-Dev'e1opment P UT T ING K NOW LE D GE T .O WO0R K FOR0 D EV ELO0P M ENT The New Wars230 Nat J. CoIltt ad Taies Neza oln the NatuireJ Wa' Paul Richards" oni Yountg Warriors Iin Sierra Leone German Filkov oni Shock Wav'ed in Macedolita Does Aid, Work? Paul Collier, David Dollar Ravi Kanbu;,'Carol Lancaster, Kevin Morr"isonand Todd Sandie on thge New~ Dev~e1om Agenda ' Pete Plot. onAIDIS in Africa Arican Jornalists onth~te Envronment WORILD % ~ TE NVOLRL D BaANK IN STI T UTE U VOL U ME- ON E, N UMAlBER T WO-U F AL,L 1 99 9 ? Wr saX leX g lg S i W l W W i w N g g g g g | g g g g g g g S 0 0 0 0 g 0 | g g | g W W B, i g 0i00 S, 0 0 gg g g g S S X 2 X a 2 Xg g 0 g 0 g E | g g Z _= a 5 V _ X S Letter from the Editor At first glance, this issue of OUTREACH does not seem to illustrate a san- guine world. Violent conflicts across the globe are killing and displacing civil- ian populations; the young are being recruited to take up arms; and fear and distrust have become a way of life in far too many countries. In these "New Wars," reconciliation means more than just ending the fighting and rebuilding roads and bridges. A fundamental healing of psychological wounds is called for, coupled with a long-term commitment to building social capital and creat- ing economic opportunity. The development community is responding, as illustrated by Nat Colletta and Taies Nezam in our opening article, but more needs to be done. As inspira- tion, we can look to the words of a twelve-year A+ old refugee living in a camp in Skopje, Macedo- nia, who took part in an art exhibit sponsored by the World Bank Institute. The exhibit was the brainchild of Elaine Wolfensohn who sought to bring a ray of hope to the refugee children and - 4 w t F their families by giving them a chance to express -, - their dreams for the future. "The future will be a different, green world-" wrote Marta Sindil in describing her drawing, "a world of life, love, - happiness, and j'oy. The minds and senses of humans are too perfect not to live in a better Melihat Ar ti [it: ~~~~world." Her words are echoed in the illustration on our cover, draxvn by Melihat Arifi (left). 9 years old We include them here to remind us that it is often the dreams of the next generation that give us hope for a better future. In this issue we also take a hard look at development assistance -at what has and has not worked over the past decades, and how it must change to improve the fight against poverty and inequality in the world. Both conditions are major causes of the "New Wars" we describe above, and are illustrated by the recent conflict in Kosovo. Leading specialists agree that fundamental changes -not just tinkering at the edges -are needed, and that this wvill require radical new approaches to ownership and aid coordination, as well as to the allocation of limited resources. Finally, we'd like to thank our readers for the enthusiastic response to our first issue. I join the editorial board in requesting your comments on the ideas covered here, as well as suggestions for future editions. Sc Sc ScScs<Sc ccc- ccc, 'cc Sc'  cc cc cc ith HIV or AIDS. Alreadv in 1997, Nelson .l\landela w,,arned the FEco- Infection rates this high are not seen anysavhere else in the nomic Forurn in Davos: "AII)S kills those on wvhom soci- wvorld. ety relies to grozv, the crops, wvork in the mines and the But AIDS in Africa is more than an epidemic; it is a factories, run the schools and govern nations and coun- massive development catastrophe. (See box). NVlost tries." Today, in manv African countries, AIDS has int'ectious diseases kill ot'f the w7eak - the very yloung and alreadv wiped out major gains in development registered the verly old. HIV targets people in the prime of their over the past decades. But Africa's AIDS d'isaster is onlv wvorking and parenting lives. Around half of all people beginning- millions are int'ected but have not yet veho acquire HIV become infected before they turn 25. started falling ill, and new; infections are occurring at a LI E % - 1 1 I'M F il N T1 ( 1 1 1 'I . ] l - . H 1. 1. 1~ I , 1, 25 A massive development catastrophe rate of around 4 million ayear. This is why Callisto Madavo, Vice President of the World Bank's Africa The human impact of AIDS is almost indescribable - the pro- Region, recently told an AIDS conference in Lusaka, tracted bouts of sickness, the fractured families, the relent- Zambia, that "HIV is now the single greatest threat tco less ritual of funerals, the morgues that no longer even future economic development in Africa." AIDS is not bother to close. These human consequences in -turn are only taking away Africa's present; it is taking away wiping out health, social and economic gains and threaten- Africa's future. ing the future of development in Africa: Contributing to this critical situation is a conspiracy * Because of AIDS, life expectancy has stopped rising and of shame and silence. Though the African epidemic is is in frank decline. In some countries, life expectancy is over two decades old, a stigma still clings to AIDS in receding to levels not seen since the 1960s. many places. Arising from irrational fears of contamina- * AIDS is crippling health systems. In Zimbabwe, 50 per- tion and from the association of AIDS with sex and cent of hospital inpatients have HIV/AIDS symptoms. By death, AIDS stigma not only leads to cruel rejection of 2005, AIDS treatment costs are expected to account for people known to have HIV but chills discussion about miore than a third of all government health spending in the epidemic. And without discussion, there is no way Ethiopia. more than half in Kenya and nearly two-thirds in for communities to become aware of, or take seriously Zimbabwe. the threat of an all-but-invisible virus that can be * Another sector feeling the impact is education. A World spread, unknowingly, by people who feel and look per- Bank study in Tanzania estimated that AIDS vwould kill fectly healthy. Indeed, according to conservative almost 15.000 teachers by the year 2010 and 27.000 by UNAIDS estimates, nine-tenths of those living with 2020. The approximate cost of training replacement HIV do not know they are infected. teachers would be US$ 37.8 million. Politicians have not escaped the conspiracy of * In the private sector. AIDS-related costs, including absen- silence. IMvany remained unwilling to talk about AIDS teeism from work, insurance, and the cost of recruiting . . . even when it was killing members of their ow7n fami- and retraining replacement workers, are eating up as lies. Until recently, some African leaders were still much as one-fifth of all profits. In Zambia. for instance, denying the evidence that an AIDS epidemic was Barclays Bank has been losing 36 employees a year out under way. Now, as the epidemic rages over the con- of some 1.600. ten times the death rate at most US com- tinent, I am encouraged to see a new momentum of panies. public acknowledgement, with African leaders speak- * Households with a family member who has AIDS suffer a i o ing out about HIN', encouraging solidarity wvitl those dramatic decrease in income, consumption and savings. already infected or affected, and openly urging safer in C6te d'lvoire, family spending on school education is forms of sexual behavior. halved and food consumption drops by two-fifths while Breaking the silence is key to sustained nationwide inrdividual expenditures on health care more than quadru- action against the epidemic, as we see from the suc- pie. cesses of countries such as Uganda and Senegal in * AIDS is depriving children of their parents on a histori- battling AIDS. In both cases, early public acknowl- cally unprecedented scale. VVhile the overall rate of . ., edgement of the HIV threat - starting wvith key politi- orphanhood among developing world children used to be cians and other leaders - was combined with frank around 2 percent, today 1 1 percent of all children in information campaigns, sexual health education, con- Uganda and 9 percent in Zambia have been orphaned as dom promotion, and efforts to decrease AlID)S stigma a result of AIDS alone. and help HIV-inlected individuals to live positively. * It is believed that between 1995 and 2005 AIDS will have At the same time, it became understood that AIDS led to a staggering 14.5 percent decrease in Kenya's eco- wvas not just a disease but a development challenge, nomic output. I and therefore the joint responsibility of many different * Economists at the World Bank conservatively estimate sectors (including religious institutions and other parts that countries with high HIV rates will lose ones percent of civil society) - not just a problem for the health oF GDP growth annually. 26 WOL o Bel l !ANKI INAI NSr^1LT K ministry. This comprehensive approach to tackling the Doing more and doing it better epidemic has been rewarded by stable low infection rates We have learned a great deal already from successes in in Senegal and a downturn in what was once a runaway different parts of Africa. Now the challenge is to do epidemic in Uganda. more and do it better, so as to turn the tide everywhere. Other countries have followed suit. Many African leaders are now speaking out on AIDS and making a real * It is essential to engage new sectors and partners in effort to involve all sectors of society in the battle against the fight against AIDS. All sectors stand to suffer the it. In Botswana, a nationwide plan for combating AIDS impact of an out-of-control epidemic, whether an edu- was launched last September by the president, with 80 cation sector where 30 percent of all schoolteachers percent of the funding coming from within the country. are infected, or a defense sector with infection rates of In Lesotho, the AIDS budget has been doubled. In 60 percent in the military. At the same time, all sec- Swaziland, the government declared war on AIDS "not tors have access to various population groups that in words only, but in deeds." Namibia's Cabinet approved they can educate about HIV/AIDS at little extra cost a new national AIDS program, and in South Africa a - the education ministry to schoolchildren, the police new partnership, engaging all sectors of government and and militar,y to the troops, religious institutions to civil society, was initiated last October. The president of their congregations. Africa's private sector, too, can Malawi is about to launch the country's multisectoral play a critical role by providing HIV education for its strategic plan for combating AIDS, the outcome of a bot- workforce and exercising leadership within the wider tom-up consultation process starting with communities. community. International businesses operating in In May 1999, at the annual meeting of African finance Africa are already engaged in HIV prevention. ministers in Addis Abaha, Ethiopia, AIDS was finally Through national business councils on HIV/AIDS, recognized as a development challenge of the greatest Africa-based enterprises are encouraged to learn from magnitude. each others' experience and become the leading play- ers in helping their stakeholders - customers, The international partnership against AIDS in employees and the community - face the challenge of Africa the epidemic. This sea-change in attitude among the continent's leaders gives us a unique opportunity to alter the course of the * A major focus of the new partnership is reaching epidemic. Building on the African momentum, UNAIDS young people and ensuring that they get the informa- and its seven cosponsors have joined forces with African tion, skills and tools they need in order to take protec- governments, donor countries, and pan-African and other tive action. Special attention should be devoted to international organizations to create an International girls, who are vulnerable to HIV for both biological Partnership against AIDS in Africa. The vision of this and cultural reasons. In recent research supported by partnership is to accelerate action by governments, civil UNAIDS, the high infection rates seen in teenage societies and the private sector worldwide so that, within girls - rates many times higher than in boys their the next 5-10 years, all African countries have in place own age - were linked to sex with older men, who all comprehensive national AIDS programs. too often coerce the girls or "huy" their favors with Focusing on national solutions implemented locally, sugar-daddy presents. While alerting young girls to the partnership will create a framework within which this danger, societies must put more pressure on older African and other governments, UN agencies, NGOs and men to stop seeking out and endangering young part- the business community can work together for greater ners. impact. It will thus rely as much as possible on existing global and regional structures. No new bureaucracy will * Stigma is a major obstacle to effective action against be created. AIDS. One of the best ways of combating it is to give AIDS "a human face" through what is called the DEF V E LO0 P M E N T O U T R E A C H F FALL liii 9 9 9 27 Helping the World's Poorest By Jeffrey Sachs M A alaria imposes a fearsome burden on There is no shortage of complexities ahead. The poor countries, the AIDS epidemic an world needs to reconsider the question of property even weightier load. Two-thirds of the rights before patent rights allow rich-country multina- world's 33m individuals infected with the HIV virus tionals in effect to own the genetic codes of the very are sub-Saharan Africans, according to a UN estimate foodstuffs on which the world depends, and even the in 1998. and the figure is rising. About 95 percent of human genome itself. The world also needs to recon- worldwide HIV cases are in the developing world. sider the role of institutions such as the World Health Once again, science is stopping at the ecological Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organiza- divide. tion. These UN bodies should play a vital role in iden- tifying global priorities in health and agriculture, and Rich countries are controlling the epidemic through also in mobilizing private-sector R&D towards globally novel drug treatments that are too expensive, by desired goals. There is no escape from such public- orders of magnitude. for the poorest countries. Vac- private collaboration. cine research, which could prove a cost-effective method of prevention, is dramatically under-funded. Jeffrey Sachs is Director of the Center for Interna- The vaccine research that is being done focuses on tional Development and Professor of International the specific viral strains prevalent in the United Trade at Harvard University. States and Europe, not on those which bedevil Africa and Asia. As in the case of malaria, the potential This is an excerpt from a longer article. (f 1999 The Economist developers of vaccines consider the poor-country Newspaper Group, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Further market to be no market at all. The same, one should reproduction prohibited. wwweconomistcom note, is true for a third worldwide killer. Tuberculosis is still taking the lives of more than 2m poor people a Persons living with HIV/AIDS year and, like malaria and AIDS, would probably be 33.4 million adults living with HIV/AIDS as of end of 1998 susceptible to a vaccine, if anyone cared to invest in p . the effort. , - The poorer countries are not necessarily sitting still as their citizenry dies of AIDS. South Africa is onthe - '-: verge of authorizing the manufacture of AIDS medi- -, cines by South African pharmaceutical companies., despite patents held by American and European firms. The South African government says that, if Adultprevalencerate affordable prices (ones that are high enough to meet 08O0% -32.0% MZ%- 8.0% marginal production costs but do not include the 00.8 %-2,0% tZ0.13%-0.5% F, patent-generated monopoly profits that the drug 0.Iol:3'0 .13% Ui .% - 0.03% companies claim as their return for R&D), then it will WNot available Source: UNAIDS, 1998 simply allow its own firms to manufacture the drugs.-AJDS ; n :f :f;:2:X0: 9:04 :AIDsSidno(v an I Imtti.ltionazlpri"Ority n.7TI'Sll /X}zX7//zo/Y7 patent or no. In a world in which science is a rich- naiztwns. :The W4rI/dBBank las inst laenched aneil' tIrateqyplaztnta country prerogative while the poor continueitoldie, the niceties of intellectual property rights are likely to e new Li cnntubutwn, Intensifying Action Against HIV/AIDS in prove less compelling than social realities. Africa: Responding to Development Crisis. A speclat eieai, the : A/IDS ts7z7zpatq Team forAflrica (ACTa/-riba ic cipearhe, dinq the 0000 0: :9Ai206voreffit: ww. /ldhankorg/aids : 28 WORLD S-NK ISXTITUTh Greater Involvement of People living with HIV/AIDS study, domestic spending on AIDS totalled less than $15 (GIPA). Individuals who have HIV or those who million. Considerably larger amounts must be allocated have lost a family member to AIDS, can help increase from national budgets. For instance, every ministry, the visibility of the epidemic while decreasing the every government department, should have a budget line shame and discomfort associated with the subject. On on AIDS. I have personally encouraged governments to all continents, UNAIDS works to put the GIPA prin- start allocating funds from their military budget to pre- ciple into practice. In an innovative GIPA project in vent high HIV rates among the troops, for example. At Malawi and Zambia, for example, the United Nations the same time, global support needs to be scaled up sig- Volunteers (UNV) recruits openly HIV-positive peo- nificantly. Total spending on AIDS prevention in Africa ple and places them within a host institution, such as a is some $150 million ayear-no more than the annual government department or private company. In addi- budget of a small hospital in Western Europe. tion to performing regular jobs. their mission is to While the Partnership focuses on scaling up make AIDS visible to their co-workers through per- resources and action against the epidemic using cur- sonal testimony and positive example. rently available methods, our best hope ultimately hinges on the development of a successful vaccine. Vaccine U Building again on lessons learnt in Africa and else- research is complex, and developing a safe, effective, where, a final challenge for the new partnership is to and affordable vaccine will take time. However, with so facilitate local partnerships based on community-level many millions of lives at stake, this must remain a top action and locally-set priorities. Communities - priority. whether defined geographically or by shared interest, AIDS spotlights what is strong and weak in humanity: and whether governmental or NGO - are the key to our vulnerability and fears, as well as our strength and sustained action against AIDS. Local partnerships compassion, especially for those less able, or poorer than need encouragement and backing of all kinds, includ- ourselves. Already, too much of Africa will enter the ing a supportive policy environment, and financial twenty-first century watching the gains of the twentieth mechanisms must be designed to channel the neces- evaporate. And the scenario will worsen unless global sary resources to them. leaders work together to invest more, and unless African leaders do more about AIDS and do it better. My hope is Quantum leap in funding needed that the new partnership will mark the turning point for a But the funding currently provided to combat the epi- continent whose massive potential must not be allowed to demic in Africa is grossly inadequate. To do more and do be destroyed by AIDS. U it better requires nothing less than a quantum leap in resources. Dr. Peter Riot P' rexcutie Director of thc Jolint lUnitedNaionn A UNAIDS-funded study of spending on AIDS Proqranz on HII/AIDS. The contrtibutio of Suzanne (Cherney, (largely for prevention) in the developing wvorld has Seniolr Writer at U[NAIDS, tn preparinq tbZi article iM gratefully found that in sub-Saharan Africa only around 10 percent ackno&ledqed. of the funding comes from domestic budgets. In 1997, for instance, for the African countries covered by the Visit: wwwunaids.cim D) E ~ LVL 0QP N¶LE: N T (JL T C E A CI(1 F A L L I 1 999 29 FIVE YEARS AGO, A SEASONED AFRICAN JOURNALIST REMARKED THAT W'HEN REPORTERS IN HIS COUNTRY WvROTE ABOUT THE ENVI RON MENT THE COV\ERAGE SELDOM EXTENDED BEYOND THE GAME PARKS. TODAY, MORE AFRICAN JOURNALISTS SEE THE ENVIRONMENT ASA RICH SPHERE FOR REPORTING. WITH THE ECONOMY, THE CULTURE AND MILLIONS OF INDIVIDUAL LIVELI HOODS TI ED DIRECTLY TO THE NAT- URAL RESOURCE BASE, IT IS NEARLY IMPOSSI- BLE TO REPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND END UP WITH A ONE-DIMENSIONAL STORY. ENTERP'RISE, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY IN\/ARI- ABLY IMPIINGE. SOME REPORTERS HAVE EMBARKED ON AMBITIOUS INVESTIGATIVE P'ROJECTS TO DISCERN THE CAUSES OF ENVI- RONMENTAL DEGRADATION. OTHERS HAVE EXP'LORED THE OFTEN COMPLEX TRADE-OFFS FACING SOCIETIES THAT MUST BALANCE ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN DEVELOI'MENT. THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES WERE WRIT- TEN BY JOURNALISTS PARTICIPATING IN A # WBI SEMINAR ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. -o nh'v at n ling long distances to school was a nightmare for the chil- Conservation dren and not conducive to good education. For those that = < 4 + ps- ~~~~~~~~were 'ill 't meant dying before being seen by a doctor. a ro u n d th e Lack of proper roads also meant that buses would not reach the villages during the rainy season. CA IM PFIRE The amendment of the Parks and Wildlife Act in 1982, paved the way for communities to benefit from their nat- B Y E M M A N U E L K O R O ural resources, which later culminated in the launching of the CAMPFIRE program. Apart from revenue from Z i m ba bwe . wildlife, communities also harvest and sell natural prod- ucts such as crocodile eggs, timber, honey, river sand and Thirteen years ago, Masoka was a community of 'no-hop- ctrils. Thyaeee obin h oenett , . caterpl~~~llars. They are even lobbying the government to ers'. Its people lacked the means of improving their stan- ate M dard of living. Since the introduction of the Communal fit from the sale of minerals found in their area. When Areas Management Program For Indigenous Resources Parks and other protected areas wvere established in the (CAMPFIRE) in 1986, allowing rura communities to Pcolonial era, these communities were evicted from their manage and benefit from their natural resources including homes and told that they were not allowed to harvest wild wildlife, the people of Masoka have built a school, a clinic, animes or tlthat thev had not for turiest To and have purchased a tractor to plough their fields. This als or plants, as they had done for centuries. To make matters worse, they were settled on unproductive land was accomplished with the revenue generated from recre- next to national parks. The animals it became illegal to touch ruined their crops and injured or killed their rela- Villages find hope in CAMPWFIRE tives, friends and livestock from time to time. This year, Masoka community has set aside US$300,000 Tourist hunters benefit the environment... from their hunting proceeds to construct the first ever The cost of living with wildlife clearly outweighed the conventional road to link them with the "rest of the world". "WVe have had the worst transport problems all benefits; hence there was no incentive to practice conser- vation. It was wildlife and the colonial system that bene- our lives. We held a meeting early this year and decided fited from the villagers by feeding on their crops. Villagers that instead of sharing our hunting proceeds per house- bed poache village by een on th ele- hold, we should contribute towards the construction of a ohan poaching from even collabora withele road," says the councilor of the area, Joseph Chisunga. phant poachers from foreign countries. To CAMPFIRE communities this is now history and it is time to shape Since settling in this wildlife-rich area in the early 1950s, thestin ng thre gnd fro the villagers have been walking 50 kilometers to the nearest their own destiny, usmg the revenue generated from the buslatop. "You seen wallkthir,g5( kinf locturer astoka t eart wildlife in their area. "Poaching and illegal hunting have bus stop. "You see all this infrastructure?" MVasoka head- man, Kanyurira asks a group of journalists visiting his stopped completely because everyone in the community is a policeman now. Anyone who comes into the area to hunt area, "None of this was put up by Government. We have had better find a hole to hide himself or the people will get a clinic, school, teacher houses and more," he says. - Masoka's history and present-day life is shared by 36 FIRmE Association. CAM/PFIRE communities. Together they occupy ahouti CAMPFIE comunitie, Togther hey ocupy aotit)ver 90 percent of the revenue earned by rural com- 60 percent of Zimbabwe's total land area. "Up until 1985, Over 90 p ierctl frof foreenu eante bra com-t munities com,es directly from foreign hunters who come to we were a people without hope. Our children were suf- Zimbabwe to hunt etephants, buffaloes, lions or other fering from diseases. There were no schools, no wells, no wild animals. Hunters are considered to be the least envi- clinics. Villagers continually sought help as they were engaed i a espeatestrugle o srviv. Wth CMP- ronmentally) destructive tourists because they have a much engaged in a desperate struggle to survzive. With CAMP- lower impact on the environment than other tourists who FIRE, we now have rulral health centers within easy come to Zimbabwe to see and take photos of its wildlife, reach," says Chief Sinakutenge of Binga District. Travel- the Victoria Falls and the Zimbabwe Ruins. To the recre- D CX'SEL O P M ENT O UTSRE A CH ve F AL L1}Y999 3 1 Department of National Parks and Wildlife MVanagement, - '~~~~~~~~~~ ~~and the World Wide Fund for Nature, CAMIPFIRE rep- resentatives determine the number of animals to be hunted in a year. This process is called quota-setting. Quota-setting allows for sustainable off-take of wildlife available on communal land. The number is agreed on after a census of wildlife in the area. Rural communities are encouraged to undertake their own wildlif censuses. They later hold meetings with parks and wildlife officials, to compare census results and determine sustainable off- take of wildlife in CAMPWFIRE Districts. Communities are proud to be part of the process of training and decision- making in the management of their wildlife. Benefits from the organization and use of this resource have inadc coII- munities more tolerant of elephant incursions on their land. Since the introduction of the CAMPFIRE program, the number of elephants killed in all CAMPFIRE areas for damaging crops dropped from 300 to about 45 annually. ... and the community The CAl\PFIRE experience has shown that the financial incentives derived from wildlife are crucial in changing the way people use and manage wildlife resources. CAMNIPFIRE communities in iMahenye and Mavhurad- hona have set aside agricultural land for elephant reserves ational or sport hunter, the value of the trophy is because they realized that they can get more benefits than immense. Back home, they proudly display their trophies they do from agriculture. In Gaza-komanani, villagers by the fireplace or at the entrances to their homes. NWith a have dug watering-holes and have arranged for the deliv- trophy fee of up to US$12,000 or more depending on the ery of food to elephants in times of drought. CAMPFIRE size of the elephant tusks, together with a daily hunting communities have provided scouts to monitor wildlife and fee of US$1000, one elephant can realize US$33,000 over deter poaching. CAMPFIRE has had such great interna- the course of an average 21-day hunt. CAMPFIRE com- tional appeal that it is now being funded by the US munities generate an average of US$1 million annually. Agency for International Development (USAID). The communities receive 83 percent of this revenue, 2 USAID recently described CAMPFIRE as one of the percent goes to the secretariat of the CAMPFIRE Associ- most successful community-based programmes in Africa. ation, which represents, promotes and serves community CAINNPFIRE has also been endorsed by some of the interests. Fifteen percent goes to the Rural District Coun- world's biggest conservation groups including the WWF cils toxvards administrative costs. A rural family of eight and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. can receive cash dividends from wildlife of up to US$150 Some Southern African countries - Botswana, Mozam- per year. A comfortable payment to guarantee its welfare. bique, Namibia and Zambia have adopted the CAMP- Once threatened with sharp decline through poaching, FIRE conservation approach. This is now benefiting their Zimbabwe's elephant population has increased tremen- advocacy for conservation and development in their rural dously and currently stands at 70,000. This is double the communities.U carrying capacity of the country's ecosystem. About Emmanuwel Koro c. a Zirnbabwveal envcironiinentalj'!uizna/bt azd 16,000 of them roam in communal lands close to wilder- President of the Sub-Saharan Africa Forunlm for Eni,ironinent ness areas. Working together with District Councils, the Coinmmunicators (SAFE) 32 W o R 1 D B A N K I N S T I rF u r Native Forest Goes to 'Land grabbers' BY PHILIP NGUNJIRI Kenya Land speculators, 'f commonly known V - . here as "land grabbers" most of whom are politi- cally connected, ' A have almost won the war in the destruction of Nairobi's only prime indigenous forest, the Karura Forest, a precious natural resource which the city cannot afford to lose; but - is sowly losing. ,_X Nairobi city, ' - along with many ' -. ' other cities in the world, is urbanizing at a rapid rate, but It covers an area of over 1,000 hectares and serves as a the country's powerful politicians, driven by greed, have catchment area for the Thigiri, Karura, Ruiruaka and turned a blind eye to the obvious process of urbanization, Gitathuru rivers on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenya's capi- and are acting without consideration or acknowledgement tal. The forest also acts as an all- important "lung" for the of the environmental factors that are so important to the city, helping to clear the air of the greenhouse gas carbon survival of the nation. dioxide. Comprising a mere 2 percent of Kenya's land area, Despite numerous protests mounted by environmental closed canopy indigenous forests like Karura harbor a dis- and human rights activists, university students, the clergy, proportionately large percentage of the country's biodi- opposition politicians, and even UNEP's Executive Direc- versity, including woody plant species, large mammals, tor, the Kenyan government has sided with the so called birds and butterflies. Karura Forest, which borders the developers. The Minister of Natural Resources was per- United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) mitted to de-gazette several hundred hectares of the headquarters in Nairobi was officially gazetted in 1963 Kiambu, Mt Kenya and Marmanet forests, amidst public when Kenya attained independence from the British. protests over the poor use of the resources. Environmen- D E V E L O P M E N T O U T R E A C H .: F A L L I 9 9 9 33 talists here argue that over 5,000 hectares of official forest the forests in the country. "The wetlands of our country land is excised every year. will have no water, and future generations will be unable Kenya has three types of forests - gazetted forests to grow food."- which are run by the government, communal forests which are held in trust by the respective county councils Philip Aqanjiriid a correspondent itith Inter-Prefo Services in but managed by the Forestry Department, and private aizirobi. forests. Karura forest and the degazetted land is normally hived off to pay political debts. The land always seems to wind up in the hands of politicians who allegedly alreadyThe A frican have huge chunks of it. The destruction of the forest by unknown private developers was made known to the oneybee Kenyan public through the media. The news was broken H er by a Nairobi-based television station, 12 Opposition MPs, o s e s and environmental activists stormed the forests in protest. Land grabbing is now a social disease threatening Eco-Com pass riverbeds and areas reserved for the expansion of roads and protected forests. The exercise which began almost a decade ago was initially confined to the city, but has now spread to smaller towns and villages. The grabbers after they illegally acquire the land, sell it to developers who then construct exclusive recreation Zi m ba bwe facilities, shopping malls, churches, and mosques. Others Abuzzing swarm of bees suddenlydescends on a Communal construct skyscrapers and affluent residential estates to Homestead somewhere in the widely deforested Zvimba District, meet the growing demand for housing. The allocation of laying siege to one of the houses. The aggressive colony of some public lands takes place with the full knowledge and com- 60,000 'destitute' bees finally lodges itself in the chimney after plicity of the government. delivering a series of painful stings to the occupants. No sooner According to Edwin Kabaco of Kabaco and Kabaco has the colony settled into its new home than it is savagely Advocates, "all public land belongs to the people of destroyed with a vengeance by the human occupants, rendering Kenya and the government should only hold it in trust. yet another severe, devastating and costly blow to the environ- The idea behind the de-gazetting policy is untenable. He ment, agriculture and the nutritional needs of the community. says the government may remove the land from the list of officially protected areas. and this happens only when the The bee threat government wants, "maybe to build something like a rail- This disturbing scenario is now common in most country- road or set up a badly needed industrial plant; but not to side communities where the honey-bees have lost their allocate it to individuals," he says. homes due to serious levels of deforestation. The once Environmentalist Wangare Maathai who has been in lush forests in which bees foraged for nectar and pollen the forefront of this battle, says some long term effects of are no more. What now remains is a bare, barren, the rampant deforestation policy include famine, hunger, parched landscape that has driven nature's chemist from diseases as a result of pollution, shortage of electricity and the nooks that were once its haunts. Now, the lure of water. "The negative impact of the ongoing destruction of small orchards, ornamental flowers and the availability of the forests and ecology is slow, and we may be considered water at human residences are exposing the invaluable alarmists," she cautions; "but it is real and we will have to insect to a large-scale destruction, if not extinction. This face it when it comes. She adds that the drying up of lake destitute situation has brought colonies of bees into direct Nakuru, in the Rift valley, famous for its water birds such confrontation with humans, who tend to view them as a as the flamingoes, are sure results of the degradation of public enemy, a killer rather than an insect of great eco- 34 W o R L D B A N K I N S T I T u T E nomic importance. pollination of crops and natural vegetation, let alone the Department of production of nutritious honey and by-products such as Agriculture Exten- beeswax for the candle and furniture industries, bee- sion Services Bee pollen for asthma and allergies, and for the central ner- .Expert, Ms. Betty vous system and general immune system, the economic Binr, says her office value of which is far greater than imagined. The Zim- is handling two to babwe Beekeepers Council says bees account for about 85 three cases a week percent of pollination in crops, fruits and vegetables and of home invasions in Zimbabwe there are simply not enough bees to provide - t by bees. The adequate pollination for the extensive demands of com- majority of cases, mercial farming. The Secretary of the Bee-Keepers Coun- however, go unre- cil, Mr. Michael Schmoike said in a recent publication .; . ported. It is under that the shortage of honey bees in Zimbabwe was such circumstances like that some beekeepers are having to forego honey produc- these that honey tion in order to offer a pollinating service whereby hives 4 bees are wantonly are hired out for certain periods. "Pollination of crops by destroyed as people bees is becoming a growing multi-million dollar industry choose to dislodge the insect on their own. and an integral part of agriculture. Bees should be seen as In 1996, a colony of bees was destroyed in Tengwe, a an important input in the whole production process, large-scale farming area, after it had invaded the farm rather like a fertilizer," says Schmoike. The South homestead and went on to sting to death six ostriches, val- Africa's agriculture industry which understands and ued at Z$30,000 (US $800). In almost the same period, applies the concept, is reportedly experiencing crop fail- another swarm in Zvimba district invaded a homestead ures costing the country R700m (Z$420m) per annum and stung to death 36 chickens and three goats all valued since 1993, following the loss of 87,000 colonies after an at Z$3,000 (US $80). The swarm was mercilessly outbreak of diseases and pests. destroyed. In Chinhoyi Urban, about 115km north of the Ironically in Zimbabwe the same agricultural industry Zimbabwe capital, Harare, similar confrontations are that benefits so immensely from honeybee pollination is imminent as residents share their homes with bees either poisoning and killing the beneficial insect through indis- lodged in their chimneys, or ceilings. A local high school criminate and excessive use of pesticides. In 1997, bee- was forced to vacate two classrooms after they were keepers in Hombwe communal farming area raised the invaded by a formidable colony of bees. This problem alarm when they started observing honeybees dying in seems not to be a Zimbabwean problem alone as indicated their cotton fields shortly after spraying chemicals. by a recent Reuters story headed "Bees Colonize Los Despite their appeal for eco-friendly biological control Angeles" carried in the Zimbabwe daily newspaper, The measures for the various pests and weeds in their fields, Herald (April 10). According to the article "Africanized nothing has been done to rectify the situation. Today honey bees are being viewed as a new 'woe' and 'killer' in locals testify that the bee population is dwindling, and Los Angeles in addition to common catastrophes like some of their own beehives are empty shells. It is ironic earthquakes, mudslides and fires. Sadly, the invading that the same honeybees that are so critical to the agricul- honey bees in Los Angeles have killed 5 people so far; but ture industry whose products sometimes end up in the it all boils down to a fight for survival." European markets, are being labeled in Los Angeles a 'killer' and 'woe.' At the same time that there are calls in The threatened bee Europe against genetically engineered food products, the The increasing confrontation between bees and human natural forces that make available natural food like honey beings seems to indicate that the bee will remain an are under threat. U endangered species locally and globally, as long as people remain ignorant of the fundamental role of bees in the Agrippa Panrtu,ani iJ afjroruraliJt iit3 tle Zinhahwe Information Service 35 a a ^ ula and teaching materials, and 53 information technology in schools, T urkey's schools were identified as Com- the review assumed the continu- puter Experimental Schools ance of the project and concen- * - (CES), where information tech- trated on areas of challenge and Link Up nology would be integrated with improvement. the teaching-learning process to facilitate education. The number Technology in the classroom BY CE M A L AR D I L of CES schools across the country - the project in operation is now 182. The computer laboratories in the Edirne, Turkey- The role of pilot schools are being used regu- * * information technology in educa- Preparing for change larly todav, some of them remark- tion is being continuously tested In August 1992, a special unit was ably xvell. The ones which have today in nations across the world, created within the General Direc- been slow to come to full opera- each with its unique learning torate of Computer Education and tion, are those which did not have cnvironment and culture. In Services to take responsibility for trained computer teachers. Oth- Turkey, the Computer Experi- the CES project in November the ers, despite similar problems, have a. a mental School (CBS) project, same year. The group's first task managed to progress significantly. conducted together with World ieqa'idsaft was to acquire qualified staff to By now, approximately 250 teach- Links for Development (WorLD), implement and support CES. For ers have been trained in the use of is a dynamic example of the coun- this it sought the involvement of computers and educational soft- try's commitment to opening up graduate students from local uni- ware. Eleven months after the educational opportunities to a versities and high school teachers implementation, a mid-term wider population and accelerating with experience and interest in review of the project found that human capital development. In computers and information tech- administrators, teachers and stu- the past two decades, Turkey has nology. A specialist wvas brought dents were all enthusiastically and made major efforts to establish an in to evaluate and select educa- creatively using the equipment education system capable of pro- tional software, and special train- and softvare. At the same time, viding young men and women ing fellowships were offered to the schools xvere serxving their with the broad range of knowl- selected teachers and administra- communities in a variety of ways: edge and skills required to meet tors working with the project. By as model and demonstration present-day job market needs. By mid -1995, a draft of specifications schools, as teacher training cen- 1989 the country's adult literacy including hardware, software, ters, as advisors for parents want- rate had reached an estimated 70 courseware, staffing needs and ing to purchase computers for percent (of whom 49 percent are training outlines was complete, their homes, and as a source of female), and enrollment in pri- the soft-ware evaluation consultant inspiration to other schools out- mary education had gone up to 97 9was in place, and the fellowship side the project. The CES model percent. trainees wxere in a university in the was being adopted by some of the Since then, the government has United States. By the end of the non-CES schools. Trained teach- sought assistance to introduce a year, firms which were to provide ers from the CES schools were number of projects aimed at hardware and softwvare to the actively involved in helping to improving the quality of educa- schools had been selected and the equip laboratories and train staff tion. These include up-grading the CES project was on its way. As in similar voluntary projects in curricula and instructional materi- the project was due for comple- non-CES schools. als, revising student achievement tion in June 1997, a reviev was tests, improving the teacher train- planned late enough in the imple- ThlI Li an excerptfrom the, article, ing system, and increasing the mentation phase to isolate the 'WorLD Project in Turkey, "available research component in education, lessons from the experiment, but on the s'eldite of the International Txvo hundred schools xvere in time for any corrective mea- Inititute for Communication and equipped to xvork as curriculum sures to be initiated. XWith Development, at: vwviv.icd.orq laboratories to test the new curric- Turkey's open commitment to 36 W o R L D B A N K I N S T I T U T E Promoting the high level of unemployment in ment by itself, it will not be suffi- E- g the Strip) even though this would ci ent for sustainable development. Environmental almost certainly have adverse If we are thinking of an empower- Sustainability: long-term implications." ing participation of local commu- An Evaluation Robin T" ite, Israel/Palestine Center nities in the development process, of th n _e U ordfor Research and Injrnrmation we, as development practitioners, of the World need to have a different thinking Bank's Perfor- "Humanity must learn to live framework that would enable us mance within the limitations of the bio- to effectively communicate with Excerpts from the Development physical environment. ES means local communities." Forum dialogue that the natural capital must be Desta zifebratad, l7VEconoinic Corn- maintained, both as a provider of ins.sdonfrAfrzca ,, think the problem of cost in inputs (sources), and as a sink for wastes. This means holding the Developmnent For'un, the online didcus- impact assessment should not be a scale of the human economic sub- ,'ioz comnponent of the lf7orld Bank's problem if the primaly or key .. ..... . stahoblder arthe primarticipa . system within the blophysical limits uebdite bosts an ongoin .series + 9dia- of the overall ecosystem on which it Loqiued among tnetniers of the develop- the true sense of the w ord and not the true snedepends. ES needs sustainable con- r,zezzt eomnunity on key iddZZec. To nominal and passive participants.co- enoakyise.T nomonel shoud bassve paricipary. o sumption by a stable population." acces.s the entire mzeddasqed from thd No one should be a beneficiary of Rbr oda ,T2 'rdak dawe vfa.,rdakoq a cooked up model developed o elsewhere by experts from pre- "The World Bank should focus conceived models. These models "h ol aksol ou oriedeveloped bydels. inese aoda more on one of the key pillars of are developed by experts Insustainability - that of sustain- T guage that is alien to the people ability of successful project/pro- reach a unique international which are supposed to benefit." 'audence ot business leaders, RubenMktartinez, Philippined gram activities beyond Bank policy makers, government officials, involvement. Too often sustain- academics, economic journalists, "The problems of pollution, con- ability is defined in research institutions, and civic technical/social/other terms and organizations gestion and poor air quality In gest-on adpothe key issues related to sustain- Jakarta are well known, not to , advertise in spako poo saiato an lack ing efforts bey7ond the life-of-pro- avriei Ject/program are not addressed of drinking water in the poorer sections of the city. During these nearly 35 years what role did the and implementation. Unless there eB play in contributing to the are monetary resources available i~~~~~~~~~bynd conktfinancing, ato thes he l - El A C. H .l ,.. present environmentally unsus- beyond Bank financing, activities taiable situation?" are prone to wither away. In this Sa6u George, Indonesia respect, the Bank's role as a cata- Development Outreach is a flagship magazine lyst is important." in the field of global knowledge for develop- "It is not necessarily the case that Amit Bando, UnTited States ment which reflects a range of viewpoints by atlthe 11 grass roots" the people renowned authors and specialists world- atom the " rooetis" ntheripeo tl "Most of you have emphasized the wide. It is published quarterly, and distrib- w.hom the project iS intended to benefit are environmentally importance of local community uted to 26,000 readers in more than 130 aware. For exame iparticipation in the decision-mak- countries. An online version is available on the aware. For example it iS quite ing process. In my opinion, par- internet:http//www.worldbank.org/devoutreach. possible that most Palestinians ticipation within the current would happily see large hotels For advertising rates, deadlines, and general offering employment opportuni- dominant framework of develop- information contact Mary McNeil, Editor at ties built on the last few kilome- ment thinking would not go (202) 473-3861, or send an email to: develop- ties ofit opn coe lastlnew kinlGaz beyond co-optation at best. While mentoutreach@worldbank.org ters of open coastline in Gaza thsianncenalmpoe (and who can blame them given DEVELOPMENT O'ITREACH - FALL 199J 37 International Development Research Centre in Ottawa, Canada wwvw. bell anet. org 0 iicd Education Development Center (EDC) designs curricula and other educational tools and systems, and The Association for Progressive works to improve the conditions for Communications (APC) is the learning. EDC manages projects ticipate in decision making world's most extensive network of focusing on nutrition, environmen- processes. IICD acts as an inde- Internet providers dedicated to tal protection, substance abuse, and pendent broker between countries serving non governmental organiza- injury, violence, and diseasc pre- in development and the stakehold- tions (NGOs) and citizen activists. vention, and collaborates with com- ers that drive the international matr- Since 1987, APC members have munities, institutions, and ket of ICTs to assist kev plavers in been providing fast, reliable, easy to governmenits to create environ- developing countries to obtain use communication tools. Today ments in which ongoing learning is access to ICT markets, and become APC is a nonprofit association of 25 valued and nurtured. lvd d k member networks working together www.edc.org processes. to provide online organizing and p r cds. o collaboration tools and skills for civil society. APC goes beyond the 'N}'Ut The Third XVorld Network is an hardware and software to support . independent non-profit interna- the people and organizations work- . tional netvork of organizations and * ing together worldwide for social, u individuals involved in issues relat- environmental and economic justice. - U ing to development, the Third www.apc.org VWorld and North- South issues. Its Bellaniet objectives are to conduct research .pp.inras-ti ENGENDER (Center for Envi- on economic, social and environ- ronment, Gender and Develop- mental issues pertaining to the s:Xor^, ogl<+ ment) is an independent South; to publish books and maga- -u * ~~~~~~~~~. ~~organization with a non-profit phi- S - - inganization Asi a. visionofit phz- zines; to organize and participate in tg$, F'iA- Al loopy wokn. As'a. It viio -_ : --losophy,'workmng ln asla.Its vlslon seminars; and to provide a platform is to engender sustainable commu- representing broadly Southern nities in a region where livelihoods, interests and perspectives at inter- health and habitats have been criti- national fora such as the UN con- cally affected by rapid developmen- ferences and processes. Bellanet is an international initia- tal changes. ENGENDER engages www.twnside.org.sg tive with a mission to increase the in innovative thinking and strategic impact of development program- applications in three key areas: V ming. It fosters inter-agency col- sustainable livelihood, sustainable ii 1ElROUMDw laboration through more effective health, sustainable habitats. use of information and communica- www.engender.org.sg tion technologies. Bellanet's activi- ties are geared towards the The International Institute for . following objectives: identifying Communication and Development .- and solving problems that hinder (IICD) envisages a world in which v- 0 - effective inter-agency collaboration, developing countries will have building capacity to use ICTs to col- unrestricted access to information Te.e silte.' isyerecul/led/ifrm ale Global laborate more effectively, and cap- and communication Kuw1'Icc'qc Actii'it Iiikwiiia/iaii JIaii- turing and disseminating lessons technologies (ICTs) to gather infor- qelncenln Systlem, el: /'tp://qkaimns.la/- learned. Bellanet is housed at the mation, acquire knowledge and par- al/knlmeaIjqe.sory 38 LIA NK NS'I L TI> LCOJ,aUnd ,)c Oli Lc lric by Thkmas L. this book is aimed, these criticisms are account of both the upside and down- Friedman. Nes' York, NY Farrar, Straui irrelevant. Friedman provides an enor- side of globalization in his description and Girocx;, 1999 mously interesting and reader-friendly of Bangkok encapsulated in the phrase account of what is clearly a very impor- "rich city, poor life". Bangkok is also a This book is about globalization and its tant, if not the most important, trend in suitable example because it grew rich discontents. The metaphor of the Lexus the world today. He has documented on one of the benefits of globalization, - the well-known Japanese luxury car the origins, driving forces, and impact the easy entry of foreign capital, and - is used to denote the "burgeoning of this trend both with a journalist's then was devastated by one of the risks global markets, financial institutions and feel for the telling detail and the of globalization, the ability of private computer technologies" which are com- insightful anecdote and a cultural histo- finance to withdraw rapidly and in monly associated with globalization rian's grasp of the overarching struc- herd-like fashion. while the metaphor of the olive tree - a ture within which everything fits. On the whole, Friedman is opti- symbol of the struggle over land in mistic about globalization. He sees it Palestine - is used to denote "everything as ultimately resulting in freer markets that roots us, anchors us, identifies us and more democratic politics, both of and locates us in the world" or the resis- l which tendencies are to be preferred to tance to globalization emerging from _ _ the alternatives. As for the risks, he tradition, community and local interests, suggests ways of organizing economies The book ranges over a vast body ofl and polities that should lead to a reduc- ideas and trends, encompassing eco- tion of the relevant risks and better nomics, technological development, ways of managing crises once these and international relations. Economics occur. For example, in the geo-eco- provides the incentive for globalization - nomic area, he suggests a four step -competition and the drive for profits h,5 L reform process for borrowing coun- have made global production, trade tries. The first is to implement eco- and finance a necessity. Technological -- * RR A N nomic reforms aimed at fiscal development is what enables globaliza- U IMNI belt-tightening, better exchange rate tion - advances in communications management, prudential regulation and and information technology enable improved monitoring and enforcement business to be done virtually anywhere in the financial sector, and the break-up in the world and not necessarily within of industrial and financial oligopolies. close physical proximity to owners and The book expounds upon the The second step is to make it easier, not managers. International relations are promise as well as the pitfalls of global- more difficult, for global investors to affected to the extent that the calculus ization. It documents various positive operate locally; he sees this both as a of alliances and war is increasingly transformations associated with global- barometer of confidence and a tool to defined by global business relations ization: how money and technology instill competitive discipline in the local and interests. Indeed, the author move quickly around the world creat- economy. The third step is to under- argues that globalization has replaced ing jobs and income and increasing take governance reforms so that cor- the Cold War system as the dominant productivity, how communications ruption may be reduced and the rule of organizing principle in the world today. technology is democratizing the fields law enhanced in the medium to long Given the scope of the book, it is not of finance and investment by making run. The fourth step is to ensure that surprising that it has attracted a lot of information available to a much larger adequate safety nets are in place to comment. Roaming as it does over the group of people than ever before, and protect the poor while the various minefields of international economics, how shared business interests globally reforms are being implemented. This politics and culture, it is bound to are reducing the likelihood of serious agenda is similar to that of the IMF attract criticism from specialists who conflicts. At the same time, Friedman and the World Bank in developing may feel that conmplex issues have been is sensitive to the negative impact of countries and this reviewer, at least, over-simplified, alternative views have globalization, to the threat of erosion finds it both consistent and sound. been ignored and, in general, depth has (and possibly extinction) faced by local been sacrificed for breadth. However, industries, communities, cultures and Earrtakh Iqbal, Lead Econointet, The World for the generalist audience at whom ecologies. There is a fascinating Bank Institute D EV ' EL O P M E N T (IT R EA C i- F ALL I 9 ') 9 39 Ttrbo-Capitalwiz: Winizea) nrod Lo,fer.n UZ "Everyvhere it reaches, turbo- widespread criticism of the World Ike Gio/az Piconozmy by Edvard Lattw'ak. capitalism generates new wealth from Trade Organization encountered in zNeiv York, NY. Harper Collins, 1999 all the resources released by the com- labor and NGO circles in both North petition-powered destruction of inef- and South. And no less a financial Edward Luttwak has taken a hard ficient practices, firms and entire wizard than George Soros, whose look at globalization, and he does not industries that were previously state- success in bringing national curren- like what he sees. owned, or subsidized, or protected by cies to their knees makes him almost Luttwak, best known as a histo- regulations or tariffs. Also destroyed, the poster child of turbo-capitalism, rian and analyst of military and polit- of course, are the secure jobs of the has worried publicly about the long- ical strategy, has turned his focus in employees they once sheltered, while term social and human effects of his latest book to the global spread of at the same time the architects and unfettered global capitalism. a new, unfettered form of "American beneficiaries of change enrich them- Yet one could have hoped that, in style" capitalism, and the economic, selves at an unprecedented rate, on producing a full-length book on the social and an unprecedented scale". subject, Luttwak might have mus- political per- In Luttwak's analysis, turbo-capi- tered the arguments and evidence for _ ils it purport- talism is contrasted to an older, more such concerns and a coherent strat- TheHidden Effects feMarketapitsm edly causes. benign form of "controlled capital- egy for tempering the ill effects of "Turbo-capi- ism" that prevailed throughout the turbo-capitalism without stifling its talism", as post-World War II period until innovative and wealth-producing CAPITALISM ^ Luttwak recently, where institutions (primar- effects. Such guidance might espe- CAPS ITALISM .christens it, ily national governments), laws and cially have been helpful to those in WINNERS AND LOSERS is character- regulations tempered the most severe international institutions, including IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ized by the forms of capitalist competition and the World Bank, who seek to help progressive cushioned the harsher social effects developing countries balance growth EDWARD LUTTWAK dismantling of that competition. Turbo-capitalism and equity, to embrace the global AL of govern- may lead to innovation and new economy without being destroyed by ment regula- forms of wealth, but it increases it. Readers of this book will be disap- tion of the economy, global mobility income inequality, cripples the ability pointed to discover that it is really an of capital, information and other fac- of governments to cushion their citi- overly-long essay, discursive and fre- tors of production (facilitated by new zens against economic reversals, quently suggestive without either technologies), a ruthless devotion to erodes the social fabric by reducing rigor or concrete solutions. The the bottom line at the expense of the all relations to transactions and all provocative diagnosis is not accompa- social underpinnings of stable soci- citizens to consumers, and thus risks nied by even the vaguest hints of a eties and markets, and a progressive eroding the social bases on which strategy (a word, and a concept, nor- transformation of all human interac- capitalism itself is built. mally dear to Luttwak). to combat it. tions into commercial interactions. Luttwak is certainly not the first to Other than a vague nostalgia for an T'urbo-capitalism had its origins, he raise questions and concerns about earlier, more genteel form of capital- argues, in the United States and the the long-term social, political and ism, Luttwak offers no vision on how UJnited Kingdom in the 1980s, but it even economic impact on a global to respond to the challenges and dan- is now spreading like a virus across scale of the trend toward global open gers he articulates. t1he planet, with a destructive force markets and the peculiarly intense tnat creates some new opportunities and unforgiving brand of global capi- Kerry Stephen .lcN'aInara, Sr. Kno'ledge at the cost of many new inequalities. talism we have witnessed in the 90s. Alanaqeinent Officel; The Iforl) Bank In Luttwak's words: These concerns are at the core of the Institute 40 w o R RL 1) 13 A N K I Y S 'I I I' U T 1 Should you be there? GKI The Second Global Knowledge Conference Building Knowledge Societies: Access - Empowerment - Governance The Global Knowledge Forum.. .a forum to raise awareness and identify critical issues and best practices for addressing the challenges of access, empowerment, and good governance The Knowledge Fair... a showcase of best practices, lessons from the field, new technologies and tools, for using knowledge and information to address development challenges A GKP Action Summit.. .a summit of current and prospective member organizations of the Global Knowledge partnership and interested individuals for discussion and strategic action planning to promote partnerships for action Hosted by the Government of Malaysia and the Global Knowledge Partnership Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 7-10, 2000 www.global knowledge.org. my 1st International Workshop on Innovative Marketing Communications (11MC-1): Promoting and Selling Training in the New Millennium Cairo, Egypt: February 26 - March 4, 2000 m 4 gX WOORLDO BANK Empo w e rmen t l IN STITUTE Amercan rs,Po- eteet University Center in Cairo World Banik Institute (WBI)/the World Bank, in collaboration with the Institute of Management Development of the American University in Cairo (IMD/AUC) and SPAAC Humnan Empowerment Center, will organize this IMC-1 workshop as a collaborative learning opportunity for training executives, managers and planners to discuss and master innovative strategies, methods and tools for the promotion and selling of training services and products, in the context of cost-recov- ery efforts and ensuring program sustainability and financial viability of training institutions. Through "state-of-the-art' presentationis, peer-based learning methods, end case-method analysis, workshop participants will be expected to improve their conceptual know-how and practical skills in developing creative and cost-effective marketing communication approaches, including publicity and sales promotional techniques, especially for fee-based training courses and learning materials. For further information on this Workshop, please contact: Ms. Rosa L. Abdel Malek Dr. Ronny Adhikarya SPAAC World Bank Institute (WBI) Human Empowerment Center The World Bank 21 Ahmed Heshmat St., Zamalek 1818 H Street, N.W. Cairo 11211, EGYPT Washington, DC 20433, USA Phone: (20-2) 340-8160 Phone: (1-202) 473-0305 Fax: (20-2) 340-4338 Fax: (1-202) 522-1492 E-mail: spaac@ritsecl.com.eg E-mail: radhikarya@worldbank.org Or visit the workshop Website at: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/imc-1 Workshop Sponsors - (0 MobiN m* Official CourierD.Ip -' Organbatba~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C _lDEVELOPIMENT ( Sbridging knowledge and policy X* -; a00i *f ; 0 0.0 1,.. * -~~~~~ M~0 - E .-. Urban and City Management Courses T he World Bank Institute will be offering a series of courses j Metropolitan issues aimed at exposing city managers, planners, and Local-level J Urban financiaL management: Budgeting and participation policymakers to a broad set of complex urban issues, and I Urban financiaL management: Revenue aising providing the necessary toots to address them. Courses will be offered in BrasiLia, Brazil (August 1999), in partnership j Land and real estate markets with the Escola de Administracao Fazendaria and the Instituto de J Urban poverty Pesquisa Economica Aplicada; Buenos Aires, Argentina (November Cj City strategy, corporate vision, and governance 1999), with the Universidad de Buenos Aires; Goa, India (January 13 Private sector involvement in the provision of public 2000), with the National Institute of Urban Affairs, the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, and the National Council services for Applied Economic Research; and Singapore (March 2000). Par- ZJ Urban environment and sustainable deveLopment ticipant selection wilL be based on [evels of expertise and insight 3 Urban transport and metropolitan development into key challenges. I3 CLosing the loop: Next steps Courses generaLLy comprise ten moduLes, incLuding anaLytical For more information, please contact Jennifer Clark vio email at framework and case studies: jclark2@worldbankorg or viafax at +1-202-334-8350.