E4347 V4 REV China: Fujian Fishing Ports Project Environmental Impact Assessment Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries Xiapu State-owned Assets Investment & Operation Co., Ltd. Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science OCTOBER 2013 Abbreviations BP： Bank Policy OP： Operational Policy County Project Management CPMO： PDO： Project Development Objective Office Provincial Department of Ocean and EA： Environmental Assessment PDOF： Fisheries EIA： Environmental Impact Assessment PIU： Project Implementation Unit EMP： Environmental Management Plan PLG： Project Leading Group Fujian Development Reform Provincial Project Management FDRC： PPMO： Commission Office Fujian Provincial Environmental FESI RAP： Resettlement Action Plan Sciences Institue FOTS： Fujian Ocean Technical School SA： Social Assessment FSR： Feasibility Study Report SIA： Social Impact Analysis M&E： Monitoring & Evaluation SOA: State Oceanic Administration Ministry of Environmental MEP： TOR： Terms of Reference Protection Xia’pu State Owned Assets MOF： Ministry of Finance XSAIOC： Investment Company Co., Ltd. National Development and NDRC： Reform Committee 2 Foreword The overall project development objective (PDO) is to reduce the vulnerability of the fishing communities to extreme weather events in Fujian Province. The project includes four components: 1) Expansion and upgrading of six fishing port facilities in Xiapu County of Fujian Province; 2) Upgrading of Early Warning and Response Systems; 3) Establishment of a Training Center; 4) Project Management and Implementation Support. The 6 project fishing ports serve Sansha Town, Fenghuo (island)Village, Luxia Village, Wen'ao (island) Village, Dajing Village and Beishuang (island) Village respectively. Three fishing ports are dispersed along long continental coastal lines and the remaining 3 on three small islands. Based on existing natural and soical conditions and actual needs of these fishing ports, the proposed port infrastructures may include breakwaters, docks, seawalls, land reclamation, buildings, trestle bridges, anchorage and access roads. Based on requirements of both Chinese environmental assessment laws/regulations and the World Bank’s OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, the proposed project is classified as Category A. The following safeguards policies are triggered: (1) OP4.01 Environmental Assessment; (2) OP4.04 Natural Habitats; (3) OP4.11 Physical Cultural Resources; and (4) OP4.12 Involuntray Resettlement. The project owner enaged Fujian Environmental Science Institute to carry out environmental assessment and Hohai Unversity to carry out social assessment. As a Class-A environmental impact assessment consultant accredited by Ministry of Environmental Protection (Class-A No. 2202), FESI used to help prepare the EA for the World Bank financed Meizhou Bay Navigation Improvement Project in 2011-2012. The EA has adequately incorporated the project feasibility study, social assessment, geological survey, and hydrodynamics mathematical modeling results. This EIA mainly covers the following aspects. 1) Alternative analysis 2) Environmental baselines 3) Ecological survey and evaluation 4) Hydrodynamics mathematical model study 5) Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures 6) Ecological compensation 7) Public consultation Besides this EIA report, the EA includes the following two reports:  Environmental Management Plan (EMP)  Environmental Assessment Executive Summary In addition, an ECOPs has been developed for Component 3 training center building. The key findings and conclusions of the EMP have been summarized in the above-mentioned EA Executive Sumamry as well. The draft EAs were locally disclosed on September 30th 2013, and at World Bank Infoshop on November 11th, 2013. 3 Table of Content CHAPTER 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 FISHING PORT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 ASSESSMENT SCOPE AND PROTECTED OBJECTS .................................................................................................... 18 1.3.1 Location of Project Ports ................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Assessment Scope.............................................................................................................................. 20 1.3.2 Environmental and Social Protection Objects.................................................................................... 20 1.4 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 28 1.4.1 Assessment Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.4.2 Assessment Contents and Methodology ........................................................................................... 28 1.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 2 EA REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 31 2.1 ANALYSIS OF COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF P.R.C. ...................................................................... 31 2.1.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Marine Reserve .................................................................................................................................. 33 2.1.3 Marine Environmental Assessment and Ecological Compensation ................................................... 34 2.1.4 Directory of Key Protected Animals ................................................................................................... 34 2.1.5 Announcement on Strengthening the EIA Management of International Financial Institution Financed Projects ....................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 ANALYSIS OF COORDINATION WITH POLICIES AND PLANNING ................................................................................. 35 2.2.1 Compliance with Industrial Policies ................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Compliance with the Construction Plan of Fishing Ports ................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Coastal Economic Development Planning (2011-2020).............. 35 2.2.4 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning (2011-2020) ...................................... 35 2.2.5 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011-2020) ........... 36 2.2.6 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning (2011-2010) ... 36 2.2.7 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning ...................................................... 36 2.2.8 Coordination with the Scenic Area .................................................................................................... 36 2.3 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARDS POLICIES ................................................................................... 37 2.4 ASSESSMENT STANDARD ................................................................................................................................. 38 2.4.1 Environmental Quality Standard ....................................................................................................... 38 2.4.2 Pollutant Emission Standard ............................................................................................................. 40 2.5 ASSESSMENT LEVEL ........................................................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 3 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS .............................................................. 44 3.1 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 “With/without project” scenarios ..................................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Alternative analysis of site selection ................................................................................................. 46 3.1.3 Alternative analysis of port layout .................................................................................................... 49 3.2 IDENTIFICATION AND SCOPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ................................................................................... 63 3.2.1 Identification of environmental influencing factors .......................................................................... 63 3.2.2 Screening of assessment factors ....................................................................................................... 65 3.3 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ................................................................................ 65 3.3.1 Construction organization ................................................................................................................. 65 3.3.2 Alternative analysis of construction techniques ................................................................................ 67 3.3.3 Description of construction processes ............................................................................................... 69 4 3.4 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS DURING THE OPERATION PERIOD ..................................................................................... 79 3.4.1 Dock loading and unloading .............................................................................................................. 79 3.4.2 Manpower quota and working days ................................................................................................. 80 3.5 ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION FACTORS AND NON-POLLUTION ECOLOGICAL IMPACT FACTORS ............................................ 80 3.5.1 Analysis of impacts during the construction period .......................................................................... 80 3.5.2 Analysis of impacts during the operation period ............................................................................... 87 3.5.3 Risk sources ....................................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 4 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINES ............................................................... 95 4.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................ 95 4.1.1 Geographical Location....................................................................................................................... 95 4.1.2 Terrain and Landform ........................................................................................................................ 95 4.1.3 Geology ............................................................................................................................................. 96 4.1.4 Weather and Climate ........................................................................................................................ 96 4.1.5 Marine Hydrology .............................................................................................................................. 97 4.1.6 Land Hydrology.................................................................................................................................. 98 4.1.7 Earthquake ...................................................................................................................................... 100 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE .......................................................................................................................... 100 4.2.1 Administration ................................................................................................................................. 100 4.2.2 Population ....................................................................................................................................... 100 4.2.3 Socio-Economic Development ......................................................................................................... 100 4.2.4 Marine Culture and Fishing ............................................................................................................. 100 4.2.5 Fishery Output Value and Aquatic Products Processing Enterprises ............................................... 102 4.2.6 Baseline of Located Towns .............................................................................................................. 102 4.2.7 Project-located Villages ................................................................................................................... 104 4.2.8 Physical Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................. 105 4.3 RELATED MARINE FUNCTIONAL ZONING........................................................................................................... 107 4.3.1 Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning .................................................................................... 107 4.3.2 Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning ......................................................... 109 4.3.3 Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning ................................................. 111 4.3.4 Other Ecological Functional Zoning ................................................................................................. 113 4.4 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING OF FISHING PORTS................................................................................................... 114 4.5 PLANNING OF PROVINCIAL-LEVEL SCENIC AREA OF DONGCHONG PENINSULA .......................................................... 115 4.6 MARINE PROTECTION AREAS ......................................................................................................................... 116 4.6.1 Fuying Island Marine Protection Area ............................................................................................. 116 4.6.2 Fuyao Islands Marine Protection Area ............................................................................................ 118 CHAPTER 5 ECOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BASELINE ............................................................. 120 5.1 MARINE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE ................................................................................................. 120 5.1.1 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................................ 120 5.1.2 Hydrodynamic Environment ............................................................................................................ 120 5.1.3 Sediment, Erosion and sedimentation ............................................................................................. 121 5.2 MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT ON SEAWATER QUALITY .................................................................................... 122 5.2.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Survey Content ................................................................... 122 5.2.2 Assessment method and standard .................................................................................................. 123 5.2.3 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Seawater Quality in Spring ................................................. 123 5.2.4 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Seawater Quality in Autumn ............................................... 128 5.3 MARINE SEDIMENT BASELINE AND ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................ 131 5.3.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Survey Content ................................................................... 131 5 5.3.2 Assessment method and standard .................................................................................................. 131 5.3.3 Result of Marine sediment monitoring in Spring ............................................................................. 131 5.3.4 Result of Marine sediment monitoring in Autumn .......................................................................... 133 5.4 MARINE BIO-QUALITY BASELINE AND ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 135 5.4.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Surveyed Content ............................................................... 135 5.4.2 Analysis Method and Standard ....................................................................................................... 135 5.4.3 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Marine Organisms in Spring ............................................... 135 5.4.4 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Marine Organisms in Autumn ............................................. 136 5.5 BASELINES AND ASSESSMENT ON MARINE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................. 137 5.5.1 Stations Layout, Survey Content and Method ................................................................................. 137 5.5.2 Method of Marine Ecology Assessment .......................................................................................... 138 5.5.3 Survey Result and Assessment on Ecology Baseline in Spring ......................................................... 139 5.5.4 Survey Result and Assessment on Ecology Baseline in Autumn ...................................................... 152 5.5.5 Pollicipes mitella .............................................................................................................................. 158 5.5.6 Waterfowls ...................................................................................................................................... 161 5.6 LAND USE BASELINE ..................................................................................................................................... 161 5.7 AIR ENVIRONMENT BASELINE SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 167 5.7.1 Monitoring stations layout and monitoring cycle ........................................................................... 167 5.7.2 Monitored items and analysis method ............................................................................................ 167 5.7.3 Assessment Method and Standard .................................................................................................. 168 5.7.4 Air environment quality baseline and assessment result ................................................................ 169 5.8 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS ON SOUND ENVIRONMENT BASELINE................................................................................ 169 5.8.1 Monitoring time and method .......................................................................................................... 169 5.8.2 Survey content ................................................................................................................................. 169 5.8.3 Data processing and assessment indicators .................................................................................... 169 5.8.4 Testing devices ................................................................................................................................ 170 5.8.5 Result Analysis of Noise Environment Baseline Monitoring ............................................................ 170 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES .................................. 171 6.1 EIA AT CONSTRUCTION STAGE ....................................................................................................................... 171 6.1.1 Impact on Marine Ecology ............................................................................................................... 171 6.1.2 Impact on social environment ......................................................................................................... 201 6.1.3 Ecological Impact of Land Area ....................................................................................................... 220 6.1.4 Garbage of Construction Ships .................................................................................................... 223 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING OPERATION PERIOD ............................................................ 224 6.2.1Environmental Impact Forecast and Assessment of Marine Hydrodynamic Force .......................... 225 6.2.2 Environmental Impact Analysis of Erosion and Deposition ............................................................. 240 6.2.3 Impact of Waste Water Discharge in Fishing Port .......................................................................... 251 6.2.4 Impacts on landscape ...................................................................................................................... 256 6.2.5 Impacts on marine preserve ............................................................................................................ 257 6.2.6 Management of Other Wastes ........................................................................................................ 257 6.2.7 Foul odor impact ............................................................................................................................. 257 CHAPTER 7 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (CEIA) ................................................. 259 7.1 ABOUT CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (CEI) ....................................................................................... 259 7.2 METHOD OF CEIA ....................................................................................................................................... 259 7.3 DEFINITION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...................................................................... 260 7.3.1 Definition of cumulative impacts..................................................................................................... 260 7.3.2 Source of cumulative impacts.......................................................................................................... 262 6 7.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................................. 265 7.4.1 Impact on erosion/siltation environment ........................................................................................ 265 7.4.2 Cumulative impacts on water quality .............................................................................................. 267 7.4.3 Cumulative impacts on marine ecology .......................................................................................... 268 7.4.4 Cumulative impacts on terrestrial ecosystem ................................................................................. 269 7.4.5 Cumulative impacts on sustainable fishery resources ..................................................................... 269 7.5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................ 271 7.5.1 Implementation of concerning planning on marine environment protection ................................. 271 7.5.2 Resolutions on marine fishing intensity control .............................................................................. 271 7.5.3 Environmental protection measures in town construction ............................................................. 272 7.5.4 Measures of ecological compensation ............................................................................................ 272 7.5.5 Improving public knowledge, boosting promotion of environmental protection ............................ 276 CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 278 8.1 ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS FROM TYPHOON AND STORM SURGE DISASTERS .................................................................. 278 8.1.1 Impacts of typhoon disasters in Fujian ............................................................................................ 278 8.1.2 Impacts of storm surges in Fujian .................................................................................................... 283 8.1.3 Impacts of Typhoon and Storm Surge in Xiapu County ................................................................... 286 8.1.4 Analysis of Impacts from Typhoon and Storm Surge Disasters ....................................................... 286 8.1.5 Disaster prevention and reduction measures to ensure the safety of marine fisheries .................. 287 8.2 ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF OIL SPILL ACCIDENTS............................................................................................ 290 8.2.1 Leading causes of oil spill accidents ................................................................................................ 290 8.2.2 Scenario planning and prediction model of oil spill accidents ......................................................... 290 8.2.3 Predicted results and impact analysis of oil spill accident ............................................................... 291 8.2.4 Precautionary measures and emergency preparedness plan for oil spill accidents ........................ 296 CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)........................................................................ 317 9.1 RESPONSIBILITY OF INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................................................... 317 9.2ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN .................................................................................. 318 9.3 EMP BUDGET ............................................................................................................................................. 320 CHAPTER 10 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ..................................................... 321 10.1 PROCESS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION .............................................................................................................. 321 10.2 FIRST ROUND OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................................................................................................... 322 10.2.1 Respondents .................................................................................................................................. 324 10.2.2 Results of First-Round Public Participation Survey ........................................................................ 325 10.2.3 Public opinions and adoption/rejection......................................................................................... 332 10.3 SECOND ROUND OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION .................................................................................................... 335 10.3.1 Respondents .................................................................................................................................. 335 10.3.2 Results of second-round public participation survey ..................................................................... 335 10.3.3 Summary of opinions from symposia ............................................................................................ 338 10.4 COMPLAINT PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................. 338 10.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................ 340 7 List of Tables Table 1.1.1 Project Contents of Six Fishing Ports Expansion and Upgrading ............................ 18 Table 1.3.1 Sansha Port-Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects ... 22 Table 1.3.2 Luxia Port-Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects ..... 23 Table 1.3.3 Fenghuo Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Table 1.3.4 Beishuang Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects ............................................................................................................................................. 25 Table 1.3.5 Dajing Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects . 26 Table 1.3.6 Wen'ao Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 27 Table 2.1.1 Compliance with China Domestic Laws and Regulations ....................................... 32 Table 2.1.2 Compliance with China Domestic Laws and Regulations ....................................... 32 Table 2.1.3 Classification and Definition of Marine Reserve ..................................................... 33 Table 2.1.4 Compliance with Regulations of Marine Reserve .................................................... 34 Table 2.3.1 Compliance with World Bank Safeguards Policies.................................................. 37 Table 2.3.2 Compliance with the WBG EHS Guidelines............................................................ 38 Table 2.4.1 Sea Water Quality Standard (Extracted) (GB3097-1997) ........................................ 38 Table 2.4.2 Sea Sediments Quality Standard (Extracted) ........................................................... 39 Table 2.4.3 Standard of Sea Shellfish Bio-quality (unit: mg/kg) ................................................ 39 Table 2.4.4 Air Environment Quality Standard Unit: mg/m3 ...................................................... 39 Table 2.4.5 Sound Environment Quality Standard Unit:dB ........................................................ 40 Table 2.4.6 Maximum Permitted Emission Concentration of Pollutants (Extracted) ................. 40 Table 2.4.7 Maximum Permitted Concentration of Vessel Oily Sewage Discharge ................... 40 Table 2.4.8 Standard of Noise Emission at Boundary of Industrial ............................................ 41 Enterprises LAeq:dB .................................................................................................. 41 Table 2.4.9 Limit of Noise at the Boundary of Construction Site ............................................. 41 Table 2.5.1 Assessment Level of Sansha Central Fishing Port ................................................... 41 Table 2.5.2 Assessment Level of Luxia Fishing Port .................................................................. 42 Table 2.5.3 Assessment Level of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port ................................................ 42 Table 2.5.4 Assessment Level of Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port ............................................. 42 Table 2.5.5 Assessment Level of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port ................................................... 43 Table 2.5.6 Assessment Level of Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port ................................................. 43 Table 3.1.1 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Sansha Fishing Port ........................ 57 Table 3.1.2 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Luxia Fishing Port .......................... 58 Table 3.1.3 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Fenghuo Fishing Port ..................... 59 Table 3.1.4 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Beishuang Fishing Port .................. 60 Table 3.1.5 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Dajing Fishing Port ........................ 61 Table 3.1.6 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Wen'ao Fishing Port ....................... 62 Table 3.2.1 Screening Matrix List of Environmental Impacts of the Construction .................... 64 Table 3.2.2 Screening List of Environmental Impact Assessment Factors ................................. 65 Table 3.3.1 List of Major Construction Mechanical Equipments ............................................... 67 Table 3.3.2 Alternative Analysis of Construction Techniques .................................................... 68 Table 3.5.1 Source Intensity of Silt Suspension .......................................................................... 83 Table 3.5.2 Discharge of Bilge Oily Water ................................................................................. 84 Table 3.5.3 Discharge of Domestic Sewage During Construction .............................................. 84 Table 3.5.4 Test Result of Construction Machine Noise Sources ............................................... 85 Table 3.5.5 Production of Solid Waste ........................................................................................ 86 Table 3.5.6 Production of Wastewater in Sansha Fishing Port Area........................................... 87 Table 3.5.7 Production of Wastewater in Luxia Fishing Port Area ............................................ 88 Table 3.5.8 Production of Wastewater in Fenghuo Fishing Port Area ........................................ 88 Table 3.5.9 Production of Wastewater in Beishuang Fishing Port Area ..................................... 88 Table 3.5.10 Production of Wastewater in Dajing Fishing Port Area ......................................... 88 Table 3.5.11 Production of Wastewater in Wenao Fishing Port Area......................................... 89 8 Table 3.5.12 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Sansha Fishing Port ......................................................................................................................... 90 Table 3.5.13 Production and Discharge of Sewage in the North Plot During the Operation Period of Luxia Fishing Port ........................................................................................................... 91 Table 3.5.14 Production and Discharge of Sewage in the South Plot During the Operation Period of Luxia Fishing Port ........................................................................................................... 92 Table 3.5.15 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Dajing Fishing Port ......................................................................................................................... 92 Table 3.5.16 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wenao Fishing Port .................................................................................... 93 Table 3.5.17Sumamry of Wastewater Produced in each Fishing Port ........................................ 93 Table 3.5.18 Output of Solid Waste During the Operation Period.............................................. 94 Table 4.1.1 Geological Condition in Construction Site............................................................... 97 Table 4.1.2 Marine Hydrology .................................................................................................... 98 Table 4.2.1 Baseline of Project-located Villages ...................................................................... 105 Table 4.3.1 Levels and Types of Marine Environment Zoning................................................. 109 Table 4.3.2 Marine Environment Zoning for Project Areas ...................................................... 109 Table 4.3.3 Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zones ................................................... 111 Table 4.3.4 Related Ecological Functional Zoning in Fujian Province ..................................... 113 Table 5.1.1 Condition of Hydrological Observation ................................................................. 120 Table 5.2.1 Assessment Standard of Seawater Quality for Observation Stations ..................... 123 Table 5.2.2 Summary of Seawater Quality Monitoring Result in Spring ................................. 124 Table 5.2.3 Comparison with Seawater Quality in Neighboring Bays...................................... 126 Table 5.2.4 Over-standard Conditions in Ecological-sensitive Area ........................................ 128 Table 5.2.5 Summary of Seawater Quality Monitoring Result in Autumn ............................... 129 Table 5.3.1 Result of Marine Sediment Survey in Spring ......................................................... 132 Table 5.3.2 Comparison of Sediment Quality of the Same Period in Funing Bay .................... 133 Table 5.3.3 Result of Marine Sediment Survey in Spring ......................................................... 133 Table 5.4.1 Bio-quality Survey Result (Samples in wet weight) .............................................. 135 Table 5.4.2 Bio-quality Survey Result (Samples in wet weight) .............................................. 136 Table 5.5.1 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Phytoplankton ............................. 141 Species in Neighboring Bays .................................................................................................... 141 Table 5.5.2 Comparison in the Same Period for Ecological Characteristics of Phytoplankton Species in Funing Bay ....................................................................................................... 141 Table 5.5.3 Dominant Zooplankton Species and Dominance Index (Y≥0.02)........................ 142 Table 5.5.4 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Zooplankton ................................ 143 in Neighboring Bays .................................................................................................................. 143 Table 5.5.5 Comparison in the Same Period for Ecological Characteristics of Zooplankton Species in Funing Bay ....................................................................................................... 143 Table 5.5.6 Dominant Benthic Organisms Species and Dominance under Quantitative Survey (Y ≥0.02)............................................................................................................................... 144 Table 5.5.7 Location of Stations for Benthic Organisms and Main Species under Qualitative Survey................................................................................................................................ 144 Table 5.5.8 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Organisms in Neighboring Bays ................................................................................................................................... 145 Table 5.5.9 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Organisms in Intertidal Zones in Neighboring Bays ............................................................................................... 146 Table 5.5.10 Composition of Catch Collected by Trawling in Surveyed Sea Area .................. 147 Table 5.5.11 Composition of Catch Collected by Stern Net in Surveyed Sea Area .................. 148 Table 5.5.12 Fishery Resources Quantity Distribution ............................................................. 148 Table 5.5.13 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Otter Trawl ............... 149 Table 5.5.14 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Stern Net................... 149 Table 5.5.15 Ichthyoplankton species at the Surface Level ...................................................... 150 Table 5.5.16 Ichthyoplankton species Density collected by Vertical Trawling ........................ 151 9 Table 5.5.17 Dominant Zooplankton Species and Dominance Index (Y≥0.02)...................... 154 Table 5.5.18 Dominant Benthic Organisms Species and Dominance under ............................. 155 Quantitative Survey (Y≥0.02) ................................................................................................. 155 Table 5.5.19 Composition of Catch Collected by Trawling in Surveyed Sea Area .................. 157 Table 5.5.20 Fishery Resources Quantity Distribution ............................................................. 157 Table 5.5.21 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Otter Trawl ............... 157 Table 5.5.22 Ichthyoplankton species Density .......................................................................... 158 Table 5.6.1 Satellite Image Analysis Scope of Land and Coastal Area of Quaary Sites .......... 162 Table 5.6.2 Satellite Image Interpretation Results on Land Use Baseline for Quarry Sites ...... 163 Table 6.1.1 List of Benthonic Organism Loss Caused by Sea Utilization for Engineering ...... 172 Table 6.1.2 Marine Sediment Classification ............................................................................. 175 Table 6.1.3 Summary of Economic Compensations for Loss of Engineering and Marine Biological Resources ......................................................................................................... 179 Table 6.1.4 Position Relation between Artificial reefand Fishing Ports (km) ........................... 179 Table 6.1.5 Comparison of Investigation Results ..................................................................... 183 Table 6.1.6 Suspended Sand Source Intensity........................................................................... 184 Table 6.1.7 Statistics of Prediction Points in Simulation of Construction Operation against Different Position .............................................................................................................. 184 Table 6.1.8 Scope of Suspended Sediment Increment Impacts in the Process of Full Tide (km2) ........................................................................................................................................... 186 Table 6.1.9 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Sansha Fishing Port ....................................................................................................... 191 Table 6.1.10 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Luxia Fishing Port ......................................................................................................... 191 Table 6.1.11 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Fenghuo Fishing Port .................................................................................................... 191 Table 6.1.12 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Beishuang Fishing Port ................................................................................................. 191 Table 6.1.13 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Wen'ao Fishing Port ...................................................................................................... 192 Table 6.1.14 Safety Distance for Fish during Blasting Operation............................................. 194 Table 6.1.15 Distance Corresponding to Surge Wave Peak Pressure by Different Quantity of Explosive ........................................................................................................................... 196 Table 6.1.16 Relationship between Maximum Peak Pressure and Lethality Rate of Tested Creature ............................................................................................................................. 197 Table 6.1.17 Estimated Quantity of Marine Living Resources Loss Caused by Underwater Blasting.............................................................................................................................. 197 Table 6.1.18 Environmental Impacts of Construction Fishing Ports and Villages Affected..... 204 Table 6.1.19 Fishing Ports Project Construction Items and Distance to Surrounding Villages 205 Table 6.1.20 Safety Distance of Earthquake due to Underwater Drilling and Blasting ............ 212 Table 6.1.21 Scale of Intensity of Super Pressure of Air Shock Wave under Different Distances ........................................................................................................................................... 212 Table 6.1.22 Level of Destruction on Buildings by Air Shock Wave ....................................... 213 Table 6.1.23 Vibration Velocity at Different Distances ............................................................ 213 Table 6.1.24 Safety Vibration Velocity of Various Building/Structure .................................... 213 Table 6.1.25 Safe Distance of Water Shock Wave Caused by Drilling and Blasting to Constructors and Ships ...................................................................................................... 219 Table 6.1.26 Lists of Prevention and Control Measures for Water and Soil Loss in Each Project ........................................................................................................................................... 222 Table 6.2.1 Source Strength of Waste Water Discharge in Fishing Ports during Operation..... 252 Table 6.2.2 List of COD Impact Coverage in Sansha Fishing Port........................................... 252 Table 6.2.3 List of COD Impact Coverage in Luxia Fishing Port............................................. 253 Table 7.3.1 Construction history of Sansha Fishing Port .......................................................... 263 Table 7.3.2 Sansha land reclamation history and future planning............................................. 264 10 Table 7.4.1 Comparison table of deposits of Sansha Fishing Port before and after engineering construction ....................................................................................................................... 266 Table 7.4.2 Table of sewage cumulative discharge source intensity ......................................... 267 Table 7.5.1 summary sheet of key waters for enhancement releasing in East China Sea of Fujian ........................................................................................................................................... 273 Table 8.1.2 Categorized Statistics of Landing Wind Scales...................................................... 278 Table 8.1.3 Frequency of Landing Typhoons and the Resulting Losses in the Past 10 Years .. 278 Table 8.1.1 Impacts of Typhoons Landing in Recent Years ..................................................... 280 Table 8.2.1 Combined Scenarios of Oil Spill Accident ............................................................ 291 Table 8.2.2 Maximum Impact Scope within 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident (Unit: km2) ......................................................................................................................... 296 Table 10.1.1 Process of Public Participation ............................................................................. 321 Table 10.2.1 Summary of the First-Round Survey.................................................................... 325 Table 10.2.2 Negative Respondent(s) and Reason for Objection.............................................. 326 Table 10.2.3 Results of First-Round Public Opinion Survey .................................................... 333 Table 10.3.1 Structure of Respondents in the Second Public Participation Survey .................. 335 Table 10.3.2 Results of Second-Round Public Opinion Survey................................................ 337 11 List of Figures Figure 1.1-1 Project Location Map ............................................................................................. 17 Figure 1.3-1 Project Location, Assessment Scope and Sensitive Areas ..................................... 19 Figure 3.1-1 Fishing Boats Anchored at Simply Constructed Fishing Port ................................ 45 Figure 3.1-2 Contrast of Photos Before and After the Destruction of the Breakwater under Construction ........................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 3.1-3 Location Distribution of Existing Fishing Ports and Planned Fishing Ports in the Region ................................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 3.1-4 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Sansha Central Fishing Port ......................... 51 Figure 3.1-5 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port ........................... 52 Figure 3.1-6 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port ...................... 53 Figure 3.1-7 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port ................... 54 Figure 3.1-8 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port ......................... 55 Figure 3.1-9 Comparison of the Project Plans of Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port .......................... 56 Figure 3.3-1 Quarrying Process and Pollution Links .................................................................. 69 Figure 3.3-2 Breakwater Construction Process and Pollutants ................................................... 70 Figure 3.3-3 Construction Process and Pollution Links of Packing Sediment by Blasting ........ 71 Figure 3.3-4 Explosive Arranging Drawing of Hydraulic Land Charging Machine ................... 73 Figure 3.3-5 Diagrammatic Sectional Drawing of the Breakwater Before and After Blasting ... 73 Figure 3.3-6 Breakwater Construction Process and Pollution Links........................................... 74 Figure 3.3-7 Settling of Revetment Blocks ................................................................................. 75 Figure 3.3-8 Embankment Construction Process and Pollution Links Dajing Fishing Port ....... 75 Figure 3.3-9 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links .................................................... 76 Figure 3.3-10 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links .................................................. 76 Figure 3.3-11 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links .................................................. 76 Figure 3.3-12 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links .................................................. 77 Figure 3.3-13 Dredger Working and Reclamation Process ......................................................... 78 Figure 3.4-1 Fishing Port Working Process and Pollution Links ................................................ 79 Figure 4.1-1 Geographical Location of Proposed Fishing Ports ................................................. 95 Figure 4.1-2 Water Distribution within this Region .................................................................... 99 Figure 4.2-1 Situation of Proposed Fishing Ports ..................................................................... 103 Figure 4.2-2 Physical Cultural Resources ................................................................................. 106 Figure 4.3-3 Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning ................... 112 Figure 4.3-4 Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning .................................................. 114 Figure 4.5-1 Planning of Provincial-level Scenic Spot in Dongchong Peninsula (Partial) ....... 115 Figure 5.1-1 Location of Survey & Observation Stations for Hydrology and Sediment .......... 121 Figure 5.2-1 Location of Stations for Marine Environmental Monitoring ................................ 122 Figure 5.5-1 Stations Location of Otter Trawl Survey and Stow Net Survey in 2013 .............. 138 Figure 5.5-2 Dominant Ichthyoplankton Species Distribution .................................................. 152 Figure 5.5-3 Pollicipes mitella Distribution Location and Site Photos ..................................... 160 Figure 5.5-4 Bird Reserve Location in Marine Functional Zoning ........................................... 161 Figure 5.6-1 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the ..................................... 164 Vicinity of Sansha Stock Yard .................................................................................................. 164 Figure 5.6-2 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the ..................................... 164 Vicinity of Luxia Stock Yard .................................................................................................... 164 Figure 5.6-3 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the ..................................... 165 Vicinity of Fenghuo Stock Yard................................................................................................ 165 Figure 5.6-4 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the ..................................... 166 Vicinity of Beishuang Stock Yard ............................................................................................. 166 Figure 5.7-1 Location of Air Monitoring Stations .................................................................... 168 Figure 6.1-1 Layout of Backfill Area and Backfill Operation .................................................. 174 Figure 6.1-2 Position of Proposed Man-made Fishing Reef ..................................................... 180 12 Figure 6.1-3 Distribution of Simulating Points (Yellow dots in the figure represents prediction points in mathematical model) .......................................................................................... 185 Figure 6.1-4 Scope of Impact by Breakwater Foundation Excavation and Overflow Suspended Sediment in Sansha Fishing Port (Unit: mg/L) ................................................................. 186 Figure 6.1-5 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Luxia Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) ...................................................................................................................... 187 Figure 6.1-6 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Fenghuo Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) ...................................................................................................................... 188 Figure 6.1-7 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Beishuang Fishing Port Construction (Unit: mg/L) ................................................................................................. 188 Figure 6.1-8 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Wen'ao Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) ...................................................................................................................... 189 Figure 6.1-9 Relationship between Lethality Rate Caused by Blasting and Distance from Blasting Center .................................................................................................................. 195 Figure 6.1-10 Relative Position between Suspended Sediment Impact Scope and Water Intake ........................................................................................................................................... 202 Figure 6.1-10 the suspended sediment diffusion envelop diagram and water intake position .. 202 Figure 6.1-11 Layout Plan of Sansha Material Yard and Construction Road ........................... 206 Figure 6.1-12 Layout Plan of Luxia Material Yard and Construction Road ............................. 207 Figure 6.1-13 Layout Plan of Fenghuo Material Yard and Construction Road ........................ 208 Figure 6.1-14 Layout Plan of Beishuang Material Yard and Construction Road ..................... 209 Figure 6.1-15 Layout Plan of Wen'ao Material Yard and Construction Road .......................... 210 Figure 6.1-16 Layout Plan of Dajing Material Yard and Construction Road ........................... 211 Figure 6.2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Range of Chinese Tidal Wave Mathematic Model and Computational Grid ........................................................................................................... 226 Figure 6.2-2 Computing Range of the Model and Arrangement of the Grid ......................... 227 Figure 6.2-3 Grid Refinement of Local Sea Areas ................................................................. 228 Figure 6.2-4 Flow Field before and after Implementation of Sansha Fishing Port ................... 229 Figure 6.2-5 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Sansha Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) .......................................................... 230 Figure 6.2-6 Flow Field before and after Luxia Fishing Port Engineering Implementation ..... 232 Figure 6.2-7 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Luxia Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) ............................................................ 233 Figure 6.2-8 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Fenghuo Fishing Port 234 Figure 6.2-9 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Fenghuo Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) ....................................................... 235 Figure 6.2-10 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port ........................................................................................................................................... 236 Figure 6.2-11 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) .................................................... 237 Figure 6.2-12 Flow Field Change before and after Dajing Engineering Implementation ......... 238 Figure 6.2-13 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Wen'ao Fishing Port 239 Figure 6.2-14 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Wen’ao Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) ........................................................ 240 Figure 6.2-15 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 242 Figure 6.2-16 Final Water Depth of Sansha Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) ...... 243 Figure 6.2-17 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 244 Figure 6.2-18 Final Water Depth of Luxia Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) ........ 244 Figure 6.2-19 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 246 Figure 6.2-20 Final Water Depth of Fenghuo Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) ... 247 13 Figure 6.2-21 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 248 Figure 6.2-22 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 249 Figure 6.2-23 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) ............................................................................................................................ 250 Figure 6.2-24 Final Water Depth of Wen’ao Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) ..... 251 Figure 6.2-25 CODMn Concentration Distribution of Sansha Fishing Port during Operation (Unit: mg/L) ...................................................................................................................... 253 Figure 6.2-26 CODMn Concentration Distribution of Luxia Fishing Port during Operation (Unit: mg/L) ................................................................................................................................. 254 Fig.6.2-27Sewage treatment flow chart..................................................................................... 255 Figure 7.3-1 Relative distance of fishing ports in the Project ................................................... 261 Figure 7.3-2 Scope of CEA ...................................................................................................... 262 Figure 7.4-1 Pollutant influence circle of cumulative impacts .................................................. 268 (Red for COD density =1.5 mg/L) ............................................................................................ 268 Figure 8.1-1 Distribution of Typhoon Hit Areas in Fujian (2004-2013)................................... 279 Figure 8.1-2 Water-logging at North Bus Station of Fuzhou .................................................... 284 Figure 8.1-3 Fishing Boasts before and after the Disaster ........................................................ 285 Figure 8.2-1 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the calm wind condition .................................. 302 Figure 8.2-2 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the calm wind condition ..................................... 302 Figure 8.2-3 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the calm wind condition ................................... 303 Figure 8.2-4 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition .................................... 303 Figure 8.2-5 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition ................................ 304 Figure 8.2-6 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition................................... 304 Figure 8.2-7 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition ................................. 305 Figure 8.2-8 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition .................................... 305 Figure 8.2-9 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition ............................... 306 Figure 8.2-10 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition .................................. 307 Figure 8.2-11 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition ................................. 308 Figure 8.2-12 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition .................................... 309 Figure 8.2-13 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition ................................ 310 Figure 8.2-14 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition................................... 310 Figure 8.2-15 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition ................................. 311 Figure 8.2-16 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition .................................... 312 Figure 8.2-17 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition .................. 313 14 Figure 8.2-18 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition ..................... 313 Figure 8.2-19 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition .................... 314 Figure 8.2-20 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition ....................... 314 Figure 8.2-21 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition ................... 315 Figure 8.2-22 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition...................... 315 Figure 8.2-23 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition .................... 316 Figure 8.2-24 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition ....................... 316 Figure 9.1-1 Management Structure during Construction ......................................................... 317 Figure 10.1-1 First round internet and newspaper dislcosure ................................................... 322 Figure 10.1-2 Second round internet full EA disclosure and newspaper announcement .......... 323 15 Chapter 1 Project Overview 1.1 Fishing Port Overview The project is located in Xiapu County, Ningde City of Fujian Province in the southeast coast of China. Fujian, with total sea area of 136,000km2, has the longest coastal line among other provinces in China, which makes offshore fishery and aquaculture a major industry for the province. Xiapu County is one of the ten key fishery counties of Fujian, with fishery industry accounting for 75% of agricultural GDP. The coastal areas of Fujian are frequently stricken by typhoon disasters. Meanwhile, this is further aggravated by the global climate change which has evidently caused more frequent extreme climate events. In recent years, with social and economic development and wealth accumulation, the economic losses incurred by typhoon disasters have been rising constantly, thus threatening the sustainable development of society and economy. Lack of fishing ports that provide adequate sheltered waters is the main reason for the loss of fishing boats and human casualties. For instance, the 2006 typhoon Somai landed on Xiapu and Fuding county, resulting in sunken or damage of nearly 2,000 vessels, and injury or causalities of some 300 people. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the fishing communities to extreme weather events in Fujian Province, the project will support the construction of six fishing ports in Xiapu County of Fujian, including ports of Sansha, Luxia, Fenghuo, Beishuang, Wenao and Dajing. The locations of the proposed fishing ports are shown in Figure 1.1-1. At present, there are 274 fishing ports in Fujian, mainly based on natural indentation, to provide service for fishermen in near villages. The vast majority of such natural fishing ports are only simple wharfs, or without berthing facility that fishermen have to rely on foreshore for operation. Every time when typhoon comes, fishing vessels can only find shelter in the few large fishing ports far from the county. In view of the importance of fishery production to the economic and social security, Xiapu is selected as the site for this World Bank loan fishing port demonstration project. These selected ports are:  Sansha Central Fishing Port  Luxia Class I Fishing Port  Fenghuo Class II Fishing Port  Beishuang Class II Fishing Port  Wen'ao Class II Fishing Port  Dajing Class II Fishing Port Construction of project fishing ports shall strictly follow the fishing ports grading standard of the Ministry of Agriculture and the grading standard is given as follows:  Central fishing port: can provide berthing, shelter and supplies for over 800 large, medium-sized and small fishing vessels; water and land area is over 400,000 m2 and 200,000 m2 respectively; coordinated development with small towns.  Class-1 fishing port: can provide berthing, shelter and supplies for over 600 large, medium-sized and small fishing vessels; water and land area is over 300,000 m2 and 100,000 m2 respectively.  Class-2 fishing port: mainly provides berthing, shelter and supply services to local fishing vessels. 16  Class-3 fishing port: can only provide berthing and supply services to local fishing vessels. Central and Class-1 ports may have auxiliary facilities for processing, storage and distribution of fish, while Class-2 and Class-3 ports only have the functions of fish unloading and transshipment. Figure 1.1-1 Project Location Map 17 1.2 Project Description The construction of project ports facilities includes one Central port, one Class-1 port and four Class-2 ports. Construction activities for each port are given in Table 1.1.1. Table 1.1.1 Project Contents of Six Fishing Ports Expansion and Upgrading Fishing Sansha Luxia Fenghuo Beishuang Dajing Wen'ao Ports Grade Central Port Class-1 Port Class-2 Port Class-2 Port Class-2 Port Class-2 Port Outer: 600m; South: 750m; Inner-A:380m, East: 75m; Breakwaters 200m / / West: 545m Inner-B: 680m South: 370m Inner-C: 600m Docks 1×300m 2×74m 1×35m / 1×65m / Trestle 80m / / / / / bridges Seawall #1: 1,186 m; Seawall / / 85m 1,065m / seawall #2: 2,413 m Land 33.8 ha* 7.4593ha / 8,200 m2 3,715 m2 / reclamation Administration Administration and fishermen Administration Administration Administration and fishermen Administration Buildings shelter building, building, building, shelter building: building, building: 500m2 500m2 500m2 2,500m2 2 500m2 2,500m 7m-wide, 285m-long, 2,413m-long 4m-wide new new access 2, 260m-long, Use existing Use existing access road to Use existing Access roads road to dock, to 3m-wide new access roads access road dock; pavement access roads be built along access road of 1,300m inner side of existing road seawall #2 * The World Bank financed activity in Shansha is the expansion of domestically funded Phase I of Sanshan Central Fishing Port which includes a plan of land reclamation of 33.8ha. The World Bank funded expansion activity will generate dredged materials from breakwater construction, which will be reused as backfilling material for the land reclamation. 1.3 Assessment Scope and Protected Objects Project ports are located in the eastern sea area of Xiapu County, in which Beishuang Island is the farthest from continent, about 10 nautical miles away. Sea area for assessment is 2,010 km2 and ecologically sensitive area includes two key ocean reserves and aquaculture area. Sensitive land areas are the sand beaches inside the landscape and scenic spots on Dongchong Peninsular. Figure 1.3-1 shows the scope of environmental assessment, major sensitive areas and sites wehre public consultations were carried out. Table 1.3.1 to Table 1.3.6 give the specific social and environmental projected objects in the locations of each port. 18 Legend Proposed Port Aquaculture in Location Sea Area Sansha Town Public Participation Key conservation area Sansha Town Assessment scope border 1 3 1 Sansha Port 2 Luxia Port 3 Fenghuo Port Fuyao Archipelago Sea Island 4 Beishuang Port Ecosystem Key Conservation Area 5 Dajing Port 6 Wen’ao Port Gaoluo Sand Beach Jishi Sand Beach Jieshi Sand Beach Changchun Town Beishuang Dajing Sand Village Beach 5 4 Xiaojing Sand Beach 2 Luxia Sand Beach Fuying Island Sea Wen’ao Island Ecosystem Village Key Conservation 6 Area Figure 1.3-1 Project Location, Assessment Scope and Sensitive Areas 19 1.3.1 Location of Project Ports Sansha Port is located in the water area in the south of Sansha Town; Luxia Port is located in the water area in the south of Luxia Village, Changchun Town; Fenghuo Port is located in the water area in the east side of Fenghuo Island in Sansha Town; Beishuang Port is located in the water area in the south of Beishuang Village on Beishuang Island; Wen'ao Port is located in the water area in the south of Wen'ao Village on Fuying Island; and Dajing Port is located in the east of Gangli Village, a village of Dajing Village, Changchun Town. 1.3.2 Assessment Scope (1) Marine environmental assessment: Hydrodynamics, water quality, sediments and ocean ecological assessment scope covers the sea areas surrounding the fishing ports, at an area of about 2,010 km2. (2) Terrestrial environment: 100 meters from the border of borrow pit, quarry and builder's road. (3) Ambient air qualityl assessment scope: 100 meters from the border of fishing port area and surrounding villages. (3) Acoustic environmental assessment scope: 100 meters from the border of fishing port area and surrounding villages. (5) Environmental risk assessment scope: same as the scope of marine environmental assessment. (6) Scope of survey of public participation: Sansha Town, Changchun Town, Beishuang Village and Wen'ao Village. 1.3.2 Environmental and Social Protection Objects (1) Regional protection objectives The sea area of the proposed 6 fishing ports is in the east side of Xiapu and the environmental sensitive objects in the assessed sea area are: █ Marine conservation areas: Based on Fujian Marine Environmental Protection Plan, there are Fuyao Islands Sea Island Ecosystem Key Protection Area and Fuying Island Sea Island Ecosystem Key Protection Area. █ Landscape and scenic spots: Based on the Provincial Landscape and Scenic Spot Plan for Dongchong Peninsular, there are Beidou Sand Beach, Gaoluo Sand Beach, Jishi Sand Beach, Jieshi Sand Beach, Dajing Sand Beach, Xiaojing Sand Beach and Luxia Sand Beach as protected objects along the coast of Dongchong Peninsular. █ Aquaculture: Based on the data from remote sensing interpretation, there are areas for seaweed, nori and seashell culture in the sea area. (2) Protected objects in project area █ Sea area environment Based on findings of field visits, protected objects near project area include: Fuyao Islands Sea Island Ecosystem Key Protection Area, Fuying Island Sea Island Ecosystem Key Protection Area, Luxia Sand Beach and Dajing Sand Beach; aquaculture areas along the coast near the project ports of Luxia Port, and Fenghuo Port. █ Ambient air environment 20 Protected objects near project area: ambient air quality in sensitive objects surrounding project area, including Sansha Town, Luxia Village, Beishuang Village, Wen'ao Village and Dajing Village. █ Acoustic environment Protected objects near project area: sound environment quality in sensitive objects surrounding project area, including Sansha Town, Luxia Village, Beishuang Village, Wen'ao Village and Dajing Village. See Table 1.3.1 to Table 1.3.6 for site specific environmental and social protection objects. 21 Wu’ao Sansha Town Village Center San’ao Village Quarry Firshing villages around Sansha Bay Existing Sansha Quarry Assessment scope: including the sea area and land area where Sansha Port is located as well as an exisiting quarry (about 1.2 km away from Sansha Port).Excavation of sediments associated with breakwater foundation treatment and reuse of the sediments for land reclamation are covered as well (purple line as land reclamation boundary). The cumulative Impact Assessment considers ongoing Sansha Central Fishing Port Phase I, Bank financed expansion activities, and foreseeable Sansha Township development activities(See Cumulative Impacts section for details).There is no aquaculture ground in Sansha Port waters, no resettlement. Existing port access road will be used as contruction access road. Major objects for Environmental and Social Protection: 1. Sea area: Sansha sea area water quality and ecological environment. 2. Land area: Sansha Township Center Area, San’ao, Si’ao and Wu’ao Villague, 0.5 km2 in total; population, 42,000; and terrestrial vegetation system in the quarry. Table 1.3.1 Sansha Port-Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 22 Crab Pond and Existing Village Seaweed Culture Assessment scope: including sea area, land area and a quarry (in the south of the Port, to be used to house shelter building and service area under the project). Breakwater construction adopts the technology of packing sedimentation by blasting hence no dredging is needed. Dock basin needs to be dredged to generate about 12, 960m3 spoils, which together with materials from the temporary quarry, will be used to backfill a 7.5 ha area in the north shore, where port management house will be built on. Existing access road to the port (blue line) will be used; but there is a need to build new access road along the south sea wall to reach the new dock. Major objects of Environmental and Social Protection: 1. Sea area (1) Seaweed and oyster culture: 15.5 hectares of seaweed culture ground in the port. It will need to migrate outside the fishing port area. Southern shore area (proposed quarry site) (2) South shore pond culture: Shrimp and crab culture, pond area 0.3 hectare; aquaculture inflow water quality will be impacted during construction period and therefore, water inflow shall avoid construction time. (3) Shrimp pond water intake: Located in the middle of Luxia Sand Beach and provide service to the 14 hectares of backside shrimp pond area; inflow water quality will be impacted during construction period and therefore water inflow shall avoided during construction. (4) two crab culture ponds at north shore: , total area 0.48 hectare;As future land reclamation is located here, it will need to migrate outside the fishing port area with compensation from local government. 2. Land area (6) Luxia Sand Beach: About 1 km long, 110 m wide. (7) Luxia Village: Totally 4700 persons in the village; located in the north side of Luxia Fishing Port. (8) Land area vegetation: Southern region land area vegetation system. Table 1.3.2 Luxia Port-Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 23 Quarry Assessment scope: including the sea area and land area where Fenghuo Port is located as well as the quarry in the west. Treatment of breakwater foundation adopts packing sedimentation by throwing stones. No dredging or spoils disposal issues; An existing quarry at southwestern corder of Fenghuo Island will be used. An contruction access road will be built. This road will be kept upon project completion and used by local communities. There is no village located at the immediate vicinity of the shore of Fenghuo Port. An existing 500m road leads to the villages inside the island. Major objects of Environmental and Social Protection: 1. Sea area (1) Seaweed culture: aquaculture area 0.3 hectare . (2) Cage culture: 15 cages for small yellow croaker culture. Note: This aquaculture area was claimed in 2010 and compensation made. Since the project has not started, the aquaculture activities go on. The aquactulre will move away prior to construction starts. (3) There are also some fish rafts (i.e. fish restaurant) in the sea area 2. Land area: Vegetation system in Fenghuo Island quarry. Fish Raft (‘Fish Restaurant’) Table 1.3.3 Fenghuo Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 24 Beishuang Village Beishuang Village Quarry Quarry site Assessment scope: including the sea area and land area where Beishuang Port is located as well as the quarry in southeast. Sediment in the port area is so thick that building breakwaters would inccur extremely high costs associated with foundation treatment. Therefore the solution is to claim a piece of land of 8,200m2 to create a platform. During typhoons, fishing boats will be put on the platform through a slope. A new access road is needed to connect this platform and village. Major objects of Environmental and Social Protection: (1) Sea area: ablone pond culture: Located in the north side of the proposed site for land reclamation. Pond area is 0.26 hectare; inflow water quality will be impacted during construction period and therefore water inflow shall be avoided during construction. 2. Land area: Totally 2500 persons in Beishuang Village; per capita agricultural area is only 26.6 m 2 and the entire island residents make a living by fishing.Vegetation system of the land area where borrow pit is located. Table 1.3.4 Beishuang Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 25 Bailong Palace Liu’s Tomb Assessment scope: including the sea area and land area of Dajing Fishing Port. The Port can rely on natural barrier and there is no need to build breakwater. Existing port access road can be used for construction. There is no quarry, no spoil ground and no resettlement.There is a fishing pond located in the southwest of the the port basin area. It is currently idled and will be removed to restore the port basin. Acess road to the the port basin is existing and will need tobe paved. A new 285m long section of access road to new dock will need to be built. There is a need to dredge the port basin which is mainly coarse sand, which will generate 124,000 m 3 and will be reused to nourish the sand beach nearby. Major objects of Environmental and Social Protection: 1. Sea area: Dajing sea area water quality and ecological environment. 2. Land area (1) Dajing Sand Beach: About 2.3 km long, 120 m wide. (2)Tomb: Liu's Tomb in Dajing Village which was built in 1940 originally; it is located 45 meters away from the east end of seawall and the shortest distance is 33 meters. (3) Bailong Temple: built in 1950’s, is the sacrifice place of the fishermen in Gangli Village of Dajing Administrative Village; it is located in the top of small hill in the north shore of outlet. (4) Gangli Village of Dajing Administrative Village: 300 villagers; located in the west side of seawall. Table 1.3.5 Dajing Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 26 Wen’ao Village Pollicipes mitella living in the clefts of rocks Quarry Quarry Pollicipes mitella collected by fishermen Assessment scope: including the sea area and land area of Wen'ao Fishing Port. Breakwater construction adopts packing sedimentation by throwing stone, without spoil material. Two small quarries (one existing the other new) are needed. Existing port access road will be used for construction. There are some aquacultures within the port basin. These will be move outside the port before project commencement. Wen'ao Port is located inside Fuying Island Marine Protection Area. Major objects of Environmental and Social Protection: 1. Sea area: natural habitat for Pollicipes 2. Land area: Wen'ao Village is located on Fuying Island, with totally 700 persons; per capita agricultural area is only 0.02ha and the entire island residents make a living by fishing.Vegetation cover of the quarries。 Quarry Table 1.3.6 Wen'ao Port - Assessment Scope and Environmental & Social Protection Objects 27 1.4 Assessment Objectives, Contents and Methodology 1.4.1 Assessment Objectives Objective is to predict the environmental impacts and the scope of such impacts by operation of the project through analysis on construction process, operation process, pollutant emission, environmental protection measures and ecological protection measures and based on status survey and monitoring on the natural environment, socioeconomic status and environmental quality within project area; and to reach an explicit conclusion of engineering feasibility from the angle of environmental protection by argumentation on the project's compliance with industrial policy, marine functional zoning and inshore waters environment functional zoning, rational site selection and plane layout, the compliance with clean production regulation and the feasibility of environmental measures, so as to provide scientific reference for the decision making and environmental management by development organization, world bank and competent administrative departments. 1.4.2 Assessment Contents and Methodology (1) Alternative Analysis of Proposals and Engineering Analysis (Chapter 3) To analyze and supplement the Without Project scenario, site selection, engineering plane layout, construction technology, fishing port operation & production method submitted in the feasibility report; to propose suggested design proposal acceptable to environment and society with full consideration of conformity with laws and regulations, technology, economy, potential environmental and social impacts and public opinion; to further do environmental screening on the suggested design proposal, and identify potential primary impact and pollution sources during project construction as well as protection measures. (2) Social and environmental baseline survey (Chapter 4) To do thorough survey on the natural and social environment of project area by means of literature review, site visits and public participation. Emphasis is put on the description of the environmental and social sensitive spots in project area and related legal and policy requirements. (3) Ecological and environmental quality (Chapter 5) To conduct environmental monitoring and present status evaluation on the sea areas and land areas of the project. To describe the topography and physiognomy, the hydrodynamic environment and ocean water quality in the sea zone as well as the present status of sediment mass, biomass and marine ecology. Emphases is put on addressing the overall ecological diversity and integrality of the ecological sensitive area and the significance of natural habitat. To describe the characteristics and ecological diversity of terrestrial ecosystem and the significance of natural habitat. (4) Impact assessment and mitigation measures (Chapter 6) To further assess the short-term and long-term impacts on marine ecological environment , water quality and deposition through simulation of the hydrodynamic force with mathematical modeling and assessment of the impacts on the fluid state, tidal current field and erosion & deposition by project construction and operation according to the computation results. To analyze the impacts on social protection objects (such as aquaculture, material 28 culture resources and surrounding villages) based on the characteristics of project construction and operation. To analyze the characteristics of pollution and emission during operation and assess the impacts of waste water and garbage on sea water quality, sediment quality and environment of land areas. Emphasis is put on the assessment of the impacts of project construction and operation on the natural habitat and major protected species in the ecological sensitive area. To suggest mitigation and eco-compensation measures according to the assessment results and the scope, intensity and significance of impacts and in consideration of the legal, policy and regulation requirements. (5) Cumulative environmental impact assessment (Chapter 7) To determine the geological and time border of cumulative environmental impacts; to collect and analyze the development activities already happened inside the area, and determine the potential activities in foreseeable future according to related development plan; to assess the spatial and temporal superposition and accumulation of different development activities and impacts and analyze the significance and give suggestions for mitigation measures. (6) Environmental risk impact analysis (Chapter 8) To do predictive analysis the impacts of potential oil spill accidents in vessels on the surrounding sea areas water quality, ecological environment and sensitive objects during project operation and to propose precautionary measures and emergency contingency plan against oil spill accident risks. (7) Environmental management and monitoring plan (Chapter 9 and Environmental Management Plan) To summarize the institutional arrangement for environmental management of the project, mitigation measures, supervision and monitoring plans, capacity development plan and environmental protection budget. (8) Information disclosure and public participation (Chapter 10) Two rounds of information disclosure and public negotiation have been done; public and related authority are consulted through questionnaire survey, interview and public meeting; public opinions are considered and summarized; focal issues of public concern adopts public suggestion for solution if there is public opinion proposed. 1.5 Institutional Arrangement Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries is responsible for the marine environment protection and marine natural disaster prevention and reduction work in the entire province. Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries establishes a World Bank loan project office to be in charge of the preliminary coordination for the loan application and overall management of the project during project implementation, including monitoring the implementation of environmental management plan. Xiapu State Owned Assets Investment Co. Ltd., which is a business entity of the People's Government of Xiapu County, will be responsible for implementing the development of fishing ports on the site. The Company will establish a Project Implementing 29 Office to take charge of project implementation. The Project Implanting Office will assign a designated environmental management personnel to take charge of routine management of and supervision on the implementation of environmental management plan. 30 Chapter 2 EA Regulatory and Legal Framework 2.1 Analysis of Compliance with Laws and Regulations of P.R.C. The Chinese laws, regulations, rules and technical guidelines related to the project are summarized in this chapter with the emphasis on the compliance analysis of the assessing the environmental influence of sea-related project and the legal requirements for protection measures, protection of sensitive areas, ecological compensation etc. In short, the EIA of this project conforms to the laws and regulations of P.R.C. Relevant provisions of domestic laws and regulations is included in Annex B. 2.1.1 Summary The marine preventive treatment as well as the influence of coastal projects and pollutants emission on marine environment and fishery resource is clearly defined in the Environmental Protection Law, Marine Environmental Protection Law and Fishery Law of P.R.C. The requirements of EIA and public participation are defined in EIA Law of P.R.C. Besides, the security requirements of construction in coastal waters, underwater and above- water areas are defined in the Maritime Transport Safety Law of P.R.C. The State Council and relevant sectors have also formulated more specific laws, regulations and rules based on the above-mentioned laws. For example, as defined in the Sea Utilization Management Regulations of P.R.C., “the system of marine functional zoning is applicable to the whole nation, the sea utilization shall conform to the marine functional zoning.” Strict regulations on land reclamation (especially within ecological-sensitive area) and marine blasting are defined in the Administrative Regulations for Marine Pollution Prevention from Marine Engineering. It is defined that the pollutants of the vessels can’t be discharged into the sea in the Administrative Regulations for Marine Pollution Prevention from Ship Wastes. Besides, several management regulations about marine reserve have been issued. The site selection, engineering design, EIA and protection measures all conform to the above-mentioned laws and regulations. 31 Table 2.1.1 Compliance with China Domestic Laws and Regulations China Laws and No. Project Compliance Regulations Environmental The EIA has assessed the possible marine pollution and taken corresponding 1 Protection Law mitigation measures. ①The EIA involves dredging, blasting, dredged materials dumping (rear 1st stage of Sansha Fishing Port ), land reclamation, waste and sewage control, oil spills risk, ecological protection and compensation etc.; Marine Environmental ②The dredged materials will be dumped in the rear 1st stage of Sansha 2 Protection Law Fishing Port ; ③Oil spill risk emergency response plan prepared; ④Ecological compensation plan prepared. Sea Utilization 3 Administrative The occupied sea area has been approved by the marine authorities. Regulation ①The EIA prepared by the qualified institution has been approved by the marine and environmental protection administration; 4 EIA Law ②Public disclosure in surrounding towns, villages, East Fujian Daily and on websites of Xiapu County government and institution for preparing EIA, two-round public consultation implemented. EMP incorporates measures to minimize impacts on fishery resources 5 Fishery Law resulted from underwater blasting and construction. Affected aquaculture will be relocated before construction. Soil and Water The plan of soil and water conservation prepared and submitted to the water 6 Conservation Law of authorities. P.R.C. Maritime Transport Measures and requirements of safe construction have been incorporated in 7 Safety Law the EIA. 8 Cultural Relics Law No cultural relics involved within the assessment scope. Table 2.1.2 Compliance with China Domestic Laws and Regulations China Laws and No. Project Compliance Regulations Navigation Safety Regulations for Above- 1 and Under Water Construction shall start after approved by relevant authorities. Activities Administrative Regulations for Marine ①The natural spawning ground, breeding ground and feeding ground not 2 Pollution Prevention involving economic creatures can be occupied. from Marine ②EMP incorporates mitigation measures for blasting. Engineering Administrative Regulations for Marine Ship wastewater and solid wastes must be received and treated by port 3 Pollution Prevention facilities. from Ship Wastes Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment The EIA has assessed the impacts on marine living resources from habitat of Construction occupation, dredging and blasting as well as the economic value of 4 Projects on Marine potential loss caused by project construction; Living Resources An ecological compensation plan of habitat protection prepared. 32 2.1.2 Marine Reserve Wen'ao Port is located inside the definition and management on marine special reserve. The definition and management on marine special reserve and marine natural reserve are clearly specified in the Administrative Regulations for Marine Special Reserve and Marine Natural Reserve. Table 2.1.3 Classification and Definition of Marine Reserve No. Type of Reserve Definition Divide the coast, estuary, wetland or sea area including the protected objects Marine Natural 1 pursuant to law and carry out special protection and management with the Reserve aim to protect the marine resource and natural environment. Regions with the special geographical conditions, ecological system, bio and non-bio resources and special requirements of marine development, which 2 Marine Special Reserve requires the special management through taking effective protective measures and developing in a scientific way. The marine natural reserve can be divided into core, buffer and experimental zones based on the conditions of natural environment and resource as well as the protection needs. It is forbidden to move, relocate or destroy boundary tablet, signpost and protective facilities without authorization, fish marine creatures, quarry, dredge and mine illegally as well do harm to protected objects, natural environment and resource. Without the authorization of marine authorities in the national or provincial, regional, municipal level, any institution or individual can’t build facilities within the marine natural reserve. The marine special reserve can be divided into key reserve, zone for appropriate use, ecology and resources recovery zone and reserved zone, among which, the key reserve includes two types, one is the legal reserve like the marine reserve etc., including the core, buffer zones and surrounding closely related sea areas as well as the special reserves forbidden developing pursuant to the laws and regulations. The other is the important habitat and ecological functional zone, including the marine special reserve and typical original ecological system, rare species habitat, important wetland, migratory channel, spawning, breeding and feeding area, reserve for important fisheries species and germplasm resources, islands in good condition while not included in the marine reserve. As to the regions in important habitat and ecological functional zone for restricted development, the developing activities with little influence on ecological environment can be carried out without influence on its dominant ecological function. The project involves the important habitat and ecological functional zone under the marine key reserve, while the influence on ecological environment is little and its dominant ecological function isn’t affected since the ecological compensation plan and various precautions have been incorporated to meet the requirements of marine reserve. 33 Table 2.1.4 Compliance with Regulations of Marine Reserve No. Regulations Project Compliance Administrative 1 Regulations for Marine The project doesn’t include marine natural reserve. Natural Reserve ①The proposed Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the marine special reserve, whose construction has been approved by the Ocean and Fishery Bureau of Administrative Ningde City. 2 Regulations for Marine ②The status survey and impact assessment of Pollicipes mitella’s ecological Special Reserve environment implemented; ③The ecological compensation plan of man-made fish reef prepared; ④The ecological compensation incorporated in the cost estimate. 2.1.3 Marine Environmental Assessment and Ecological Compensation (1) Content The impact assessment of constructive projects on marine bio-resources shall be carried out by qualified institutions with the capacity of surveying and assessing during the FS. The assessment shall bring forward the solutions to prevention, mitigation, recovery, compensation, management, study, monitoring etc. in terms of the object, scope, period and degree of negative impacts. As to the damage of marine bio-resources caused by the construction, the compensation solutions shall be advanced considering the affected scope and degree. The compensation fund shall be fully used in the ecological recovery, including fish reproduction and release, reserve and man-made fish reef construction, rare aquatic creature breeding, track monitoring, result evaluation and maintenance management of fish reproduction and release based on regulations. (2) Compliance Analysis ①The impacts of blasting compaction and dredged material dumping on marine fishery resources have been assessed following this framework; ②The EIA has assessed the potential economic loss caused by the project and prepared the ecological compensation plan of man-made fish reef; ③The ecological compensation has been incorporated in the cost estimate; 2.1.4 Directory of Key Protected Animals The Pollicipes mitella is a kind of subtropical and tropical animal, which lives in the East Sea and South Sea of China. In the rocky coast to the south of Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, they often stick to the cracks of rocks in groups and are rich in the sea area of Wailingding Island, Guangdong Province. The Pollicipes mitella in Wen’ao Fishing Port isn’t included in the Directory of National Key Protected Wild Animals and the IUCN’s Directory of Red List of Threatened Species. 2.1.5 Announcement on Strengthening the EIA Management of International Financial Institution Financed Projects (1) Content The EIA of IFI financed projects shall pay attention to the procedures at home and 34 abroad, the ToR shall be prepared and approved during the preparation, the construction agency shall send the ToR to relevant IFI for comment while submitting it to the environmental protection authority, then submit the IFI’s feedback to the authority responsible for approving the ToR on time. (2) Compliance Analysis The EIA and EMP have been prepared following the World Bank’s Safeguards Policies. 2.2 Analysis of Coordination with Policies and Planning 2.2.1 Compliance with Industrial Policies According to the Catalogue for the Guidance of Industrial Structure Adjustment (2011 Edition, revised), the “Distant Fishery, fishery administration and fishing port engineering” is encouraged which means the proposed fishing ports conform to the requirements of national industrial policies. 2.2.2 Compliance with the Construction Plan of Fishing Ports The proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port, the 2nd Stage of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port, the Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port, the Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port, the Luxia Class-2 Fishing Port, the Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port are all included in the Site Selection and Construction Plan of Fishing Ports along Fujian Coast (2009-2018), therefore, the construction of proposed fishing ports conforms to the Construction Plan. 2.2.3 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Coastal Economic Development Planning (2011-2020) According to the Fujian Provincial Coastal Economic Development Planning approved by the State Council, “Clause 7: Fujian will improve the sea-related infrastructure and capacity of marine public service and accelerate the construction of 100 fishing ports, especially the construction of the national central and Class-1 fishing ports, improve the standardized construction and supporting service facilities and increase the effective sheltered area and build 20 central and Class-1 fishing ports, 90 Class-2 and Class-3 fishing ports and sheltered anchorages, developing a fishing port disaster prevention and reduction system centered by Class-1 fishing ports and divided into five city-level fishing port clusters in Ningde, Fuzhou, Putian, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and managing to achieve a sheltering coverage of above 85%. Fujian will implement the disaster reduction project for 1,000 miles of shoreline, reinforce the embankment and establish the flood and tide prevention system meeting the national standard and actual needs, establish and improve the Early Warning and Response Systems for Coastline Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. Therefore, the proposed projects meet the requirement of the Fujian Provincial Coastal Economic Development Planning. 2.2.4 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning (2011- 2020) According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning, the proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port and Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “A1-04 Agriculture and Fishery Zone of Funing Bay”, the Proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port and Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “A8-02 Changbiao Reserved Zone” and the proposed 35 Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “B1-11 Offshore Agriculture and Fishery Zone” and the proposed Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “B6-04 Fuying Island Marine Protection Area.” According to the Comment on Sea Use of 6 Fishing Ports including Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Made by the Ocean and Fishery Bureau of Ningde City (Ninghaiyu [2013] No.221), the proposed fishing ports are ranked as the projects for the people and included in the Site Selection and Construction Plan of Fishing Ports along Fujian Coast, the construction will play an important role in increasing the capacity of berthing and sheltering, improving the marine disaster prevention and mitigation, protecting the people’s lives and property. The proposed projects conform to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning (2011-2010). 2.2.5 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011-2020) According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011- 2020), the proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port and Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “2.1-4 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment in Funing Bay”, the proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port is located in the “2.1-8 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment on sea area of east Dongchong Peninsula”, the proposed Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “2.1-9 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment on sea area of east Ningde City”, the proposed Dajing Fishing Port is located in the “2.2-2 Protection & Use Zone of Changmen-Luxia Tourism Environment”, the proposed Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the “1.2-10 Key Reserve of Island Ecological System in Fuying Island”, which belongs to the Key habitat and ecological functional zone under the key reserve but not the natural reserve, the construction won’t influence the dominant function of Island Ecological System. Therefore, the proposed projects conform to the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning. 2.2.6 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning (2011-2010) As stipulated in the Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning, “Construction projects polluting offshore area environment or destroying landscape are forbidden in the Class-1&2 environmental functional zones to strengthen the monitoring and management of environmental protection on marine and coastal projects.” The proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port is classified as the disaster prevention and mitigation project with nonprofit sea use, the project construction will have temporary influence on marine environment, therefore, it conforms to the Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning. 2.2.7 Compliance with Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning According to the Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning (2010), the proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port is located in the 3105 Shacheng-Beijiao Ecological Functional Zone for Offshore Sea Fishery, the proposed projects conform to the Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning. 2.2.8 Coordination with the Scenic Area Luxia and Dajing ports are located in the Dongchong Peninsula Scenic Area. While, 36 these two ports are existing traditional ports for the local communities for centuries. Upgading these ports does not conflict with the scenic area planning, nor will it have major adverse impact on the scenic spots of the area. The authority of the scenic area, i.e. Housing and Urban-rural Development Department of Fujian Province, has approved the proposed projects of Luxia and Dajing fishing ports in October 2013. 2.3 Compliance with World Bank’s Safeguards Policies Of the ten safeguards policies, the following are triggered: 1) OP4.01 Environmental Assessment; and 2) OP4.04 Natural Habitats; 3) OP/BP4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; 4) OP/BP4.11 Physical Cultural Resources. The World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (WBG EHS Guidelines) also apply to the Project. The compliance with these policies is summarized in the table 2.3.1. Table 2.3.1 Compliance with World Bank Safeguards Policies Safeguard Policies Trigger Actions Environmental Yes - Category A project. Assessment - Full EIA and EMP have been prepared. - Consultation conducted as part of EIA process (OP/BP 4.01) Natural Habitats Yes - Ecological survey conducted as part of EIA - Mitigation measures developed to mitigate impacts (OP/BP 4.04) - Ecological compensation and habitat offset program developed in EMP Involuntary Resettlement Yes - Resettlement is applicable and a Resettlement Action Plan has been prepared. (OP/BP 4.12) OP/BP4.11 Physical Yes - Two cultural resources sites (a tomb and a temple) Cultural Resources identified in Dajing port area, and measures to avoid impact in EMP - Chance-find procedure has been developed in EMP No The project will not finance activities that would involve OP/BP4.36 Forest significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats as defined under the policy. No The project will not procure any pesticides nor will an OP/BP4.09 Pest increased use of pesticides result from the project. No action Management is required under the policy. OP/BP4.37 Dam Safety No The project area does not include any dams. OP/BP4.10 Indigenous No There are no indigenous peoples live in project-located area, Peoples no impact on the indigenous peoples. OP/BP7.50 Projects on No The project doesn’t include any international waterways. International Waterways OP/BP7.60 Projects in No The project area does not include any disputed areas. Disputed Areas The World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (WGB EHS Guidelines) also apply to the project, including the General Guidelines and specific Guidelines for Ports, Harbor and Terminals. The project Environmental Management Plan includes the mitigation measures that are fully in compliance with the general principles and measures in the General Guidelines (especially related to Construction management), as these general requirement in the Guidelines is equally required in Chinese laws, regulations, 37 guidelines and construction management norms. The EMP measures are also fully consistent with the dredged material management practice specified in the EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbor and Terminals, which is illustrated in the following table: (see the table 2.3.2). Table 2.3.2 Compliance with the WBG EHS Guidelines EHS Guidelines EIA /EMP Compliance Guidelines on Dredged Materials The project doesn’t need to dredge any navigation channel. Management, including requirements Excavation is needed for Sansha breakwater due to very thick on dredge planning, dredging, and silts. Limited dredging of port basin for Sansha, Luxia and Dajing is needed as well. There is no need for maintenance disposal of dredged materials. dredging. The dredging techniques, quality of dredged materials, disposal approach comply with the EHS guidelines. Guidelines on air emissions from Emissions from fish boats are limited compared to large cargo vessels. vessels. The ambient air quality is very good. The project will not result in increased air emissions. Guidelines on wastewaters from port, Collection and treatment of boat wastewater, port wastewater drainage and vessels and runoff have been considered in the EIA and EMP. Compliance with the guidelines and international convention of MARPOL. Guidelines on wastes from vessels and Collection and disposal of wastes have been considered in the ports EIA and EMP. Compliance with the guidelines and international convention of MARPOL. Guidelines on protection of biodiversity Survey and assessment of marine ecology conducted. Impacts on natural habitats are very limited. Offset plan is included in the EMP. Occupational Health and Safety These measures equal to national requirements and included in EMP. 2.4 Assessment Standard 2.4.1 Environmental Quality Standard (1) Sea Water Quality Standard（GB3097-1997） See the table 2.4.1 for the sea water quality standard, the Type-1 or Type-2 standard applies to the projects. Table 2.4.1 Sea Water Quality Standard (Extracted) (GB3097-1997) Item Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4 7.8~8.5, no higher than the 0.2pH of 6.8~8.8, no higher than the 0.5pH of normal pH normal variation range in this sea variation range in this sea area area DO＞ 6 5 4 3 COD≤ 2 3 4 5 SPM man-made SPM man-made Suspended Solids SPM man-made increment≤10 increment≤100 increment≤150 Petroleum≤ 0.05 0.30 0.50 Active phosphate≤ 0.015 0.030 0.045 Inorganic N≤ 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Cooper≤ 0.005 0.010 0.050 Cadmium≤ 0.001 0.005 0.010 Lead≤ 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 Zinc≤ 0.020 0.050 0.10 0.50 Mercury≤ 0.00005 0.0002 0.0005 Chromium≤ 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 Arsenic≤ 0.020 0.030 0.050 Unit: mg/l，except for pH. 38 (2) Sea Sediments Quality Standard (GB18668-2002) See the table 2.4.2 for the sea sediments quality standard, the Type-1 standard applies to sea sediments within the assessment scope. Table 2.4.2 Sea Sediments Quality Standard (Extracted) Indicators Item Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Organic C(×10-2) 2.0 3.0 4.0 Sulfide(×10-6) 300.0 580.0 600.0 Petroleum(×10-6) 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 Cooper(×10-6) 35.0 100.0 200.0 Cadmium(×10-6) 0.50 1.50 5.00 Lead(×10-6) 60.0 130.0 250.0 Zinc(×10-6) 150.0 350.0 600.0 Mercury(×10-6) 0.20 0.50 1.00 Chromium(×10-6) 80.0 150.0 270.0 Arsenic(×10-6) 20.0 65.0 93.0 (3) Sea Bio-Quality See the table 2.4.3 for sea bio-quality standard, the Type-1 standard applies to sea creatures within the assessment scope. Table 2.4.3 Standard of Sea Shellfish Bio-quality (unit: mg/kg) Standard Limit Item Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Mercury≤ 0.05 0.10 0.30 Arsenic≤ 1.0 5.0 8.0 Cooper≤ 10 25 100* Lead≤ 0.1 2.0 6.0 Zinc≤ 20 50 500* Cadmium≤ 0.2 2.0 5.0 Chromium≤ 0.5 2.0 6.0 Note: * refers to the standard limit of oysters. (4) Air Environment Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) The projects are located in the Type-2 functional zone where are applicable to the Type- 2 standard in the Air Environment Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996), see the table 2.4.4 for detail. Table 2.4.4 Air Environment Quality Standard Unit: mg/m3 Pollutants Value Time Standard Value Daily average 0.15 SO2 Hour average 0.50 Daily average 0.08 NO2 Hour average 0.12 TSP Daily average 0.30 PM10 Daily average 0.15 39 (5) Sound Environment Quality Standard The proposed ports and surrounding villages will follow the Type-2 and Type-1 standard under the Sound Environment Quality Standard (GB3096-2008) respectively, the Type-4a standard will be applicable to both sides of the transportation roads. See the table 2.4.5 for detail. Table 2.4.5 Sound Environment Quality Standard Unit:dB Class Day Night 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 4a 70 55 2.4.2 Pollutant Emission Standard (1) The sewage discharge will follow the Type-1 discharge standard in the Table 4 of Sewage Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996), see table 2.4.6 for detail. Table 2.4.6 Maximum Permitted Emission Concentration of Pollutants (Extracted) Unit: mg/L Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 No. Pollutants Standard Standard Standard 1 pH 6～9 6～9 6 ～9 Suspended 2 70 150 400 Solids 3 COD 100 150 500 4 Petroleum 5 10 20 Ammonia 5 15 25 — nitrogen (2) Vessels Sewage: The vessels sewage discharge will follow the Vessel Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB3552-83) and MARPOL73/78 Protocol. See the table 2.4.7 for detail. Table 2.4.7 Maximum Permitted Concentration of Vessel Oily Sewage Discharge Discharge Region Discharge Concentration(mg/l) Sea area within 12n.m. to nearest land No more than 15 Sea area beyond 12n.m. to nearest land No more than 100 (3) Noise: The noise at the boundary of fishing ports will follow the Type-3 standard in the Standard of Noise Emission at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises, see the table 2.4.8 for detail. 40 Table 2.4.8 Standard of Noise Emission at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises LAeq:dB Class Day Night 0 50 40 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 4 70 55 (4) Construction Noise: The noise at the boundary during construction period will follow the Standard of Noise Emission at the Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523- 2011), see the table 2.4.9 for detail. Table 2.4.9 Limit of Noise at the Boundary of Construction Site LAeq:dB Day Night 70 55 2.5 Assessment Level (1) Marine Environment The assessment level of marine hydrodynamics, water quality and ecological environment shall be judged in terms of works type and scale as well as the environmental characteristics and type of ecological environment of project-located area, following the table 2 of the Technical Guidelines of EIA for Marine Engineering (GB/T19485–2004), see the table 2.5.1-2.5.6 for the assessment levels of environment of hydrodynamics, water quality, sediments, ecology and marine terrain and landform, erosion and sedimentation. Table 2.5.1 Assessment Level of Sansha Central Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area Sub- Fishing 100,000 100,000 sensitive to 1 2 2 2 2 3 Port t/a t/a ecological environment Area Sub- sensitive to 2 Breakwater 2km 1.295km 2 2 3 2 2 ecological environment 3 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 2 2 2 2 2 41 Table 2.5.2 Assessment Level of Luxia Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area Sub- 100,000 sensitive to 1 Fishing Port 54,600t/a 2 2 2 2 3 t/a ecological environment Area Sub- Land sensitive to 2 10 hm2 7.4593hm2 2 3 3 2 3 Reclamation ecological environment Area Sub- sensitive to 3 Breakwater 2km 2.26km 1 2 2 1 1 ecological environment 4 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 1 2 2 1 1 Table 2.5.3 Assessment Level of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area Sub- Fishing 100,000 sensitive to 1 25,500t/a 2 2 2 2 3 Port t/a ecological environment Area Sub- sensitive to 2 Breakwater 0.5 0.2km 2 3 3 2 3 ecological environment 3 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 2 2 2 2 3 Table 2.5.4 Assessment Level of Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area Sub- 100,000 sensitive to 1 Fishing Port 21,000t/a 2 2 2 2 3 t/a ecological environment Area Sub- Land sensitive to 2 10 hm2 0.8826hm2 2 3 3 2 3 Reclamation ecological environment 3 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 2 2 2 2 3 42 Table 2.5.5 Assessment Level of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area Sub- sensitive to 1 Fishing Port 100,000t/a 23,000t/a 2 2 2 2 3 ecological environment 2 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 2 2 2 2 3 Table 2.5.6 Assessment Level of Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port Lower Water Ecological Erosion and Scale Project Environment Hydrody Quality No. Type Sediments Enviro Sedimentation Limit in Scale Condition namics Environ nment Environment Criteria ment Area 100,000 sensitive to 1 Fishing Port 22,700t/a 2 2 2 2 3 t/a ecological environment Area sensitive to 2 Breakwater 0.5 0.445km 2 3 3 2 3 ecological environment 3 Determine the assessment level comprehensively 2 2 2 2 3 (2) Air Environment According to the preliminary analysis, the main air pollutants concerned come from construction dust and vehicle exhaust, the amount is small and discharged in a decentralized, inconsecutive way. The assessment level is classified as the Class-3 according to the Technical Guidelines of EIA, Air Environment (HJ2.2-2008). (3) Sound Environment The noise in operation period mainly comes from loading & unloading, vessels and cargo transportation, considering the increase of sound level before and after construction is little, the assessment level is classified as the Class-3 according to the Technical Guidelines of EIA, Sound Environment. (4) Land Ecological Environment The land reclamation will result in mountain destruction and soil erosion, while the negative impacts on land ecological environment is little and the affected scope is less than 20km2, the vegetation in borrow area is simple without the rare or endangered species. The assessment level of land ecological environment is classified as the Class-3 according to the Technical Guidelines of EIA, Ecological Impacts (HJ19-2001). (5) Risk There is no major hazard source in this project according to the Identification of Major Hazard Source (GB18218-2000) and Technical Guidelines of Environmental Risk Assessment for Constructive Projects (HJ/T169 － 2004). The environmental risk mainly comes from the oil spill accidents from fishing vessels and the assessment is accordingly classified as the Class-2. 43 Chapter 3 Alternative Analysis and Engineering Analysis 3.1 Alternative Analysis 3.1.1 “With/without project” scenarios Fujian is close to the source of typhoons and is one of the provinces heavily affected by typhoon disaster. According to the data of Fujian Provincial Meteorological Center, during 1980-2012, there are total 140 typhoons affecting and landing in Fujian, including 49 landing typhoons (1.48 per year on average), and 91 affecting typhoons (2.76 per year on average). For the recent 6 years (2007-2012), 26 typhoons affect or land on Fujian, including 10 landing typhoons, 1.67 per year on average, and 16 influential typhoons, 2.67 per year on average. With global climate change, there is evident increasing frequency of extreme climate events (including typhoons) in recent years. Fishery sector is one of the pillar industries in Xiapu County of Fujian Province. Among 14 towns in the county, there are 10 coastal towns with 260,000 people engaged in fishing and more than 18450 fishing boats. During typhoon, the fishing boats and recreational fishing boats need to enter ports for shelter, and it's a great challenge for the sheltering capacity of fishing ports. Along the some 200km long coastal line of Xiapu, there is no large-sized typhoon shelter (with the sheltered area over 300,000m2 for the fishing boats). By the end of 2013, there are only three major typhoon shelters in this region for fishing boats, i.e. Tian'ao Port Area of Sansha Fishing Port, Shihu Fishing Port and Simenqiao Fishing Port. Besides these three major shelter areas, there are several small-sized typhoon shelters of different areas for the fishing boats of local villages. Such small typhoon shelters are all using natural bay areas with limited facilities and low capacity which could only be supplement for sheltering of the fishing boats. 44 The current shelter ports can only provide partial coverage. Due to shortage of sheltering capacity, every severe typhoon will cause damage or sinking of fishing boats and human casualties. It is estimated that, during 2009~2012, the numbers of fishing boats in Xiapu County sunk and damaged by typhoons reached 55 and 264 respectively, resulting in catching loss of RMB 200.77 million and the aquaculture loss of RMB 61.46 million. Besides the damage/loss of property and casualties, the other major impact of typhoon is the time, fuel and living cost for the fishing boats to sail to other shelter ports outside Xiapu county. For instance, during typhoon periods, nearly one thousand fishing boats have to go to Shacheng Port (34km to Sansha, the nearest typhoon shelter to Xiapu) which could barely accommodate so many. The fishing boats are small in tonnage and weak in the capacity to resist wind and waves. During typhoon, for no place for shelter, some fishing boats had to anchor close to the small natural indentation with less safety factor (Figure 3.1-1). In this case, the fishing boats may be confronted with the risk of being capsized in the wind. If the fishing boats has poor sheltering capacity, the boats could also get dragging or collision and suffer great losses. Figure 3.1-1 Fishing Boats Anchored at Simply Constructed Fishing Port For instance, in 2006, Saomai typhoon hit Xiapu and Fuding and left nearly 2000 boats sunk or damaged and more than 300 dead or injured, causing extremely heavy loss. On July 13, 2013, Typhoon Soulik made landfall in the coastal area of Huangqi Peninsula, Lianjiang County, Fujian Province while the maximum winds reached the 12th level (33m/s) at the center. Although the landing location was about 69km to Sansha Town, the severe storm tide destroy the breakwater of Li'ao Port area. See Figure 3.1-2. Without breakwater, the life and property of the fishermen and the fishing boats could not be protected. Therefore, it is critical to expand and upgrade the fishing ports, construct breakwaters and increase sheltered water areas, to minimize life and property loss of the fishing communities in Xiapu. The proposed expansion and upgrading of six ports can provide full coverage of all boats of the local community. “Without Project” scenario is not a viable option. 45 Contrast of Photos Before and After the Destruction Time Before the destruct ion of Soulik July 5, 2014 After the destruct ion of Soulik July 18, 2013 Figure 3.1-2 Contrast of Photos Before and After the Destruction of the Breakwater under Construction 3.1.2 Alternative analysis of site selection (1) Alternative analysis from regional perspective Xiapu County is located in the northeast coast of Fujian Province and is one of the important fishing counties in Fujian. It enjoys great quantity of fishing boats, high yield aquatic products and excellent regional condition for fishing. In 2011, the number of fishing boats for catching accounted for 8% of that of the whole province; the number of fishing boats for aquaculture accounted for 12% of that of the whole province; the total quantity of aquatic products accounted for 5% of that of the whole province. However, Xiapu's fishing ports are low in both the scale and the construction standard. Therefore, it's appropriate to select Xiapu as the demonstration site for the fishing ports project. (2) Site Selection for Fishing Ports █Distribution of Major Typhoon Shelters in the Region The coast of Xiapu starts from Yacheng Port at the north and ends to Sandu'ao at the 46 south. Along the line over 200km long, there is no large-sized typhoon shelter with the sheltered area more than 300,000m2 for the fishing boats. By the end of 2013, major typhoon shelters in this region for fishing boats are Tian'ao Port Area of Sansha Fishing Port, Shihu Fishing Port, Simenqiao Fishing Port. See Figure 3.1-1 for the geological locations. Furthermore, on the coast of Xiapu, there are several small-sized typhoon shelters of different areas for the fishing boats of their villages. Such typhoon shelters are all formed by use of natural small-sized indentations through simple repair. The construction standard is relatively low and the sheltering capacity to be developed is limited: they could only be the necessary supplement for sheltering of the fishing boats. █Rational Analysis of Site Selection See Figure 3.1-3 for the distribution of the fishing ports. According to Figure 3.1-3, the planned fishing ports project and the existing fishing ports are all distributed in the east sea area of Xiapu County. Except that Sansha and Fenghuo Island are close together, the other fishing ports are moderate in distance and the fishing ports on the two small islands relatively far from the land are also included. This layout cam meet the demand of the fishing boats nearby putting in for shelter within a relatively short time. Such site selection also considers the economic and infrastructure conditions of the fishing villages that the fishing ports are to be located. For instance, the infrastructure on Beishuang Island is simple and crude, the sheltering condition is even severer than the fishing villages on land and the living level is also relatively low. Specifically, the construction locations for the fishing ports are all that of existing natural fishing ports, close to the fishing villages and the fishermen concentration area. Therefore, it's reasonable for the site selection of the fishing ports planned to be constructed in this phase. 47 C 1 A E 2 B D 3 F Category No. Name of Fishing Ports Category No. Name of Fishing Ports Phase-I Project of Sansha Expansion of Sansha Existing ① A Central Fishing Port Central Fishing Port Fishing ② Shihu Fishing Port Planned B Luxia Fishing Port Port ③ Simenqiao Fishing Port Fishing C Fenghuo Fishing Port Port D Beishuang Fishing Port E Dajing Fishing Port F Wen’ao Fishing Port Figure 3.1-3 Location Distribution of Existing Fishing Ports and Planned Fishing Ports in the Region 48 3.1.3 Alternative analysis of port layout The development objective of the fishing ports project is, by constructing the shelter facilities such as breakwater, to increase the sheltered area in the port and raise the sheltering coverage nearby for fishing boats thus to reduce the cost on the fishermen arising from shelter and to reduce the losses and casualties of the fishing boats caused by typhoon. The plane layout of the breakwater and the other infrastructure is determined mainly on the features of the bays where the fishing ports are located through the mathematical modeling of tides and waves. Besides to meet the demand of typhoon shelter, it should avoid port siltation and ensure the flow direction and velocity not to change greatly at the entrance and ensure the boats to enter and leave the port safely. Based on this objective, the feasibility study report and the EIA report offers three layout proposals, makes comprehensive comparison in technology, economy, environment and safety and proposes the optimal solution. 3.1.3.1 Sansha Central Fishing Port This World Bank financed project supports the expansion of Sansha Central Fishing Port. Accordingly, Phase-I project of Sansha Central Fishing Port is under construction, but at present only the construction of the southeast dock has been finished. (The chapter of cumulative environmental impacts makes a review and assessment on Phase I project. See Chapter 7 for details.) The alternatives consider the boundary conditions of Phase-I and Phase-II to be constructed simultaneously. According to the modeling-based calculation result, Proposal 1 has the least impact on the navigation safety and the erosion and deposition environment. Therefore, from safety and environmental acceptance, Proposal 1 is recommended. Figure 3.1-4 offers the plane layouts and Table 3.1.1 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 3.1.3.2 Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Proposal 1 for Luxia Fishing Port has the least impact on the navigation safety and the erosion and deposition environment and is recommended. Figure 3.1-5 offers the plane layouts of each proposal and Table 3.1.2 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 3.1.3.3 Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port Proposal 1 for Fenghuo Fishing Port helps the boats to anchor and facilitates the water exchange around Fenghuo Island and is recommended. Figure 3.1-6 offers the plane layouts of each proposal and Table 3.1.3 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 3.1.3.4 Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Beishuang Fishing Port is located on Beishuang Island, the only inhabited island among the most remote Sishuang chain islands in Xiapu County, 10 sea miles to the land. The fishery production environment as well as the sheltering environment on the island is much severer than that on land. And, the existing fishery infrastructure is rather simple, far behind the fishing villages on land; before the coastline where the residents gather is only the slope ramp for the people and materials going ashore. Three proposals are taken into account. At Beishuang Fishing Port, the overall scale is 49 small but the silt layer is very thick (about 20m) and the cost of the breakwater is very high. So, it adopts the proposal of sea reclamation 8,200m2 to build a anchoring platform without breakwater. When typhoon comes, draw the fishing boats with winch to the anchoring platform along the slope ramp thus to guarantee to meet the demand of disaster prevention. This proposal costs rather less than the proposals to build breakwater; and, among all the three proposals, it has the least impact on the flow field. Figure 3.1-7 offers the plane layouts of each proposal and Table 3.1.4 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 3.1.3.5 Dajing Fishing Port Dajing Fishing Port enjoys natural protective screen, requiring no breakwater but just building seawall along the port basin and building a dock. The three alternatives mainly differ in the form of docks. Proposal 1 enjoys higher safety factor in the form of dock and is recommended. Figure 3.1-8 offers the plane layouts of each proposal and Table 3.1.5 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 3.1.3.6 Wen'ao Fishing Port Proposal 1 for Wen'ao Fishing Port enjoys the highest safety for navigation and is recommended. Figure 3.1-9 offers the plane layouts of each proposal and Table 3.1.6 makes the alternative analysis in detail. 50 Figure 3.1-4 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Sansha Central Fishing Port The three proposals mainly differ in the length, plane layout and entrance direction of the breakwater. According to the calculation result of wave mathematical modeling, Proposal 1 helps the boats to anchor; according to the calculation result of hydrodynamic mathematical modeling, Proposal 1 has the least impact on the flow field and the erosion and deposition environment and helps the boats to navigate. Therefore, Proposal 1 is recommended. Proposal 1 for Sansha Fishing Port (Recommended) Proposal 2 for Sansha Fishing Port Proposal 3 for Sansha Fishing Port General Map of Sansha Central Fishing Port 51 Figure 3.1-5 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port The three alternatives mainly differs in the layout of the breakwater. According to the calculation result of wave mathematical modeling, Proposal 1 helps the boats to anchor; according to the calculation result of hydrodynamic mathematical modeling, Proposal 1 has the least impact on the flow field and the erosion and deposition environment and helps the boats to navigate. Therefore, Proposal 1 is recommended. Proposal 2 for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Proposal 3 for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Proposal 1 for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port (Recommended) Status Quo of Luxia Fishing Port 52 Figure 3.1-6 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port The three alternatives mainly differs in the length and plane layout of the breakwater. According to the calculation result of wave mathematical modeling, Proposal 1 helps the boats to anchor and facilitates the water exchange around Fenghuo Island. Therefore, Proposal 1 is recommended. Proposal 1 for Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port (Recommended) Proposal 2 for Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port Proposal 3 for Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port Status Quo of Fenghuo Fishing Port 53 Figure 3.1-7 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Proposal 1 adopts the way of sea reclamation and Proposal 2 and Proposal 3 adopts the way of building breakwater. According to the calculation result of wave mathematical modeling, influenced by geological environment, the investment for the alternative is twice as for Proposal 1. Proposal 1 has less impact on the flow field in the project area. Therefore, Proposal 1 is recommended. Proposal 1 for Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port (Recommended) Proposal 2 for Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Proposal 3 for Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Status Quo of Beishuang Fishing Port 54 Figure 3.1-8 Comparison of the Plane Layouts of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port The three alternatives mainly differs in the layout of the dock and landform. Proposal 2 and Proposal 3 adopt the jetty type structure. According to the calculation results of wave mathematical modeling and hydrodynamic mathematical modeling, the alternatives may cause deflecting flow, going against the boats anchoring. Therefore, Proposal 1 is recommended. Proposal 1 for Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port (Recommended) Proposal 3 for Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port Exit of Dajing Fishing Port Proposal 2 for Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port 55 Figure 3.1-9 Comparison of the Project Plans of Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port The three alternatives differs in the length, plane layout and entrance direction of the breakwater. According to the calculation result of wave mathematical modeling and hydrodynamic mathematical modeling, the flow velocity and direction at the entrance of Proposal 1 is rather reasonable. Proposal 1 for Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port (Recommended) Proposal 3 for Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port Proposal 2 for Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port Status Quo of Fenghuo Fishing Port 56 Table 3.1.1 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Sansha Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 (1) South breakwater 920m; (1) South breakwater 750m; (1) South breakwater 900m; (2) West breakwater 430m; (2) West breakwater 545m; (2) West breakwater 445m; (3) Dock 300m; (3) Dock 300m; (3) Dock 300m; Construction content (4) Trestle bridge 80m; (4) Trestle bridge 80m; (4) Trestle bridge 80m; Survey of Sansha Fishing (5) Back dock platform 8100m2; (5) Back dock platform 8100m2; (5) Back dock platform 8100m2; Port (6) Room for management and fishermen shelter (6) Room for management and fishermen shelter 2500m2. (6) Room for management and fishermen shelter 2500m2. 2500m2. Water area Effective sheltered area about 415,700m2. Effective sheltered area about 459,400m2. Effective sheltered area about 405,700m2. arrangement Land area arrangement Based on existing land facilities in Sansha Town area Maximum flow velocity near the south breakwater trunk decreases by 0.20m/s; during flood same with Proposal 1 except for a bit difference of the flow same with Proposal 1 and 2 except for a bit difference of Impact on the flow period, within the scope of 200m on the south side of the south breakwater, the flow velocity variation range near the entry; the flow passage is the flow velocityvariation range near the entry; the flow field after construction velocity decreases by 0.05~0.10m/s; during ebb period, near the south side of the south smoother than that of Proposal 1 and 3. passage is not as smoother as that of Proposal 2. breakwater, flow velocity increases by 0.05~0.10m/s. Impact on the erosion The overall estimate is small; the annual average sedimentation inside the port is 0.15m/a The annual average sedimentation is 0.13m/a and the local The annual average sedimentation inside the port is and deposition after and the local maximum annual sedimentation height is 0.20m/a (at the foot of the maximum annual sedimentation height is 0. 19m/a (at the 0.14m/a and the local maximum annual sedimentation construction breakwater). foot of the breakwater). height is 0.18m/a (at the foot of the breakwater). Navigation condition The navigation channel into the inner port for shelter is zigzagged somewhat but without The navigation channel is smooth in the port area, enjoying The navigation channel is very smooth in the port area, Alternative in the port impact on navigation favorable navigation condition enjoying favorable navigation condition Analysis During the construction, some sediment diffuses into the sea. After the project completes the Environmental water exchange velocity inside and outside the port decreases a little, with less impact on The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 impacts the marine environment. It is acceptable. Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public Supported by the public Estimation (RMB 17250（The lowest cost） 18220 18131 10,000 Yuan) Result of To be recommended recommendation 57 Table 3.1.2 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Luxia Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 (1) Breakwater: Outer breakwater 600m; Inner breakwater A dam (380m), B dam (680m), C dam (600m); (1) Breakwater: Outer breakwater 600m; Inner (2) Dock: 148m (74m*2); (1) Breakwater: Outer breakwater 600m; Inner breakwater A dam breakwater A dam (380m), B dam (680m), C dam (380m), B dam (680m), C dam (600m); (600m); Construction content (3) Seawall around the port: Seawall 1 (1168m), Seawall 2 (2418m), 7m wide road built on the inner side of the seawall; (2) Construction scale of dock, seawall around the port, sea (2) Construction scale of dock, seawall around the reclamation and rescue center the same with Proposal 1. port, sea reclamation and rescue center the same (4) Sea reclamation: 33,000m2; with Proposal 1. Survey of Luxia Fishing Port (5) Rescue center: 2500m2 Waters inside the port are divided into one independent typhoon shelter (1#), one Waters inside the port can relatively even be divided into three independent typhoon shelter (1#~3#) and one Water area arrangement shelter and working zone (2#) and one independent working zone (3#) independent working zone (4#) It is arranged in two areas of the south and the north: Land area arrangement (1) The south land area is located on the southwest coast, covering a total area of 138,000m2 and planned to be used for comprehensive service area; (2) The north land area is located on the northeast massif, covering a total area of 67,000m2 and planned to be used for production, business, refrigeration, processing, etc. Impact on the tidal No impact on the flow field of the project area; the flow field inside the port changes a current field after bit affected by the breakwater with the maximum flow velocity inside the port The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 construction increasing by 0.15~0.20m/s (at the entrance). Impact on the erosion Annual average sedimentation inside the port is 0.1~0.15m/a and the local maximum and deposition after The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 annual scour depth is 0.1m (at the entrance). construction Sheltered area formed in 940,000m2 920,000m2 970,000m2 the port Navigation condition in The navigation channel into the inner port for shelter is zigzagged somewhat but The navigation channel is smooth in the port area, enjoying The navigation channel is very smooth in the port Alternative the port without impact on navigation favorable navigation condition area, enjoying favorable navigation condition Analysis During the construction, some sediment diffuses into the sea. After the project Environmental impacts completes the water exchange velocity inside and outside the port decreases a little, The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 with the impact acceptable on the marine environment. Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public Supported by the public Estimation (RMB 10,000 17276（The lowest cost） 18248 18158 Yuan) Result of To be recommended recommendation 58 Table 3.1.3 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Fenghuo Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 (1) Breakwater: Fenghuo Class-2 breakwater 200m; (1) Breakwater: Fenghuo Class-2 breakwater 190m; (1) Breakwater: Fenghuo Class-2 breakwater 300m; Construction content (2) Dock: Fishing dock 35m; (2) Dock: Fishing dock 35m; (2) Dock: Fishing dock 35m; Survey of Fenghuo (3) Seawall around the port: 2260m. (3) Seawall around the port: 2260m. (3) Seawall around the port: 2260m. Fishing Port Sheltered area formed in 307,500m2 301,000m2 414,400m2 the port Land area arrangement This area is determined to be a typhoon shelter, with no land area The middle flow velocity in the port area decreases obviously: The tidal dynamics in the port area decreases obviously: the Weak tidal dynamics surroundings inside the port strengthen a bit with the average flow velocity of half tide decreases by 0.10~0.15m/s; Impact on the tidal current average flow velocity decreases by 0.15~0.20m/s; the the flow velocity in the port area decreaseby 0.05~0.10m/s and increase a the average flow velocity in the port area decreases by field after construction characteristics of weak current strengthen. The dynamics bit at the head of the breakwater, by 0.05~0.10m/s. 0.05~0.10m/s and increases a bit at the head of the breakwater, variation is more obvious than that of Proposal 1 and 2. by 0.05~0.10m/s. Impact on the erosion and The sedimentation intensity inside the port is 0.05~0.15m/a and the local The sedimentation intensity inside the port is 0.10~0.18m/a and The sedimentation intensity inside the port is 0.13~0.20m/a and deposition after maximum annual sedimentation height is 0.15m/a (at the foot of the the local maximum annual sedimentation height is 0.18m/a (at the local maximum annual sedimentation height is 0.20m/a (at construction breakwater). the foot of the outer breakwater). the foot of the breakwater). Alternative Navigation condition in the The navigation channel into the inner port for shelter is zigzagged The navigation channel is smooth in the port area, enjoying The navigation channel is very smooth in the port area, Analysis port somewhat but without impact on navigation favorable navigation condition enjoying favorable navigation condition During the construction, some sediment diffuses into the sea. After the Since the entrance on the east is closed, the water exchange Environmental impacts project completes the water exchange velocity inside and outside the port The same with Proposal 1 capacity decreases obviously. decreases a little. Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public Supported by the public Estimation (RMB 10,000 3264（The lowest cost） 4229 4732 Yuan) Result of recommendation To be recommended 59 Table 3.1.4 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Beishuang Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 (1) Slope ramp: 75m, Slope setting 10%; (1) Breakwater 175m; (2) Seawall: 85m; (2) Room for management: 500m2. (1) Breakwater 300m; Construction content (3) Land area: 8200m2; (2) Room for management: 500m2. Survey of Beishuang Fishing Port (4) Room for management: 500m2. Water area arrangement / Effective sheltered area about 9600m2 Effective sheltered area about 14,100m2 Land area arrangement Land area about 8200m2. During flood period, the port area forms weak current environment; during the ebb period, tidal dynamics in the port area increases slightly, with the maximum The dynamics variation tendency is the same with Proposal Impact on the tidal current The average flow velocity of half tide near the flow velocity at the bay entrance of about 0.15~0.20m/s. The tidal dynamics 1 and the flow velocity near the breakwater trunk decreases field after construction breakwater trunk decreases by 0.05m/s. inside the port decreases further with the maximum flow velocity inside the port by 0.02~0.05m/s. of about 0.10m/s. After implementation of the project, the breakwater stops the tidewater of the The average sedimentation inside the port is about Impact on the erosion and open seas from flooding into the port and a dynamics decreasing area forms Near the breakwater inside the port, the sedimentation 0.15~0.20m/a. The maximum sedimentation intensity is deposition after inside the port; near the breakwater inside the port, the sedimentation distribution is 0.10~0.20m/a and the maximum about 0.20m/a, on the inside of the south breakwater. construction distribution is 0.10~0.20m/a and the maximum sedimentation intensity is sedimentation intensity is 0.20m/a. The sedimentation range exceeding 0.15m/a is bigger 0.20m/a. than that of Proposal 1 and 2. Alternative Analysis Navigation condition in the The navigation channel into the inner port for shelter is zigzagged somewhat but The navigation channel is smooth in the port area, enjoying The navigation channel is very smooth in the port area, port without impact on navigation favorable navigation condition enjoying favorable navigation condition During the construction period, some sediment diffuses into the sea and it's Environmental impacts The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 acceptable for the impact on the marine environment. Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public Supported by the public Estimation (RMB 10,000 1603（The lowest cost） 1864 3997 Yuan) Result of recommendation To be recommended 60 Table 3.1.5 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Dajing Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 （1）Dock: 65m, 15m wide （1）Dock: 70m, 20m wide （1）Dock: 65m, 20m wide; （2）Seawall: 1065m （2）Seawall: 1065m （2）Seawall: 1100m; （3）Land area: 3715 ㎡; （3）Land area: 3715m2; （3）Land area: 2800m2; （4）Port roads: 285m; （4）Port roads: 285m; （4）Port roads: 285m; Construction content Survey of Dajing （5）Access roads: 1300m; （5）Access roads: 1300m; （5）Access roads: 1300m; Fishing Port （6）Prawn ponds demolition: 345m; （6）Prawn ponds demolition: 345m; （6）Prawn ponds demolition: 345m; （7）Dredging volume: 124,000m3; （7）Dredging volume: 124,000m3; （7）Dredging volume: 124,000m3; （8）Room for management: 500m2. （8）Room for management: 500m2. （8）Room for management: 500m2. Water area arrangement Demolish the prawn pond causeway and the port waters form a complete sheltered area of 59,290m 3. Land area arrangement Sea reclamation behind the dock; arranging stockyard or drying ground Impact on the tidal During flood slack, a clockwise circumfluence forms inside the port with current field after the flow velocity of 0.3~0.4m/s; during ebb period, weak dynamic The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 construction environment inside the port still exist. Impact on the erosion sporadic sedimentation belts of 0.05~0.10m/a in partly sea area outside and deposition after The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 the port area, no obvious sedimentation tendency inside the port. construction The navigation channel for anchorage to enter and leave The navigation channel for anchorage to enter and leave Navigation condition in The navigation channel is very smooth in the port area, enjoying the port is zigzagged somewhat but without impact on the port is zigzagged somewhat but without impact on Alternative the port favorable navigation condition navigation. navigation. Analysis Environmental impacts Little impact on grave, shrine, etc. The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public Supported by the public Estimation (RMB 10,000 1609（The lowest cost） 1796 1820 Yuan) Result of To be recommended recommendation 61 Table 3.1.6 Technical Scheme Survey and Alternatives of Wen'ao Fishing Port Category Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 Survey of (1) East breakwater 75m; (1) East breakwater 350m; (1) South breakwater 460m. Wen’ao Construction (2) South breakwater 370m. (2) North breakwater 260m. content (2) Room for management: 500m2 Fishing Port 2 2 (3) Room for management: 500m (3) Room for management: 500m Water area Effective sheltered area about 41,300m2. Effective sheltered area about 41,800m2. Effective sheltered area about 41,100m2. arrangement Alternative After implementation of the project, during both the flood and the ebb periods, the the flow velocity on both sides of the breakwater Impact on the tidal The dynamics variation tendency is similar to Proposal Analysis backflow scope inside the port narrows and the dynamics decreases; at the head of the decreases obviously with the decreasing scope greater current field after 1: an obvious dynamics decreasing area forms between breakwater, the gat narrows and the flow velocity increases slightly with the maximum than that of Proposal 1; the flow passage is smoother construction the west breakwater and the south breakwater; flow velocity of 0.35m/s, mainly during the flood period. than that of Proposal 1. Impact on the The main back-silting zone is near the off-short section of the breakwater trunk; the annual Annual sedimentation intensity is 0.10~0.15m/a and the Annual sedimentation intensity is 0.10~0.15m/a and erosion and sedimentation intensity is 0.05~0.15m/a and the local maximum annual sedimentation local maximum annual sedimentation height is 0.17m/a the local maximum annual sedimentation height is deposition after height is 0.15m/a (at the foot of the breakwater). (at the foot of the breakwater). 0.19m/a (at the foot of the breakwater). construction Navigation The navigation channel is very smooth in the port area, enjoying favorable navigation The navigation channel into the port for shelter is The navigation channel into the port for shelter is condition in the port condition. zigzagged somewhat but without impact on navigation. zigzagged somewhat but without impact on navigation. Environmental During the construction period, some sediment diffuses into the sea and it's acceptable for the The same with Proposal 1 The same with Proposal 1 impacts impact on the marine environment. Opposed by the public; the public believe the waves in Public participation Supported by the public Supported by the public the east have the greatest impact on them. Estimation (RMB 4203（The lowest cost） 6023 4636 10,000 Yuan) Result of To be recommended recommendation 62 3.2 Identification and Scoping of Environmental Issues 3.2.1 Identification of environmental impact factors Based on the characteristics of the surrounding environment, through the analogy analysis of the potential impacts of fishing ports project on marine environment and land environment, according to the environmental factors involved with the main content and the different implementation periods of the engineering construction (such as marine natural environment, ecological environment, land environment and social environment), the identification result of environmental influencing factors is shown visually and qualitatively in the matrix list. See Table 3.2.1. 63 Table 3.2.1 Screening Matrix List of Environmental Impacts of the Construction Natural Environment Social-Economy Others Sea Area Terrest Special Liveli Period Process Flow Field Ecolo Environ Househ Human Ambie Nois rial Seawat Sediment Ecological Cultural hood and Erosion gical mental old Life and nt Air e Ecosys er Environme Protection Heritage & Deposition Enviro Risk Income Property tem Quality nt Area Environment nment Early Geologic -1 -1 Stage Exploration of -1 Constr Access Roads -1 -2 -2 uction -1 Quarry -2 -2 -1 -2 (Wen’ao -1 Dump-Filling of -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 Fishing Breakwater Port) Packing Sediment -1 -3 Constr by Blasting uction Excavation of -1 Period Breakwater -3 -1 -1 Foundation Trench and Port Basin -1 Dock (Dajing /Embankment -1 -1 Fishing Construction Port) Back to Port for +3 Shelter Operat ion Fish Unloading -1 +3 +3 Period Fish Processing -1 +3 +3 and Trade Note: "+" means favorable impact; "-" means unfavorable impact; "3" means the great impact; "2" means the average impact; "1" means the little impact; the blank means no impact. 64 3.2.2 Screening of assessment factors According to the impact degree of fishing ports construction on the environment to determine the status quo assessment factors, the forecasting assessment factors as well as the indicators and content of forecasting analysis. See Table 3.2.2. Table 3.2.2 Screening List of Environmental Impact Assessment Factors Environmental Assessment Factors Factors Status quo assessment: pH, salinity, DO, suspended solid, CODMn, inorganic Water Quality nitrogen, reactive phosphate, petroleum, heavy metal (copper, plumbum, zinc, Environment of cadmium, mercury, chromium, arsenic.) Sea Areas Forecasting assessment: suspended solid, COD Status quo assessment: chlorophyll α, primary productivity, phytoplankton, Marine Ecological zooplankton, benthos, eggs and larvae, nekton, organism quality Environment Forecasting analysis: impact of engineering construction on marine ecological environment Status quo assessment: organic carbon, sulfide, petroleum, copper, plumbum, Marine zinc, cadmium, mercury, chromium, arsenic. Depositional Forecasting analysis: impact of engineering construction on marine depositional Environment environment Hydrological Status quo assessment: status quo of the tide and erosion & deposition Dynamics and environment of the sea area of the project area Erosion & Forecasting assessment: impact of engineering construction on hydrological Deposition dynamics and erosion & deposition environment Environment Terrestrial Land use, vegetation, soil and water conservation, etc. Ecosystem Status quo assessment: SO2, NO2, TSP, PM10 Ambient Air Forecasting assessment: TSP Ambient Noise Equivalent sound level（LAeq） Social Resettlement of inhabitants, relocation compensation for mari-culture, Environment significant structures (grave, temple, etc.) and landscape 3.3 Engineering Analysis During the Construction Period 3.3.1 Construction organization (1) Quarry Sansha Central Fishing Port makes use of the existing quarry and can meet the construction demand of this port. The south area of Luxia Fishing Port requires site excavation and leveling and the earthwork excavated is used for sea reclamation. About 2.2 million m3 earthwork can be excavated from the south area and can meet the construction need for this port. Fenghuo Fishing Port makes use of the existing quarry and can meet the construction demand of this port. 65 Dajing Fishing Port will need to makes use of the spoil from demolition of the existing embankment in the port. Beishuang and Wen’ao Fishing Port are located in small island far from any existing quarry on the contienet. Transporting materials would be very expensive. Hence new quarry have been found on the islands. (2) Construction Site Existing port area in Sansha will be used as temporary precast yard and stockyard for Sansha Fishing Port and Fenghuo Fishing Port. For Luxia, the port areas leveled at early stage of construction (bohtsouth and north ) will be used as temporary precast yard and stockyard. For Wen’ao and Beishuang, temporary precast yard and stockyard will be put in their quarries. Dajing Fishing Port does not need precast yard and stockyard. (3) Access Road █Sansha Fishing Port The part under the water surface profile adopts barge conveyance to the designed location and then adopt the way of dump-filling; the part above the water surface profile adopts the way of automobile transportation. The land transportation above the water surface profile of south breakwater can use existing access roads, without building newly. See Chapter 6 for the transportation route. The part above the water surface profile of west breakwaters adopts the way of automobile transportation and the transportation route passes the existing road and the seawall of backfilling region. See Chapter 6 for the transportation route. █Luxia Fishing Port The north area uses the existing port road as the access road for construction. As the construction item in the preliminary stage, road on top of the seawall around the port should be constructed in advance and be used as the access road for construction for the south and north regions of this project. █Fenghuo Fishing Port It uses the road on topo of the newly built seawall as the road for breakwater construction. █Beishuang, Dajing and Wen'ao Beishuang Fishing Port, Dajing Fishing Port and Wen'ao Fishing Port all use the existing rural roads. 66 (4) Woker Camp As port construction is not intensive. Workers need at peak time for each port ranges from 50-100 people. There is no need to build worker camp. It is planned to rent local houses. (5) Construction Mechanical Equipments Table 3.3.1 List of Major Construction Mechanical Equipments Quantity Required for Quantity Required Name of Fenghuo, for Sansha and Mechanical Specification Beishuang, Remark Luxia Fishing Ports Equipments Dajing and (set) Wen'ao Fishing Ports (set) Dumper 30 15 Breakwater Loader ZL40 4 2 construction Excavator W4-60C 4 2 Truck Crane 2 1 Anti-wave block Floating Crane 2 1 construction Dredger 2 1 Port basin Mud Lighter 2 1 excavation (6) Construction Schedule Sansha Fishing Port will start implementation since August 2015 with the planned construction period of 23 months, the south breakwater and the west breakwater starting construction simultaneously. Luxia Fishing Port will start implementation since December 2014 with the planned construction period of 36 months, the outer breakwater and A Dam starting construction simultaneously, B Dam and C Dam starting construction simultaneously. Fenghuo Fishing Port will start implementation since May 2017 with the planned construction period of 15 months. Beishuang Fishing Port will start implementation since April 2018 with the planned construction period of 18 months. Wen'ao Fishing Port will start implementation since March 2018 with the planned construction period of 16 months. Dajing Fishing Port will start implementation since April 2018 with the planned construction period of 16 months. 3.3.2 Alternative analysis of construction techniques Breakwater is the main construction content of this project. The construction techniques for breakwater include packing sediment by throwing stones, packing sediment by blasting, dumping after the excavation of foundation bed, etc. This assessment emphasizes on the 67 alternative analysis of breakwater construction. See Table 3.3.2 for the alternative analysis of construction techniques. Table 3.3.2 Alternative Analysis of Construction Techniques Alternatives Packing Sediment by Packing Sediment by Dumping after the Throwing Stones Blasting Excavation of Foundation Bed Scope of Sediment not exceeding Sediment 4~12m in Sediment exceeding 12m Application 4m in thickness thickness in thickness Complexity Simple Complex Moderate Engineering Average Above average High Cost Environmental Causing the suspended Causing the suspended Causing the suspended Impacts solids to exceed the solids to exceed the solids to exceed the standard in short term standard in short term standard in short term with a small quantity of with a great quantity of with a small quantity of ecological loss ecological loss ecological loss Social Impact Less impact on Great impact on Less impact on cultivation and no impact cultivation and cultivation and no impact on fishermen's houses fishermen's houses on fishermen's houses According to Table 3.3.2, (1) The packing sediment by throwing stones has the lowest engineering cost, but only applicable to the sediment not exceeding 4m in thickness; the scope of application is limited. It is planned to be used for the planned Fenghuo Fishing Port, Beishuang Fishing Port, Dajing Fishing Port and Wen'ao Fishing Port。 (2) The technique of dumping after the excavation of foundation bed is applicable to the sediment exceeding 12m in thickness. Excavating the breakwater foundation trench with dredger and then perform the work of dumping stones, it need consider the disposal of dredged materials with the engineering cost higher. Sansha Fishing Port has the sediment exceeding 12m in thickness and the technique of packing sediment by throwing stones cannot meet the design requirements. Besides, Sansha Town has many residents and the technique of packing sediment by blasting will do damage to the villagers. Therefore, the technique of dump-filling after the excavation of foundation bed with higher engineering cost is required. What's more, behind Sansha Fishing Port, it is planned to reclaim land from sea as the land for town development. So, the dredged materials produced from foundation trench excavation can be used for sea reclamation in the rear, avoiding the pollution from dumping the dredged materials. (3) The packing sediment by blasting is difficult for construction but with moderate engineering cost. The blasting impulsive wave has greater damage to the ecological environment, applicable to the thick silt layer area insensitive in ecological environment. In view of the great thickness of the sediment at Luxia Fishing Port, the technique of packing sediment by throwing stones can't meet the design requirement. Since the outer breakwater is 200m to Luxia Village, the blasting impulsive wave has less damage to the houses of Luxia Village. Therefore, it is planned to adopt the construction technique of packing sediment by 68 blasting for Luxia Fishing Port. Furthermore, the delayed stage blasting is recommended, controlling the maximum charge for simultaneous blasting to be single charge thus to greatly decrease the impact of blasting impulsive wave. Therefore, this assessment proposes to use the technique of delayed stage blasting and control the charge of a single stage not to exceed 100kg. 3.3.3 Description of construction processes (1) Quarrying Based on the survey, all the existing quarries use the method of loosening blasting to drill out flat hole with down-the-hole drill. See Figure 3.3-1 for the quarrying process. It is also used for the stonework required for this project. Noise, blasting SS, TSP, noise Noise impulsive wave Noise TSP, noise Cleaning of Drill out flat hole with Loosening Loading Automobile topsoil down-the-hole drill blasting ④ transportation ① ② ③ ⑤ Figure 3.3-1 Quarrying Process and Pollution Links (2) Breakwater Construction According to the feasibility study report, for the breakwater construction, Sansha Fishing Port adopts the technique of dump-filling core after the excavation of foundation trench; Luxia Fishing Port adopts the technique of packing sediment by blasting; Fenghuo Fishing Port, Wen'ao Fishing Port and Beishuang seawall adopt the technique of packing sediment by throwing stones; Dajing Fishing Port should have dumping after the excavation of soil with excavator. ①Breakwater Construction of Sansha Fishing Port 69 Construction Surveying and Excavation of foundation Dump-filling of preparation setting out trench (cutter suction dredger) core SS Dredged materials into the backfilling region Situ concrete Construction of Construction of block underlay and armor anti-wave wall inner breakwater block of outer breakwater Dumping of toe prisms and bottom protection blocks Figure 3.3-2 Breakwater Construction Process and Pollutants █Construction Description of Foudnation Excavation According to the feasibility study report, Sansha Fishing Port plans to use 2500m3/hour cutter suction dredger for the dredging of foundation trench of the breakwater. The working principle of cutter suction dredger is to use cutter for excavation: the soil cracked by the cutter is delivered through the mud pipe-line with the high-power centrifugal dredge pump of the dredger to the specified hydraulic reclamation region. █Construction Description of Dump-Filling of Rocks According to the bathemetry, the construction area of Sansha Fishing Port is under the low water mark. Thus, the part under the water surface profile is planned to adopt the way of shipping for dump-filling and the part above the water surface profile is planned to adopt the way of automobile transportation and propelling. Dumping construction under water: using 50t-60t barge to transport the materials to the project area for dumping. Dumping construction above water surface profile: using dumper through temporary construction road and the filled dam to discharge to the construction area and leveling by hand. ②Breakwater Construction of Luxia Fishing Port According to the feasibility study report, the outer breakwater and A Dam of the planned Luxia Fishing Port adopt the construction technique of packing sediment by blasting; B Dam and C Dam of the inner breakwater adopt the construction technique of packing sediment by throwing stones. 70 The fundamental principle of packing sediment by blasting is to imbed the explosive package in the silty mud at certain location in the front of the breakwater; the explosive package blasts and packs the sediment out and throwing up to form a blasting pit; the stones in the front of the breakwater slip and fall into the blasting pit under the cavity & negative pressure and gravity action to form a "stone tongue" and to realize the replacement of sediment and stone instantaneously. See Figure 3.3-3 for the construction process of packing sediment by blasting. Construction preparation Surveying and setting out Preparation of explosive SS, TSP, noise Dump-filling of trunk package Explosive arranging at the breakwater head Impulsive wave, noise Denotation at the breakwater head Preparation Loop dump-filling of explosive SS, TSP, noise of the trunk package Explosive arranging and Impulsive wave, denotation on the sides noise Supplementary dumping of blocks on the outside Anti-wave armor Acceptance test Figure 3.3-3 Construction Process and Pollution Links of Packing Sediment by Blasting 71 █Construction preparation: making a survey of the construction site and the safety inspection of the blast area, preparing complete construction organization design, submitting to local departments of public security and maritime safety surveillance for approval and then dealing with the purchase procedures for initiating explosive devices and preparing the other blasting auxiliary materials; after the construction organization design approved by the owner and the supervising engineer, organizing the construction; selecting the typical section on the spot for the test of packing sediment by blasting and, based on the test result, defining reasonable blasting parameters and dump-filling parameters. █Surveying and setting out: Based on the coordinate control point and benchmark provided by the owner, setting up the benchmark for construction and the auxiliary construction baseline at the places not being disturbed, firm, credible, visible and easy to control; and, based on the construction marks and staff gauge, setting out and setting up the marks for dump-filling according to the design construction drawings. █Dump-filling of the breakwater trunk: Dump-filling in strict accordance with the dump- filling width and height determined in the construction organization design. █Blasting of the breakwater head: After the dump-filling footage reaches the design footage, conducting explosive filling: using the millisecond blasting method, preparing the explosive package based on the quantity and weight required in the construction organization design, arranging the explosive package with the hydraulic land charging machine refitted with large-sized excavator (Figure 3.3-4) or explosive arranging ship, arranging multiple charges in the front and on the both sides of the breakwater to have blasting of the breakwater head. See Figure 3.3-5 for the cross-section changes of the breakwater before and after the blasting. 72 Figure 3.3-4 Explosive Arranging Drawing of Hydraulic Land Charging Machine Footage cycle Cross hatch for supplementary dumping after blasting Cross hatch before blasting Cross hatch after blasting Water Stone riprap Silty mud Bearing stratum Figure 3.3-5 Diagrammatic Sectional Drawing of the Breakwater Before and After Blasting 73 █ Loop dump-filling: After blasting of the breakwater head, conduct supplementary dumping as per the designed width and continue to propel; when the breakwater head reaches the new designed footage, arranging multiple charges at the head for blasting, in the loop mode of "dump-filling - blasting - dump-filling" to the designed breakwater length. █ Explosive filling on both sides: When the trunk propels to a certain length, blasting on both sides of the trunk (i.e.: explosive filling on both sides) to form the toe of both sides and pack the residual silty mud on the bottom. The length for the explosive filling once is determined at 50m based on the blasting safety. █ When dredging and supplementary dumping of blocks on the outside of the breakwater trunk, if necessary, arranging explosive again on the outside for explosive filling on both sides to form the outer toes meeting the design section requirements. █ Acceptance test: using the methods of volumetric balance, drilling exploration and ground penetrating radar for the acceptance test. ③Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wen'ao Fishing Ports Construction Surveying & Construction of block Dump-filling of preparation setting out core underlay and armor block of outer breakwater SS Dumping of toe prisms and Fitting of tetrapod Construction of bottom protection blocks hollow blocks inner breakwater Figure 3.3-6 Breakwater Construction Process and Pollution Links Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wen'ao Fishing Ports adopt the construction technique of packing sediment by throwing stones; the breakwater construction adopts the scheme of land propelling. While constructing, the automobiles supply materials along the seawall to the project area and propel to the sea, then dump-filling of core directly. Beishuang has no breakwaters but the embankment of the reclaimed area needs to use this process to formulate. 74 Figure 3.3-7 Settling of Revetment Blocks ④Construction Technique for Dajing Fishing Port Retaining wall, cast-in-situ Construction Excavation Dumping of concrete coping and preparation of soil foundation bed guard curb SS Rubble cushion, rubble mixture Dumping Road Backfill inverted filter behind the wall surface Figure 3.3-8 Embankment Construction Process and Pollution Links Dajing Fishing Port For Dajing Fishing Port, the existing embankment in the port should be demolished with the building stones used to pile up the new seawall. Inside Dajing Fishing Port, it should be excavated further with the excavation quantity of 124,000 m3. 75 (3) Dock Construction █Sansha Fishing Port Construction Surveying Pile foundation Pile Construction of preparation and setting construction gripping superstructure out Prefabrication of piles and Auxiliary construction prefabricated components and fitting Figure 3.3-9 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links █Luxia Fishing Port SS Construction Surveying Excavation of Dumping Punning of preparation and setting foundation of foundation out trench foundation bed bed Dock topping and Cast-in-situ block Dumping in Fitting of auxiliary facilities concrete the square square breastwork Figure 3.3-10 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links █Fenghuo Fishing Port Construction Surveying Underwater Cast-in-situ block concrete preparation and setting drilling breastwork and coping out Fitting of rubber fender Road surface and bollard construction Figure 3.3-11 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links 76 █Dajing Fishing Port Construction Excavation Dumping of foundation bed preparation of soil and settling of hollow blocks Rubble cushion, Dumping Breastwork, cast-in-situ mixture inverted filter behind the wall concrete coping and guard curb Road surface and dock auxiliary facilities Figure 3.3-12 Dock Construction Process and Pollution Links (4) Land Reclamation For Sansha Central Fishing Port, the foundation trench excavation quantity of the south breakwater is 968,381m3 and that of the west breakwater is 675,024m3, totally 1643,405m3. According to Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning, the nearest waste-dumping area in Funing Bay sea area is the "special utilization area out Shacheng Port", 30km to Sansha Fishing Port Area. The transportation expenses is very high and the dumping of dredged waste soil may have some impact on the sea environment. Additionally, Phase I Project of Sansha Fishing Port at the head of Sansha Bay has obtained the sea area use right certificate and the land behind requires a great quantity of backfill soil. Therefore, it is planned to dump the dredged materials of the breakwater and to form the land area behind Sansha Bay. These materials then can be fully reused to fill the land reclamation area (about 34ha) of ongoing Sansha Centeral Fishing Port Phase I project. The gap, about 400,000 m3 will be filled through using theexisting quarry which is shared by both projects. The construction technique of enclosure and filling is adopted for the hydraulic reclamation: after the construction of cofferdam and inverted filter (geo-textile filter layer), the environmental impacts during the hydraulic reclamation are mainly represented in the impacts of the suspended solids of the cofferdam water while passing the inverted filter. The backfill region is the land of Phase I of Sansha Fishing Port and, after the soft foundation treatment of applying drain board and dynamic compaction, laying rubble cushion above the reclamation region and concrete blocks on the rubble cushion, can be used as goods yard. See Figure 3.3-13 for the dredger working and reclamation process. 77 Dredger Excavating and Conveyance Of Dredged Materials Hydraulic Reclamation of Dredged Materials Geo-textile inverted filter Cofferdam Figure 3.3-13 Dredger Working and Reclamation Process 78 3.4 Engineering Analysis During the Operation Period According to the feasibility study report, the annual fish unloading volume of Sansha Central Fishing Port is 100,000 ton; that of Luxia Fishing Port is 54,600 ton ， that of Fenghuo Fishing Port is 25,500 ton， that of Beishuang Fishing Port is 21,000 ton，that of Dajing Fishing Port is 23,000 ton ，that of Wen’aoDajing Fishing Port is 22,700 ton. 3.4.1 Dock loading and unloading The vertical transport of fish and fishing supplies mainly depends on mechanical work, cooperated with manual work for going ashore; the horizontal transport mainly depends on automobile and farm truck. The fishing unloading dock is provided with one below-5t fixed crane, truck crane or tyre crane for each berth; the newly built dock builds steps for the convenience of manual handling of bulk fish and fishing supplies. The horizontal transport of fish and fishing supplies inside the port uses farm truck (provided by the owner). See Figure 3.4-1 for the loading and unloading process. Fishing boat Boat sewage entering port and garbage Fish unloading at Waste water dock and initial rain sewage Automobile transportation Waste water Fish unloading and initial rain area sewage Waste water Shipping Fish and solid of fresh sorting waste fish Quick freezing Refrigeration Shipping Figure 3.4-1 Fishing Port Working Process and Pollution Links 79 3.4.2 Manpower quota and working days The rated workers for Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port are 10 respectively. The annual working days is 260. 3.5 Analysis of Pollution Factors and Non-Pollution Ecological Impact Factors 3.5.1 Analysis of impacts during the construction period 3.5.1.1 Analysis of pollution effect factors (1) Silt Suspension During Construction Period The silt suspension during the construction period mainly come into being at the stages such as the excavation of breakwater foundation trench, the excavation of basin foundation trench, the dump-filling of breakwater and the hydraulic reclamation of dredged materials. ①Silt suspension produced by cutter suction dredger The excavation of breakwater foundation trench and port basin for Sansha Central Fishing Port is planned to use one 2500m3/h cutter suction dredger. Based on the site simulation test for the working source intensity of Tianjin Port cutter suction dredger, the vertical mean concentration of suspended sand in the central working area of one 1600m3/h cutter suction dredger is about 250~500mg/L, the source intensity is calculated to be 2.4kg/s; the geology of Tianjin Port is muddy coast with the median particle diameter of the sediment less than that of Fujian sea area. Therefore, using the source intensity value of Tianjin Port dredging working area, the result tends to be safe. Considering the construction ship of Sansha Central Fishing Port as one 2500m3/h cutter suction dredger, the source intensity is calculated to be 3.75kg/s. ②Silt suspension produced by grab dredger The silt suspension (SS) produced by grab dredger is calculated with the producing coefficient based on the formula stated in the Specifications for Environmental Impact Assessment of Port and Harbor Construction Project (JTS105-1-2011). R Q  T  W0 R0 In which, Q - Output of suspended solids for dredging (t/h) W0 - Occurrence coefficient of suspended solids (t/m3) R - Cumulative percentage of suspension particle diameters at the occurrence coefficient W0 (%) 80 R0 - Cumulative percentage of suspension threshold population at the field velocity (%) T - Dredging efficiency of the dredger (m3/h) Based on the data of dredged sediment resuspending system test made by Mott MacDonald in 1990, if slowing down the construction speed and using closed grab, the ooze volume produced by dredging 1m3 bottom mud may be controlled below 10kg. Therefore, W0=0.01t/m3. Conservatively, R/Ro=1. Based on the feasibility study report, the dredged volume for the excavation of dock foundation trench and port basin of Luxia Fishing Port is about 3451.0m3. The grab dredger is used for this excavation engineering. According to survey, the construction of this area usually uses 8m3 grab dredger for dredging with the dredging efficiency of 3000m3/8h. Based on the above conditions, the output of silt suspension for grab dredging working is calculated to be 3.75t/h, equivalent to 1.0kg/s. ③Suspended solids produced by core damp-filling The breakwater construction adopts the scheme of land propelling: while constructing, the automobiles supply materials and propel from the land to the sea, then dump-filling of core directly. During dumping, the suspended solids mainly come from the silt suspension formed after the fine particles of dumping materials enter into the sea and the suspended solids produced during the bottom mud resuspending process caused by the bottom mud disturbed by packing sediment by throwing stones. Because the reclamation of this project uses boulders for packing sediment, there is little fine particle silt content. When the building elevation is higher than the water surface, it has even less impact on the water. So the silt brought by dumping into the sea is not calculated. The source intensity of suspended solids produced by the bottom mud disturbed by packing sediment by throwing stones is calculated on the following formula: S1  (1  1 )  1  1  P In which, S1 is the source intensity of suspended solids produced by packing sediment by throwing stones (kg/s) 1 is the natural water content of sediment (%) 1 is the wet density of particles in the silty mud (g/cm3) 1 is the percentage of the suspended solids in the silt P is the average sediment packing intensity. 81 Based on analogy, taking 1 at 30%, 1 at 1600g/cm3, 1 at 45%, P at 0.0075m3/s. Through calculation, the average source intensity of silt suspension of a single dumping point for this project 3.80kg/s. Furthermore, since the dump-filling of core for Sansha Central Fishing Port is after the excavation of foundation trench, there is not many suspended solids produced by the bottom mud disturbed by packing sediment by throwing stones. ④Suspended solids produced by packing sediment by blasting The breakwater construction for this project is planned to use the construction method of packing sediment by blasting. The construction of packing sediment by blasting is universe on China's coast and at sea. It's a method of seafloor soft ground treatment, which pushes the mud around to form an explosive cavity by detonating the charge; when the explosion product pressure is unloaded, the upper rock-fill materials together with the bottom mud fall back with the action of gravity to form a "stone tongue" in the cavity, thus to reach the target of silty mud replacement. During the packing sediment by blasting, it may cause the silt to diffuse in suspension and the blasting time is in micro-second, so, the silt suspension caused by packing sediment by blasting is a kind of transient source intensity. The silt suspension mainly comes from the bottom mud of marine sedimentation in the blast area. Lou Haifeng from Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary published a thesis in Zhejiang Hydrotechnics (September 2010), Research on the Transportation and Diffusion Under the Action of Tidal Current of Suspended Solids Produced by Packing Sediment by Blasting, and concluded that: "after packing sediment by blasting, the silt suspension concentration of the water decreases rapidly due to diffusion and sedimentation; after 6 hours of packing sediment by blasting, the silt suspension concentration increment basically decreases to below 10mg/L". Thus it can be seen that the silt suspension produced during the construction process of packing sediment by blasting may have some impact on the water environment around, but it lasts for a short time with the scope of influence limited. Therefore, the suspension impact of one blasting in two days is omitted in this assessment. ⑤Hydraulic reclamation of dredged materials The hydraulic reclamation of dredged materials for Sansha Central Fishing Port is planned to adopt the construction technique of enclosure and filling, i.e. building the inverted filter first and then reclaiming land from sea. During the whole construction period, the silt volume into the sea produced by sea reclamation of this project is calculated on the following formula: Qf  C  L 82 In which, Qf - Quantity of SS for construction (g/h) C - Suspended solids concentration of the sewage at the over-fall L - Sewage flow discharged from the over-fall (m3/h); based on the speed of cutter suction dredger, L is 2500m3/h. By comparing with the projects of enclosure and filling of the same kind, if setting up the discharge opening of the reclamation area reasonably with the central flow reaching the opening with the flow distance of 500-800m and setting up two anti-pollution barriers at the discharging channel, the suspended solids concentration discharged from the overall is about 150mg/l. Thus Qf is calculated to be 104g/s. ⑥Source intensity of silt suspension is calculated above and summarized in below table. Table 3.5.1 Source Intensity of Silt Suspension Source Intensity of Silt into the Sea at Different Stages (kg/s) Excavation of Hydraulic Dump-filling of Name of Fishing Ports Foundation Trench Reclamation of Core and Port Basin Dredged Materials Sansha Fishing Port 3.75 / 0.104 Luxia Fishing Port 1.0 3.8 / Fenghuo Fishing Port / 3.8 / Beishuang Fishing / 3.8 / Port Wen’ao Fishing Port / 3.8 / Dajing Fishing Port / / / (2) Wastewater The wastewater during the construction period is mainly of the bilge oily water and the domestic sewage from construction ships as well as the domestic sewage and the production wastewater of land constructors. Bilge Oily Water of Construction Ships As a matter of experience, Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port should have two construction ships for the peak-hour during construction and the other fishing ports should have one construction ship. See Table 3.5.2 for the production of bilge oily water and pollutants from the construction ships of the fishing ports. According to the requirements of Jiao Hai Fa [2007] No. 165 Document "Circular for Printing and Distributing 'Regulations for Management Concerning Sealing of the Shipboard Pollutant Discharging Equipment in the Coastal Waters'", the ships must have the shipboard pollutant discharging equipments sealed by the maritime sector in advance and the oily water from the ships must be accepted and treated by the unit recognized by the maritime bureau, thus the construction ships will not discharge oily water directly into the water. 83 Table 3.5.2 Discharge of Bilge Oily Water Number Sewage Discharge of Pollutants of Discharge Output of Name of Fishing Construct Amount of a Concentration Petroleum Ports Name of ion Ships Single Ship of Pollutants (kg/d) Pollutants (ship) (m3/d) (mg/l) Sansha Fishing Port, Luxia Fishing 2 0.5 Petroleum ~2000 2.0 Port Fenghuo Fishing Port, Beishuang Fishing Port, 1 0.5 Petroleum ~2000 1.0 Wen’ao Fishing Port, Dajing Fishing Port Domestic Sewage As a matter of experience, Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port have about 100 persons for site construction and land construction of the breakwater for the peak-hour during construction and the other fishing ports have about 50 persons respectively. Based on the domestic sewage output of 0.1m3 for each person every day, it is planned to rent local houses. Based on analogy survey, the pollutants source intensity of the domestic sewage during the construction period is listed in Table 3.5.3. Table 3.5.3 Discharge of Domestic Sewage During Construction Discharge of Pollutants Output of Pollutants for a Single Fishing Port (kg/d) Fenghuo Fishing Port, Concentration of Sansha Fishing Port, Beishuang Fishing Port, Name of Pollutants Pollutants Luxia Fishing Port Wen’ao Fishing Port, Dajing (mg/l) Fishing Port CODCr 450 4.5 2.25 BOD 250 2.5 1.25 SS 300 3.0 1.5 Animal and 25 0.25 0.125 Vegetable Oils NH3-N 40 0.4 0.2 ③Wastewater Produced for Construction The wastewater for construction during the construction period mainly comes from the flushing wastewater for auto mechanical equipments and the maintenance water for cement concreting. Most of the maintenance water for cement concreting is absorbed or evaporated, so the wastewater pollution effect can be neglected. The wastewater for automobile flushing is little, mainly of suspended solid, and it can be discharged after sedimentation, so the impact of it is also very small. (3) Exhaust Gas 84 The pollution source to the ambient air during the construction period of this project is mainly of construction dust and the exhaust gas emitted by the construction machines. The construction dust mainly comes from the raise dust and emission produced by the construction operation, of which, the raise dust is mainly of that from engineering automobile driving, accounting for above 60%. The scope is 50~100m for the dust on the construction site obviously raising the TSP concentration of the ambient air. Furthermore, there are also pollutant exhaust gases containing a little soot and dust, NOx, CO, THC (hydrocarbon) that produced from the fuel fired mechanical equipments running. (4) Noise The noise during construction comes from various construction work, mainly of the blasting noise from rock blasting and the noise produced by the excavator, bulldozer and large- tonnage loading truck. The mechanical noise is related to the power and working state of the equipments. According to the relevant information of Specifications for Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Construction Project (JTGB03-2006), the noise of construction machines running at full capacity is listed in Table 3.5.4. Table 3.5.4 Test Result of Construction Machine Noise Sources Distance Between Maximum Test Point and No. Type of Machines Model Sound Level Construction Lmax(dB) Machine (m) 1 Dumper 5 80 2 Wheel loader ZL50 5 90 3 Tired hydraulic excavator W4-60C 5 84 (5) Solid Waste The solid waste during the construction period is mainly of the domestic garbage of the constructors and the refuse of the construction ships. See Table 3.5.5 for the production of solid waste of the fishing ports. The solid waste produced during the construction period is collected by the sanitation departments and transported to Xiapu County municipal refuse disposal plant for landfill disposal. 85 Table 3.5.5 Production of Solid Waste Total Name of Quantit Category Output Output Major component Fishing Ports y (kg/d) Sansha Land 100 1.0kg/ 100 Fishing Port, constructor persons d·person Luxia Construction 2 ships 10kg/d·ship 20 Plastic product, dunnage Fishing Port ship waste, lining waste, Fenghuo Land 50 1.0kg/ 50 rejected packaging bag, Fishing Port, constructor persons d·person food waste and other waste Beishuang such as rag, rejected Fishing Port, bottles and cans, waste Wen’ao Construction 1 ship 10kg/d·ship 10 paper Fishing Port, ship Dajing Fishing Port Furthermore, the foundation trench excavation quantity of the south breakwater of Sansha Central Fishing Port is 968,381m3, that of the west breakwater is 675,024m3, totally 1,643,405m3. All the excavation quantity is filled with cutter suction dredger directly to Phase I Project Area of Sansha Fishing Port on the north of this project area for sea reclamation. The dredging quantity of Luxia fishing port basin is 12,960m3, planned to be used for the reclamation of the north area of 7.4ha where management buildings will be held. Dajing Fishing Port has the dredging of 124,000m3, mainly of coarse sand. After screening, it can be used as the supplementary for Dajing beach. 3.5.1.2 Analysis of non-pollution effect factors The impact of non-pollution factors on the environment during the construction period is mainly of the impact on the benthos resource loss caused by engineering construction, the impact on marine environment of packing sediment by blasting and the impact of suspended solids into the sea for construction on the erosion and deposition environment of the project sea area. ① Impact of the suspended solids into the sea for construction on the erosion and deposition environment of the project sea area Under the action of ocean current and waves, the silt fell into the sea during the process of breakwater dump-filling may migrate, diffuse and settle to cause local siltation to the sea area nearby. ②Impact on the benthos resource This project includes the engineering of breakwater, seawall and dock construction. The engineering construction will permanently take some inter- and sub-tidal zones cause permanent loss of the benthos resource inhabited. 86 3.5.2 Analysis of impacts during the operation period 3.5.2.1 Analysis of pollution effect factors (1) Source of water pollution According to the different sources, the sewage during the operation period can be classified into port sewage, sewage from the arrived ships, initial rain sewage of the dock surface, etc. ①Port Sewage For Phase II engineering construction of the planned Sansha Central Fishing Port, the fish unloading dock covers an area of 3476m2, the flushing sewage output is about 52.1t/d. The wastewater from fish processing was included in Phase 1 project and is estimated at 600t/d. The planned Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port is divided into two areas of the south and the north. The north area is planned for fish unloading, dealing, stockyard, management, parking, warehousing, refrigeration and processing; the south area is planned for stockyard, drying, fishermen relocation zone and comprehensive service zone. See Table 3.5.5 for the production of pollutants of the areas. The sewage discharge for the north is 159t/d and the sewage discharge for the south is 242t/t, 401t/d in all. According to the feasibility study unit, the planned Fenghuo Fishing Port, Beishuang Fishing Port, Dajing Fishing Port and Wenao Fishing Port have only the operation of fish unloading, without the operation of fish sorting. Therefore, only the sewage for flushing the dock surface is taken into consideration, estimated to be about 4.5t/d, 4.5t/d, 7.5t/d,and 4.5t/d for Fenghuo, Beishuang, Dajing and Wenao respectively. The key pollutants of the port sewage is COD, ammonia nitrogen, etc., which should be discharged after being treated with the sewage treatment plant and reaching Class-1 discharge standard of Table 4 in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978- 1996). Table 3.5.6 Production of Wastewater in Sansha Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Sansha Fishing Fish unloading 3476 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 52.1 Port 87 Table 3.5.7 Production of Wastewater in Luxia Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Fishing 5300 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 79.5 unloading 3 2 Trading zone 7000 Flushing sewage 0.01m /m ·d 70 Stockyard 3300 / Luxia Management Fishing Sewage from 10 zone and park 7200 0.15m3/d·person 1.5 Port 北地 lot workers 块 Warehousing 12200 / Sewage output Refrigeration Annual processing 10% of the and processing 14500 volume of fishery 8 processing zone harvesting 20,000 ton volume Stockyard 33000 / Stockyard 8500 / Drying area 17000 / Luxia Fishermen Covering an Sewage from 800 Fishing relocation zone area of 8500 80 (during fishermen during 0.10m3/d·person Port 南地 (rescue center (building area typhoon typhoon) inside) of 2500m2) 块 Sewage from 900 Comprehensive residents in the 28600 0.18m3/d·person 162 service zone comprehensive service zone Table 3.5.8 Production of Wastewater in Fenghuo Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Fenghuo Fishing Fish unloading 300 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 4.5 Port Table 3.5.9 Production of Wastewater in Beishuang Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Beishuang Fishing Fish unloading 300 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 4.5 Port Table 3.5.10 Production of Wastewater in Dajing Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Dajing Fishing Fish unloading 500 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 7.5 Port 88 Table 3.5.11 Production of Wastewater in Wenao Fishing Port Area Pollution Discharge of Location Major Zone Area (m2) Sewage Source Producing Sewage Coefficient (t/d) Wenao Fishing Fish unloading 300 Flushing sewage 0.015m3/m2·d 4.5 Port ②Sewage from the Arrived Ships The ship sewage is mainly of bilge oily water and domestic sewage from ships. The ship sewage is mainly of bilge oily water and domestic sewage from ships. According to the feasibility study report, Sansha Fishing Port is estimated to have 612 ships in the future; Luxia Fishing Port up to 882 ships, Dajing Fishing Port up to 109 ships. Based on survey, the bilge oily water from the arrived ships is 20kg each ship on average and the oil content of the sewage can reach 2000mg/l. It is learnt that the water consumption of crew members per capita is about 0.15t/d. The pollutant producing coefficient counts as 0.8 and the manpower quota counts as 3 persons. Thus it is estimated that the bilge oily water output of the fishing boats arrived at Sansha Fishing Port is about 12.24t/d; that of the fishing boats to Luxia Fishing Port is about 17.6t/d; that of the fishing boats to Dajing Fishing Port is about 2.18t/d. It is estimated that the maximum domestic sewage output of the fishing boats arrived at Sansha Fishing Port is about 220.3t/d; that of the fishing boats to Luxia Fishing Port is about 317.5t/d; that of the fishing boats to Dajing Fishing Port is about 39.2t/d. According to the requirements of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 or MARPOL 73/78 and its amendments, the arrived ships should provide oil water separator for themselves; the bilge oily water during ship running should be treated by themselves and then discharged underway, discharge into the port area prohibited. In case the fishing boats have no treatment equipments such as oil water separation device or their equipments can't work normally, the port area should carry out the acceptance and treatment. Since the fishing boats of this project are mostly small-sized fishing boats, it's impractical to treat the domestic sewage and bilge oil-contaminated water by themselves in accordance with the requirements of the relevant criteria. To avoid random discharge of wastewater from the fishing boats, it is suggested, after approval of the competent fishery administration, to respectively collect the domestic sewage and the bilge oil-contaminated water produced from the fishing boats, then deliver all to the sewage treatment station ashore of the port area and discharge after reaching Class-1 discharge standard of Table 4 in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). ③Initial Rain Sewage The rain sewage of dock surface is intermittent pollution source. Based on survey, due to the loss of fishery harvesting marine products and the discard of rot, usually the contaminant 89 concentration of first 0.5h rain water is greater, COD even as high as 200mg/L, and the rain water afterwards has less pollutants. The initial rain sewage should be discharged after being treated into the sewage treatment equipments through drainage and reaching Class-1 standard of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard. The annual average rainfall is 1800mm in the project area. Counting the instantaneous maximum rainfall as 5mm and the centralized fish unloading area on the dock of Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port as 2000m2, the initial rain sewage on the dock to be treated is 10m3/time; that of Dajing, Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wenao is about 5m3, 1m3, 1m3 and 1m3 respectively. ④Summary of the Sewage Source Intensity See Table 3.5.12~Table 3.5.16 for the production and discharge of sewage during the operation period of the six Fishing Port. Table 3.5.12 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Sansha Fishing Port Sewage Contaminant concentration (mg/l) Quantit Ammoni Item Petrole Remark y CODCr BOD5 a SS (t/d) um Nitrogen Sewage Productio from the n Continuous fish 52.1 600 450 100 100 Wastewat discharge unloading er zone Domestic sewage 220.3 250 150 60 100 Before from ships Maximum Treatme Ship Oil- daily nt sewage contaminate discharge 12.24 100 50 2000 10 100 d water from ships Initial Rain Sewage 10 200 120 50 100 Once 89.6 58.3 24.5 19 29.5 Output 294.6 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d After Class-1 treatment Discharge Standard of — ≤100 ≤20 ≤5 ≤15 ≤70 at the target GB8978- planned 1996 sewage After treatment treatmen station of t ≤20. Phase-I ≤29.46 ≤5.9 ≤1.5 ≤4.4 Discharge 294.6 6 Project of kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Sansha Fishing Port 90 Table 3.5.13 Production and Discharge of Sewage in the North Plot During the Operation Period of Luxia Fishing Port Sewage Contaminant concentration (mg/l) Item Quantity Ammonia Remark (t/d) CODCr BOD5 Petroleum SS Nitrogen Sewage from the fish 79.5 600 450 100 100 unloading zone Sewage from the dealing 70 600 450 100 100 Domestic zone sewage Sewage from Continuous and the 1.5 250 150 60 100 discharge production management wastewater zone Sewage from the Before refrigeration 8 600 450 100 100 Treatment and processing zone Domestic sewage from 317.5 250 150 60 100 ships Maximum Ship Oil- daily sewage contaminated discharge 17.6 100 50 2000 10 100 water from ships Initial rain sewage 10 200 120 50 100 Once 178 120.8 35.2 35.6 50.4 Output 504.1 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d After Class-1 Treatment Standard Discharge at the — ≤100 ≤20 ≤5 ≤15 ≤70 of target After sewage GB8978- Treatment treatment 1996 plant of ≤50.4 ≤10 ≤2.5 ≤7.6 ≤35.3 the north Discharge 504.1 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d area 91 Table 3.5.14 Production and Discharge of Sewage in the South Plot During the Operation Period of Luxia Fishing Port Sewage Contaminant concentration (mg/l) Remark Quantit Ammoni Item CODC BOD Petroleu y a SS (t/d) r 5 m Nitrogen Sewage from Four the fishermen typhoons/ye 80 250 150 60 100 relocation ar Sout zone Before h Sewage from Continuous Treatmen plot the discharge t 162 250 150 60 100 comprehensiv e service zone 60.5 36.3 14.5 24.2 Output 242 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d After Class-1 Treatmen Discharg Standard of — ≤100 ≤20 ≤5 ≤15 ≤70 t at the e target GB8978- After sewage 1996 Treatmen treatment t ≤16. plant of Discharg ≤24.2 ≤4.8 ≤1.2 ≤3.6 242 9 the south e kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d area Table 3.5.15 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Dajing Fishing Port Sewage Contaminant concentration (mg/l) Item Quantity Ammonia Remark (t/d) CODCr BOD5 Petroleum SS Nitrogen Sewage from the Production Continuous fish unloading 7.5 600 450 100 100 wastewater discharge zone Domestic sewage 39.2 250 150 60 100 Maximum Ship from ships Before daily sewage Oil-contaminated Treatment 2.18 100 50 2000 10 100 discharge water from ships Initial rain sewage 5 200 120 50 100 Once 15.5 9.96 3.37 5.4 Output 53.88 4.36 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Class-1 Sewage Standard of treatment Discharge target — ≤100 ≤20 ≤5 ≤15 ≤70 After GB8978- station of 1996 Treatment Dajing ≤5.4 ≤1.1 ≤0.27 ≤0.8 ≤3.8 Fishing Port Discharge 53.88 kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d 92 Table 3.5.16 Production and Discharge of Sewage During the Operation Period of Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wenao Fishing Port Sewage Contaminant concentration (mg/l) Item Quantity Ammonia Remark (t/d) CODCr BOD5 Petroleum SS Nitrogen Sewage from the Production Continuous fish unloading 4.5 600 450 100 100 wastewater discharge zone Before Treatment Initial rain sewage 1 200 120 50 100 Once 2.9 2.1 0.5 Output 5.5 0 kg/d 0.55kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Sewage Class-1 Standard of treatment Discharge target — ≤100 ≤20 ≤5 ≤15 ≤70 After station of GB8978- Treatment Dajing 1996 Fishing ≤0.55 ≤0.11 ≤0.027 ≤0.08 ≤0.38 Discharge 5.5 Port kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d The wastewater generated in each fishing port is summarized in Table 3.5.17. For Sansha, the wastewater generated from the operation of Phase 1 has been taken into account. In total the fishing port will produce 894.6 t/d. These wastewater will be collected and treated. Table 3.5.17Sumamry of Wastewater Produced in each Fishing Port Total (t/d) Sansha 894.6 Luxia 746.1 Fenghuo 5.5 Dajing 53.88 Beishuang 5.5 Wen’ao 5.5 (2) Air Emissions Since the cargo is fish, during the operation process of this project, it may give out fishy smell. Furthermore, the transportation vehicles and the arrived ships may also emit exhaust gas. In the fishing ports, there are mainly vehicle drawn by man or farm truck, with less external transportation vehicles; most of the arrived ships are small-sized fishing boats. The key pollutants are dust, SO2, NOx, CO and hydrocarbon, with less source intensity and, therefore, there is also less pollution of the air. (3) Source of Noise Pollution The noises during the operation period are mainly of the noise from vehicle transportation, ship noise and domestic noise of the dealing zone at the dock. Based on analogy survey, the noise level can reach 70~85dB. (4) Solid Waste 93 The solid waste during the operation period mainly include the domestic garbage in the port area and the domestic garbage from ships, sweeping refuse, waste of fishery products and sludge from the sewage treatment station. See Table 3.5.18 for the solid waste produced from the six Fishing Port. Table 3.5.18 Output of Solid Waste During the Operation Period Fishing Port Domestic Waste of Fishery Domestic Garbage Sludge from Total Garbage in the Products from the Arrived Sewage Treatment Port Area Ships Station Sansha 1.3 500 270 30 801.3 Luxia 1.3 270 400 75 746.3 Fenghuo 0.5 125 162 1 288.5 Beishuang 0.5 105 40 1 146.5 Dajing 0.5 115 55 5 175.5 Wenao 0.5 110 40 1 151.5 Transported to Recovered as Collected by the port Transported to municipal production feed and then transported municipal waste- waste-yard for to municipal waste- yard for treatment treatment yard for disposal and treatment 3.5.2.2 Analysis of non-pollution effect factors The non-pollution factors impact during the operation period of this period is mainly the permanent occupation of sea area for engineering construction and the other port facilities cause some changes to the sea area close to the project area in flow field and flow velocity and thus have some impacts on the hydrodynamic environment and erosion & deposition environment of the sea area. 3.5.3 Risk sources The risk source for this project is ship spill. In case of fuel oil leakage accident, it may have severe impact on the water quality, ecology, aquaculture industry and fishery resources in the sea area around. 94 Chapter 4 Regional Environmental and Social Baselines 4.1 Natural Environment 4.1.1 Geographical Location The proposed fishing ports are located in the east coast of Xiapu County, Ningde City, Fujian Province. The Fujian Province is located in the southeast China and borders provinces of Zhengjiang, Jiangxi and Guangdong and faces Taiwan across the strait. The Xiapu County is located in the eastern coastal Ningde City. The geographic location is shown in the Figure 4.1-1. Fishing Port Xiapu County Ningde City Funing Bay Fuzhou City Figure 4.1-1 Geographical Location of Proposed Fishing Ports 4.1.2 Terrain and Landform 4.1.2.1 Land Area The Xiapu County covers a land area of 1,590.94km2, which is mainly composed of mountains and hills with narrow plains. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, undulating and declining in a stepping way from northwest to southeast. The peninsula and granite hilly islands in the southeast coastal is composed of low mountains, hills, valley basins, plains and intertidal 95 zones, the proportion of granite hilly is prevailing with few low mountains, hills and plains. 4.1.2.2 Sea Area The sea area of Xiapu is located within the 12n.m.territorial sea baseline, which starts from the Fuyao and Taishan Islands in the north and ends in Beijiaozui in the Lianjiang County in the south and covers an area of 295,92.6km2, accounting for 66.5% of that of Ningde City. The total intertidal zone in Xiapu County is 696km2. The land coastline is basically in the N, NE-S, SW direction, and accord with that of geological structure line, which is between Meihua, Yacheng Bay in the east and Yantian Port in the west, the linear length is less than 43km and the curve length reaches 404km with tortuosity ratio of 1:10. Both the coastline length and tortuosity ratio rank the first among all the coastal counties (cities) in Fujian, accounting for one eighth of total provincial. There are many bays within Xiapu County, such as the Yacheng Bay, Funing Bay, Sansha Bay (including Guanjingyang, Dongwuyang, Yantian Port) etc. from north to south. There are 194 islands within Xiapu County, the most in Fujian Province. 4.1.3 Geology The Xiapu County is located at the fringe of East Asia continent, that is, it’s in the Pacific Rim Neocathaysian Structural Belt which is a part of southeast coastal volcano rock belt and its geological structure is complicated. According to regional geological data and surface survey, there is no big regional fault or active fault found in proposed site and nearby area. The geology in construction site is shown in the table 4.1.1. 4.1.4 Weather and Climate Belonging to middle subtropical marine monsoon climate zone, the climate in Xiapu County is warm with four distinct seasons. The average air temperature is 18.8℃ over the years, and its extreme maximum and minimum air temperature is 38℃ and -1.2℃ respectively. Direction of both strong wind and prevailing wind is northeast, the local multi- year average relative humidity is 80%. The major disastrous weather within this area is the typhoon, which mainly happens during Jul.-Sept., the typhoon lands on Fujian in the period starting from early Apr. to late Oct.. 96 Table 4.1.1 Geological Condition in Construction Site Name of Fishing Terrain and landform Port It is located in the tidal zone and a morphologic unit of littoral facies formed due to marine accumulation; original surface is lower than low tide level. The south side of west breakwater is hill land and the east side of east breakwater are islands; due to change of tide and marine Sansha abrasion, the hill land and islands show steep slope of 35-50 degrees and hypsographic feature. The topographic elevation of the proposed field is maximum -2.77m and minimal -11.76m; the relative height difference is 8.99 m. Overall slope change is less than 5 degrees; topographic change is relatively large. The proposed site is depositional topography of littoral facies type. It is located within the port; land area is low mountain and hilly land with denudation landform and bedrock along the coast is mostly exposed; moat is formed on part of the bedrock; change of slope from land area to sea area Fenghuo is large. As observed during drilling, tide water depth at time of high tide is about 3-6 m and all drilled holes are covered by sea water when spring tide is at the time of neap tide. Elevation of the site is between -9.50--3.80 m; relative height difference is about 5.70 m; slope change is normally 1-3 degrees and maximum slope is about 7 degrees. The proposed site is depositional topography of littoral facies type. It is located within the port; land area is low mountain and hilly land with denudation landform and bedrock along the coast is Luxia mostly exposed; moat is formed on part of the bedrock; change of slope from land area to sea area is large. It is a morphologic unit formed due to neritic deposit in bay. The soil layer inside the surveyed area is mainly composed of quaternary marine deposit layer and weathered layer; base part is third intrusive granite in late Yanshan stage. Site floor is composed of smooth sea front mud flat, Dajing aquaculture area and rugged hilly land; relative relief of terrain surface is 10.39 m; overall slope change is less than 2 degrees, showing smooth topography. It is a mud flat area in tidal zone. Southeast side of the site is outstanding rock on bankside with higher topography. The proposed site is a morphologic unit formed due to neritic deposit in bay. The soil layer inside the surveyed area is mainly composed of quaternary marine deposit layer and weathered layer; base part is third intrusive granite in late Yanshan stage. Site floor is composed of smooth sea Wen’ao front mud flat, aquaculture area and rugged hilly land; ground elevation is -6.53 m at maximum and -11.4 m at minimum; relative relief of terrain surface is 4.87 m; overall slope change is less than 2 degrees, showing smooth topography. It is a mud flat area in tidal zone. Northeast side of the site is outstanding rock on bankside with higher topography. It is a morphologic unit formed due to neritic deposit in bay. The soil layer inside the surveyed area is mainly composed of quaternary marine deposit layer and weathered layer; base part is third intrusive granite in late Yanshan stage. Site floor is composed of smooth sea front mud flat, Beishuang aquaculture area and rugged hilly land; relative relief of terrain surface is 3.65 m; overall slope change is less than 2 degrees, showing smooth topography. It is a mud flat area in tidal zone. North side of the site is outstanding rock on bankside with higher topography 4.1.5 Marine Hydrology According to Report on the Design Tide Level in Coastal Area of Fujian released by Third Institute of Oceanography of State Oceanic Administration in November, 2011, the marine hydrology in project-located sea area is summarized in the table 4.1.2. 97 Table 4.1.2 Marine Hydrology Sansha Fenghuo Luxia Dajing Wen’ao Beishuang According to the analysis on the statistics of field data from 1995 to 2010 in Sansha Tide Oceanographic Station, the sea area falls into the category of regular semidiurnal tide. Tidal current is of irregular semidiurnal shallow-sea current nature; tidal movement is in the form of reversing current; flow direction is basically parallel with waterline. Current velocity is large and generally strength of ebb is greater than normal flow Tidal velocity; actual measurement of strength of ebb is 2.2 m/s and maximum flood is 1.17 Current m/s. Value of flow velocity is in vertical distribution from surface to bottom and from large to small; temporal distribution of tidal current is closely related to change of tide and turn of tidal current occurs at high/low tide; observed time of flood current is greater than time of ebb current.(From the tidal current data of Sanduao, Ningde) Highest tidal level over the years: 4.37 m; (Zero tidal level of Yellow Sea, similarly hereinafter) Lowest tidal level over the years: -3.74 m; Tidal Annual average high tidal level: 2.45 m; Level Annual average low tidal level: -1.93 m; Annual average tide range: 4.38 m; Annual maximum tide range: 7.07 m; Annual minimum tide range: 1.51 m. Extreme high water level: 4.50 m (once every 50 years) Design Design high water level: 3.09 m (tidal level at 10% of cumulative frequency of high Water tide) Design low water level: 02.83 m (tidal level at 90% of cumulative frequency of low Level tide) Extreme low water level: -3.83 m (once every 50 years) East Fujian is also a region frequently visited by typhoons. According to the provincial Typhoon weather forecasting station statistic, east Fujian hosts about 31% of typhoon landings Surge of the entire province. Among these, Sansha Port experienced 3 typhoon surges of over Wave 1 m during 1965-1979 and the largest of them was 1.84 m. Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Design Design Design Design Design Design Design Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Wave Height Height Height Height Height Height H1%=8.25m H1%=8.7m H1%=7.47m H1%=7.41m H1%=7.58m H1%=7.80m 4.1.6 Land Hydrology Many rivers in Xiapu County come from the northern mountains and flow southeastward into the sea. There’re many creeks in the north, flowing continuously throughout the year due to good forest coverage, while the creeks in the south are less with plenty of water in summer and low water in winter. The main rivers include Bei Steam, Luohan Creek, Chi Creek, all the creeks are clear with less sediment, the water quality is good. 98 (1) The Bei Creek is the largest creek in the Xiapu County, it goes from Baiyang Town and though Chongru Town to Yantian village, Xinan Town into the sea, the creek is 51km long with a basin of 285.7km2 and gross head of 910m. The average annual precipitation, runoff and flow are 1,650mm, 293 million m3 and 9.29m3/s respectively. (2) The Luohan Creek is the second largest creek in the Xiapu County, it goes from Yangli village, Baiyang Town to Hougang Bridge into the sea without other junction flow, the creek is 38km long with a basin of 206.4km2. The average annual runoff and flow are 216 million m3 and 6.9m3/s respectively. (3) The Chi Creek goes from Yangtou village, Zherong County and through Dutou village, Yacheng Town, Xiapu County, where the riverbed is gentle and around 10km flow is within the bay, then to Fengyang village, Yacheng Town into the sea. The creek is 58km long with a basin of 334km2. The average annual runoff and flow are 418 million m3 and 14.24m3/s respectively. According to Figure 4.1-2 for the water distribution within this region, there is no river flowing in sea areas near the proposed fishing ports. The three rivers described above are far from the project ports, i.e. Bei Creek and Chi Creek flows into the sea waters outside the Funing Bay area, and the Luohan Creek flows into the sea area over 17km from the nearest project port, i.e. Sansha Fishing Port. Therefore, these rivers have no impact. Figure 4.1-2 Water Distribution within this Region 99 4.1.7 Earthquake According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) and the document of Ming Construction [2002] No.37, the seismic fortification intensity of proposed fishing ports is 6 degrees, falling into Group-1 of design earthquake group, and the fundamental acceleration level of design earthquake is 0.05g, the designed characteristic period is 0.35s. The seismic fortification of structure is classified as the Class-C. 4.2 Socio-Economic Baseline 4.2.1 Administration There are 9 prefectures, 26 districts, 14 county-level cities and 45 counties under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province with a population of 34.88 million. The Xiapu County is located in the south of Ningde City, the total land and sea area within the county are 1,489.6km2 and 29,592.6km2 respectively, which is 19.9 times bigger than the former. There are 2 street agencies, 12 towns, 292 administrative villages and 23 community committees under the jurisdiction of Xiapu County. The proposed fishing ports are located in Sansha Town, Changchun Town and Haidao Town under the Xiapu County. 4.2.2 Population As statistics show, in 2011, the registered population in Xiapu County totaled 532,562, among which the female totaled 252,468 (47.4%), the urban population totaled 176,620 (33.2%), and the proportion of female and urban population is lower than the average of nation, Fujian Province and Ningde City. Total minotiry group population in Xiapu County is 47,000, accouting for 8.84%. 4.2.3 Socio-Economic Development As statistics show, by the end of 2011, the total GDP in Xiapu County had reached RMB11.5 billion, among which, the primary industry totaled RMB3.1 billion, accounting for 27%, the secondary industry totaled RMB3.7 billion, accounting for 32%, while the tertiary industry totaled RMB4.7 billion, accounting for 41%. The per capita disposable income of urban residents totaled RMB18,893 and per capita net income of rural residents totaled RMB8,195. In 2011, the proportion and growth rate of primary industry in Xiapu County were higher than the average of nation, Fujian Province and Ningde City, while the per capita net income of rural residents was higher than the average of nation, Ningde County and below the average of Fujian Province. 4.2.4 Marine Culture and Fishing As statistics show, in 2011, the aquatic products in Fujian Province totaled 60,378,000 ton, including marine products of 52,620,305 ton (87.15%) which is composed of marine culture products of 3,161,489 ton (60.06%) from 2,134,800mu sea farms and marine fishing products of 2,100,546 ton (39.92%). In 2011, the marine products in Xiapu County totaled 306,790 ton, accounting for 99.88% of aquatic products, the marine culture products accounted for 67.64% of marine products. The regional aqua-culture mainly focuses on seaweed (alga) cultivation. 100 The kelp is one of the seaweed plants and also a kind of large marine brown alga plant living in cold seawater, which belongs to the Zosteraceae species and is given the name considering its character. The kelp usually grows naturally or is cultured artificially, which is sold in dried products. The kelp in good quality looks brown, short, thick and feels gentle. The kelp is also called “vegetable for long-life”, “marine vegetable”, “iodine-containing champion”. The kelp brown is a kind of brown alga whose height is usually 2-4m and 7m at most. The kelp is divided into three parts, holdfast, shank and blade. The fork-shaped holdfast can stick to rocks on the seabed, the shank is short, heavy and cylinder-shaped and the blade is narrow like a ribbon. The kelp lives in cold seawater and is widely distributed in northern coast of China as well as pacific area in Korea, Japan and Soviet Union. The kelp has been greatly cultured in north and southeast coast of China. The kelp is very nutritious and contains much iodine, calcium, which is effective in curing thyromegaly. The kelp can be cold mixed or heated for cooking. The kelp belongs to spore plant, at first, sporangia grow on the blades, which look like pockets and contain many spores, after spores become mature, the sporangia will break and spores inside swim into the sea using two flagella. When they land in the rocks on the seabed, they will grow into kelp if the condition is appropriate. The difference of temperature and sunlight from north to south leads to the difference in growth and maturity, while the maturity of kelp living in the same sea area or seeding rope is different from each other. Therefore, the seeding time of kelp is between the late Oct. and early Nov. and the harvest time is between the mid. May and early Jul. of the next year. A fisherman is fishing seaweed from the sea 101 Dried Seaweed 4.2.5 Fishery Output Value and Aquatic Products Processing Enterprises As statistics show, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and fishery output had been increasing during 2007-2011, the proportion between stayed in 27% or so. As the statistical yearbook show, in 2011, the number of aquatic products processing enterprises in Xiapu County was 28 with the industrial output value of RMB1.23225 billion. During five years between 2007 and 2011, the proportion of fishery output to output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery had been increasing. 4.2.6 Baseline of Located Towns The proposed fishing ports are located in Sansha Town, Changchun Town and Haidao Town in Xiapu County, see the figure 4.2-1 for the situation of each town. 102 Funing Bay Dong Chong Peninsula Legend Proposed Fishing Ports Figure 4.2-1 Situation of Proposed Fishing Ports (1) Changchun Town The proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port and Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port are located in Changchun Town, where is in the southeast of Xiapu County and near the end of Dongchong Peninsula, connecting the East Sea with Dongwuyang. The Town covers an area of 153.6km2 and has 26 administrative villages and 10 villages of She Minority. Both the 84km long coastline and the 156,000mu intertidal zone rank the first in the Xiapu County. The 103 forest coverage rate in Changchun Town is over 60%. By the end of 2011, the total population of the Town had reached 58,328, including minority population of 2011. The gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery totaled RMB517.89 million, the total sown area of farm crops reached 58,979mu, the gross fishery output reached 47,293ton/mu, the fiscal revenue totaled RMB2.72 million and the rural per capita income reached RMB9,150. (2) Sansha Town The proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port is located in the Sansha Town, where is in the promontory of northeast coast of Fujian Province and 21.7km away from the Xiapu County, the Shenyang-Haikou Expressway and Wenzhou-Fuzhou Expressway go through the Town, where is also the location of nation-famous East Fujian Fishery Farm and national Class-2 Port for Taiwan Trade opening earliest in Fujian Province, it had been the important port of berthing, business, fish unloading, ice supply for coastal, Taiwan and Hongkong’s fishing vessels and passing vessels over the years and enjoyed advantageous location. The land and sea area of the Town is 63.6km2 and 100km2 respectively with a coastline of 35km. There are 27 villagers’ committees and 4 residents’ committees under the jurisdiction of Sansha Town. By the end of 2011, the total population had reached 42,716, including minority population of 1,855. The gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery totaled RMB435.78 million, the total sown area of farm crops reached 11,863mu, the gross fishery output value reached 28,239ton, the fiscal revenue totaled RMB34.74 million and the rural per capita income reached RMB9,875. (3) Haidao Town The proposed Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port and Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the Haidao Town, where is in the southeastern sea area of Xiapu County and surrounded by the sea, as well locates in the navigation hub for the Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces. The Haidao Town is composed of 43 islands such as Sishuang Islands, Fuying Island, Xiyang Island, Kuishan Island, Spur Island, Xiaoxiyang Island and so on, covering a wide sea area. The coastline is 104.5km long and the land area is 29.8km2. The Town is the only pure fishery town in the Xiapu County, over 90% labor works in fishery, the fishery revenue accounts for over 95% of that of national economy and the annual aquatic products output value accounts for 25% of that of Xiapu County. There are 6 administrative villages, 1 fishing team, 1 marine terminal, 25 villages. The total population of the Town had reached 12,220 by the end of 2011. In 2011, the gross output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery of the Town totaled RMB755.06 million, the total sown area of farm crops reached 2,908mu, the gross fishery output value reached 58,956ton, the fiscal revenue totaled RMB0.69 million and the rural per capita income reached RMB8,320. 4.2.7 Project-located Villages The Sansha Fishing Port is located in the Wu’ao village, Sansha town, the Luxia Fishing Port is located in the lvxia village, Changchun town, the Dajing Fishing Port is located in the Dajing village, Changchun town, the Fenghuo Fishing Port is located in the Fenghuo village, Sansha town, the Beishuang Fishing Port is located in the Beishuang village, Haidao town, the Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the Wen’ao village, Haidao town. (1) Baseline 104 The baseline of project-located village is listed in the table 4.2.1. Table 4.2.1 Baseline of Project-located Villages Land Area (mu) Rural Per Capita Net Hous Popu Aquacultu Per Capita Villag Farm Woo Income in Town ehol latio Labor Wastela re Area Farmland e land dland 2012 ds n nd Area (mu) Area (m) Area Area (RMB yuan) Sansh Wu’ao 903 3438 950 188 / 188 / 0.05 8100 a Chang Luxia 1379 4700 3130 70 / 110 / 0.01 7800 chun Sansh Fengh 327 1127 460 450 1260 140 140 0.40 7620 a uo Haida Beishu 687 2500 1850 100 / / / 0.04 7750 o ang Chang Dajing 2003 7300 5400 3960 / / 2000 0.54 8500 chun Haida Wen’a 200 700 460 200 / / 300 0.29 7200 o o (2) Current situation of villages In 2011, all the rural per capita disposable income of 6 project-related villages is higher than the national average while below the average of Fujian Province. Except the Wu’ao village, Luxia village and Dajing village, the Fenghuo village, Beishuang village and Wen’ao village were below the average of Ningde City. Except the Dajing village, the rest 5 villages were below the average of Xiapu County. Based on information provided by Xiapu Ethnic & Religious Affairs Bureau, there is no ethnic minority community within the project influence area. 4.2.8 Physical Cultural Resources Following the requirements of Cultural Relics Protection Law of P.R.C. and OP4.11 Physical Cultural Resources, the EIA preparation institution has surveyed within the assessment scope and visited the local authorities for cultural relics protection and villagers around the project-located area, the tomb and shrine are found in the vicinity of proposed Dajing Fishing Port based on the identification. Liu’s Tomb: built since 1940 and located in the east side of 45m to the seawall end with the shortest distance of 33m, the Liu is the villager of Dajing Village. In every Tomb- sweeping Day, the descendants come to sweep tomb and sacrifice. White Dragon Temple: The Gangli village under the Dajing administrative village has a population of 300 mainly living on fishing. The hill in the estuary to the Gangli village is composed of weathered rocks covering an area of 1200m2, where is a White Dragon Temple on the top covering 20m2, and with a altitude of 17m above the sea level. As introduced by the villagers, the fishermen in the costal Fujian believe in the Buddhism, Christianity, Mazu, Guangong, Sea Dragon King etc. The villagers in the Gangli village believe in the Sea Dragon King. The White Dragon Temple was built since 1950 as the place for worshipping, on every 1st and 15th day of the lunar month or before going fishing on the sea, the fishermen will worship in the White Dragon Temple and pray for safety. The White Dragon 105 Temple is a community sacred place, not an offically designated protected culture property. The location of two cultural resources is shown in the Figure 4.2-2. Geographical Location of Tomb and White Dragon Temple Location Sacrificial Altar under White Dragon Temple White Dragon Temple Tomb Figure 4.2-2 Physical Cultural Resources 106 4.3 Related Marine Functional Zoning 4.3.1 Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning The land and coastal area of Fujian is 121,400m2 and 136,300m2 respectively. The coastline is zigzag with many bays and islands as well as wide intertidal zones and sea areas. The coastline is between the Shangcheng, Fuding County in the north and the Gongkou, Zhao’an County in the south. The mainland coastline covers 3,752km, accounting for one fifth of the national total. The linear length is 535km and the tortuosity ratio is 1:7.0. According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning (2011-2020), the sea area in Fujian Province is divided into 8 kinds of marine basic functional zones, that is, agriculture and fishery zone, port and navigation zone, industrial and urban use, mineral and resource zone, tourism and recreation zone, marine protection zone, zone for special use, and reserved for later development zone, the provincial marine functional zoning is shown in the Figure 4.3-1. According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning, the proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port and Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “A1-04 Agriculture and Fishery Zone of Funing Bay”, the Proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port and Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “A8-02 Changbiao Reserved for Later Development Zone” and the proposed Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “B1-11 Offshore Agriculture and Fishery Zone” and the proposed Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “B6-04 Fuying Island Marine Protection Area.” According to the Comment on Sea Use of 6 Fishing Ports including Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Made by the Ocean and Fishery Bureau of Ningde City, Ninghaiyu [2013] No.221, the proposed fishing ports are ranked as the projects for the people and included in the Site Selection and Construction Plan of Fishing Ports along Fujian Coast, the construction will play an important role in increasing the capacity of berthing and sheltering, improving the marine disaster prevention and mitigation, protecting the people’s lives and property. The proposed projects conform to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning (2011-2010). 107 Figure 4.3-1 Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Zoning 108 4.3.2 Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning The types and requirements of environment hierarchical control zones of the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Plan (2011-2020) are shown in the Table 4.3.1. Fujian marine environmental classification zoning is shown in Figure 4.3-2. Table 4.3.1 Levels and Types of Marine Environment Zoning Level Types Code Environmental Monitoring & Management Legally protected nature Core and buffer zones of nature reserve; forbid reserve such as marine reserve 1.1 all developing activities irrelevant to protect the Key etc. dominant ecological function Protection Area for restricted development; developing Area Important habitat and activities with insignificant influence on 1.2 ecological functional zone ecological environment are allowed without influence on dominant ecological function. Fishery zone 2.1 Appropriately develop and use following the Controlled Tourism zone 2.2 principle of not influencing the main service Protection & function of ecological system based on the Utilization Ecological Channel zone 2.3 planning of marine functional zoning. Area with intensive developing activities. Development Monitoring Zone in Cities, 3.1 Towns, Industries and Ports Monitoring & management shall be attached & monitoring with great importance to prevent the significant area Ocean disposal zone 3.2 ecological damage and pollution. Table 4.3.2 Marine Environment Zoning for Project Areas Port Code Name Environmental Protection Requirements Protection & Use Zone Control the pollutants emission of surrounding land Sansha 2.1-4 of Fishery Environment area, protect fishery environment and control Fenghuo in Funing Bay reclamation scale Protection & Use Zone Strengthen the protection of spawning ground, of Fishery Environment breeding ground and migratory channel of fishes and Luxia 2.1-8 on sea area of east shrimps, control the pollutants emission of Dongchong Peninsula surrounding land area, protect fishery environment Protection & Use Zone Strengthen the protection of spawning ground, of Fishery Environment Beishuang 2.1-9 breeding ground and migratory channel of fishes and on sea area of east shrimps and control the fishing Ningde City Protection & Use Zone Protect island and reef ecological system, strictly Dajing 2.2-2 of Changmen-Luxia control the coastline, sandy beach occupation and Tourism Environment coastal protection forest Key Protection Area of Protect island ecological system, pollicipes mitella Wen’ao 1.2-10 Island Ecological species and ecological system System in Fuying Island 109 Figure 4.3-2 Marine Environmental Protection Classification of Fishing Port Area According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011- 2020), the proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port and Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “2.1-4 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment in Funing Bay”, the proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port is located in the “2.1-8 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment on sea area of east Dongchong Peninsula”, the proposed Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the “2.1-9 Protection & Use Zone of Fishery Environment on sea area of east Ningde City”, the proposed Dajing Fishing Port is located in the “2.2 -2 Protection & Use Zone of Changmen-Luxia Tourism Environment”, the proposed Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the “1.2-10 Key Reserve of Island Ecological System in Fuying Island”. The proposed Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the “Key Protection Area of Island Ecological System in Fuying Island”, which belongs to the “Key habitat and ecological functional zone” under the Key Protection Area category. It is not classified as “Natural reserve”. The construction won’t influence the dominant function of Island Ecological System. Therefore, the proposed projects conform to the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning. The proposed Fishing Ports are classified as the disaster prevention and mitigation 110 project with public welfare sea use. The construction and operation of the project won’t influence the key environmental functions of the project areas. Therefore, the proposed project conforms to the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning. 4.3.3 Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning According to the Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning (Minzhen [2011]No.45), the proposed Sansha Central Fishing Port is located in the “ FJ009- D-ⅡType-4 Zone of Sansha Port”, the proposed Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port, Fenghuo Class- 2 Fishing Port, Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port and Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port are located in the “FJ027-B-ⅠType-2 Zone of eastern coastal Ningde City”, the proposed Wen’ao Fishing Port is located in the “ FJ011-B-ⅡType-2 Zone of Surrounding Sea Area between Fuying Island and Xiyang Island.” Table 4.3.3 Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zones Offshore Area Target of Water Quality Name Name of Environmental Protection of Sea ID No. Functional Scope Functional Zoning Area Zone Main Auxiliary Short-term Long-term Function Function Type-2 Sea area of Marine Zone of east Ningde fishery, Breeding Type-1 Type-1 FJ027-B-Ⅰ Eastern City covering fresh and standard standard Coastal an area of seawater shipping Ningde City 4,803.31km2 supply Sea area from Qingguanlan General Type-4 in Sansha, Port industrial Type-2 Type-2 FJ009-D-Ⅱ Zone in Fenghuo shipping water use, standard standard East of Sansha Port Island, Tourism Ningde Qingyu to City Dong’ao Type-2 Zone in Sea area Surrounding between Ecological Sea Area Fuying Protection Type-2 Type-2 FJ011-B-Ⅱ between the Island and Breeding and standard standard Fuying Xiyang Tourism Island and Island, Xiapu Xiyang County Island 111 Fenghuo Fishing Port Sansha Fishing Dajing Fishing Port Port Luxia Fishing Port Beishuang Fishing Port Wen’ao Fishing Port Figure 4.3-3 Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning 112 Accoding to Figure 4.3.3, the construction of fishing ports complies with the functional requirement of these area. The proposed Fishing Ports are classified as the disaster prevention and mitigation project with nonprofit sea use, the environmental impact of the project construction is of temporary nature and won’t damage the main and auxilliary function. Therefore, the proposed project conforms to the Fujian Provincial Offshore Area Environmental Functional Zoning. 4.3.4 Other Ecological Functional Zoning According to the Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning (2010), the proposed Fishing Ports are located in the “3105 Shacheng-Beijiao Ecological Functional Zone for Offshore Sea Fishery”, see the Figure 4.3-4 and Table 4.3.4 for the Ecological Functional Zoning. The proposed project conforms to the Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning. Table 4.3.4 Related Ecological Functional Zoning in Fujian Province Components in Ecological Eco- Eco Protective Functional Zoning Main environ Location system Measures and Ecologic Ecological Ecological mental Ecologic and Area functio Development al sub- Functional Problems sensitivi al Zone n Trend zone Zone ty Properly plan the Some important aquaculture, control marine the marine fishing, economic carry out the fishing species are Maintai off system, significantly n the strengthen the decreasing, the fishery protection of Offshore coastal wetland ecologi ecological area to the is decreasing by cal environment and South of the environ bio-resources of Ⅰ3 Shacheng reclamation, , ment, islands, establish the Ⅰ Coastal 3105 Port, the dense biodive important ecological Ecologic and Shacheng- Fuding breeding Key rsity in functional reserve al Zone offshore Beijiao City and to worsens the halobios islands, for fishery waters, in East, sea area Ecological the north water quality in biotope coastal properly plan the Middle, ecologica Functional of Huangqi partial waters, medium- and marine and costal North, l sub- Zone for Peninsula, the alien species sensitive island projects within the West zone in Offshore Luoyuan called Spartina tourism Shacheng Port, Fujian east Sea Fishery County, occupy some ecologi control the Fujian which shallows and cal unnecessary cover an endanger the environ reclamation, area of ecology, the ment, strengthen the 3,649km2 port, urban and port prevention and industrial shippin treatment of port discharge g discharge and oil influences the pollution accidents, water control the port, environment of urban and industrial coastal waters discharge 113 Figure 4.3-4 Fujian Provincial Ecological Functional Zoning 4.4 Construction Planning of Fishing Ports As stipulated in the Site Selection and Construction Plan of Fishing Ports along Fujian Coast (2009 -2018), the targets of the planning include “Considering the current situation of coastal economic development in Fujian Province as well as the requirements of fishery development and disaster prevention and mitigation, comprehensively consider the fishery resources, proportion of fishery economy, fishing vessels quantity, current situation of fishing ports and natural conditions in different places, then plan to construct 167 fishing ports (4 central fishing ports, 15 Class-1 fishing ports, 59 Class-2 fishing ports and 89 Class- 3 fishing ports) and 16 shelter anchorages in the short term (2009-2013) on the basis of current fishing ports, to provide sheltered waters for 83% of fishing vessels. It's also planned to construct or reconstruct 72 fishing port in the long term (2014-2018), including 7 central fishing ports, 6 Class-1 fishing ports, 19 Class-2 fishing ports and 40 Class-3 fishing ports, to provide sheltered waters for 97% of fishing vessels, basically establish the standard system of fishing ports with proper layout, optimized structure, complementary function, complete facilities and services, good ecology and sustainable development, which will lay the foundations for comprehensively constructing the system of disaster prevention and mitigation. The proposed 2nd Stage of Sansha Central Fishing Port, 2nd Stage of Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port, Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port, Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port, Luxia Class-2 Fishing Port, Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port all belong to the construction projects in the Planning. 114 4.5 Planning of Provincial-level Scenic Area of Dongchong Peninsula The Provincial-level scenic spot in Funing Bay was included in the 7th batch of scenic spots issued by Fujian People’s Government in 2007, which was renamed to Provincial-level scenic spot in Dongchong Peninsula in the No.17 document of Fujian People’s Government issued in January 2010. The planning covers an area of 187.8km2, including marine area of 90.2km2, island of 4km2 and land area of 93.6km2. Based on the current landscape and infrastructure, the landscape system will be expanded from the center to southern and northern edges centering on Gaoluo and Dajing, to form a coastal sightseeing zone from Beach of Funing Bay to Haidao Town with the core sightseeing zone locating in Gaoluo and Dajing scenic spots. The proposed Luxia Fishing Harbor and Dajing Fishing Harbor are located within the Provincial-level scenic spot in Dongchong Peninsula, the Dajing scenic spot includes attractions of Dajing Castle, Dajing Beach, Xiaojing Beach, Danwan Beach, Dajing Tea Farm, Weiyu, Zhongyu, Jiabei Mountain, Qiyu, Chaoxie Reef, Yuzhai Island, Bijiashan Island. The Luxia scenic spot include attractions of Luxia Beach, Xiao’lv Beach, Luxia Castle, Aged Banyan Trees, Anlanhouguan, Yanduiwei Pennisula, Xiawei Island, Jinyu etc. Figure 4.5-1 Planning of Provincial-level Scenic Spot in Dongchong Peninsula (Partial) 115 4.6 Marine Protection Areas 4.6.1 Fuying Island Marine Protection Area According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Planning (2011-2020), the Fuying Island Marine Protection Area covering 8,702ha was established to ensure the sea use of marine reserve, the requirement of marine environmental protection is defined as “focus on protecting Pollicipes mitella species and island landscape, strictly follow the requirements of marine special reserve.” Till now, there is no dedicated managemet agency established for the protection area. The marine protection station under the Haidao Town Government has is responsible for for the marine environmental protection within the jurisdiction. Fuying Island is the largest island within the protection area, with two administrative villages of Li’ao and Wen’ao under the Haidao Town, the rest islands are uninhabited islands. The Li’ao village has a population of 1,100 with established dock for land -island transportation and Class-3 fishing port. The Wen’ao village has a population of 700 with established dock for land-island transportation and natural shelter bay. There are few farmland on the Fuying Island, the per capita farmland area is only 0.02ha in the Wen’ao village. People on the Island live on fishing, they have raised the money to establish the Fuying Tianniuding Livestock cooperative and bred hundreds of flocks and herds. The rocks along the coast of Fuying Island with many cracks are suitable for the growth of Pollicipes mitella (turtle foot) species due to the natural geological factors. Shelter Bay of Wen’ao Village Dock for Land-Island Transport in Wen’ao Village Class-3 Fishing Port in Li’ao Village Dock for Land-Island Transport in Li’ao Village 116 Scope of Fuying Island Marine Protection Area 117 Coastal Landform of Fuying Island 4.6.2 Fuyao Islands Marine Protection Area The fishing port closest to Fuyao Islands is Fenghuo Class-2 Port that is 1.7 km away. According to the Fujian Provincial Marine Functional Planning (2011-2020), the Fuyao Islands Marine Reserve covering 3,807ha was established to ensure the sea use of marine reserve and encourage the national ocean park construction, the requirement of marine environmental protection is defined as “focus on protecting natural resources, birds and island landscape, strictly follow the requirements of marine special reserve.” Till now, there is no marine protection administration established for the Reserve, while the located Yushan Town People’s Government has established the compulsory monitoring team cooperating with the fishery authorities to strengthen the monitoring on ecological environment of uninhabited islands and surrounding sea area as well as the resources such as the shellfish and seaweed, to stop the illegal behaviors like wasteful shellfish and seaweed collection, fishing by electricity or blasting, ecological environment destruction etc. What the Yushan Town had done to protect and manage the uninhabited islands and marine resources was recognized and praised by the Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries. On Dec.21, 2012, the Fuyao Islands in Fuding City was approved to establish the National Ocean Park, many tourists land on the Yushan Island for sightseeing every year due to local beautiful scenes. Yushan Island is the largest island in the Reserve covering an area of 2,212ha, the Yushan Town is one of twelve island towns in Fujian Province with a population of 5,600, the 500dwt dock for land-island transport is important to connect with the land, the local power and water supply facilities are complete and the traffic, living, travel is convenient. The Mazu Class-2 Fishing Port was established in Yushan Island in 2005, including one fishery dock (43m long with 350m seawall). Besides, there are over 30 aquatic products processing enterprises and 3 cold storage plants, the output of fishery products processing in 118 2009 reached 12,400t. The Mazu Fishing Port Construction & Development Co. Ltd., Yushan Island, Fuding City applied for constructing the Mazu Class-1 Fishing Port, Yushan Island, which had been approved by the Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries in Sept. 2013. Dock for Land-Island Transport in Mazu Class-2 Fishing Port in Yushan Yushan Island Island Fuyao Island Marine Protection Area belongs to jurisdiction of Fuding City north of Ningde City. The proposed fishing ports are not located within the protection area. The nearest fishing port, Fenghuo Fishing Port, is 1.7km away from the boundary of the Protection Area. 119 Chapter 5 Ecological & Environmental Quality Baseline 5.1 Marine Ecological Environment Baseline This section summarizes baseline infomraiton of marine bathemetry, hydrodynamics marine and terrestrial ecology, species inventory, water quality, sediments quality that were studied during EA preparation. Detailed data is included in Annex C. 5.1.1 Hydrology (1) Hydrology Characteristics The sea area of Xiapu is located within the 12n.m. territorial sea baseline, which starts from the Fuyao and Taishan Islands in Fuding City in the north and ends in Beijiaozui in Lianjiang County in the south and covers an area of 295,92.6km2 (18.6 times bigger than the land area of Xiapu), accounting for 66.5% sea area of Ningde City. The intertidal zone in Xiapu County covers an area of 696km2. (2) Hydrology & Sediment Survey 16 observation stations for current direction and velocity and 2 observation stations for tidal level were established in the surveyed sea area, which is shown in the figure 5.1-1 and table 5.1.1. Table 5.1.1 Condition of Hydrological Observation Monitoring Place Monitoring Institution Monitoring Time #4-#10 Observation Ningbo Marine Environmental Spring Tide: a.m.9:00 on Apr. 25- a.m. 11:00 Station for flow Monitoring Central Station under on Apr. 26, 2013 (Mar.16-17 of the lunar direction and rate the State Oceanic Administration month), #1-#3 Observation Neap Tide: a.m.8:00 on May 2- a.m. 11:00 on Station for flow East Fujian Marine May 3, 2013 (Mar.23-24 of the lunar month) direction and rate Environmental Monitoring HDT01-HDT06 Central Station under the State Observation Station Spring Tide: a.m.9:00 on Jun. 7- a.m. 9:00 on Oceanic Administration for flow direction Jun. 8, 2013 (Apr.18-19 of the lunar month) and rate East Fujian Marine Sansha Tidal Environmental Monitoring From a.m.0:00 on Apr. 20- p.m. 11:00 on May Observation Station Central Station under the State 5, 2013, 16 days totally Oceanic Administration Luxia Temporary Ningbo Marine Environmental From p.m.6:00 on Apr. 24- a.m. 12:00 on May Tidal Observation Monitoring Central Station under 3, 2013, 9 days totally Station the State Oceanic Administration 5.1.2 Hydrodynamic Environment Tides of the sea area are irregular semidiurnal tides considering the result of hydrological observation. As indicated in the observation result, the reversing currents are mostly seen in #8, #9, #10, HDT01 and HDT05 observation stations with the rotational mixed current pattern, the currents in #1-#7, HDT02, HDT03, HDT04 and HDT06 stations are all rotating. The flow rate is high in spring tide and low in neap tide and the maximum velocity of flood and ebb tide is 107cm/s and 130cm/s respectively. Viewed from the variation characteristics of tidal currents, the flow rate in south of surveyed area is higher than that in the north not only in 120 average but also the maximum value. Viewed from the vertical distribution, the maximum flow rate of each observation station is usually seen in the surface or the 0.2H layer, the flow rate decreases with the water depth. The tidal currents of the sea area belong to the regular semidiurnal shallow currents. The residual current velocity of spring and neap tide in surveyed sea area is 8.7cm/s and 8.3cm/s respectively, the maximum is seen in the 0.2H layer of #5 station in the spring tide, whose value is 22.3cm/s and the direction is 82º. The residual current direction of #8, #9, HDT01, HDT05 stations is similar to that of the spring tide and the rest is similar to that of the ebb tide. 5.1.3 Sediment, Erosion and sedimentation As indicated in the hydrological observation result, the maximum and minimum sediment concentration in surveyed sea area is 0.316kg/m3 and 0.004kg/m3 respectively, both seen in the flood and spring tide. The maximum sediment concentration in spring and ebb tide is 0.316kg/m3 and 0.292kg/m3 respectively and the mean sediment concentration is measured at 0.049kg/m3 and 0.039kg/m3 during spring tide and neap tide respectively. Vertical sediment concentration varies greatly and increases with water depth, the maximum and minimum sediment concentration is seen in bottom and surface layer respectively. During the spring tide, the sediment discharge in #5, #7, #10 and HDT03 station is in the direction of ebb tide and the rest is in the direction of flood tide. During the neap tide, the sediment discharge in #4, #5, #7 and #10 station is in the direction of ebb tide and the rest is in the direction of flood tide. Figure 5.1-1 Location of Survey & Observation Stations for Hydrology and Sediment 121 5.2 Monitoring and Assessment on Seawater Quality The special marine environmental survey institutions, that is, Ningbo Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station and East Fujian Environmental Monitoring Central Station under the State Oceanic Administration carried out the specific marine environmental survey and monitoring during the EIA report preparation, which involved the components of seawater quality, sediment, bio-quality and marine ecology etc., the location of survey stations and survey content are shown in the figure 5.2-1. The paragraph 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 describe the survey result and assessment conclusion of each component. 5.2.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Survey Content (1) Monitoring time and stations location: As to the seawater quality survey in spring, on Apr.27 (spring tide period) and May 4, 2013 (neap tide period), survey of seawater quality was conducted by analyzing the bottom, surface water samples collected at high tide and low tide respectively. 81 stations (#1-#81 stations) were included in the survey, please refer to Figure 5.2-1 for stations layout in detail. The seawater quality survey in autumn was conducted on Sept.6 (spring tide period) and Aug.26, 2013 (neap tide period) respectively. 22 stations (#37, #38, #43-#46, #50-#54, #58, #60-#62, #65-#67, #69-#72 stations) were included in the survey, please refer to Figure 5.2-1 for stations layout in detail. Figure 5.2-1 Location of Stations for Marine Environmental Monitoring 122 (2) Monitored items Monitored items included water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, active phosphate, petroleum, suspended solids, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic, etc. Please refer to Appendix C for the analysis method of seawater quality. (3) Method of sampling The surface water samples were collected with an organic glass sampler while oily water samples were collected with a QCC9-1 thrown-to-float surface sampler. Except the samples for petroleum collected from the surface layer, samples for other indicators were collected from the bottom and surface layers, when the water depth was higher than 10m, the samples were collected from both layers, when the depth was no lower than 10m, only the samples from the surface layer was collected. 5.2.2 Assessment method and standard (1) Assessment method The single-factor index method applies to the assessment. (2) Assessment standard According to Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011- 2020), observation stations within the surveyed area follow the Type-1 or Type-2 standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997), please refer to Table 5.2.1 for various categories of water quality standards. Table 5.2.1 Assessment Standard of Seawater Quality for Observation Stations Seawater Bio- No. Sediment Location of Observation Stations Quality quality #1, #2, #4-#12, #14-#17, #19-#21, #24-#27, #29-#32, #37, 1 Type-2 Type-1 Type-1 #44, #43, #50, #51, #63-#65, #68-#71, #73-#76, #78-#81 #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28, #33-#36, #38-#42, #45-#49, 2 Type-1 Type-1 Type-1 #52-#62, #66, #67, #72, #77 5.2.3 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Seawater Quality in Spring (1) Monitoring Result The monitoring result of seawater quality in spring is shown in the table 5.2.2. 123 Table 5.2.2 Summary of Seawater Quality Monitoring Result in Spring Normal value Monitored Monitoring range value mg/L Meeting standards or not items Type-1 Type-2 Water temperature 15.80℃～19.62℃ - - - Salinity 27.46～30.82 - - - #3, #9, #13, #16-#18, #21-#23, #27, pH 7.81～8.92 7.8～8.5 #28, #33 stations no, other stations yes #21, #22 stations no, other stations DO 6.95 mg/L～15.96mg/L 6 5 yes #2, #3, #5, #6, #13, #16, #18, #20- COD 0.42 mg/L～7.12mg/L 2 3 #23, #26-#28, #30, #33 stations no, other stations yes Inorganic #78, #70, #75, #79 stations yes, other nitrogen 0.233 mg/L～1.485mg/L 0.20 0.30 stations no #1, #2, #4-#10, #17, #19-#21, #24, #26, #29-#31, #37, #44, #43, #50, Active 0.0009 mg/L～0.0400 mg/L 0.015 0.030 #51, #63-#65, #68-#71, #73, #74, phosphate #76, #78-#81 stations yes, other stations no Suspended solids 6.3 mg/L～232.7mg/L - - - Petroleum 0.010 mg/L～0.045mg/L 0.05 Yes Copper 0.46μg/L～3.50μg/L 0.005 0.010 Yes Zinc 7.44μg/L～27.44μg/L 0.020 0.050 #3, #13 stations no, other stations yes Cadmium 0.015μg/L～0.290μg/L 0.001 0.005 Yes Chromium 0.05μg/L～2.92μg/L 0.05 0.10 Yes #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28, #33 Mercury 0.008μg/L～0.072μg/L 0.00005 0.0002 stations no, other stations yes #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28, #33-#35, #38-#42, #45-#49, #52-#55, #57-#62, Lead 0.20μg/L～2.14μg/L 0.001 0.005 #66, #67, #72 stations no, other stations yes Arsenic 0.74μg/L～2.30μg/L 0.020 0.030 Yes Water temperature: water temperature of the surveyed sea area ranged from 15.8℃ to 19.62℃; Salinity: salinity of the surveyed sea area ranged from 27.46 to 30.82; Suspended solids: content of suspended sediment ranged from 6.3mg/L to 232.7mg/L in the surveyed sea area; pH: The pH ranged from 7.81 to 8.92 in the surveyed sea area since some stations were affected by the red tide during the survey of neap tide, pH-value of #3, #9, #13, #16-#18, #21-#23, #27, #28, #33 stations in the surveyed area didn’t meet the Type -1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while other stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. DO: DO content ranged greatly from 6.95mg/L to 15.96mg/L in the surveyed area due to the impacts from the red tide. DO-value of #22 station didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater 124 quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); the value of #21 station didn’t meet the Type-2 seawater quality standard, while other stations meet corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. COD: COD of the surveyed sea area ranged greatly from 0.42mg/L to 7.12mg/L, COD- value of #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28, #30 and #33 stations in the surveyed area didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); the COD-value of #2, #5, #6, #16, #20, #21, #26, #27 stations didn’t meet the Type-2 seawater quality standard, while other stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Inorganic nitrogen: inorganic nitrogen content ranged greatly from 0.233mg/L to 1.485mg/L in the surveyed sea area. Except that the value in #70, #75, #78 and #79 stations in the surveyed area met the Type-2 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the value in rest stations didn’t meet the standard. Active phosphate: active phosphate content ranged greatly from 0.0009mg/L to 0.04mg/L in the surveyed sea area due to the impacts of red tide. Except that the value of #1, #2, #4-#10, #17, #19-#21, #24, #26, #29-#31, #37, #43, #44, #50, #51, #63-#65, #68-#71, #73, #74, #76, #78-#81 stations in the surveyed area met the Type-2 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the value in rest stations didn’t meet the standard. Petroleum: the petroleum content of the surveyed sea ranged from 0.010mg/L to 0.045mg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Copper: copper content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.46μg/L to 3.50μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Lead: lead content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.20μg/L to 2.14μg/L, lead of #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28, #33-#35, #38-#42, #45-#49, #52-#55, #57-#62, #66, #67, #72 stations didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the rest stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Zinc: zinc content ranged from 7.44μg/L to 22.79μg/L, except that the zinc of #3, #13 and #20 stations in the surveyed area didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997), the rest stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Cadmium: cadmium content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.015μg/L to 0.290μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Chromium: chromium content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.05μg/L to 2.92μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Mercury: mercury content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.008μg/L to 0.072μg/L, except that the mercury of #3, #13, #18, #22, #23, #28 and #33 stations in the surveyed area met the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997), the rest stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Arsenic: arsenic content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.74μg/L to 2.30μg/L, all 125 the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. In a word, except the parts affected by the red tide, the seawater quality in surveyed sea area is generally good. All the monitoring indicators can meet the corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones except the inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and lead, zinc, mercury in some stations. As shown in the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Bulletin in 2012, the content of inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate was relatively high, which were the main factors over standard, while the heavy metals basically met the Type-2 seawater quality standard. Therefore, the survey result is accord with the Bulletin, while some monitored items such as inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate, lead doesn’t meet the standard due to the impacts of offshore environment in Fujian Province. (2) Data comparison and analysis ①Comparison with the neighboring bays As indicated in the table 5.2.3, the inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate in offshore Fujian is generally high mainly affected by the land-sourced pollutants and marine culture. Besides, affected by the red tide during the neap tide period (May 4), the survey results of pH, DO, COD, inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate were found abnormal in some stations in northern surveyed sea area. Table 5.2.3 Comparison with Seawater Quality in Neighboring Bays Bay Funing Sansha Dongshan Meizhou Monitored Item (Apr. 2013) (May 2013) (Nov. 2011) (Jul. 2011) pH 7.81～8.92 7.81～8.09 7.85～8.12 7.69～8.24 COD(mg/L) 0.42～7.12 0.50～0.86 0.4～2.8 0.26～0.95 DO(mg/L) 6.95～15.96 7.22～8.25 7.40～8.90 5.92～8.99 Inorganic nitrogen 0.233～1.485 0.591～1.020 0.231～0.822 0.011～0.310 (mg/L) Active phosphate (mg/L) 0.0009～0.0400 0.020~0.044 0.014～0.023 0.006～0.056 Lead(μg/L) 0.20～2.14 0.80～2.49 0.4～3.9 ND～0.75 Mercury(μg/L) 0.008～0.072 ND~0.038 0.007～0.036 0.03～0.09 Zinc(μg/L) 7.44～27.44 3.2～13.9 4.06～18.77 5.50～19.3 ②Seawater quality assessment for ecological-sensitive area The assessment scope involved the Fuyao Islands and Fuying Island Key Reserves of Island Ecological System belonging to the “Important habitat and ecological functional zone” under the “Key Protection Area” specified in the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011-2020), the seawater quality followed the Type-2 Standard. The developing activities with insignificant impact on ecological environment can be carried out as long as it does not influence its dominant ecological function. The environmental protection requirements to Fuyao Islands Reserve is to protect the islands ecological system and coastal tourism resources from damages on vegetation, human landscape as well as the ecological environment in surrounding islands; the environmental protection requirements to Fuying Islands Reserve is to protect the islands ecological system and Pollicipes mitella species and its ecological system. It’s shown in the table 5.2.4 that inorganic nitrogen is found excessive in both islands, which is affected by the frequent 126 human activities and surrounding marine culture. Affected by the red tide during the neap tide period, the survey results of pH, COD, inorganic nitrogen were abnormal in surrounding sea area. 127 Table 5.2.4 Over-standard Conditions in Ecological-sensitive Area No. Name Station Location Over-standard conditions COD: 41% more than standard； 6 Inorganic nitrogen: 200% more than standard Fuyao Islands Key Reserves pH: 0.2% more than standard 1 of Island Ecological System 9 Inorganic nitrogen: 240% more than standard Inorganic nitrogen: 11 256% more than standard Inorganic nitrogen: 64 24% more than standard Inorganic nitrogen: 65 Fuying Island Key Reserves of 31% more than standard 2 Island Ecological System Inorganic nitrogen: 70 43% more than standard Inorganic nitrogen: 71 40% more than standard (3) Conclusion The seawater quality monitoring carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①The seawater samples were taken from 81 observation stations in the high and low tide, including the project-located area and ecological-sensitive area (Fuyao Islands and Fuying Island Key Reserves of Island Ecological System). ②Except that the contents of inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate in the surveyed sea area was 50% more than the standard and excessive pH, DO, COD, Lead, Zinc, Mercury was found in some stations, the petroleum, cooper, cadmium, chromium, arsenic in each station meets the seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Affected by the red tide during the neap tide period, the survey results of pH, DO, COD, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate were found abnormal in stations of northern surveyed sea area. ③The inorganic nitrogen was found excessive in the Fuying Island Reserve which was affected by the land-sourced pollutants and surrounding marine culture. Affected by the red tide during the neap tide period, the survey results of pH, COD and inorganic nitrogen were found abnormal in the periphery of Fuyao Islands. ④In a word, except some stations affected by the red tide, the seawater quality in the surveyed area is generally good. The inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and lead etc. was found excessive due to the offshore environmental impacts in Fujian Province. 5.2.4 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Seawater Quality in Autumn (1) Monitoring Result The monitoring result of seawater quality is shown in the table 5.2.5. 128 Table 5.2.5 Summary of Seawater Quality Monitoring Result in Autumn Normal value Monitored Monitoring range value mg/L Meeting standards or not items Type-1 Type-2 Water temperature 22.47℃～29.71℃ - - - Salinity 30.42～34.00 - - - pH 7.87～8.19 7.8～8.5 Yes #38, #45, #46, #52-#54, #58, #60- DO 4.96 mg/L～6.86mg/L 6 5 #62, #66, #67, #72 stations no, other stations yes COD 0.41 mg/L～1.94mg/L 2 3 Yes Inorganic 0.0182 mg/L～ 0.20 0.30 #37, #43, #69, #70 stations yes, nitrogen 0.4304mg/L other stations no Active 0.0057 mg/L～0.0343 #37, #44, #43, #50, #51 stations 0.015 0.030 phosphate mg/L yes, other stations no Suspended 6.0 mg/L～98.3mg/L - - - solids Petroleum 0.018 mg/L～0.045mg/L 0.05 Yes Copper 0.44μg/L～2.84μg/L 0.005 0.010 Yes #38, #45, #53, #54, #58, #60, #61, Zinc 5.95μg/L～25.13μg/L 0.020 0.050 #72 stations no, other stations yes Cadmium 0.032μg/L～0.141μg/L 0.001 0.005 Yes Chromium 0.20μg/L～1.07μg/L 0.05 0.10 Yes 0.0000 Mercury ND～0.066μg/L 0.0002 Yes 5 #38, #45, #46, #52-#54, #58, #60- Lead 0.39μg/L～2.42μg/L 0.001 0.005 #62, #66, #67, #72 stations no, other stations yes Arsenic 0.77μg/L～2.19μg/L 0.020 0.030 Yes Note: The detection limit of Hg is 0.007μg/L, ND represents not detected. Water temperature: water temperature of the surveyed sea area ranged from 22.47℃ to 29.71℃; Salinity: salinity of the surveyed sea area ranged from 30.42 to 34.00; Suspended solids: content of suspended sediment ranged from 6.0mg/L to 98.3mg/L in the surveyed sea area; pH: The pH ranged from 7.81 to 8.19 in the surveyed sea area and all stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. DO: DO content ranged greatly from 4.96mg/L to 6.86mg/L in the surveyed area due to the impacts from the red tide. DO-value of #45, #46, #52-#54, #58, #60-#62, #66, #67, #72 stations didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); the value of #38 station didn’t meet the Type-2 seawater quality standard, while other stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. COD: COD of the surveyed sea area ranged greatly from 0.41mg/L to 1.94mg/L in the 129 surveyed area and all stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Inorganic nitrogen: inorganic nitrogen content ranged greatly from 0.0182mg/L to 0.4304mg/L in the surveyed sea area. Except that the value in #37, #43, #69 and #70 stations in the surveyed area met the Type-2 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the value in rest stations didn’t meet the standard. Active phosphate: active phosphate content ranged greatly from 0.0057mg/L to 0.0343mg/L in the surveyed sea area. Except that the value of #37, #43, #44, #50, #51 stations met the Type-2 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the value in rest stations didn’t meet the standard. Petroleum: the petroleum content of the surveyed sea ranges from 0.018mg/L to 0.045mg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Copper: copper content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.44μg/L to 2.84μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Lead: lead content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.39μg/L to 2.42μg/L, lead of #38, #45, #46, #52-#54, #58, #60-#62, #66, #67, #72 stations didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997); while the rest stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Zinc: zinc content ranged from 7.44μg/L to 27.44μg/L, except that the zinc of #38, #45, #53, #54, #58, #60, #61, #72 stations in the surveyed area didn’t meet the Type-1 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997), the rest stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Cadmium: cadmium content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.032μg/L to 0.141μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Chromium: chromium content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.20μg/L to 1.07μg/L, the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Mercury: mercury content of the surveyed sea area ranged from ND to 0.066μg/L, except that the mercury of #37 station in the surveyed area met the Type-2 seawater quality standard that falls under the Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997), the rest stations met the Type-1 seawater quality standard, all the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. Arsenic: arsenic content of the surveyed sea area ranged from 0.77μg/L to 2.19μg/L, all the stations met corresponding seawater quality standard for different functional zones. (2) Conclusion The seawater quality monitoring carried out during Aug.-Sept. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①The seawater samples were taken from 22 stations in the high and low tide, including the project-located area and ecological-sensitive area (Fuying Island Key Reserves of Islands Ecological System). 130 ②Except that the contents of inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate in the surveyed sea area is 50% more than the standard and excessive pH, DO, COD, Lead, Zinc, Mercury is found in some stations, the petroleum, cooper, cadmium, chromium, arsenic in each station meets the seawater quality standard for different functional zones. The excessive contents in some stations were mainly affected by the land-sourced pollutants and surrounding marine culture. ③The inorganic nitrogen was found excessive in the Fuying Island Reserve which was affected by the land-sourced pollutants and surrounding marine culture. Affected by the red tide during the neap tide period, the survey results of pH, COD and inorganic nitrogen were found abnormal in the periphery of Fuyao Islands. ④In a word, except some stations affected by the red tide, the seawater quality in the surveyed area is generally good. The inorganic nitrogen, active phosphate and lead etc. was found excessive due to the offshore environmental impacts in Fujian Province. 5.3 Marine Sediment Baseline and Assessment 5.3.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Survey Content (1) Monitoring stations and time The East Fujian Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station under the State Oceanic Administration was responsible for monitoring the marine sediment, it established 48 observation stations in the construction site and neighboring sea area on May 4, 2013 (neap tide period) to carry out the sediment baseline survey in spring, as well established 12 observation stations in the construction site of Luxia Fishing Port and neighboring sea area on Aug.16, 2013 (neap tide period) to carry out the sediment baseline survey in autumn, all the stations location is shown in the figure 5.2-1. (2) Monitored items and analysis method Monitored items include copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, chromium, sulfide, petroleum, the method of monitoring and analysis is shown in the appendix C. (3) Sampling requirement: sediment sampling with stainless steel dredgers. 5.3.2 Assessment method and standard (1) Assessment method: the method of single-factor index applies to assessing sediment environmental quality. (2) Assessment standard: the sediment quality is assessed according to Type-1 standard that falls under the Quality Standard for Marine Sediment (GB18668-2002). 5.3.3 Result of Marine sediment monitoring in Spring (1) Monitoring result Please refer to Table 5.3.1 for the result of marine sediment survey in spring. 131 Table 5.3.1 Result of Marine Sediment Survey in Spring Monitoring Monitored Type-1 Standard Range Value Meeting standards or not Items (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Mercury 0.042～0.071 ≤0.2 Yes Yes Arsenic 6.83～13.20 ≤20 Yes Copper 17.98～31.68 ≤35 Yes Lead 15.61～43.20 ≤60 Yes Cadmium 0.041～0.177 ≤0.5 #23, #27, #29, #31, #33, #44, #45, #48, #51, #59, Chromium 48.64～106.64 ≤80 #64, #71, #72, #74 stations yes, the other stations no #10, #15, #36, #40, #42, #66 stations no, the other Zinc 86.7～173.09 ≤150 stations yes Sulfide 12.4～323.8 ≤300 #55 station no, the other stations yes Petroleum 15.8～257.1 ≤500 Yes Mercury: mercury content in the sediment ranged from 0.042mg/kg to 0.071mg/kg, averaging at 0.057mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Arsenic: arsenic content in the sediment ranged from 6.83mg/kg to 13.20mg/kg, averaging at 9.80mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Copper: copper content in the sediment ranged from 17.98mg/kg to 31.68mg/kg, averaging at 26.16mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Lead: lead content in the sediment ranged from 15.61mg/kg to 43.20mg/kg, averaging at 29.16mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Cadmium: cadmium content in the sediment ranged from 0.041mg/kg to 0.177mg/kg, averaging at 0.109mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Chromium: chromium content in the sediment ranged from 48.64 mg/kg to 106.64mg/kg, averaging at 82.51mg/kg, except that the value in #23, #27, #29, #31, #33, #44, #45, #48, #51, #59, #64, #71, #72, #74 stations meets the requirement of Type-1 sediment quality standard, the rest all didn’t meet the standard. Zinc: zinc content ranged from 86.7mg/kg to 173.09mg/kg, averaging at 128.30mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard except the #10, #15, #36, #40, #42, #66 stations. Petroleum: petroleum content in the sediment ranged from 15.8mg/kg to 257.1mg/kg, averaging at 57.10mg/kg. Without exception, petroleum content met the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Sulfide: Sulfide content of the sediment was low in the surveyed sea area, ranging from 12.4 mg/kg to 323.8 mg/kg, averaging at 65.9mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard except the #55 station. (2) Conclusion The analysis result of sediment quality monitoring carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: 132 ①The sediment samples were taken from 48 observation stations, including the project- located area and neighboring ecological-sensitive area. ②Except that the contents of chromium, zinc, sulfide in the surveyed sea area were found as Type-2 sediment standards, the petroleum, mercury, arsenic, cooper, lead, cadmium contents in all other station meet the Type-1 sediment quality standard that falls under the Marine Sediment Standard (GB18668-2002). ③The chromium contents in #65 station were 18% more than the Type-1 standard, where was one of stations to the Fuying Island Key Reserve of Islands Ecological System. ④Compared with the same period in history (refer to table 5.3.2), the two survey results were similar to each other. Besides, as indicated in the Fujian Provincial Marine Environment Bulletin in 2012, part of heavy metal contents in marine sediment were more than the Type-1 sediment quality standard, which was accord with the survey result. Individual monitored items such as the zinc, chromium were found excessive, which was accord with the overall sediment environment. Table 5.3.2 Comparison of Sediment Quality of the Same Period in Funing Bay Time Apr. 2013 May 2010 Monitored Items Monitoring Value 86.7~173.09 110.2～140.0 Zinc (mg/kg) Average (mg/kg) 128.30 121.6 Monitoring Value 48.64~106.64 83.5～119.5 Chromium (mg/kg) Average (mg/kg) 82.51 99.4 Monitoring Value 12.4~323.8 1.7~295.6 Sulfide (mg/kg) Average (mg/kg) 65.9 53.0 5.3.4 Result of Marine sediment monitoring in Autumn (1) Monitoring result Please refer to Table 5.3.3 for the result of marine sediment survey in autumn. Table 5.3.3 Result of Marine Sediment Survey in Spring Monitoring Range Type-1 Monitored Value Standard Meeting standards or not Items (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Mercury 0.046～0.062 ≤0.2 Yes Arsenic 9.33～12.53 ≤20 Yes Copper 16.26～30.11 ≤35 Yes Lead 21.14～41.51 ≤60 Yes Cadmium 0.067～0.105 ≤0.5 Yes #38, #44, #51, #53, #54, #61, #65, #66, #69, Chromium 66.09～103.58 ≤80 #72 stations no, the other stations yes Zinc 95.27～146.58 ≤150 Yes Sulfide 28.7～162.7 ≤300 Yes 133 Petroleum 21.7～163.1 ≤500 Yes Mercury: mercury content in the sediment ranged from 0.046mg/kg to 0.062mg/kg, averaging at 0.054mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Arsenic: arsenic content in the sediment ranged from 9.33mg/kg to 12.53mg/kg, averaging at 10.688mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Copper: copper content in the sediment ranged from 16.26mg/kg to 30.11mg/kg, averaging at 26.298mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Lead: lead content in the sediment ranged from 21.14mg/kg to 41.51mg/kg, averaging at 29.006mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Cadmium: cadmium content in the sediment ranged from 0.067mg/kg to 0.105mg/kg, averaging at 0.089mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Chromium: chromium content in the sediment ranged from 66.09mg/kg to 103.58mg/kg, averaging at 89.458mg/kg, except that the value in #38, #44, #51, #53, #54, #61, #65, #66, #69, #72 stations didn’t meet the requirement of Type-1 sediment quality standard, the rest met the standard. Zinc: zinc content ranged from 95.27mg/kg to 146.58mg/kg, averaging at 116.318mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Petroleum: petroleum content in the sediment ranged from 21.7mg/kg to 163.1mg/kg, averaging at 51.874mg/kg. Without exception, petroleum content met the requirements of Type-1 sediment quality standard. Sulfide: Sulfide content of the sediment was low in the surveyed sea area, ranging from 28.7mg/kg to 162.7 mg/kg, averaging at 90.887mg/kg, all meeting the requirements of Type- 1 sediment quality standard. (2) Conclusion The analysis result of sediment quality monitoring carried out in Aug. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①The sediment samples were taken from 12 observation stations, including the project- located area and neighboring ecological-sensitive area. ②Except that the contents of chromium in the surveyed sea area were found higher than Type-1 sediment standards in some stations, the mercury, arsenic, cooper, lead, cadmium, zinc, petroleum and sulfide contents in other station meet the Type-1 sediment quality standard that falls under the Marine Sediment Standard (GB18668-2002), the excessive contents mainly came from the land-sourced pollutants carried by the rivers. ③The chromium contents in #65 station were 18% more than the standard, where was one of stations to the Fuying Island Key Reserve of Islands Ecological System. ④Overall, the marine sediment in the surveyed sea area was in good quality, the monitoring result between spring and autumn was consistent without abnormal results. Occasional chromium eceedance at certain locatoins were consistent with the overall regional sediment environment. 134 5.4 Marine Bio-quality Baseline and Assessment 5.4.1 Monitoring Time, Stations Layout and Surveyed Content (1) Monitoring time and stations location: the Ningbo Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station under the State Oceanic Administration established 15 observation stations in the construction sea area in Apr. 2013, as well established 6 observation stations in the construction sea area on Aug.26, 2013, all the stations location is shown in the figure 5.2-1. (2) Monitored items include copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury, arsenic, petroleum hydrocarbon, the method of monitoring and analysis is shown in the appendix. 5.4.2 Analysis Method and Standard (1) Assessment method: the method of single-factor index applied to assessing bio- quality. (2) Assessment standard: the shellfish followed the Marine Bio-quality Standard (GB 18421-2001), while other species followed the standard value of Requirements of Pollution- free Aquatic Products Safety (GB/T 18407.4-2001). 5.4.3 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Marine Organisms in Spring 15 observation stations were established to take samples respectively on Apr. 28, 29 and May 6. The survey result of marine bio-quality in Apr. 2013 was shown in the table 5.4.1. Table 5.4.1 Bio-quality Survey Result (Samples in wet weight) Cooper Cadium Lead Zinc Chromium Mercury Arsenic Petroleum Station Hydrocarbon Species Location ×10-6 Barrelhead 16 0.2 0.002 0.04 2.7 0.08 0.023 0.9 12.498 Goby Barrelhead 21 0.2 0.002 0.04 2.8 0.09 0.019 0.8 14.205 Goby Harpodon 27 0.4 0.011 0.03 3.6 0.11 0.008 0.8 13.591 nehereus Harpodon 34 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.7 0.12 0.006 0.7 13.155 nehereus Barrelhead 35 0.2 0.002 0.04 3.0 0.09 0.020 0.8 14.972 Goby Barrelhead 40 0.2 0.002 0.05 3.1 0.10 0.024 1.0 15.102 Goby Sinonovacula 44 3.2 0.047 0.02 7.3 0.64 0.008 1.6 12.441 constricta Harpodon 51 0.4 0.011 0.03 3.7 0.12 0.007 0.7 12.736 nehereus Harpodon 54 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.8 0.12 0.007 0.7 13.047 nehereus Harpodon 58 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.6 0.12 0.008 0.8 11.789 nehereus Harpodon 60 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.8 0.12 0.008 0.8 12.744 nehereus Harpodon 66 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.4 0.11 0.007 0.7 12.416 nehereus 69 Barrelhead 0.2 0.002 0.05 3.0 0.10 0.024 1.0 12.470 135 Goby Harpodon 75 0.4 0.012 0.03 3.7 0.12 0.007 0.7 12.782 nehereus Barrelhead 79 0.2 0.003 0.03 3.0 0.10 0.019 0.8 13.402 Goby (1) Harpodon nehereus: as indicated in Table 5.4.1, all contents of copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury in harpodon nehereus met the standard value of Requirements of Pollution-free Aquatic Products Safety (GB/T 18407.4-2001). (2) Barrelhead Goby: as indicated in Table 5.4.1, all contents of copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury in barrelhead goby met the standard value of Requirements of Pollution-free Aquatic Products Safety (GB/T 18407.4-2001). (3) Sinonovacula constricta: the contents of zinc, arsenic in sinonovacula constricta didn’t meet the Type-1 standard while met the Type-2 standard that falls under the Sea Bio- quality (GB 18421-2001). (4) As indicated in the survey reports of bio-quality in Meizhou Bay in 2011 and Sansha Bay in 2013, the lead, zinc and arsenic contents were found excessive in the Sansha Bay and Meizhou Bay. Besides, through the comparison with the shellfish sampled in 2010, the oyster contents of lead, zinc, arsenic was more than the Type-1 standard, which was accord with the survey result of this time. 5.4.4 Monitoring Result and Assessment of Marine Organisms in Autumn The survey result of marine bio-quality on Aug.26, 2013 was shown in the table 5.4.2. Table 5.4.2 Bio-quality Survey Result (Samples in wet weight) Species Cooper Cadium Lead Zinc Chromium Mercury Arsenic Petroleum Station Hydrocarbon (Chinese No. scientific name) （mg/kg） 38 Polydactylus 0.354 0.004 0.05 5.25 0.101 0.023 1.5 14.1 44 Polydactylus 0.318 0.005 0.04 5.08 0.093 0.023 1.6 14.7 46 Polydactylus 0.345 0.004 0.04 5.06 0.091 0.022 1.5 14.4 Harpodon 51 0.516 0.005 0.04 5.55 0.066 0.009 0.7 13.9 nehereus Harpodon 58 0.513 0.002 0.04 5.58 0.068 0.009 0.7 15.2 nehereus 60 Polydactylus 0.360 0.005 0.05 5.31 0.098 0.023 1.5 13.3 Standard Value in Requirements of Pollution- ≤50 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤150 ≤2 ≤0.3 / / free Aquatic Products Safety (1) Polydactylus: as shown in the table 5.4.2, the contents of copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury in Polydactylus met the standard value of Requirements of Pollution-free Aquatic Products Safety (GB/T 18407.4-2001). (2) Harpodon nehereus: as indicated in Table 5.4.2, the contents of copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, mercury in Polydactylus met the standard value of Requirements of Pollution-free Aquatic Products Safety (GB/T 18407.4-2001). 136 5.5 Baselines and Assessment on Marine Ecological Environment 5.5.1 Stations Layout, Survey Content and Method (1) Survey time, stations layout and survey content The Ningbo Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station under the State Oceanic Administration Marine Research Institute respectively carried out spring survey for Chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic organisms at the assessed sea area on Apr.27, 2013 (Spring tide period) and May 4, 2013 (Neap tide period). Please refer to Figure 5.2-1 for stations layout in detail. The otter trawl survey and stow net survey for fishery resources in the neighboring sea area was respectively carried out on Apr. 28-29 and Jun.9-10. Please refer to Figure 5.5-1 and Appendix C for the stations layout and survey method respectively. The Ningbo Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station under the State Oceanic Administration Marine Research Institute respectively carried out autumn survey for Chlorophyll-a on Sept.6, 2013 (Spring tide period) and Aug.26, 2013 (Neap tide period), the baseline survey on phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic organisms at the assessed sea area was carried out during Sept. 6-9, 2013. Please refer to Figure 5.2-1 for stations layout in detail. The fish trawl survey for fishery resources in the neighboring sea area was carried out on Sept.8, 2013. Please refer to Figure 5.5-1 for the stations layout. 137 Figure 5.5-1 Stations Location of Otter Trawl Survey and Stow Net Survey in 2013 5.5.2 Method of Marine Ecology Assessment Four indicators reflecting the characteristics of bio-community, i.e., diversity index (H′), abundance (d), homogeneity (J′) and dominance (Y) were used in analyzing the structural characteristics of marine bio-community. (1) The expression for diversity index: t H '   Pi  log 2 P (Shannon - Wiener,194 9) i 1 Where, t represents the species of phytoplankton; Pi＝Ni/N represents the ratio between Category i phytoplankton samples and the total samples collected; N represents the number of total individual samples. 138 (2) The expression for abundance: d  S  1 log 2 N or d  S  1 log 2 G Where, d represents the abundance index; S represents the number of sample types; N represents the total number of individuals in samples. In general, the abundance is high in health environment and the degree is low in polluted environment. (3) The expression for homogeneity J   H  / log 2 S Where, J' represents the homogeneity index, H' represents the diversity index, S represents the total number of species. (4) The expression for dominance: Y＝ni/N×fi Where, fi represents the emergence frequency in samples of Category i; ni represents the number of Category i in bio-community; N represents the total number of individuals in bio-community. 5.5.3 Survey Result and Assessment on Ecology Baseline in Spring 5.5.3.1 Chlorophyll-a and Primary Productivity The Chlorophyll-a in this survey ranged from 0.68 mg/m3 to 63.12mg/m3, averaging at 8.97mg/m3, among which, the Chlorophyll-a surveyed during the spring tide period ranged from 0.68mg/m3 to 24.40mg/m3, averaging at 6.06mg/m3; the Chlorophyll-a value in some stations were found excessive due to impacts from the red tide happened in the north of surveyed area (Northern Funing Bay), the Chlorophyll-a surveyed during the neap tide period ranged from 1.13 mg/m3 to 63.12mg/m3, averaging at 11.88mg/m3. (1) According to the historical data, the average assimilation coefficient (Q) in the surveyed sea area is 6.76mgC/mgchla·h. (2) Sunshine duration (D) of spring in the surveyed sea area, that is, the duration from sunrise to sunset, is 12h. (3) The calculation formula of primary productivity (P, unit: mgC/m3·d) is: C Q E  D P= 2 Where, E represents the euphotic depth, which is 3 times of transparency. During the spring tide period, the primary productivity ranged from 19.20mgC/m2.d to 4010.57mgC/m2.d, averaging at 812.07mgC/m2.d. During the neap tide period, the primary productivity ranged from 96.00mgC/m2.d to 40186.51mgC/m2.d, averaging at 1609.52mgC/m2.d. 5.5.3.2 Phytoplankton (1) Species composition During the survey, 6 phyla, 51genera and 127 species of phytoplankton were identified, including 26 genera 97 species of bacillariophyta (76.4%); 13 genera and 26 species of pyrrophyta (20.5%); 1 genus and 1 species of chrysophyta (0.8%); 2 genera and 2 species of 139 ciliophora (1.6%); 3 genera and 3 species of cyanophyta (2.4%); 4 genera and 4 species of chlorophyta (3.1%). Please refer to the Appendix C for a directory of phytoplankton species. (2) Phytoplankton quantity distribution The phytoplankton density in water samples ranged from 480cell/L to 38,570,000cell/L, averaging at 492,206cell/L, among which the density of phytoplankton at the surface layer ranged from 480cell/L to 38,570,000cell/L, averaging at 731,163cell/L. the density of phytoplankton at the bottom layer ranged from 667cell/L to 12,610,000cell/L, averaging at 253,250cell/L. The phytoplankton density in net samples ranged from 5.04×104cell/m3 to 6.65×107cell/m3, averaging at 9.68×105cell/m3. (3) Main dominant species The dominant phytoplankton species in water samples during spring tide include prorocentrum donghaiense, melosira sulcata and coscinodiscus jonesianus, while the dominant species during the ebb tide is the prorocentrum donghaiense. It’s obvious that the prorocentrum donghaiense is the most dominant phytoplankton species in water samples. The dominant phytoplankton species in net samples include ditylum brightwelli, prorocentrum donghaiense, coscinodiscus oculus-iridis, Chaetoceros castracanei, coscinodiscus jonesianus, coscinodiscus spinosus and ceratium Tripos. (4) Ecological characteristic value Diversity index (H′) of phytoplankton species in net samples ranged from 0.10 to 3.72, averaging at 2.23, Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.03 to 0.80, averaging at 0.54, Abundance (d) ranged from 0.21 to 1.57, averaging at 0.90. (5) Data analysis and comparison It is concluded that diversity and homogeneity of Funing Bay are within the general scope of sea area in Fujian through comparing with other bays (Table 5.5.1), Compared with data in the same period (Table 5.5.2), the ecological characteristic value of Funing Bay in 2013 was higher than that in 2010, which means the current phytoplankton community is stable. Besides, as indicated in the Fujian Provincial Marine Resources and Environment Baseline (2012 edition), the types of Fujian offshore phytoplankton species totaled 179 and the density averaged at 36,900cell/L, the phytoplankton number in surface and bottom layer was 80,000cell/L and 5,000cell/L respectively, therefore, the total phytoplankton number was at the general level of sea area in Fujian Province. 140 Table 5.5.1 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Phytoplankton Species in Neighboring Bays Bay Funing Sansha Dongshan Meizhou Item (Apr. 2013) (May 2013) (Nov. 2011) (Jul. 2011) Diversity Index (H′) 0.10~3.72 1.532～2.437 2.28-3.96 2.62～4.42 Average of Diversity 2.23 1.894 2.87 3.57 Index Homogeneity (J) 0.03~0.80 0.441～0.704 0.52-0.92 0.48～0.91 Average of 0.54 0.526 0.72 0.73 Homogeneity Table 5.5.2 Comparison in the Same Period for Ecological Characteristics of Phytoplankton Species in Funing Bay Time Item Apr. 2013 May 2010 Average of Diversity Index 2.23 1.16 Average of Homogeneity 0.54 0.47 (6) Conclusion The result of phytoplankton survey and assessment carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①During the survey, 6 phyla, 51 genera and 127 species of phytoplankton were identified, it is obvious that the prorocentrum donghaiense is the dominant phytoplankton species. ②The phytoplankton density in water samples ranged from 480cell/L to 38,570,000cell/L, averaging at 492,206cell/L, the phytoplankton density in net samples ranged from 5.04×104cell/m3 to 6.65×107cell/m3, averaging at 9.68×105cell/m3. ③Diversity index (H′) of phytoplankton species in net samples ranged from 0.10 to 3.72, averaging at 2.23, Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.03 to 0.80, averaging at 0.54, Abundance index (d) ranged from 0.21 to 1.57, averaging at 0.90. ④Overall, the seawater quality in surveyed sea area is slightly polluted, the phytoplankton community is stable and the individual quantity distribution of species is relatively even, which is at the general level of sea area in Fujian Province. 5.5.3.3 Zooplankton (1) Species composition A total of 5 phyla, 65 species (excluding 20 larva species) of zooplankton were identified in the survey, including 34 Arthropoda species (22 Copepoda species, 33.8%), 23 Coelenterata species (35.4%); 2 Ctenophora species (3.1%); 3 Chaetongnaths (4.6%); 3 Urochordata species (4.6%); 20 larva species. Please refer to the Appendix C for the directory of zooplankton species. (2) Quantity distribution The density of zooplankton during the flood and spring tide ranged from 21.3ind/m3 to 544.9ind/m3, averaging at 156.1ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 342.77mg/m3 141 and its variation range was from 37.9mg/m3 to 970.6mg/m3. The density of zooplankton during the ebb and spring tide ranges from 14.5ind/m3 to 423.9ind/m3, averaging at 148.2ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 319.8mg/m3 and its variation range was from 20.0mg/m3 to 991.5mg/m3. The density of zooplankton during the flood and neap tide ranged from 27.9ind/m3 to 461.4ind/m3, averaging at 145.1ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 593.7mg/m3 and its variation range was from 84.4mg/m3 to 3032.8mg/m3. The density of zooplankton during the ebb and neap tide ranged from 48.2ind/m3 to 339.1ind/m3, averaging at 141.9ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 538.9mg/m3 and its variation range was from 68.3mg/m3 to 3430.0mg/m3. (3) Main dominant species The dominant zooplankton species in net samples total 6, the first and second dominant species is the Calanus sinicus under the Copepoda and the Atlantic five angle jellyfish under Siphonophorae with high dominance (Table 5.5.3). The Calanus sinicus is the most dominant species in the surveyed area, whose emergence frequency and density is obviously higher than the others. Table 5.5.3 Dominant Zooplankton Species and Dominance Index (Y≥0.02) Flood and Ebb and Flood and Ebb and Dominant Species/Tide Spring Spring Neap Neap Macrura larva 0.030 0.027 Eirene brevistylus 0.023 0.020 Phialidium chengshanense 0.022 0.022 0.043 Muggiaea atlantica 0.073 0.060 0.115 0.104 Zonosagitta sinica 0.022 0.035 0.028 Calanus sinicus 0.629 0.647 0.497 0.536 (4) Ecological characteristic index Diversity index (H′) of zooplankton species in the survey ranged from 0.40 to 3.51, averaging at 2.16, Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.10 to 0.94, averaging at 0.54, Abundance index (d) ranged from 0.76 to 3.25, averaging at 2.23. (5) Data analysis and comparison It is concluded that diversity and homogeneity of zooplankton is relatively low with great variation through comparing with other neighboring bays (Table 5.5.4), which means the current zooplankton community is not stable. Compared with data in the same period (Table 5.5.5), the zooplankton community structure in 2013 was more stable than that in 2010. As indicated in the Fujian Provincial Marine Resources and Environment Baseline (2012 edition), the types of Fujian offshore phytoplankton species in spring totaled 136 and the biomass in spring and individuals density averaged at 227.05 mg/m3 and 383.9/m3 respectively. Therefore, the zooplankton biomass in Funing Bay is at the average level of sea area in Fujian Province. 142 Table 5.5.4 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Zooplankton in Neighboring Bays Offshore Area Funing Bay Sansha Bay Dongshan Bay Meizhou Bay Monitored Items (Apr. 2013) (May 2013) (Nov. 2011) (Jul. 2011) Diversity Index (H′) 0.40～2.98 1.649～2.845 1.50-3.14 2.10～4.10 Average of Diversity 2.04 2.337 2.61 3 Index Homogeneity (J) 0.10～0.74 0.482～0.948 0.69-0.97 0.40～0.76 Average of 0.52 0.666 0.89 0.61 Homogeneity Table 5.5.5 Comparison in the Same Period for Ecological Characteristics of Zooplankton Species in Funing Bay Time Apr. 2013 May 2010 Monitored Items Diversity Index (H′) 0.40～2.98 0.20~3.54 (6) Conclusion The result of zooplankton survey and assessment carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①During the survey, 5 phyla, 45 species of zooplankton were identified, the dominant zooplankton species totaled 5, that is, Muggiaea atlantica, Zonosagitta sinica, Calanus sinicus, Eirene brevistylus and Corycaeus affinis. The Calanus sinicus is the most dominant species in the surveyed area; ②The zooplankton density ranged from 34.0ind/m3 to 544.9ind/m3, averaging at 144.3ind/m3, the zooplankton biomass ranged from 99.7 mg/m3 to 992.1mg/m3, averaging at 443.45mg/m3; ③Diversity index of zooplankton species ranged from 0.40 to 2.98, averaging at 2.04, Homogeneity ranged from 0.10 to 0.74, averaging at 0.52; ④The types of zooplankton species were few with low homogeneity and great variation, which meant the zooplankton bio-community wasn’t stable in the survey while developing towards a stable direction. Overall, the zooplankton biomass in Funing Bay was at the average level of sea area in Fujian Province. 5.5.3.4 Benthic organisms (1) Species composition and distribution A total of 7 phyla, 70 species benthic organisms were identified in the survey, among which, 7 phyla and 57 species were identified in quantitative analysis, including 22 Annelida species (38.6%); 13 mollusca species (22.8%); 9 Arthropoda species (15.8%); 5 Echinodermata species (8.8%); 3 Chordata species (5.3%); 3 Coelenterata species (5.3%); 2 nemertea species (3.5%), accordingly, 7 phyla and 22 species were identified in qualitative analysis, including 9 mollusca species (40.9%); 5 Chordata species (22.7%); 4 Arthropoda species (18.2%); Coelenterata, Annelida, Echinodermata and nemertea species (one for each, 4.5%). 143 (2) Density and biomass The density of benthic organisms ranged from 12ind/m2 to 255ind/m2, averaging at 78 ind/m2, the biomass of benthic organisms ranged from 0.40g/m2 to 188.12g/m2, averaging at 15.22g/m2. (3) Dominant Species and Dominance As indicated by the quantitative analysis of marine benthic organisms, the first and second dominant species was the Sternaspis scutata under Annelida and Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides under the Crustacea, the Sternaspis scutata is the most dominant species in the surveyed area (Table 5.5.6). As indicated by the qualitative analysis of marine benthic organisms, the dominant species are the Crustacea and mollusca, in some sea areas, Tutritella bacillum contributed most to the biomass of benthic organisms (Table 5.5.7). Table 5.5.6 Dominant Benthic Organisms Species and Dominance under Quantitative Survey (Y≥0.02) Dominant Species Dominance Sternaspis scutata 0.111 Euclymene annandalei 0.021 Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides 0.072 Aglaophamus dihrancdis 0.066 Table 5.5.7 Location of Stations for Benthic Organisms and Main Species under Qualitative Survey No. Longitude Latitude Main Species Acetes chinensis, Xenophthalmus 1 120°11.311′ 26°37.968′ pinnotheroides 2 120°12.220′ 26°36.739′ Nassarius succinctus, Sternaspis scutata Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, 3 120°12.359′ 26°32.976′ Sternaspis scutata Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, 4 120°17.860′ 26°38.520′ Harpodon nehereus Exopalaemon carinicauda, 5 120°16.689′ 26°44.439′ Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides Tutritella bacillum, Philine kinqlipini, 6 120°15.800′ 26°45.795′ Phos senticosus Siliqua minima, Tutritella bacillum, 7 120°14.184′ 26°48.548′ Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides Tutritella bacillum, Xenophthalmus 8 120°15.635′ 26°50.660′ pinnotheroides, Siliqua minima Siliqua minima, Tutritella bacillum, 9 120°15.871′ 26°52.230′ Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, 10 120°15.942′ 26°54.125′ Tutritella bacillum (4) Ecological characteristic index Diversity index of benthic organisms of the surveyed sea area was averaging at 2.40 and ranging from 0.92 to 3.52; Homogeneity ranged from 0.58 to 1.000, averaging at 0.88; Abundance ranged from 0.23 to 1.95, averaging at 1.00. (5) Analysis and comparison It was concluded that diversity index, homogeneity and abundance of benthic organisms 144 were at the general level through comparing with other neighboring bays (Table 5.5.8), which means the sea area was slightly polluted. As indicated in the Fujian Provincial Marine Resources and Environment Baseline (2012 edition), the biomass of Fujian offshore benthic organisms in spring totaled 21.67g/m3, the benthic organisms biomass in Funing Bay is at the general level of offshore Fujian Province. Table 5.5.8 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Organisms in Neighboring Bays Offshore Area Funing Sansha Dongshan Meizhou Monitored Items (Apr. 2013) (May 2013) (Nov. 2011) (Jul. 2011) Diversity Index (H′) 0.92-3.21 1.252-2.964 1.00-2.62 0-3.941 Average of Diversity 2.12 2.406 1.88 2.552 Index Homogeneity (J) 0.58-0.98 0.717-0.888 0.87-1 0.596-1.000 Average of 0.87 0.797 0.99 0.890 Homogeneity Abundance (d) 0.28-1.55 0.774-2.159 0.30-1.19 0-5.194 Average of Abundance 0.87 1.724 0.69 3.233 (6) Conclusion The result of survey carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①During the survey, 6 phyla and 28 species of benthic organisms were identified, the dominant benthic organisms species included Sternaspis scutata and Euclymene annandalei under Annelida. The density of benthic organisms ranged from 12ind/m2 to 255ind/m2, averaging at 78 ind/m2, the biomass of benthic organisms ranged from 0.40g/m2 to 188.12g/m2, averaging at 15.22g/m2. ②Diversity index of benthic organisms of the surveyed sea area was averaging at 2.40 and ranging from 0.92 to 3.52; Homogeneity ranged from 0.58 to 1.000, averaging at 0.88; Abundance ranged from 0.23 to 1.95, averaging at 1.00. ③The types of benthic organisms species were few with average diversity index and abundance, high homogeneity, which meant the marine ecology was slightly polluted. The benthic organisms’ biomass in Funing Bay was at the average level of offshore Fujian Province. 5.5.3.5 Benthic organisms in intertidal zone (1) Species composition and distribution A total of 11 phyla, 117 species (excluding 3 larva species) macrobenthos were identified in the survey, among which, 48 Mollusca species (41.0%); 38 Crustacea species (32.5%); 10 Annelida species (8.5%); 4 Chordata species (3.4%); 1 Chlorophyta species (0.9%); 4 Phodophyta species (3.4%); 2 Phaeophyta species (1.7%); 1 Cyanophyta species (0.9%); 4 Cnidaria species (3.4%); 1 Echinodermata species (0.9%); 1 Nemertea species (0.9%); 2 Echiura species (1.7%). Please refer to the Appendix C for the directory of species in intertidal zone. (2) Density and biomass The density in intertidal zones ranged from 24ind/m2 to 6,700ind/m2, averaging at 1,159ind/m2, the biomass ranged from 1.76g/m2 to 9339.60g/m2, averaging at 1059.1g/m2. The trend of macrobenthos density and biomass is: middle tidal zone>high tidal zone>low 145 tidal zone. (3) Dominant Species The dominant benthic organisms species in intertidal zones include: Modiolus flavidus, Neritina yoldi and Nodilittorina exigus etc. in high tidal zone; Gaetice depressus, Diogenes rectimanus, Neritina yoldi etc. in middle tidal zone; Modiolus flavidus, Thais clavigera and Barbatia virescens etc. in low tidal zone. (4) Ecological characteristic index Diversity index (H´) ranged from 0.16 to 3.08 and averaged at 1.59; Homogeneity ranged from 0.06 to 1.00, averaging at 0.63; Abundance ranged from 0.143 to 1.56, averaging at 0.60. (5) Analysis and comparison 121 and 117 types of intertidal zones were identified respectively in survey of 2010 and 2013, the results were similar, compared with that in Sansha Bay (Table 5.5.9), the bio- diversity in intertidal zones of Funing Bay was slightly less. Table 5.5.9 Comparison with Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Organisms in Intertidal Zones in Neighboring Bays Bay Funing Sansha Indicators (Apr. 2013) (May 2013) Diversity Index (H′) 0.29～3.05 1.420～2.504 Average of Diversity Index 1.56 1.927 Homogeneity (J) 0.21～1.00 0.488～0.896 Average of Homogeneity 0.62 0.680 Abundance (d) 0.13～1.51 0.540～2.034 Average of Abundance 0.70 1.335 Density 24～2384ind/m2 52～348ind/m2 Density Average 512.78ind/m2 220ind/m2 (6) Conclusion The result of survey carried out in Apr. 2013 is concluded as follows: ①During the survey, a total of 11 phyla, 117 species macrobenthos were identified in the survey. The density in intertidal zones ranged from 24ind/m2 to 6,700ind/m2, averaging at 1,159ind/m2, the biomass ranged from 1.76g/m2 to 9339.60g/m2, averaging at 1059.1g/m2. ②Diversity index (H´) ranged from 0.16 to 3.08, averaging at 1.59; Homogeneity ranged from 0.06 to 1.000, averaging at 0.63; Abundance ranged from 0.143 to 1.56, averaging at 0.60. ③The types of benthic organisms species were few with low diversity index and homogeneity, which means the marine ecology was polluted to some extent. 5.5.3.6 Nektonic organisms (1) Species composition A total of 48 families and 71 species catch collected by otter trawl (55 species) and stern net (30 species) were identified in the survey of Apr. 2013, the catches included 2 146 families and 2 species of Chondrichthyes (2.82%); 17 families and 30 species of Osteichthyes (42.25%); 14 families and 21 species of Crustacea (29.58%, 7 families and 13 species of shrimp; 6 families and 7 species of crab; 1 species of squilla); 2 families and 4 species of Cephalopoda (5.63%); 1 family and 1 species of Bivalvia (1.41%); 9 families and 10 species of gastropod mollusks (14.08%); rest 3 species (4.23%). Among the fishes, the species of Engraulidae reached up to 5, or 15.63% of total species, Sciaenidae and Gobiidae was the second with 4 species each or 12.5% of the total species; among the shrimps, the Penaeidae was the first with 5 species or 38.46% of total species; among the cephalopoda, the Octopodidae was the first with 3 species or 75% of total species. The species for crab and other families were usually 1 to 2. The economic species among catch collected by otter trawl includes Collichthys lucidus, Harpodon nehereus, Coilia mystus, Cynoglossus gracilis, Pseudosciaena polyactis, Nibra albiflora, Argyrosomus argentaus, Dasyatis akajei, Oratosquilla oratotria, Metapeaeus joyneri, Exopalaemon carinicauda, Palaemon gravieri, Paeapenaeopsis handwickii, Portunus tritubercutatus, Charybdis japonica etc. The economic species among catch collected by stern net includes Stromateoides argenteus, Setipinna taty, Collichthys lucidus, Sparus auratus, Anchoviella commersonii, Harpodon nehereus, Pseudosciaena polyactis, Harpodon nehereus, Trichiurus muticus and Argyrosomus argentaus etc. (2) Quantity composition ①Otter trawl The total weight of catch collected by 14 effective trawling in 14 otter trawling stations in the surveyed sea area was 72,324g, the catches in number totaled 7,336ind and the composition of catch collected by trawling is shown in the table 5.5.10. Table 5.5.10 Composition of Catch Collected by Trawling in Surveyed Sea Area Quantity in Weight in Category Quantity(ind) Weight (g) Percent (%) Percent (%) Fish 2993 40.80 44691 61.79 Shrimp 1453 19.81 2782 3.85 Crab 565 7.70 5326 7.36 Oratosquilla 444 6.05 3525 4.87 oratoria Cephalopoda 8 0.11 456 0.63 Others 1873 25.53 15544 21.49 Total 7336 100 72324 100 ②Stern net The total weight of catch from 6 effective net-collecting in 6 stern net stations in the surveyed sea area was 51,655g, the catches in number totaled 28,021ind except the Acetes chinensis, which was the most dominant species in the samples collected by stern net, the composition of catch collected by stern net is shown in the table 5.5.11. 147 Table 5.5.11 Composition of Catch Collected by Stern Net in Surveyed Sea Area Quantity in Weight in Category Quantity(ind) Weight (g) Percent (%) Percent (%) Fish 25454 90.8 27644 53.5 Shrimp 1229 4.4 23318 45.1 Crab 1088 3.9 257 0.5 Cephalopoda 250 0.9 436 0.9 Total 28021 100 51655 100 (3) Density Distribution The quantity of fishery resources was estimated based on the survey result, the average quantity density of fishery resources in surveyed sea area was estimated at 9.8×104 ind/km2 and 955 kg/km2. The quantity density ranged greatly in different stations from 1.4×104 ind/km2 to 27.3×104 ind/km2 and the maximum value is 19.5 times more than the minimum. The weight density ranged from 317kg/km2 to 2305 kg/km2, the maximum value is 7.27 times more than the minimum (Table 5.5.12). Table 5.5.12 Fishery Resources Quantity Distribution Fishery resource density Fishery resource density Station Station Quantity Quantity No. Weight (kg/km2) No. Weight (kg/km2) (×104 ind/km2) (×104 ind/km2) Y-1 16.7 1322 Y-8 2.3 360 Y-2 10.5 1359 Y-9 10.8 1332 Y-3 7.3 784 Y-10 5.5 453 Y-4 7.8 378 Y-11 6.8 609 Y-5 1.4 317 Y-12 8.3 762 Y-6 2.9 481 Y-13 27.3 2305 Y-7 6.3 758 Y-14 23.7 2151 (4)Dominant Species The dominant species were determined through the analysis on quantity comparison and biomass of all species emerging in the otter trawling stations, according to the analysis on survey result as well as the quantity calculation, the dominant species include Trypauchen vagina, Harpodon nehereus, Cavernularia sp, Turritella bacillum, Oratosquilla oratotria, Parapenaeopsis tenella, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Cynoglossus gracilis and Collichthys lucidus; balanced in the biomass, the top 7 in the dominance were (from high to low) Harpodon nehereus, Trypauchen vagina, Cavernularia sp, Turritella bacillum, Oratosquilla oratotria, Cynoglossus gracilis and Collichthys lucidus (Table 5.5.13). 148 Table 5.5.13 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Otter Trawl Quantity Weight Quantity Weight Category Category Advantage Advantage Advantage Advantage Ctenotrypauchen Paeapenaeopsis 0.121 0.109 0.057 chinensis tenellus Harpodon Paeapenaeopsis 0.087 0.217 0.048 nehereus handwickii Cynoglossus Cavernularia sp 0.074 0.072 0.025 0.042 gracilis (larva) Collichthys Tutritella bacillum 0.073 0.059 0.022 0.039 lucidus Oratosquilla 0.061 0.049 oratotria The dominant species were determined through the analysis on quantity comparison and biomass, the quantity-dominant species for catch collected by stern net includes Acetes chinensis, Engraulis japonicas, Anchoviella commersonii, larval fish in undetermined species, Leptochela gracilis, the weigh-dominant species includes Acetes chinensis, Engraulis japonicas, Anchoviella commersonii and Trichiurus muticus (Table 5.5.14). Table 5.5.14 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Stern Net Quantity Weight Quantity Weight Category Category Dominance Dominance Dominance Dominance Acetes chinensis Uncounted 0.45 Trichiurus muticus 0.05 Engraulis larval fish in 0.63 0.31 0.06 japonicas undetermined species Anchoviella 0.05 0.08 Leptochela gracilis 0.04 commersonii (5) Ecological characteristic index ①Otter Trawl During the survey in Apr. 2013, the diversity index of catch collected by otter trawl ranged from 0.93 to 3.24 and averaged at 2.65; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.22 to 0.72 and averaged at 0.60; the abundance index ranged from 0.90 to 2.45 and averaged at 1.75; the diversity and homogeneity were average while the abundance was high, varying greatly among stations. The diversity index of organisms in the surveyed ranged from 2.31 to 3.86 and averaged at 3.16; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.56 to 0.85 and averaged at 0.71; the abundance index ranged from 0.90 to 2.45 and averaged at 1.75; the diversity and abundance were high while the homogeneity was average, the fishery resources in the surveyed area are plentiful, varying greatly among stations. ②Stern Net During the survey in Apr. 2013, the diversity index of catch (weight) collected by stern net ranged from 0.80 to 1.92 and averaged at 1.33; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.22 to 0.44 and averaged at 0.32; the abundance index ranged from 1.09 to 1.43 and averaged at 1.24; the diversity, homogeneity is low while the abundance is relatively high due to high proportion of Acetes chinensis and Engraulis japonicas in different stations. The diversity index of catch (quantity, excluding Acetes chinensis) collected by stern net ranged from 0.68 149 to 2.68 and averaged at 2.02; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.16 to 0.69 and averaged at 0.50; the abundance index ranged from 1.09 to 1.43 and averaged at 1.24; the diversity, abundance and homogeneity were all average. (6) Conclusion ①A total of 48 families, 71 species catch collected by otter trawl (55 species) and stern net (30 species) were identified in the survey, the average quantity density of fishery resources ranged greatly in different stations, averaging at 9.8×104ind/km2. ②The dominant species include Trypauchen vagina, Harpodon nehereus, Cavernularia sp, Turritella bacillum, Oratosquilla oratotria, Parapenaeopsis tenella, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Cynoglossus gracilis and Collichthys lucidus etc.; ③As to the catch collected by otter trawl, the diversity and abundance were high while the homogeneity was average. The fishery resources in surveyed sea area were plentiful, varying greatly from different stations. The diversity, abundance and homogeneity of catch collected by stern net were all average. ④As indicated in this survey, the ecological characteristic index of nektonic organisms is similar to that in Dongshan Bay in Nov. 2011, therefore, the nektonic organisms in Funing Bay are at the general level of offshore Fujian Province. 5.5.3.7 Ichthyoplankton (1) Species composition 14 Ichthyoplankton species were indentified during the survey, including 1 species unidentified, 8 species, 1 genus and 4 families. The species collected by vertical trawling include 1 species under Ciaenidae, Anchoviella commersonii and Thryssa mystax. The species collected by horizontal trawling include 1 species under Ciaenidae, 1 species under Engraulidae and mullet. (2) Quantity distribution As to the Ichthyoplankton species collected by horizontal trawling at the surface level, the density of fish eggs ranged from 0 to 270 per net and averaged at 20.6 per net; the density of larval fish ranged from 0 to 604 per net and averaged at 43.1 per net (Table 5.5.15). As to Ichthyoplankton species collected by vertical trawling, the density of fish eggs ranged from 0 to 6 per m3 and averaged at 0.51 per m3; the density of larval fish ranged from 0 to 3.34 per m3 and averaged at 0.47 per m3(Table 5.5.16). Table 5.5.15 Ichthyoplankton species at the Surface Level Station Fish eggs Larval Fish Fish eggs Larval Fish Station No No. (per net) (per net) (per net) (per net) 1 0 4 10 2 20 2 0 5 11 6 0 3 6 0 12 0 8 4 0 604 13 6 1 5 0 34 14 3 1 6 270 5 15 0 31 7 0 0 16 2 3 8 34 6 17 5 6 9 16 4 150 Table 5.5.16 Ichthyoplankton species Density collected by Vertical Trawling Station Fish eggs Larval Fish Station Fish eggs Larval Fish No. (per net) (per net) No (per net) (per net) 3 0.48 3.34 40 0 0.23 8 0 1.67 64 0 0 11 0 1.25 65 0 0 17 0 0 66 0 0.23 20 2.17 0 74 0 0 25 6 0.67 76 0 0 27 0 0 77 0 0 36 0 0 79 0 0.28 38 0 0.37 (3) Dominant species distribution The dominant Ichthyoplankton species in the surveyed sea area included Sciaenidae, Anchoviella commersonii, Thryssa mystax (Figure 5.5-2). The Sciaenidae density was high near the Dayu Mountain in the north of surveyed sea area and ranged from 0.83ind/m3 to 2.86ind/m3; the Anchoviella commersonii was distributed in the sea area between Beishuang and Dongchong Peninsula, whose density ranged from 0.23ind/m3 to 0.37ind/m3; the Thryssa mystax was distributed in the sea area between the Fuying Island and Xiyang Island, whose density ranged from 0.23ind/m3 to 0.28ind/m3. 151 Figure 5.5-2 Dominant Ichthyoplankton Species Distribution 5.5.4 Survey Result and Assessment on Ecology Baseline in Autumn 5.5.4.1 Chlorophyll-a and Primary Productivity The Chlorophyll-a in this survey ranged from 0.74 µg/L to 1.59µg/L, averaging at 1.20µg/L, among which, the Chlorophyll-a surveyed in the surface layer and bottom layer ranged from 0.79µg/L to 1.59µg/L and 0.74µg/L to 1.53µg/L respectively. (1) According to the historical data, the average assimilation coefficient (Q) in the surveyed sea area is 6.76mgC/mgchla·h. (2) Sunshine duration (D) of spring in the surveyed sea area, that is, the duration from sunrise to sunset, is 12h. (3) The calculation formula of primary productivity (P, in mgC/m3·d) is: 152 C Q E  D P= 2 Where, E represents the euphotic depth, which is 3 times of transparency. During the spring tide period, the primary productivity ranged from 43.35mgC/m 2.d to 353.42mgC/m2.d, averaging at 153.35mgC/m2.d. 5.5.4.2 Phytoplankton (1) Species composition During the survey, 3 phyla and 98 species of phytoplankton were identified, including 73 species of bacillariophyta (74.5%); 23 species of pyrrophyta (23.5%); 2 species of cyanophyta (2%). Please refer to the Appendix C for a directory of phytoplankton species. (2) Phytoplankton quantity distribution The phytoplankton density in water samples ranged from 400cell/L to 62,880cell/L, averaging at 15,938cell/L, among which the density of phytoplankton at the surface layer ranged from 720cell/L to 62,880cell/L, averaging at 17,971cell/L. the density of phytoplankton at the bottom layer ranged from 400cell/L to 56,160cell/L, averaging at 13,904cell/L. The phytoplankton density in net samples ranged from 5.49×104cell/m3 to 2.90×106cell/m3, averaging at 3.89×105cell/m3. (3) Main dominant species The dominant phytoplankton species in net samples in spring tide include Trichodesmium thiebautii, Skeletonema costatus, Coscinodiscus jonesianus and Trichodesmium erythraeum; while the dominant phytoplankton species in net samples in neap tide include Skeletonema costatus, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Trichodesmium erythraeum, Chaetoceros lorezianus and Coscinodiscus jonesianus etc. (4) Ecological characteristic value Diversity index (H′) of phytoplankton species in net samples ranged from 0.44 to 3.31, averaging at 2.20, among which the maximum and minimum was in #69 and #44 station respectively; Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.12 to 0.70, averaging at 0.53, among which the maximum and minimum was in #65 and #54 station respectively; Abundance (d) ranged from 0.55 to 1.58, averaging at 0.99, the diversity, homogeneity and abundance were all average. (5) Conclusion During the survey, 3 phyla and 98 species of phytoplankton were identified, it was obvious that the Bacillariophyta was the dominant phylum which included species of Trichodesmium thiebautii, Skeletonema costatus, Coscinodiscus jonesianus and Trichodesmium erythraeum etc.; the phytoplankton density in water samples ranged from 400cell/L to 62,880cell/L, averaging at 15,938cell/L and the phytoplankton density in net samples ranged from 5.49×104cell/m3 to 2.90×106cell/m3, averaging at 3.89×105cell/m3. Diversity index (H′) of phytoplankton species in net samples ranged from 0.44 to 3.31, averaging at 2.20; Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.12 to 0.70, averaging at 0.53; Abundance (d) ranged from 0.55 to 1.58, averaging at 0.99, the diversity, homogeneity and abundance in the surveyed sea area were all average. 5.5.4.3 Zooplankton 153 (1) Species composition A total of 13 phyla, 78 species of zooplankton were identified in the survey, including 37 Copepoda species, 5 Euphausiacea species, Chaetongnaths and ostracodes with 4 species each, Hydromedusa, Mysidacea and Amphipoda with 3 species each, Siphonophorae and Ctenophora with 2 species each, Pelagic polychaete, Pelagic mollusca and Urochordata with 1 species each as well as 11 larva species. Please refer to the Appendix C for the directory of zooplankton species. (2) Quantity distribution The density of zooplankton during the flood and spring tide ranged from 37.7ind/m3 to 119ind/m3, averaging at 77ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 224.7mg/m3 and its variation range was from 61.7mg/m3 to 436.6mg/m3. The density of zooplankton during the ebb and spring tide ranged from 36ind/m3 to 334.8ind/m3, averaging at 105.8ind/m3, the average zooplankton biomass was 181.3mg/m3 and its variation range was from 88.3mg/m3 to 505.7mg/m3. (3) Main dominant species The dominant zooplankton species in net samples include Calanus sinicus, Temora turbinata, Eucalanus subcrassus, Euchaeta concinna, Centropages dorsispinatus, Flaccisagitta enflata, Brachyura megalopa larva, Microcyclops inchoatus, Zonosagitta sinica, Acartia pacifica, Pseudeuphausia sinica, Cypridina dentata, Macrura larva and Undinula vulgaris etc. Please refer to the Table 5.5.17 for dominant zooplankton species and its dominance index. Table 5.5.17 Dominant Zooplankton Species and Dominance Index (Y≥0.02) Flood and Ebb and Flood and Ebb and Dominant Species/Tide Spring Spring Neap Neap Calanus sinicus 0.106 0.111 0.213 0.174 Temora turbinata 0.094 0.082 0.043 0.149 Eucalanus subcrassus 0.082 0.219 0.082 0.070 Euchaeta concinna 0.075 0.076 0.123 0.082 Centropages dorsispinatus 0.072 Flaccisagitta enflata 0.058 0.022 0.029 Brachyura megalopa larva 0.048 0.031 0.031 Microcyclops inchoatus 0.043 0.055 0.029 Zonosagitta sinica 0.031 0.026 0.023 Acartia pacifica 0.027 0.055 0.021 Pseudeuphausia sinica 0.026 Cypridina dentata 0.025 0.082 0.039 Macrura larva 0.022 0.023 0.025 0.026 Acrocalausgibber 0.068 Undinula vulgaris 0.025 (4) Ecological characteristic index Diversity index (H′) of zooplankton species in the survey ranged from 2.60 to 4.44, averaging at 3.69, Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.64 to 0.91, averaging at 0.80, Abundance index (d) ranged from 2.17 to 5.61, averaging at 3.78. The diversity and abundance were 154 relatively high while the homogeneity between species was average. (5) Conclusion During the survey, 13 phyla and 78 species of phytoplankton were identified, the dominant species included Calanus sinicus, Temora turbinata and Undinula vulgaris etc.; the zooplankton density ranged from 61.7ind/m3 to 505.7ind/m3, averaging at 203.0 ind/m3. Diversity index (H′) of zooplankton species in ranged from 2.60 to 4.44, averaging at 3.69; Homogeneity (J′) ranged from 0.64 to 0.91, averaging at 0.80; Abundance (d) ranged from 2.17 to 5.61, averaging at 3.78, the diversity, the diversity, homogeneity and abundance in the surveyed sea area were relatively high. 5.5.4.4 Benthic organisms (1) Species composition and distribution A total of 6 phyla, 41 species benthic organisms were identified in the survey, including 7 Polychaeta species under Annelida (17.1%); 15 mollusca species (36.6%); 9 Crustacea species (21.9%); 4 Echinodermata species (9.8%); 5 fish species (12.2%); 1 Coelenterata species (2.4%). Please refer to the Appendix C for the directory of benthic organisms species. (2) Density and biomass The density of benthic organisms ranged from 5ind/m2 to 45ind/m2, averaging at 23.8ind/m2, the biomass of benthic organisms ranged from 0.15g/m2 to 119.60g/m2, averaging at 11.1g/m2. (3) Dominant Species and Dominance The dominant species in the surveyed sea area included the Sternaspis scutata, Aglaophamus sinensis and Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides (Table 5.5.18). Table 5.5.18 Dominant Benthic Organisms Species and Dominance under Quantitative Survey (Y≥0.02) Dominant Species Dominance Sternaspis scutata 0.143 Aglaophamus sinensis 0.143 Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides 0.020 (4) Ecological characteristic index Diversity index of benthic organisms of the surveyed sea area was averaging at 1.10 and ranging from 0 to 2.24; Homogeneity ranged from 0.59 to 1, averaging at 0.84; Abundance ranged from 0 to 0.78, averaging at 0.37. The diversity of benthic organisms was low. (5) Conclusion During the survey, 6 phyla and 41 species of benthic organisms were identified, the dominant species include Sternaspis scutata, Aglaophamus sinensis and Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides. The density of benthic organisms ranged from 5ind/m2 to 45ind/m2, averaging at 23.8ind/m2, the biomass of benthic organisms ranged from 0.15g/m2 to 119.60g/m2, averaging at 11.1g/m2. Diversity index of benthic organisms of the surveyed sea area was averaging at 1.10 and ranging from 0 to 2.24; Homogeneity ranged from 0.59 to 1, averaging at 0.84; Abundance ranged from 0 to 0.78, averaging at 0.37. The diversity of 155 benthic organisms was relatively low. 5.5.4.5 Benthic organisms in intertidal zone (1) Species composition and distribution A total of 5 phyla, 35 species macrobenthos were identified in the survey, among which, 27 Mollusca species (77.1%); 5 Crustacea species (14.3%); Macrophyte, Coelenterata, Annelida with one species each (2.9% each). Please refer to the Appendix C for the directory of species in intertidal zone. (2) Density and biomass The density in intertidal zones ranged from 0ind/m2 to 1,312ind/m2, averaging at 480.9ind/m2, the biomass ranged from 0g/m2 to 2880.24g/m2, averaging at 1020.60g/m2. The trend of macrobenthos density and biomass was: middle tidal zone>high tidal zone>low tidal zone. (3) Dominant Species The dominant species of benthic organisms in intertidal zones include: Nodilittorina exigus and Nodilittorina pyramidalis in high tidal zone; Tetraclita squamosa, Thais clavigera and Septifer virgatus in middle tidal zone; Septifer virgatus, Mytilus coruscus, Thais clavigera and Tetraclita squamosa in low tidal zone. (4) Ecological characteristic index In most of stations, the Diversity index (H´) ranged from 0.75 to 3.35 and averaged at 2.02; Homogeneity ranged from 0.37 to 0.98, averaging at 0.73; Abundance ranged from 0.33 to 1.38, averaging at 0.72. (5) Conclusion During the survey, a total of 5 phyla, 35 species macrobenthos were identified in the survey. The density in intertidal zones ranged from 0ind/m2 to 1,312ind/m2, averaging at 480.9ind/m2, the biomass ranged from 0g/m2 to 2880.24g/m2, averaging at 1020.60g/m2. The trend of macrobenthos density and biomass was: middle tidal zone>high tidal zone>low tidal zone. The Diversity index (H´) ranged from 0.75 to 3.35 and averaged at 2.02; Homogeneity ranged from 0.37 to 0.98, averaging at 0.73; Abundance ranged from 0.33 to 1.38, averaging at 0.72. The types of benthic organisms species were few with low diversity index, abundance and average homogeneity. 5.5.4.6 Nektonic organisms (1) Species composition A total of 61 species catch collected by otter trawl were identified in the survey, which included 27 fish species (44.26%); 17 species of Crustacea (27.87%, 8 species of shrimp, 7 species of crab and 2 species of squilla); 3 species of Cephalopoda (4.92%); others 14 species (22.95%). The economic species among catch collected by fish trawl included Trichiurus haumela, Collichthys lucidus, Harpodon nehereus, Coilia mystus, Cynoglossus gracilis, Pseudosciaena polyactis, Nibra albiflora, Argyrosomus argentaus, Muraenesox cinereus, Oratosquilla oratotria, Metapeaeus joyneri, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Paeapenaeopsis tenellus, Exopalaemon carinicauda, Palaemon gravieri, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Portunus tritubercutatus, Charybdis japonica etc. (2) Quantity and biomass composition 156 The total weight of catch collected by 6 effective trawling in 6 otter trawling stations in the surveyed sea area was 77,229g, the catches in number totaled 6,736ind and the composition of catch collected by trawling is shown in the table 5.5.19. Table 5.5.19 Composition of Catch Collected by Trawling in Surveyed Sea Area Quantity in Weight in Category Quantity(ind) Weight (g) Percent (%) Percent (%) Fish 4167 61.9 55958 72.5 Shrimp 2196 32.6 14739 19.1 Crab 272 4.0 3830 5.0 Cephalopoda 34 0.5 1025 1.3 Others 67 1.0 1677 2.2 Total 6736 100 77229 100 (3) Density Distribution The quantity of fishery resources was estimated based on the survey result, the average quantity density of fishery resources in surveyed sea area was estimated at 33.0×104ind/km2 and 5,728kg/km2. The quantity density ranged greatly in different stations from 19.7×104ind/km2 to 65.3×104ind/km2. The weight density ranged from 1,394kg/km2 to 24,193kg/km2. The fishery resources were abundant (Table 5.5.20). Table 5.5.20 Fishery Resources Quantity Distribution Fishery resource density Fishery resource density Station Station Quantity Quantity No. Weight (kg/km2) No. Weight (kg/km2) (×104 ind/km2) (×104 ind/km2) Y-1 40.4 2764 Y-4 21.5 1544 Y-2 30.6 2634 Y-5 19.7 1838 Y-3 65.3 24193 Y-6 20.3 1394 (4)Dominant Species The dominant species were determined through the analysis on quantity comparison and biomass of all species emerging in the otter trawling stations, according to the analysis on survey result, the dominant species in quantities calulation include Polydactylus sexfilis, Solenocera crassicornis, Harpodon nehereus, Paeapenaeopsis tenellus, Paeapenaeopsis handwickii, Argyrosomus argentaus and Charybdis miles; while the dominant species in biomass (high-to-low) include Polydactylus sexfilis, Harpodon nehereus, Argyrosomus argentaus and Paeapenaeopsis handwickii (Table 5.5.21). Table 5.5.21 Dominant Species and Dominance of Catch Collected by Otter Trawl Quantity Weight Quantity Weight Category Category Advantage Advantage Advantage Advantage Paeapenaeopsis Polydactylus sexfilis 0.439 0.181 0.040 0.020 handwickii Argyrosomus Solenocera crassicornis 0.090 0.014 0.034 0.059 argentaus Harpodon nehereus 0.084 0.088 Charybdis miles 0.022 0.010 Paeapenaeopsis tenellus 0.082 0.014 157 (5) Ecological characteristic index During the survey, the (weight) diversity index of catch collected by otter trawl ranged from 1.80 to 3.56 and averaged at 3.11; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.37 to 0.69 and averaged at 0.61; the diversity and homogeneity were average. The (quantity) diversity index of organisms in the surveyed ranged from 2.61 to 3.26 and averaged at 2.91; the homogeneity index ranged from 0.49 to 0.66 and averaged at 0.58; the abundance index ranged from 1.94 to 3.00 and averaged at 2.45; the diversity and abundance were high while the homogeneity was average and the fishery resources in the surveyed area were plentiful. (6) Conclusion A total of 48 families, 71 species catch collected by otter trawl (55 species) and stern net were identified in the survey, the average quantity and weight density of fishery resources was 33.0×104ind/km2 and 5728ind/km2. The dominant species included Polydactylus sexfilis, Solenocera crassicornis, Harpodon nehereus, Paeapenaeopsis tenellus, Paeapenaeopsis handwickii, Argyrosomus argentaus and Charybdis miles. The diversity and homogeneity of catch collected were average while the abundance was high and the fishery resources in the surveyed area were plentiful. 5.5.4.7 Ichthyoplankton As to the Ichthyoplankton species collected by horizontal trawling at the surface level, the density of fish eggs ranged from 15 to 270 per net and averaged at 81.33 per net; the density of larval fish ranged from 0 to 34 per net and averaged at 8.67 per net. As to Ichthyoplankton species collected by vertical trawling, there was no fish eggs collected and the density of larval fish ranged from 0 to 0.87 per m3 and averaged at 0.45 per m3(Table 5.5.22). Table 5.5.22 Ichthyoplankton species Density Density Ichthyoplankton species Density Ichthyoplankton species Station collected by horizontal trawling Station in the surface level No. Fish eggs Laval Fish No. Fish eggs Laval Fish (per m3) (per m3) (per m3) (per m3) 38 0 0 Y-1 15 6 54 0 0.69 Y-2 270 10 53 0 0.87 Y-3 73 34 51 0 0.40 Y-4 29 2 66 0 0.71 Y-5 50 0 65 0 0 Y-6 51 0 Average 0 0.45 Average 81.33 8.67 5.5.5 Pollicipes mitella (1) Introduction The construction site of Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port is located in the Fuying Island Marine Special Reserve, the Pollicipes mitella, called Turtles in English, belongs to the Pollicipes, Scalpellidae, Thoracica, Cirripedia, Crustaceea under the Arthropoda. It is usually 2 to 3cm wide and 3 to 5cm high, the body is composed of the head shaped part and the handle part, the former is pale-yellow and green and the former is brown or yellowish- brown, which is covered with small calcareous scales arranged closely. 158 The head part is flat, 8 compartments including shield plate, back plate, upper lateral plate, peak plate, rostrum etc. make up the shell room, a row of small lateral plates (21 to 31) grow in turn in the base part. The compartment is white and covered with a firm yellowish- brown skin. The shield plate is triangular and bigger, the back plate is quadrangular and biggest, the upper lateral plate is located between the shield and back plates and narrow- triangular, the peak plate and rostrum (one for each) are concave. The side plate growing in turn in the base part is triangular and aduncal, whose sub-kiss and sub-peak plates are bigger. The handle part is also flat and shorter than the head part, which is fully and regularly covered by the oval small scales, the internal muscle is developed and flexible and its color is brown or light brown. The soft part of body is located in the shell room, there is no teeth in the upper lip of mouthpart, it has 5 teeth in the large jaw, 6 pairs of cirri, 4 to 8 joints of tail appendages, copulatory organs while no dorsal prolongation. It is a hermaphrodite with no complementary male, the fertilized eggs hatch out into a larva without joints, after the venus larval stage, they grow into small individuals through metamorphosis after the first attached disk of tentacles secretes the materials and sticks to cracks. 1 species for Lepadomorpha under Thoracica, which is in the coastal East and South Sea of China. The Pollicipes mitella belongs to the subtropical and tropical animal and grows in the East and South Sea of China. In the rocky coast of Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, it often sticks to the cracks of rocks in coastal intertidal and supratidal zones in groups, they usually stick to the rock cracks by the handle parts or parasitic on fish body, found abundant in the sea area of Wailingding Island, Guangdong Province. The handle part of Pollicipes mitella contains abundant iodine, calcium, protein and vitamin etc., as recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica, the medical effects of Pollicipes mitella is “Sweet and gentle character and taste and non-toxic, good to invigoration, dieresis and removing stagnated food”, which can recover, strengthen the function of body tissues and promote blood circulation and metabolism, prolonging the life. It has high nutritional value and belongs to the famous dishes, which is popular with customers and ranked as one of the famous seafood in Fujian Province. Therefore, the Pollicipes mitella contains high economic values and belongs to senior nutrients. (2) Pollicipes mitella in Fuying Island According to the Pollicipes mitella survey carried out during Apr.-May 2013, this species is widely distributed in the rock cracks in the midtidal part of intertidal zone (Figure 5.5-3), the distribution density can reach 112 ind/m2 at most and averaged at 72ind/m2 and the biomass in wet weight can reach 164.48g/m2 at most and averaged at 99.24 g/m2, the average contribution rate to the bio-density in the midtidal zone and biomass was 17.27% and 9.71% respectively. The Pollicipes mitella deposits within this reserve are estimated at 20t or so. 159 Location of Pollicipes mitella Pollicipes mitella Pollicipes mitella Pollicipes mitella for sale Figure 5.5-3 Pollicipes mitella Distribution Location and Site Photos 160 5.5.6 Waterfowls The Fujian Wild Animals & Plants and Wetland Resources Monitoring Center and University of Science and Technology of China carried out the survey on wintering waterfowls in coastal Fujian during Feb.8-27, 2006, whose result was included in the Survey Report on Fujian Provincial Costal Wintering Waterfowls (Feb.8-27, 2006) issued by the China Forestry Press. According to Survey Repor on Fujian Provincial Costal Wintering Waterfowls and Fujian Province Marine Environmental Function Zoning, the key habitats of waterfowls in the project region are located in Fuyao Islands Marine Protection Area and Qixing Islands Marine Protection Area. The six fishing ports areas are not main waterfowl habitats, as they are being used as fishing ports by local communities. There is no protected waterfowl species identified during the ecological survey of EA process. Fuyao Qixing Islands Islands Figure 5.5-4 Bird Reserve Location in Marine Functional Zoning 5.6 Land Use Baseline Fujian Provincial Geological Remote Sensing Center, which is the special remote sensing interpretation institution, had interpreted the remote sensing data between 2011 and 2013 on the land use of quarry sites. The land and coastal area of each quarry site and the land use situation is shown in the table 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 respectively, the remote sensing interpretation of land use for each site is shown in the figure 5.6-1 to 5.6-5. The type of land use can be classified into land for agriculture, land for building and unused land. The land for agriculture mainly includes woodland, grassland and cropland, land for building mainly includes land for village use and land for transport use, the unused land is classified into bare rock and soil. The unused land in Sansha and Wen’ao accounts for over 50% and the land in Beishuang, Fenghuo and Luxia stock yard is mainly used for growing crops. Currently, the sites in Sansha and Fenghuo ports are already used as quarry sites for stone material borrowing. 161 Table 5.6.1 Satellite Image Analysis Scope of Land and Coastal Area of Quaary Sites No. Name of Stock Yard Land Area(m2) Coastal Area(m2) 1 Sansha 106090.62 29914.97 2 Luxia 334055.44 75388.84 3 Fenghuo 90043.23 32724.26 4 Beishuang 52710.63 33895.14 5 Wen’ao 135771.12 17358.69 162 Table 5.6.2 Satellite Image Interpretation Results on Land Use Baseline for Quarry Sites Stock Land for Agriculture Land for Building Unused Land No. Category Yard Woodland Grassland Cropland Village Dock Road Bare soil Bare Rock 2 Area(m ) / 50178.84 / 671.43 / / 35839.21 19401.14 1 Sansha Proportion / 47.3% / 0.6% / / 33.8% 18.3% Area(m2) 227863.51 / 45375.93 / / / / 60816 2 Luxia Proportion 68.2% / 13.6% / / / / 18.2% Area(m2) 58860 / / / / / 31183.23 / 3 Fenghuo Proportion 65.4% / / / / / 34.6% / Area(m2) 9240.54 27453.48 / 5752.16 / / / 10264.45 4 Beishuang Proportion 17.5% 52.1% / 10.9% / / / 19.5% Area(m2) 52709.73 / / / 8400.85 3739.98 70920.56 / 5 Wen’ao Proportion 38.8% / / / 6.2% 2.8% 52.2% / 163 Figure 5.6-1 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the Vicinity of Sansha Stock Yard Figure 5.6-2 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the Vicinity of Luxia Stock Yard 164 Figure 5.6-3 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the Vicinity of Fenghuo Stock Yard 165 Figure 5.6-4 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the Vicinity of Beishuang Stock Yard 166 Figure 5.6-5 Remote Sensing Interpretation Map for Land Use in the Vicinity of Wen’ao Stock Yard 5.7 Air Environment Baseline Survey and Assessment 5.7.1 Monitoring stations layout and monitoring cycle (1) Monitoring stations layout The Fujian Provincial Environmental Science Insitute was entrusted to carry out the baseline survey on air quality of surrounding environment in order to understand the current situation of air environment in project-located area, please refer to the figure 5.7-1 for the monitoring stations layout in detail. (2) Monitoring cycle The first monitoring in 2013 lasted five days during Jul. 4-8, 2013. 5.7.2 Monitored items and analysis method The monitored items include SO2, NO2, TSP, PM10, please refer to the appendix for the corresponding analysis methods. 167 1# Sansha Town 2#Changchun Town 3# Luxia Village Air Monitoring Stations Location Figure 5.7-1 Location of Air Monitoring Stations 5.7.3 Assessment Method and Standard (1) Assessment Method The single-factor index method was adopted in the assessment. (2) Assessment Standard The air quality functional zone in the assessed area belongs to the Type-2 zone that falls under the Air Environmental Quality Standard (GB3095-1996); the assessment on PM10、 TSP、SO2、NO2、CO followed the Air Environmental Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) and Type-2 standard of “List of Standard Revised in 2000”. 168 5.7.4 Air environment quality baseline and assessment result See the appendix for baseline of air environment quality and assessment result. The hourly and daily average concentration of SO2 ranged from ND to 0.028 mg/m3 and 0.009 mg/m3 to 0.023 mg/m3 respectively; the single-factor index of pollutant ranged from 0.007 to 0.056 and 0.060 to 0.153 accordingly; The hourly and daily average concentration of NO2 ranged from ND to 0.019 mg/m3 and 0.007 mg/m3 to 0.016 mg/m3 respectively; the single-factor index of pollutant ranged from 0.010 to 0.079 and 0.058 to 0.133 accordingly; The daily average concentration of TSP ranged from 0.042 mg/m3 to 0.059 mg/m3, the single-factor index of pollutant ranged from 0.140 to 0.197; The daily average concentration of PM10 ranged from 0.030 mg/m3 to 0.046 mg/m3; the single-factor index of pollutant ranged from 0.200 to 0.307. Overall, the air pollutant concentration in monitoring stations can meet the Air Environmental Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) and threshold of corresponding assessment standards, the air environment quality in assessed area is generally good. 5.8 Survey and Analysis on Sound Environment Baseline 5.8.1 Monitoring time and method Monitoring time: Fujian Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute monitored the noise baseline in the vicinity of projects on Jul. 4, 2013. Monitoring method: following the Technical Guidelines of EIA, Sound Environment (HJ2.4-2009) formulated by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of P.R.C. and the Sound Environment Quality Standard (GB3096-2008). 5.8.2 Survey content The noise baseline survey involved 6 proposed fishing ports in Dajing, Luxia, Beishuang, Wen’ao, Sansha and Changchun, respectively established 5 noise monitoring stations in each port (30 stations totally) to measure the 10min equivalent sound level, which was implemented separately in days and nights. 5.8.3 Data processing and assessment indicators (1) Data processing The energy average within specified period of sound level (LA) measured by the A weighting network was adopted to assess, called equivalent steady A sound level as well, which is defined as follows: LAeq=10 lg(1/T∫0T 10 0.1LAi dt) Where, LA represents the instantaneous A level at the moment of t; T represents the specified measurement time. When measured in samples and the sampling time-intervals are certain, the above formula can be indicated as follows: LAeq=10lg(1/n∑10 0.1/LAi) Where, LAi represents the A sound level monitored at the ith time; N represents the total 169 number of samples. The assessment will refer to the statistical sound level. (2) Assessment standard The proposed ports and surrounding villages will follow the Type-2 and Type-1 standard that falls under the Sound Environment Quality Standard (GB3096-2008) respectively, the Type-4a standard applies to both sides of the transportation roads. 5.8.4 Testing devices The AWA5680 sound level meter and AWA6221A sound calibration apparatus were used. 5.8.5 Result Analysis of Noise Environment Baseline Monitoring As indicated in the baseline monitoring (refer to appendix for detail), the noise monitored value in the vicinity of projects in the daytime ranged from 50.8dB to 54.7dB, which ranged from 39.5dB to 44.4dB at night, both conformed to the Type-2 zone standard that falls after the Sound Environment Quality Standard (GB3096-2008). 170 Chapter 6 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures As a natural disaster prevention and relief effort, the project will have significant positive socio-economic benefits by providing sheltering areas for the fishing boats and securing the safety of fishing communities in Xiapu County. Upon project completion, effective sheltered area of 1,764,000 m2 can be realized which can provide shelter for all the fishing boats of the project villages. Most of fishing boats can take shelter from typhoon at nearby fishing ports, which not only secures the safety of human and property, but also results in significant saving of economic cost by avoiding long distance travel to farer ports for shelter. However, the project construction activities will have adverse environmental and social impacts. Such activities include foundations excavation and construction of breakwaters, land reclamation, port ancillary facility construction, and material borrow and waste disposal, etc. The main environmental and social impacts envisaged include:  Loss of marine habitat of intertidal and subtidal zones  Impacts on marine life  Impacts on hydrodynamic environment and siltation  Impacts on marine water quality  Social impacts on aquaculture activities, land acquisition and resettlement  Impacts on physical cultural resources  Impacts on navigation safety  Construction nuisance of noise, dust and waste management, and  Impacts related to operation, including waste management, navigation safety and cumulative impacts of other development activities These impacts are carefully assessed in EIA, SA and RAP, and adequate measures have been developed in EMP/RAP. In summary, the project will not have significant adverse impact on marine environment in the project area, will not result in significant degradation or conversion of natural habitat, will not have significant impact on physical cultural resource and scenic/tourism resort. The measures in EMP and RAP can effectively avoid, minimize, mitigate or otherwise compensate the potential environmental and social impacts. Environmental risks and cumulative environmental impacts will be described in separate chapter. 6.1 Impacts during Construction Stage 6.1.1 Impact on Marine Ecology Based on the environmental impacts scoping and screening, impacts on marine ecology during construction period are: (1) Permanent loss of benthonic organism in habitat Sea areas to be permanently utilized for construction of breakwaters, seawalls and docks and land reclamation will cause permanent loss of benthonic organism that live in the habitat. Dock basin and dredging in Sansha Port and Luxia Port also result disturbance to the 171 benthonic organisms and their habitats. (2) Impact of suspended sediments: During the process of excavating dock basin and breakwater foundation trench, breakwater dumping-fill and land reclamation, suspended sediments will fall into the sea and influence the habitat of oceanic life in project areas and eventually influence the food-seeking and reproduction activities of oceanic life near project areas. (3) Explosive blasting during construction of Luxia Port: The shock wave generated by construction blasting might be harmful to such oceanic life in project areas as pelagic organism, benthonic organism and fish egg, fish larval, etc. This report provides detailed assessment on the above impacts. In summary, environmental impacts such as foundation excavation and packing sediment by blasting are temporary and manageable; permanent habitat loss will be compensatd through an ecological offset program included in the project. 6.1.1.1 Impact of sea utilization on habitat and benthonic organism  Impact on habitat and benthonic organism Breakwaters and dock construction in each port, and land reclamation in Luxia, Beishuang, Dajing, as well as Sansha Foshing Port Phase -1 project (which receives dredgded material from this proposed project) will take in total 72ha sea areas permanently, which directly causes loss of original benthonic organism habitat in the sea areas; it will also influence the species distribution and biodiversity in the sea areas near project area. Table 6.1.1 summarizes the breakdown and sum sea area, mainly subtidal and inter-tidal habitats benthos loss, based on information provided by Sea Area Study insitute. Biomass per unit sea area is based on field monitoring data from Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Ningbo, State Oceanic Administration (SOA). Based on these data, the ecological loss due to construction of the proposed ports is given in Table 6.1.1. Table 6.1.1 List of Benthonic Organism Loss Caused by Sea Utilization for Engineering Utilization Area (hm2) Biomass in Utilization Type Intertidal Loss Land Total Sea Area Zone or Breakwater Subtidal Zone （t） Name of Works Reclamation Utilized （g/m2） Sansha Central Fishing 13.1587 13.1587 10.93 1.438 Port Extension Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port 7.4593 11.1665 18.6258 11.96 2.228 Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing / 2.0991 2.0991 10.04 0.211 Port Beishuang Class-2 Fishing 0.8826 / 0.8826 1020.6 9.008 Port Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing / 3.0918 3.0918 27.15 0.839 Port Dajing Class-2 Fishing 0.3715 / 0.3715 586.74 2.180 Port Intertidal zone Sansha Fishing Port Phase 33.8* 33.8 5.06; subtidal 2.14 I engineering backfill area zone 7.6 Total 72.0295 18.04 172 Note: *: The materials from breakwater foundation trench excavation and port basin dredging for the extension of Sansha Fishing Port supported by this project will be used as backfill for land reclamation in Phase I of Sansha Fishing Port. The area of intertidal zone and subtidal zone to be utilized for construction of fishing ports covers 72 hectares, accounting for 0.1% of Xiapu's total intertidal zone area of 696 km2. Among these, the breakwaters in Wen’ao will occupy 3ha intertidal zone, ca. 0.035% of the total area of 8,702 hectares of Fuying Island Marine Protection Area. Therefore, the total intertidal zone habitat loss is rather limited, and will not result in significant degradtion or conversion of natural habitat in the project area. These affected intertidal zone areas have been used as fishing ports for local communties for a long history, therefore, have been intensively disturbed by human activities. According to the investigation and survey findings on the oceanic life near project areas, there is no rare and precious oceanic life found in project areas. The survey also found that the various benthonic and pelagic organisms impacted during project construction are widely distributed in sea area. Therefore, engineering construction will not cause the ecological problem of reduced species diversity in the region. During the construction period, however, the quantity and distribution density of species in sea areas near project area will both decrease compared with those before construction. Within certain period of time after completion of construction and with the natural repair of the regional ecological system, quantity and distribution density of species will also recover.  Impact of Dredged Material Disposal There are dredged activities in Sansha and Luxia ports. All dredged materials are to be reused as backfilling materials for land reclamation in the project ports. The quantity of dredging of Luxia Fishing Port basin is less than 13,000 m3, which can be used to backfill the 2 aquaculture ponds in northern part for land reclamation. Breakwater foundation trench excavation and port basin dredging for Sansha Fishing Port extension project will generate 1,600,000 m3 of dredged material. As the closest designated marine dumping ground from Sansha Port is Shacheng Port External Special Utilization Zone, which is 30 km away from Sansha Port area, if the dredged material is to be moved to this dumping area, the vessel transportation cost would be extremely high and environmental impacts as well. Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries has approved the EIA report for Phase I of Sansha Central Fishing Port in 2011 and project owner has obtained sea area utilization permit for land reclamation of 57ha intertidal zones. While, so far only a 2.19ha area in the southeastern part has been formed to build a dock (see cumulative impact assessment as well). According to its EIA, the backfilling materials needed for land reclamation will be borrowed by mountain blasting in the east side of Sansha Town. According to London Dumping Convention, Notice about Strnengthening Protection and Management of Ocean Dumping and Offshore Oil Drilling Development and World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals, ocean dredged meterials that are allowed to be disposed by ocean dumping. However, first is to consider the alternative disposal method of ocean dumping, such as comprehensive utilization, land-based treatment, storage, piling/burial, etc. Hence, the dredged material in Sansha Port should also be considered for recycled utilization. As no backfill is done during Phase I of Sansha Fishing Port, it has the condition to accept the dredged material. Therefore, the dredged materials generated by the proposed Sansha Port 173 extension project should first considered for recycled use, instead of dumping into the ocean, and at the same time, impact of mountain blasting for borrowing soil can be avoided. Phase I of Sansha Fishing Port is located in intertidal zone and requires earth fill to increase elevation and form land area. After completion of backfilling, it will be constructed into aquatic product processing zone and land for urban development of Sansha. It is known that there are many commercial sand material borrow sites along the downstream of Baima Port in Fu'an and the sand required for back fill can be purchased from existing sand material suppliers which all obtained approval from the competent authority of local government and have operated for over decades. Many of the infrastructure engineering construction projects in Xiapu County purchased material from these yards. Recycled use of dredged material in back fill region will greatly reduce the quantity of purchase from sand and stone material yard. Recycled use of dredged material can greatly reduce the quantity of purchasing required backfill materials from other sources and also mitigate the problem of environmental impact due to ocean dumping of the dredged materials. Then the inevitable result is permanent occupation of the intertidal zone that provides ecological service and source of livelihood. Layout of backfill area and backfill operation is presented in Figure 6.1-1. Figure 6.1-1 Layout of Backfill Area and Backfill Operation 174  Environmental feasibility of reusing dredged materials for backfill (1) According to Present Status of Marine Resources and Environment of Fujian, chromium and zinc contents in offshore sediment show the characteristic of higher in the north and lower in the south; Funing Bay sea area has relatively higher chromium contents. (2) According to Marine Sediment Quality (GB 18668-2002), marine sediment quality is classified by different function of the sea area and environmental protection objective into three classes and details are given in Table 6.1.12. Table 6.1.2 Marine Sediment Classification Type Applicable Sea Area Applicable to marine fishery water areas, marine natural reserve, natural reserve for rare and precious or endangered species, Type 1 marine culture area, bathing beach, marine sports or recreational area where human body has direct onctact with sediments and industrial water area directly realted to human consumption. Applicable to general industrial water area and offshore Type 2 landscape resort Applicable to ocean port water areas and ocean development Type 3 working zone for special purpose. The most strict standard Class 1 in Marine Sediment Quality (GB 18668-2002) is adopted for the sediments in assessed sea area. It is observed that chromium contents in the sea area of Sansha Fishing Port breakwater exceed Type 1 standard by only 10% and zinc contents exceed the standard by only 3%, which means the contents exceeding Type-1 standard is limited and both type of heavy metal contents meet Type-2 standard. Dredged materials can be used for land reclamation backfill in Phase I of Sansha Central Fishing Port, which may apply the Type 3 standard of Marine Sediment Quality (GB 18668-2002); then chromium contents is only 30% of the Type 3 standard and zinc contents is only 26% of the Type 3 standard, which means the dredged materials are not toxic or hazardous material. (3) According to the definition of "significance" value of substance in London Dumping Convention, the significance of zinc and its chemical compound is ≥1000*10-6; chromium is not listed as a criterion for assessment. In Sansha Port, maximum zinc contents in sediment are 155.59*10-6, a level far lower than the standard, making it a "non-significant" impact. (4) Dredged material is natural sediment fine sand and silt in the sea area. The dredged materials in Sansha Port are used for land formation so that large quantity of dredged materials is recycled to avoid impact on ocean dumping zone. Only small part of the dredged material flow out with the current when passing the overflow port. According to mathematical modeling result, the scope where suspended sediment concentration increment exceeds Type 2 water quality standard is limited to port basin interior and area near breakwater. After one tide cycle, the suspended sediments may resettle down to seabed and water quality may be restored to original level. According to current monitoring result, the chromium and zinc contents in this sea area universally exceed Type-1 standard and the exceeding quantity is basically the same.These suspended sediments into sea only make the sediments redistribute, without significant impact on the environment quality of the sediment in the sea area.  Habitat Offset Plan 175 Requirements to Implementation of ecological compensation policies The Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources (SC/T9110-2007) issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2008 states the following ecological compensation principles and measures: “all ecological compensation funds of the engineering are used in ecological restoration in strict accordance with provisions, mainly including fish reproduction and releasing, establish and maintenance of protection areas and man-made fish reefs, domestication and breeding of rare aquatic lives, tracking and monitoring, effect evaluation and maintenance management of reproduction and releasing”. These domestic principle and measures are generally in line with World Bank OP4.04 Natural Habitat, namely: If the EA indicates that the project would significantly convert or degrade (non-critical) natural habitats, it needs mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank, including (as appropriate):1)Minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post- development restoration); 2)Establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area (conservation offset); and 3)Other mitigation measures, after consultation and approval by the World Bank, only where they are technically justified. As has been discussed, the project will potentially result in permanent loss of inter-tidal and sub-tidal habiat loss of about 72ha, of which 3.1ha is located in the Fuying Island Marine Ecosystem Protection Area, while the remaing belong to fishery waters. This loss is not considered significant conversion or degradation of natural habitats. In view of the actual situations in Xiapu County that it has gained experiences through past artificial reef implementation, and its latitude/temperature/marine conditions do not fit mangroves, natural reef or seegrass bed; finally the deployment of artificial reefs in sea area outside the bay of Dongchong Peninsula was selected. Comparision for methods of marine ecological compensation Engineering Measures The methods of marine ecological restoration include natural restoration, man-made ecological restoration promotion and reconstruction etc. The drawback of first two measures is long time for restoration, whose result can’t reach the expectation, even seriously influence the livelihood of fishery workers, so the ecological system reconstruction is the measure of marine ecological compensation widely accepted. The Theory and Practice of Marine Ecological Restoration (2012, China Ocean Press) financed by the State Oceanic Administration, written and compiled by Professor Chen Bin etc. from the 3rd Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration indicates that the marine ecological restoration means the process of helping the degenerated, damaged or destroyed ecological system to restore, which is a goal-directed action, aiming to initiate or facilitate an ecological system to restore its health, integrity and sustainability. Therefore, the final purpose of marine ecological restoration does not emphasize restoring the ecological system to the ideal state of history or before disturbance, but restore it to the healthy ecological system and build a marine ecological system which is self-sustaining or, with less human aid, could work in a healthy way (Maria et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2004). The marine ecological restoration has become from the restoration of local region or a bio-community or species to the ecological restoration of large-scale ecological system or landscape. The international study of marine ecological restoration can be divided into two stages: firstly, before mid 1990's: the study of marine ecological restoration was mainly conducted in the form of a single project, focusing on the study and practice of typical ocean 176 ecological restoration for saline, mangrove forest, seaweed, coral reef, etc.; secondly, after mid 1990's: some countries, esp. the developed countries, determined the ecological restoration program from at the macro level such as national strategic planning and regional planning. For instance, the US developed A National Strategy to Restore Coastal and Estuarine Habitat in 2002; the South Bay of California, Florida Wet Land, Chesapeake Bay and Louisiana offshore wet land all carried out regional ecological restoration projects. Fujian Province has promulgated a Marine Environment Protection Planning in Fujian Province and determined and maintained 41 marine preserves, covering a total area of 158,000 hectares, for marine environment protection. Furthermore, the fishing ports project will continue to implement the special eco-compensation scheme for the ecological loss of intertidal zone and sub-tidal zone about 72 hectares. The study and mature practice of ocean ecological restoration in China mainly focuses on the artificial cultivation of mangrove forest, the treatment of water eutrophication, artificial reef, coral reef restoration, fish reproduction and releasing, etc. During 1950's, very few farmers in the coastal region in China started artificial forestation spontaneously. At present, extensive attention has been paid to the restoration of mangrove forest. Large scale artificial forestation of mangrove forest has been organized in coastal areas, e.g. Qi’ao Island of the Pearl River Estuary, Futian of Shenzhen, Quanzhou Bay of Fujian and Jiulong River estuary of Fujian. The artificial forestation of mangrove forest has acquired mature experience and technique. For instance, Chen Yujun et al. (2005) accomplished the local standard of Guangdong Province, the Technical Regulations for Planting Mangrove; Liu Rongcheng summarized the technique of mangrove forestation in Quanzhou Bay and compiled the Mangrove Forest in Luoyangjiang, Huian, China (Liu Rongcheng, 2010); Liao Baowen et al. compiled the Techniques on Restoration and Reconstruction of Mangrove Ecosystem in China (Liao Baowen, 2010). The restoration of coral reef in China started late and was mainly concentrated in Sanya of Hainan, Xuwen of Guangdong, Dongshan of Fujian, etc. The practice of artificial reef in China started in 1979 with the artificial reef releasing in 23 county pilots in 8 provinces (autonomous region) such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Jiangsu, Fujian and Zhejiang. Recently, a great upsurge in artificial reef development has unfolded nationwide. In 2001, Guangdong determined 12 artificial reef releasing areas in the whole province with RMB 800 million Yuan invested in artificial reef project. Guangdong Province has been at the forefront of the country in the construction of artificial reef. In July in the same year, Zhejiang released the first batch of two artificial reefs about 2400m3 in the sea area of Nanji Island National Marine Natural Reserve. In 2002, Jiangsu Province also started its construction project of artificial reef and released artificial reef in Haizhou Bay. Hong Kong SAR passed a resolution in 1998 to appropriate HKD 600 million to build five artificial reef areas in five years. The mangrove forest is the native plant community distributed in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical regions, approximately between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees). The coral reef is distributed in the warm tropic sea area on both sides of the Equator. The coral reef in China is distributed in the sea area on the south of 20.5 degrees north latitude, mainly around the Nansha Islands, Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands in the South China Sea as well as Taiwan and Hainan. Xiapu County, the project site, is around 26 degrees north latitude, not applicable to the ecological compensation for mangrove forest and coral reef. Separate reproduction and releasing failed to build the ecological service function similar to habitat. Since Xiapu has accumulated some experience in past artificial reef practice and the latitude, temperature and sea conditions are not applicable to mangrove forestation and coral reef, the compensation scheme is finally 177 selected to release artificial reef outside Dongchong Peninsula Bay and reconstruct the ecological system. Management measures Not only the above engineering measures but also the management measures to ecological restoration are very necessary and helpful to rapidly restore the ecological system, which shall be taken throughout the process of ecological restoration. The management measures include Intergrated Management of Coastal area and Marine (IMCAM), establishment and protection of marine reserve, public participation etc. The IMCAM is dynamic and continuous, with the aim to prevent, control or mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on coastal area and marine, then promote the restoration of degrated ecological environment. The ecological compensation plan for fishing harbors supported by the World Bank is implemented by Xiapu County Ocean & Fishery Bureau and under the cross-sectional joint supervision from Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries, Ningde City Ocean & Fishery Bureau, Ningde City Environmental Protection Bureau, meeting the requirement of IMCAM. Besides, upon the deployment of aritifical reefs, a restricted navigation zone within 1000m reach from the reef shall be established and signs shall be deployed to avoid endangering the safety of vessels; informing the fishermen of preventing the bahaviors of electricity, blasting, fixation, trawling and sand mining etc., making the surrounding public maintain and management the reef area to rebuild the artificial reef eco-system. Theory of ecological restoration through aritifcial reef Artificial reef can improve the damaged habitat environment and become the foraging, breeding and shelter place for fishes and other marine organism. The complex structure of artificial reef can produce many interspaces which can be the ideal dwelling place for reef- loving fish. Furthermore, the artificial reef with surface much bigger than natural reef of the same volume, which provides affluent substratum for the mass growth of attaching organism. Among these attaching organisms, some crustacea, shellfish and polychaete larvae can directly be the food of some fishes. The artificial reef mainly helps improve the marine ecology by changing the direction and velocity of surrounding currents. By creating upwelling currents on the windward side of the artificial reefand developing the whirling slack current area on the leeward side, the rise, whirl and diffusion of adjacent water substance will transfer the nutritious substances from seabed to the surface with sufficient light, thus improving the structure of nutrient substances in this sea area and facilitating the proliferation of phytoplankton and zooplankton. On the other hand, it will also help increase the oxygen dissolved in the water body and thus improve water quality. Many types of marine algae will be growing on the fishing reef to increase primary productivity. Algae will absorb the nitrogen, phosphorus and other organic substances, thus avoiding the eutrophication of water body and improving water conditions. The micro-organisms growing on the fishing reef will also help eliminate organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen. Moreover, the artificial reef will bring about fish accumulation and increase fishing yield. It's concluded that the artificial reefs will help build a small favorable man-made ecosystem in the coastal area and thus improve the primary productivity of the sea area,with the function similar to the coastal inter-tidal habitat. The programmed fishing ports are situated in the sea area of traditional and legal fishing zone. The primary function of it is providing the sea for fishery resources production. The construction of the fishing ports may result in the occupation of intertidal zone and shallow sea in some area. The adverse impact on ecological environment is mainly represented by a 178 little reduction of fishery resources. The service function for ecological system provided by artificial reef is similar to the primary function of the occupied intertidal zone and shallow sea. The ecological system built with artificial reef can enhance fishery resources. Therefore, the programmed project can realize the purpose of ecological restoration by the ecological compensation means of artificial reef. Estimate of Ecological Loss Methodology of economic evaluation for loss of marine living resources is proposed to refer to the Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources (SC/T9110-2007) issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2008. Under the project, breakwater and land reclamation will potentially result in permanent influence of occupancy in sea waters, and compensations for damage to one-off living resources are 20 times one-time damage cost, while influence during construction is temporary one and such compensations are 3 times one-time damage cost. Both permanent and temporary loss of habitats/marine living resources are taken into account the development of offset measures and economic valuation. Table 6.1.3 summarizes the ecological loss resulted from the project, which amounts to an economic value of 5,149,300 yuan in totoal. Table 6.1.3 Summary of Economic Compensations for Loss of Engineering and Marine Biological Resources Compensations for Loss factors Compensation One-time damage cost damages to one-off of living times Total (10,000 yuan) living resources resources (10,000 yuan) Loss of 15.904 20 318.07 habitat 514.93 Construction 65.62 3 196.86 work Ecological Compensation Plans In order to offset the impact on habitat, a habit compensation plan was prepared, which includes: (1) Location and area The project plan to deploy man-made reef in one sea area, which is located at Bijiashan – Douyu sea area outside the bay of Dongchong Peninsula. Water depth of sea area ranges from 12 to 20m, and the area of reef region is about 600mu (40ha). The proposed artificial reefarea is located in the sea area where the proposed fishing port is located, and the position relation between the artificial reefand fishing ports is stated in Table 6.1.4. Table 6.1.4 Position Relation between Artificial reefand Fishing Ports (km) Sansha Beishuang Luxia Fenghuo Dajing Wen’ao Fishing Fishing Fishing Port Fishing Port Fishing Port Fishing Port Port Port Man- made 24 8 25 18 6 14 fishing reef 179 Dajing fishing port Proposed man-made reef location Lvxia fishing port Figure 6.1-2 Position of Proposed Man-made Fishing Reef (2) Design of ariticial reefs The project owner will engage specialized contractors to design, build, transport and deploy the artificial reefs. Design requirement are as follows: achieving optimum result of fish and shellfish aggregation, giving full consideration to service life of reefs and appropriate substrate structure and natural environmental features of sea areas. Common aritifical reefs include concrete reef, obsolete vessel, junked tire, etc. It's decided to adopt precast concrete reefs to avoid causing secondary pollution to the ocean environment. (3) Scheduling January to March of 2014 is the preparatory phase of project implementation: the chief task is to carry out arrangement and responsibilities of personnel for project implementation, implement project funds and reef production units and set up project operation organizations and measures for the implementation of project management. April to August of 2014 is the phase for background survey of proposed reef regions and design and production of reefs: the main task in the earlier stage is to carry out background survey of fishery resources and marine ecology in the proposed reef region, focusing on topography, depth distribution and substrate type as well as species composition and number distribution of benthos and nektons. And the task of the later period is design and production of reefs, supervision and inspection of reef production quality. September to October of 2014 is the stage for reef acceptance, transportation and releasing, aiming at organization and implementation of reef acceptance and releasing. 180 October to December of 2014 is the phase for reef maintenance management and reef releasing effect investigation and evaluation: firstly, implement daily maintenance and management of reef regions and prevent lawbreakers from giving an electric shock, poisoning and exploding and other illegal acts in the reef regions; secondly, carry out survey and evaluation on species composition and biomass distribution of attaching organisms, benthos and nektons in the reef region. (4) Environmental impacts and management Building, transportation and installation of artificial reefs have potential impacts such as sedimentation suspension and wastes from construction ships. These impacts are considered limited and can be effectively mitigated through mature and generic mitigation measures. Operational impacts include the impacts on marine hydrodynamics, siltation/erosion, local nutrients level, marine ecology, navigation safety, and the concern over the safety of artificial reef. Overall, through selecting the current location for artificial reef deployment and taking ito local current situations into design, these operational concerns have been addressed. The artificial reef will use concrete as construction materials, which is biologically safer and presents better anti-corrosion characterisitics compared to other typical materials such as coal-ash, wood, and steel. Moniotoring and management measures for ariticial reef deployment include  Upon the deployment of aritifical reefs, a restricted navigation zone within 1000m reach from the reef shall be established and signs shall be deployed to avoid endangering the safety of vessels; Electricity, blasting, fixation, trawling and sand excavation are prohibited in the restricted navigation zone.  Deployment will be carried out during winter where possible, and avoid Apr- July, to avoid/minimize impacts on fishing reproduction seasons;  Regular monitoring the stability of artificial reef; and  Regular remove solid wastes such as broken nets that may attach to the reefs;  Divers’ quarterly check, evaluate the performance of ecological system restoration. Review of Ariticial Reef Implementation Experiences International and dometic experiences: Aritifical reefs are put in their own coasts by many countries in the world, getting generous profits. There are model countries with good performance in construction in Asia, America, Europe and Oceania. As the country being the first to carry out artificial reefconstruction and research in the world, Japanese sets up the research institution special for aritifical reefs to make research on relation between artificial reefand fish, mechanism, construction materials, engineering philosophy and benefits of aritifical reefs, etc, with the largest investment. Coastal Fishery Promotion Policy was prepared by the Japanese government in 1932, and aritifical reefs have been put in year by year after the Second World War. Nowadays, Japanese roundabout coastal area is covered with the aritifical reefs, especially seto inland sea which had been ruined. It becomes a genuine sea farm with significant economic, social and ecological benefits. According the research made by Osamu Sato, 1m3 artificial reefaveragely forms 1.837m3 fishing ground, increasing by 10kg of fish catch every cubic meter every year. USA has been studying and implmenting artificial reef for more than a hundred years. Area of each grouped reefs reaches scores of hectares and many wastes are used as reefs. At 181 present, aritifical reefs are put in sea areas of Louisiana, Hawaii, etc., getting significant effect. A case study in Hawaii shows shows that, before and after putting aritifical reefs, fish output significantly increased in less a year. Large scale construction of aritifical reefs has started since 1973 in Korea the central government of which is responsible for planning and providing financial aid to construction of aritifical reefs. Local governments are responsible for construction and releasing. The national fisheries research and development department undertakes site selection and assessment of releasing effect. With the investment totaling 4 billion yuan, a 14×10 4hm2 reef region is built. In 1974, artificial reefconstruction commences in Taiwan, with the investment of 1.3 billion NTD, and nowadays, the artificial reefregions are arranged at coastal areas of the whole Taiwan Island. Since 1979, mainland China has started pilot of artificial reef deployment Guangxi, Guangdong, Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Jiangsu, Fujian and Zhejiang province. In recent years, development of aritifical reefs is on the rise around China. 12 artificial reefregions are set in sea areas of the whole Guangdong Province in 2001, with the investment of RMB 800 million in fishing reef engineering. Artificial reefconstruction by Guangdong Province has been in the forefront in China. On July of 2001, the first batch of 2 aritifical reefs with gross area of 2.400 was put by Zhejiang Province in the sea area of Nanji Island, the national marine nature reserve.A construction project of artificial reefwas launched by Jiangsu Province in 2002, putting aritifical reefs in Haizhou Bay.In 1998, a resolution was passed by Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to allocate funds of HK 600 million within 5 years for constructing 5 artificial reef regions. Artificial reef deploement experiences in Xiapu County: Funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Xiapu has started a artificial reef program. The feasibility study, including environmental studies, was initiated in 2011 and was approved in 2012. The implementation started in January, 2013. According to the plan, the sea area close to Bei’ao Island of Sansha Town is selected as sea farm demonstration region of Xiapu County for artificial reef deployment. There are 367 aritifical reefs to be deployed, covering 259,200 m2 sea area and gross empty squares of reef totaling 10,905.59 m3. Laying the reefs has been completed during August to September 2013. Analysis on the marine living resources augmentation: For estimating biomass improvement by aritifical reefs, measured data of aritifical reefs in the east sea area of Daya Bay in Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province are collected for estimation. Adjacent to Fujian Province, Guangdong Province is located in the southeast of China. Laying reefs commenced since March 20, 2007 and completed on December 25, totaling 2,202 reefs which have been laid and with area of reef region being 2.75m2. From April 2007 to May 2009, the South Sea Fisheries Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences investigated the reef region of Yangmeikeng of Daya Bay and waters outside the reef region in different seasons, and investigation results are published in Research and Demonstration of Key Technology of Aritifical reefs (China Ocean Press, 2011) Investigation results of fishery resources in various voyages are listed in Table 6.1.5. 182 Table 6.1.5 Comparison of Investigation Results Investigation date Density of nekton resources Diversity index of nektons April 2007 586 3.22 (background monitoring) March 2008 786 3.71 May 2008 1750 3.03 August 2008 1033 3.08 November 2008 1224 3.58 May 2009 4340 3.91 Density of fishery resources Diversity index shows an Conclusion shows an upward trend. upward trend. Evaluation results of biological resource density show that biomass in the reef region shows an upward trend and significant attracting effect of artificial reefon fish. Regarding this ecological compensation plan, it's proposed to build an artificial reefcovering 40 hectares and with cubage reaching 16,000 cubic meters. According to a study of Osamu Sato from Hokkaido University, 1m3 of fishing reef will help form an man- made fishing ground of 1.837m3, with fishing yield increasing by 10kg per year per cubic meter. It's therefore estimated that the proposed aritifical reefs will help increase fishing yield by 160 tons, which is 18.04 tons greater than the biological losses incurred due to the construction of fishing port and backfilled area. In summary, three ecological compensation ways, including fish reproduction and releasing, establishing or maintenance of Protection Area and of artificial reef, are recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. Interntional and national experiences have shown artificial reef is a proven approach, hence technically justified. In addition, Xiapu County have made thorough study and gained experiences from existing artificial reef program. Therefore, this environmental assessment considers the artificial reef as a key ecological compensation measure to offset habitat loss resulted from the project is feasible. 6.1.1.2 Impact of suspended sediments The sandy mud will fall into sea and move and diffuse with current during construction. In the process, larger particles will soon settle down to sea bottom, but the majority fine particles (mainly particles at the diameter of below 0.063 mm) will suspend in water. On the one hand, it influences sea water quality; on the other hand, it might move to surrounding sea area with flood current thus causing suspended sediments beyond standard level and influencing nearby sea area or tidal-flat aquaculture. The scope of diffusion and settling down of such sandy mud is related to the particle diameter, water depth and velocity of flow. The scope of impacts is calculated and assessed with the numerical simulation designed by Hehai University. █ Intensity of suspended sediment pollution source According to engineering analysis and research data, suspended sediments of construction come from port basin and foundation trench excavation, breakwater throwing backfill and land reclamation process. See Table 6.1.6 for intensity of pollution source. 183 Table 6.1.6 Suspended Sand Source Intensity Port Area Intensity of Source of Sand into Sea (kg/s) Breakwater Breakwater stone Dredged material Name of Fishing Port Foundation Trench/ throwing backfill blowing backfill dredging Sansha Fishing Port 3.75 / 0.104 Extension Ly’xia Class-1 Fishing 1.0 3.8 / Port Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing / 3.8 / Port Beishuang Class-2 / 3.8 / Fishing Port Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing / 3.8 / Port Dajing Class-2 Fishing Construction of seawall in Dajing Port is on land area, not in Port water. █ Establishing mathematical model Mathematical modeling result of tidal current dynamics is from World Bank Loan China Fujian Fishing Ports Project Hydrodynamic Mathematical Modeling Report (August, 2013) prepared by Hehai University. Prediction mode adopts two-dimensional plane suspended sediment transportation and diffusion equation. For model calculation, certain calculated points (representing construction operation points) are set along construction area based on different working zones. See Figure 6.1-3 for layout of calculated points. Table 6.1.7 Statistics of Prediction Points in Simulation of Construction Operation against Different Position Position of Construction Area Number of Prediction Points Sansha Port Area 48+78=126 Fenghuo Port Area 38 Beishuang Port Area 11 Luxia Port Area 14+41=55 Wen'ao Port Area 69 184 三 沙 (Sansha) 0 500 1000m 青屿 Figure 6.1-3 Distribution of Simulating Points (Yellow dots in the figure represents prediction points in mathematical model) When predicting the maximum possible impact scope of suspended sediment diffusion, relevant maximum possible impact scope is decided after 8 hours of continuous construction starting from different time of construction commencement in each calculated point, i.e. flood slack, ebb slack, maximum flood and maximum ebb; then according to the four different starting time, calculate maximum possible scope of impact and draw envelope 185 diagram as the maximum possible scope of impact during construction period. █ Mathematical model calculation results Maximum possible scopes of impacts by suspended sediment during construction are given from Figure 6.1-4 to Figure 6.1-8. Table 6.1.8 gives the sea area where suspended sediment concentration increment exceeds the Type 2 standard of Quality Standards of Seawater (GB 3097-1997). Table 6.1.8 Scope of Suspended Sediment Increment Impacts in the Process of Full Tide (km2) Type-2 Quality Standard of Name Description of Construction Seawater >10mg/l Superimposed impacts of Sansha Fishing breakwater foundation pit 1.682 Port excavation and back filled region Port basin excavation 0.495 Bank core stone throwing backfill 1.568 Luxia Fishing Port Port basin excavation 0.098 Fenghuo Fishing Bank core stone throwing backfill 0.824 Port Beishuang Fishing Slope protection throwing backfill 0.311 Port Wen'ao Fishing Bank core stone throwing backfill 1.454 Port Figure 6.1-4 Scope of Impact by Breakwater Foundation Excavation and Overflow Suspended Sediment in Sansha Fishing Port (Unit: mg/L) 186 Figure 6.1-5 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Luxia Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) 187 Figure 6.1-6 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Fenghuo Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) Figure 6.1-7 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Beishuang Fishing Port Construction (Unit: mg/L) 188 Figure 6.1-8 Scope of Impact by Suspended Sediment from Wen'ao Breakwater Construction (Unit: mg/L) █ Assessment of impact by suspended sediments Impact on plankton: The impact is first of all mainly reflected in the increased water turbidity and reduced transparency due to the suspended sand into sea, which is unfavorable for the reproduction and growth of phytoplankton. The growth rate and gazing rate of zooplankton are also impacted. In comparison with the test results of toxic effect on aquatic organisms due to suspended sand from channel dredging in Yangtze River outlet, when suspended sand concentration reaches 9 mg/L, it will influence the survival rate of zooplankton and the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton. As the above constructional impacts are provisional, the impact scope in the entire eastern sea area of Xiapu is small; therefore, the impacts are limited and environment will soon recover after completion of construction. Impact on spawn and larvae: The constructional suspended sediments into sea will form a diffusion field of high concentration within certain scope and the suspended particles will directly harm the juveniles of oceanic life, mainly at the stage of fetation when suspended sediments block the branchia and causing death by suffocation. Large quantity of suspended sediments cause severe oxygen deficit in water bodies and then cause deaths and secondary impacts due to the hazardous material in suspended sediments will also cause deaths. The tolerance of different oceanic life species against suspended sediments concentration is different. In general, tolerance of juvenile fish against suspended sediments concentration is much lower than that of adult fish; increase of suspended sand in water bodies will mainly influence the development of spawn and larvae. Impact on fishes: Impact of increased suspended sediment concentration in sea water is first reflected in quantity of suspended particles that lead to increased water turbidity and reduced transparency, which is unfavorable to the reproduction and growth of natural food and thus influence feeding activity of fishes. On the other hand, the large quantity of 189 suspended sediments in water will also cause respiratory difficulty and suffocation of fishes, because these particles enter branchia with respiratory movement of fishes and stick to lamella branchialis, gill filament and branchia snippet, which not only damages the branchia tissue but also cuts off gas exchange, and even suffocation in extreme cases. The tolerance range of different fish species against suspended sediment contents is different. According to relevant experimental data, fish can survive only one day when the suspended sediment contents level is 80000 mg/L; the survival period is one week when the level is 6000 mg/L; if the settled silt is stirred up for short time every day to keep the concentration level at 2300 mg/L, fish can survive for 3-4 weeks. Generally speaking, when the suspended sediment contents reach the level of 200 mg/L or lower and influencing period is short, it will not cause direct death of fish and fish mobility is strong. The impact of noise generated by construction is more shown as dispersing effect. Therefore, impact of construction operation is provisional and limited. In summary, mathematical modeling confirms that water turbidity increase caused by construction operation is limited construction area that accounts for only a small part of the eastern sea area of Xiapu and that the impacts on the biotic resources in this regional sea are temporary and limited. It is noted this impact is rather localized that the impact zones are up to 1000m from the construction location; and there is no overlapping of such impacts from each fishing port construction. According to the assessment of damage to marine living resources within pollutant dispersion range stipulated in Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources (SC/T 9110-2007), calculation of one-time damage to biotic resource loss applies the following formula: n Wi   Dij ij  S i  K ij j 1 In which: W i —— One-time average loss of biotic resource type i, unit: piece, kg; Di j —— The concentration of biotic resource type i in concentration increment region type j of certain pollutant, unit: piece/km2, kg/km2; S j —— Area of concentration increment region type j of certain pollutant, unit:km2; K i j —— Rate of loss of biotic resource type i in concentration increment region type j of certain pollutant (%), unit: n —— Total number of concentration increment regions of certain pollutant. Table 6.1.3 shows the area of sea where concentration increment of suspended sediments caused by construction of different fishing ports exceeds the standard of Type 2 in Quality Standards of Seawater according to mathematical modeling results. The value of mean water depth in project area is 6 m. Value of average resource concentration refers to the inventory survey data for the sea zones of project. Estimated loss of marine living resources are given in Table 6.1.9 to Table 6.1.13 respectively. 190 Table 6.1.9 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Sansha Fishing Port Area Average Resource Percentage of Exceeding Quantity of S/N Species Type Concentration in Resource Loss T Standard Resource Loss Spring (%) (km2) 1 Fish spawn 0.51 piece/m3 10 42 2.16×107piece 1.682 2 0.47 piece/m3 10 42 2×107 piece Larva and juvenile Table 6.1.10 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Luxia Fishing Port Area Average Resource Percentage of Exceeding Quantity of S/N Species Type Concentration in Resource Loss T Standard Resource Loss Spring (%) (km2) 1 Fish spawn 0.255 piece/m3 10 26 0.62×107 piece 1.576 2 0.46 piece/m3 10 26 1.13×107 piece Larva and juvenile Table 6.1.11 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Fenghuo Fishing Port Area Average Resource Percentage of Exceeding Quantity of S/N Species Type Concentration in Resource Loss T Standard Resource Loss Spring (%) (km2) 1 0.87 piece/m3 10 18 0.77×107 pieces Fish spawn 0.824 2 Larvae and 0.75 piece/m3 10 18 0.66×107 pieces juvenile fish Table 6.1.12 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Beishuang Fishing Port Area Average Resource Percentage of Exceeding Quantity of S/N Species Type Concentration in Resource Loss T Standard Resource Loss Spring (%) (km2) 1 Fish spawn 0.82 piece/m3 10 8 0.12×107pieces 0.311 0.02×107 2 Larva and juvenile 0.15 piece/m3 10 8 pieces 191 Table 6.1.13 Loss of Marine Living Resources Caused by Suspended Sediments of Construction in Wen'ao Fishing Port Area Average Resource Percentage of Exceeding Quantity of S/N Species Type Concentration in Resource Loss T Standard Resource Loss Spring (%) (km2) 1 Fish spawn 0.51 piece/m3 10 26 1.15×107 piece 1.454 1.06×107 2 0.47 piece/m3 10 26 Larva and juvenile piece █Mitigation Measures The foundation trench in the breakwater of Sansha Fishing Port should be excavated by using a cutter-suction dredger and then be riprapped. The dredged materials produced are used to backfill the rear non-reclaimed waters from the first phase of Sansha Fishing Port. Environmental protection strategies during the dredging and backfilling process include: Requirements for environmental strategies during the dredging process The subsoil treatment should adapt the method of replacing the excavation area with stone. Surveying and setting out→foundation trench dredging→replacement with stone (or grit)→dumping fill in the core rock→riprapping→ filling out→working out the rock mound→construction on internal and external protective layer→pouring the wave-resistant breastwork. According to the above construction work and processes, foundation trench dredging should be referred to the Technical specification of Dredging Engineering and combined with the actual situation of local project and then put forward corresponding environmental protection strategies for foundation trench dredging. ① Make careful preparations before the construction work and organize the project scientifically and reasonably. The construction company should work out the construction plan and organization design based on studying the contract conditions, technical requirements and survey and analyzing the actual execution conditions. In addition, pick out the foundation trench dredging equipment and construction methods properly and figure out rational arrangement for the quality of the whole construction process, the construction progress and resource consumption in order to meet the requirements concerned about the quality and the deadlines specified in the contract. ②Advanced equipment and processes should be applied in the process of foundation trench dredging and all the foundation trench dredging ship, surveying vessel and transport barge should be equipped with precise automatic monitoring equipment, DGPS pointing device and depth indicator for foundation trench dredging so that constructors are capable of adjusting dredging depth promptly according to the waterline and tidal fluctuation of the vessel to achieve accurate fixed-depth dredging, optimize the accuracy of foundation trench dredging and ensure the dredging and treatment of silt to be processed in an accurate and effective way. At the same time, the earth volume due to overdeep or overwide foundation trench dredging is also avoided, which decreases the disturbance to the surrounding water resulting from the trench dredging and influence on the water quality and marine ecological environment of peripheral sea . ③ The foundation trench dredging process should conform to the requirements of standard operation and adopt the art of full without overflow. The excavating pump of the 192 present project should be sent to the backfill area of the first phase of Sansha Central Fishing Port (the position is shown in Fig. 6.1-8 of Chapter III) for backfilling. The Construction Investment Co. Ltd. of Xiapu-Taiwan Aquatic Products Distribution Center has issued the letter accepting the dredged materials and agreed to make relevant protection and conservation measures of soil and water. ④Before the construction, all the equipment, especially the hopper door of the spoil hopper, should be checked strictly and if any possible leakage of contaminant(including bunker oil and dredging silt) spotted, repair should be conducted before constructing. During constructing, an eye should be kept closely on whether any leakage has happened and related personnel with necessary monitoring instrumentare arranged to monitor the quality of the seawater. Take measures immediately when any leakage of bunker oil or dredging silt happened. ⑤ The project owner should enhance its environment monitoring during the construction process and the constructor should carry out the relevant environmental protection clauses in the construction contract strictly. ⑥ The process of foundation trench dredging should avoid concentrated breeding seasons of fishery resources like late spring&early summer as it can do. The time limit for the project should be as short as possible to minimize the negative influence the construction has on the environment. ⑦Protective cofferdam is to be set up around the backfill area of the first phase of Sansha Fishing Port and inverted filter is positioned in the inside of the cofferdam. When conducting hydraulic reclamation, the discharge hole should be fitted far away from the cofferdam to increase or decrease the time for the sludge to natural setting in the backfill area and to lower the concentration of the suspended solids in the waste water overflow from the overflow port as well as to relieve its influence on the sea area around the ponds. 6.1.1.3 Impact of packing sediment by blasting █Assessment of impact from blasting impulsive wave Luxia Fishing Port needs adopting packing sediment by blasting for external breakwater and breakwater A for construction. Powerful shock wave will be generated during underwater blasting. Researches show that the primary impact of shock wave from underwater blasting on oceanic life in engineering sea area is on the physiology and behavior of fishes. Impact of underwater blasting on oceanic life, especially fishes, has always been the core of research for experts at home and abroad. Researches have demonstrated that there will be instant high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated during explosion followed by powerful shock wave. Such shock wave creates instant high pressure in surrounding area that spreads in the form of wave and thus influences the creature covered by such wave. The impacts on animals by shock waves generated by underwater blasting or blasting in are different. During underwater blasting, as fish body density and water density are similar, when the shock wave reaches the interface between fish body and water, generally it will continue spread forward through fish body. But, when there is air cavity inside fish body, as air is condensable, shock wave will cause tearing rupture or fragmentation of cavity wall and thus damage the organs of fish. As shown by researches, the fish organ most easily injured is swimming bladder and then such organs as liver, spleen and kidney. It is generally agreed 193 that the alteration of over high pressure and super low pressure generated during blasting creates vibration, which is the leading cause of fish death, and the most easily injured fish organ is swimming bladder filled with air. Therefore, fishes without swimming bladder and fishes with smaller bladder will have stronger resistance against blasting shock wave. With the increase of the distance from blasting point, the impact on fish tends to decrease; when the distance exceeds certain level, blasting will not cause injury to fish organ. For the same species of fish, the lighter the fish body, the larger the impact of blasting is. At present, there are 3 models that can be used to calculate the lethal radium of underwater blasting, namely energy flux concentration model, impact strength model and dynamic model. These predictive models are based on experimental data and consider the injuries on fishes and the impact of direct or reflective shock wave on the air in swimming bladder. Although the formula is relatively precise technically, it does not certainly apply to all marine environments. Table 6.1.14 provides the minimum distance of different amount of explosive from fish spawning ground during blasting operation with reference to the fishing zone explosive using guide of Canada. Table 6.1.14 Safety Distance for Fish during Blasting Operation Quantity of Explosive (kg) Distance (m) 0.5 15 1 20 5 45 10 65 25 100 50 143 100 200 Chinese scholars also conducted series of field experiment about the impact of underwater blasting on oceanic life (mainly fishes). In 1982 and 1983, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences conducted experiment on the impact of underwater blasting on fishes and benthonic organisms in Jiaozhou Bay and Laizhou Bay. Experimental result show that under the conditions of using 3 kg of TNT at the well depth of 30 m, oceanic life within 60 m range from the blasting point will be injured todifferent degrees. In April, 1998, when conducting underwater blasting for Meizhou Bay Thermal Power Plant engineering, deaths occurred in cage culture and abalone at different extent in places about 600-700 m away from blasting point. Larger impact of underwater blasting on fish within 1000 m of range is mainly on fish spawn, larva and juvenile fish, especially sciaenidae (such as yellow croaker). According to the reef blasting test conducted in November, 2003 for navigation channel engineering in Yangshan Port by East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, the lethality rate of creatures under the conditions of 980 kg initiating explosive and 250 kg single-hole blasting explosive diminishes with the increase of distance from blasting center (See Figure 6.1-7); fish is the creature most sensitive to the effects from blasting, especially some sciaenidae fishes (such as yellow croaker) that receive biggest impact. Next to fishes are shrimp and crab; seashells are the least sensitive. At the position 300 m away from the blasting center, lethality rate is about 25%, 10% for 500-m- away positions and almost 0 for 1000-m-away positions. Observation shows that impact of surge wave pressure on benthic fishes is larger than that on surface fishes and lethality rate is relatively higher. As the mobility of fishes is stronger, measures should be taken to disperse 194 fishes before starting packing sediment by blasting so that fishes are far away from blast area, which will effectively reduce the impact of blasting operation. For oceanic life with limited mobility like fish spawn, select appropriate period of time for blasting operation to avoid spawning season and reduce the impact. Figure 6.1-9 Relationship between Lethality Rate Caused by Blasting and Distance from Blasting Center █Formula of calculating shock effect According to Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources, recommended formula calculating underwater blasting shock wave peak pressure is: 1.33  Q1/.3   R  P  287.3    In which: P is the peak pressure of shock wave(kg/km2); Q is the quantity of initiating explosive (kg); R is the distance from blasting point to measuring point (m) Researches show that normally the pressure that might cause fish death is 0.5 kg/cm 2 and when pressure is less than 0.5 kg/cm2, it is deemed that fishes are safe. Sensitivity of crustacean creature and seashell against shock wave decrease in turn. Therefore, 0.5 kg/cm 2 is assessed as the safe pressure for fishery resources. 195 Table 6.1.15 Distance Corresponding to Surge Wave Peak Pressure by Different Quantity of Explosive Quantity for Single Radius of Influence Corresponding to Different Super Pressure (m) Section (kg) 7.27 kg/cm2 1.69 kg/cm2 0.745 kg/cm2 0.577 kg/cm2 50 58 175 315 400 100 74 220 400 500 150 85 251 460 570 200 94 278 505 630 FSR does not provide data of maximum quantity of explosive for single section and the quantity used for reef blasting recently conducted in Meizhou Bay sea area can be adopted for reference, which requires that the single-section quantity of explosive for Luxia Fishing Port is within 100 kg and the scope of impact on sea area aquaculture should be within 500 m. This report takes 100 kg for single-section blasting as the basis for impact assessment. █Marine living resource loss caused by underwater blasting Assessment of loss of living resources caused by underwater blasting is calculated using the following formula. The continuous impact cycle of underwater blasting is 15 days and the process of calculating lethality rate of fishery creatures according to shock wave peak pressure can be found in Annex C of Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources. n Wi   Dij ij  S i  K ij  T  N j 1 in which: W i —— One-time average loss of biotic resource type i, unit: piece, kg; Di j —— Concentration of living resource type i in impact zone type j, unit: piece/km 2, kg/km2; S j ——Area of impact zone type j, unit: km2; K i j ——Lethality rate of living resource type i in impact zone type j (%); T —— Number of blasting impact cycle (15 days as one cycle); N ——15 days is the accumulation coefficient of times of blasting in one cycle. Take value 1.0 for 1 time of blasting and increased by 0.2 every additional one time of blasting; n ——Total number of shock wave peak pressure value divisions. As the impacts of maximum single-section quantity of explosive and method of blasting on the percentage loss of marine living resource show big difference, this report adopts the data of Annex C for estimation of quantity of loss, while in actual construction operation, the measure proposed in executive report should be strictly implemented to reduce the impact of underwater blasting on fishery resources and to minimize the impact on marine living resource loss. 196 According to the calculated value of peak pressure generated by underwater blasting under the condition of using 100 kg explosive for single-section underwater blasting, loss of swimming living resources like fish and shrimp within the range of 500 m from blasting point shall apply the relevant regulations in Annex C of Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources (SC/T 9110-2007) and the relationship between maximum peak pressure and tested creature lethality rate is given in Table 6.1.16. Table 6.1.16 Relationship between Maximum Peak Pressure and Lethality Rate of Tested Creature Maximum Peak 7.27 1.69 0.745 0.577 (kg/cm2) Fishes (excluding sciaenidae) 100 20 10 3 （%） Lethality rate of 100 20 6.6 0 shrimp (%) Estimated quantity of living resources loss caused by underwater blasting in Luxia Fishing Port is given in Table 6.1.17. Table 6.1.17 Estimated Quantity of Marine Living Resources Loss Caused by Underwater Blasting Concentration of Living Quantity of One-Time Loss of Resources in Luxia Living Resources (t) Fishing Port (Unit) Fishes 2713kg/km2 0.277 Shrimp 328.9kg/km2 0.033 Total 0.31 In total, the quantity of loss of swimming creatures like fish and shrimp caused by underwater blasting is 0.31 t; T is 26; times of blasting in one cycle is 5; accumulation coefficient of blasting times N is 2; then the total quantity of swimming creature loss due to this engineering construction is 16.19 t. Usually, swimming creatures has stronger mobility. Construction operation will drive swimming creatures in engineering sea areas to other sea areas. After completion of construction and the marine environment of engineering sea area being stabilized, swimming creature would return to the engineering sea areas and nearby areas. Therefore, actual quantity of swimming creature loss would be less than the estimated value. A series of measures should be taken to reduce the impact of blasting operation in Luxia Fishing Port on oceanic life. These include strict control over single-section blasting explosive; using less explosive for test to disperse fish stocks; starting noise device (air compressor, etc.) for 10 minutes before igniting to disperse fishes; and avoid operation in late spring and early summer as much as possible, to reduce the impact on fish spawning. Through the above effective measures, the impacts on oceanic life could be reduced or mitigated at maximal. 197 ■ Mitigation Measures for mitigating impact of blasting The foundation treatment of the external wall of Luxia Fishing Port and the A embankment should adopt the construction process of explosive compaction and the inside breakwater should adopt the construction process of throwing stones to packing sedimentation. According to the above construction and process, the construction should apply the following environmental protection measures. ①The constructors shall strictly follow the Specification for Blasting Security (GB6722-2011) and the Blasting Technical Specification of Waterway Transportation Engineering(JTS-204-2008) to ensure the security of vessels and people. The millisecond delay blasting shall be applied, the maximum capacity of total explosive and explosive for each stretch (no more than 100kg) shall be strictly under control, the method of using explosive at low detonation speed shall be considered to reduce the impact from underwater shock on the marine creatures, the underwater blasting method (including the capacity of explosive for each stretch) shall be implemented after passing the safety assessment and can’t be changed at will; ②Before the underwater blasting, the project owner shall report to local marine and fishery administration and handle with the procedures after getting the approval; ③In the early stage of construction, the explosive in small capacity will be initiated within the kill radius so to increase the explosive capacity by times after the fishes get away from the blasting area, then decide whether to reduce the maximum capacity of explosive by monitoring the result of site blasting experiment; ④The dredging and rock-blasting shall avoid the breeding season for fishery resources in late spring and early summer, try to shorten the construction period and reduce the negative impacts on environment to a lowest extent; ⑤When drilling, the noise produced by air compressor, drill rigs as well as the large- area splash has the function to drive the fishes away from the construction area, therefore, the blasting shall be implemented once the drilling is completed. If the air compressor, drill rigs stops running for a long time, it’s recommended that before blasting, the air compressor, drill rigs be launched for 10 minutes to reach the aim of driving the fishes away from the blasting area; ⑥After blasting, blaster should earnestly examine as stipulated whether there is blind shot in the blasting area. Blind shot found or in doubt should be reported immediately and treated in time. For those unable to be treated in time, clear signals should be set up nearby with corresponding safety measures and the administrations shall be informed. The vessels are not allowed to pass. In case of blind shot for electric ignition, cutoff the power immediately and short-circuit the explosion network in time. When dealing with blind shot, safety and guard work should be performed well and nonessentials must not enter the scene. After treatment, the explosion stack should be examined carefully with explosive remnant collected for disposal. Registration card should be filled out by the handler for specific circumstance; ⑦Safety guarding program for explosion: a) The safety guarding scope for explosion is controlled to be 250m practically; b) Navigation Notice shall be released through the maritime administrative agency before construction. Region explosion bulletin shall be set up in the land area; c) At 6 hours before blasting, we shall give pre-notification to the surrounding entities. At 30 minutes before blasting, we shall give timing notification and 198 clear the site within 250m around for the explosion; d) Three inter-visible guarding sentries shall be established at a spacious place 250m outside the land area of the blasting area; e) Three guard-ships shall be arranged within 300-1,500m sea area of the blasting area with clear megaphone aboard as flow guard to suppress underwater operation below 1,500m. 6.1.1.4 Impact on Fuying Island Marine Protectoin Area and Pollicipes mitella  Impact on Pollicipes mitella Pollicipes mitella (locally called Turtle Foot as it looks like) is a kind of subtropical and tropical marine organism, falling to Arthropoda, Crustaceea,Cirripedia, Thoracica, Scalpellidae, Pollicipes; it usually live in the rock cracks in high tide zone and upper littoral zone with powerful ocean wave shock, with the stalk part fixed in the rock cracks; it grows in cluster and never moves. The growth cycle of Pollicipes mitella is 9-12 months. Pollicipes mitella has head part and stalk part; and the stalk part is well fleshed, very delicious. It is recorded in Compendium of Material Medica that Pollicipes mitella has the drug effect of "lightly sweet and salty and nonpoisonous, having the functions of invigoration, promoting urination and removing food stagnancy". Pollicipes mitella is a type of top-class food with high nutritive value and thus well accepted by consumers; it is one of the famous and extra best best marine products of Fujian, with higher economic value. Pollicipes mitella is a common species in East China Sea and South China Sea. Pollicipes mitella is not included in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animal and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and therefore it is not rare and endangered species; there is no special requirement for protection of this species. According to the Pollicipes mitella resource survey conducted during April-May, 2013, Pollicipes mitella is widely distributed in the rock cracks over mean tide in intertidal zone of Fuying Island. The rock face utilized for construction of breakwater is at high tide level, which directly leads to shrinking of the habitat for Pollicipes mitella and loss of sectional distribution quantity of Pollicipes mitella along the coast.As measured and calculated, the total length of water front in Fuying Island conservation area and suitable for Pollicipes mitella is 45100 m. Taking 30 m of rock face length as the estimated utilization for construction breakwater, then the shrunk length of Pollicipes mitella habitat due to the engineering will account for 7 ten thousandth of the total water front of the conservation area. Therefore, the rock face utilized by breakwater construction is very small and the reduction of area of Pollicipes mitella habitat is limited. Besides, Pollicipes mitella is widely distributed along the coast of East China Sea and South China sea and it is neither rare or endangered species; therefore, construction of breakwater will not cause loss of the species in engineering sea zone, or extinction of the species, it will not destruct the integrity of the ecology in Fuying Island, and its impact on regional biodiversity is limited. According survey, the wet weight of Pollicipes mitella in the high tide and mean tide zones of Fuying Island is about 99.24-164.48 g/m2 and the resource implications in the conservation area is estimated to be about 20 tons. The permanent loss of area for Pollicipes mitella habitat due to breakwater construction is less than 10 m2 and the estimated maximum losses is 1.6 kg, a very small proportion of the current resource implication in conservation area and showing small impact on the Pollicipes mitella resource in the area. With reference to the prevailing price of Pollicipes mitella of 100 Yuan/kg, the economic loss arising from this is only 160 Yuan.  Impact on Fuying Island Marine Protection Area The proposed Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port is located in Fuying Island Marine 199 Protection Area whose major environmental protection requirement is "to protect the ecosystem on the island and Pollicipes mitella community and its ecosystem"; Fuying Island Protection Area is not a national-level conservation area. According to the result of survey on intertidal zone where Wen'ao Port is located, "the dominant species of benthonic organism in high tide zone is nodilittorina pyramidalis pyramidalis and littorina brevicula; dominant species in mean tide zone is tetraclita Japonica, tetraclita squamosa squamosa, siphonaria japonica, Pollicipes mitella, thais clavigera, septifer virgatus and mytilus crassitesta; dominant species in low tide zone is gelidium divaricatum and nullipore". There living resources are none of them covered by the List of National Key Protected Wild Animal and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and therefore they are rare or endangered species requiring special protection. At present, there is no marine protection and management agency in Fuying Island Protection Area, but the Haidao township government (which administers 43 islands under Xiapu County) has a marine protection station to take charge of marine environmental protection. There are two administrative villages on Fuying Island, with a total population of 1,800. The villagers all make a living by fishing catching, including collecting Pollicipes mitella for food or for sale. Villagers on the island already raised fund to establish Xiapu Fuying Tianniuding Livestock Cooperative that herds hundreds of cattle and goats for additional source of income. The terrestrial land around the port village areas are heavily disturbed by human activities, and most of flat/slope land have been converted to farmland. Construction of Wen'ao Fishing Port only involves breakwater and two small quarries, as moving contruction materials from nearest commercial quarry is overly expensive for such a small works. A fishing port management building will be built on one of the quarries. The construction of the breakwater shall adopt packing sediment by throwing stone process, without foundation trench excavation or port basin dredging, or utilization of packing sediment by blasting; and the potential social and environmental impacts on Fuying Island Marine Protection Area and nearby Wen'ao Village are minimized from design angle. The quarries covers an area of 1.7 hm2 in total, accounting for 0.15% of the total area of Fuying Island 11.2 km2. According to remote sensing interpretation, vegetation at the quarry sites is mainly man-made forestation of horsetail beefwood, which is not protected species, neither virgin forest; therefore, the impact of vegetation loss caused by material ground is not significant. The protected acreage of Fuying Island Marine Protection Area is 8,702 hectares; the sea area utilized by breakwater of Wen'ao Port is 3.0918 hectares, only accounting for 0.035% of Protection Area. Breakwater needs about 300,000 m3 of stone material. As the island is 10 km away from the continent, vessel transportation cost for stone material is very high and the quarry close to construction site is utilized. The eastern quarry is an existing one and will be used for this project, while the western one is new. There are existing access roads to both quarries. Moreover, transportation path does not necessarily pass Wen'ao Village, which also reduces social disturbancet. █Mitigation Measures Potential impacts to the on Fuying Island Marine Protected Area and Pollicipes mitella species are avoided or minized through design optimization. To address residual impacts, recommended mitigation measures include: construction activities will be strictly controlled within the defined boundary. Construction will be arranged to avoid the reproduction season of Pollicipes mitella (late Spring-early Summer) to the exteng possible. As to the quarries, a 200 Soil Erosion Control Plan has been developed and included in the EMP; it is required to follow the requirements to minimize soil erosion and to reclamate the sites upon project completion. 6.1.1.5 Impact on Fuyao Islands Islands Marine Protection Area The sea area of Fuyao Islands Marine Protection Area is under the administration of Fuding City and located on the north side of the assessment scope of this project. Key environmental protection requirement of the area is "emphasized protection on marine living resources, birds and topographic landforms on the island". The fishing port closest to Fuyao Islands is Fenghuo Class-2 Port that is 1.7 km away. According to the result of suspended sediment forecast, the scope where concentration increment exceeds the Type-2 quality standards of seawater is the sea area along the coast of project area, which means the increased suspended sediment concentration will not reach Fuyao Islands Protection Area. 6.1.2 Social Impacts 6.1.2.1 Land acquisition and resettlement According to the project Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), the project will cause land and ocean acquisition and resettlement. Thre will be permanent land take of 207.5mu, affecting 60 households and 189 people; demolihshed area 5420m2. 4 small enterprises and 15 people will be affected as well. Sea area acquired (including sheltered waters) will be 3192.14mu, including aquacutlture area 275.85mu, which affect 16 households and 59 people. 11 “fish restaurant” will be affected, including 6 households and 11 people. Livelihoods of local villages include fishing activities, agricultural activities and labor service. Overall, the incomes sources are mulfold and the income level presents a stedy pattern. The RPA was prepared through consultation with affected people to address unavoided impacts. The RP provided details on resettlement policy procedures and requirements that will have to be followed during project implementation, including compensation rates, mitigation measures to restore livelihoods, and institutional and monitoring arrangements. Main restoration measures cover cash compensation, replacement of aquaculture ocean area, and social assurance program. Due diligence review on land acquisition in Phase I of Sansha Port was conducted, and concluded that the affected was fully compensated and restored, and that there is no any pending issue. In the long run, the project benefits in terms of reducing fishermen community vulnerability to natural disasters and help them reduce asset and live losses is significant. 6.1.2.2 Impact on aquaculture and fhiserman livelihoods █Impacts assessment Based on identification results, there are 0.3 hectare of nori culture area and 15 small yellow croaker culture ponds in Tian'ao shelter port. As the aquaculture facilities are located inside the shelter port, the safety of fishing boats finding shelter there would be influenced. Sansha Town has made compensation on the aquaculture on Fenghuo Island in 2010. Before the shelter port is put into service in 2014, aquaculture facilities on the island will voluntarily move out of the sea area of port basin. The proposed Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port is planned to commence construction in 2015 when aquaculture has already been moved out. Therefore, construction of Fenghuo Port will not influence aquaculture. There are aquaculture areas distributed around Luxia Fishing Port (See 1.3-2 in the Table of Contents in Introduction). Among these, the crab culture facility in the reclaimed 201 land on the northern shore will be permanently moved out with progress of construction; seaweed culture facility in construction area will be compensated and moved out from the port sea area before construction. As is learnt, water catchment of shrimp pond is the Luxia Sandbeach and water intake depth is 10-15 m under the beach; the sand beach has the function of water filtration. The relative position between the water intake of remaining shrimp culture on the west side and culture pond on the south bank and the suspended sediment diffusion envelop diagram is shown in Figure 6.1-10. As shown in Figure 6.1-10, suspended sediment concentration increment at shrimp point water intake is lower than the standard requirement of 10 mg/L, while the concentration increment at south bank point water intake is larger than 10 mg/L.As introduced by the mathematical modeling agency, under the condition of non-continuous construction, the suspended sediment generated by construction operation will be diffused the next day and the sea water quality meets the requirements of aquaculture water intake.It is suggested here that water intake for aquaculture in Luxia Fishing Port avoid the construction time shown by data and water catchment from sea area should start 12 hours after completion of throwing backfill operation; in this way, the concentration of suspended sediment can reach the standard requirement of aquaculture. shrimp pon d water inta ke Figure 6.1-10 Relative Position between Suspended Sediment Impact South-shore pond water intake Scope and Water Intake Figure 6.1-10 the suspended sediment diffusion envelop diagram and water intake position █Mitigation Measures for Reducing Impacts on Aquaculture The aquaculture water intake around Luxia Fishing Port should avoid the construction period and the water should be taken in from the sea area 12 hours after finishing the dumping fill work so that the concentration of suspended solids is to meet the requirements of aquaculture standards. A stakeholder dialogue mechanism will be launched, that is, during constructing, an 202 open exchange will be allowed between the contractor and local government and related people of the community. The contact number of the person in charge will be published by the constructor. Furthermore, details about construction form, construction range, construction time, impact from suspended solids, mitigation measures will be discussed between the constructor and the aquaculture ponds owners and thus published. Coordinate the time between constructing and water intaking and never launch the construction work before it is supported by aquaculture ponds owners. The environmental protection and supervision work will be carried put under the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Environment Protection and Supervision of Water project Construction and the construction supervision body will implement the measures of environmental protection and ecological protection earnestly. During constructing, the water taken in will be monitored in a tracking method and if the water fails to meet the requirements continually, the constructor should spare fund, say, to build high-capacity impounding reservoir and long distance water delivery pipe in order to take in water from open seas. A complaint mechanism has also been shown in the Resettlement Action Plan to respond to aquaculture ponds owners’ anxiety on problems like livelihood compensation. 6.1.2.3 Impact on surrounding villages ■Impact of inlux of labors The labor force of the project will be relatively small, i.e. about 100 workers for Sansha and Luxia repsectively, and about 50 for each of the rest ports at peak construction period. The six ports are scattered along 60km coastline and 3 isolated islands, there will not be concentrated impacts of all the labor force on a particular community. For each port, the labor force is small, and most of them will be local recruited labors. The local communities have a living habit of Han people, majority of Chinese people. According to Social Assessment, there is no ethnic minority communities in the project area. A few minority families in the area all have the same living habit with Han people, so there is little impact on ethnic culture and living habit difference. Given the small amount of workers at each site, local houses will be rented for accommodation instead of camps. This will help increase the income of local villagers, and improve the relationship with local communities. To minimize potential impact of labor forces on local communities, strict contractor management will be enforced. Code of Conduct is developed in the EMP (Section 6.3 of EMP) and will be enforced. Education to workers will be provided on respecting local communities’s tradition and habit. ■Impact of major construction activities on villages (excluding blasting) Distances from the 6 fishing ports to surrounding villages are given in Table 6.1.14 and all material yard and construction road are shown from Figure 6.1-10 to Figure 6.1-15. Construction items for building the fishing ports mainly include (1) building breakwater (three methods, packing sediment by blasting, packing sediment by throwing stone and foundation trench excavation); (2) earthwork material transportation; (3) mountain blasting; (4) demolition of existing border dike (Dajing Fishing Port); (5) global port seawall construction, land area formation and construction of backside supporting land area (Luxia Fishing Port). 203 With reference to Table 6.1.18, villages identified to be affected during construction of the fishing ports are provided in Table 6.1.19 (in which, the impacts of breakwater construction in the way of packing sediment by blasting and land area mountain blasting will be analyzed in detail later). Table 6.1.18 Environmental Impacts of Construction Fishing Ports and Villages Affected Intensity Construction Item Surrounding Village Environmental Impact of Impact Breakwater Noise impact from material loading & construction; Dajing Village, unloading, stone-throwing operation Moderate Demolition of existing Beishuang Village, and land area backfill border dike (Dajing); Wen'ao Village, Dajing Impact of tail gas from construction And land area Village vessels and on-site oil-burning Weak formation (Luxia) apparatus San'ao Village, Si'ao Relatively Noise impact of transportation vehicle Village, Wu'ao Village, strong Material transportation Luxia Village, Dajing Village, Beishuang Exhaust emission by travelling vehicles Moderate Village, Wen'ao Village Construction of global Noise impact of site excavation, Relatively port seawall; leveling off and piling operations strong construction of Luxia Village Impact of exhaust emission by oil- backside land area burning construction equipment and Moderate supporting facilities vessels (Luxia) Mitigation measures: As shown in Table 6.1.18 and Table 6.1.19, many villages are involved in material transportation during construction, especially during construction peak time, which lead to certain disturbance to the life of people on both sides of the road. Moreover, as there are many construction items in Luxia Fishing Port and mostly job location neighbors with villages; the following measures should be taken during construction period to avoid disturbing villagers. Against noise impact during construction, high-performance and low-noise construction equipment and transportation vehicle should be used and at the same time maintenance and correct operation of the mechanical equipment should be strengthened to guarantee use under good condition. Reduce running noise and rationally position equipment with strong noise to minimize the noise effect on neighboring villages; construction organization must strengthen management and avoid strong-noise operation in lunch break and nighttime. If it is require by production process to operate during these period of time, report to local environmental protection department and start operation after obtaining approval. In order to control the impact of fugitive dust from transportation vehicle, it is required that construction road should be frequently sprinkled to increase moisture percentage in dust and traveling speed must be restricted; vehicles that easily bring about fugitive dust due to transportation of sand must carry closed wagon to avoid falling; there should also be cleaning crew and facility to clear the sand and stones fallen on the road and sprinkle water on the road 2-3 times every day; depending on the intensity of impact of fugitive dust on the road, increase times of sprinkling to reduce fugitive dust as much as possible; finally, service rack should be set up at the transportation entrance and exit to construction site to rinsing the tyre of vehicles leaving the site, which further reduces fugitive dust and mitigate the impacts on the environment of construction site and along the roads. 204 Table 6.1.19 Fishing Ports Project Construction Items and Distance to Surrounding Villages Fishing Distance (m) Port Project Breakwater Construction Construction Item/Sensitive Material (packing sediment by throwing Dock Construction Mountain Blasting Sansha Village Transportation stone) Central San’ao Village 10018 820 455 Neighboring Fishing Si’ao Village 1057 732 234 Neighboring Port Wu’ao Village 290 304 1530 124 Urban Sansha Town 770 638 1186 526 Breakwater Land Area Supporting Luxia Construction Global Port Construction Land Material Facility Construction Class-1 Item/Sensitive Mountain Blasting Seawall (packing sediment Reclamation Transportation Land area supporting Fishing Village Construction by blasting) facility construction Port Luxia Village 200 1122 Neighboring Neighboring Neighboring Neighboring Dajing Breakwater Construction Construction Class-2 (foundation trench Material Transportation Demolition of Border Dike Dock Construction Item/Sensitive Village Fishing excavation) Port Dajing Village Neighboring Neighboring Neighboring 664 Beishuang Construction Item/Sensitive Breakwater Construction Material Transportation Mountain Blasting Class-2 Village Fishing Beishuang Village 56 Neighboring 166 Port Wen'ao Construction Item/Sensitive Breakwater Construction (packing Material Transportation Mountain Blasting Class-2 Village sediment by throwing stone) Fishing Wen'ao Village 158 60 240 Port There is no village around Fenghuo Fishing Port. 205 Figure 6.1-11 Layout Plan of Sansha Material Yard and Construction Road 206 Figure 6.1-12 Layout Plan of Luxia Material Yard and Construction Road 207 Figure 6.1-13 Layout Plan of Fenghuo Material Yard and Construction Road 208 Figure 6.1-14 Layout Plan of Beishuang Material Yard and Construction Road 209 Figure 6.1-15 Layout Plan of Wen'ao Material Yard and Construction Road 210 Figure 6.1-16 Layout Plan of Dajing Material Yard and Construction Road 211 ■Impact of packing sediment by blasting on Luxia Village Blasting will have adverse effect on the adjacent structure. According to Safety Regulations for Blasting (GB 6722-2011), safe distance of blasting concussion is calculated and shown in Table 6.1.20. Table 6.1.20 Safety Distance of Earthquake due to Underwater Drilling and Blasting V R(m) Type of Building (cm/s) Q=2000 Q=1000 Q=500 Q=400 Q=300 Q=200 Q=100 Rubble stone building, 1.0 356 282 224 208 189 165 131 adobe house Ordinary brickwork building, seawall and oil 2.0 224 178 141 131 119 104 83 tank Reinforced concrete frame building, ordinary gravity 5.0 122 97 77 71 65 56 45 wharf Gravity type aseismic dock 8.0 89 71 56 52 47 41 33 As shown in the table above, when single-section quantity of explosive is 100 kg, maximum safety distance of rubble stone building and adobe is 131m. Packing sediment by blasting is adopted for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port. According to estimation, the blasting point is 200 m away from Luxia Village. Therefore, the seismic wave from underwater blasting in Luxia Fishing Port will not show big impact on Luxia Village. ■Impact of quarry operation Blasting operation is often coupled with huge energy release, which not only acts on rocks but also generates various hazards, such as shock wave, vibration, slungshot and fugitive dust. It might also have big impact on nearby villagers and buildings and therefore should be carefully treated. Impact of shock wave Shock wave is also called sound wave, which is instantly generated by super pressure at the moment of shallow blasting. Shock wave is spread through air. When the energy carried is powerful enough, it may destroy surface facilities or buildings. The energy and strength in shock wave declines with the increase of distance spread, till vanishing eventually. According to data, if millisecond short delay blasting is adopted, the super pressure of air shock wave under different consumption of monobel and distances is shown in Table 6.1.21. Table 6.1.21 Scale of Intensity of Super Pressure of Air Shock Wave under Different Distances Quantity of Super Pressure of Air Shock Wave under Different Distance (distance m; super pressure Explosive(kg kg/cm2) ) 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 0.032 10 0.0109 0.0058 0.0037 0.0026 0.0020 0.0013 0.0009 0.0007 0 0.045 20 0.0156 0.0083 0.0053 0.0038 0.0028 0.0018 0.0013 0.0010 8 0.065 40 0.0224 0.0119 0.0076 0.0054 0.0041 0.0026 0.0018 0.0014 5 0.073 50 0.0251 0.0134 0.0086 0.0061 0.0046 0.0029 0.0021 0.0016 5 212 Safety Regulations for Blasting (GB 6722-2011) specifies the level of destruction on buildings by different shock waves, as shown in Table 6.1.22. Table 6.1.22 Level of Destruction on Buildings by Air Shock Wave Level of Destruction Level of Destruction on Building Super Pressure (kg/cm2) 1 Basically no damage <0.02 2 Sub-light damage 0.02~0.09 3 Light damage 0.09~0.25 4 Moderate damage 0.25~0.40 5 Sub-severe damage 0.40~0.55 6 Severe damage 0.55~0.76 7 Complete destruction >0.76 The distance from mountain blasting point to village in Beishuang Fishing Port is the shortest, 166 m (See Table 6.1.19).As shown in Table 6.1.21, under the condition of using 50kg of explosive for calculation, the shock overpressure of the point at 150 m from blasting point is 0.0046 kg/cm2, which is lower than the limit level of Basically no damage (0.02 kg/cm2), and the impact of quarry blasting operation on Beishuang villagers is not big; therefore, the quantity of explosive for initial blasting should be within 50kg. Impact of vibration Another hazard caused by blasting is vibration. During well-hole blasting, energy is mainly consumed in rocks and therefore it might cause surficial vibration. Such ground vibration spreads all around from the blasting center. When the strength is large enough, it will damage surface buildings and therefore should be carefully treated. According to data, if millisecond short delay blasting is adopted, the vibration velocity at different distances is shown in Table 6.1.23. Table 6.1.23 Vibration Velocity at Different Distances Quantity Vibration Velocity at Different Distances (distance m; vibration velocity cm/s) of Explosive 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 (kg) 10 2.32 0.72 0.36 0.22 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.03 20 3.44 1.06 0.53 0.33 0.22 0.16 0.10 0.07 0.05 40 5.10 1.57 0.79 0.48 0.33 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.07 50 5.79 1.78 0.89 0.55 0.38 0.28 0.17 0.12 0.08 Safety Regulations for Blasting (GB 6722-2011) specified the safety vibration velocity for various building/structure, as shown in Table 6.1.24. Table 6.1.24 Safety Vibration Velocity of Various Building/Structure S/N Type of Building/Structure Vibration Velocity (cm/s) 1 Loess cave dwelling, adobe, rubble stone building 1.0 Ordinary brickwork building, non-aseismic building of large 2 2.0-3.0 blocks 3 Reinforced concrete frame building 5.0 As shown in Table 6.1.23, under the condition of using 50 kg of explosive for calculation, the vibration velocity of the position at 150 m from blasting point is 0.28 cm/s, which is lower than the limit level for rubble stone building (1.0 cm/s); therefore, if 50 kg of explosive is used, the impact of quarry blasting on the villagers and buildings around 213 Beishuang Village is not large. Mitigation measures to minimize blasting impact on communities: The Sansha Fishing Port and Fenghuo Fishing Port make use of the existing quarry and the Luxia Fishing Port takes advantage of field engineering within the project to produce digging soil. The Beishuang Fishing Port and Wen’ao Fishing Port use the quarry nearby and the building stone Dajing Fishing Port needs comes from dismantling the existing embankment. The safety precautions for blasting in the quarries are as follows: The site blasting engineering should be entrusted to qualified body and accept safety evaluation according to The Blasting Design Book or Blasting Manual compiled based on the Safety regulations for blasting (GB6722-2011) and blasting level and the engineering should be authorized by the competent department. The blasting engineering should be entrusted to qualified constructor and the blasting pattern and explosive payload should be implemented in accordance with the Blasting Design Book or Blasting Manual. Enlarging the explosive payload privately is strictly forbidden. Calculating from the forecast, the explosive payload in present evaluation should be controlled in no more than 50kg. Before charging, the working site and storage area of explosive equipment should be cleared up and the charging personnel should check all the blast holes, powder bottles, target pit, powder chambers of the blasting equipment. Once the explosive is sent to the site, exclusionary area of transportation should be defined and firework is forbidden within the area; explosive equipment should be handled gently when in transporting and the igniting primer should not be crashed; in situation that ANFO, heavy ANFO are directly contact with detonating cord, oil isolation measures should be taken or an oil resistant type of detonating cord should be adopted; all the explosive payload of the blasting work should be taken note of, which includes basic information of the explosive payload, problems and treatment measures. The exclusionary area of the explosive is defined by the leader of the blasting team and during charging, clear sign should be set with corresponding guard around the area; the exclusionary area of the explosive is determined by the design book. Clear mark with guard should also be set around the boundary of the danger zone; the guard in charge of the exclusionary area of the explosive should arrive at the appointed position and stick to its own post of duty. The clearing work within the exclusionary area of the explosive will start after the early warning signal being sent out. The signal should be issued until all the personnel have left the area and all the equipment have been out of the area as well as all the guards have been in their posts and the conditions for security detonating are qualified. 6.1.2.4 Impact on physical cultural resources According to OP4.11 of the World Bank, “the World Bank usually refuses to provide financial aid for those projects which cause apparent and unrepairable damage to cultural relics and only provide financial aid for those projects which take account of preventing such damage in site selection and design”. The United Nations defines the cultural relics as “including heritage left by ancestors (such as ruins, shrine and battlefield) as well as unique natural landscape such as canyon and waterfall [1]”. The EA Consultant, in accordance with the relevant provisions and requirements set out in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, the 214 Physical Cultural Resources and OP4.11, carried out reconnaissance within the range of assessment and visited local cultural relics protection departments and villagers near the location of the projects. Based on the identification, there is a tomb and a shrine near Dajing Fishing Port, and there are no such cultural relics about Sansha, Luxia, Fenghuo, Beishuang and Wen’ao Fishing Ports. Such two kinds of physical cultural resources near Dajing Fishing Port are not listed as sites to be protected for their historical and cultural value, but they represent the cultural value of local people and have a relatively high status in the life of villagers. Therefore, they should be taken into account during the construction and operation of the fishing port project. █ Impact on White Dragon Temple White Dragon Temple is sacred place in the eyes of fishermen and protects the maritime safety of fishermen in a certain sense and plays a role the same as the fishing port. White Dragon Temple will not be damaged; instead, constructors and local fishermen will make every effort to protect their shrine. White Dragon Temple has an elevation of 17m, and the sea wall to be built has an elevation of 5m, so the temple is 12m higher than the seawall. Based on the plane layout, the land occupied by the project does not involve the hill which White Dragon Temple is located. The construction of the seawall of Dajing Fishing Port is mainly the stacking of block stones after the excavation of the breakwater foundation trench, and there is no such construction which will cause vibration impact as squeezing silt by blasting. Therefore, the construction of the breakwater will not cause any damage to the hill. There is a simple altar (a stone platform) at the bottom of the temple as well. Agreed by local villagers, the altar will be elevated about 2 meters and provided a broader surface. █ Impact on Liu’s Tomb Based on the plane figure (Fig. 6.1-17), the breakwater is a certain distance (at least 33m) to the graveyard. The construction of the breakwater of Dajing Fishing Port has no such construction process which causes vibration impact as squeezing silt by blasting. Therefore, the construction of the breakwater will not cause any damage to the graveyard. The graveyard is the place for burying predecessors who passed away and also the place where descendants offer sacrifices on each Tomb-Sweeping Day. Chinese people respect the graveyard and always preserve it properly and will not trample on and damage it unless it is necessary. █ Mitigation measures To enhance protection for material and cultural resources in the two sites, we can set up warning marks with forbidden behaviors around the two sites. In addition, education and training related to material and cultural resources should be provided to the construction workers and local fishermen and we should regard “respecting local traditional culture, manners and customs and traditional activities” as the standard of behavior. Construction work should avoid affecting these resources in order to protect them and never cut or dig the hill the White Dragon Palace positioned at or the vegetation between the mountains. The sacrificial altar will be high-raised with the construction of revetment and the sacrificial altar should be constructed to local fishermen’s desire. The passageway should be wide enough so that it is convenient for Liu’s offspring to worship as well as for the fishermen to go to the White Dragon Palace for worship. 215 The construction activities shouldn’t affect ritual activities and when construction activities may influence the ritual activities, construction work shouldn’t start unless it is permitted. A stakeholder dialogue mechanism will be launched, that is, during constructing, an open exchange will be allowed between the contractor and local government and related people of the community. The contact number of the person in charge will be published by the constructor. Furthermore, details about construction form, construction range, construction time, impact from suspended solids, mitigation measures will be discussed between the constructor and the aquaculture ponds owners and thus published. A complaint mechanism is also included in the Resettlement Planfor more effective communication. Figure. 6.1-17 Plane Figure of Material and Cultural Resources 216 New Seawall Distance of 44m Picture of Liu’s Tomb 217 6.1.2.5 Impacts on landscape On Dongchong Peninsula, there are such protected targets as Beidou Beach, Gaoluo Beach, Jishi Beach, Jieshi Beach, Dajing Beach, Xiaojing Beach, and Luxia Beach. Dajing Beach and Luxia Beach are within the closest reach of the proposed fishing ports. Covering an area of 27 hectares, Dajing Beach stretches 2.3km from south to north and 120m from east to west. Currently, it's open to a few tourists on the north face only. Dajing Fishing Port is located in the south of Dajing Beach. There is also small beach covering 0.9 hectares inside the proposed fishing port, accounting for 3.3% of the entire Dajing Beach. The area for the proposed fishing port is currently used as a typhoon shelter by fishermen of Dajing, and no tourist has ever visited this area. In the meantime, during the construction, the sand within the dock basin will be excavated and then backfilled to the outer side of seawall to protect the proposed seawall. The sand here has the same elements as the sand of Dajing Beach. Therefore, the construction of Dajing Fishing Port won't jeopardize the overall landscape & environment of Dajing Beach. During public consultation, the local fishing community in Dajing suggested to occupy more sand beach in order to increase the sheltered water area and provide more boats. The EIA institute explained to the communities that the current design have secured large enough water area to accommodate the local fishing boats, so occuption of sand beach shall be as less as possible. Covering an area of 10.4 hectares, Luxia Beach stretches 1 kilometer from north to south and has a width of 110 meters. New breakwaters and port facility do not occupy the Luxia sand beach. Construction It is nearby the proposed seawall of Luxia Fishing Port but not covered inside. The area for constructing the proposed fishing port already has a mainland-island transport dock, and there are fishing boats unloading fishes here. It's also used as typhoon shelter by the fishermen of Luxia, and hasn't been visited by any tourist yet. Therefore, the construction of Luxia Fishing Port won't jeopardize the overall landscape and environment of Luxia Beach. █Measures for relieving effects on the landscape The harbor basin of Dajing Fishing Port should be excavated for one meter in the northeast. For its better sand, as the same as that of Dajing Beach, the sand should be filtrated after the excavation and then be used to backfill Dajing Beach. At last, solid waste filtrated out will be sent to local landfill for disposal. Construction waste such as waste concrete blocks and bricks produced during the construction process will be used as backfilling materials and waste steel and forms will also be recycled and should not be poured into the sand beach nearby directly. Household refuse should be gathered through a trash can and should be disposed and cleared timely. The refuse is forbidden to be thrown into the sea or at the sand beach. Ship garbage produced during the construction should be drained into the sea. Waste like this should be collected and stored in special garbage bags or trash can and be received and disposed by qualified body admitted by the Maritime Bureau. Waste oil (including wipe cloth or cotton yarn) from the machinery and equipment during constructing must be collected and then processed and never throw about the waste oil (or cloth). 218 6.1.2.6 Impact on the navigation of fishing ships Fishing ships usually enter the port to take shelter the day before the arrival of typhoon, with different sheltering time. Based on the identification, Luxia Fishing Port involves squeezing silt by blasting and the blasting is carried out once every three days, with each blasting only lasting for several minutes. In accordance with the Code for Blasting Techniques in Water Transport Engineering, when the wave height is higher than 0.8m or the wind force is above Beauport force 6, blasting operation may not be carried out. Therefore, the operation of squeezing silt by blasting should be ceased longer time before the approaching of typhoon and thus, under normal circumstances, will not endanger fishing ships entering the port to take shelter. The blasting will jeopardize the safety of ships in the port and leaving the port. Therefore, before blasting, an announcement of prohibiting navigation should be published, warning ships should be arranged, and fishing ships should keep away from the blasting area and may not passing through the blasting area during the blasting, so that the impact of the blasting on fishing ships may be avoided. Based on the symposium attended by the public, the public strongly hopes for the construction of the fishing port. As fishermen have rich experience in sailing at sea, they can sail within such allowed time as non-blasting time. █Measures for relieving impact on fishing boats Safety guarding program for explosion: a)The safety guarding scope for explosion is controlled to be 250m practically; b)Navigation Notice shall be released through the maritime administrative agency before construction. Region explosion bulletin shall be set up in the land area; c)At 6 hours before blasting, we shall give pre-notification to the surrounding entities. At 30 minutes before blasting, we shall give timing notification and clear the site within 250m around for the explosion; d)Three inter-visible guarding sentries shall be established at a spacious place 250m outside the land area of the blasting area; e)Three guard-ships shall be arranged within 300-1,500m sea area of the blasting area with clear megaphone aboard as flow guard to suppress underwater operation below 1,500m. 6.1.2.7 Impact on water associated activities during the construction period In accordance with the Safety Regulations for Blasting (GB6722-2011), the safe distance of water shock wave caused by drilling and blasting to constructors and ships is as shown in Fig. 6.1.25. Table 6.1.25 Safe Distance of Water Shock Wave Caused by Drilling and Blasting to Constructors and Ships Quantity of Explosive (kg) Min. Distance (m) ≤50 >50≤200 >200≤1000 Constructors or Ships Swimming 500 700 1100 Constructors Swimming by pull 600 900 1400 Wooden boat 100 150 250 Ships Steel boat 70 100 150 In respect of non-construction ships, the safe distance: 1,100m when being in the upper reaches of the blasting point; 1,500m when being in the lower reaches of the blasting point 219 or in the stagnant water area. █Mitigation measures Safety alert should be provided for the underwater blasting of this engineering. During blasting, waters alert should be provided, ships which do not carry out rock blasting operation may not sail within the safe distance of water shock wave, prior notice should be published to require ships to dodge, and the safety of constructors and ships parking in the port area should be paid special attention to. 6.1.2.8 Summary of social impacts The social and environmental impact on the place where the fishing port is located during the construction is mostly adverse, which is mainly reflected in: firstly, the impact of permanent occupation of waters and aquatic breeding zone on the income of fishermen. The economic income and living mode of such families affected will be affected to different extents. Secondly, the adverse impact of blasting shock wave, vibration and dust and construction noise caused to the society and environment around the project area during the construction. As the impact of the construction is short in time, such adverse impact will disappear after the end of the construction. 6.1.3 Impacts on Terrestrial Ecology █ Impact assessment Impacts of engineering construction on ecological impact of land area are mainly water loss and soil erosion caused to some extent by quarry excavation, ground leveling in the southern district of Luxia Fishing Port and soil disturbed in local areas of Dajing original embankment demolition engineering, and ground vegetation destroyed in the quarry. Soil covering and piling up in each stock yard is recycled for earth covering and greening in later period, and earthwork generated in demolition of original embankment of Dajing Fishing Port is reclaimed for heightening and widening revetment, without any earthwork discarded. And waste disposal area is not available in proposed 6 fishing ports. Report summary of water loss and soil erosion in each fishing port shows that the fishing port project covers an area of 45.013hm2, and liability area of water and soil conservation totals 70.47hm2.During preparation period for engineering construction, construction and spontaneous recovery periods, total projected water loss and soil erosion amount is 24,683.65t. As for impact on vegetation, engineering area and stock yard pertains to the ordinary mountain in local areas, but the coastal shelter-forest system and other regions for special protection. Major vegetation types at tree stratum in the project area include mason pine, Ligustrun lucidum, southern magnolia, eucalyptus, Casuarina equisetifolia, etc., and the majority at shrub layer includes Dodonaea viscosa, Raphiolepis indica, Gardenia jasminoides, myrtle, Thevetia peruviana, Pittosporum tobira, etc. And Arundinella anomala, Eriachne pallescens, ischaemum and Dicranopteris dichotoma are included in herbaceous plants; and lianas include Radix Morindae Officinalis, Embelia laeta, cherokee rose, etc. Animal and plant resources in current regions are common species widely distributed in local areas, without endangered species and species for special protection. Therefore, engineering construction will impose an impact on distribution of original species to some extent, but will not lead to reduction in type and number of local species and may have little influence on integrity of ecological system within the region. █ Mitigation measures for water loss and soil erosion 220 A separate Water Conservation and Soil Erosion Control Report has been prepared as part of the EA process. This report assessed the amount of land disturbance, loss of surface vegetation, potential soil erosion and developed erosion control measures. The key findings and measures have been incorporated into the EIA and EMP. A summary of the mitigation measures is summarized in the following Table 6.1.26. 221 Table 6.1.26 Lists of Prevention and Control Measures for Water and Soil Loss in Each Project Extension Project of Luxia Class 1 Fenghuo Class 2 Beishuang Class 2 Wen’ao Fishing Dajing Class 2 Name of project Sansha Central Fishing Fishing Port Fishing Port Fishing Port Port Fishing Port Port Prevention area for Quarry Prevention land area formation Area Prevention area Quarry Prevention Area Quarry Prevention region Prevention Area for revetment Construction Road Area Prevention area for for temporary soil Quarry Prevention construction Prevention Area Prevention area for revetment accumulated place Area region Work yard Prevention revetment Major Prevention Area construction region Prevention Area Construction Road Area construction region Work yard for temporary soil Prevention Area Prevention Area for Prevention Area Prevention Area accumulated place Prevention Area temporary soil for temporary soil Prevention Area for for temporary soil accumulated place accumulated place temporary soil accumulated place accumulated place Excavation of catch-water and 2970 3475 1530 386 883 405 drainage ditches (m) Engineer Installation of ing 8 4 4 2 4 2 setting tank measures Topsoil stripping 13080 24250 1600 1630 900 Major (m3) water Earth covering 13080 24250 1600 1630 900 conser (m3) vation Tree planting and Vegetati 4244 4515 1050 460 385 measur afforestation on es Grass seed sowing measures 2 5.12 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.6 0.5 (hm ) Drainage ditch (m) 200 202 200 100 100 Tempora Sand basin 2 2 2 1 1 0.2 ry Woven bag 680 310 680 85 51 200 engineeri retaining wall (m) ng Matting color 3400 20600 3400 4400 3600 400 stripe (m2) 222 6.1.4 Garbage of Construction Ships During such operations as dredging and blasting, construction ships will generate a little waste water and solid waste. If they are directly discharged into the sea, the water quality and ecology in the bay will be adversely affected. In accordance with the Regulation on the Prevention and Control of Vessel-Induced Pollution to the Marine Environment, the Regulation of Fujian on Marine Environment Protection and other relevant laws and regulations, construction ships shall be provided with slop tanks for collecting oily sewage which shall be disposed by the receiving unit authorized by the administrative department of marine affairs. The oily sewage may not be discharged into the sea. The adverse impact of the garbage of construction ships may be fully reduced by transporting waste water and solid waste to the central disposal equipment arranged in the port for centralized disposal. 223 6.2 Environmental Impact Assessment during Operation After putting proposed fishing port projects into use, impact of fishing port projects on social environment is positive. Reduce sheltering costs, fishermen casualties and loss of fishing vessels and guarantee personal and property safety of fishermen According to the statistics, in 2011, there were totally 18,450 fishing vessels and cultivating vessels in Xiapu, with 2,107 fishing vessels and 9,622 cultivating vessels in the service range of proposed 6 fishing ports, totaling up to 11,729 vessels. The fishing port projects supported by the World Bank can cover 63% of fishing vessels and cultivating vessels in Xiapu. There are few typhoon shelter and natural bay with complete sheltering capacity in Xiapu at present. Most existing fishing ports have such problems as poor sheltering condition and low construction standard. During a typhoon, except small fishing vessels and cultivating vessels with relatively poor maneuverability, 70% of other fishing vessels with relatively strong maneuverability in Xiapu should go to Shacheng Port or Sandu’ao Inner Bay which is 34km away from Sansha Fishing Port to take shelter. After the implementation of the fishing port projects supported by the World Bank, fishing vessels of every description take shelter nearby. At present, most of fishing vessels cannot take shelter from wind nearby in the project area and should go to other places for sheltering in the seasons of typhoon and storm surge due to failure in sheltering or weak sheltering capacity of local fishing port. During the period of wind sheltering, wind sheltering expenses differ from distance from typhoon shelter and boat tonnage, including fishing boat sailing and fishermen accommodation. It will spend several hundred to thousand yuan. According to field investigation, accidents are more likely to take place and there is big hidden trouble in personal and property safety of fishermen during typhoon and storm surge due to strong wind and untimely response from fishermen. Furthermore, some boats fail to pass in the port for effective sheltering because of limited capacity of fishing port and many boats for sheltering. After project completion, effective sheltering area of 1,764,000 m2 can be realized. Most of fishing boats can take shelter from wind nearby in the project region to save economic and time costs during wind sheltering. Such engineering construction as breakwater construction enhances sheltering capacity of fishing ports and guarantees safety of fishing boats, and fishermen are not worried about the safety of fishing boats and can keep their mind on sheltering, ensuring personnel and property safety of fishermen. Be propitious to fresh fishery products on the market for improving economic benefits After completion of fishing port projects, more fresh fishery products, with the improvement of infrastructure conditions, can be timely transported to the shore for selling or further processing. It is convenient to transport the products after processing to other places by ocean carriage, which will further develop fishery product processing enterprises and trading market and is propitious to increasing revenues of fishermen. Besides the significant positive benefits of the proposed project, this EIA also assessed the potential environmental impacts of the project during operation stage as follows: 224 6.2.1 Impacts on Marine Hydrodynamic In order to assess the impact of the construction of the proposed fishing port project on the hydrodynamic environment and the change in erosion and sedimentation of the sea areas where such project is located, this assessment cites the computing result in the Research Report on Mathematic Model Computation of Hydrodynamic Force of Fishing Port Construction Projects Using Loans from the World Bank in Fujian of China (August, 2013) edited by Hehai University. 6.2.1.1 Establishment and verification of mathematic model (1) Theoretical model The computation model adopts the non-structural finite volume difference scheme proposed by Casulli and Zanolli to carry out numerical discretion. The model adopts the reverse tracing technology and the technology of interpolation along the characteristic line. (2) Model parameter The model design adopts two mathematic models. The large model provides boundary conditions for the small model, i.e. Chinese tidal wave model → mathematic model of local areas of the engineering area. The computing scope of the model is as shown in Fig. 6.2-1. As the hydrodynamic environment of the sea areas of the engineering will change to some extent after construction, in order to objectively reflect the characteristics of change in dynamic field, the computational grid adopts non-structural triangular net based on the complicated geomorphological environment of the bay where this engineering is located. The grid near the engineering area is refined near the engineering area, with the dimension of the smallest grid unit being 15m. There are totally 107,432 grid units and 55,990 nodes. In computation, the latest terrain of the local waters where the dock is located actually measured in 2013 is adopted for correction. (3) Analysis of verification results of the model Hydrologic data of spring and neap tides actually measured in April, 2013 is adopted to verify the mathematic model of hydrodynamic force. Numerical simulation was performed for consecutive 10 days, taking account of the full process of actual spring and neap tides. Based on the verification results of the model, the hourly process of tide level, flow rate and flow direction was well verified, with the precision meeting the requirements of relevant regulations and relevant provisions of technical directives. 225 40 ³ ¯Ï Ê º «¹ ú 35 ÖÐ 30 ¹ ú Áð Çò 25 Ⱥ µº 20 Ô½ · Æ ÂÉ 15 ±ö Ì © Ì « ÄÏ ¹ ú ƽ 10 Ñó Âí Âí À´ 5 À´ Î ÷ Î ÷ ÑÇ ÑÇ Ó¡ ¶ ÈÄá Î ÷ ÑÇ 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Figure 6.2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Range of Chinese Tidal Wave Mathematic Model and Computational Grid 226 Figure 6.2-2 Computing Range of the Model and Arrangement of the Grid 227 Figure 6.2-3 Grid Refinement of Local Sea Areas 6.2.1.2 Change and Analysis of Tidal Current Field in the Engineering Sea Area before and after the Engineering (1) Sansha Fishing Port █ Change of flow field During high tide, clockwise backflow exists in the bay prior to the engineering, with the maximum flow rate of 0.3m/s within the port. After engineering implementation, back flow in the port weakens and by going around the southern breakwater, open sea tide enters the port from the western door, and the flow rate within the port obviously decreases; during falling tide before the engineering, tide flows from east to west and goes along the coast and down southward, and after the engineering, stream near shore is obstructed and tide needs to bypass the western breakwater and then goes south, and flows to open sea eastward along the southern breakwater. Figure 6.2-4 Flow Field Change before and after the Engineering 228 Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project during Spring Tide Prior to Project 三 沙 (Sansha) 三 沙 (Sansha) 1m/s 1m/s 0 500 1000m 0 500 1000m 青屿 青屿 Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide after during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-4 Flow Field before and after Implementation of Sansha Fishing Port █ Change in average flow rate during half tide After engineering implementation, flow rate in the port obviously weakens and the maximum flow rate close to trunk of breakwater decreases by 0.2m/s during high tide while the flow rate within 1km from the west side of port decreases by 0.05-0.15m/s and it decreases by 0.05-0.10m/s within 300m from the south side of port; during falling tide, a region where dynamic force increases takes shape on the south side of southern breakwater, mainly because tide originally entering the bay and affected by the engineering is lifted to the south side of port and it causes local flow rate to be strengthened, with the flow rate increasing by 0.05-0.10m/s. Such region shows an elliptic distribution and its longitudinal axis is in the north and south, about 1km along. The west side of western breakwater also 229 shows a trend of weakened dynamic force and within 800m from west side of western breakwater, the flow rate decreases by 0.05-0.20m/s and tide flow rate in the port weakens by 0.05-0.25m/s, which mainly imposes an impact on the north side of southern breakwater. During high tide, the average flow rate on the entrance decreases by about 0.05m/s and during falling tide, it decreases by about 0.15-0.20m/s. Therefore, after the implementation of Sansha Fishing Port, the change in flow rate at both sides of the breakwater is relatively large, the flow rate in the port changes slightly, and the flow rate in high seas 1km away from the port changes to a relatively small extent. Figure 6.2-5 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation 三 沙 (Sansha) 三 沙 (Sansha) 0 500 1000m 0 500 1000m 青屿 青屿 Figure 6.2-9 Change in Average Flow Rate of Rising Tide during Change in Average Flow Rate of Spring Tide after Engineering Falling Tide during Spring Tide Implementation after Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-5 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Sansha Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) (2) Luxia Fishing Port █ Change of flow field Prior to engineering implementation, a clockwise backflow region, affected by terrain profile, takes shape nearby bay mouth of port during high tide, with backflow radius of about 500m ad maximum flow rate of 0.35m/s. For the occurrence of backflow in port mouth, open sea tide cannot flow in, which results in weak stream environment in the port; during falling tide, open sea tide moves from south to north and sheltering by islands in the south of port makes a covering effect take form in the port. The open sea tidal water goes up north through the whole Lv and cannot directly enter into the port, and the tidal water and falling tidal water in the port mingle and flow to open sea together. After engineering implementation, there are many breakwaters added in the port and backflow still exists at the bay mouth during high tide, with backflow radius not obviously changed. Flow rate is enhanced to some extent due to diminishing waterway which locates between adjacent breakwaters and becomes the main passage for open sea tide to go the port in and out. Furthermore, a region where flow rate increases will take form at the head region of breakwater, which will support 230 maintenance of fairway depth in future. Judging from tidal flow pattern, construction of breakwater changes local path of tidal flow to make streams in fairway smooth and facilitate vessels to pass in and out. Fig. 6.2-6 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Sansha Fishing Port █ Change in average flow rate during half tide After engineering implementation, many breakwaters are built in the port to block streams and waterway between adjacent breakwaters is diminished to increase flow rate. The maximum flow rate at the breakwater head can be up to 0.5m/s, especially at the head of the first breakwater while the average flow rates during rising and falling tide increase by 0.15- 0.20m/s. The region where flow rate increases shows a tongue-like distribution during high tide and is distributed along the fairway, extending into the port. A region where the dynamic force weakens takes shape from eastern coast to root of breakwater with flow rate decreasing by 0.05 to 0.15m/s due to obvious water blocking effect of outer breakwater in the easternmost of the port; during the falling tide, flow rate also shows an increasing trend in water channel between breakwaters, increasing by 0.05 to 0.25m/s. the region where dynamic force increases extends to 800m from the east side of the outer breakwater and a region where the dynamic force weakens forms in the east and west sides of outer breakwater due to effect of water blocking, which does not impose an impact on waters within the port and fairways. At the gate, the average flow rate increases by about 0.15m/s because of diminishing waterway. Therefore, the flow rate near the mouth of Luxia Port has a relatively large change, the flow rate in the port has a relatively small change, and the flow rate in the sea areas 1km outside the port has basically no change. Fig. 6.2-7 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Luxia Fishing Port Engineering Implementation 231 Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time during Spring Tide after during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-6 Flow Field before and after Luxia Fishing Port Engineering Implementation 232 Change in Average Flow Rate of Change in Average Flow Rate of High Tide during Spring Tide after Falling Tide during Spring Tide Engineering Implementation (Unit: after Engineering Implementation m/s) (Unit: m/s) Figure 6.2-7 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Luxia Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) (3) Fenghuo Fishing Port █ Change of flow field Prior to engineering, two breakwaters in the west of port cover waves from the west outside the port while a weak flow environment takes forms in the port. During high tide, tidal flow in the east and west sides of Fenghuo Island moves from north to south and the port locates on the back side and only tide in the west of port flows into the port and out of the gate in the east, with low flow rate and tide flow rate in the port below 0.20m/s; during falling tide, tidal water in the west of Fenghuo Island moves from south to north and directly flows into the port while tidal flow in the south of Fenghuo Island moves in the northeast and such movement direction is basically vertical to trend of the gate in the east of the port. It imposes lower impact on hydrodynamic environment of tidal flow in the port. Tidal flow in the port shows its movement from west to east. After proposal implementation, an east-western breakwater is built in the east side of the port, which further weakens the hydrodynamic environment in the port without any change in tidal flow direction in the port. However, deflecting effect occurs at the head of newly built breakwater and weak flow environment within the port is further enhanced because of main influence from tidal water entering from the west gate. Fig. 6.2-8 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Fenghuo Fishing Port █ Change in average flow rate during half tide Dynamic force of tidal flow in the port is weaker due to the existing two breakwaters in the west of the port, and after engineering implementation, dynamic force of weak flow in the port is strengthened to some extent, with flow rate of the port decreases by 0.02-0.10m/s while flow rate at the breakwater head increasing by 0.05-0.10m/s; judging from change trend of dynamic force, there is basically no change in hydrodynamic environment outside 233 the port after engineering implementation. Nearby the gate, the average flow rate increases by about 01.10m/s during rising and falling tide due to deflecting effect. Therefore, the flow rate near the breakwater at the mouth of Fenghuo Port has a relatively large change, the flow rate in the middle and west of the port has a small change, and the flow rate outside the port has basically no change. Fig. 6.2-9 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Fenghuo Fishing Port Engineering Implementation Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time during Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project Spring Tide Prior to Project Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time during Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide after Engineering Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Implementation Figure 6.2-8 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Fenghuo Fishing Port 234 Change in Average Flow Rate of Change in Average Flow Rate of High Tide during Spring Tide after Falling Tide during Spring Tide Engineering Implementation (Unit: after Engineering Implementation m/s) (Unit: m/s) Figure 6.2-9 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Fenghuo Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) (4) Beishuang Fishing Port █ Change of flow field Located in the southwest side of Beishuang Island, Beishuang Fishing Port where open sea tide moves from east to west during high tide is in the Protection Area. Affected by cape terrains in the north and south sides of the port, a reflux area will take shape at the front edge of the port. Dynamic force of tidal flow in the port is weaker and during falling tide, the port is on the water attaining surface and such force slightly increases in comparison with that in the high tide. After engineering implementation, a breakwater is newly constructed and dynamic force of tidal flow in the port is weakened. However, flow pattern close to bay mouth of the port is not obviously changed in comparison with that prior to the engineering because the location of the breakwater is closer to the bay top. Fig. 6.2-10 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port █ Change in average flow rate during half tide The port is, during high tide, located on the back side and a weak flow environment takes shape in the port while in the period of falling tide, the port is on the water attaining surface and dynamic force of tidal flow within the port in comparison with that in the high tide, with the maximum flow rate being about 0.15-0.20m/s at the bay mouth. After proposal implementation, dynamic force of tidal flow in the port slightly decreases, with the maximum flow rate of 0.10m/s in the port and the average flow rate decreasing by 0.05m/s during half tide at trunk of breakwater. Therefore, the flow rate in the sea areas around Beishuang Port has a relatively small change. Fig. 6.2-11 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after 235 Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project during Spring Tide Prior to Project Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide after during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-10 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port 236 0 250 500m 0 250 500m 北礵 1m/s 北礵 1m/s (Beishuang) (Beishuang) Change in Average Flow Rate Change in Average Flow Rate during High Tide after Engineering during Falling Tide after Implementation (Unit: m/s) Engineering Implementation (Unit: m/s) Figure 6.2-11 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Beishuang Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) (5) Dajing Fishing Port █ Change of flow field Prior to engineering, water area of the port is higher that of high floodplain and only during the high tide, tidal water can flow into the port. After the engineering, excavation is adopted to further expand the area of waters in the port and increase tidal prism. During high 东礵 tide, tidal water can enter into the port after engineering implementation. Affected by (Don shoreline contour, clockwise backflow takes form in the port and during sharply falling tide, water height is lower and the port shows the situation of open bed basically. After engineering implementation, there is not significant change in flow rate and direction outside the port in comparison with those prior to the engineering. █ Change of flow field Affected by the terrain, dynamic force of tidal force in the port is relatively weak and open sea tide is in the period of high tide and can enter into the port prior to the engineering; and after engineering implementation, the excavation area of waters in the port increases and during high and still tide, clockwise circulatory flow takes shape in the port, with flow rate being 0.3-0.4m/s. During falling tide, the port also shows its weak flow environment with water lowering. There is little change in flow rate in the surrounding sea areas of newly built berth outside the port, with flow rate changing by 0.05-0.10m/s. Excavation in the port makes volume of tide passing in and out the port increase and the average flow rate close to the gate during rising and falling tide increases by 0.05m-0.10m/s. Figure 6.2-12 Flow Field Change before and after Dajing Engineering Implementation 西礵 237 Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide after during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-12 Flow Field Change before and after Dajing Engineering Implementation (6) Wen’ao Fishing Port █ Change of flow field The port is located in south coast of Fuying Island and tidal water passes in and out narrow and long waterway between Fuying Island and Nigu Islet. The clockwise backflow takes form nearby the bay mouth during high tide by influence from local coastline, and the port location is at the outer edge of backflow while a counterclockwise region results from complicated terrain within the port. During high tide, part of tidal water can pass in and out waterways between the island and offshore island reefs. Flow rate in local shoals is higher, reaching 1.0m/s at the most, which agrees with that told by local fishermen; during falling tide, a clockwise backflow region takes shape at the western bay mouth of the port and a Protection Area of dynamic force forms in the port, with lower flow rate and no obvious backflow region in the port. Due to lower water height between the island and offshore island reefs, there is no excess of water during falling tide. After engineering implementation, the backflow region in the port is lift, during high tide, to the south of breakwater. The backflow rotates in a counterclockwise direction and the center of backflow moves southward. Backflow range is slightly reduced and its intensity weakens. During falling tide, the dynamic force environment of weak flow in the port is still kept. After proposal implementation, the waterway between the island and offshore island reefs is still kept, and during high tide, tidal water can pass in and out freely, with flow rate up to about 1.0m/s. The flow rate at the head of breakwater shows an increasing trend in comparison with that prior to the engineering, and its direction slightly changes. █ Change in average flow rate during half tide In Wen’ao Fishing Port, a counterclockwise backflow region exists at the edge of port during high tide, with the maximum flow rate of about 0.3m/s. There is a narrow and long waterway between offshore island reefs and the island in the east of the port, with high flow rate reaching 1m/s at the most; during falling tide, water height decreases and the strong 238 stream no longer appears, and the port shows the obvious environment of weak flow, with maximum flow rate of about 0.10m/s. After proposed engineering implementation, the waterway at the head of breakwater is diminished, with flow rate slightly increasing to 0.20m/s at the most. It mainly appears in the phase of high tide. Streams close to the gate are basically in the same direction with direction of vessels passing in and out the port, without any obvious transverse flow; the average flow rate close to the breakwater head is about 0.02m/s during half tide and flow rate slightly weakens due to the effect of water blocking in the south and north sides of breakwater, decreasing by about 0.02m/s. It imposes an impact on the range of 150m from the south and north sides of breakwater. As the port is concave bank terrain, the dynamic force of tidal flow is relatively weak and the flow rate close to the gate increases by 0.01 to 0.02m/s after the engineering. Therefore, the flow rate in and outside the port has a relatively small change. 文 澳 (Wenao) 文 澳 (Wenao) 1m/s 1m/s 0 250 500m 0 250 500m Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide Prior to Project during Spring Tide Prior to Project 文 澳 (Wenao) 文 澳 (Wenao) 1m/s 1m/s 0 250 500m 0 250 500m Flow Field at Sharply Rising Time Flow Field at Sharply Falling Time during Spring Tide after during Spring Tide after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation Figure 6.2-13 Change in Flow Field before and after Implementation of Wen'ao Fishing Port 239 Change in Average Flow Rate of Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide High Tide during Spring Tide after after Engineering Implementation Engineering Implementation (Unit: (Unit: m/s) m/s) Figure 6.2-14 Change in Average Flow Rate of Falling Tide during Spring Tide after Implementation of Wen’ao Fishing Port (Unit: m/s) 6.2.2 Environmental Impact Analysis of Erosion and Deposition 6.2.2.1 Prediction mode The coast in the eastern waters of Xiapu is stable, surrounded by low mountains and hills on which plants are thick, with good water and soil conservation. Furthermore, no big river flows into the region and sand from running water is limited, with clear water and less sand. The sea bed is relatively stable because sediment yield from tidal flow is basically balanced. After implementation of marine engineering, local hydrodynamic environment changes and the dynamic force pattern originally balanced needs to be readjusted to initiate erosion and deposition of sediment. The back-silting calculation formula, applicable to waterways and harbor basins of mucky and non-mucky coasts and proposed by Liu Jiaju, is adopted for sand back-silting calculation and included in the Chinese industrial standard, Code for Seaport Hydrology (JTJ213-98). w sT     H1   3  V H  P  0  K 1 1_   ] sin θ  K 2 [1_ 2 (1  1 )] cos θ  0         2  H 2V1 H2    Wherein: P – annual back-silting intensity (m/s); W0 – settling velocity of fine cohesive sediment flocculation (m/s), assigning 0.0003- 0.0005m/s; S – local annual mean sediment concentration (kg/m3); 240 T– duration of settlement, total seconds per year (s); H1 and H2 – depth of water in engineering area before and after excavation; V1 and V2 – velocity of measuring points before and after the engineering; K1 and K2 – empirical coefficients, assigning 0.35 and 0.13 respectively; θ – included angle between flowing direction and trend of sea trough (°); γ0 – dry bulk density of deposited sediment ((kg/m3); γ0=1750d500.183 and d50 refers to median particle diameter of sediment. According to analysis of suspended sediment data in 2013, particle size analysis of suspended load shows that the median particle diameter of suspended sediment ranges from 5.15 to 607.10µm (7.60-0.72Φ) and its average particle size is from 4.65 to 285.19µm (7.75-1.81Φ). For the average sediment concentration, and median particle diameter of suspended sediment in the sediment accumulation calculation, please refer to values in measured data of stations nearby. 6.2.2.2 Environmental Impact Analysis of Erosion and Deposition (1) Prediction of Sansha Fishing Port The average sediment concentration measured in the surrounding sea water of the port is 0.041kg/m3 during high tide and 0.040kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is small. The siltation intensity distribution in the first year after the engineering implementation is as shown in Fig. 6.2-15, and the final water depth of Sansha Fishing Port is as shown in Fig. 6.2-16. Mathematic model calculation result shows that in the first year after engineering completion, siltation intensity of mooring waters is 0.10 to 0.15m and the average siltation in the port is about 0.15m/a, with the annual maximum siltation height of 0.20m/a in the region close to the root of breakwater. The predicted back-silting intensity is relatively close to the value observed after completion of Sansha Port in early stage, and data observed for many years in original port show that sediment back-silting intensity after engineering implementation weakens gradually and two sides of breakwater will become main siltation regions in future, and the sediment body contributes to slope stability. According to preliminary estimation, the final equilibrium sedimentation volume at both sides of breakwater is predicted to be about 1.5m, and range of siltation is within 100m from both sides of breakwater. Due to low concentration of suspended sediment in water body of this sea area, it will take 10 to 15 years to reach the equilibrium sedimentation thickness. The gate in the west of the port is the only way for tidal water to pass in and out, in which sediments are difficult to remain and silting speed is lower and about 0.10m in the first year and gradually weakens hereafter. It is initially estimated that the final siltation volume at the gate is about 0.8m. For 10-20% of waters in the port, the equilibrium sedimentation thickness is from 1.0m to 1.5m and for 60-70% of waters, the final equilibrium sedimentation thickness is within 1m, meeting the requirement of mooring vessels. 241 三 沙 (Sansha) 0 500 1000m 青屿 Figure 6.2-15 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) The representative ships in Sansha Fishing Port are 3,000t dock with a draft of 4.3m, 600HP fishing ship with a draft of 3.3m and 400HP fishing ship with a draft of 2.6m. It can be seen from Fig. 6.2-16 that even in case of low tide, the water depth at the mouth is 3-5m, which can meet the sailing requirements of representative ships. Therefore, no maintenance dredging is required during the operation period of Sansha Fishing Port. 242 Figure 6.2-16 Final Water Depth of Sansha Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) (2) Prediction of Luxia Fishing Port The average sediment concentration in the engineering sea area is 0.045kg/m3 during high tide and 0.044kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is small. The siltation intensity distribution in the first year after the engineering implementation is as shown in Fig. 6.2-17, and the final water depth of Luxia Fishing Port is as shown in Fig. 6.2-18. Mathematic model calculation result shows that in the first year after engineering completion, main back-silting zone is located at sections near shore and in the proposed No.1 typhoon shelter. The siltation intensity of navigable waterway into the No.1 typhoon shelter in the first year is about 0.05m, and the siltation intensity in the port is 0.05 to 0.10m/a, with the maximum siltation height of 0.15m/a in the region close to the root of breakwater. The sediment back-silting intensity weakens gradually in the port, and siltation region mainly concentrates on sections near shore at the rear side of breakwater. The final equilibrium sedimentation volume of the No.1 typhoon shelter is predicted to be about 1.0 to 1.5m and sediment body mainly occurs in dead water zone of breakwater near the shore. The equilibrium sedimentation thickness in the mooring waters at the front edge of breakwater is predicted to be about 0.5m, and it will take about 10 years to reach such equilibrium sedimentation thickness. For 40-50% of waters in the No.1 typhoon shelter, the final equilibrium sedimentation thickness is 0.5-1m, meeting the requirement of mooring vessels. In other sheltering regions, no obvious sediment body is found and it can basically meet the requirement of mooring vessels. 243 Figure 6.2-17 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) Figure 6.2-18 Final Water Depth of Luxia Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) 244 The representative ships in Luxia Fishing Port are 270HP fishing ship with a draft of 3.1m and 40HP fishing ship with a draft of 1.2m. It can be seen from Fig. 6.2-18 that even in case of low tide, the water depth at the mouth is 4-5m, which can meet the sailing requirements of representative ships. Therefore, no maintenance dredging is required during the operation period of Luxia Fishing Port. (3) Prediction of Fenghuo Fishing Port Data measured in the port show that the average sediment concentration measured is 0.035kg/m3 during high tide and 0.034kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is small. The siltation intensity distribution in the first year after the engineering implementation is as shown in Fig. 6.2-19, and the final water depth of Fenghuo Fishing Port is as shown in Fig. 6.2-20. Mathematic model calculation result shows that in the first year after engineering completion, the siltation intensity in the port is 0.05 to 0.15m/a, with the annual maximum siltation height of 0.15m/a in the region close to the root of breakwater. The siltation region mainly concentrates on the Protection Area at the back side of breakwater, and siltation volume is larger within 100m from two sides of breakwater. It is primarily estimated that the final equilibrium sedimentation volume at both sides of breakwater is 1.3m to 1.5m and it will take about 10 years. Siltation region in the port is mainly located in the east bank of exiting western breakwater, in which the siltation volume is 0.10m in the first year. The siltation intensity of the first year in the middle part of the port is about 0.05m and after initial estimation, the equilibrium sedimentation thickness ranges from 0.5 to 0.8m in the middle part of the port. The equilibrium sedimentation thickness near the original breakwater in the west side of the port is about 1.0m and it will take 10 to 15 years. For 25-35% of the port, the equilibrium sedimentation thickness is from 0.5m to 1.0m and for 35% of the port, the average equilibrium sedimentation thickness is below 0.5m, meeting the requirement of mooring vessels. 245 Figure 6.2-19 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) 246 Figure 6.2-20 Final Water Depth of Fenghuo Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) The representative ships in Fenghuo Fishing Port are 20HP fishing ship with a draft of 1.0m. It can be seen from Fig. 6.2-20 that even in case of low tide, the water depth at the mouth is 3-5m, which can meet the sailing requirements of representative ships. Therefore, no maintenance dredging is required during the operation period of Fenghuo Fishing Port. (4) Prediction of Beishuang Fishing Port Data measured in the port show that the average sediment concentration measured is 0.049kg/m3 during high tide and 0.048kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is very small. Mathematic model calculation result shows that after engineering implementation, the breakwater blocks open sea tide from flowing into the port and a region where dynamic force weakens in the port takes shape. In the first year upon its completion, 0.10~0.20m/a siltation distribution exists near the breakwater in the port, with the maximum siltation intensity of 0.20m/a in the region close to the outer side of reclaiming lines in the engineering region. Siltation region mainly concentrates on sections near the breakwater, and the final equilibrium sedimentation volume is predicted to be about 1.0 to 1.5m, taking about 10 to 15 years. For nearly 40-50% of waters in the port, the final equilibrium sedimentation thickness is within 1.0m and for 20-30% of the port, the final equilibrium sedimentation thickness is within 1-1.5m, meeting the requirement of mooring vessels. 247 0 250 500m 北 礵 (Beishuang) Figure 6.2-21 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) (5) Prediction of Dajing Fishing Port The average sediment concentration is 0.0445kg/m3 during high tide and 0.044kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is small. Forecasts of formula recommended in the specification show that sediment back-silting is not obvious due to increased dynamic force of tidal flow in the port in comparison with that prior to the engineering, and there are only scattered siltation regions in the first year after engineering completion in some sea areas outside the port, without obvious siltation trend taking shape in the port. 248 Figure 6.2-22 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) (6) Prediction of Wen’ao Fishing Port The average sediment concentration in the sea area of the port is 0.045kg/m 3 during high tide and 0.044kg/m3 during falling tide, and the difference between the average sediment concentrations during high and falling tides is small. The siltation intensity distribution in the first year after the engineering implementation is as shown in Fig. 6.2-23, and the final water depth of Wen’ao Fishing Port is as shown in Fig. 6.2-24. Mathematic model calculation result shows that after engineering implementation, main back-silting zone is located at the sections of breakwater trunk near shore and after engineering completion, dynamic force of tidal flow slightly increases in the waterway into the port due to flow contraction effect, without any sedimentation of suspended sand. A Protection Area of dynamic force takes form in the port to further weaken the flow rate. According to statistics, the siltation intensity of waters in the south of the port is 0.05 to 0.15m/a in the first year, with the maximum annual height of siltation is 0.15m/a at certain part mainly close to root of outer breakwater. The siltation intensity of mooring waters in the port is below 0.05m in the first year, and mud scum at the bottom layer is difficult in passing into the port due to weaker dynamic force of tidal flow in the engineering sea area and the siltation thickness in mooring waters after the engineering reaches about 0.5m in a balanced state. Sediment back-silting in the port mainly concentrates on 100m from the south and north sides of southern breakwater, and the final back-silting volume is expected to be 1.5m, which does not impose adverse impact on mooring waters of the port. And it will take 10 to 15 years to reach the equilibrium sedimentation thickness. For 60-70% of waters in the port, the final equilibrium sedimentation thickness is within 0.5cm and for 10-15% of waters, the sedimentation thickness ranges from 0.5m to 1.0m, meeting the requirement of mooring 249 vessels. Figure 6.2-23 Siltation Intensity Distribution in the First Year after Engineering Implementation (Unit: m) 250 Figure 6.2-24 Final Water Depth of Wen’ao Fishing Port (theoretical foundation surface) The representative ships in Wen’ao Fishing Port are 400HP fishing ship with a draft of 2.6m and 20HP fishing ship with a draft of 1.0m. It can be seen from Fig. 6.2-24 that even in case of low tide, the water depth at the mouth is 3-5m, which can meet the sailing requirements of representative ships. Therefore, no maintenance dredging is required during the operation period of Wen’ao Fishing Port. 6.2.2.3 Conclusion As the hydrologic modeling shows, the final erosion and deposition balance will be reached witin 10-15 years for each fishing ports. Given the size of fishing boats and final water depth, there is no need to carry out maintenance dredging. Experiences from other fishing ports in Fujian Province, there has been no maintenance dredging for fishing ports reported. On a needed basis, monitoring of water depth will be carried out during operation of these fishing boats. In case it is found maintenance dredging is needed in the future, the dredging and disposal of dredged materials shall follow national and provincial regulations, which is in line with the EHS guidelines. 6.2.3 Impact of Waste Water Discharge in Fishing Port 6.2.3.1 Prediction mode The substance transport and diffusion equation adopted in water quality model is as follows: 251    1   1   U V  [(h   ) Dx )]  [(h   ) Dy ]  S  E t x y h   x x h   y y 6.2.3.2 Model verification Analytical solution is used for verifying water quality mathematic models and the results show that numerical solution is basically accordant with the analytical solution, impact coverage numerically modeled substantially corresponds with analytical value and the accuracy of mathematic model can satisfy the demand for calculating accuracy. 6.2.3.3 Prediction of source strength Table 6.2.1 Source Strength of Waste Water Discharge in Fishing Ports during Operation Position of sewage Sewage discharge COD discharge amount Name outlet amount (t/d) (kg/d) North sewage outlet 504.1 50.4 Luxia Fishing Port South sewage outlet 242 24.2 Located at the front edge Sansha Fishing Port of proposed dock 294.6 29.46 recently 6.2.3.4 Prediction results and impact analysis Real processes of astronomical spring, moderate and neap tides are considered in continuous analog of models lasting 1 month. After peak concentration in the bay is stable, an envelope diagram is drawn to analyze impact of pollutants. See prediction results in Tables 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. █ Sansha Fishing Port COD analog results show that COD concentration of waters in Sansha Fishing Port is 1.45-1.60mg/L after superposition of background concentration because of lower sewage discharge amount in the fishing port, and the concentration can meet requirements of Class II Water Standard of Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997). On the whole, sewage discharge in Sansha fishing port during operation does not adversely affect the surrounding ecological environment. Table 6.2.2 List of COD Impact Coverage in Sansha Fishing Port Concentration (mg/L) Area (hectare) >1.5 0.6 >1.8 <0.1 >2.0 <0.1 >2.5 <0.1 >3.0 <0.1 █ Luxia Fishing Port COD analog results show that COD concentration of waters in Luxia Fishing Port is 1.0-1.3mg/L after superposition of background concentration because of lower sewage discharge amount in the fishing port, and the dilution capacity of water body outside the breakwater is good and concentration is below 0.9mg/L, meeting requirements of Class II 252 Water Standard of Sea Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997). On the whole, sewage discharge in Luxia fishing port during operation does not adversely affect the surrounding ecological environment. Table 6.2.3 List of COD Impact Coverage in Luxia Fishing Port Concentration (mg/L) Area (hectare) >0.9 50.1 >0.95 4.3 >1 1.8 >1.05 0.8 >1.1 0.004 >1.2 0.002 >1.3 0.001 三 沙 (Sansha) 0 500 1000m Figure 6.2-25 CODMn Concentration Distribution of Sansha Fishing Port 青屿 during Operation (Unit: mg/L) 253 Figure 6.2-26 CODMn Concentration Distribution of Luxia Fishing Port during Operation (Unit: mg/L) 6.2.3.5 Measures for relieving impact from waste water All kinds of waste water produced during the operation of the fishing ports shall be properly managed. Sewage treatment facilities and positions of sewage discharge outlet According to the engineering analysis, the sewage produced during the operation of the project will be divided into port sewage, sewage from the arrived ship of the port and sewage result from first rain on the wharf and so on. Department of Ocean and Fisheries of Fujian province has approved the sea area for engineering of the first phase of Sansha Fishing Port in 2011 and the sewage treatment project for the first phase of Sansha Fishing Port will be 600t/d with the sewage treatment facilities to be constructed after the reclamation. The sewage from the extension project of Sansha Fishing Port will be going into the first phase of Sansha Fishing Port for uniform treatment and the increased treating capacity will be 300t/d. The sewage discharge outlet is located one meter below the low-tide mark of the front water area of the proposed wharf of the extension project. Long-term sewage of Sansha Fishing Port will be processed in the proposed 12,000t/d sewage treatment plant according to the Overall Planning of Sansha Town: Comprehensive Reform and Construction Pilot of Ningde City (2010-2030). It is planned to build a set of sewage treatment facilities in the north area and south area of Luxia Fishing Port respectively to collect and dispose the sewage from the north and south area. The treatment capacity of facilities in north is 550t/a and that of the south is 250t/d. The sewage draining exit is positioned one meter below the low-tide mark inside the harbor basin. For Dajing Fishing Port, one set of sewage treatment facilities will be built in its rear area and its sewage treatment capacity is 60t/d with its sewage draining exit will be located 254 one meter below the low-tide mark of the front water area of theDajing Fishing Port. One set of sewage treatment facilities with 6t/d treatment capacity will also be built in the rear area of Fenghuo Fishing Port, Beishuang Fishing Port and Wen’ao Fishing Port and its sewage draining exit will be one meter below the low-tide mark of the front water area. （2）Analysis of water quality characteristics The sewage is mainly divided into industrial wastewater produced in the operation process and little sanitary sewage, domestic wastewater from the fishing boat and oily sewage. Water quality characteristics can be classified into two types: one is waste water with organics like the domestic wastewater from the fishing port and fishing boats and industrial wastewater produced from fishing port; the other is waste water mainly with petroleum, such as oily sewage from engine room of the fishing boat. （3）Classified collection and disposal Storm sewage collection: initial-stage storm sewage will be discharged into the specially-designed storm sewage regulating reservoir and then flows into the sewage disposal facility to be disposed. Pre-treatment technology of oily sewage: For that the waste water generated from the present project includes production wastewater, domestic wastewater and oily sewage (marine oil sewage and wastewater from machine maintenance), so, when choosing the wastewater treatment process, we should take the disposal of oily sewage into consideration. The evaluation here required that the oily sewage should be biologically treated with production wastewater, domestic wastewater after it is oil-isolated and then be discharged after disposed by the sewage treatment facility. Biochemical treatment process: The concentration of major pollutants (take fluctuation factors into consideration) of the wastewater into the biochemical treatment system of present project is about CODCr 200 ～ 600mg/l with ammonia nitrogen being about 10~100mg/l. （4）Wastewater treatment process For that specific engineering construction plan is not included in the feasibility study report of the project, the present report has proposed specific engineering plan according to the wastewater characteristics. Sewage treatment flow chart is shown in Fig.6.2-27 Grating Setting Hydrolysis production wastewater Contact oxidation Sedimentation basin , domestic wastewater pond Acidification pond pool Disinfecting tank Oily sewage Oil-water separator pond Up-to-standard release Fig.6.2-27Sewage treatment flow chart 255 Process workflow specifications： The oily sewage from the vessels should be oil-isolated and the flows into the sewage treatment area together with production wastewater and domestic wastewater at wharf. Then the sewage flows through the grating, in which solid pollutants and sundries are cleared away to avoid their damage to the processing equipment; then it is discharged into the regulating reservoir to ensure the stable water quality in the following processing procedures. The wastewater then is pumped into a horizontal flow settling tank and some particles that are large but not easy to be resolved are set and the settling is let out into sludge thickener with the wastewater flows into hydrolysis acidification pool; high- concentration waste water is acidized through resolving and the pollutant is resolved into micro-molecule which is easier to be resolved with the COD concentration is decreased below 200mg/L; the wastewater flows into the aerobic aeration tank and through aerating, organics in the sewage are further eliminated under the metabolism process of microorganism; after going through the setting pond, the sludge at the bottom of the pond backflows to the acidification pool or the contact oxidation pond, which helps to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater and the remaining sludge is discharged into the thickening tank with the supernatant liquid reaches first-grade discharge standard of the Integrated Discharge Standards for Wastewater（ GB8978-1996） and being sent to the discharge outlet; The sludge discharged from the setting pond will get into the sludge dewatering equipment for processing after going through thickening tank. Make use of the agricultural fertilizer and green fertilizer with dewatered sludge or send it to qualified waste disposal unit for recycling disposal. According to date and practice from other harbor district, it is reasonable and feasible that the production and domestic wastewater in present harbor district to be processed by adopting the above method and the sewage is capable of reaching the first-grade discharge standard in GB8978-1996 sheet 4 in Integrated Discharge Standard for Wastewater. （5）Suggestions on recycling of sewage For that the fishing port is located in an area lack of water, we suggest that the sewage to be further processed to reach the standards of the Reuse of Urban Recycling Water- Quality of Farmland Irrigation Water in order to be used for farmland irrigation. 6.2.4 Impacts on landscape Dajing Beach and Dajing Fishing Port are separated by sand piles with height reaching dozens of meters. Therefore, from visual perspective, the construction of fishing port won't have any impact on the visual image of Dajing Beach. Given the small amount of sewage generated at Luxia Fishing Port and the large tidal prism of the adjacent sea area, pollutants contribute little to the sea area. According to water quality impact projection, the sea area will maintain the existing water quality. The results of erosion and deposition environment calculations indicate that siltation will not incur at Luxia Beach. Therefore, the operation of fishing port will have little impact on Luxia Beach. During operation, port management authority will enforce wastewater and garbage management in the port area. Wastewater from fishing boats and port will be prohibited to be discharged into the port waters. Garbage will be timely collected and sent out to municipal waste disposal facilities. The management of wastewater and solid waste should be enhanced during the operation and pouring wastewater and solid waste at the sand beach is strictly forbidden. 256 6.2.5 Impacts on marine preserve Fishing boats will only return to the port for sheltering from typhoon during typhoon seasons, and will operate at sea for most of the time. Therefore, little pollutant will be generated and both Fuying Island Protection Area and Fuyao Islands Protection Area will not be affected. Fuel oil leakage may take place if the fishing boat is overturned by the typhoon, thus jeopardizing the environmental quality of Protection Areas. The proposed fishing port project itself is a major disaster prevention and reduction measure to safeguard the safety of boats and fishermen. The fishing port can shelter fishing boats from overturning, sinking and other environment-hostile accidents. Therefore, the fishing port project is a risk prevention measure to protect the ocean environment and reduce the probability of the oil spill accidents. To prepared for the oil spills, Ningde Matritime Safety Administration has issued an Emergency Preparedness Plan for Ocean Rescue and Oil Spill in 2012. Oil spill management is under the overall planning and management by Ningde Matritime Safety Administration. It has established institutional arrangements and response system, equipped with necessary equipment and facilities. Such response capacity is further complemented by 2 private oil spill response and cleanup companies. Detailed in Chapter 8. 6.2.6 Management of Other Wastes Without appropriate management, vessel waste, oil containing ballast water and solid waste will cause potential pollution to marine environment and ecology. The above-mentioned influence is strictly stated in the China’s and foreign laws and regulations. Forbidding waste water and solid waste discharge to coastal sea is strictly regulated by the domestic laws and regulations such as Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Vessel-induced Pollution to the Marine Environment and Fujian Marine Environmental Protection Regulations. The wastes should be transported to qualified waste disposal units in the port for collection and disposal and reasonable implementation of waste management laws and regulations will appropriately ease potential influence of wastes from boats. 6.2.7 Foul odor impact The odor during the operation of the present project will mainly include fishlike smell and foul odor produced by rotten marine food products such as the fish, the foul odor from sewage treatment plant and the exhaust gas emitted by vessels and automobile in and out the fishing port. For that the fishing ports to be built are located in coastal areas and among which, three fishing ports are located on the island, conditions for atmospheric dispersion are better. And when regarding the operation period and space of the fishing port area, the average density of the loading and transporting vehicles for catches is not high and the intensity of the source of exhaust gas is low, so it has little impact on the environment. The main atmospheric effects generated after finishing the construction of all the fishing ports and thus put into operation is foul odor, which mainly comes from fishlike smell produced in loading area, aquatic products processing zone and sewage treatment 257 station. According to the status survey of Lv’xia Fishing Port, fishermen here generally use plastic crates with apertures to store fishery products ,therefore, the products with small body is squeezed out from the apertures and be thrown about on the dock. Sewage with concentration of COD is also leaked on the dock surface. The dock yard in Lv’xia Fishing Port is piled up by using rocks and the gap between the rocks is large. The sewage and the small fisheries squeezed out on the dock haven’t been swept and cleaned and then being remained in the gap. With the rotten of all the staffs, the sewage and scattered small fisheries will be the breeding place of fungus and rats and flies. As a result, the foul odor is emitted from the place and the polluted air will spread illness and even influence the landscape of the fishing port, so obvious foul odor impact appears in Lv’xia Fishing Port. We also make a survey to Lianjiang Huangqi Fishing Port, which shows a fine performance in administration of fishing port of Fuzhou City and found that the fishing port employed a cleaning team. The dock of the fishing port is cleaned timely and the concentration of the foul odor is low and the fishing port is used as one of the passages of maritime travel with continuous tourists. The above shows that, as long as the fishing port is well-managed and cleaned timely, the foul odor impact of the fishing port will be reduced to the least. In addition, the scale of sewage treatment station for each of the fishing ports is small, which results in small foul odor impact. Mitigation Measures: (1) Institution setting: During the operation, the State-owned Assets Management Co. Ltd. of Xiapu County will appointed three fishing port management companies for the World Bank loan project and they are Sansha Fishing Port Management Company (operate and manage Sansha Central Fishing Port and Fenghuo Class-2 Fishing Port), Changchun Fishing Port Management Company (operate and manage Lv’xia Class-1 Fishing Port and Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port) and Sea Island Fishing Port Management Company (operate and manage Wen’ao Class-2 Fishing Port Fishing Port and Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port). And fishing port environmental management institutions and cleaning team will also be set to manage the fishing port environment. (2) Fishy smell and stink resistant measures in port area: Marine food product should be taken in watertight container and take effective measures during loading the marine products to reduce the scattering of small bodies; the fishing port management department should clean up the small bodies scattered on the surface and recycle the small bodies after every loading; wash the dock loading area, trading zone, where the sewage leakage may happen and the sewage for washing should be guided to the sewage treatment station for disposal. (3) Deodorization measures for sewage treatment station: The sewage treatment station should keep away from office area and residential area. Proper closing measures should be taken to the sludge-tank, which produces foul odor and plant large trees and green belt in the surrounding of the sewage treatment station. 258 Chapter 7 Cumulative Impact Assessment 7.1 About Cumulative Impacts Compared to project level EIA which only considers simple causality, single impact, immediate effect and a certain particular environmental distinction and location, the cumulative impacts are characterized as comprehensive consideration on the environmental changes triggered by various factors, such as multiple projects, complex causality, induced impacts, interaction process, temporal and spatial overlapping. The U.S. Council on Environmental Quality (USCEQ) stated that, there are more and more facts have been indicating that the catastrophic environmental impacts are frequently not sourced from direct or indirect force application, but from the imposed pressures of a series of single and subtle impacts accumulated over a long period. For example, the long-term excessive deforestation has resulted in current serious water loss and soil erosion in the Loess Plateau; under impacts of long-term real estate development, the central shoal wetland ecology of Fuzhou City is fading away, and leading to climate warming in this region. These are typical cases of cumulative environmental impacts. The USCEQ defined the "cumulative environmental impact" as "the impact imposed to the environment generated from an activity which is combined with any past, current and reasonably foreseeable activity... the cumulative impact is sourced from activities occurred in a period of time with little individual impact but hug collective impact" in a statement on consideration of cumulative impacts in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1978. This report will analyze the cumulative impacts by reviewing history of fishing port establishment and integrating establishment impact of the Project and future development planning. 7.2 Method of Cumulative Impacts Assessment Many practioners have conducted studies on cumulative impacts assessment of various projects, including assessment methods and evaluation procedures. As of now, China EA technical guidelines requires consideration of cumulative impacts but yet to provide systematic guidance on assessment methods and procedures. Some can be refered to the prescriptions of the Technical Guidelines on Planning EIA of the People's Republic of China, such as expert consultation, matrix, network anaysis. Through literature review and consultations with various experts, a systermatic method and procedures can be employed for cumulative impact assessment is summarized in Table 7.2.1 (Methods of Cumulative Impact Assessment issued by Smit. B in 1995). 259 Table 7.2.1 Typical procedure of CIA Components of EIA Procedure of Cumulative Impact Assessment a. identify significant cumulative impacts accompanying the planned development activity and determine assessment target b. Establish geographical scope of analysis; Definition c. Establish time-frame of analysis; d. identify other impact sources, ecosystem and social environment deserved attention. a. Describe features of identified resources, ecosystems and human social activities in scope determination and their bearing capacity to environmental change; Description of impacted b. Describe characteristics impacting these resources, ecosystems and environment social environment factors and their relationship with legal thresholds; c. Develop base-line conditions of resources, ecosystems and social environment. a. Determine significant causation between human activities and resources, ecosystems and social environment; Determine b. Determine substantial and significant cumulative impacts; environmental c. Change or increase alternative schemes to avoid or slower significant consequence cumulative impacts; d. Monitor cumulative impacts after adopting alternative technologies and environmental management. These steps and proecures were adopted in the the assessment of cumulative impacts for this project. 7.3 Definition and source identification of cumulative impacts 7.3.1 Definition of cumulative impacts A series of principal environmental challenges generated from fishing port construction has been determined in concerning sections of this report: 1) impacts on hydrodynamics and erosion/siltation; 2) ecological impacts, such as damage of benthonic life and littoral zone; 3) water quality degradation; 4) impact on aquaculture, etc. Different from assessment only focus on environmental impacts resulted by the project, the cumulative impact assessment needs to extend geographical boundary and time frame to include overlapping of impacts from various resources and on ecosystems and human communities. This assessment will define reasonable foreseeable activities and the space and time boundary of cumulative impacts as the first step of cumulative impacts assessment. 260 Figure 7.3-1 Relative distance of fishing ports in the Project As shown in Fig. 7.3-1, at the level of overall project, the distances among various fishing ports is far, and the nearest fishing ports are the Sansha Fishing Port and the Fenghuo Fishing Port, which has a relative distance of 3.7 km. Based on anakysis through bathemetry pattern and mathematical modeling, it is obvious that the alterations to hydrodynamics conditions, erosion/siltation pattern and water quality caused by the fishing port construction during construction period are rather localized within a scope of 1 km surrounding fishing ports. In addition, according to construction scheduling, different fishing port has different schedules. It has also been identified that the operational impacts at each fishing port is rather localized as well. It is concluded that the impacts of fishing port construction and operation are unlikely to overlap over the project area and longer time frame. The second dimension of cumulative impacts scoping is to look at individual fishing port to identify induced and cumulative impacts associated with past, present and reasonably foreseeable future acitivities, through due diligence reviews, field visits and consultation with authorities and communities. The reviewed activities is subject to the size of function of each fishing port. Of the 6 fishing ports included in the project, the four Class-2 fishing ports and one Class-1 fishing port (Luxia) only have functions of disaster prevention and mitigation, fish unloading and transfer, and only provide services to neighboring fishing villages but without fish production function. There is no planning for further development of these villagers into urbanized area as well. Therefore, induced and cumulative impacts generated from the project is very limited. However, it is not the case for Sansha Central Fishing Port which has a larger size, has 261 undergone previous development phase, and has multifold functions such as fish processing and coordinated development with nearby villagers. In accordance with the Master Planning of Sansha on Comprehensive Innovation and Construction of Pilot Towns (2010-2030) and the design and environment assessment documents of Sansha Central Fishing Port Phase I Project which is under construction, this cumulative impact assessment determines the space and time range of assessment, i.e. the Sansha Central Fishing Port and development zones of its surrounding towns. The assessment horizon is up to 2030, as shown in Fig. 7.3-2. Figure 7.3-2 Scope of CEA 7.3.2 Source of cumulative impacts 7.3.2.1 Due diligence of Sansha Fishing Port Phase I Project (1) Due diligence of past construction activities Up to now, the Sansha Fishing Port has experienced construction of three breakwaters in 1957 and Phase I construction started in 2011, as shown in following Table 7.3.1. 262 Table 7.3.1 Construction history of Sansha Fishing Port Constr Project uction Proposed Content of projected construction Status quo and implementation Name time Sansha Three breakwaters, 250 m of west breakwater All constructed, currently only 250 m of 1957 Fishing existing, middle and east breakwaters west breakwater remaining. Port collapsed already. 160 m of 400 HP dock, 100 m of 3000 t refrigeration ship dock, Sansha Docks built 265 m of east breakwater, Central 2.19 hm2 of land reclamation 747 m of west breakwater Fishing completed, 2011 44.08 hm2 of land reclamation, which will be Port construction of breakwaters not started used to hold sea products trading center, Wu'ao (design optimized and included in this wastewater treatment facility and service Port World Bank-finance project). area. Backfill materials come from commercial quarry. For the Sansha Fishing Port, Xiamen University prepared the Project EIA of Sansha Fishing Port (Wu’ao harbour district) of Xiapu County, Fujian province in 2010, which wa approved in 2011. Due diligence of the EIA and actual implementation is presented in below. The sea area that the first phase of Sansha fishing port is located in is the sheltered region for the fishermen nearby to anchor and has been disturbed by human activities for a long time, so it is not an important habitat with protection targets like breeding products. Xiamen University has compiled the Project Environmental Impact Statements of Sansha Fishing Port (Wu’ao harbour district) of Xiapu County, Fujian province, the content concerned about environmental influence in the statements mainly includes: The reclamation of present project will bring a total loss of 2.14t benthos between intertidal zone and the subtidal zone and the loss for fish eggs will be 1.96×104 with the loss of fry being 4.90×104. During the construction, the range for increased artificial amount of SPM over 10mg/L will be about 1110m east-southeast along the tide ebb current and 90m wide in the construction area. The largest scope of influenced will be small and is about 0.1km2 and influence covers a short period, so suspended sediment will have a small influence on the nearshore planktons During the operation, 558.3m3/d sewage will be produced in the fishing port. The domestic sewage will adopt the class-one disposal by using digestion tank and then flows into the regulating reservoir with the production waste water for coagulation and then the sewage will be biochemically treated. The sewage will be emitted after it reaches class-one emission standard in integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996) and it has little impact on the water quality near the drain outlets under normal emission conditions. “Marine Environmental Impact Report of Sansha Central Fishing Port (Wu’ao harbour district) Project of Xiapu County, Fujian Province” has put forward the environmental protection measures should be taken: approval report of marine environmental assessment from Ocean and Fishery Department of Fujian province in October, 2011. “①The reclamation work should the construction process of building the seawall and cofferdam, and then carry out the backfilling. The seawall and cofferdam should be built through dump filling method and breakwater construction should be implemented in low- tide period and avoid bad weather conditions like rainy season as well as typhoon to reduce the influence that sediment erosion and situation in which the materials being washed into the sea may have on the marine environment.” ②The dredging mud foundation trench and silt from dredging should be used to land 263 backfilling and never should this silt be poured into the sea. If it is really in necessity to be poured into the sea, the conductor should apply and transact related approval formalities of pouring at sea in accordance with the relevant rule stipulation of the state and pour it into the approved sea area. Never pour the silt into the sea unless it is approved. ③Formulate proper construction plan and the construction should avoid the growing season like late spring&early summer for aquatic products. Effective protection measures should be carried out to reduce the influence construction activities at sea may have on marine organism and damages on ecological environment. ④Untreated production and domestic oily sewage are forbidden to be poured into the sea directly and concentrated discharge should be conducted only when the oily sewage has been disposed by the sewage treatment facility. The overall arrangement of sewage collection and discharge pipe network should be optimized with the sewage outfalls being positioned at the outside of the fishing port breakwater. ⑤The engineering construction will do irreversible harm to the ecology environment and marine biological resources within the backfilling area and your company should implement the compensation measures for the marine ecological damage as the report required and formulate specific compensation plan under the direction of local ocean and fishery administrative departments and relevant technological support unit. The compensation plan should be carried out only after it is examined and approved and the implementation should be reported to the ocean and fishery administrative departments.” （2）Due diligence of implementation of the environmental protection measures As of October 2013, a 2.19ha land reclamation in southeast part of the fishing port has been conducted. Two docks have been built and put into operation.Filling materials came from an existing commercial quarry to the east of the port. The ocean and fishery bureau of Xiapu County has carried out the first phase of artificial reef deployment at the position 2.5 kilometers to the south of Sansha Fishing Port and put 367 reefs in total in August, 2013. The implemented acitivities is limited. Environmental protection measures have been implemented following the EA for Phase I project. During public consultation for this World Bank-finance project, the public consulted indicated that the construction impacts and nuidance were well managed. 7.3.2.2 Land reclamation in Sansha Central Fishing Port According to the Fig. 7.3-1, in Sansha Bay there are three sea area to be reclaimed. In addition, port facilities such as breakwater will take sea areas as well. Table 7.3.2 summarizes all land reclamation based on information available. As noted above, so far only a 2.19 hm2 has been claimed (Block I), while the proposed Bank-finance breakwater construction will generate 1.64 million materials which will be reused to backfill a 33.8 ha land in the north part of the port (Block III). In the east part of the port there will be a stretch of 8.1 ha to be claimed (Block II). Breakwater will take 13.16 ha. In total, 57.25 ha land reclamation will take place. Table 7.3.2 Sansha land reclamation history and future planning Area of land reclamation Area (hm2) Land reclamation Block I of Wu'ao Port (completed) 2.19 Land reclamation Block II of Wu'ao Port 8.1 Land reclamation Block III of Wu'ao Port 33.8 Sea area of Planned Sansha seawall project 13.16 Total 57.25 264 7.3.2.3 Urban development in land reclamation area In accordance with the Overall Planning of Sansha on Comprehensive Innovation and Construction of Pilot Towns (2010-2030), the current population of Sansha town is 34 400 with a urbanization level of 77.65%. The population will grow 44,000 with a urbanization level of 80.0% in 2015, while the future population grows to 100,000 in 2030 with a urbanization level of 90.9% in 2030. In the planning period (up to 2030), the sewage quantity of old urban area in Sansha (rear area of fishing port) will be 10 800m 3 and trash quantity as 150 t/d. The plan requires a wastewater treatment to be built to accommodate the wastewater generated. Current landfill will need to expanded to receive the municipal solid wastes as well. According to this plan, the land reclamation will be used as fishing processing, storage an logistics and residential area. 7.4 Cumulative impact assessment 7.4.1 Impact on erosion/siltation The implementations of previous breakwaters and reclamation works at Sansha Fishing Port as well as construction of the Project and future planning have been explained hereinbefore. After implementation of overall oceanographic engineering, a new shoreline will be shaped at Sansha Bay, thus bring on change to regional erosion/siltation environment. Based on design option of planned breakwaters and location of reclamation works, the Hohai University adopts analog analysis to compare deposits of Sansha Fishing Port before and after engineering construction and predict shoreline frontier, i.e. the planning boundary in Fig. 7.3-1. Comparison results of deposit of Sansha Fishing Port before and after engineering construction are shown in Table 7.4.1. 265 Table 7.4.1 Comparison table of deposits of Sansha Fishing Port before and after engineering construction Water depth at lowest tide (base cleaned m) Maximum Whether satisfying requirements on Predicting area Pre- Final (15 moulded draft windshield and docking construct (m) years) ion Water depth is deeper than 4.3 m in most of the time, which can satisfy Door channel of docking requirement of largest vessels Sansha Fishing 3.2~6.5 2.8~5.0 4.26(3000t) even after partial deposit when enter by Port the tide. No need of dredging channel during operation period. Water depth of most area is deeper 3.3 Harbor basin of m, which can satisfy requirements of Harbour basin of 2.5~6.5 1.7~5.5 3.3 (600HP) boats on regional windshield. No need Sansha of dredging harbor basin during operation period. Project in this phase will dredge the harbor basin to satisfy requirements of Dock basin of boats on docking. Even after partial planned Sansha 2.7~3.2 1.7~2.5 3.3 (600HP) deposit, it can also perform by the tide. project No need of dredging harbor basin during operation period. Project in this phase will dredge the harbor basin to satisfy requirements of boats on docking. Because shallow 3000 T 4.6~6.3 3.6~5.5 4.26(3000t) dredging depth, even after partial dock basin deposit, it can also perform by the tide. No need of dredging harbor basin during operation period. Project in this phase will dredge the harbor basin to satisfy requirements of 400 HP dock 3.3~4 2.5~3.3 2.6 boats on windshield. No need of dredging harbor basin during operation period. Based on Table 7.4.1, 15 years after the project is completed the balance of erosion and siltation will reach a balance. About 1-1.5m net siltation will take place and maily at both sides of breakwaters. This EA concludes that the siltation will not affect boat berthing and result in maintenance dredging, based on the following considerations:  Fishing boat often sail into/out the port at high tide. Based on tide and bathymetry statistics, in average the tidal difference at Xiapu sea area is 4.38m, which is way adequate to enable largest fishing boat (3000t) to navigate.  It is a traditional practice that fishing boat often berth at flat at low tide, which is actually safer during storms as it avoid collision or upset in water.  The project will support fishing port management capacity which will enable better deployment of berth location to avoid accidents. In case it is found maintenance dredging is needed in the future, the dredging and disposal of dredged materials shall follow national and provincial regulations, which is in line with the EHS guidelines. 266 7.4.2 Cumulative impacts on water quality Sewage generated from the planned Sansha Fishing Port in the future operation period is primarily from flushing sewage of wharf surface at fish unloading area, domestic sewage of boats, oily water and storm sewage in early stage, the quantity is predicted as 294.6 t/d, which is incorporated into the planned plant of water disposal in Phase I of Sansha Fishing Port for processing and discharging after reaching the standard. With implementation of the Overall Planning of Sansha on Comprehensive Innovation and Construction of Pilot Towns (2010-2030) in the future, a sewage treatment plant will be established at southeast corner of Sansha urban area to process sewerage from old urban area collectively with a size of 12 000 t/d. We overlay the discharge capacity of fishing port in operation period to future planned discharging source intensity (overlaying result as per following Table 7.4.3), and generate analog prediction on influence result of water quality in light of the regional hydrological conditions. Sewage prediction indicates (as per Fig. 7.4-1): in case of future sewage reaching standard before discharge, sewage discharge combination of fishing port and Sansha township has little adverse impact on water quality of neighboring waters and surrounding environment, and the water quality can reach requirements of functional division. Table 7.4.2 Table of sewage cumulative discharge source intensity Name and Discharge of sewage location of Project COD discharge (kg/d) (t/d) drain outlet Sewage discharge of Sansha 294.6 17.7 Dock of Wu'ao Fishing Port Port Sewage quantity shown in southeast overall planning of Sansha town 12000 720 waters Total 12294.6 737.7 267 三 沙 (Sansha) 0 500 1000m 青屿 Figure 7.4-1 Pollutant influence circle of cumulative impacts (Red for COD density =1.5 mg/L) Currently, sewage of Sansha port area is directly discharged to sea without treatment. The project includes a wastewater treatment facility to collect and treat wastewater from the port operation and fish process plant. The treated wastewater will be discharge into the port directly. Modeling study resut shows the discharge has little impact on the water quality in the port. Take future town development into account, Sansha town will build a 12,000 t/d wastewater treatment plant around 2020. The wastewater generated in Shansha town will be fully collected and treated which, based on modeling study, will not result in significant impacts on the regional sea water quality. 7.4.3 Cumulative impacts on marine ecology Currently the Wu'ao Port Block I land reclamation of 2.19 hm2 has been completed, and the scheduled future reclamation works shall be 55.06 hm2 in total (as per Table 7.4.2). As previously assessment indicates, the lost area is mainly sub-tidal and inter-tidal zone, subject to long term human acitivities, and doesn’t inhabit rare, threatened and protected species. 268 The lost 55.06 hectare habitats account for around 2.14t benthic organisms. The habitats makes up about up to 0.08% of Xiapu’s inter-tidal zone which totals 696 km2. From biodiversity and ecosystem service function perspective, this loss has impact on local original benthonic life, loss in benthonic life, decrease of organic production, and impacts on species distribution and biodiversity in neighbouring waters of project area. Marine survey has found the benthic and pelagic organisms lost in this area have mass distribution in vast local waters. It is considered the habitat loss is local and will not significantly affect the integrity and diversity of the marine ecocystem. Overall, this loss of habitat will not result in significant degradation or conversion of natural habitats. 7.4.4 Cumulative impacts on terrestrial ecosystem The main terrestrial impacts of the project comes from quarries and ancillary facilities on land. Based on the interpretation of planning map of Sansha Town (Figure 7.3.2), the north and east of Sansha town is mountainous and there is no room for further expansion in both directions. Therefore the planning of Sansha Town includes land reclamation to house new development. Therefore, Sansha town expansion will not take significant existing land area. The quarry site is located in the east of Sansha Town. Previous EA of Sansha Fishing Port proposes the land reclamation materials will all come from this existing quarry. While through reusing excavation materials from breakwaters foundation under this project, this material borrow needs will be significantly reduced. The quarry is an exising one, currently being used by other construction as well. The new wastewater treatment plant, to be bult around 2020 in southeastern corder of Sansha Town bodering the coastline, will take around 1 ha of land. The quarry and site for wastewater treatment plant are normal rock hills and not classified as any terrestrial nature reserve area.The vegetation in the areas are comment species in the region, and there no protected or endangered plant species identified in the area. In summary, the cumulative impacts on terrestrial ecology will not result in loss of terrestrial biodiversity and ecological integrity of the project area. 7.4.5 Cumulative impacts on sustainable fishery resources All countries and regions throughout the world pay close attention to the sustainable use of fishery resources. FAO's researchers believe that the main reasons of global marine fishery resources recession include: overfishing, habitat recession or change, introduction of alien species, fishing distribution change, pollution (e.g. land based pollution or accidental spill), etc. According to the property of this project, this EA analyses the potential impacts of fishing activity on fishery resources. It should be indicated that the eco-compensation purpose of artificial reef proposed for this project is to compensate and restore the fishery resources. (See the section of ecological compensation.) For many years, Fujian Province has issued a series of policies, established the agencies and performed the enforcement activities to protect fishery resources and control fishing intensity. Since 1987, China began to take control on the number and power of marine fishing boats. The State Council issued the Circular on Further Reinforcing Supervision on Fishing Boats and Controlling over Marine Fishing Intensity during the 12th Five-Year Plan, 269 specifying to continue implementing the system of controlling the number and power of marine fishing boats and proposing that the number and power of marine fishing boats all over the country should not exceed the control indicators in 2010 during the 12th Five-Year Plan. To ensure the realization of this purpose, Fujian Province takes a variety of measures. In 2013, the General Office of Fujian Provincial People's Government issued the Circular on Strengthening Fishing Production Security (Min Zheng Ban [2013] No. 138) and proposed to carry out and implement the system of controlling the number and power of marine fishing boats. Fujian Provincial Oceanic and Fishery Department, as the provincial responsible fishery administration, would be responsible for carrying out and implementing the requirements of this Circular. Fujian Province has established the marine and fishery law enforcement agencies at two levels of province and city, with 141 law enforcement vessels and 149 law enforcement vehicles, has built one provincial law enforcement dock and five city law enforcement docks. At present, a rather complete law enforcement and management system has been established to guarantee the effective implementation of law enforcement work. Fujian Ocean and Fishery Law Enforcement General Brigade has been awarded as the "national advanced unit of marine law enforcement" in succession. Fujian Provincial Development Planning for Ocean and Fishery Law Enforcement (2011~2020) proposed that, by last year of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the comprehensive law enforcement system of province, cities and key counties should be established for the ocean and fishery law enforcement with the number of law enforcement persons up to 2000, newly built 53 law enforcement docks, 252 law enforcement vessels, 217 law enforcement vehicles and newly purchased one unmanned helicopter for marine surveillance and measurement to further improve the ability of ocean and fishery law enforcement. The fishery law enforcement behaviors implemented in Fujian Province include:  Fishery protection action: In accordance with the deployment of the Ministry of Agriculture, to organize and implement fishery protection action every year, specifically including the "special action of cracking down on illegal fishery production behavior" and the supervision of "midsummer fishing moratorium system". Midsummer moratorium prescribes that the fishing of trawl net, pursue net, rakes and pricks, trap and miscellaneous fishing gears should be prohibited for about 3 and a half months in midsummer in prescribed sea area, which is in favor of protection and restoration of fishery resources and is conductive to improvement of fishery ecological system.  Special action of renovating irregular fishing gear: In accordance with deployment of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Province organizes all the fishery law enforcement agencies throughout the province to carry out one-month special action of cleaning up and renovating irregular fishing gear and clean up and ban the irregular fishing gears and irregular fishing boats of all kinds, for instance, during the special examination action in 2012, the province dispensed all kinds of publicity materials and took advantage of the media publicity of Internet, broadcasting & TV, newspaper, etc. to enhance the awareness of fishing people for protection of fishery resources. In view of the above policy and regulation environment as well as the practical circumstance that this project will not support fishing activities directly, this project has little impact on the fishery resources. 270 7.5 Mitigation measures for cumulative impacts Respecting to main features of cumulative impacts as combined effect and extendable to wider ranges both in time and space, It can yet be regarded as a kind of fundamental need to require mitigation measures for cumulative impacts from an angle of local and development planning and decision-making. The following part will develop mitigation measures for fishing port cumulative impacts from planning requirements of different levels. 7.5.1 Implementation of marine protection plans The State Council approved the Fujian Provincial Marine Functions Zoning (2011- 2020) in 2012. This planning aims at reasonable configuration of marine resources, improvement of comprehensive marine management, establishment of marine administrative law and promotion of management level; meanwhile, on the protection to marine environment, the people's government of Fujian Province released the Fujian Provincial Marine Environmental Protection Planning (2011-2020) in June of 2011, for the purpose to integrate environment protection of marine ecology and management of marine function areas, reinforce control over marine pollution, help protection and restoration of marine ecology, and lead sound development of coastal economy through implementation of step control planning on marine environment. Referring to the aforesaid function zoning and marine protection planning, the waters of Sansha Fishing Port are located at Fu’ning Bay Fishing Zone and Fu’ning Bay Protection and Exploitation Area of Fishery Environment respectively. It is stipulated in the Division that the Fishery Zone may be provided for application of fishery infrastructure construction, seawater aquaculture, catching production and key fishery species, such as space of agricultural development, development of marine living resources, reclamation, fishing port and nursery; meanwhile, the Planning requires that "pollutant discharge of surrounding land area shall be controlled, fishery environment shall be protected, and reclamation size shall be regulated." The fishing port and its rear development shall strictly follow the requirements of aforesaid Division and Planning in implementation, and in later development, plan industrial distribution reasonably, exercise strict control over pollutant discharge of serving area, protect marine environment under supervision of the government and concerning departments, for the purpose to meet requirements in environmental protection program. 7.5.2 Control marine fish catch Since 1987, the state begun to take control on the number and power of marine fishing boats. The Department of Agriculture printed and distributed the Opinions on Implementation of Control System for Marine Fishing Boats During 2003 — 2010 in 2003, and has achieved preliminary result. In recent years, to relieve pressure on fishing resource caused by economic growth, the Department of Agriculture reissued the Circular of the Department of Agriculture on Further Reinforcing Supervision on Fishing Boats and Controlling over Marine Fishing Intensity during the 12th Five-Year Plan in 2010, and formulated comprehensive protective measures to reinforce supervision on marine fishing boats and control over marine fishing intensity, including improving recognition, enhancing management system and quality, regulating fishing gears and catching methods, strengthening resource maintenance, and reinforcing policy support. In future development and construction of Sansha Fishing Port, we shall make great 271 efforts to improve infrastructure construction as well as give consideration to pressures of fishing resources to avoid over-fishing in the waters. 7.5.3 Environmental protection measures during town development As Fujian Province having proposed comprehensive regularization plan of rural environment in 2010, vast regularization demonstration of rural environment had been included in evaluation of responsibility system of municipal and county government annual target of environmental protection and mayor/county magistrate target of environmental protection, and accountability system was implemented to reinforce regularization of rural pollution. The Overall Planning of Sansha on Comprehensive Innovation and Construction of Pilot Towns (2010-2030) promulgated in 2010 has put control of urban pollution into recent and future planning of Sansha town. In the Planning, the sewage quantity of old urban area in Sansha (rear area of fishing port) was predicted as 10 800m3/d and trash quantity as 150 t/d. Given this, Sansha town has planned to build a sewage treatment plant of 12 000 T at southeast corner of the main urban area around 2020, an integrated trash processing field in corrie on the north of Xiaohao village of Sansha town, and 10 small trash transfer stations (50 t/d). Local government and concerning departments shall actively carry out this construction program of sewage treatment installation, construct supporting sewage pipe networks timely, establish management system of trash storing and transference, change current situation of unprocessed sewage and unordered discharge of aquatic product trash, and reinforce improvement steps of marine environment. 7.5.4 Ecological compensation Ecological compensation is aimed to protect and keep sustainable exploitation of ecosystem services. It includes project construction entity paying ecological compensation bill in accordance with the law and marine fishery department supervising implementation of measures of ecological compensation. Currently, the Technical Regulations for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources promulgated by the Department of Agriculture in December of 2007 is a major instruction on computation method and standard of marine ecological compensation. Construction entity shall provide compensation to marine ecological loss based on these Regulations. 7.5.4.1 Fish reproduction and releasing Marine enhancement releasing plan is a major measure for implementation of ecological compensation. In accordance with the Circular on Planning Preparation of Enhancement Releasing of Living Aquatic Resources (Nong Ban Yu [2009] #71) by the Department of Agriculture, the Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries issued the Fujian Provincial Planning on Enhancement Releasing of Living Aquatic Resources in August of 2009, which expressly stipulated the species, quantity and release time of marine life in various bays and estuarine in Fujian sea coast, and had achieved obvious results in the last few years. (1) Implementations and achievements in Fujian Province Since 1980s, Fujian Province started to carry on enhancement releasing of economic species, rare and precious species and endangered species in key coastal waters annually. Roughly, prior to implementation of the Fujian Provincial Planning on Enhancement Releasing of Living Aquatic Resources (2010-2015), the chief bays in Fujian Province had 272 received 18 species released in accumulation with a total amount of 1.43 billion tails, including kurnma shrimp, penaeus penicillatus, large yellow croaker, takifugu bimaculatus, black bream, etc. After enhancement releasing for years, the fishing resource is recovered obviously, quantity of resource has risen again, and it has achieved good economic, social and ecological benefits. In accordance with the Fujian Provincial Planning on Enhancement Releasing of Living Aquatic Resources, Fujian Province has been carried on enhancement releasing in 12 key bays, 1 river entrance and 50 islands since 2010. This movement is to be continued. The marine economic lives and protective animals planned for enhancement releasing include 17 species, including large yellow croaker, red porgy, black porgy, black bream and dpotted maigre. In estimate, the total investment of Fujian in marine enhancement releasing will reach RMB 410 million during 2010-2015. Table 7.5.1 summary sheet of key waters for enhancement releasing in East China Sea of Fujian Name Area of releasing Releasing of Name of key waters Proper species for releasing number in 2015 releasin releasing waters (km2) ( 10,000 tails) g region Shacheng Port 87.07 Large yellow croaker 2000 Large yellow croaker, Sepiella Sansha Bay 726.75 15910 maindroni Large yellow croaker; penaeus Luoyuan Bay 216.44 78000 penicillatus Entrance of Black spotfed bass; black bream; 400.97 2400 Minjiang River mactra antiquata Fuqing Bay 137.6 Red porgy; sparus mcarocephalus 1400 Xinghua Bay 704.77 Red porgy; black bream 1400 Meizhou Bay 552.24 Penaeus penicillatus 60000 Coastal Penaeus penicillatus; kurnma shrimp; bays of Quanzhou Bay 211.24 135400 takifugu bimaculatus Fujian Penaeus penicillatus; sparus Shenhu Bay 28.52 60600 mcarocephalus Red porgy; black bream; black spotfed Xiamen Bay 1281.21 bass; mermelada; takifugu 3130 bimaculatus; horseshe crab Jiuzhen Bay 92.77 Kurnma shrimp; metapenaeus ensis 98000 Kurnma shrimp; plectorhinchus Dongshan Bay 283.14 cinctus; hapalogenys nitens; horseshe 60940 crab Zhao'an Bay 211.28 Kurnma shrimp; megalonibea fusca 60400 Sparus mcarocephalus; black bream; Coastal spotted maigre; black spotfed bass; islands 50 islands 673.46 mermelada; megalonibea fusca; 7100 of hapalogenys nitens; plectorhinchus Fujian cinctus; takifugu bimaculatus （2）Specific achievements in Ningde Municipality Since 2005, with organization of the Ningde Municipal Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries, Fujian Province has released millions of wild large yellow croaker fries in Ningde and Luoyuan waters for many years. ■ The Department of Agriculture and Fujian Province government jointly held the 2009 Enhancement Releasing of Large Yellow Croaker in East China Sea at Sandu Bay of Ningde on June 6, 2009, and 3 million fries of large yellow croaker of 6 to 15 cm were released. 273 Enhancement releasing of large yellow croaker in the East China Sea in 2009 ■ The Ningde Municipal Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries held the 2011 Ningde Enhancement Releasing of Marine Fries in Cheng'ao Port of Jiaocheng District in the morning of July 8, 2011. 307 000 advanced fries of red porgy and 10 million penaeus penicillatus fries were released on site successfully. 2011 Ningde enhancement releasing of marine life 274 ■ the Ningde Municipal Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries organized releasing of large yellow croaker in protection area of propagation at Guanjingyang including 1.071 million fries with average length of 7.7 cm. Since 2006, Ningde municipality has released about 40 million fries of large yellow croaker in Guanjingyang in accumulation, and this activity was a part of publicity campaign the National Marine Promotion Day in this municipality. ■ The Ningde Municipal Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries has organized many enhancement releasing activities in various waters successively. Such as: 56,000 cyprinoid fries with average size of 14.7 cm in Jiaoxi drainage area of Shou’ning County, 1.272 million fries of large yellow croaker in Guanjingyang waters, and 61.318 penaeus penicillatus fries with average size of 1.12 cm in Sandu'ao waters. 2013 Ningde enhancement releasing of marine life Enhancement releasing is a key measure of Fujian Province for sustainable development of environment in protected waters. In the last few years, this measure has been implemented successfully under supervision of marine department and achieved significant results. Taking Ningde and Luoyuan waters as examples, the investigation displays that the quantity of large yellow croaker caught in internal waters of these two waters is about 200 t/a in recent years, and has been markedly increased than the past. In the future, Sansha Bay waters shall absorb former successful experiences of enhancement releasing, prepare targeted plan of enhancement releasing based on production characteristics of waters and supervision of marine department, and mitigate ecological loss resulted by project construction. 7.5.4.2 Artificial reef Artificial reef means natural or man-made substance dropped in sea to provide good inhabitation for animal and plant, and realize the purpose of raising resources and increasing fishing yield. Artificial reef can accumulate attaching organism, benthonic life and plankton, 275 provide a good environment for juvenile fish and small shrimps, and thus enable it as man- made habitat, feeding ground, spawning ground and breeding ground of fish. Artificial reef can help seabed organic substance rising, which is favorable for fish feeding and thus creates effect of fish collection. The Xiapu County Demonstration Area of Marine Ranching selects waters neighboring Beiao Isle of Sansha town as location of project implementation with 367 artificial reefs in total, a water coverage of 259 200 m2, and a total reef space of 10 905.59 m3. The project has been completed in lump-sum reef releasing in August and September of 2013. Photo of artificial reef 7.5.5 Improving public knowledge, boosting promotion of environmental protection Implementation of environmental management and protection is not merely the job of decision and administrative authorities, but the public also play a vital role in the protection as the principal part and reception body of environmental impacts. With the help of concerning departments, it may apply environmental considerations into the mind of people through conference, newspaper and social appealing in the future. The administrative agencies shall carry out investigation with participation of the public, listen to the thinking of the public, actively adopt effective environmental measurements proposed by the public, and include it into schedules of day-to-day work. 7.5.6 Stakeholder Dialogue Mechanism A stakeholder dialogue mechanism will be established during the project operation stage. The dialogue mechanism provides a forum to monitor and evaluate the regional development activities, change of marine and terrestrial ecological environmental status and social development progress in the fishing ports. The key purpose of such a dialogue mechanism is to keep all the relevant agencies and public informed about the regional 276 development and cumulative environmental and social impacts. Xiapu State Owned Assets Investment & Operation Co., Ltd. will be responsible for organizing stakeholder dialogue meeting on a yearly basis. Stakeholders invited include (but not limited to) ocean and fishery bureaus in Ningde City and Xiapu County, environmental protection bureau of Ningde City, governments of Sansha Town, Changchun Town and Haidao Town, fishermen representatives, Administration of Fuying Island Reserve Authority (if any), and representatives from local communities and aquaculture business communities. Environmental and marine ecological monitoring data in sea area during the project operation will be fully shared among the stakeholders. The key findings and recommendations from the meeting will be formally communicated to relevant governments for necessary follow-up actions to ensure a sustainable development of eastern coastal Xiapu, with integration and harmonization of socio-economic development and ecological functions maintenance. 277 Chapter 8 Environmental Risk Analysis 8.1 Analysis of Impacts from Typhoon and Storm Surge Disasters The coastal areas of Fujian are frequently stricken by typhoon and storm surge disasters. Typhoon and the associated rainstorm, storm surge and billow will generally cause significant damages and huge economic losses. During the past years, typhoon and storm surge disasters have caused increasing economic losses and are thus threatening the sustainable development of society and economy in these areas. 8.1.1 Impacts of typhoon disasters in Fujian According to statistics, totally 92 typhoons landed in Fujian from 1949 to 2012 (1.4 typhoon per year on average). The climate communiqué released by Fujian shows that totally 22 typhoons landed in Fujian during the past 10 years (from 2004 to 2013, 2.3 typhoons per year on average). The number of typhoons landing in the past 10 years accounts for 24% of total typhoons hitting Fujian in the past 60 years. All typhoons landing in the coastal areas of Fujian in the past 10 years have been detailed in Table 8.1.1. Table 8.1.2 shows the categorized statistics of wind scales of typhoons in the past 10 years. Table 8.1.2 Categorized Statistics of Landing Wind Scales Landing Wind Landing Wind Frequency (times) Proportion Scale Speed (m/s) 10 24.5~28.4 3 13.6% 11 28.5~32.6 2 9.1% 12 32.7~36.9 14 63.8% 13 37~41.4 1 4.5% 14 41.5~46.1 1 4.5% 17 ≥56.1 1 4.5% We can see that the maximum wind speed and wind scale of Typhoon Saomai (2006) reached 60m/s and 17 respectively, making it the strongest typhoon hitting Mainland China in the past 50 years. Typhoons with landing wind speed exceeding 33m/s account for 72.8%. Such powerful typhoons have thus caused severe damages and losses. Table 8.1.3 Frequency of Landing Typhoons and the Resulting Losses in the Past 10 Years Frequency & Proportion Loss & Proportion Area Loss (RMB 100 Frequency (times) Proportion Proportion million) Ningde 7 31.8% 142.6 30.4 Fuzhou 5 22.7% 110.79 23.6 Putian 1 4.6% 37.2 7.9 Quanzhou 5 22.7% 54.29 11.6 Xiamen 1 4.6% 74.8 16 Zhangzhou 3 13.6% 49 10.5 Total 22 468.69 From Table 8.1.3, we can see that Ningde was hit by totally 7 typhoons, accounting for 31.8%. Data show that Ningde is most frequently hit by typhoons among the coastal areas of 278 Fujian, with 3 typhoons landing directly in Xiapu County. The total loss suffered by Ningde due to typhoon disasters amounts to RMB 14.26 billion, accounting for 30.4% of total losses incurred in Fujian. Therefore, it's reasonable and necessary to develop fishing ports in Xiapu County, which is concentrated by fishing boats and vulnerable to typhoon damages. Ningde (hit by 7 typhoons) Cangnan 2007.09) Fuding(2006.08\ 2007.10\2012.08 ) Xiapu (2006.07\2008.0 7\2009.08) Lianjiang (2005.07\2013.0 7) Fuqing (2004.08\ 2008.07\2013.08 ) Putian (2005.09) Hui’an (2007.08) Shishi (2010.09) Jinjiang Xiamen (2005.10) (2006.07\2009.0 6\2011.08) Zhangpu (2010.09\2010.1 0\2013.07) Note: Bracketed figures indicate the landing year and month. Figure 8.1-1 Distribution of Typhoon Hit Areas in Fujian (2004-2013) 279 Table 8.1.1 Impacts of Typhoons Landing in Recent Years Landing Landing Landing Year Typhoon wind Major impacts time place speed The typhoon affected some 3.4799 million people throughout the province (including 2 deaths) and resulted in 3 Aug 20, Fuqing 2004 Eie 33m/s flooded cities, 10,100 collapsed houses, 74,900 hectares of affected crops and 37,900 hectares of destroyed crops. 08:00 City The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 2.485 billion. The typhoon affected some 2.1341 million throughout the province and resulted in 6,300 collapsed houses, 17,700 Huangqi damaged houses, 107,160 hectares of affected crops, 49,000 tons of grain losses, 8,360 hectares of stricken Jul 19, Peninsula, aquiculture areas, 64,400 tons of aquiculture losses, 305 damaged embankment sections (totally 44.85 km), 19 Haitang 33m/s 17:00 Lianjiang breached embankment sections (totally 1.4 km), 1348 damaged seawall sections and irrigation facilities, 238 County damaged sluices, gauging stations, pumping stations and hydropower stations, and 110 destroyed small reservoirs. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 2.633 billion. 2005 The typhoon affected some 2.5457 million people throughout the province (629,000 were relocated) and resulted in Pinghai 7,300 collapsed houses, 120,460 hectares of affected crops (including 15,930 hectares of destroyed crops), 578 Sept 1, Town, Talim 33m/s damaged embankment sections (totally 79.98 km), 1126 damaged seawall sections, 219 damaged sluices, 323 14:00 Putian destroyed small reservoirs, 3,274 damaged irrigation facilities, and 21 damaged gauging stations. The economic City losses were estimated at RMB 3.72 billion. Oct 2, Xiamen The precipitation within 1 hour reached record high, causing severe floods in urban areas of Fuzhou. The province- Longwang 33m/s 5:00 City wide direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 7.478 billion. This typhoon was the strongest tropical storm featuring the highest precipitation intensity, the widest precipitation Beibi range and the strongest wind force among all tropical cyclones hitting Fujian in since July 1956. It affected some Jul 14, Town, Bilis 30m/s 3.0165 million people throughout the province (519,000 were relocated, 43 were dead and 24 were missing) and 12:00 Xiapu resulted in 5 flooded counties, 19,100 collapsed houses, and 144,680 hectares of affected crops (59,780 hectares were County destroyed). The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 3.003 billion. Weitou The typhoon affected some 1.3832 million people (643,900 were relocated) and resulted in 11,600 collapsed houses, Jul 25, Kaemi Town, 33m/s 48,700 hectares of affected crops (17,440 hectares were destroyed), and 690 shut-down industrial and mining 15:00 Jinjiang establishments. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.16 billion. 2006 With maximum wind speed measured by Taishan measurement station at 15:53pm reaching 70.8 m/s, "Saomai" was strongest typhoon ever landing in China and Fujian and had caused the greatest damages and losses since the founding of PRC. "Saomai" landed 10 km nearby the border of Fujian and swept Fujian for 12 hours, bringing force- Fujian- 17 or above hurricanes, rainstorms and floods to the province. The typhoon affected some 1.4552 million people in Aug 10, Saomai Zhejiang 60m/s 164 towns of 14 counties (cities), leaving 233 dead and 144 missing (including 196 killed -- with 95 cannot be 17:00 Border identified -- and 140 missing in shipwreck accidents). 45,700 houses collapsed and 620,000 persons were relocated. Many boats or vessels were damaged and sunk. In merely Shacheng Port of Fuding City, 952 fishing boats sunk and 1,594 boats were damaged. The typhoon resulted in 68,800 hectares of affected crops (44,230 hectares were destroyed) and 234 shut-down industrial and mining establishments. The direct economic losses were estimated at 280 RMB 6.357 billion. The typhoon affected 9 municipalities, 67 counties (cities/districts), 684 towns and 2.2272 million people (790,400 were relocated, 18 were dead and 5 were missing) and resulted in 7,300 collapsed houses, 118,360 hectares of Aug 19, Sepat Hui’an 25m/s affected crops (52,850 hectares were destroyed), 16,150 hectares of stricken aquiculture areas, 127,100 tons of 02:00 aquiculture losses, and 2023 shut-down industrial and mining establishments. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 2.203 billion. Fujian- The typhoon affected some 486,900 people (431,000 were relocated) and resulted in 4,700 collapsed houses, 33,550 2007 Sept 19, Zhejiang hectares of affected crops (24,460 hectares were destroyed), 5,360 hectares of stricken aquiculture areas, 5,200 tons Wipha 33m/s 03:30 Border of aquiculture losses, and 17 shut-down industrial and mining establishments. The direct economic losses were (Cangnan) estimated at RMB 1.003 billion. Shacheng This typhoon affected 10 counties (cities/districts), 126 towns and 429,100 people (384,700 were relocated) in Oct 7, Town, Ningde, Fuzhou and Xiapu, and resulted in 130 collapsed houses, 14,580 hectares of affected crops (7,800 hectares Krosa 33m/s 15:30 Fuding were destroyed), 4,500 hectares of stricken aquiculture areas, 16,600 hectares of aquiculture losses, and 45 shut-down City industrial and mining establishments. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 460 million. Changchu The rainfall brought by "Kalmaegi" cooled down the high temperatures in Fujian Province. According to incomplete Jul 18, n Town, Kalmaegi 32m/s statistics, this typhoon affected some 233,900 people throughout the province and caused direct economic losses of 18:00 Xiapu RMB 235.28 million. County Totally 62 stations in 22 counties/cities were hit by force-10 or above gale, including 12 stations in Xiapu, Lianjiang, 2008 Donghan Pingtan, Shaxian, Hui'an, Putian and Dehua hit by force-12 or above hurricane, with strongest one landing in Jul 28, Town, Shajiang, Xiapu (44.9 m/s, force-14). The typhoon affected 1.3869 million people (523,600 were relocated) and Fung-wong 33m/s 22:00 Fuqing resulted in 1,220 collapsed houses, 60,240 hectares of affected crops (25,850 hectares were destroyed), 7,450 hectares City of stricken aquiculture areas, 91,100 tons of aquiculture losses, 408 shut-down industrial and mining establishments, and 85 interrupted highways. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.422 billion. This typhoon affected 207,500 people in 15 counties of 3 cities (1 was missing and 130,000 fishermen were Jun 21, Jinjiang Storm Linfa 24m/s relocated) and resulted in 32,060 hectares of affected crops and 100 collapsed houses. The direct economic losses 20:00 City were estimated at RMB 336 million. This typhoon affected 1.6501 million people (3 were dead, 1 was missing and 529,900 were relocated) in 53 counties in 7 cities and resulted in 1 flooded city, 1,400 collapsed houses, 95,650 hectares of affected crops (including 66,500 2009 Beibi tons of crop losses), 121,900 tons of aquiculture losses, 1,276 shut-down industrial and mining establishments, 225 Aug 9, Town, Morakot 33m/s interrupted highways, 13 shutdowns of airport and port, 659 interruptions of power supply and communication, 46.39 16:20 Xiapu km of damaged embankment, 2.48 km of breached embankment, 2,130 damaged seawall sections and irrigation County facilities, 409 damaged sluices, pumping stations, hydropower stations and gauging stations, and 168 destroyed small reservoirs. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.983 million. This typhoon affected 1.0556 million people (3 were dead and 186,500 were relocated) in 24 counties (cities/districts) Sept 10, of 4 municipalities and resulted in 1610 collapsed houses, 32,870 hectares of affected crops, 158 shut-down industrial 2010 Meranti Shishi City 33m/s 03:30 and mining establishments, 54 interrupted highways, 345 interruptions of power supply and communication, 7.44 km of damaged embankment, 824 damaged seawall sections and irrigation facilities, 70 damaged sluices, pumping 281 stations and hydropower stations, and 48 destroyed small reservoirs. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 800.3 million. Gulei This typhoon affected some 606,100 people (340,100 were relocated) in 31 counties (cities/districts) in 5 Sept 20, Town, Fanapi 33m/s municipalities and resulted in 400 collapsed houses and 25,250 hectares of affected crops. The direct economic losses 07:00 Zhangpu were estimated at 650 million. County This typhoon affected some 729,800 people (313,200 were relocated) in 24 counties (cities/districts) of 4 Liu'ao municipalities and resulted in 36,050 hectares of affected crops, 253 shut-down industrial and mining establishments, Oct 23, Town, Megi 41m/s 12 interrupted highways, 100 interruptions of power supply and communication, 19.56 km of damaged embankment, 12:55 Zhangpu 560 damaged seawall sections and irrigation facilities, 59 damaged sluices and pumping stations, and 47 destroyed County small reservoirs. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 2.799 billion. Aug 31, Jinjiang 2011 Nanmadol 25m/s The typhoon affected over 1 million people and caused direct economic losses totaling RMB 930 million. 02:20 City Qinyu This typhoon affected some 832,000 people (27,5800 were relocated and given emergency support) in 59 counties Aug 3, Town, (cities/districts) of 9 municipalities and Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone and resulted in 609 collapsed 2012 Saola 41m/s 06:50 Fuding houses, 3198 damaged houses, and 44,390 hectares of affected crops (including 3,400 hectares of destroyed crops). City The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.225 billion. Huangqi Jul 13, Peninsula, This typhoon affected some 722,400 people (499,800 were relocated) and resulted in 990 collapsed houses. The direct Soulik 33m/s 16:00 Lianjiang economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.744 billion. County The main rainfall area of "Cimaron" happened to superpose on that of "Soulik", thus causing losses to South Fujian. 2013 Among others, a 100-year rainstorm hit Zhangzhou and Xiamen (notably the 520mm precipitation in Longhai, Jul 18, Zhangpu Cimaron 24m/s Zhangzhou in less than half a day. This typhoon affected 202,800 people throughout Fujian (89,200 were relocated, 1 20:00 County dead and 1 missing) and resulted in 400 collapsed houses. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 1.552 billion. Aug 22, Fuqing This typhoon affected some 971,100 people (412,500 were relocated and 1 was missing) throughout the province and Trami 33m/s 02:00 City resulted in 90,480 hectares of affected crops. The direct economic losses were estimated at RMB 2.795 billion. Source: Communiqué of Fujian Province on Climate (2004-2013) 282 8.1.2 Impacts of storm surges in Fujian Storm tide is the rise in sea level due to such disastrous weather events as tropical cyclone (including typhoon, severe tropical storm and tropical storm) or extra-tropical cyclone (cold wave). Storm tide is also called storm surge. The storm surge will generally impact a spatial scale from dozens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers, with time scale or cycle reaching 1-100 hours. However, the storm surge influenced area may change together with the movement of atmospheric disturbance factors. Therefore, the storm surge may have impacts on coastal areas stretching 1,000-2,000 kilometers for as long as several days. If the storm surge happens to superpose on the astronomical tides (especially the high tides during the spring season), high-frequency tidal level will be created. Moreover, storm surge always comes with gale and storm wave, resulting in the tidal surge along sea front which may even breach the seawall and flood docks, factories, towns and villages. Severe disasters may be caused as materials cannot be transferred and people and livestock cannot escape in time. According to the different weather systems causing storm surges, storm surges can be divided into two categories: typhoon storm surge and extra-tropical storm surge. The storm surges hitting Fujian are mainly caused by typhoons, and the resulting disasters are also particularly drastic. ■Frequency According to Basic Information about Marine Resources and Environment in Fujian Province (China Ocean Press), during the past 58 years from 1951-2008, there were totally 124 storm surge disasters taking place in the coastal areas of Fujian, including 91 typhoon storm surges with sea level increased by over 1m and 7 storm surges with sea level increased by over 2m. According to disaster evaluation indicators, the number of extraordinary high tide disasters was 17. During the short 23 years from 1986 to 2008, Fujian was hit by totally 54 storm surge disasters (about 2.3 storm surges per year), including 16 extraordinary storm surge disasters, 4 severe disasters, 12 major disasters and 22 minor disasters. Years 1994, 2001 and 2005 featured the maximum number of storm surges (5 times). ■Typical impacts of storm surge Impacts of storm surge caused by Typhoon Longwang: Typhoon Longwang (0519) landed in Weitou Town, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province on Oct 2, 2005 at 21:35. Due to the impacts of storm surge caused by Typhoon Longwang, the tidal level measured by multiple stations exceeded the warning tidal level, with maximum sea level increase found at Baiyantan Station (123 cm). Together with astronomical flood tide in the August of lunar calendar, the banked-up water level surged at the downstream of Min River, and the flood discharge of Bayi Reservoir in the northern suburbs of Fuzhou City caused severe urban water-logging, with waterlogged areas hitting 13.69 square kilometers, mean water depth reaching 1m and maximum water depth reaching 3m. Figure 8.1-2 Water-logging at the Station Square of North Bus Station of Fuzhou 283 Figure 8.1-2 Water-logging at North Bus Station of Fuzhou Impacts of storm surge caused by Typhoon Saomai As the strongest typhoon ever landing in China in the past 50 years, Typhoon Saomai landed in Mazhan Town, Cangnan County, Zhejiang Province on August 10, 2006 at 17:25, with landing wind speed reaching 60m/s. Multiplied by the astronomical spring season, the maximum increase in tidal level hit 1.84m. Figure 8.1-3 shows the situations of fishing boats berthed at Shacheng Port of Fuding City before and after the strike of typhoon (after which 952 fishing boats sunk and 1594 were damaged). Therefore, Typhoon Saomai and the resulting extraordinary storm surge were the leading causes of the severe casualties and property losses in Zhejiang and Fujian. 284 Before the Disaster After the Disaster Figure 8.1-3 Fishing Boasts before and after the Disaster 285 8.1.3 Impacts of Typhoon and Storm Surge in Xiapu County Situated on the north coast of Fujian, Xiapu is easily exposed to the impacts of typhoons and tropical storms, and will be hit by typhoons (tropical storms) for 3.1 times per year on average. Fishery is one of the backbone industries in Xiapu. Among 14 towns governed by Xiapu, there are 10 coastal towns, some 260,000 fishing workers and 6,239 fishing boats (including 454 fishing boats with horsepower exceeding 60). During typhoon seasons, those fishing boats have to seek shelter in fishing ports as they are vulnerable to storms. Currently, fishing ports in Xiapu lag behind in terms of infrastructures, and most of fishing boats have to berth at small natural indentations which guarantee no safety and are vulnerable to typhoon impacts. On the other hand, it takes time and money for fishing boats to seek shelter at other fishing ports outside the town (such as the fuel cost and the living costs of fishermen). Whenever strong typhoon arrives, the fishing boats may be overturned and anchor dragging or boat collision may take place, leading to the damage or sinking of fishing boats and even casualties. According to the statistical data provided in the "Feasibility Study Report", the total economic losses incurred by typhoon disasters in Xiapu County from 2001 to 2012 amounted to RMB 1.58817 billion, with mean annual economic loss reaching RMB 144.3791 million. Among them, the losses of fishing boats, aquaculture boats, fishing port facilities and aquaculture farms amount to RMB 111.91 million, RMB 17.9845 million, RMB 4.0655 million and RMB 5.3755 million respectively, thus imposing strong impacts on production, living and socio-economic development. It's worth mentioning that during the strike of Typhoon "Saomai", due to the absence of a large-sized typhoon-sheltering fishing port, many fishing boats had to seek shelter at Shacheng Port of Fuding City, which is 34 km to the north of Xiapu. Since fishermen have no place to live outside the hometown, most of them had to stay in the fishing boat. The storm brought by "Saomai" overturned and sunk a large number of fishing boats. Many fishermen were unable to evacuate and died in their boats. For this reason, it's proposed to construct refuge centers at Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port to accommodate fishermen during typhoon seasons, thus accomplishing the goal of "boats in the port and men on the shore". At the symposium attended by villagers, participants strongly urged to construct the fishing port as early as possible, so that the fishermen wouldn't have to worry about the safety of fishing boats and can go on shore at ease. Questionnaire survey showed that 100% of respondents second the fishing port project. 8.1.4 Analysis of Impacts from Typhoon and Storm Surge Disasters The impacts from typhoon and storm surge disasters mainly take place in the construction period. Under extreme meteorological conditions (superposition of storm surges over astronomical tides), the wind and tides will impact on the embankment dam and may cause the collapse of road embankment. If disastrous whether continues, completed road embankment may be breached and the sand and block stones may be taken to central waters, block certain section of the navigation channel and cause navigation channel sedimentation. In addition, the earth material inside the embankment may be washed into the sea and result in the increase in suspended solids in nearby sea areas. Disastrous meteorological conditions will expose construction vessels to certain risks. The broken moorings will cause the drift of vessel with tidal current and even the collision between vessel and the nearby water 286 constructional works, as well as the spill of fuel oil into the sea. Therefore, the design of embankment dam shall give full consideration to the impacts of extreme weather conditions and take into account the combination of 50-year high-tide level and 50-year stormy waves. When disastrous whether comes, each end of road embankment must be reinforced with stones. Construction vessels and machinery must be steadily anchored in safe water areas. Embankment foundation shall be treated as per relevant norms, embankment settlement observation shall be strengthened and the rate of loading shall be properly controlled to ensure foundation stability. The proposed fishing port project will, by constructing breakwaters and other infrastructures, well reinforce the sheltering capacity of fishing ports and provide 1,783,150 m2 of effective sheltered areas, thus meeting the proximity sheltering needs of fishing vessels in the project area, saving significant economic and time costs during typhoon seasons, ensuring the safety of fishing vessels, assuring fishermen to go on shore at ease, and safeguarding the personal and property safety of fishermen. 8.1.5 Disaster prevention and reduction measures to ensure the safety of marine fisheries Fujian boasts a huge number of marine fishing and aquaculture boats. Typhoon and storm surge disasters are threatening the personal and property safety of offshore operators and jeopardizing the sustainable development of society and economy. The proposed fishing port project itself is a major disaster prevention and reduction measure to safeguard the safety of boats and fishermen. In addition, Fujian Provincial Department of Ocean and Fisheries kicked off the "Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Fishery Disaster Prevention/Reduction Project" in 2007, which plays a vital role in the self- rescue and mutual-rescue of boats/vessels in distress and the auxiliary rescue by public vessels. 8.1.5.1 Emergency command system to ensure the safety of marine fisheries The emergency command system consists of emergency command & management platform, emergency communication network, video surveillance system, fishing boat safety terminal and fishing boat automatic identification system (AIS), enabling three-tier (province, city and county) coordinated emergency commanding. This system provides such features as fishing boat positioning, distress alerting, rescue organization, track query, video surveillance, video conferencing, information release and early warning of oceanic conditions. At present, more than 30,000 fishing boats have been provided with security emergency terminals which have such functions as one-key warning, satellite positioning and communication in Fujian Province. Fishing boats operating within 30 nautical miles off shore are provided with CDMA terminals, fishing boats operating 30-100 nautical miles off shore are provided with ultra-short wave terminals, and those operating more than 100 nautical miles off shore are provided with short wave terminals. In the meantime, 10 fishery safety rescue communication shore stations have been established throughout Fujian Province. When a typhoon approaches, the provincial emergency command center will issue an early warning of typhoon to fishing boats 5 days in advance by means of SMS and shore station call. The provincial emergency command center will notify all cities of typhoon information by fax, and municipal governmental departments will forward the information to 287 towns and townships which will further forward the information to villages. Each village is responsible for notifying its fishing vessels so as to realize the two-way communication of typhoon information In terms of fishery production safety management, Fujian has developed multiple emergency preparedness plans and administrative measures, such as "Fujian Storm Tide Disaster Contingency Plan", "Fujian Maritime Search and Rescue Contingency Plan", "Administrative Measures of Fujian for Marine Fishery Safety Emergency Command System", "Contingency Plan of Fujian for On-water Accidents of Offshore Fishing Vessels", "Rescue Contingency Plan of Fujian for Fishing Port Safety Accidents", "Fujian Fishery Vessel Administrative Measures", "Contingency Plan of Fujian for Typhoon Prevention in Fishery", etc. These contingency plans and administrative measures have provided emergency response procedures, accident handling work flow and the division of responsibilities in related departments. Together with the marine fishery safety emergency command system platform, an early warning system featuring quick response, linked action and efficient handling is formed. It plays a vital role in ensuring fishery production safety and the safety of fishermen's life and property. This project is to be carried out in Xiapu. Xiapu Bureau of Water Resources has an emergency command system. On the control platform of Xiapu emergency command system which is supported by the provincial emergency command system, locations of all boats over which the County have jurisdiction and boats within the sea areas governed by the County can be seen. At present, shore stations have been established in Sansha Town, Changchun Town and Haidao Town in Xiapu County, and the upgrading of CDMA handheld terminals was completed in 2012. Sansha Town and Haidao Town have been provided with ultra-short wave shore stations which can cover Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Xiapu County has developed the "Emergency Preparedness Plan for Sheltering Fisheries from Typhoons", "Emergency Preparedness Plan for Disruptive Events", "Emergency Preparedness Plan for the Relief of Fishing Port Safety Accidents", etc. These contingency plans clearly stipulate the structure of departments involved, responsibilities of each department, response and actions at all levels based on the severity of accident, post-disaster actions and guaranteed emergency handling. In order to reduce such the impacts of typhoon on fishery production and fishermen's life and property, fishery authority has strengthened the early warning of typhoon and divided the period prior to typhoon landing into three phases: ①Announcement of typhoon information: Upon receipt of information that typhoon might influence Xiapu County or its fishing ground, offshore fishing boats will be notified of the typhoon information at least twice a day and that fishery law enforcement boats will be standing by. ②Typhoon early warning: When typhoon is approaching the county or the fishing ground on which the county's fishing boats are operating, all shore stations will keep in good communication 24 hours a day and urge all offshore fishing boats to return to the port for shelter or find shelter in nearby port. Fishing boats under repair or construction or unpowered fishing boats will be allocated with towing vessel. Those that can't go offshore must be fastened, and the number of moored fishing boats in each port must be strictly controlled. The law enforcement boats should strengthen patrol of the fishing port and anchorage to carry out evacuation and avoid any unexpected accident. ③Typhoon urgent warning: Sheltered state of all fishing boats must be confirmed. Fishing boats haven't returned to the port or shelter anchorage will be covered by emergency 288 measures and led to safe waters while keeping smooth communication. At the same time, the law enforcement boat shall strengthen the patrol of fishing port and anchorage to maintain good sheltering order and to punish such illegal acts as taking passengers. Fishing boats shall be urged to leave docks that are not suitable for sheltering from typhoon. 8.1.5.2 Precautionary measures against typhoon and storm surge This project mainly involves fishing ports and breakwaters, which may be threatened or even breached by the storm surges. Therefore, it's particularly important to avoid the possible damages caused by the storm surges. For this reason, these precautionary measures have been developed to ensure engineering and construction safety and reduce disaster- caused losses. ■Storm surge safety protection system: ① The emergency relief & protection leadership group shall be established, with project related responsible officer serving as the group leader and responsible persons from respective construction teams acting as members. ② Major responsibilities: the leadership group shall be responsible for the inspection, guidance, coordination and field implementation of contingency plans. ■Key measures/requirements ① Sufficient life jackets, timber piles, steel tubes, wire mesh, camps and other emergency relief materials shall be provided and managed by a dedicated person. ② When storm surges occur, all departments must strengthen attendance and report relevant information. No absence is allowed. Key locations shall be well patrolled and any problem found shall be reported. The emergency relief & protection leadership group shall organize relevant departments to inspect the implementation of precautionary measures and emergency relief work, and pay special attention to the following: A. Inspect the preparation of respective precautionary measures; B. Prepare sufficient protection & reinforcement materials for the breakwater and fishing port; C. Establish the emergency relief team and carry out pre-typhoon training. ③ When tropical storm approaches the danger range and might have major impacts, all responsible departments, key officers and related instruments shall be standing by. The 24- hour attendance system and gale weather leadership system shall be strictly implemented. Operators in charge shall listen to the weather forecast in order to learn about the changes in typhoon, forward typhoon related information in a timely manner and ensure smooth communication. ④ After the storm surges have passed, manpower shall be organized to repair those destroyed facilities and instruments, and relevant persons shall also be organized to carry out accident investigation and make care-taking arrangements. Information about losses, accident investigation and care-taking arrangements shall be reported to relevant administrative authority in a timely manner. ■Other requirements ① The camping site of construction workers shall be located at a high and leeward 289 place, and special attention shall be paid to the reinforcement of buildings. ② Attention shall also be paid to the reinforcement and rain-proof of large-sized major equipment. Equipment cannot be relocated upon the arrival of storm surge shall be well reinforced. ③ Smooth traffic flow: Conspicuous signs shall be provided for the evacuation routes, and no material pile, equipment or any other barrier is allowed on the trunk road for evacuation in order to enable smooth evacuation. Road patrol shall be strengthened to ensure smooth traffic flow. 8.2 Analysis of the Impacts of Oil Spill Accidents The proposed fishing port project itself is a major disaster prevention and reduction measure to safeguard the safety of boats and fishermen. The fishing port can shelter fishing boats from overturning, sinking and other environment-hostile accidents. Therefore, the fishing port project is a risk prevention measure to protect the ocean environment and reduce the probability of the oil spill accidents. The vessel oil spill projection herein is to remind relevant administrative authorities to pay attention to the severe consequences of oil spill accidents and provide reference for the relief of inevitable oil spill accidents. This section summarizes the modeling results of oil spill risks. Detailed modeling maps are included in Annex D. 8.2.1 Leading causes of oil spill accidents During the occurrence of strong typhoon and storm surge, fishing boats failing to return to the shelter port may be overturned or sink. Such accidents are always accompanied by oil spill accidents. Statistical analysis of substantial marine oil spill accidents shows that except for certain oil spill accidents caused by inevitable natural disasters, most of the accidents resulted from mis-operation or operation in violation of regulations, including: ① Crew members are weak in responsibility awareness, lack systematic training, operate in violation of regulations, or are unable to make immediate response during actual operations. These are the leading causes of increasing oil spill accidents. ② Oil spill accidents caused by vessel stranding, collision, explosion, stormy waves, leakage and engine compartment accidents, with most of oil spill accidents resulting from stranding and collision. The failure of on-board facilities due to poor quality, aging or lack of timely replacement is also a key cause of such oil spill accidents. ③ Oil spill pollution accidents also take place frequently during the port handling operations, yet the spilled quantity is generally minor. 8.2.2 Scenario planning and prediction model of oil spill accidents Luxia Fishing Port and Sansha Fishing Port provide relatively larger sheltered areas and allow the mooring of more boats. The traffic at the entrance is crowed. If a large number of boats enter the port at the same time, it's highly probable for boats to collide and an oil spill accident may take place. Furthermore, since the sea area in which Wen'ao Fishing Port is located is Fuying Island Marine Preserve and given the sensitivity of this area, any oil spill accident is hazardous to the environment. For this reason, this EIA will take Sansha Central Fishing Port, Luxia Fishing Port and Wen'ao Fishing Port for the impact prediction analysis 290 of oil spill accidents. (1) Prediction scenario No port in this project involves oil product transportation. Possible accidents may be associated with fuel oil leak. The quantity of oil leak varies from boat to boat and from accident to accident. This EIA takes heavy oil as the simulated oil product spilled, with density being 950kg/m3. The spilled quantity is assumed at 10 ton for Sansha Fishing Port, 5 ton for Luxia Fishing Port and 5 ton for Wen’ao Fishing Port -- one-compartment fuel oil carried by the largest moored vessel. Given different wind conditions and on the typical occasions (see Table 8.2.1), the pollution path, pollution range and impacts on surroundings of oil slick are predicted for the oil spill accident taking place in front of the entrance due to the collision of arriving vessels. It's assumed that the oil leak takes place in front of port entrance and nearby sea areas and continues for 24 hours. Table 8.2.1 Combined Scenarios of Oil Spill Accident Spilled Scenario Wind Condition Initial Tide Time Quantity 1 Ebb slack 2 Flood slack Calm wind 3 Flood tide 4 5t/time, Ebb tide leaking for 5 0.5 hour Low tide 6 NNE wind Flood slack Constant wind speed (7.2 7 ms/s) Flood tide 8 Ebb tide (2) Prediction model The "oil particle" model is applied to divide spilled oil into discrete small particles in order to simulate the migration and diffusion of oil in the sea. Different particles are set according to different oil quantities. It's assumed that one ton of oil product develops into the "oil slick" consisting of 25,000 of oil particles. The initial oil-spill area is calculated according to spilled quantity, spill mode and characters of spilled oil. During analog calculation, oil evaporation is considered as the primary attenuation process. For safety considerations, the weathering and emulsion process of oil particles is not considered. The migration of oil slick takes the joint impacts of tidal current and wind generated current into consideration. The velocity of wind generated current is assumed at 2.5-4.4% of wind speed (mean value being 3.5%). When turbulent diffusion is not considered, on the basis of the mathematical simulation of tidal flow field, the lagrangian method is applied to track the migration of particles in order to obtain the track of particles under the effect of tidal current (including wind generated current). 8.2.3 Predicted results and impact analysis of oil spill accident 8.2.3.1 Predicted results and impact analysis for Sansha Fishing Port 291 (1) Calm wind ① Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb slack period, the oil slick will first enter the fishing port along with flood current and circulate in clockwise direction within the port. The oil slick will stretch gradually and be taken out of the entrance after 6 hours. At the 9th hour, the oil slick will migrate to the south side of the southern breakwater and disperse in strip form. At the 12th hour, certain part of oil slick will intrude the aquaculture area on the north side of Fenghuo Island. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will intrude the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island, and certain part of the oil slick may enter the fishing port again along with flood current, causing secondary pollution. At the 18th hour, the oil slick intruding the aquaculture area continues to migrate towards southwest. After 21 hours, the oil slick will cause secondary pollution to the aquaculture area on the north side of Fenghuo Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick under the calm wind condition, the aquaculture areas on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island and north side of Fenghuo Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-1 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ② Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood slack period, the oil slick will first migrate towards Fenghuo Island along with the ebb current, cross the water channel between Fenghuo Island and Sansha Town and go up north. At the 4th hour, the oil slick will intrude the aquaculture area on the north side of Fenghuo Island. At the 6th hour, most part of the oil slick will enter the aquaculture area. At the 10th hour, certain part of the oil slick on the south side of port area will migrate towards west and intrude the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island. At the 12th hour, the aquaculture on the south side of Yacheng Town will be polluted by the oil slick, which will then stretch and elongate gradually, and swing back and forth in the aquaculture area. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island, northwest side of Fenghuo Island and south side of Yacheng Town will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-2 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ③ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood tide period, the oil slick will first migrate towards the south side of port area along with ebb current and concentrate on the south shore of port area within 6 hours due to the impact of circulatory flow nearby. At the 9th hour, certain part of oil slick will migrate towards the west side of port area, while the other part may enter the port again. At the 10th hour, oil slick starts to intrude the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island. At the 18th hour, the oil slick will migrate eastwards and leave the aquaculture area, and a small part of oil slick will keep intruding the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Fenghuo Island. After that, under the effect of flood current, most part of the oil slick will continue migrating towards the southwest side of port area and intrude again the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas on the northwest side of port area and northwest side of Genzhuzai Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-3 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ④ Upon the occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb tide period, the oil slick will migrate eastwards to the west side of breakwater along with the tidal current. Under the effect of flood current, the oil slick will continue migrating towards the west side of port area. At the 4th hour, the oil slick will intrude the aquaculture on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island and then swing back and forth along the southern edge of the proposed reclamation site under the effect of eastward and westward reversing current, causing long-term impacts on the aquaculture farms in this sea area. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas on the northwest side of Genzhuzai Island will be exposed to oil pollution. 292 Figure 8.2-4 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. (2) NNE dominated wind condition ① Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb slack period, under the joint effect of flood current and wind-generated current, the oil slick will gradually migrate towards the southwest side of port area and intrude the aquaculture area on the northwest side of Zhuzai Island after 2-3 hours. After crossing the aquaculture area, the oil slick will continue moving southwestwards and then swing eastwards and westwards under the effect of flood current and ebb current. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will reach the sea area 2km to the east of Duanbiao Island. At the 18th hour, the oil slick will gradually intrude the sea area on the west side of Changbiao Island. At the 19th hour, the oil slick will stick to the northern shore of Changbiao Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas on the west side of port area and north side of Zhuzai Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-5 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ② Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood slack period, under the joint effect of ebb current and wind-generated current, the oil slick will gradually migrate towards the southeast side of port area and reach the sea area 2km to the east of Bei'ao Island after 9 hours. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will reach the sea area 4km to the east of Changbiao Island. At the 24th hour, the oil slick will reach the sea area 5km to the south of Changbiao Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas around the port area won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-6 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ③ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood tide period, the oil slick will first move southwestwards along with the flood current and reach the north side of Bei'ao Island after 3 hours. By this time, the oil slick is 1km away from the aquaculture area on the west side of the island. Under the effect of ebb current, the oil slick will migrate eastwards. Under the effect the southward wind generated current, the oil slick will gradually migrate to the east shore of Bei'ao Island and certain part of the oil slick will stick to the shore. Under the joint effect of tidal current and wind-generated current, the oil slick will then migrate southwestwards to Bei'ao Island. After 15 hours, the oil slick will reach the east side of Changbiao Island. After 24 hours, the oil slick will intrude the sea area on the south side of Changbiao Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the offshore aquaculture areas won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-7 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ④ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb tide period, the oil slick will be blown by the wind to the south side of port area and reach the north shore of Bei'ao Island after 3 hours. Under the effect of flood current, the oil slick will gradually migrate southwestwards, cross the water channel between Genzhuzai Island and Bei'ao Island and be separated into two parts by the terrain. At the 9th hour, the oil slick will reach the sea area 3km to the east of Duanbiao Island. At the 18th hour, the oil slick will gradually approach Changbiao Island. At the 21st hour, the oil slick will approach the aquaculture area on the south side of Changbiao Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture areas on the south side of Changbiao Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-8 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. Figures 8.2-1 to 8.2-8 of Annex D show the paths and ranges of oil slick pollution under different scenarios featuring different wind/tide conditions upon the occurrence of oil spill accident at Sansha Fishing Port. 293 8.2.3.2 Predicted results and impact analysis for Luxia Fishing Port (1) Calm wind ① Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb slack period, the oil slick will first enter the fishing port along with the flood current and swing inside the port area. At the 10th hour, the oil slick will move out of bay-mouth along with the tidal current. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will bypass Lv'tou and migrate towards Fuying Island, and then swing eastwards and westwards on the north side f Changcao Island under the effect of reversing current. After 21-24 hours, certain part of oil slick will migrate towards the open sea on the east side of port area. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, Fuying Island Marine Preserve won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-9 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ② Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood slack period, the oil slick will first migrate towards Bijia Mountain to the Northeast of port area along with the flood current and reach the sea area to the east of Danwan after 6 hours. At the 9th hour, the oil slick stretches and returns to the sea area on the east side of port area. At the 12th hour, under the effect of bay-mouth backflow, a small part of oil slick will intrude the fishing port and certain part of oil slick will bypass Lvtouwei and go southwards to the southern sea area along with the southwestward tidal current. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will return and the length of oil slick will increase to form a large area of oil slick belt along the southern shore of Houwogang Island to the south of port area. At the 18th hour, the oil slick stretches and migrates towards the deep sea to the east of port area. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, Fuying Island Marine Preserve won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-10 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ③ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood tide period, the oil slick will move out of bay-mouth after 5 hours and stretches after 9 hours to form a half-moon strip nearby the bay-mouth. At the 12th hour, the oil slick will reenter the bay-mouth and be distributed along the outer edge of backflow area. After 15 hours, the oil slick will go outwards and gradually approach the deep water area of open sea at the 18th hour. According to the 24- hour migration of oil slick, Fuying Island Marine Preserve to the south of port area won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-11 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ④ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb tide period, the oil slick will move around the entrance of port area along with the tidal current. Under the effect of backflow on the east side of breakwater, the oil slick continues stretching and intrudes the port area. At the 21st hour, an oil slick belt is formed and will move towards the deep water area of open sea along with the tidal current. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, Fuying Island Marine Preserve won't be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-12 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. (2) NNE dominated wind condition Under NNE dominated wind condition, under the joint effect of wind generated current and tidal current, the oil slick will migrate towards the port area and gradually stick to the outside of breakwater instead of intruding the port area or having impacts the outside waters. Figures 8.2-13 to 8.2-16 of Annex D show the areas affected by the oil slick. Figures 8.2-9 to 8.2-16 of Annex D show the paths and ranges of oil slick pollution under different scenarios featuring different wind/tide conditions upon the occurrence of oil spill accident at Luxia Fishing Port. 294 8.2.3.3 Predicted results and impact analysis for Wen'ao Fishing Port (1) Calm wind ① Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb slack period, under the effect of offshore backflow, the oil slick won't move out of the port area and will stay within the bay. Therefore, it won't threaten the adjacent aquaculture areas. Figure 8.2-17 shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ② Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood slack period, the oil slick will move out of the bay after 15 hours. At the 18th hour, a small part of oil slick will gradually migrate towards the eastern shore of Fuying Island, while most part of the oil slick will concentrate on the western shore of Nigu Island. At the 21st hour, certain part of oil slick will migrate southwestwards along the water channel between Nigu Island and Fuying Island and intrude the aquaculture area on the southern shore of Fuying Island. After 24 hours, a small part of oil slick will continue moving southwestwards and most part of oil slick will reenter the port area. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture area along the southern shore of Fuying Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-18 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ③ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood tide period, under the effect of offshore backflow, the oil slick won't move out of the port area, yet a small part of the oil slick will migrate towards the eastern shore of Fuying Island. The oil slick movement within 24-hour won't have any impact on the adjacent aquaculture areas. Figure 8.2-19 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ④ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb tide period, the oil slick will first swing back and forth in front of the part area under the effect of backflow. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will gradually migrate towards southeastern corner of Fuying Island. At the 17th hour, the oil slick will intrude the aquaculture area along the southern shore of Fuying Island and then reenter the port area under the effect of tidal current (distributed in the form of multiple belts). According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the southern shore of Fuying Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-20 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. (2) NNE dominated wind condition ① Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb slack period, due to the weak current velocity in the port area, the oil slick will reach the sea area along the southern shore of Fuying Island around 1 hour under the effect of wind generated current. Figure 8.2-21 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ② Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood slack period, the oil slick will reach northern water channel of Nigu Island after 3 hours and reach the sea area on the east side of Fuying Island after 6 hours. At the 9th hour, the oil slick sticking to eastern shore of Fuying Island will go southwards and migrate along the water channel between Fuying Island and Nigu Island in southwest direction. At the 11th hour, the oil slick will approach the aquaculture area along the western shore of Maci Island. At the 15th hour, the oil slick will arrive at the sea area 2km to the south of Maci Island, and then migrate northeastwards along with the ebb current. At the 24th hour, the oil slick returns and gradually approaches Kuishan Island. According to the 24-hour migration of oil slick, the aquaculture area on the western shore of Maci Island will be exposed to oil pollution. Figure 8.2-22 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. 295 ③ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in flood tide period, under the effect of circulatory flow around the port area, the oil slick will reach the water channel on the north side of Nigu Island and then move northwestwards along with the ebb current. At the 6th hour, the oil slick will reach the sea area 3km to the east of port area. At the 9th hour, the oil slick will migrate to the northeastern corner of Fuying Island and then go southwards along with the flood current before sticking to eastern shore of Fuying Island. Figure 8.2-23 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. ④ Upon occurrence of oil spill accident in ebb tide period, under the effect of circulatory flow in the port area, the oil slick will stick to the southern shore of Fuying Island after 2 hours. Figure 8.2-24 of Annex D shows the areas affected by the oil slick. Figures 8.2-17 to 8.2-24 of Annex D show the paths and ranges of oil slick pollution under different scenarios featuring different wind/tide conditions upon the occurrence of oil spill accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port. 8.2.3.4 Maximum impact scope According to the above predictions, Table 8.2.2 provides the maximum impact scope of respective predicted points at different times within 24 hours. Table 8.2.2 Maximum Impact Scope within 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident (Unit: km2) (Concentration > 0.001kg/m2) Wind Clam Wind NNE Wind Period Flood slack Ebb slack Flood tide Ebb tide Flood slack Ebb slack Flood tide Ebb tide Location Sansha Fishing Port 23.514 17.338 13.899 9.651 18.426 11.253 21.844 17.955 Luxia Fishing Port 25.157 16.983 15.429. 12.357 0.078 0.067 0.073 0.147 Wen'ao Fishing Port 7.179 0.436 1.038 1.371 27.118 0.190 3.393 0.164 According to Table 8.2.2, it can be concluded that: the oil spill accident taking place at the entrance of Sansha Fishing Port and Luxia Fishing Port will have the widest impacts under the clam wind condition, and the oil spill accident taking place at the entrance of Wen'ao Fishing Port will have the widest impacts under the NNE wind condition. (1) Sansha Fishing Port: Figures 8.2-25 to 8.2-32 show the maximum impact scope at different prediction times. (2) Luxia Fishing Port: Figures 8.2-33 to 8.2-40 show the maximum impact scope at different prediction times. (3) Wen'ao Fishing Port: Figures 8.2-41 to 8.2-48 show the maximum impact scope at different prediction times. 8.2.4 Precautionary measures and emergency preparedness plan for oil spill accidents 8.2.4.1 Precautionary measures for oil spill accidents To reduce the impacts of oil spill accidents on environment, we must have a good understanding of the risks related to oil spill accident, well implement the policy of 296 "prevention combined with control" and develop feasible management measures. Furthermore, upon occurrence of any oil spill accident, the corresponding emergency measures shall be taken in order to mitigate the corresponding impacts. The emergency measures for accident prevention shall include: (1) Construction period The fishing port owner shall strengthen the communication with maritime affairs authority, submit to its governance and well implement the safety precautions related to vessel navigation during the construction period in order to avoid the occurrence of collision accidents which may lead to oil spill accidents. ①The project owner and the constructor shall complete overwater/underwater construction and operation formalities and apply for the allocation of the specified construction water area and safe operation area. During construction, all operating vessels must hang the signal lamp according to the signal management regulations of Ministry of Transport, provide necessary warning signs at the construction site and ensure that all vessels and crew members are seaworthy and eligible. ②The navigation notice shall be posted before the construction to ban unrelated vessels from entering the construction & operation water area. The impacts of construction on small boats entering/exiting from the adjacent sea area shall be noted, and the supervision on the operations of construction vessels shall be strengthened. Other vessels passing the construction area shall strengthen observation and navigate carefully and slowly, and shall maintain a safe distance from the construction vessels. ③Before construction, the constructor shall fully communicate with maritime affairs authority to understand the activities of vessels nearby the construction area, so as to take relevant measures to avoid the collision between construction vessels and entering/exiting vessels. During the construction period and operation period, the production/operation dispatching system and notification system shall be established and the surveillance and monitoring of turning basin shall be strengthened. When the vessel is turning or unmooring, no other vessels shall be allowed to enter the operation area, so as to avoid the occurrence of collision accident. ④The constructor shall take the safety issues of construction vessels and workers into consideration, develop emergency preparedness plans, learn about the weather conditions in a timely manner and avoid any operation under severe weather conditions. The constructor shall strictly implement the safety plans, strengthen observation on duty, and be equipped with necessary life-saving facilities and communication equipment to ensure safe work practices. In case of any emergency accident of the construction vessel, the constructor shall take all necessary steps and report to the maritime traffic control center. (2) Operation period ①The owner shall set up the corresponding fishing port work safety administrative authority and implement the system regulating the dock mooring and anchorage anchoring of vessels. This shall include anchorage application, anchoring density (spacing), navigation speed for entering/exiting the anchorage, and the observation system under various weather conditions, so as to avoid the clubbing, collision, squeezing, grounding, and stranding of vessels at the anchorage. ②The deck officer shall be qualified. According to the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Prevention and Control of Pollution to the 297 Marine Environment by Vessels, the port shall impose rigid written management requirements on vessels and crew, and stipulate their responsibilities and obligations to prevent oil spills of vessels, while measures related to pollution prevention as stipulated therein shall be implemented. The crew members shall study and understand the human factors and natural factors of potential oil spill accidents, and enhance their understanding of oil spill impacts and the consciousness of safe transportation. ③Vessels mooring in the port shall be attended and observed. Although vessel accidents may result from complicated causes and uncertainties, human factors, especially the negligence of crew members, are the leading causes of the vessel accidents. Therefore, strengthening attendance and observation is an important measure to avoid the occurrence of vessel accidents. ④The dock berth shall be provided with mooring and anti-collision berthing facilities meeting project requirements. ⑤Entrance channel, dock basin and turning basin shall be dredged according to the designed vessel parameters. Close attention shall be paid to beacon setup and routine maintenance. ⑥The fishing port constructor shall develop, supplement and improve the emergency preparedness plan according to actual requirements. Such plans shall be submitted to the competent authority for approval before implementation. The "emergency preparedness plan" for the fishing port shall be included into the emergency action system of Ningde City against environmental hazards/accidents, and shall be drilled periodically. Periodic training and education of employees shall be carried out and varied safety management measures shall be implemented. 8.2.4.2 Capability of Ningde in dealing with oil spill accidents The emergency response capability of Ningde City in dealing with oil spill accidents is dominated by the government and supplemented by social forces. Table 8.2.3 shows the list of existing emergency control equipment of Ningde Maritime Safety Administration. Ningde also has two marine pollutant clean-up agencies accredited by Ningde Maritime Safety Administration. Table 8.2.4 shows the social forces that can be mobilized during oil spill accidents. 298 Table 8.2.3 List of Oil Spill Emergency Control Equipment Equipped by Ningde Maritime Safety Administration Date of Place of Item Model Length Purchase Storage Solid float-type rubber GWJ1000 800 m booms Solid float-type PVC GW900 800 m booms Inflatable-type rubber booms (including WQJ2000 (marine) 400 m inflating and deflating machine) Inflatable-type rubber WQJ2000 (each for coiling 2 sets boom coiling rack 200 meters oil-spill booms) WHG900H (20M/each, 7 Xinchang storage shelves for fire- Dockyard Fire-resistant oil resistant oil containment 320 m April 2009 Warehouse, containment boom booms, each for storing 40 Baima meters) Port, Dynamic inclined plane DXS60 (60 m3/hour) 1 set Ningde skimmer City Vacuum oil skimmer ZK30 (130 liter per minute) 1 set Power station for inflatable-type rubber oil WQJ2000-1 (diesel driven) 1 set containment booms Absorbent pads PP-2 2 tons Dispersant GM-2 1 ton Disk oil skimmer YSJ-20 2 sets Oil containment mesh SW2 3 sets Floating oil pocket FN5 2 sets Spraying apparatus PSC40 2 sets BCH0917A (for cleaning High pressure hot water inflatable-type oil containment 1 set cleaning machine booms and float-type oil containment booms) 299 Table 8.2.4 List of Oil Spill Emergency Control Equipment Prepared in Different Villages Ningde Baima Ningde Guoli Vessel Port Service Co., Decontamination Item Functional Requirements Ltd (Qianyang Co., Ltd (Shen'an Village, Xiahu Village, Wanwu Town) Town, Fu'an City) Total Open waters (m) 400 2000 height≥1500mm Total Oil Non-open waters (m) 760 3000 height≥900mm containment Shoreline protection Total booms 1810 4000 (m) height≥600mm Total Fire resistance (m) height≥900mm Skimming rate High viscosity 100 3 Oil skimmer Medium/low （m³/h） 100 1 viscosity Spraying Board mounted 1 4 apparatus Portable 4 8 Cleaning Hot water (set) 2 4 machine Cold water (set) 1 2 Oil-sorbent boom (m) 1002 4000 Absorbent Absorbent pads (t) 4．1 12 Dispersant Common (t) 2.8 20 Offloading Overall offloading capacity (t/h) 160 300 capacity Temporary Temporary storage capacity （m³） 2000 1600 storage facility Liquid pollutant handling capacity （t/h） 50 100 Pollutant Solid pollutant handling capacity （t/h） 5 10 Oil spill emergency handling vessel 1 2 Vessel Auxiliary vessel 8 9 Special requirements for the emergency control of pollutants NA other than oil Senior commander 2 3 Crew In-situ commander 3 6 Emergency operator 30 28 8.2.4.3 Emergency preparedness plan for oil spill accidents Once a construction vessel is leaking fuel oil into the sea, it's important to take immediate actions and effective emergency measures to control and reduce losses caused by pollution and eliminate its impacts. For this reason, an emergency preparedness plan for the oil spill accidents of construction vessels shall be developed to reduce the corresponding losses and impacts. To establish and improve the emergency action mechanism against the environmental incidents of this project, effectively and orderly control the abrupt pollution accidents at respective quay berths and enhance the capacity of responding to environmental accidents, an environmental risk emergency preparedness plan shall be developed and the corresponding emergency facilities shall be prepared. The port shall report any accident to Xiapu Overwater Search & Rescue Center and submit to its guidance. The emergency 300 preparedness plan shall stipulate to establish the emergency response unit for the accidents of construction vessels, develop the emergency response procedure for oil spill accidents, provide emergency equipment and communication devices, develop a plan for personal training and emergency action drilling, develop the plan for implementing initial assessment of oil spill accident and carrying out emergency rescue and pollution control, maintain the records on emergency actions, and carry out emergency surveillance and post-accident assessment. Ningde Maritime Safety Administration has promulgated and implemented in 2007 the "Emergency Preparedness Plan of Ningde City for Offshore Search & Rescue and Oil Spill Accidents", which is aimed to prevent and respond to the possible and ongoing serious or extra-serious oil spill accidents taking place in the sea areas governed by Ningde. Each year, Ninde Maritime Safety Administration will organize a large-scale emergency drill of vessel pollution accident to test the emergency response and action capability of subordinate emergency action teams. Periodical drills have well enhanced the emergency action capability for dealing with vessel pollution accidents, thus laying a solid foundation for containing vessel pollutions and ensuring environmental safety of offshore water areas. Ningde Maritime Safety Administration also takes into account the diffusibility and fluidity of oil slick and the regionality of accident impacts. It’s planned to collaborate with the provincial and adjacent offshore oil spill pollution emergency action systems. The emergency preparedness plan for the oil spill accidents of this project shall be included into the offshore oil spill emergency action system of Ningde Port. To ensure the implementation of emergency response measures for oil spill accidents related to this project, the constructor shall meet the following requirements: (1) Besides managing to avoid vessel accidents through rigid management, the constructor shall also set up a dedicated organization for accident prevention and train a number of professionals who can instantly implement the emergency response procedure upon the occurrence of any accident. (2) The alarm system and necessary communication devices shall be provided, so that the constructor can get in touch with the emergency action team of Maritime Safety Administration and take emergency measures upon the occurrence of any accident. (3) The constructor shall assist the maritime safety administration, environmental protection authority and the authority of ocean and fisheries in taking relevant emergency actions. 301 Figure 8.2-1 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the calm wind condition Figure 8.2-2 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the calm wind condition 302 Figure 8.2-3 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the calm wind condition Figure 8.2-4 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition 303 Figure 8.2-5 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition Figure 8.2-6 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition 304 Figure 8.2-7 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition Figure 8.2-8 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Sansha Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition 305 Figure 8.2-9 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition 306 Figure 8.2-10 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition 307 Figure 8.2-11 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition 308 Figure 8.2-12 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition 309 Figure 8.2-13 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition Figure 8.2-14 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition 310 Figure 8.2-15 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition 311 Figure 8.2-16 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Luxia Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition 312 Figure 8.2-17 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition Figure 8.2-18 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the Calm Wind Condition 313 Figure 8.2-19 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition Figure 8.2-20 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the Calm Wind Condition 314 Figure 8.2-21 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition Figure 8.2-22 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Slack Period under the NNE Wind Condition 315 Figure 8.2-23 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Flood Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition Figure 8.2-24 Areas Affected after 24 Hours upon the Occurrence of Oil Spill Accident at Wen'ao Fishing Port in Ebb Tide Period under the NNE Wind Condition 316 Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed, which specifies environmental management and supervision roles and responsibilities, mitigation measures, environmental monitoring, capacity building programs and EMP budget. (For details, please refer to the Environmental Management Plan). 9.1 Responsibility of Institutions The implementation of this EMP requires the involvement of several agencies and institutions, each fulfilling a different but vital role to ensure effective environmental management for the Project. Essentially there are two groups of institutions involved in the process of environmental management: those responsible for organizing or implementing the EMP, and those that enforce the standards, laws and regulations relevant to the project, supervise the EMP and the overall environmental performance during the construction and operation of the Project. The EMP institutional structure for Project construction is shown in Figure 9.1-1. Fujian Department of Ocean and Fisheries (FPMO) Xiapu State Owned Assets Investment & Operation Co., Ltd. Independent Environmental Environmental Supervision Environmental Quality Management Consultant Engineer Monitoring Consultant Contractor, construction site and surrounding environment Figure 9.1-1 Management Structure during Construction The main environmental responsibilities of the respective institutions are summarized in Table 9.1.1. 317 Table 9.1.1 Summary of Environmental Management Responsibilities No Agency/Unit Responsibilities The FDOF will take the overall responsibility for the management and Fujian Department coordination of project implementation. Its readily-established Project 1 of Ocean and Management Office (FPMO) handles the day-to-day management and Fisheries (FDOF) coordination of project implementation. It will oversee the implementation of the Project and fulfill the requirements of World Bank. The Ningde City Environmental Protection Bureau reviewed and approved Ningde City the Project EA. It will be responsible for the enforcement of the laws, 2 Environmental regulations, technical guidelines, and environmental quality standards for Protection Bureau the Project construction and operation. The FDOF is in charge of marine and fishery development and conservation in Fujian Province. Its responsibilities includes: (i) in collaboration with other agencies to develop and supervise the implementation of marine functional zoning plans, marine development and utilization plans and marine and fishery mater plans. Coordinating other Fujian Provincial agencies’ marine utilization and development activities. (ii) undertake the and local Ocean and ecological conservation for marine environmental and fishery water bodies. 3 Fisheries In collaboration with other agencies, organizing and develop marine Department (FOFD) environmental conservation plan, proposing and implementing pollutants discharge and total amount control institutions. Managing the environmental protection against marine engineering and marine waste dumping. Supervising land source pollution discharge into ocean, biodiversity and marine ecological conservation; and (iii) organizing key fishery related EIA and ecological compensation activities. Xiapu State Owned Assets Investment & Operation Co., Ltd., which is Project Owner: under the jurisdiction of Xiapu County People’s Government, will Xiapu State Owned 4 implement the fishing ports construction, including the procurement, Assets Investment & construction management, safeguards implementation and compliance, as Operation Co., Ltd. well as the monitoring, reporting tasks under the Project. The ESE are responsible for inspecting, supervising, and auditing all Environmental construction works and other activities undertaken by the Contractor(s), 5 Supervision and for ensuring compliance with the environmental protection Engineers(ESE) requirements and contractual requirements. Contractor(s) is hired by the Project Owner to undertake the detailed design 6 Contractor(s) and the construction activities for the Project. The IEMC is hired by the Project Owner and is independent of the ESE and Independent Contractor. The objectives of the IEC assignment is to assess the Environmental 7 implementation and performance of the Project EMP during construction, Management provide management recommendation to the Project owner, and eventually Consultant (IEMC) ensure Project compliance with the EMP. The EQMS refers to specialized monitoring institutes who will conduct Environmental environmental quality monitoring according to the environmental 8 Quality Monitoring monitoring plan included in the EIA reports. The Project Owner will Consultant (EQMC) contract EMS to implement the monitoring plan. 9.2Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan The environmental management and monitoring plan is presented in Table 9.2.1. 318 Table 9.2.1 Summary of Environmental Management Plan Dredging, Environmental rock blasting Environment Contractor impact and and dredged Emergency Marine ecology and Communication Environmental Resettlement supervision and environmental mitigation material response plan habitat offset Plan and stakeholder training monitoring specifications measures management engagement Plan Xiapu County Ocean and Fisheries Bureau Xiapu State Xiapu County Ocean Contractor, & Xiapu State Owned and Fisheries Bureau Sansha Town, Owned Assets Implementation Assets & Xiapu State Contractor Changchun Investment & agency Investment & Contractor Contractor Contractor Contractor Owned Assets Town and Operation Co., Operation Investment & Haidao Town Ltd.& Environment Co., Ltd. Operation Co., Ltd. Supervision Engineer&Contractor Environment Environment Environment supervision Environment Environment Environment Environment supervision Environment supervision engineer&Independent supervision supervision supervision supervision engineer& supervision engineer& Environmental engineer& engineer&Independent engineer& engineer& Independent engineer& Independent Monitoring Independent Consultant (IEC)& Independent Environmental Independent Independent Environmental Independent Environmental consultant Environmental Ningde City Ocean Environmental Consultant (IEC)& Environmental Environmental Consultant Environmental Consultant (IEC) Consultant and Fisheries Consultant Ningde City Ocean Consultant Consultant (IEC)&Maritime Consultant (IEC) Bureau&Ningde City (IEC) and Fisheries Bureau (IEC) (IEC) Safety (IEC) Environment Administration Protection Bureau 319 9.3 EMP Budget The EMP implementation during construction and operation has been budgeted as is shown in Table 9.3.1and Table 9.3.2. The total environmental investment includes the environmental mitigation measures and ecological compensation measures. Table 9.3.1 Budget for Environmental Measures During Construction Period Budget No. Mitigation Measures Notes (Yuan) 1 Ecological compensation program 5,150,000 Man-made reef deployment Environmental management during Wastewater, dust and solid waste 2 300,000 construction management Environmental management, risk prevention 3 600,000 and monitoring 4 Water conservation and soil erosion control 7,810,000 Incorporate into soil erosion budget Filtration of coffer dam etc. 5 Pollution control in backfilling area / Included in investment of Sanshan Phase I Project Environmental Management Consulting 6 / Included in TA during Construction 7 Wastewater water treatment facility 2,175,000 8 Solid waste collection and disposal facility 38,000 Land acquisition, resettlement and 9 7,690,100 Included in RAP relocation of aquaculture facilities 10 Environmental training 120,000 Environmental management and monitoring Included in the routine operation 11 / during operation cost of ocean and fishery authority Total 23,883,100 320 Chapter 10 Information Disclosure and Public Participation The objectives of public participation is not only to win the public's understanding and support to this project, but also to: (1) protect the public's legal environmental interest and embody the human-oriented principle in EIA; (2) understand the project background and find out potential problems, so as to make the EIA more scientific and pertinent; (3) propose the economic, effective and feasible mitigation measures through the public participation; (4) balance the interests among stakeholders and resolve the social contradictions which may result from adverse environmental impacts; (5) promote public concern and support to environmental protection; and (6) facilitate democratic and scientific policy-making. Public consultation and information disclosure of the project were conducted as per Interim Measures for the Public Participation of EIA and the World Bank Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01). During EIA preparation, information disclosure and consultation with potential affected groups have been conducted through public notice, Internet disclosure, newspaper announcement, report disclosure, questionnaire survey, interview and public symposia, so as to solicit suggestions and opinions on World Bank Financed Fujian Fishing Port Demonstration Project from the general public and relevant departments. 10.1 Process of Public Participation Table 10.1.1 shows the process of this public participation survey. Annex E documents details, including disclosure location, photos of field consultation, list of consulted persons, questionaires, of the public consultation process. Table 10.1.1 Process of Public Participation Date Means Location On-site disclosure Potential affected areas: Beishuang Village, Dajing Village, Jul 1-15, 2013 Fenghuo Village, Luxia Village, Wu'ao Village, Wen'ao Village Internet disclosure Public disclosure section on the website of Fujian Provincial Jul 1-15, 2013 (Figure 10.1-1) Academy of Environmental Science (http://www.fjaes.com/) Public participation symposia held by our Academy and Xiapu Public meetings interviews and County Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries at Changchun Township Jul 1-15, 2013 questionnaire survey Government, Sansha Township Government, Beishuang Villagers' Committee and Wen'ao Villagers' Committee Public Disclosure of EIA August 10, Information in the newspaper Mindong Daily 2013 (Figure 10.1-1) Public disclosure section on the website of Xiapu County Aug 20, 2013 Internet disclosure Government (http://www.fjxp.gov.cn/) Online disclosure of EIA Public disclosure section on the website of Fujian Provincial Sept 30, 2013 report Academy of Environmental Science (http://www.fjaes.com/) Announcement public Sept 30, 2013 Disclosure of EIA report in the Mindong Daily newspaper (Figure 10.1-2) Online disclosure of EIA Public disclosure section on the website of Xiapu County Oct 1, 2013 report Government (http://www.fjxp.gov.cn/) (Figure 10.1-2) Potential affected areas: Changchun Township Government, On-site disclosure of EIA Oct 5, 2013 Sansha Township Government, Dajing Village, Fenghuo report Village, Luxia Village, Wu'ao Village Public participation symposia held by our Academy and Xiapu Public meetings interviews and County Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries at Sansha Township Oct 5-8, 2013 questionnaire survey Government, Beishuang Villagers' Committee, Dajing Villagers’ Committee, and Luxia Villagers’ Committee 321 Figure 10.1-1 First round internet and newspaper dislcosure 322 Figure 10.1-2 Second round internet full EA disclosure and newspaper announcement 323 10.2 First Round of Public Consultation 10.2.1 People consulted Respondents of this survey mainly included villagers from Beishuang Village, Dajing Village, Fenghuo Village, Luxia Village, Wu'ao Village, and Wen'ao Village. Table 10.2.1 shows the respondents of the first public participation survey. Results of this survey were sufficient to reflect the suggestions, expectations and requirements of residents living around the project area. Figure 3 and Figure 5 shows the scene of on-site information disclosure and public participation survey. (1) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port Totally 30 questionnaires were distributed in Beishuang Village and 30 were retrieved (100%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 80% and women accounting for 20%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (23 persons) accounting for 76.7%. (2) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port Totally 50 questionnaires were distributed in Dajing Village and 48 were retrieved (96%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 98% and women accounting for 2%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (43 persons) accounting for 89.6%. (3) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Port Totally 40 questionnaires were distributed in Fenghuo Village and Wu'ao Village and 36 were retrieved (90%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 86% and women accounting for 14%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (12 persons) accounting for 33.3%. (4) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Totally 50 questionnaires were distributed in Luxia Village and 46 were retrieved (92%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, all being men. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (42 persons) accounting for 91.3%. (5) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Sansha Fishing Port Expansion Project Totally 40 questionnaires were distributed in Wu'ao Village and Fenghuo Village and 38 were retrieved (95%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 87% and women accounting for 13%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (14 persons) accounting for 36.8%. (6) Respondents in the Questionnaire Survey for Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port Totally 30 questionnaires were distributed in Wen'ao Village and 25 were retrieved (83.3%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents are aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 96% and women accounting for 4%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents are fishermen, with aquaculture farmers (21 persons) accounting for 84%. 324 Table 10.2.1 Summary of the First-Round Survey Project name Surveyed Village Number of Questionnaires Beishuang Class-2 Beishuang Village 30 Fishing Port Dajing Class-2 Fishing Dajing Village 48 Port Fenghuo Village 7 Wu'ao Village 9 Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Port Sansha Central Villagers' 7 Committee Others 13 Luxia Class-1 Fishing Luxia Village 46 Port Sansha Township Government 3 Fenghuo Village 6 Sansha Fishing Port Wu'ao Village 8 Expansion Project Sansha Central Villagers' 6 Committee Others 15 Wen'ao Class-2 Wen'ao Village 25 Fishing Port Total 223 10.2.2 Results of First-Round Public Participation Survey Table 10.2.2 shows the results of first-round public participation survey. (1) Results of first-round public opinion survey for Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from public discussion" accounts for 43%, "from project owner" accounts for 40%, and "from relevant meetings" accounts for 30%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 73% of respondents believe that temples and shrines adjacent to the project site require special environmental protection; 17% believe that residential houses require protection; 10% believe that offshore aquiculture farms require protection; 7% believe that coastal aquaculture farms require protection. 。 ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Which is more reasonable: the breakwater or land reclamation? 100% of respondents believe that the breakwater proposal is more reasonable and will better protect the safety of vessels and fishermen. ⑤Is the proposed project beneficial to local economic construction and social development? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic 325 construction and social development. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 50% of respondents believe that riprapping and backfilling may cause dust nuisance; 40% believe that there may be other environmental problems; 10% believe that the ecological environment may be affected. ⑦Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 97% of respondents believe that this project will contribute to economic development and 77% believe that this project will help protect property safety, yet some people believe that the operation of this project may cause marine pollution. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 80% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; 17% respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable; 3% respond that project impacts are unacceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 93% of respondents would demand the prescribed compensation from the government; 3% would demand to take environmental measures; 3% would demand nothing. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 97% of respondents would take the affirmative side, yet 3% (1 person) would take the negative side, as shown below: Table 10.2.2 Negative Respondent(s) and Reason for Objection Name Gender Address Reason for objection The breakwater Beishishuang Village, Haidao Mr Yang Male proposal shall be Town, Xiapu adopted instead of the platform option (2) Results of first-round public opinion survey for Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from public discussion" accounts for 92%, "from relevant meetings" accounts for 29%, and "from project owner and newspaper" accounts for 2%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 77% of respondents believe that residential buildings adjacent to the project site require special environmental protection; 52% believe that offshore aquiculture farms require protection; 42% believe that coastal aquaculture farms require protection; 6% believe that the beach requires protection; 2% believe that the feng-shui forest, famous/old trees and temples/shrines require protection. ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic 326 location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in layout? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in layout and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ⑤Is the proposed project beneficial to local economic construction and social development? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic construction and social development. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 75% of respondents believe that riprapping and backfilling may cause dust nuisance; 60% are worried about the construction noise; 35%, 4% and 4% believe that the ocean environment, ecological environment and aquaculture farms respectively may be affected; 2% believe that the wastes left by vessels might be the environmental problem brought by this project. ⑦Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 92% of respondents believe that this project will safeguard the safety of property and 71% believe that this project will promote economic development, yet some people believe that the operation of this project may cause marine pollution. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 96% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; others respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 98% of respondents would demand the prescribed compensation from the government; 2% would demand to take environmental measures. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 100% of respondents would take the affirmative side; no respondent would take the negative side. (3) Results of first-round public opinion survey for Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Port ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from relevant meetings" accounts for 75%, "from newspaper" accounts for 22%, "from public discussion and project owner" account for 19% and 17% respectively, and "from online news" accounts for 3%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 56% of respondents believe that the offshore aquiculture farms and residential houses adjacent to the project site require special environmental protection; 8% believe that feng-shui forest and famous/old trees require protection. ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard 327 the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in layout? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in layout and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. 。 ⑤Is the proposed project beneficial to local economic construction and social development? 78% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic construction and social development; others believe that this project is beneficial. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 58% of respondents believe that riprapping and backfilling may cause dust nuisance; 25% are worried about the construction noise; 22% are worried about its impacts on the ocean environment; 17% believe that the wastes left by vessels might be the environmental problem brought by this project; 14% believe that the aquaculture farms may be affected; 8% believe that the ecological environment may be affected; 8% worry that the vegetation cover at the quarry may be destroyed; 3% are worried about other impacts. ⑦Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 69% of respondents believe that this project will promote economic development and 61% believe that this project can safeguard the safety of property, yet some people believe that the operation of this project may bring about marine pollution, ecological damages and vessel accidents. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 94% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; others respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 61% of respondents would demand the prescribed compensation from the government; 22% would demand to take environmental measures; 19% would demand nothing; 3% might have other demands. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 92% of respondents would take the affirmative side; 8% are basically affirmative; no respondent would take the negative side. (4) Results of first-round public participation Survey for Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from public discussion" accounts for 76%, "from relevant meetings" accounts for 22% and "from project owner" accounts for 2%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 328 46% of respondents believe that the offshore aquiculture farms adjacent to the project site require special environmental protection; 43% believe that the beach require protection; 11% believe that the feng-shui forest and famous/old trees require protection; 7% believe that the coastal aquaculture farms require protection; 2% believe that the residential houses and tombs require protection. ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in layout? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in layout and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ⑤Is the proposed project beneficial to local economic construction and social development? 80% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic construction and social development; others believe that this project is beneficial. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 52% of respondents believe that riprapping and backfilling may cause dust nuisance; 35% are worried about the construction noise; 7% are worried about the impacts on ecological environment; 7% believe that the aquaculture farms might be affected. ⑦Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 67% of respondents believe that this project will help safeguard the safety of property; 50% believe that this project will promote economic development; 11% believe that this project will have other positive impacts. However, some people believe that the operation of this project may cause marine pollution and bring about other adverse impacts. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 93% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; others respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 76% of respondents would demand the prescribed compensation from the government; 11% would demand to take environmental measures. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 93% of respondents would take the affirmative side; 7% are basically affirmative; no respondent would take the negative side. (5) Results of first-round public participation Survey for Sansha Fishing Port Phase-II Project ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from relevant meetings" accounts for 79%, "from public discussion" accounts for 26%, "from project owner" accounts for 21%, "from 329 newspaper" accounts for 18%, and "from online news" accounts for 3%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 58% of respondents believe that the residential houses adjacent to the project site require special environmental protection; 45% believe that the offshore aquiculture farms requires protection; 16% believe that feng-shui forest and famous/old trees require protection; 3% believe that the coastal aquaculture farms requires protection. ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in layout? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in layout and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ⑤Significance of the proposed project to the local economic construction and social development. 76% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic construction and social development; others believe that this project is beneficial. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 58% of respondents believe that riprapping and backfilling may cause dust nuisance; 26% are worried about the impacts on ocean environment and the construction noise; 18% believe that the wastes left by vessels might cause environmental problems; 13% are worried about the impacts on aquaculture farms; 11% believe that the ecological environment may be affected; 11% worry that the vegetation cover at the quarry might be destroyed. ⑦Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 71% of respondents believe that this project will promote economic development; 68% believe that this project will help safeguard the safety of property; 3% believe that this project will have other positive impacts. However, some people believe that the operation of this project may bring about marine pollution, ecological damages and vessel accidents. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 92% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; others respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 63% of respondents would demand the prescribed compensation from the government; 24% would demand to take environmental measures; 13% would demand nothing. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 95% of respondents would take the affirmative side; 5% are basically affirmative; no respondent would take the negative side. (6) Results of first-round public participation Survey for Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port 330 ①Knowledge of proposed project and information sources 100% of people are fully aware of the proposed project. The sources for getting information are different, among which "from public discussion" accounts for 88%, "from relevant meetings" accounts for 28%, "from online news" accounts for 4%, and "from other sources" accounts for 4%. ②Which targets require special environmental protection around the project site? 100% of respondents believe that the beach adjacent to the project site requires special environmental protection; 32% believe that the pollicipes mitella requires protection; 12% believe that the residential houses require protection. ③Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in geographic location? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 68% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are reasonable in geographic location and capable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen; 32% believe that the proposed breakwaters are unreasonable in geographic location and are thus incapable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ④Are the proposed breakwaters reasonable in layout? Can they safeguard the safety of vessels and fishermen? 100% of respondents believe that the proposed breakwaters are unreasonable in layout and incapable of safeguarding the safety of vessels and fishermen. ⑤ Significance of the proposed project to the local economic construction and social development. 56% of respondents believe that the proposed project is beneficial to local economic construction and social development; others believe that this project is beneficial. ⑥Environmental problems that may be caused during the construction of the proposed project. 48% of respondents believe that the construction of this project might bring about other environmental problems; 20% are worried about the construction noise; 16% believe that the ocean environment and aquaculture farms might be affected; 8% believe that the wastes left by vessels might cause environmental problems; 4% believe that the ecological environment may be affected; 4% worry that the vegetation cover at the quarry may be destroyed. ⑦ Environmental problems that may be caused during the operation of the proposed project. 88% of respondents believe that this project will help safeguard the safety of property; 80% believe that this project will promote economic development; 16% believe that this project will have other positive impacts. However, some people believe that operation of this project may result in vessel accidents and bring about other adverse impacts. ⑧Attitude towards project impacts. 92% of respondents respond that the project impacts are acceptable; others respond that the project impacts are basically acceptable. ⑨Demands on project owner when interests are affected. 52% of respondents would have other demands; 28% would demand to take environmental measures; 16% would demand the prescribed compensation from the 331 government; 8% would demand nothing. ⑩Basic attitude towards project construction 100% of respondents would take the affirmative side. 10.2.3 Public opinions and adoption/rejection (1) Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port At the symposium, the villagers' representatives called to consider the breakwater Public opinions proposal (to withstand the forces of typhoon) and suggested to increase the area of dock basin in order to benefit descendents. Adoption/rejection The public opinions were forwarded to the designer, who didn't adopt these opinions. The sludge is too deep at the project site and the cost will exceed RMB 40 million. Reason for Therefore, the breakwater proposal is economically infeasible, and the designer chose rejection the proposal of land reclamation. (2) Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port At the symposium, the villagers' representatives called to change the port access road Public opinion into a concrete road and be widened. The public opinions were forwarded to the designer, who adopted these opinions and Adoption/rejection confirmed that certain part of the port access road will be paved. (3) Sansha Fishing Port Expansion Project At the symposium, the villagers' representatives called to keep the eastern beach so the Public opinion local people can swim here. The public opinions were forwarded to the designer, who adopted these opinions and Adoption/rejection confirmed that the design proposal will maintain the original shoreline and keep the eastern beach. (4) Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port At the symposium, the villagers' representatives pointed out that according to their long- term experiences, the preliminary design will expose the port area to greater wind/wave impacts on the southeast side, thus causing the instability of moored boats and Public opinion endangering vessel safety. They would rather give up fishing port construction if the preliminary design would be used. In addition, representatives also called to block the eastern gap up in order to withstand the stormy waves from east. The public opinions were forwarded to the designer, who agreed to adopt these opinions. The designer has entrusted Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute to perform wave Adoption/rejection calculations, and the results show that the preliminary design is sufficient to meet standard requirements for mooring stability. In addition, the designer also plans to construct breakwater on the east side. (5) Other fishing port projects Local people have no opinion on the construction of Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Port and Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port, all believing that these projects are beneficial to the dwelling environment and economic development of local villagers and urging to kick off construction as soon as possible. 332 Table 10.2.3 Results of First-Round Public Opinion Survey Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Sansha Fishing Port Phase-II Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port Question Answer Port Port Project Number Percentage % Number Percentage % Number Percentage % Number Percentage % Number Percentage % Number Percentage % Newspaper 0 0 1 2 8 22 0 0 7 18 0 0 Relevant meetings 9 30 14 29 27 75 10 22 30 79 7 28 Project owner 12 40 1 2 6 17 1 2 8 21 0 0 Information sources (multiple choices) Public discussion 13 43 44 92 7 19 35 76 10 26 22 88 Online news 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 1 4 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 Never heard of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offshore aquiculture farms 3 10 25 52 20 56 21 46 17 45 0 0 Coastal aquaculture farms 2 7 20 42 0 0 3 7 1 3 0 0 Residential houses 5 17 37 77 20 56 1 2 22 58 3 12 Targets requiring special environmental Feng-shui forest, 0 0 1 2 3 8 5 11 6 16 0 0 protection around the project site famous/old trees (multiple choices) Temples or shrines 22 73 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tombs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 / / Pollicipes mitella / / / / / / / / / / 8 32 Beach / / / / / / / / / / 25 100 Are the proposed breakwaters Reasonable 30 100 48 100 36 100 20 43 38 100 17 68 reasonable in geographic location Unreasonable 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 0 0 8 32 (single choice) Are the proposed breakwaters capable Yes 30 100 48 100 36 100 0 0 38 100 17 68 of safeguarding the safety of vessels and No 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 0 0 8 32 fishermen (single choice) Which proposal is more reasonable and Proposal I (breakwater) 30 100 / / / / / / / / / / will better protect the safety of vessels Proposal II (land 0 0 / / / / / / / / / / and fishermen (single choice) reclamation) Are the proposed breakwaters Reasonable / / 48 100 36 100 46 100 38 100 0 0 reasonable in layout (single choice) Unreasonable / / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 100 Is the proposed breakwater layout Yes / / 48 100 36 100 46 100 38 100 0 0 capable of safeguarding the safety of No / / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 100 vessels and fishermen (single choice) Extremely beneficial 30 100 48 100 28 78 37 80 29 76 14 56 Significance of the proposed project to Beneficial 0 0 0 0 7 19 9 20 9 24 11 44 the local economic construction and Average 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 social development (single choice) Adverse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No respond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dust nuisance caused by 15 50 36 75 21 58 24 52 22 58 0 0 riprapping and backfilling Impacts on ocean 0 0 17 35 8 22 1 2 10 26 4 16 environment Impacts on ecological 3 10 2 4 3 8 3 7 4 11 1 4 Environmental problems that may be environment caused during the construction of the Impacts on aquaculture 0 0 2 4 5 14 3 7 5 13 4 16 proposed project (multiple choices) farms Destruction to vegetation 0 0 0 0 3 8 0 0 4 11 1 4 cover at quarry Construction noise 0 0 29 60 9 25 16 35 10 26 5 20 Wastes left by vessels 0 0 1 2 6 17 1 2 7 18 2 8 Others 12 40 0 0 1 3 6 13 0 0 12 48 Ecological Advers 1 3 0 0 6 17 0 0 7 18 0 0 damages e Environmental problems that may be Marine pollution 0 0 48 100 30 83 1 2 32 84 0 0 impact caused during the operation of the Vessel accidents 0 0 0 0 6 17 0 0 5 13 1 4 s proposed project (multiple choices) Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0 16 64 Positiv Safeguarding 8 27 44 92 22 61 31 67 26 68 22 88 e property safety 333 impact Promoting s economic 29 97 34 71 25 69 23 50 27 71 20 80 development Others 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 11 1 3 4 16 Acceptable 24 80 46 96 34 94 43 93 35 92 23 92 Attitude towards project impacts (single Basically acceptable 5 17 2 4 2 6 3 7 3 8 2 8 choice) Unacceptable 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Take environmental 1 3 1 2 8 22 5 11 9 24 7 28 measures Alternative measures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Demands on project owner when Prescribed compensation interests are affected (single choice) 28 93 47 98 22 61 35 76 24 63 4 16 from government No respond 1 3 0 0 7 19 4 9 5 13 2 8 Others 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 4 0 0 13 52 Affirmative 29 97 48 100 33 92 43 93 36 95 25 100 Basic attitude towards this project Basically affirmative 0 0 0 0 3 8 3 7 2 5 0 0 (single choice) Negative 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 334 10.3 Second Round of Public Participation 10.3.1 People consulted Respondents of this survey mainly included villagers from Sansha Town, Fenghuo Village, Wu'ao Village, Beishuang Village, Wen'ao Village, Dajing Village and Luxia Village. Table 10.3.1 shows the respondents of the second public participation survey. Results of this survey were sufficient to reflect the suggestions, expectations and demands of residents living around the project area. Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows the scene of on-site information disclosure and public participation survey. Totally 97 questionnaires were distributed during this survey and 97 were retrieved (100%), all being effective questionnaires. Respondents were aged between 30 and 50, with men accounting for 83% and women accounting for 14%. Their educational level ranges from elementary education to junior high. Most of the respondents were fishermen, accounting for 71.1%. Table 10.3.1 Structure of Respondents in the Second Public Participation Survey Surveyed Village Number of Questionnaires Beishuang Village 20 Dajing Village 15 Wu'ao Village 10 San'ao Village 12 Luxia Village 17 Fenghuo Village 3 Fuying Village 6 Wen'ao Village 8 Others 6 Total 97 10.3.2 Results of second-round public participation survey (1) Results of second-round public participation survey Table 10.3.2 shows the results of second-round public participation survey. ①As for the permanent loss of benthonic organisms, it's planned to make ecological compensation through man-made fishing reef? How is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 100% of respondents are satisfied with the ecological compensation of permanent loss of benthonic organisms through man-made fishing reef. ②The construction activities will result in higher turbidity of water. How is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 97% of respondents wouldn’t mind the increase in water turbidity. 3% of respondents are unsatisfied, and they are mainly aquaculture farmers worrying about their aquaculture farms. The project owner promised to "accept 335 supervision, compensate aquaculture farmer before construction or relocate aquaculture farms from affected areas". All respondents accepted this explanation. ③As for the permanent loss of fishes and shrimps caused by underwater blasting at Luxia Fishing Port, it's planned to make ecological compensation through man-made fishing reef? How is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 97% of respondents are satisfied with the ecological compensation of fish/shrimp losses through man-made fishing reef. 3% of respondents are unsatisfied, and they are mainly villagers of Luxia worrying about their houses. The project owner promised to "accept supervision, minimize the impacts of blasting on houses and compensate for affected houses". All respondents accepted this explanation. ④The construction of fishing ports will reduce the length of pollicipes mitella habitat. How is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 100% of respondents wouldn't mind the reduction in the length of pollicipes mitella habitat. ⑤The construction activities will result in dust and noise nuisances. How is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 97% of respondents wouldn't mind the dust and noise nuisances resulting from construction activities. 3% of respondents are unsatisfied. The project owner explained that the construction only takes 1-2 years and would avoid rest times. All respondents accepted this explanation. ⑥Regarding the sewage treatment methods proposed for respective fishing ports, how is your opinion on that? Survey results show that 100% of respondents are satisfied with the sewage treatment methods proposed for respective fishing ports. ⑦How is your opinion on safe navigation? Survey results show that 100% of respondents believe that safe navigation would be ensured upon project completion. ⑧How is your opinion on fishing port construction? Survey results show that 100% of respondents support fishing port construction. 336 Table 10.3.2 Results of Second-Round Public Opinion Survey SN Question Answer Number Percentage % As for the permanent losses of benthonic Don’t mind 97 100 organisms, it's planned to make ecological 1 compensation through man-made fishing 3 reef? How is your opinion on that? Unsatisfied 0 97 The construction activities will result in Don’t mind 94 2 higher turbidity of water. How is your opinion on that? 3 Unsatisfied 3 As for the permanent loss of fishes and 97 shrimps caused by underwater blasting at Satisfied 94 3 Luxia Fishing Port, it's planned to make ecological compensation through man-made Unsatisfied 3 3 fishing reef? How is your opinion on that? Don’t mind 100 100 The construction of fishing ports will 4 reduce the length of pollicipes mitella habitat. How is your opinion on that? Unsatisfied 0 0 97 The construction activities will result in Don’t mind 94 5 dust and noise nuisances. How is your opinion on that? Unsatisfied 3 3 Satisfied 100 100 Regarding the sewage treatment methods 6 proposed for respective fishing ports, how is your opinion on that? Unsatisfied 0 0 Satisfied 100 100 7 How is your opinion on safe navigation? Unsatisfied 0 0 Don’t mind 100 100 How is your opinion on the short-term 8 adverse impacts on the typhoon shelter and environment? Unsatisfied 0 0 Results of survey conducted by Liu's descendents Acceptable 9 100 What is your opinion on the statement that 9 tombs won't be affected by the construction of Dajing Fishing Port? 0 Unacceptable 0 What is your opinion on the statement that Acceptable 9 100 White Dragon Temple Shrine won't be 10 affected by the construction of Dajing 0 Fishing Port? Unacceptable 0 (2) Results of the public participation survey on Liu's tombs The tombs of Dajing Village are about 33m away from the construction site. According to relevant provisions in Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), a symposium was held to carry out the public participation survey of affected villagers. Results shown 337 in Table 10.3.2 indicate that all 9 villagers from Dajing Village can accept the construction of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port and are willing to coordinate with the constructor in order to ensure the smooth construction of project. 10.3.3 Summary of opinions from symposia No representative put forward any opinion or suggestion site selection and engineering plans. Acknowledging that this project is beneficial to the life and property of local villagers and to economic development, they all urged to kick off construction as soon as possible. Their opinions are summarized as follows: Representatives Beishuang Island is located in the open sea and faced with greater risks than coastal of Beishuang villages. Whenever a typhoon comes, the villagers have to seek shelter at coastal fishing Village ports, which will cost them over RMB 10,000 per time. Representatives Typhoon Saomai left 200 fishermen dead in Sansha Town. The villagers expect the of Sansha Town fishing port to be completed as soon as possible. Liu's The tombs won't be affected as they're 33 meters away from the construction site. They representatives are willing to coordinate between the constructor and Liu's descendents to enable the of Dajing smooth construction of this project. Village 10.4 Complaint Procedure During the EIA preparation and implementation, the public participation will always be stressed and the complaint system will be established. The complaint procedure is shown below: 338 Stage 1: If the affected person is discontent with the indirect impacts of project construction, he/she can file oral or written complaints to Changchun Township Government, Sansha Township Government, Beishuang Villagers' Committee or Wen'ao Villagers' Committee respectively. The oral complaint shall be handled and recorded by the corresponding township government or villagers' committee, which shall make the handling decision within 2 weeks. Stage 2: If the affected person is still discontent with the handling decision made in the stage 1, he/she can lodge a complaint to Xiapu County Bureau of Ocean and Fisheries upon receipt of such decision. The corresponding responsible department shall make the handling decision within 2 weeks. Stage 3: If the affected person is still unsatisfied with the handling decision made in Stage 2, he/she may bring a case to the civil court according to the Civil Procedure Law upon receipt of such decision. All responsible departments shall handle the complaints filed by the affected persons free of charge, and the resulting reasonable costs shall be paid from the contingencies for the Land Acquisition Office. The complaint procedure shall remain effective during the whole construction period to make sure the affected persons can use it to deal with relevant problems. The aquaculture farm acquisition administration shall properly register and manage the complaint documents and the handling results, and submit such documents to the PMO in written form every month. The PMO will accordingly carry out periodic checks. In order to completely record the complaints of affected persons and the handling status for relevant complaints, the PMO will maintain a form for registering complaints and the handling status thereof. The format of this form is shown below: 339 Environmental Impact Complaint Registration Form (Sample) Name of Time complainant Received by Place Complaint description Requested Solution Proposed solution Actual handling status Complainant Recorder (Signature) (Signature) Note: 1. The recorder shall truthfully record the complaints and demands of complainant; 2. The complaint filing process shall not be disturbed; 3. The proposed solution shall be informed to the complainant within the specified time limit. 10.5 Conclusion According to the first-round survey, 97% of respondents second the construction the Beishuang Class-2 Fishing Port, 100% of respondents second the construction of Dajing Class-2 Fishing Port, 100% of respondents second or basically second the construction of Fenghuo Class-3 Fishing Port, 100% of respondents second or basically second the construction of Luxia Class-1 Fishing Port, 100% of respondents second or basically second the construction of Sansha Fishing Port Phase-II Project, 100% of respondents second the construction of Wen'ao Class-2 Fishing Port. According to the second-round survey, 100% of respondents second the construction of all fishing ports. Most of respondents believe that this project is beneficial to local social and economic development and can accept its possible impacts. With respect to site selection and engineering design, this EIA has forwarded public concerns and options to the designer, and has explained on the adoption or rejection of public opinions. The project owner and local government shall strengthen publicity, communication and exchange, so that local people can have a good understanding of the necessity and positive impacts of the proposed project on local society and economy, thus eliminating public worries and win public understanding and support. 340