RESULTS IN THE LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN REGION 2016 Volume 7 RESULTS IN THE LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN REGION Printed in: Washington, D.C., by The World Bank Group Produced by: The Latin America and Caribbean Regional Operations Unit in collaboration with the Latin America and Caribbean External Communications Unit Editor: Eric Palladini Design: Miguel Barreto Cover photos: World Bank Collection April 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS i Foreword ARGENTINA 1 Preventing Floods in Argentina’s Cities 10 Argentina Focuses on Climate Change BARBADOS 15 Barbados Improves its Response to HIV/AIDS BRAZIL 19 Innovations in Natural Resources Management and Basic Services Delivery in Amazonas 25 Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Building Capacity in Brazil 30 Reducing Rural Poverty in Paraíba COLOMBIA 34 An Innovative Approach to Restoring Habitats in Colombia 40 Colombia Consolidates its National Public Management Information Systems 45 Bogotá Reduces its Vulnerability to Natural Hazards GUATEMALA 50 Rural Producers in Guatemala Improve their Productivity and Incomes GUYANA 57 Guyana Improves Teacher Education NICARAGUA 61 Expanding Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Rural Nicaragua 65 Improving the Road Network in Nicaragua 70 Nicaraguan Farmers Improve their Productivity PANAMA 76 Improving Maternal and Child Health Care in Panama’s Rural Areas 80 Productive Alliances Reduce Economic Disparities in Panama PERU 86 Peru Reduces Poverty and Enhances Social Inclusion FOREWORD Over the last decade, the countries of the Latin America and the Caribbean region experienced a deep economic and social transformation which lifted millions out of poverty and swelled the ranks of the middle class. Strong economic growth driven by both domestic reforms and a favorable global economic environment, was responsible for this progress. Complementary social programs, made possible by growing fiscal space, helped finance programs that supported the poor and disadvantaged. Economic tailwinds have now receded and much of the region is now working to hold on to the recent economic and social gains. Governments are having to adjust to the new global conditions which an increasing number of analysts are regarding as “the new normal”. This means that the region will need to work harder to (i) revive economic growth through productivity gains and stable macroeconomic policies; (ii) invest in sustainable cities and infrastructure for an increasingly urban population; and (iii) help the poor get out of poverty through quality education and health services and affordable social protection programs. The results stories contained in this booklet illustrate some of these efforts. From investing in learning and education to empowering women and improving access to basic services by poor communities, they tell the stories of Latin American and Caribbean people whose lives have been improved by the World Bank’s joint work with governments and civil stakeholders. In Nicaragua, for example, safe water has become a staple in the lives of thousands of rural inhabitants a simple enough fact that nevertheless reduces poverty by helping them save time and money. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project provided over 120,000 Nicaraguans with this precious resource, as well as sanitation services, on a sustained basis. The testimony of one beneficiary sums it up: “We used to walk to the spring to get water – it took about an hour.” Another telling example is the case of Juana Bravo Mateo, a coffee farmer in Guatemala. Thanks to a Bank-supported rural development program, she has acquired the skills to take on a bigger role in coffee production, which by her own account, was something that only men used to do in the past: “Now, we women know how to do all of that.” Similarly, a fruit business in impoverished Northeastern Brazil grew from a small community shop to a multiple-service operation employing over 200 people, following an initiative to improve infrastructure and production facilities. According to community leader Luciana Balbino, this initiative reduced migration to cities because it helped local youth learn new skills, which improved their business and personal connections to the community. These stories are just a glimpse of what we can all achieve on the ground while working in collaboration and partnership. But more importantly, they show that notwithstanding the occasional bump in the road, the governments and people of the Latin American and Caribbean region continue to pursue the goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Jorge Familiar Calderon Regional Vice President Latin America and Caribbean Region World Bank Group PAGE X Wetlands in Paraná river. Photo: Province of Santa Fe Government ARGENTINA PREVENTING FLOODS IN ARGENTINA’S CITIES Argentina is reducing the vulnerability of cities to floods by strengthening their capacity to reduce the risk of inundations, implementing a housing program for lowest-income populations living in urban flood-prone areas, and improving defenses in areas with strong economic activity and vulnerability to recurrent flooding. Institutions, businesses, and communities in the provinces of Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, and Santa Fe will be able to improve urban planning and development and to prevent, mitigate, and respond to flooding. A CHALLENGE Flooding is the major natural hazard in Argentina. RGENTINA Floods have resulted in loss of life and livelihoods, IS AMONG and other large-scale economic impacts. Argentina THE TOP is among the top ten emerging economies with the highest flood hazard exposure. Unsustainable TEN EMERGING urban planning and territorial management ECONOMIES WITH practices, in addition to climate change impacts, THE HIGHEST FLOOD have increased exposure of people and assets to HAZARD EXPOSURE. floods. Five of the eleven major floods since 1957 PAGE 1 have caused direct damage of between US$1.2 The project’s approach included: billion (in 2003) and US$ 3.3 billion (2001). The • Structural and non-structural flood Paraná-Paraguay river basin is Argentina’s most management measures, including physical and at-risk area for flooding. It is also home to some institutional components. of the country’s most developed agricultural and industrial areas. In 1993, major flooding caused • A demand driven approach. by the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena • A pipeline of sub-projects ready for inundated about 3 million hectares in the Paraná- implementation. Paraguay river basin, and led to the evacuation of approximately 100,000 people. • A low risk implementation framework. • A clear management framework including SOLUTION attention to long term sustainability of project The World Bank-financed Urban Flood Prevention results. and Drainage Project was designed to improve disaster risk management through improved The project integrated selected structural and urban and territorial planning, and fund flood non-structural measures to improve resilience not mitigation investments to protect households from only through physical investments and increased disaster-induced poverty. The project supported protection levels, but also by moving the region the development of a series of significant non- towards a risk prevention approach. structural measures including legal norms for land use planning, land use planning tools, contingency RESULTS plans and a resettlement plan. The project also The project reduced the vulnerability to flooding in aimed at protecting people and land against the provinces of Santa Fe, Chaco, Corrientes, and flooding, through the construction of drainage Entre Rios. These provinces developed land use infrastructure, control works, and pumping tools and acquired risk management knowledge stations, including both stand-alone elements and to strengthen their flood emergency and risk others to complement existing infrastructure built reduction capacity. Eight municipalities published under previous World Bank financed projects. PAGE 2 ordinances with information on risk and land uses. staff are now full-time employees of the respective Approximately 3.6 million people are now covered provinces, with a corresponding positive impact and protected by flood risk contingency plans. on institutionalization of risk management and capacity to develop new projects in the provinces. The project had a direct focus on strengthening The PIUs have become well integrated into the institutional flood risk management. Apart provincial government structure in all three from this, the capacity built by the project provinces, under the Ministry of Housing and implementation units (PIUs) at the provincial Finance in Corrientes, the provincial water and national levels over a 20-year program of authority in Chaco, and the Ministry of the Bank engagement for flood management in the Economy in Santa Fe. region is significant. The great majority of PIU PAGE 3 The project successfully strengthened flood affected 40,000 people in the area. By contrast, defenses in areas with strong economic activity in 2013, when the Paraná River rose to levels and vulnerability to recurrent flooding. The project similar to those in 1966, the rising water did not directly contributed to the protection of 445,000 result in any flooding in the center of Resistencia people and 4,570 hectares of land through the nor did it affect any of the center’s residents. The construction of pluvial drainage, pumping stations, project’s resettlement plan for 270 poor families and fluvial defense works. (932 individuals) living in flood-prone areas of Resistencia was recognized for its exceptional In the Greater Resistencia Metropolitan Area, quality and considered an example of best practice. the infrastructure works significantly contributed to increasing the system’s capacity to protect In Cayasta, the project protected, through fluvial against flooding. In 1996 a catastrophic flood had defense works, the city center and the adjacent PAGE 4 T the extension of the sanitation network by doubling HE PROJECT the number of sanitation connections (benefiting 2,700 new families). DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTED TO WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION THE PROTECTION OF Argentina’s flood management approach in the 445,000 PEOPLE AND 1990s focused on reconstruction of damaged 4,570 HECTARES OF infrastructure. However, over time and with Bank LAND THROUGH THE support, this gradually shifted from pure recovery CONSTRUCTION OF and emergency response toward a more integrated PLUVIAL DRAINAGE, flood risk management approach. PUMPING STATIONS, AND FLUVIAL Argentina developed, with the support of the 1993-1998 Flood Rehabilitation Project, a water DEFENSE WORKS. basin management study that generated a flood risk management strategy for the Paraná-Paraguay archaeological park of the old city of Santa Fe, River Basin covering the seven littoral provinces. which is a National Historic Monument and a This strategy was then used to design the UNESCO World Heritage Site candidate. The activities of the 1997-2006 Bank-financed Flood park is home to the Museum of Discovery and Protection Project. However, the flood of 1998 Population of the La Plata River, which is part of and the macroeconomic meltdown of 2001 slowed the Ethnographic Museum of the modern city of project implementation and redirected funds to Santa Fe. health programs. The government requested a second stage of the Flood Protection Project to In Gobernador Virasoro, the project financed continue the complex and complicated flood risk structural works to reduce flooding through management process. The Bank responded with a drainage works. The project also supported the loan to improve disaster risk management through improvement of the sanitary conditions through improved urban and territorial planning, and flood PAGE 5 mitigation investments to protect households from measures, including physical and institutional disaster-induced poverty. The first Urban Flood components. It continued the implementation Prevention and Drainage Project (2005-2012) of the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin strategy focused on the city of Buenos Aires. The second and expanded coverage to a broader region. The Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Project provincial risk management strategies initiated (2008-2014) built on priority activities identified by under the Flood Protection Project, PPI achieved the water basin management study and integrated positive results in risk identification and mitigation. structural and non-structural flood management PARTNERS The government of Argentina contributed US$ 21 million to the project. The project was implemented by a Central Executing Unit, within the National Ministry of Planning with the support of Provincial Executing Units in Chaco, Santa Fe, Corrientes and Entre Rios. Fluvial defense works, Cayastá. Photo: Province of Santa Fe Government MOVING FORWARD The strength of operation and maintenance (O&M) measures is variable among the provinces and works projects. Risk management in general is well-institutionalized at the provincial level, and major defense works have established O&M allocations included in local budgets. For municipally-managed works and non-structural measures, however, there is no guarantee that the necessary O&M and institutional risk management improvements will be sustained over time. Fluvial defense works, Cayastá. Photo: Province of Santa Fe Government PAGE 6 BENEFICIARIES The target population of the resettlement plan in Resistencia consisted of two groups of families to be moved to into a new neighborhood of Nuevo Don Bosco. The first group was composed of families that lived in the works site of the drainage pipe Laprida in the Villa Don Rafael neighborhood. The second group consisted of families in Laguna Prosperidad in the Don Bosco neighborhood. Fluvial defense works, Cayastá. Photo: Province of Santa Fe Government Both groups suffered from frequent flooding. The resettlement plan was sensitive to the existing social networks among beneficiaries and significant efforts were made to place families that knew each other together in the new neighborhood. Each house was designed to accommodate the size and composition of the beneficiary family. The resettlement plan guarantees regularization of land title, quality of housing construction, and basic utility services connections. It also includes an urban-environmental ‘intervention’ near the lake, which provides a physical barrier to discourage construction of new homes in a flood prone area while concurrently serving as a recreational area. All of these factors make an important contribution to improving the social and environmental conditions of the beneficiaries and minimizing the exposure to flood risks. PAGE 7 PAGE 8 Paraná-Paraguay river. Photo: World Bank PAGE 9 ARGENTINA ARGENTINA FOCUSES ON CLIMATE CHANGE Argentina is reducing ozone depletion and complying with its international chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halon phase-out obligations. CHALLENGE smaller quantities but was important due to its In its territory close to the Antarctic, Argentina high ozone depleting potential (ODP). Out of the has experienced the highest ozone depletion of any various industrial sectors using these substances inhabited area of the world. Since the early 1990s, in Argentina, durable goods manufacturing with Argentina has been a committed proponent of the CFC as a refrigerant or foam blowing agent was the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the most economically and socially significant. Ozone Layer. The first obligations for developing countries began in 1999 with a freeze on average A 1995–1997 consumption levels of ozone depleting substances. In Argentina, the substances targeted RGENTINA HAS under the protocol’s phased compliance were EXPERIENCED primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used widely THE HIGHEST in refrigeration, air-conditioning, aerosol, metered OZONE DEPLETION OF dose inhalers, solvents and foam applications, ANY INHABITED AREA and methyl chloroform used as a solvent. Halon, OF THE WORLD. a fire extinguishing agent, was consumed in PAGE 10 Foam production line. Photo: World Bank SOLUTION Substances Project (Montreal Protocol) under Since 1991, the World Bank has served as one of a flexible “umbrella project” concept to absorb the implementing agencies for the Multilateral new subprojects in line with time-bound country Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal and protocol priorities. The Bank was proactive Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone in developing an MLF subproject pipeline in Layer (MLF). In that capacity, the Bank prepared priority sectors and adequately mobilized required and supported the Reduction of Ozone Depleting technical expertise. It anticipated the need for a PAGE 11 functional institutional framework beyond the RESULTS project needs to ensure enabling regulations and The project established the world’s only functioning policy were put into place to foster sustainable halon bank for tracking and exchanging recycled outcomes. The early 2000 economic crisis forced halon and reducing demand for virgin halon, and cancellation of many of the initial subprojects supported development of an innovative alternative and the Bank responded with a strong drive to technology to CFCs in metered dose inhalators develop new subprojects in close collaboration (MDIs) used to treat pulmonary-respiratory with the appropriate government agencies. disease, based on isobutene and contributed to The Bank also provided the government with more than a net 37 million tons of avoided CO2 policy support on implementing regulations to eq. emissions annually. Finally the project created control halon and CFC production. In 2011, the sustainable capacity within the Ministry of Industry Bank engaged with the government to ensure to prepare, administer, and monitor ongoing and adequate transition arrangements from CFC to future subprojects. hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFC) phase-out. The project’s impact on ozone layer protection, measured by the amount of eliminated ozone depleting potential, was 3,944 tons. By January 1, 2010, Argentina had successfully eliminated 5,052 ODP tons of its baseline consumption of CFCs, halons and carbon tetrachloride (CTC) through support and regulation. This achievement was more than three times the upper value of the initial target range and resulted from the addition of a subproject to eliminate halon in 1998 and a CFC production sector subproject in 2004. Servex aerosols: Representatives telling their experience with the project. Photo: World Bank PAGE 12 WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION in the Ministry of Industry. Together with Foreign The original MLF funding for this umbrella Affairs, the MoI forms a part of the three-part operation through the Bank Ozone Projects Trust National Ozone Unit (OPROZ) in charge of Fund was US$ 25 million. The funding ceiling was protocol implementation, hosted by the Secretariat increased in 2008 to US$ 28.91 million mostly to of Environment and Sustainable Development permit acceleration of the CFC production phase- (Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, out, start a new subproject to convert CFC-based SAyDS). The project contributed also to the MDIs, and to cover the project management fees by National CFC Phase-out Plan approved in 2004 the Ministry of Industry (MoI). In 2010, the ceiling with UNIDO as the lead agency. increased to US$ 31.22 million and the project was extended to December 30, 2014 to include the full MDI subproject and to provide sufficient time for research and development, testing and approval from the public health authority. The project disbursed US$ 27.8 million in grant financing for elimination-related technology demonstration, transfer, and training through 23 subprojects. It also leveraged an estimated US$ 18 million in private sector co-financing. PARTNERS Hotel Alvear Palace: CFC chiller replacement with energy efficiency gains. Photo: World Bank The project had its underpinnings in the first Argentine strategy and action plan for implementation of the Montreal Protocol. The MOVING FORWARD 1994 Country Program was developed with support The institutional framework for implementation by the Bank and the United Nations Industrial in Argentina has evolved into a well-established, Development Organization (UNIDO). The Project mature system with OPROZ. Based on the 1991 Coordination Unit (PCU) was established in 1997 National Chemical Compounds Law, OPROZ leads PAGE 13 regulatory change for MP compliance and tackling and public agencies strengthened their HCFCs, the major group of substances currently competitiveness and benefited from augmentation targeted for phase-out. The Bank contributed to of technical knowhow and capacity and technology preparing the Argentine Stage I HCFC Phase-out transfer. The development of homegrown and Management Plan, approved by the MLF in 2012. innovative technology for propellants in MDIs was Under a follow-on US$ 1.9 million Bank project, not foreseen as ODS conversions usually involve effective since early 2015, the PCU manages commercially available alternative technologies. subprojects in the foam sector and monitors HCFC- 22 production. Alejandro Pastorino, Production Manager of Laboratorios Pablo Cassará commented: “It was a taught process to come up with new MDI formulations. We were successful, but many lacked faith in the effort due to the scientific expertise and experience needed. Without the Bank support this innovation might have proved impossible and the MoI provided us satisfactory support throughout.” FRIMETAL-GAFA: Pentane tank installation. Photo: World Bank BENEFICIARIES The project benefited 27 private enterprises and two public agencies with the introduction of appropriate knowledge, technology, and equipment. The project’s beneficiary enterprises PAGE 14 BARBADOS BARBADOS IMPROVES ITS RESPONSE TO HIV/AIDS Barbados continues its efforts to reduce new HIV infection among youth, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers. It is also improving treatment to HIV positive persons and people living with AIDS. CHALLENGE The Caribbean region has had the highest HIV prevalence rate among adults outside Sub-Saharan Africa. In Barbados, the rate was 1.5 percent in 2005. The National Strategic Plan of Barbados 2005-2025 identified HIV/AIDS as one of the major threats to the economy, because it endangered the country’s human capital. The First HIV/AIDS Project [2001-2007] achieved high levels of awareness, treatment, and care, but was less successful in inducing the level of sustained behavior change required to affect the epidemic’s prevention and control. For example, although 95 percent of young people were aware that sexual relations was a way of transmitting HIV, only 21 percent used condoms. PAGE 15 SOLUTION RESULTS To address these challenges, Barbados drew on The project was designed to support the World Bank funding for a follow-up project aimed implementation of the National Strategic Plan at supporting the implementation of the National and provide training and technical assistance for Strategic Plan. The Barbados Second HIV/AIDS institutional strengthening. In line with support Project was designed to encourage adoption of in these areas, the following key outcomes were safe behaviors and increase access to prevention, achieved: treatment and social care, particularly for high- • The number of young men and women aged risk populations. The project also focused on 15-24 years reporting the use of a condom organizational and institutional capacity building, the last time they had sex with a non-marital and improved use of quality data. The use of non-cohabitating sexual partner rose from 21 disbursement-linked indicators ensured a focus percent in 2006 to 72 percent in 2014. on results and allowed for the development of the country’s first health information system (HIS), • The number of young women and men aged which improved data collection. 15-24 who engaged in sexual intercourse before the age of 15 fell from 20 percent in 2006 to 12 percent in 2014. • The number of people living with HIV on first line antiretroviral regimen achieving virologic 60% 93% success within the first six months of treatment rose from 60 percent in 2008 to 93 percent in 2008 2014 2014. • The number of men who have sex with men (MSM) who received an HIV test in the last 12 months and who knew their results increased from 50 percent in 2009 to 100 percent in 2014. PAGE 16 Barbados beach. Photo: FreeImages WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION of technical assistance costs (US$ 4.5 million). The proposed project cost was originally US$ 94.39 Due to challenges in government financing in the million, which included a Bank loan of US$ 35 wake of the global financial crisis, the total project million. Bank funding provided budget support cost was US$ 72.2 million, with the Bank loan size for 35 percent of investment and operational unchanged. costs (US$ 89 million) and financed 80 percent PAGE 17 PARTNERS BENEFICIARIES The main implementing agency was the National The primary beneficiaries of the project were HIV/AIDS Commission (NHAC), with support from youth, MSM, and female sex workers. At roughly 12 the Ministry of Health. Additional partners in the percent of the total population, young people were region provided financial and technical assistance. the largest targeted beneficiary group. The size of The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) the MSM population was estimated at 1 percent. provided vital assistance during the midterm The size of the sex worker population was estimated review. In addition, during the period of project at roughly between 1 percent and 2 percent. In implementation, the project collaborated closely addition, the project had spillover effects on the with a growing number of community service general population as a result of improvements in organizations (CSOs). The number of CSOs working the health information systems. with target populations grew from two to 38 over the course of the project. By the time the project T closed, the CSOs had fully implemented over 25 subprojects. HE PRIMARY BENEFICIARIES MOVING FORWARD OF THE PROJECT The project strengthened overall capacity, WERE YOUTH, improved the multisectoral responses and advanced MSM, AND FEMALE monitoring and evaluation efforts, increasing the SEX WORKERS. AT likelihood of technical sustainability. The NHAC ROUGHLY 12 PERCENT developed an evidence-based Strategic Plan for OF THE TOTAL 2014-2018 and is expected to continue its work POPULATION, YOUNG going forward. Its proposed budget is sufficient to continue the prevention, treatment, and care efforts PEOPLE WERE THE that were previously made through the project. LARGEST TARGETED BENEFICIARY GROUP. PAGE 18 BRAZIL INNOVATIONS IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND BASIC SERVICES DELIVERY IN AMAZONAS Since 2008, the state government of Amazonas has been working to improve conditions in the urban and rural communities of the remote Alto Solimões region while promoting the sustainable management of the region’s fragile natural resources. These investments include improved access to potable water, upgraded health services delivery, and support of rural communities with the implementation of income-generating investments. CHALLENGE Tonantins, Fonte Boa and Jutaí) with a population Located in the western part of the state of of approximately 230,000 people, including Amazonas, bordering Colombia and Peru, the Alto 70,000 of indigenous descent, and a population Solimões region is among the poorest and most density of 1.04 habitants per square kilometers isolated regions of Brazil, with a poverty rate of (one of the lowest in the world). The remoteness of 51 percent and extreme poverty of 19.3 percent in the region—most communities are only accessible 2010. It comprises nine municipalities (Amaturá, by boat and are seasonally isolated during drought Atalaia do Norte, Benjamin Constant, Santo periods—creates huge logistical challenges for Antônio de Iça, São Paulo de Olivença, Tabatinga, the delivery of basic services to the scattered PAGE 19 population, resulting in a lack of adequate of life of the population by addressing the region’s infrastructure, poor coverage and quality of basic most pressing issues and providing lessons to be services and scarce economic opportunities. used for other regions. The project focused on: Rising poverty and unemployment combined with • Incentives to rural producer groups to develop high population growth had increased pressures sustainable income generating activities, based to create jobs, accelerate economic growth, and on the sustainable use of renewable natural improve access to public services. resources. T • Improved access to potable water for urban HE ALTO dwellers in the main municipalities (coverage, SOLIMÕES efficiency and quality of water supply). REGION IS • Expanded access to primary and secondary AMONG THE POOREST health care services using a new model AND MOST ISOLATED of service delivery, based on the joint REGIONS OF BRAZIL, management of health services by the state WITH A POVERTY RATE government and municipalities. OF 51 PERCENT AND EXTREME POVERTY OF 19.3 PERCENT IN 2010. SOLUTION The World Bank-supported Alto Solimões Basic Services and Sustainable Development Project was Members of the Jutaí Community Association with their first catch. based on a strategy aimed at improving the quality Photo: World Bank PAGE 20 establishment of an Intensive Care Unit and a neo-natal and maternity ward with medical equipment and ambulances, and training and technical assistance in developing protocols and quality standards. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION Total project cost was estimated at US$ 31.6 million, including a Bank loan of US$ 24.25 million and a counterpart funding of US$ 7.4 million. Processing Brazil Nut in Amaturá – State of Amazonas. Photo: World Bank PARTNERS RESULTS In addition to Bank funding, the project benefited The project resulted in the following outcomes: from a preparation grant from the Japanese Policy and Human Resources Development Fund (PHRD) • New water treatment plants installed in the of US$ 958,500 which supported technical studies, municipalities of Atalaia do Norte, Tabatinga, capacity building and project coordination and and Benjamin Constant. institutional strengthening. • Water intakes installed and water storage capacity expanded to 8,700 cubic meters. The project was implemented by the state government of Amazonas through its State • Water distribution network extended to 59 Development Corporation (Companhia de kilometers and 1,000 water meters were Desenvolvimento do Estado do Amazonas, installed for urban households. CIAMA), which is an autonomous public • A quality improvement plan implemented for company under the State Secretariat of Planning the Tabatinga Hospital with the objective of (Secretaria do Planejamento, SEPLAN). Other converting it into a Regional Referral Center; partners included the Brazilian Institute for including upgrades of the facilities, the the Environment and Renewable Natural PAGE 21 A Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, PPROXIMATELY IBAMA), the Amazonas State Agricultural and 3,250 RURAL Livestock Development Institute (Instituto FAMILIES de Desenvolvimento Agropecuário e Florestal Sustentável do Estado do Amazonas, IDAM), BENEFITED FROM the National Research Institute of the Amazon INCOME GENERATING (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, ACTIVITIES INPA), the Secretariat for Agriculture, THROUGH THE Cattle-Farming, Fishing and Integrated Rural IMPLEMENTATION OF Development (Secretaria de Estado de Produção SEVEN PRODUCTIVE Rural, SEPROR) and the State Institute for SUBPROJECTS AND 21 Environmental Protection (Instituto de Proteção MICRO-PROJECTS. Ambiental do Amazonas, IPAAM). At the local level, the nine municipalities of the Alto Solimões region were in charge of project implementation. MOVING FORWARD The project did not reach its intended coverage and original physical targets because of higher than anticipated costs. The state government of Amazonas is currently completing some of the planned works, such as the installation of the water treatment plant in Benjamin Constant, with additional resources. The state government has expressed strong interest in consolidating the results obtained with support from the Bank, including further strengthening of the Water Treatment Plant – Atalaia do Norte, State of Amazonas. new management model for the delivery of basic Photo: World Bank PAGE 22 health services and water supply and sanitation • About 2,100 rural producers received technical services in the Alto Solimões region, and scaling training. up the sustainable fisheries management model • Approximately 7,250 new legally-established to new areas, based on the lessons learned during household water supply connections are in implementation of this project. place, benefiting 26,500 people who are now BENEFICIARIES receiving good quality water during more than Urban and rural households benefited from reliable 18 hours a day. water connections, higher immunization rates, improved emergency care services, and higher “Before the project, we were not allowed to fish in levels of income. our lakes. Today, we have approved management plans and we are obtaining an important income • Approximately 3,250 rural families benefited for our families, at the same time that we are sure from income generating activities through the fish are being managed properly and they will the implementation of seven productive be in our lakes forever.” subprojects and 21 micro-projects. Member of the Jutaí Community Association. Approximately 1,800 of those families saw an increase in their family income of 15 percent or “The Brazil Nut processing plant has opened up more as a result of project activities. new opportunities for us. We need to get better organized and expand our operations to increase • Approximately 2,300 families participated the well-being of our families.” in sustainable lake management subprojects, Member of the Brazil Nut Producers Association. adopting environmentally sustainable management plans consisting of controlled inventories of fishery resources and managed levels of fish capture, generating significant increases of family incomes, strengthening their organizational and managerial skills and restoring fish stocks in managed lakes. PAGE 23 PAGE 24 Drying Brazil Nut – Amatura, State of Amazonas. Photo: World Bank BRAZIL MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY AND BUILDING CAPACITY IN BRAZIL Brazil has developed a program to mainstream biodiversity at the national level in the key sectors of agriculture, energy, and health by consolidating and strengthening the institutional capacity to produce and disseminate biodiversity information and concepts. CHALLENGE SOLUTION Brazil is the most biodiversity rich country in the The World Bank-funded Brazil Mainstreaming world, with an estimated one-fifth of the known and Institutional Consolidation Project was species of plants and animals. Habitat conversion designed to promote mainstreaming of biodiversity or loss, invasive species and diseases are the main and institutional strengthening at the national drivers of biodiversity loss. Many institutions level in government and private sector planning shared responsibility for managing biodiversity strategies, investments, and practices. Through in Brazil, but there had been little effort to analytical studies, advisory groups, and sectoral mainstream biodiversity concerns. workshops, the project built consensus around critical constraints and bottlenecks preventing the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation across different sectors, and identifying possible solutions PAGE 25 to these constraints. These solutions were designed RESULTS and tested through subprojects, with the needed The project made a decisive impact on capacity building for implementation. Activities mainstreaming of biodiversity at the national included (i) work with policies and regulations level in Brazil—in the public and the private that directly impact biodiversity conservation, (ii) sector planning strategies and practices, and in on the ground actions to incorporate biodiversity consolidating and strengthening institutional considerations into public sector actions that affect capacity to produce and disseminate biodiversity biodiversity, (iii) the strengthening of institutional information and concepts. Several sectors today capacities for conservation and mainstreaming, incorporate biodiversity criteria in their plans and and (iv) filling in gaps that prevent the creation and policies, including health, agriculture, and energy. generation of biodiversity information critical to The project’s executing agencies and beneficiary policymakers. partners contributed to Brazil’s progress towards 31 of the 51 National Biodiversity Targets agreed under T the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. HE PROJECT BUILT The project made a direct and decisive contribution to the establishment of PainelBio, a multi- CONSENSUS stakeholder panel (and database), whose mission is AROUND CRITICAL to “contribute for the conservation and sustainable CONSTRAINTS AND use of Brazilian biodiversity by promoting BOTTLENECKS synergy between institutions and knowledge, PREVENTING THE making scientific information available to society, MAINSTREAMING promoting capacity building at various levels, and OF BIODIVERSITY supporting decision making processes and public CONSERVATION policies for the achievement of the Aichi Targets in Brazil.” ACROSS DIFFERENT SECTORS. PAGE 26 Brazilian green snake. Photo: Marcell Marra, Freeimages The project contributed to the establishment seven private sector subprojects that cover over of 1,158,906 hectares of organic production five million hectares of priority biodiversity agricultural units, incorporating biodiversity conservation areas in the Amazon, the Atlantic friendly best practices. Through the creation and Forest, and the Pampa. Finally, the project financed operation of the Opportunities Fund, capitalized at the training of almost eight thousand specialists US$ 18.8 million, at the Brazilian Biodiversity Fund from government and non-government agencies, as (Fundo Basileiro para a Biodiversidade, FUNBIO), well as private sector enterprises. the project supported the implementation of PAGE 27 PARTNERS the participant institutions. The species action The Project was implemented in partnership with plans are now being developed collaboratively FUNBIO. The government of Brazil provided between the MMA, the Chico Mendes Institute for US$ 104.7 million in co-financing, and the Biodiversity Conservation (Instituto Chico Mendes FUNBIO granted an additional US$ 13.3 million in de Conservação da Biodiversidade, ICMBio), the partnership funds from the private sector sub- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo projects. Cruz, FioCruz) and the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. The experience gained by ICMBio as an executing agency for some of the CBD targets MOVING FORWARD have enabled it to become a stronger national Brazil has committed to 20 streamlined National institute for monitoring and promoting biodiversity CBD Targets 2011-2020, and is now benefiting conservation. from the coordination of PainelBio, the project- financed biodiversity database. These institutions T and organizations will continue to work together towards these targets, which include continued HE PROJECT dissemination of information related to progress CONTRIBUTED under the systems established under the Project, TO THE in support of Brazil’s biodiversity. The Ministry ESTABLISHMENT OF of Environment (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 1,158,906 HECTARES MMA) has contracted the Institute of Applied OF ORGANIC Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisa PRODUCTION Econômica Aplicada, IPEA) to expand its current AGRICULTURAL UNITS, work on the quantification, analysis and monitoring of environmental expenditures within the INCORPORATING federal government to include also expenditures BIODIVERSITY specifically for biodiversity at both the state and FRIENDLY BEST federal levels. Several planning activities tested PRACTICES. under the project have now been adopted by PAGE 28 BENEFICIARIES The project was overwhelmingly an institutional development project that aimed at strengthening capacity for and linkages necessary to mainstream biodiversity among various government, non- governmental, private and other actors. The strengthened partnerships and collaboration have had far-reaching implications, beyond the original project scope. Project beneficiaries almost unanimously during interviews highlighted the enormous benefits in terms of providing a forum and a catalytic force that served to enable cooperation, and especially coordination. Urucu, a fruit that grows wildly in the Amazon region of Brazil, near Manaus. Photo: Julio Pantoja / World Bank PAGE 29 BRAZIL REDUCING RURAL POVERTY IN PARAÍBA The state of Paraíba has assisted poor rural families with investments to provide basic rural infrastructure and productive facilities essential to reducing poverty. CHALLENGE needs are also the basis for income-generating Paraíba’s rural poor rely on agriculture as the productive activities and linkages to markets. main source of income and food and have limited access to public services. In 2003, only 32 percent I of rural households in Paraíba had piped water; 57 percent had some sanitation services; and 64 N 2003, ONLY 32 percent had electricity. These percentages do not PERCENT OF RURAL compare favorably to urban Paraíba, at 88 percent HOUSEHOLDS for piped water, 95 percent for sanitation services, IN PARAÍBA HAD and 99 percent for electricity. Nor do they compare PIPED WATER; 57 favorably to the rest of rural Brazil, at 58 percent PERCENT HAD SOME for piped water, 72 percent for sanitation services, SANITATION SERVICES; and 82 percent for electricity. Access to water and sanitation services has immediate impacts on AND 64 PERCENT HAD the drought resilience, health, and wellbeing of ELECTRICITY. families and individuals. Those basic infrastructure PAGE 30 SOLUTION WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION The World Bank-financed Paraíba Second Total cost of the project was US$ 28.2 million. Rural Poverty Reduction Project supported the The Bank provided the state of Paraíba financial government of Paraíba’s efforts to reduce the support of US$ 20.90 million through an incidence of rural poverty by (i) improving access Investment Project Financing (IPF) operation. to small-scale socioeconomic infrastructure and services, (ii) raising incomes and capital assets through investments in productive activities while facilitating linkages between small producers and national and international markets, and (iii) strengthening the capacity of municipal councils and community associations to raise funding and harmonize policies and institutional arrangements for delivery of public investments intended to benefit the rural poor. RESULTS Passion fruit farm. Photo: Paraiba state goverment The project supported the state government’s rural policy agenda through priority investments in rural communities in (i) basic rural infrastructure and PARTNERS productive facilities essential to reducing poverty, A strong partnership between the Paraíba State (ii) productive ventures intended to reduce poverty Secretariat of Planning and Administration of income and assets, (iii) 331 household water (Secretaria de Estado de Planejamento e Gestão, supply, sanitation, other basic infrastructure, SEPLAG) and the Bank’s task team implemented and five trash recycling centers. The project also the project. A project implementation unit (PIU) leveraged R$ 306 million of federal, state and local was created under SEPLAG’s supervision to resources from other programs to further support coordinate the overall project activities, including: the government’s efforts. mobilization and organization of potential PAGE 31 beneficiary communities; review of community MOVING FORWARD proposals for compliance with project guidelines; Building on the results of this project, the state Bank safeguards and eligibility criteria; technical/ of Paraíba and the Bank are designing a new legal oversight and final approval and financing of operation to promote a shift in approach from open, subproject proposals; supervision and monitoring community demand-driven rural poverty reduction of project/subproject implementation; planning, approaches, to differentiated support for both administration and financial management; building community resilience and incorporating project reporting; monitoring, studies and impact market-driven approaches to poverty reduction and evaluation. shared prosperity in rural Paraíba. T BENEFICIARIES HE PROJECT The project reached out to 26,815 poor rural REACHED OUT families (77 percent of target) with 487 investments providing basic rural infrastructure and productive TO 26,815 POOR facilities essential to reducing poverty. The RURAL FAMILIES WITH investments in productive ventures benefited 8,418 487 INVESTMENTS families, 96 percent of an estimated 8,750 families PROVIDING identified at the beginning of the project. The BASIC RURAL investments in the 331 water supply, sanitation, INFRASTRUCTURE other basic infrastructure and the five trash AND PRODUCTIVE recycling centers) benefited around 18,397 families, FACILITIES ESSENTIAL 70 percent of the original estimate. Vulnerable populations were successfully included: women, TO REDUCING quilombola communities, and indigenous groups POVERTY. all benefited from infrastructure, productive, and social investments. PAGE 32 The project assisted 25 young members of the Community Association for Sustainable Development of Chá Jardim Areia to enhance their small fruit pulp-processing factory by financing cold chambers and fleet for delivery of fruit pulp. From a small factory, the members diversified their business by promoting rural tourism and opening a restaurant with organic food. Currently, the association employs over 200 local people. The partnership with local producers of fruit and Passion fruit farm. Photo: Paraiba state goverment organic vegetables increased the overall sales and income of direct and indirect beneficiaries. According to Luciana Balbino, the Community Leader and Head of the Association, “the technical and financial support of the project were important elements to stimulate young members of the community, who intended to move to the urban center of João Pessoa, to engage in the production process and consequently in other aspects of the community.” PAGE 33 COLOMBIA AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO RESTORING HABITATS IN COLOMBIA A newly created Conservation Trust Fund, with a unique combination of sinking funds to conserve protected areas and endowment funds to develop a long-term financial mechanism for conservation, has introduced an innovative landscape management approach. The mosaic approach effectively restores habitats, enhances biodiversity, and empowers the participating communities, particularly women. CHALLENGE • Financial constraints throughout the existing Colombia is endowed with some of the richest National Protected Areas System (NPAS). biodiversity in the world, but its geographically- • Weak inter-institutional coordination. dispersed nature poses a great challenge for decision-makers. The government has been striving • Low levels of community organization and to protect and conserve the country’s natural wealth participation. by establishing a robust legal and institutional framework for conservation. However, several The protected areas are located in Colombia’s factors were limiting the effectiveness of this effort poorest regions where the income levels are in the past decade, including: significantly below the national average. In addition, the country’s internal conflicts have led to • Widespread poverty and unsustainable insecure land tenure, fragmented social networks, production practices. PAGE 34 and a loss of trust in local institutions among protected areas, and an endowment fund to enable several communities. Under these circumstances, it a long-term financial sustainability mechanism that remains a constant struggle to balance biodiversity provides predictable financial resources beyond the conservation efforts with rural and local livelihoods. lifetime of the project. T The project also introduced an innovative ‘mosaic HE COUNTRY’S concept’ to landscape management that not only recognizes the importance of natural capital but INTERNAL also of social capital. Conservation mosaics are CONFLICTS HAVE networks of protected areas and complementary LED TO INSECURE landscapes that include combinations of national LAND TENURE, parks, production landscapes and seascapes, FRAGMENTED SOCIAL and collectively-owned ethnic territories. The NETWORKS, AND A approach, recognizing that protected areas are LOSS OF TRUST IN critical for biodiversity conservation and that the LOCAL INSTITUTIONS conservation is closely tied to land use pressures AMONG SEVERAL in the surrounding areas, focused on promoting sustainable landscape management and proposed COMMUNITIES. productive strategies and tangible actions for community and individual benefits. This approach also combined a mosaic of diverse ecosystems, interests, social organizations and institutions, and SOLUTION economies. The World Bank-supported Colombia National Protected Areas Conservation Trust Fund Project The project was implemented in 14 conservation was designed to support the NPAS with a new trust mosaics, where transformation was regarded not as fund that uniquely combines a sinking fund to a means but as an objective to ensure sustainability finance on-the-ground conservation activities in the of the interventions and to promote ownership PAGE 35 and commitment based on self-interest and served as a successful example of the mosaic responsibility. It invested in fostering economic conservation approach that blends conservation development and strengthening local capacities with improvement of local livelihoods through among indigenous people, afro-descendant sustainable landscape management. The project communities and local farmers and fishermen to empowered local communities and generated social achieve sustainable conservation objectives with capital, clearly reflected in personal wellbeing, local perspectives and benefits. self-esteem, and valuing of the landscape by project end. Of the families targeted to adopt sustainable production and improve land use management, 90 percent continue to engage in the practices at the project end. In addition, the project fostered and strengthened social networks and created social capital in ways that bolster conservation. Women played a critical role in this process, facilitating community activities and contributing to income generation. Women are leading the new organizations and groups. Furthermore, even Vegetables production unit, Palestina. though the project was not designed to address Photo: World Bank peace-building, it paved an important way to that direction. RESULTS The project successfully established a new trust Other achievements included: fund with a sinking fund of US$ 68.0 million • Improved management systems for 2.64 and endowment fund of US$ 15.9 million. The million hectares of core conservation areas sinking fund supports 214 conservation projects and 1.4 million hectares of the surrounding and the endowment fund had an effective annual territories. return rate of 7.72 percent on investments during the project period. The project also • Maintained 97 percent of the baseline natural PAGE 36 vegetation coverage in each core conservation PARTNERS area. The Bank and GEF worked with the government of Colombia to create a new Conservation Trust • Improved ecological connectivity in eight Fund. Main partners included the Administrative conservation mosaics. Unit of the National Natural Park System (Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques W Nacionales Naturales , UAESPNN), Ministry OMEN of Environment and Sustainable Development PLAYED A (Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, CRITICAL MADS), Regional Autonomous Environmental ROLE IN THIS PROCESS, Authorities (Corporación Autónoma Regional, CAR), and the newly created Trust Fund FACILITATING Patrimonio Natural - Fondo para la Biodiversidad COMMUNITY y Areas Protegidas. The project promoted inter- ACTIVITIES AND institutional coordination between the government CONTRIBUTING TO agencies. It also created strong partnerships with INCOME GENERATION. local communities, local organizations, and ethnic authorities. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION MOVING FORWARD The project was a Global Environment Facility This project is using the lessons learned from the (GEF) grant provided to the government of mosaic approach to support the management of Colombia and implemented by the Bank. The total Colombia’s biggest national park and its buffer amount of this GEF grant was US$ 19 million for zone. Patrimonio Natural is contributing to the project period from 2006 to 2014 (US$ 15 Colombia’s consolidation of the NPAS through the million for the original project 2006-2011 and sinking funds. The government continues to US$ 4 million for additional financing 2011-2014). support the NPAS through the Forest Conservation and Sustainability Heart of the Amazon Project PAGE 37 and led to the creation of new organizations for environmental conservation. T HE PROJECT BENEFITED 752 FAMILIES, STRENGTHENED 37 EXISTING SOCIAL Business fair, San Adolfo. ORGANIZATIONS Photo: World Bank INCLUDING 22 The sustainability of this project lies in the INDIGENOUS AND political, institutional and social buy-ins that allowed for the development of a small-scale model AFRO-COLOMBIAN for rural development. The project promoted ASSOCIATIONS. strategies that were economically viable. The social transformation was the catalyst for a sustainable process. The project developed a financial “The Mosaic Project was never seen as a separate sustainability mechanism through the endowment project. This is a reflection that coordination with fund providing financial resources to the NPAS and existing processes is possible and that the joint financing the incremental costs of two conservation management between parks and communities for mosaics to perpetuity. on-the-ground intervention is real and concrete; having made a permanent presence during the BENEFICIARIES implementation, recognizing the interests of both The project benefited 752 families, strengthened parties and converging the project objectives 37 existing social organizations including 22 with those of the river and park processes have indigenous and Afro-Colombian associations, significantly allowed the UAESPNN to position PAGE 38 itself at a community level and with other institutions. This is a pilot project, and its results demonstrate that what has been done on in Yurumanguí can be replicated in the rest of the pacific region territory.” Luis Fernando Gómez, Head of the Farallones Park in Cali (2010). “My family is very grateful for the transparency, love, and patience they’ve shown to us. We were Equipment delivery at El Roble. rich but unaware of it, but the knowledge they Photo: World Bank brought to us made us see the reality in life and gave us a view forward. If it hadn’t been for this, we would have lost our little farm. We weren’t aware of the value of our property nor did we believe in it. You raised our morale and gave us dreams and hopes. We’ve never dreamed it yet today we are a new family thanks to God and you.” Familia Elías Antonio Rivera G, learning space, Orchids Mosaic. PAGE 39 COLOMBIA COLOMBIA CONSOLIDATES ITS NATIONAL PUBLIC MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Building upon previous efforts, Colombia successfully improved the transparency, efficiency and inter-operability of public management information systems, allowing decision makers to link performance measures with strategic decisions. CHALLENGE management tools were as important for enhancing In 2009, the global economic downturn was the quality of expenditure and efficiency of public posing challenges to Colombia’s near term revenue collection as improving the transparency, economic performance and public finances. efficiency, and efficacy of public management of Over the previous ten years, the government had resources. However, the government was facing made important advances in the improvement some structural and other challenges to fully of public management tools and systems operationalize the existing tools and systems. in areas covering expenditure and revenue, monitoring and evaluation, macro-programming SOLUTION and debt management functions. Advances in The World Bank-supported Consolidation of the implementation of performance-oriented National Public Management Information information mechanisms and integrated financial Systems Project was designed to strengthen and PAGE 40 fully operationalize key public management The Bank had supported previous phases in the tools and systems in the Ministry of Finance and development and implementation of these systems Public Credit (Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito and tools through several different projects, Público, MHCP), National Planning Directorate including the first and second Public Financial (Departamento Nacional de Planeación, DNP), Management Projects (PFM I and PFM II). By and the National Tax and Customs Directorate building on and consolidating the achievements (Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales, of the PFM I and PFM II, the project sought to DIAN), including the systems for public finance enable the inter-operability of the existing systems (Sistema Integrado de Información Financiera, and promote the full use of information resulting SIIF-Nación), public investment (Sistema Unificado from these integrated public management tools de Inversiones y Finanzas Públicas, SUIFP) and and systems in order to enhance strategic decision tax and customs administration (Modelo Único making. de Ingreso Servicio y Control Automatizado, MUISCA). RESULTS The project contributed to deepening and broadening the gains achieved through past work, and further improved the transparency, coverage, operation and interoperability of Colombia’s national public management information systems, enabling the decision-makers to link performance measures with planning, budgeting, and other managerial actions. Between 2010 and 2014, the SIIF-Nación was launched, and the SUIFP and the MUISCA were enhanced. Efforts to develop system interoperability were also undertaken. Cartagena de Indias. Photo: Flickr/Loonyhiker PAGE 41 The project-supported advancements included: reduced from 35 days to 1 day, and average customs clearance times decreased from 48 to • The successful launch of SIIF-Nación. The 6.7 hours with electronic payment. system now covers all central government entities and 105 decentralized entities and 100 • Improved interoperability. The information in percent of information on general national SIIF-Nación and SUIFP on budget allocations budget execution being available on a daily and execution is now fully consistent and basis (previously 85 percent). SUIFP now there is 100 percent interoperability between covers all stages of the investment process, SIIF-Nación and the Banco de la República’s and with the passing of Decree 2844 (2010), payment system. Additionally, pilots were use of the system is now required by all central carried out to integrate the data generated by government and decentralized entities (as various different government systems. well as subnational entities with investment T projects financed by the central government) to present projects. In DIAN, 66 services, HE SYSTEM covering areas such as implementation of price NOW COVERS controls institutional procedures for process ALL CENTRAL management, etc. were developed. GOVERNMENT ENTITIES AND 105 • Strengthening of transparency and accountability. The project facilitated the DECENTRALIZED development and launch of the Economic ENTITIES AND Transparency Portal, through which all 100 PERCENT OF consolidated general national budget INFORMATION ON information is accessible to the public one day GENERAL NATIONAL after it becomes available. BUDGET EXECUTION • Improved operations. The time lag to produce BEING AVAILABLE ON aggregate financial data for both the central A DAILY BASIS. government and decentralized entities was PAGE 42 WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION phase of work to further institutionalize This project was financed through a Bank loan of interoperability). US$ 20.42 million. It built on the achievements of • Rollout of the implementation of the new PFM I (US$ 30 million) and PFM II (US$ 35.47 business model (developed under this project) million). for the Public Credit and Treasury Directorate (Dirección General de Crédito Público y Tesoro PARTNERS Nacional, DGCPTN) and the supporting Project implementation was carried out mainly in information system. collaboration with the MHCP, the DNP, and the DIAN. The three agencies worked proactively and in • Continuing support to DIAN, particularly on coordination to adjust project activities to shifts in the implementation of a customs module. priorities and institutional structures, finding forms that were both aligned with the achievement of BENEFICIARIES project objectives and institutional realities. Their The direct beneficiaries were the Colombian emphasis on training and communication played a decision-makers in the Presidency and the critical role in consolidation efforts. agencies, who, through the use of performance- based information, will be able to link performance MOVING FORWARD with planning, budgeting and other managerial During implementation, the Bank and the actions. The general public will also benefit government discussed the possibility of continued from strengthened public sector performance, Bank support for activities beyond the scope of the consolidated fiscal discipline, and better resource project, including: allocation. • Development of an extended system of SIIF- Nación. • Development of integration interfaces for external systems (important for the next PAGE 43 PAGE 44 Wayuu mochillas in the shop on Calle de Las Damas, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Photo: Flickr/Liz COLOMBIA BOGOTÁ REDUCES ITS VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL HAZARDS Through a multi-faceted approach Bogotá made progress towards addressing urban risk reduction. Colombia’s largest city increased its capacity to manage disaster risks, and reduced its vulnerability in kindergartens, schools, and hospitals. Likewise, 1,067 households living in areas subject to landslides were resettled to safer locations with secure housing tenure. CHALLENGE Modeling exercises estimate that a major With around 7.7 million inhabitants, and 26 earthquake occurring in Bogotá could result in percent of the national gross domestic product losses in excess of US$ 10 billion with serious social (GDP), the Capital District of Bogotá is Colombia’s and economic repercussions on human welfare and largest concentration of economic activity, yet it the national economy. is also located in a region prone to earthquakes, floods, and landslides. Although the District has SOLUTION already achieved important elements of a disaster Based on close collaboration between the World management system, reducing the city’s exposure Bank and the District government, the Bogotá to adverse natural events remains challenging. Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project in support PAGE 45 of the Second Phase of the Disaster Vulnerability disaster risk management. This intervention was Reduction Program design emphasized: the first disaster risk management experience at the sub-national level in the region. In addition, • Risk identification and reduction. the adoption of local environmental policies and • Institutional strengthening. construction guidelines for all new constructions in Bogotá safeguarded the effort to retrofit and rebuild • Risk mitigation. key public infrastructure. • Financial coverage for risk management. RESULTS The District government and the Bank built a solid T partnership on disaster risk management, which HIS has ensured continuous technical and financial INTERVENTION support and close collaboration free from political WAS THE changes. FIRST DISASTER • The population at risk declined from 604,000 RISK MANAGEMENT to 236,972, through the development of risk EXPERIENCE AT THE maps and other studies that enabled the SUB-NATIONAL LEVEL government to identify high-risk areas and IN THE REGION. prioritize key actions to reduce vulnerability. • A total of 344,817 people in public buildings are now safer. This indicator was based on the The project represented one of the more innovative number of people exposed to risk in public experiences in addressing urban risk reduction buildings. This result surpassed the project through a multi-faceted approach. It was also target by 38 percent. an opportunity to move away from a focus on emergency, reconstruction, and deferred • The number of families living in high risk areas maintenance finance, towards a comprehensive has been reduced. In the Nueva Esperanza PAGE 46 neighborhood, 1,067 households were resettled Bank provided US$ 80 million to Bogotá to support to safer locations with secure housing tenure. project implementation. This result surpassed the project target by 53 T percent. HE PROJECT • By project closing, 18 government agencies were incorporated into the Information HAD A MAJOR System for Disaster Prevention and Emergency BENEFICIAL Response (Sistema de Información de Gestión IMPACT ON de Riesgos y Cambio Climático, SIRE), VULNERABLE including District Institute of Risk Management POPULATIONS AT and Climate Change (Instituto Distrital de GREATER RISK OF Gestión de Riesgos y Cambio Climático, LOSING THEIR LIVES. IDIGER) and Local Disaster Risk Management Councils (by neighborhood), among others. The result surpassed the project target by 10 agencies. PARTNERS The project was characterized by complex WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION implementation arrangements, given the District of The Bank has been supporting disaster risk Bogotá’s government structure, which included six management in Colombia since the late 1990s. sector agencies responsible for the implementation In 2005, the Bank approved a three-phased of components and activities. These included the program aimed at reducing the government’s District Secretariat of Health, District Secretariat fiscal vulnerability to adverse natural events of Education, the Department of Social Welfare, by strengthening national capacity to manage District Secretariat of Finance, the Fund for disaster risk and at reducing vulnerability in key Prevention and Emergency Response, and the municipalities. In support of the Second Phase of Social Housing Fund. Without exception, the the Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Program, the staff of the implementing institutions exhibited PAGE 47 a high level of dedication and professionalism, a agencies. Disaster risk management agencies sound understanding of the project, and a strong benefited from an improved governance structure commitment to the achievement of its objectives. and capacity development. Nydya García Sierra – Former resident of Nueva MOVING FORWARD Esperanza neighborhood commented: The project supported the establishment of a “When I moved here, there was no electricity, solid basis in the District of Bogotá to reduce its no water, and little by little the area began to be vulnerability to natural events, by strengthening populated. As more houses were built here the its capacity to manage disaster risks. This project land began to become unstable. Every day we is part of the District’s long-term program to save had more landslides. Sometimes, when it rained lives and reduce social, economic, and financial heavily, we would feel scared because we knew losses resulting from adverse natural events, that it could cause our house to fall down anytime. such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides. It is Once when we were sleeping and it was raining expected that a focus on disaster risk reduction will heavily, the land from the house behind fell on top continue through regional initiatives and specific of us and the planks of our house nearly collapsed national efforts financed by other agencies and, under that weight. I have prospered more potentially, the Bank. since I left the neighborhood. I have been more enthusiastic about my work in order to progress BENEFICIARIES financially, to have a better life. I am very happy The project had a major beneficial impact on to have been relocated. Absolutely.” vulnerable populations at risk of losing their lives, property, and assets in a natural disaster. Households in the District of Bogotá benefited from a strengthened disaster risk management framework. Authorities and technical staff of the District government benefited from technical assistance and improved coordination with DRM PAGE 48 School before/ after. Photo: World Bank Hospital before/ after. Photo: World Bank Fire station before/ after. Photo: World Bank PAGE 49 GUATEMALA RURAL PRODUCERS IN GUATEMALA IMPROVE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOMES Rural enterprises in Guatemala enhanced their productive, organizational, and business capacities. Thanks to renewed infrastructure and improved links to markets, they were able to use their new capacities to earn millions of dollars in new sales. In addition, municipalities across the country improved their investment planning skills by applying participatory planning processes. CHALLENGE To that end, a number of studies and reports In the mid-2000s, Guatemala was facing the provided guidance to the government on its highest level of inequality in all of Latin America Strategic Agenda for Integrated Rural Development and the Caribbean, particularly in the rural areas, (approved in March 2005), which proposed a which are home to many indigenous people. A vision for rural development. The vision extended key government priority was the development beyond agriculture to adopt a more comprehensive of a coherent, overarching rural development approach based on the development of institutions strategy, supported by adequately resourced and and infrastructure and the promotion of well managed programs designed to have the opportunities for broad-based growth in rural highest impact on poverty reduction in rural areas. areas. PAGE 50 SOLUTION The Rural Economic Development Program (Programa de Desarrollo Economico desde lo Rural, PDER) was one of the programs designed to support the government’s rural development strategy. The government of Guatemala invited the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) to support the development of the program and its implementation. To that end, Wood production in Petén, Guatemala. Photo: World Bank the Bank-financed Project to Support the Rural Economic Development Program was designed to The project design introduced additional support broad-based rural growth by enhancing innovations by linking supply-chain investments the competitiveness of the supply-chain, with with broad productive public infrastructure strong participation by indigenous groups. The investments (for example, construction of roads project focused on scaling-up an approach known and bridges), supporting a more holistic approach as “productive linkages,” which had been promoted to competitiveness. by private entities, especially the Guatemalan Association of Exporters (Asociación Guatemalteca Participating rural producer organizations, with de Exportadores, AGEXPORT). the support of service providers and commercial partners, agreed on a business proposition The approach aimed at improving the capacities (business plan) that was to be assessed and of small-scale producers and small businesses co-financed by the project. In parallel, local to take advantage of and consolidate business municipalities received training in participatory opportunities. This was to be achieved by planning processes, because building public sector supporting technological and productive capacity for territorial planning and management infrastructure upgrades, and by strengthening was seen as a way of contributing, over the long producer organizations’ backward and forward term, to the prioritization of public and private linkages. investments in support of rural competitiveness. PAGE 51 E RESULTS The project achieved the following results in IGHT supply-chain competitiveness and territorial DEPARTMENTS planning and management: IMPLEMENTED Supply-chain competitiveness: THE PROJECT’S TERRITORIAL • Total sales of project-supported partnerships PLANNING MODEL, reached US$ 16.4 million, representing a 64 STRENGTHENING percent increase in the value of sales from the initial baseline. LINKS BETWEEN PLANNING AND • Project-supported investments increased PUBLIC INVESTMENTS. access of participating producer organizations to productive assets and technologies, while strengthening their entrepreneurial capacity. A total of 216 partnerships were supported; • Of the bridge reconstruction projects, 94 27 with business training, the remaining percent were concentrated in the departments through a combination of entrepreneurial of Totonicapán, Chimaltenango, and Baja business services and investment funds for Verapaz. technological upgrading, small infrastructure, and capitalized expenses. Of these, 22 benefited Strengthened capacity for territorial from the construction of collective productive planning and management: infrastructure. • Eight departments implemented the project’s • Project-supported investments covered 13 territorial planning model, strengthening links supply chains, all of which were characterized between planning and public investments. by high participation rates of indigenous • Of the projects included in the annual operating people. plans, 65 percent formed part of the local PAGE 52 governments’ own agendas, and 35 percent planning and management and monitoring and were developed using participatory planning evaluation. processes. • The project developed planning instruments, PARTNERS such as a national atlas of risk perception at the PDER was aligned with Guatemala’s national local level. strategy for rural development and supported by the Bank and IADB. The project’s institutional • The project supported the formulation of the arrangements reflected the multi-sectoral nature National Development Plan: K’atun Nuestra of the project and agency mandates. The Social Guatemala 2032. Investment Fund (Fondo de Inversión Social, FIS) • Municipal plans were developed by 98 and the Telephony Development Fund (Fondo percent of the municipalities. (Secretaría de para el Desarrollo de la Telefonía, FONDETEL) Planificación y Programación, SEGEPLAN) participated in the initial stages of project strengthened its geo-statistical information and implementation; however, for the most part, spatial data capacities. project implementation relied on the SEGEPLAN, the Ministry of the Economy (Ministerio de Economía, MINECO), and the National Peace Fund WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION (Fondo Nacional de la Paz, FONAPAZ). The Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), financed the project. Total final investments reached US$ 45.45 million (US$ MOVING FORWARD 29.14 million by the Bank and US$ 16.4 million by Support to supply-chain competitiveness the IADB). Within the Bank, an agriculture unit continues under the Enhancing SME Productivity and a transport unit co-managed the project and Project, which is being implemented by MINECO organized joint missions. Allocations to support with Bank funds. The government’s continued supply chain partnerships, including bridge commitment will be necessary to ensure that rehabilitation and construction, totaled US$ 34.25 SEGEPLAN can maintain the gains achieved thus million. The remainder was allocated to territorial far. The new responsibilities assigned by law to PAGE 53 SEGEPLAN relating to the monitoring of sectoral and territorial planning signal this commitment, which needs to be supported by budgetary allocations. Maintenance plans for bridges financed under PDER were signed by all of the participating municipalities; however, the sustainability of these investments will depend on whether the municipalities have not only the will but also the capacity to maintain the structures. “Thanks to PDER, we now have a place for assembling our products.” BENEFICIARIES About 500 municipal staff benefited from training in planning processes. Direct beneficiaries included 20,000 people (90 percent indigenous, 34 percent women). Over 160,000 people benefited from the rehabilitation and construction of bridges. In 40 producer organizations, more than half of the members were women; 16 producer organizations had only female membership. About 79 percent of the direct beneficiaries of the project were located “Thanks to PDER, we are organized, we are in seven departments with extremely high levels of growing more together, we are harvesting more.” poverty. PAGE 54 “Before PDER, we harvested 1,000 pounds per “With PDER, we are strengthening our Project.” week, now are 2000 pounds per week.” “With PDER’s support, we are able to provide “Before PDER, only men knew how to produce better living conditions for our children, including coffee, how to prune coffee. Now, we women know education opportunities.” how to do all of that.” PAGE 55 PAGE 56 Vast expanse of forest, Guyana. Photo: Flickr/Avi Alpert GUYANA GUYANA IMPROVES TEACHER EDUCATION Guyana is improving its teacher education by focusing on the quality and efficiency of teacher education delivery, building human resources and capacity for more effective teaching and learning, and upgrading communications, project management, and monitoring and evaluation. CHALLENGE SOLUTION Guyana faced ongoing challenges in producing The World Bank-supported Guyana Improving the quality of students needed to modernize its Teacher Education Project was developed to workforce. National and regional assessments in improve teacher training as a means of enhancing 2009 showed that student learning outcomes at the the learning achievement of Guyanese children. The primary and secondary levels were low, and that project assisted Guyana’s Ministry of Education the quality of education provided to communities (MOE) in improving the effectiveness and efficiency in the hinterland was well below national of its delivery of quality teacher education. Project standards. Two factors were primary contributors activities focused on: to low student achievement in Guyana: (i) many • Improving the quality and efficiency of teacher teachers entered the profession without the education delivery. necessary academic qualifications and/or training and (ii) trained teachers used outdated (teacher- • Building human resources and capacity for centered) methodologies to deliver the curriculum. more effective teaching and learning. PAGE 57 • Upgrading communications, project teachers, which had been shown to reduce management, and monitoring and evaluation. teacher attrition. • The project incorporated activities to help Several factors guided the project’s approach to mitigate risks that might jeopardize progress. teacher education reform. For example, the institutional capacity required • Project preparation was a highly participatory to implement the new teacher education process. The inputs of stakeholders from programs was weak at both CPCE and UG the MOE, the Teachers’ Union, the Cyril S.E.H. In response, administrators and teachers Potter College of Education (CPCE) and the received training to build the managerial, University of Guyana’s School of Education and technical and instructional capacity required Humanities (UG S.E.H.) generated consensus to effectively implement and oversee the and a sense of ownership. programs. RESULTS The project improved effectiveness in the delivery of quality teacher education as evidenced by improved student teachers’ practicum performance for three years in a row; 83 percent of the 2015 Associate Degree in Education (ADE) graduating cohort scored at or above 65 percent in their classroom teaching assessment. The project contributed to this Teacher training Photo: Ministry of Education, Guyana achievement by providing extensive pedagogical training and professional development for CPCE • Lessons learned from past operations in the lecturers, and by redesigning an improved teaching education sector informed aspects of project practicum semester, which included an observation design. For example, the project supported tool to assess student teachers’ instructional the development of an induction year for new quality. PAGE 58 T The project improved efficiency in the delivery of quality teacher education as evidenced by HE PROJECT the 703 new nursery, primary and secondary IMPROVED teachers produced. The project contributed to EFFICIENCY IN this achievement by designing a streamlined ADE curriculum that allows students to graduate with THE DELIVERY OF a teaching degree in two years. In addition, 50 of QUALITY TEACHER the teachers trained under the project continued EDUCATION on to Bachelor Degree in Education (BEd) studies, AS EVIDENCED ensuring further enhancement of their teaching BY THE 703 NEW skills and earning potential. The project contributed NURSERY, PRIMARY to this achievement by supporting the design of AND SECONDARY teacher education courses that improved quality TEACHERS PRODUCED. and limited redundancy in the ADE and BEd programs. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION A Bank credit of US$ 4,302,499 financed various activities under the project. PARTNERS The Ministry of Education was the implementing agency throughout the project and MOE’s involvement contributed to the success of the project. The Commonwealth of Learning and the government of Guyana contributed US$ 101,201 and US$ 600,000, respectively, toward project Teaching textbooks Photo: Ministry of Education, Guyana financing, for a total project cost of US$ 5,003,700. PAGE 59 They actively participated in the implementation BENEFICIARIES by revising and developing curriculum to adopt the Project activities benefited lecturers and new ADE and B. Ed programs and applied the new administrators at Guyana’s two teacher training curriculum to the classrooms. In addition, CPCE institutions, the CPCE and the UG S.E.H., as well administered the new Practicum instrument for the as student teachers enrolled in the new Associate student teachers. Degree in Education (ADE) and Bachelor Degree in Education (B.Ed) programs at both institutions. MOVING FORWARD Of the 1,200 beneficiary administrators, lecturers, The government of Guyana is committed to and students at CPCE and UG S.E. H, 84 percent sustaining its newly reformed system for teacher were female. In addition, novice teachers working training. The Bank plans to build upon the in classrooms for the first time benefited from achievements realized under the project by the guidance and support of experienced teacher supporting the following new projects in Guyana’s mentors during a newly designed induction year. education sector: Finally, Guyanese schoolchildren benefit over the long term as learners in classrooms run by better- • Secondary Education Improvement Project: trained, more effective teachers. focused on strengthening the capacity of secondary school math teachers nationwide, and introducing technology-assisted learning in mathematics. • Early Childhood Education Project: focused on providing quality early education to nursery and Grade 1 classes in hinterland and riverine areas. • University of Guyana Science and Technology Support Project: focused on upgrading the Science and Technology faculties at UG. Photo: Ministry of Education, Guyana PAGE 60 NICARAGUA EXPANDING ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IN RURAL NICARAGUA Nicaragua is expanding access to water and sanitation to the rural areas using a framework to guide investments and promote sustainable services. I CHALLENGE N 2004, ONLY In 2004, only 63 percent of Nicaragua’s rural population had access to water and only 34 percent 63 PERCENT OF had access to improved sanitation services. Rural NICARAGUA’S coverage levels were particularly dire in the RURAL POPULATION Atlantic Coast Region, an especially difficult region HAD ACCESS TO to access. In addition the rural water and sanitation WATER AND ONLY sector was confronting issues of quality of service 34 PERCENT HAD and sustainability in the medium and long term. ACCESS TO IMPROVED Rural systems in Nicaragua were managed by SANITATION SERVICES. local volunteer water and sanitation committees (Comités de Agua Potable y Saneamiento, CAPS). This arrangement is fragile, because the CAPS and their water and sanitation systems have received PAGE 61 inadequate technical post-construction support The Emergency Social Investment Fund (Fondo from municipal or national authorities. Only 48 de Inversión Social para Emergencias, FISE), percent of CAPS reported monthly incomes greater the main investment vehicle for rural water and than costs; only 29 percent received technical sanitation projects, had limited capacity to lead assistance; and only 64 percent of communities the sector to close these coverage gaps and to with operational water and sanitation systems ensure the sustainability of the systems after receive above 16 hours of water service a day. This construction. The CAPs had limited capacity to jeopardized the sustainability and functionality of maintain the water and sanitation works on their these systems, generating a premature need for own. FISE did not have a method to monitor reconstruction. systematically the works and provide technical assistance. In addition, FISE did not have a systematic way to approach the project cycle; rural water and sanitation works across the country were implemented with different approaches, some of which promoted sustainability more than others. SOLUTION The World Bank-financed Nicaragua Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project helped transform FISE from a donor-responsive works implementation agency to a proactive leader in the water and sanitation sector. The project established a sectoral framework for the water and sanitation sector and developed a series of tools and best practices. The project formulated a “sustainability chain” that clearly established the roles and responsibilities of the communities, municipalities, and FISE in the joint provision of Latrine in rural Nicaragua. Photo: Flickr PAGE 62 water and sanitation services as well as a sector- RESULTS wide implementation manual (Manual de Ejecución The project’s effective structural framework for de Proyectos de Agua y Saneamiento) to ensure rural water and sanitation services management, that sustainability-promoting best practices were focus on institutional strengthening activities at all incorporated at all stages of the project cycle. levels of the sustainability chain, and investment in appropriate infrastructure for Nicaragua’s rural The project also supported the development terrain, resulted in: and roll out of the Rural Water and Sanitation • 68,051 additional Nicaraguans living in rural Information System (SIASAR), a regional, online areas with access to sustainable water service. platform to track and monitor coverage, quality and sustainability and provide a means to identify • 44,120 additional Nicaraguans living in rural communities in need of investment or support areas utilizing new or improved sanitation service. In addition to including innovative solutions. methods to strengthen the sector, the project • 65 percent of the CAPS created during the first included traditional water and sanitation extension three years of implementation still operating activities in the Pacific and Atlantic regions. For sustainably, demonstrating the capacity of the the Atlantic region, the project developed a tailored CAPS to maintain their water and sanitation approach for engagement that reflected cultural systems. considerations and the location accessibility. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION The Bank supported the project with a US$ 29.1 million grant. Roughly 80 percent of the financing was used to carry out coverage extension activities in poor, rural communities. The remaining financing was primarily used for institutional strengthening activities. Water System in the Community of El Tuma. Photo: Alvaro Campy, World Bank PAGE 63 Project will continue and scale up these efforts using the same intervention model. BENEFICIARIES Beneficiary comments included: “Before we had the latrines, we used the fields.” “We’re not going to see ourselves as beneficiaries, but as entrepreneurs!” Photo: Alcaldía Municipal de León, Nicaragua “We used to go a week without water.” PARTNERS “Before I showered every 15 days, now I shower The Bank team worked closely with other every day.” development partners in the rural water and sanitation sector, such as the Water and Sanitation “We used to walk to the spring to get water – it Program, the Swiss Development Agency and the took about an hour.” United Nations Children’s Fund. The partners oftentimes participated in Bank missions and in Bank-sponsored round-table discussions to ensure that investments were complementary. MOVING FORWARD The project focused on building sustainable rural water and sanitation systems. Most of the beneficiary CAPS are now managing their systems sustainably. The recently approved Nicaragua Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation PAGE 64 NICARAGUA IMPROVING THE ROAD NETWORK IN NICARAGUA Nicaragua’s improved road connections and conditions are providing better access to markets and services. The Modulos Comunitarios de Adoquines (MCAs) model using community-based labor for rural road works was highly successful in generating short-term employment opportunities, enhancing technical and entrepreneurial skills, empowering women, and fostering community ownership of rural roads. CHALLENGE SOLUTION In 2006, the quality of Nicaragua’s road The Fourth Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance infrastructure was the lowest in Central America. Project was designed to support the government More than 75 percent of the total road network was of Nicaragua’s broad-based economic growth and in poor condition, due to the use of inappropriate poverty reduction plan by relieving transportation design and construction standards, coupled with bottlenecks that hindered economic growth and an inadequate maintenance regime. This poor private sector investment. The project was designed road quality was the principal bottleneck in the to complement the two previous Bank-financed transport sector for external and internal trade, road projects, which allowed Nicaragua to complete thereby limiting the competitiveness of exports over half of the National Development Plan target and discouraging the development of areas with of 1,200 km of trunk and adoquin-stabilized roads agricultural potential. by 2009. An adoquin is a concrete-like cobblestone PAGE 65 T block, precast of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, filler, and water, and laid for paving HE PROJECT roads through manual labor. The project supported: FINANCED THE • Expansion of the innovative and low-cost rural REHABILITATION road stabilization programs with adoquines OF 52 KILOMETERS to improve and expand further the paved road OF TRUNK AND network. SECONDARY ROADS • Strengthening of maintenance practices IN THE PRODUCTIVE to ensure the sustainability of the road ZONES. improvements. • Improvement of connecting networks of RESULTS collector, secondary and rural roads in targeted The project financed the (i) rehabilitation of 52 areas with high productive potential, and that kilometers of trunk and secondary roads in the have large numbers of poor residents. productive zones, (ii) pavement of 361 kilometers of rural roads using community based labor for rural In addition, supporting the Road Maintenance road works through MCAs, and (iii) implementation Fund (Fondo de Mantenimiento Vial, FOMAV), of routine and periodic maintenance works on the established with support under previous Bank- road network. These investment support several financed projects, and the involvement of the improvements: private sector and the local communities in periodic • Improved transport infrastructure along and routine maintenance using a public bidding selected road corridors led to significant process, continued to represent the major elements reductions in vehicle operating costs, a decline for an efficient solution towards adequate provision from 8 to 2.5 on the International Roughness of road maintenance and sustainability of the road Index, and a major increase of traffic, from 380 infrastructure. to 480 vehicles per day. PAGE 66 • Improved access to productive zones and to rural communities with the additional 361 kilometers of rural adoquin roads, thereby contributing to the increased share, from 28 percent to 38 percent, of populations living within two kilometers of an all-season paved road and improved rural mobility with growing bicycle usage, up to 320 daily bicycle trips. • Improved sustainability of the road network carried out under the project with share of Rural Road Improvement La Subasta-Camoapa. roads in good and fair condition increasing Photo: Stephen Muzira, World Bank from 20 to 23.3 percent. • The MCA model created 648,000 temporary WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION jobs, with 34 percent of women in board The Bank approved the credit of US$ 60 million membership positions and 15 percent of women in 2006. In June 2010, an additional financing fully employed. in the amount of US$ 39.3 million, was approved to cover the existing project financing gap, given the increase in construction costs. This additional financing included a US$ 7.5 million Bank credit and a US$ 31.8 million Bank grant. The grant included US$ 14.3 million from the pilot crisis response window (CRW), allocated as a response to the impact of the global economic crisis of 2009 on Nicaragua’s economy. Paved Road Rehabilitation Diriamba - La Boquita, Casares. Photo: Stephen Muzira, World Bank PAGE 67 PARTNERS Bank support builds on the efficient mechanisms Main partners for this project included the established for maintenance by the Rural Roads Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Infrastructure Improvement Project, launched (Ministerio de Transporte e Infraestructura, MTI), in November 2011. This operation also addresses Road Maintenance Fund, Adoquines Community the sustainability of MCAs after completion of Modules, Local Municipalities. construction works by supporting FOMAV in engaging them in maintenance of the rural roads. T HE NEXT PHASE OF BANK SUPPORT BUILDS ON THE EFFICIENT MECHANISMS ESTABLISHED FOR MAINTENANCE. Rural Road Improvement Palacaguina – Telpaneca – San Juan de Rio Coco . MOVING FORWARD Photo: Stephen Muzira, World Bank The transition arrangements for post-project operations ensure sustainability of rehabilitated BENEFICIARIES roads. Currently, FOMAV maintains 3,200 Among many benefits, the project provided kilometers of roads through 52 micro-enterprises. an excellent opportunity to promote women’s FOMAV is self-sustainable with a steady flow of empowerment, employment and enhance their revenue from fuel levies. The roads rehabilitated productive activities, through their participation under the project have already been included in in rural road works. An impact evaluation study the FOMAV operational plan. The next phase of of the project found that the project had a 28.5 PAGE 68 T percent positive impact on the average income of the population in the intervened municipalities HE IMPACT with monthly average income increasing by around ON WOMEN’S C$ 876.80 (US$ 34.84 equivalent). Moreover, INCOME the impact on women’s income was even more significant than on men’s, with women’s monthly WAS EVEN MORE average income increasing by about C$ 1,160 (US$ SIGNIFICANT THAN 46.1 equivalent). ON MEN’S, WITH WOMEN’S MONTHLY A 36 year-old women from Moyogalpa, Nicaragua, AVERAGE INCOME stated, “I enjoyed being part of an MCA because I INCREASING BY brought my own money home and didn’t depend ABOUT C$ 1,160. on my husband. I mostly liked that I could buy whatever I wanted. I felt fulfilled as a woman.” A 43 year-old women from Ñámbaro, Nicaragua, shared, “This job strengthened my confidence. I feel I can move forward and also support my family.” PAGE 69 NICARAGUA NICARAGUAN FARMERS IMPROVE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY Almost 70,000 Nicaraguan farmers improved their average agricultural productivity index by 16 percent by participating in agricultural and forestry extension services and adopting new production and processing technologies. CHALLENGE and was not commensurate with the challenges of In 2005, rural poverty in Nicaragua was 64 combating pervasive rural poverty. percent and the economy was largely dependent on agriculture, however, growth resulted from I exploitation of marginal lands and was not supported by improvements in technology, N 2005, RURAL innovation or improved productivity. At the POVERTY IN time, Nicaragua was one of the most agriculture NICARAGUA WAS dependent economies in the Latin America and 64 PERCENT AND the Caribbean region, accounting for roughly 20 THE ECONOMY WAS percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and 40 LARGELY DEPENDENT percent of employment. In addition, the share of ON AGRICULTURE. total public expenditure allocated to increasing productivity in rural areas had been declining PAGE 70 SOLUTION of the institutions in the agriculture sector. Some In line with the Nicaraguan government’s National specific results for each of these areas include: Human Development Plan and Rural Development Program (Programa Nacional de Desarrollo Rural, Agricultural productivity: PRORURAL), the World Bank-supported Second • Average seed availability grew to 369 metric Agricultural Technology Project promoted the tons (genetic and basic seed) per year. development and access to agricultural technology as important factors in agricultural development. • The number of hectares dedicated to the production of basic and registered vegetables The project contributed to increasing agricultural and tubers expanded to 230 hectares. productivity of project beneficiaries through • Cumulative incremental certified seed innovations in environmentally friendly technology production (maize, beans, and rice) grew from (research, transfer, technical assistance, and 1,806 metric tons at baseline to 4,728 metric extension), and strengthening and modernizing tons. agricultural public sector institutions. The project also helped validate 59 new technologies supporting • Average productivity improved by 16 export commodities, food safety and security, and percent, broken down by average increases in environmental sustainability. Additional financing productivity of maize (15 percent), bean (18 put in place a new model to provide technical, percent) and rice (14 percent above the national credit, and inspection services to 1,300 producers of average). certified seeds. Access to technology and innovation: RESULTS • The most widely adopted technologies were The project had major impacts in several significant integrated crop management, environmental areas for Nicaraguan agriculture, including (i) management practices, varieties and hybrids, improved agricultural productivity, (ii) expanded and post-harvest practices. access to technology and innovation, (iii) greater access to services, and (iv) strengthened capacity PAGE 71 Institutional strengthening and capacity building: • Implementing agencies and partners strengthened their monitoring and evaluation (M&E) financial, and environmental systems, staff training, capacity building, and incorporation of program staff salaries into the fiscal payroll. T Training event with producers of certified seeds at Jinotega, Nicaragua. Photo: INTA HE PROJECT Access to services: INCREASED • Technical assistance and training provided for AVERAGE the production of certified seeds and to develop SEED AVAILABILITY managerial skills of new seed enterprises. (GENETIC AND BASIC SEED) TO 369 METRIC • Public services for seed certification and three TONS PER YEAR. certification laboratories in target areas were strengthened. • Infrastructure for the storage of genetic material, processing and analysis of seed WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION quality of basic grains, increased total storage In 2005, in the context of the signing of the capacity to 1,806 metric tons. Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade • Extended credit to seed producer cooperatives, Agreement (DR-CAFTA), the Bank approved a reached approximately US$ 2.6 million. credit of US$ 12 million to help Nicaragua improve its agricultural productivity and vertically integrate PAGE 72 with its neighbors. Five years later, in 2010, the for Agriculture Development (IFAD) contributed Bank provided a grant of additional financing of US$ 8.9 million in matching grants to fund US$ 10 million to support improved productivity of technical assistance and extension proposals with seeds of basic grains as a medium term response to FUNICA. the global food price crisis. In 2011, the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development contributed PARTNERS US$ 2.05 million through a trust fund with the Implementing agencies and partners included the World Bank to carry out the field work, prepare Ministry of Agriculture (Ministerio Agropecuario, the database of the Fourth National Agricultural MAG), the Institute of Agricultural Technology Census, and conduct the Nicaragua Agriculture (Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agricola, Sector Public Expenditure Review. INTA), the National Forests Institute (Instituto Nacional Forestal, INAFOR), the National Technological Institute (Instituto Nacional MOVING FORWARD Tecnológico, INATEC), the Foundation for Despite the important gains made under the Agricultural and Forest Development (Fundación project, critical gaps in productivity and market para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Agropecuario y linkages remain. The Nicaragua Caribbean Coast Forestal, FUNICA), and the Banco de Fomento Food Security Project, approved in February, Produzcamos (BP). 2015, is a Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) operation intended to scale Prompted by a lack of donor coordination and up project activities by supporting the links the need to coordinate public sector institutions, between markets and smallholder producers in the during the preparation phase, the project helped Caribbean coast region (particularly indigenous create the sector-wide platform, PRORURAL, and Afro-descendant farmers), and strengthening under which donors and public sector institutions value chains. The Bank is also exploring with cooperated to achieve the common objectives the government of Nicaragua the possibility of of gaining efficiency and improving overall aid formulating a long-term project on climate resilient effectiveness. In addition, the International Fund agriculture in the country’s dry corridor. The sector PAGE 73 dialogue is currently being framed by a Nicaragua farmers, the project has helped to improve the lives Agricultural Sector Study completed in December, of many families. For example, 33,250 farmers who 2015, and a technical assistance to draft a Strategic participated in agricultural and forestry extension Framework for agricultural development in the dry services adopted at least two new production or corridor. processing technologies, while 82 percent of the project stakeholders expressed satisfaction with the B research and agricultural services received. Y BRINGING TRAINING, The project also provided 70,806 producers TECHNICAL with technical assistance, and the Additional ASSISTANCE, AND Financing provided training to 1,435 producers INNOVATIVE for the production of certified seeds and provided AGRICULTURAL assistance to 41 seed producer organizations to develop managerial skills of new seed enterprises. TECHNOLOGIES CLOSER TO POOR Among the many benefits, the project provided RURAL FARMERS, THE an excellent opportunity to promote women’s PROJECT HAS HELPED empowerment, and enhance their productive TO IMPROVE THE LIVES activities. OF MANY FAMILIES. Ms. Maura Pineda, a member of Cooperativa Masmaslaya R.L. in the indigenous territory of Tasba Pri, in Siuna commented: BENEFICIARIES “It is not like in the old times when women did not The project successfully strengthened the project’s work and only stayed home; we now have implementing agencies and partners. By bringing more knowledge about how to sow and harvest training, technical assistance, and innovative our products without being so dependent on men.” agricultural technologies closer to poor rural PAGE 74 Plantation of beans to produce certified seeds. Nueva Guinea, Nicaragua. Photo: INTA PAGE 75 PANAMA IMPROVING MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE IN PANAMA’S RURAL AREAS Panama is delivering basic health services to nearly 180,000 beneficiaries per year from rural non-indigenous areas through mobile health teams. Despite the difficulties, results are remarkable. CHALLENGE poor households (except for the anti-tuberculosis Panama has devoted a substantial amount of vaccine BCG). its gross domestic product (GDP) to health expenditures, and has achieved important positive health outcomes. For example under 5 mortality declined from 34 to 20, deaths per 1,000 births between 1990 and 2004. However, inequality in the health sector persists. Due to geographical, financial, and cultural barriers, poor rural households experienced lower health outcomes, especially mothers and children. Immunization rates increased for the non-poor but declined between 4 and 5 percentage points in Mobile health team. Photo: Ministry of Health, Panama PAGE 76 SOLUTION RESULTS In 2008, the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Nearly 180,000 beneficiaries per year living in non- Salud. MINSA), introduced the Health Protection indigenous rural areas received regular access to a for Vulnerable Populations Program (Proteccion basic package of health services through the mobile en Salud para Poblaciones Vulnerables, PSPV) to health teams. In addition, 100 percent of Panama’s deliver basic health services to poor non-indigenous health regions completed the survey and mapping populations in rural areas. The MINSA, local of human resources, equipment and infrastructure health teams, and private sector organizations and are using an automated monitoring and signed performance agreements, which were information system to assess achievement of results based on innovative financing and results-based of primary health care providers. payment approaches introduced by the World Bank-supported Health Equity and Performance WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION Improvement Project. The Bank’s total loan was US$ 40.00 million. The government of Panama invested US$ 16.30 million. N EARLY 180,000 BENEFICIARIES PER YEAR LIVING IN NON- INDIGENOUS RURAL AREAS RECEIVED REGULAR ACCESS TO A BASIC PACKAGE OF HEALTH SERVICES THROUGH THE MOBILE HEALTH TEAMS. Mobile health team. Photo: Ministry of Health, Panama PAGE 77 PARTNERS The project was implemented with a strong partnership among the Bank, the MINSA’s Financial and Administrative Health Management Unit, MINSA regional offices, and private sector providers. MOVING FORWARD Following the conclusion of the project, the Inter- American Development Bank (IADB) increased its support of Panama’s effort to reach the remote rural areas. A new Bank project is under preparation focused on indigenous people. A NEW BANK Photo: Ministry of Health, Panama PROJECT BENEFICIARIES IS UNDER Beneficiaries included pregnant women, children, PREPARATION and persons with diabetes and hypertension. FOCUSED ON THE • The percentage of pregnant women with at INCLUSION OF least three prenatal controls increased from 20 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE. percent in 2010 to 86 percent in 2014. • The percentage of children under one year of age with a complete vaccination scheme increased from 26 percent in 2010 to 96 percent in 2014. PAGE 78 • The percentage of women delivering children with the assistance of trained personnel from the MINSA increased from 6 percent to 92 percent. • The percentage of individuals diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension, receiving prescribed drugs according to MINSA’s protocols increased from 54 percent to 78 percent. T HE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN DELIVERING CHILDREN WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF TRAINED PERSONNEL FROM MINSA INCREASED FROM 6 PERCENT TO 92 PERCENT. Photo: Ministry of Health, Panama PAGE 79 PANAMA PRODUCTIVE ALLIANCES REDUCE ECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN PANAMA Panama promotes sustainable rural alliances to improve the competitiveness of small producer organizations and support the restoration and sustainable management of 43,000 hectares of forest. CHALLENGE SOLUTION Panamanian farmers have traditionally focused The World Bank-supported Rural Productivity on local markets. However, their use of low and Consolidation of the Atlantic Mesoamerican technology and their low productivity have reduced Biological Corridor Project (PRORURAL) was their export competitiveness and contributed to designed to address these specific threats, by Panama’s high rates of rural poverty. Globalization closing the deep and expanding income gap is forcing farmers to become more competitive and between urban and rural Panamá, and reducing develop competitive export products. Meanwhile, the critical “push” factors (natural resource the agricultural frontier is advancing at the rate depletion, deforestation, and poverty) that of 50,000-80,000 hectares per year. In addition, spurr human migration into important areas due to the traditional agricultural practices and of global conservation in the Mesoamerican inadequate conservation efforts, this expansion is Biological Corridor (MBC-P), and the “pull” rapidly reducing the country’s forest and protected factors (over-exploitation, illegal harvesting, areas, and depleting soil and water resources. and lax enforcement), which could be addressed PAGE 80 Banana plantation owned by a small rural producers in Veraguas District. Photo: Mario Gill/World Bank by consolidating and strengthening the RESULTS implementation of existing management plans The project contributed to a sustainable use of that ensure conservation of globally important natural resources based on community driven rural biodiversity. Demand-driven operations improved development: community capacity to directly identify and • Support for the establishment of 130 implement small-scale investments, promote productive alliances, involving 4,577 small- sustainable use, and conservation of biodiversity. scale rural producer, with a 22.3 percent Most importantly, the MBC-P was integrated into boost in sales receipts. The productive alliance sector strategies, local and regional planning, and helped increase incomes and improved public investments. beneficiaries’ quality of life due to better input, PAGE 81 O equipment, insertion in new markets, and collectively selling at better prices. VER A FOUR • Under the productive alliance investments, YEAR PERIOD, in some 8 percent of the sub-project area of 43,033 3,781.4 hectares, unsustainable activities were HECTARES OF FOREST ceased and the area was transformed into AND RELATED forest and vegetation for sustainable uses. ECO-SYSTEMS WERE REFORESTED OR The project contributed to the conservation of globally important biodiversity: RESTORED AND PUT UNDER SUSTAINABLE • Through the government’s co-financing and MANAGEMENT. monitoring over four years, 43,033 hectares of forest and related eco-systems were reforested or restored and put under sustainable management. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION • The value of carbon fixation from forest The Panamanian government’s 2005-2009 recuperation is estimated at US$ 304,970 development strategy included a strong component per year, demonstrating a direct and relevant for investments across the rural area, supported by socio-environmental benefit. the Bank’s 2005 Interim Strategy Note. Within this context, the Bank provided financing of US$ 39.4 • By using updated maps on forest and million for the project. In addition, the Bank and vegetation cover, sophisticated equipment the Bank-administered Global Environmental Fund acquired by project and with the support (GEF) provided US$ 10 million and US$ 6 million, of government technicians and other respectively, for the implementation of the Atlantic international agencies, a high resolution Forest Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Project. Cover and Soil Use Map to update forest status was prepared. PAGE 82 Watermelon processing plant owned by small rural women producers in Veraguas District. Photo: World Bank Forest Degradation (UN-REDD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provided technical support, which was crucial for project PARTNERS implementation. The Bank partnered with the Ministry of Agricultural Development (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario) and the National MOVING FORWARD Environmental Authority (Autoridad Nacional The government of Panama continues to implement de Ambiente). The United Nations Program for its development strategy aimed at strength the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and competitiveness of the agricultural sector using a PAGE 83 W sustainable, environmental friendly and inclusive approach. A new GEF project was approved E NOW in February 2015 and a second phase of the KNOW THAT project has been submitted for Bank financing. WE HAVE Both projects will consolidate and expand the program of sustainable rural alliances focused on TO RESPECT THE biodiversity conservation and support to indigenous BANS AND USE THE populations. RIGHT NETS TO KEEP FISHING IN THE BENEFICIARIES FUTURE. Adam, one of the project participants, says: “Every day we learn more and create awareness. We were destroying marine life; we now know that we have to respect the bans and use the right nets to keep fishing in the future. Otherwise, our grandchildren will not have seafood.” PAGE 84 Glass frog on a guide’s hand along the Chagres River, Panama. Photo: Freeimages/Paul Caputo PAGE 85 PERU PERU REDUCES POVERTY AND ENHANCES SOCIAL INCLUSION Peru’s reform agenda includes integrating programs to reduce poverty and enhance social inclusion. The new organizational model integrates service provision using guidelines to improve communication between programs and information systems. It also enables knowledge transfer between with the regional governments. CHALLENGE districts of each department. In particular the Under its social inclusion strategy, the Peruvian Cuna Mas and Juntos programs, have played an government has identified priority action areas to important role in the delivery of the packages and address childhood nutrition and early childhood services defined as critical to ensuring proper early development. The government’s policy targets childhood development. include: (i) reduce child chronic malnutrition to 10 percent, (ii) reduce anemia to 20 percent, The five programs—Cuna Mas, Juntos, Pension (iii) increase preprimary education enrollment to 65, Qali Warma and FONCODES (Fondo 85 percent and (iv) increase access to water and de Cooperacion para el Desarrollo Social)— sanitation to 85 percent. Regional governments implemented by the Ministry of Development adopted coverage targets related to delivery of and Social Inclusion (Ministerio de Desarrollo e complete packages of products needed to ensure Inclusion Social, MIDIS) were powerful tools to proper early childhood development, in the poorest achieve these objectives. However, despite the PAGE 86 programs’ significant presence in the poorest • Refining of the Household Targeting System communities, a coordinated response had not been (Sistema de Focalizacion de Hogares, SISFOH) achieved in part because MIDIS has been focused at the national and local levels. on the national level and articulation between • Strengthening of the operational mechanism of the national and regional and local levels needed MIDIS’s social programs. improvement. • Improvement and integration of the operational A procedures of some programs, such as Juntos RTICULATION and Cuna Mas, that are targeting the same age BETWEEN THE groups and geographical locations, but with NATIONAL AND poor coordination. REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS NEEDED RESULTS IMPROVEMENT. The project helped to clarify the operational package of services for Early Childhood Development. It also led to the following results: • Improvements in the implementation of SISFOH. SOLUTION • Adjustments in the operational management of The World Bank-financed Strengthening MIDIS Qali Warma, Juntos and Cuna Mas programs Capacity to Provide Integrated Services at the and alignment of these programs with the Early Subnational Level Project was designed as a Childhood Development Strategy. technical assistance project to address the following areas of focus: • Improvements in the coordination at the implementation level. • Implementation of the Early Childhood Development Policy. • Enhancement of the quality of operational documents and procedures. PAGE 87 • Identification of potential points of articulation between Cuna Mas and Juntos. • Delivery of a work plan proposal for the development of integrated Cuna Mas and Juntos services for the design and implementation of a pilot. WORLD BANK GROUP CONTRIBUTION Bank funding amounted to US$ 83,384, Photo: Qali Warma/Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion, Peru covering staff cost, consultant’s contracts, trips, dissemination events costs and publications. The Bank team provided advisory support to the PARTNERS government’s reform agenda in the coordination MIDIS and its social programs were the partners and monitoring of inclusive social programs, and for these activities. The Ministry has a steering their related institutional arrangements. The role for the national policies of social inclusion Bank team arranged for knowledge exchanges, and at the same time implements the main social such as workshops and videoconferences to programs in the country. discuss international experiences with countries facing similar challenges (including Brazil, MOVING FORWARD Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, Activities developed under this technical assistance Jamaica and East and Central Asia countries) and project were part of a support package to MIDIS workshops with SISFOH, Juntos, and Cuna Mas and were implemented in close coordination task teams. The Bank team also provided comments with other ongoing projects, including the Social and recommendations, including for example, Inclusion Technical Assistance Lending Project, the Operational Manual of the Fondo de Estimulo the Results in Nutrition for Juntos SWAp, and al Desempeño (FED) and SISFOH, as well as the the Poverty Non-Lending Technical Assistance. design of the Qali Warma information system. Although there are no plans for a new technical PAGE 88 Photo: Qali Warma/Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion, Peru assistance project in this area, MIDIS and the five programs will continue to apply and benefit from the improved systems, programs, and monitoring and evaluation tools introduced by this project. BENEFICIARIES The direct beneficiary of the technical assistance was MIDIS and indirectly the targeted population of MIDIS’s programs. PAGE 89 Latin America and Caribbean Region The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA http://wbi.worldbank.org/sske/result-stories http://www.worldbank.org/results/ This book was produced by the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Operations Unit in collaboration with Latin America and Caribbean External Communications Unit April 2016