agriculture. 2017. West Africa Agricultural Productivity
Program (WAAPP 1C) – Implementation Completion Report.
3. Government of The Republic of Liberia, Ministry of Agriculture. 2017. West Africa Agriculture Productivity
Program (WAAPP 1C) Implementation Completion Report (ICR).
4. Johnson, M., R. Birner, J. Chamberlin, X. Diao, S. Fan, A. Nin-Pratt, D. Resnick, L. You, and B. Yu. 2008. “Regional
Strategic Alternatives for Agriculture-led Growth and Poverty Reduction in West Africa.” ReSAKSS Working
Paper 22, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC.
5. Liberia Research and Evaluation Services. 2014. Impact Assessment Report for the West Africa Agricultural
Productivity Program (WAAPP 1C).
6. Niéyidouba Lamien, Hiroshi Hiroki, Abdoulaye Toure, and Kenyet Barlay, with the Contribution of the
Coordinators of WAAPP Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. 2014. Advance in rebuilding adaptive
research and technology transfer for rice sector in Mano River Union Countries
7. République Béninoise, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche. 2016. Formation et Réalisation
d’une Analyse Financière des Microentreprises Ayant Adopté des Technologies Promues par le Projet de
Productivité Agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (PPAAO-Bénin).
8. République de Guinée, Ministère de l’Agriculture. 2016. Rapport d’Achèvement du Programme de Productivité
Agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (PPAAO/WAAPP-1C) – Japan PHRD TF GRANT NUMBER TF099674-GN.
9. République de Guinée, Ministère de l’Agriculture. 2020. Rapport d’Achèvement du Financement Additionnel du
Programme de Productivité Agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (PPAAO -1C FA- Guinée).
10. République du Niger – Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage. 201 9. Rapport d’’Achèvement du Programme
de Productivité Agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (PPAAO/WAAPP -1C) – Phase additionnelle 2017-2019.
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Map
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