West Mainland Water Supply Project (WMWSP) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report For West Mainland Water Supply Project, Mombasa County. Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-(KWSCRP) Jabavu House, Jabavu Lane, Kilimani P.O. Box 553244- 00100 NAIROBI, Kenya Cell: + 254-0739 530 110 Email: environmentsafeguards@gmail.com http://www.environmentalsafeguards.com West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report ISSUE AND REVISION RECORD: KENYA WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PROJECT (KWSCRP) Preparation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report For West Mainland Water Supply Project, Mombasa County. EMPLOYER: Ministry of Water and Sanitation CONSULTANT: FINAL VERSION RECORDS FOR REVISION VER.: DATE: DESCRIPTION/PURPOSE OF ISSUE: PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: Tito Kodiaga-Snr. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL Environmental Final 04/01/2019 ESC Limited Specialist; IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT KWSCRP West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report CONTENTS Issue and Revision Record: .......................................................................................................... 2 Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 12 KWSCRP BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 12 WEST MAINLAND WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ...................................................................... 12 LOCATIONS OF PROJECT ...................................................................................................... 13 INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS ....................................................................................... 15 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ................................................................... 15 THE ESIA METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 15 POSITIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 16 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................ 17 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 17 OPERATIONAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................................ 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan ....................................................................... 27 Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESSMP) ................................. 38 ESMP Implementation ............................................................................................................... 38 KWSCRP National Project Management Unit ........................................................................... 38 Mombasa County Government/MOWASSCO ........................................................................... 38 Project Supervision Engineer .................................................................................................... 38 National Environment Management Authority ....................................................................... 39 Grievance Redress ................................................................................................................ 39 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 40 1.1 KWSCRP AND WEST MAINLAND WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ................................ 40 1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF KWSCRP NRW PROJECT ............................................ 41 1.3 PURPOSE AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE WMWS PROJECT ................................. 42 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE WMWS PROJECT ................................................................... 42 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA ......................................................................................... 43 1.6 PROJECT CATEGORISATION ..................................................................................... 43 1.6.1 KWSCRP Project Categorization ........................................................................... 44 2.0 ESIA APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 45 2.1 ESIA OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 45 2.2 ESIA OVERALL APPROACH ........................................................................................ 45 2.3 SCOPING ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.1 Scoping Stage in ESIA Process ............................................................................. 46 2.3.2 Purpose of Scoping ................................................................................................ 46 2.3.3 NEMA Requirement for Scoping ............................................................................ 47 2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 47 2.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE.............................................................................. 48 2.4.2 Field Site Surveys .................................................................................................. 48 2.4.3 Flora and Fauna Surveys ....................................................................................... 48 2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE .................................................................................... 49 2.5.1 Secondary and Primary Data ................................................................................. 49 2.5.2 Formal Public Discussion ....................................................................................... 49 2.5.3 Government Consultations ..................................................................................... 49 2.5.4 Community Consultations ...................................................................................... 50 2.6 DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 50 2.7 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................... 50 2.8 DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE ......................................................................... 50 2.8.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 50 2.8.2 Magnitude ............................................................................................................... 50 2.8.3 Sensitivity ............................................................................................................... 51 2.8.4 Impact evaluation and determination of significance ............................................. 52 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.8.5 Approach to mitigation and management .............................................................. 52 2.9 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ................................................................................. 52 2.10 COLLABORATION ......................................................................................................... 53 3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 54 3.1 CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION .................................................................. 55 3.2.2 World Bank Operational Policies ............................................................................ 69 3.2.3 International Finance Corporation and World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines ................................................................................................................... 72 3.3 GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE .............................................. 78 3.3.1 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources .................................................... 78 3.3.2 Ministry of Water and Sanitation ............................................................................ 78 3.3.3 National Environment Management Authority ....................................................... 78 3.3.4 National Environment Complaints Committee (NECC).......................................... 78 3.3.5 Water Resources Authority (WRA) ........................................................................ 79 3.3.6 County Environmental Committee (CEC) Member (Mombasa County) ................ 79 3.3.7 National Environmental Department (NED) ........................................................... 79 3.3.8 The National Environment Tribunal........................................................................ 79 3.3.9 County Government of Mombasa (CGM) .............................................................. 79 3.4 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE (WATER SECTOR) .................................................... 79 3.4.1 Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) ....................................................... 80 3.4.2 Water Resource Authority (WRA) .......................................................................... 80 3.4.3 Water Sector Trust Fund (WSTF) .......................................................................... 81 3.4.4 Water Service Boards (WSBs) ............................................................................... 81 3.4.5 Water Service Providers (WSP) ............................................................................. 81 3.5 INTERNATIONAL GUIDANCE AND STANDARDS ...................................................... 81 3.6 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ............................................................................... 81 4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................... 83 4.1 PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................................ 83 4.2 LOCATIONS OF PROJECT........................................................................................... 83 4.3 PROJECT DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 84 4.3.1 Primary pipelines .................................................................................................... 84 4.3.2 Secondary pipelines ............................................................................................... 84 4.3.3 Tertiary pipelines .................................................................................................... 84 4.3.4 DMA boundaries including flow meters .................................................................. 84 4.3.5 Isolation Valves ...................................................................................................... 84 4.3.6 Design DMA ........................................................................................................... 84 4.4 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 85 4.5 CONSTRUCTION METHODS ....................................................................................... 86 4.5.2 Raw materials and waste from construction .......................................................... 87 5.0 ALTERNATIVES AND STUDIES ......................................................................................... 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 89 5.1.1 The Project Option ................................................................................................. 89 5.1.2 No Project Development Option ............................................................................. 89 5.1.3 Alternative Sources of Water ................................................................................. 89 5.1.4 Alternatives Pipeline Material ................................................................................. 91 5.1.5 Alternative Project Routes/Site .............................................................................. 92 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ............................................................................................ 93 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 93 6.2 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................... 93 6.2.1 West Mainland Location ......................................................................................... 94 6.3 TOPOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 95 6.4 GEOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 95 6.5 HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY ....................................................................... 95 6.6 SOILS ............................................................................................................................. 96 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.7 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY .................................................................................. 96 6.7.1 Ambient Air Emission Measurements .................................................................... 98 6.7.2 Ambient Noise Emission Measurements ............................................................. 103 6.8 GROUNDWATER ........................................................................................................ 103 6.9 LAND OWNERSHIP .................................................................................................... 104 6.10 LAND USE ................................................................................................................... 104 6.11 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 104 6.11.1 Flora ..................................................................................................................... 105 6.11.2 FAUNA ................................................................................................................. 106 6.11.3 Mammals .............................................................................................................. 106 6.11.4 Reptiles ................................................................................................................ 106 6.11.5 Amphibians ........................................................................................................... 106 6.11.6 Insects .................................................................................................................. 106 7.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE .......................................................................................... 107 7.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 107 7.2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY .......................................................................... 107 7.2.1 Settlement Patterns .............................................................................................. 108 7.3 CULTURE AND HERITAGE ........................................................................................ 108 7.4 EDUCATION ................................................................................................................ 108 7.5 HEALTH ....................................................................................................................... 109 7.6 ENERGY SOURCES ................................................................................................... 109 7.7 WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................................................... 110 7.7.1 Water Demand ..................................................................................................... 111 7.7.2 Current Water Supply ........................................................................................... 112 7.8 LAND USE ................................................................................................................... 112 7.9 SOLID WASTE ............................................................................................................. 115 7.10 POVERTY, INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT ................................................................. 115 7.10.1 Employment and unemployment.......................................................................... 115 7.10.2 Income and Livelihoods ....................................................................................... 116 7.10.3 Poverty ................................................................................................................. 116 7.11 GENDER ...................................................................................................................... 116 7.12 TOURISM AND RECREATION ................................................................................... 117 7.13 GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................. 117 7.14 COMMUNICATIONS AND SERVICE LINES ............................................................... 117 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ................................................................ 118 8.1 CONSULTATION AND AWARENESS ........................................................................ 118 8.2 INITIAL INTERVIEWS.................................................................................................. 118 8.3 FORMAL PUBLIC FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ..................................................... 118 8.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY ..................................................................................... 119 8.5 COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS ............................................................................... 120 8.6 DISCLOSURE .............................................................................................................. 125 9.0 RESETTLEMENT LAND ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION .................................... 126 9.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 126 9.2 RESETTLEMENT CORRIDOR OF IMPACT ............................................................... 126 9.3 RAP TEAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIDDING DOCUMENTS ........................... 126 9.3.1 Works Contractors Methodologies ....................................................................... 126 9.3.2 Working in constrained areas ............................................................................... 127 9.3.3 Flexible RCoI ........................................................................................................ 127 9.3.4 Access to Businesses and Residences ............................................................... 127 9.3.5 Drainage Function ................................................................................................ 127 10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION ..................................... 128 10.1 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPACTS................................................................................. 128 10.2 Positive/Beneficial Impacts .......................................................................................... 129 10.2.1 Construction Phase .............................................................................................. 129 10.2.2 Operation Phase .................................................................................................. 129 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10.3 Negative/Adverse Impacts ........................................................................................... 130 10.3.1 Impact on Utilities ................................................................................................. 130 10.3.2 Impacts on Flora and Fauna ................................................................................ 131 10.3.3 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................................ 131 10.3.4 Impact on Soil and Geology ................................................................................. 132 10.3.5 Noise and Vibration Emission Impacts ................................................................ 132 10.3.6 Solid Waste Generation ....................................................................................... 133 10.3.7 Visual Impacts ...................................................................................................... 133 10.3.8 Impacts on Surface Water .................................................................................... 134 10.3.9 Impacts to Occupational Health and Safety ......................................................... 134 10.3.10 Impacts on Community Health and Safety ........................................................... 134 10.3.11 Impacts on Traffic ................................................................................................. 134 10.3.12 Accidental Exposure/Disturbance of Asbestos Pipeline ...................................... 135 10.3.13 Public Health Diseases ........................................................................................ 135 10.3.14 Resettlement Impacts .......................................................................................... 135 10.3.15 Gender Based Violence ....................................................................................... 135 10.3.16 Child Protection .................................................................................................... 136 10.3.17 Labour Influx and Recruitment ............................................................................. 136 10.4 Operation Impacts ........................................................................................................ 136 10.4.1 Consumption of Contaminated Water .................................................................. 136 10.4.2 Solid Waste Generation ....................................................................................... 137 10.4.3 Visual Impacts ...................................................................................................... 137 10.4.4 Impacts to Occupational Health and Safety ......................................................... 137 10.4.5 Impacts on Community Health and Safety ........................................................... 137 10.4.6 Impacts on Traffic ................................................................................................. 138 10.4.7 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................................ 138 10.4.8 Noise and Vibration Emission Impacts ................................................................ 138 10.5 Mitigation Measures ..................................................................................................... 142 10.5.1 Mitigation hierarchy for the planned project activities .......................................... 142 10.5.2 Pre-Construction .................................................................................................. 143 11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................... 151 11.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP ..................................................................................... 151 11.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................ 151 11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPECIFICATIONS ............................................ 152 11.4 COST OF MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................... 152 11.5 ESMP ........................................................................................................................... 152 11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ............................................ 152 11.6.1 Requirements ....................................................................................................... 152 11.6.2 The ESMoP .......................................................................................................... 153 11.6.3 Conduct of the plan .............................................................................................. 153 11.6.4 Post-Assessment Environmental Audits .............................................................. 153 11.6.5 KWSCRP/PMU..................................................................................................... 154 11.6.6 Contractors ........................................................................................................... 154 11.6.7 Contractor’s ESMP (CESMP) .............................................................................. 154 11.7 RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................... 155 11.7.1 General View ........................................................................................................ 155 11.7.2 MOWASSCO Responsibility ................................................................................ 155 11.7.3 NEMA Functions .................................................................................................. 155 11.7.4 Project Implementation Responsibilities .............................................................. 155 11.7.5 Contractor ............................................................................................................. 156 11.7.6 Supervisor ............................................................................................................ 156 11.7.7 Community Liaison Committees .......................................................................... 156 11.8 ESMP IMPLEMENTATION .......................................................................................... 167 11.8.1 Project Management Unit ..................................................................................... 167 11.8.2 ESMP Implementation ......................................................................................... 167 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Project Supervision Engineer .................................................................................................. 167 11.8.3 Contractor ............................................................................................................. 167 12.0 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ............................................................................. 169 12.1 GRIEVANCE DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES ......................................................... 169 12.1.1 INTERNAL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM .............................................................. 170 12.1.2 EXTERNAL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ............................................................. 172 12.1.3 MONITORING OF THE GRM IMPLEMENTATION ............................................. 175 12.1.4 REPORTING OF THE GRM ................................................................................ 176 13.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 177 13.1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 177 13.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................ 179 14.0 APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 180 14.1 APPENDIX 1-PUBLIC CONSULTATION LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .......................... 180 14.2 APPENDIX 2-CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES............................................................ 181 14.3 ANNEX 3. PROTOCOL ON HANDLING ASBESTOS ................................................. 182 14.4 APPENDIX 4-SELECTED MAPS................................................................................. 184 14.5 APPENDIX 4-SELECTED PICTURES ........................................................................ 185 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report List of Table Table 1.Summary of Negative Impacts ........................................................................................ 17 Table 2.Mitigation of impacts related to rehabilitation of construction of pipeline ..................... 21 Table 3.Mitigation of impacts related to operation of pipeline .................................................... 24 Table 4.Environmental and Social Management Plan .................................................................. 28 Table 5. Environment and Social Monitoring Indicators.............................................................. 35 Table 6. Overview gap between supply and demand during the first 6 months of 2015.............. 42 Table 7. Generic criteria for determining magnitude.................................................................... 51 Table 8. Generic criteria for determining sensitivity .................................................................... 51 Table 9. Impact significance matrix.............................................................................................. 52 Table 10. Summary of National Policies ...................................................................................... 55 Table 11. Summary of National Regulations and Standards ........................................................ 58 Table 12. Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits ......................................................................... 65 Table 13. National Air Quality Standards for General Pollutants ................................................ 66 Table 14. National Noise Guidelines ............................................................................................ 66 Table 15. Noise Levels for construction sites ............................................................................... 67 Table 16. Noise levels from a factory or a workshop (Continuous or intermittent noise) ........... 67 Table 17. Maximum Permissible Noise level for Impact or Impulsive Noise.............................. 67 Table 18. National Drinking Water Quality Standards ................................................................. 68 Table 19. Microbiological limits for drinking water .................................................................... 68 Table 20.National Wastewater Discharge Standards .................................................................... 69 Table 21. World Bank Policies ..................................................................................................... 70 Table 22. Standards for Effluent Discharge into the Environment ............................................... 72 Table 23. Noise Level Guidelines ................................................................................................. 74 Table 24. WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines ........................................................................ 74 Table 25. Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits ......................................................................... 75 Table 26. International Conventions ............................................................................................. 81 Table 27.Contractor Equipment .................................................................................................... 85 Table 28.Construction Logistics and Step Wise Process .............................................................. 87 Table 29. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – PM10............................................. 98 Table 30. Weather Conditions ...................................................................................................... 98 Table 31. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – Sulphur Dioxide, SO2 ................... 98 Table 32. Weather Conditions ...................................................................................................... 99 Table 33. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – Nitrogen Dioxide .......................... 99 Table 34. Weather Conditions ...................................................................................................... 99 Table 35. Ambient Noise Level .................................................................................................. 103 Table 36. Weather Conditions .................................................................................................... 103 Table 37. Mombasa County Population Distribution ................................................................. 107 Table 38. Sources to the water supply of Mombasa County ...................................................... 111 Table 39. Overview gap between supply and demand during the first 6 months of 2015.......... 112 Table 40. Net demand in 2035 .................................................................................................... 112 Table 41. Community Consultations .......................................................................................... 118 Table 42. Consultation with Institutions ..................................................................................... 119 Table 43. Consultations with Mombasa County Government Meeting at Deputy County Commissioner Office) ................................................................................................................. 120 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 44. Consultations with Stakeholders in Jomvu-next to Total petrol station on 17/05/2017 ..................................................................................................................................................... 121 Table 45. Consultations with Stakeholders from Mikindani Area at the main bus stage on 9th May 2017. ................................................................................................................................... 122 Table 46. Consultations with Stakeholders of Miritini Area at the main bus stage on 15th May 2017............................................................................................................................................. 123 Table 47. Public Consultation meeting held in JomvuKuu (JomvuKuu Hall) – 10th January 2019 ..................................................................................................................................................... 123 Table 48. Public Consultation meeting held in Miritini–(Miritini Mosque) 13 th January 2019 124 Table 49. Public Consultation meeting held in Mikindani (Mikindani Social Hall) – 11th January 2019............................................................................................................................................. 125 Table 50. Classification of impacts ............................................................................................. 128 Table 51. Employment/Business Creation .................................................................................. 129 Table 52. Summary of Impacts ................................................................................................... 138 Table 53. Mitigation of impacts related to rehabilitation of construction of pipeline. ............... 144 Table 54. Mitigation of impacts related to operation of pipeline ............................................... 147 Table 55. Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................................................. 157 Table 56. Environment and Social Monitoring Indicators.......................................................... 165 Table 57. Sample Grievance Recording Form ............................................................................ 170 Table 58. Sample Grievance Recording Form ............................................................................ 171 Table 59. Sample Grievance Recording Form ............................................................................ 173 Table 60. Summary of potential impacts and residual risk or impact after mitigation ............... 177 List of Figure Figure 1. MOWASSCO Operational Areas .................................................................................. 13 Figure 2.Project pipeline routing .................................................................................................. 14 Figure 3. Institutional framework of the water sector................................................................... 80 Figure 4. Coverage Area of MOWASSCO WSP ......................................................................... 83 Figure 5. Typical construction and laying of pipeline ............................................................... 86 Figure 6. Water chambers in Miritini and Jomvu Kuu (West Mainland) ..................................... 88 Figure 7. Pipeline Project Areas ................................................................................................... 93 Figure 8. Pipeline routing ............................................................................................................. 94 Figure 9. Mombasa Temperature and Rainfall ............................................................................. 97 Figure 10. Sunshine hours and Precipitation days ........................................................................ 97 Figure 11.Sensitive receptors and distances from the construction lines (Health facilities and religious institutions): Source: Field Data .................................................................................. 101 Figure 12. Sensitive receptors and distances from the construction lines (educational facilities and religious institutions). Source: Field Data ............................................................................ 102 Figure 13. Distribution of households by lighting fuel source. Source KNBS 2013 ................. 110 Figure 14. Overview existing reservoirs ..................................................................................... 110 Figure 15. Water pipelines .......................................................................................................... 111 Figure 16. Solid Waste Dumping at Kibarani and other Roadside Sections .............................. 115 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report ABBREVIATIONS AoL Area of Influence CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDA Coast Development Authority CEC County Environmental Committee C-ESMP Construction Environment and Social Management Plan CESMP Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan CGM County Government of Mombasa CIDP County Integrated Development Plan CWSB Coast Water Services Board DMAs District Metering Areas EA Environmental Audit EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESC Environmental Safeguards Consultants ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion GBV Gender-Based Violence GIIP Good International Industry Practice GPS Global Positioning System H&S Health and Safety HIV/AIDS Human Immune Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ICP Informed Consultation and Participation IE Impact Evaluation ISO International Organization for Standardization ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone IWA International Water Association KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority KNBS Kenya National Bureau Of Statistics KuRRA Kenya Urban Roads Authority KWSCRP Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MIR Minimum Internal Requirements MOWASSCO Mombasa Water Supply and Sewerage Company MoWS Ministry of Water and Sanitation MWTP Mwache Water Treatment Plant NEC National Environmental Council NECC National Environment Complaints Committee NED National Environmental Department NEMA National Environment Management Agency NET National Environment Tribunal NLC National Land Commission NMK National Museum of Kenya NRW Non-Revenue Water NTP Notice to Proceed West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report OP Operational Procedure OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act PAPs Project Affected Persons PEHD Polyethylene High-Density PMU Project Management Unit PPE Personal Protective Equipment PRE Project Resident Engineer PSC Project Steering Committee PSC Project Steering Committee RAP Resettlement Action Plan RCoI Resettlement Corridor of Impact RO Reverse Osmosis ROW Rights of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SERC Standard and Enforcement Review Committee TMP Traffic Management Plan ToR Terms of Reference Upvc Polyvinyl Chloride VAC Violence Against Children VEI Vitens Evides International WASREB Water Services Regulatory Board WASSIP Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WMP Waste Management Plan WMWSP West Mainland Water Supply Project WRA Water Resource Authority WRMA Water Resources Management Authority WSBs Water Service Boards WSP Water Service Providers WSTF Water Sector Trust Fund WTP Mwache Water Treatment Plant West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been prepared for West Mainland Water Supply (WMWSP) Project which is being funded in by the World Bank through the Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP) and to be implemented by the Mombasa Water Supply and Sewerage Company (MOWASSCO) Limited and County Government of Mombasa (CGM). KWSCRP BACKGROUND The Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MoWS) has received financing from the World Bank (IDA) in the form of a credit toward the cost of KWSCRP. Within the framework of the Kenyan Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Phase I (KWSCR-1) the Mwache Dam will be established in order to increase water supply for Mombasa County and expects to enter the first operating phase by the year around 2025. At that point the water supply to Mombasa County to be managed by the Water Service Provider MOWASSCO will be 100,000 m3 per day from Mwache Water Treatment Plant (WTP) increasing to 186,000 m3/day. To enable the MOWASSCO to distribute the additional water from Mwache Dam to the customers and doing so enable Mombasa County to meet its financial obligations within the Mwache project, the KWSCRP-1 project supports MOWASSCO’s technical capability to distribute the water from Mwache Dam, to maintain the water infrastructure needed, to improve the billing and collection and to achieve and maintain a low level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW). At the moment the water supply in Mombasa faces two major challenges: the current supply is insufficient to meet the current demand and overall Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is high due to a poor quality of the water infrastructure (physical losses) and commercial losses (insufficient billing and collection process). The planned Mwache Dam will significantly increase the supply but will create a new challenge: the capacity of the existing distribution system is unable to absorb the additional water of Mwache Dam and the quality of the existing network is poor. As a result, future demand is not met although supply increases and due the poor quality of the network NRW will go up. The main focus of the projects within the framework of the KWSCRP program in Mombasa lays on the establishment and maintenance of an efficient water infrastructure capable of absorbing the supplied water to Mombasa and to achieve and maintain a low level of NRW. Also, the KWSCR-1 program seeks to bolster the institutional capacity and operational efficiency of MOWASSCO to improve its financial performance and improve billing and collection. WEST MAINLAND WATER SUPPLY PROJECT The Kenya Water and Climate Resilience Project through the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, has received a grant from World Bank and wishes to apply part of this grant in the construction of the West Mainland Water Supply Project (WMWSP) which involves among others; laying of pipelines, installing thrust blocks on pipelines, installation of water meters, valves, connections to other pipelines and construction of chambers for meters and valves in Mombasa County. The objective of the Project is to expand access to, and improve the reliability of, water supply in West Mainland part of Mombasa County in order to decrease the incidence of water-borne and water-related diseases, generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce non- revenue water in the water supply network. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report LOCATIONS OF PROJECT West Mainland as the name indicates is located to the west of Mombasa and one of the four zones earmarked for network development and Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction implementation. The other three zones are Likoni, North Mainland and Island. Each of these Zones is targeted in NRW reduction strategy which seeks to measure, monitor and evaluate how efficiently the utility delivers services based on set and agreed performance indicators. West Mainland consists of two constituencies Changamwe and Jomvu. Figure 1. MOWASSCO Operational Areas West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Figure 2.Project pipeline routing West Mainland is considered the industrial hub of Mombasa as land for development of industries was restricted to west mainland. Large industries such as Kenya Ports Authority, Kenya Pipe Line Corporation, Kenya Railway, Kenya Electricity Generation Company, Kenya Oil Refinery, Pwani Oil Production Company, Tsavo Power Company, Moi International Airport and Kipevu Power Station have led to fast growth and congestion. The fast growth and congestion has also been as a result of West Mainland adequately linked with road infrastructure. Current water sources are the Mzima supplying between 25,000m3/d to 35,000m3/d and Marere springs supplying about 7,000m3/day. The average volume supplied to West Mainland is ranges from 15,700 m3/day to a total of around 5,800 active customers currently. It also augments supply to Mombasa Island. The area has a population of about 250,179 based on the census in 2009. The supply is currently lower than the recommended standard by the Ministry Water Supply Manual of about 250 l/c/d, 150 l/c/d and 75 l/c/d for high, medium and low-income dwellings in urban centres like West Mainland and Mombasa in general. Water supply to West Mainland is mainly supplied from two sources: - • Mzima springs which are recharged from rainfall on the Chyulu Hills, are located in the Taita Taveta County. Through 800 mm concrete pipe water from this source terminates at reservoirs located at Mazeras before further supply to West Mainland by gravity; • Marere springs located in the foot of the Shimba Hills Game Reserve in Kwale County. Currently production is about 7,000m3/day of which a part is supplied to Mombasa. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report The water sources are connected to West Mainland by three pipelines: • DN600 and DN525 parallel pipes of concrete material form the transmission mains from the Mazeras reservoir; DN500 steel transmission main from the Marere headworks. INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS The design of the distribution network of West Mainland is based on new pipelines, existing distribution network in good condition, strategic interconnections between these two systems and also revised interconnections within the old system. The approach is based on: 1) The existing network being quite extensive and of reasonable quality and will therefore form an integral part of the future network; 2) Coverage of the network is however limited to mainly the south west and spotted sections in the north and south east. The revised network extends the network extensively in these limited areas with existing habitations and provisions made for planned developmental areas, provide structure for the network in view of additional supply capacity being made available; 3) Increase in capacity to meet demand of 2035 The network designing encompasses demand estimation and forecasting, network structuring and expansion (including major transmission lines), DMA designs all other associated tasks. An Epanet model was built to evaluate the performance of the whole system: • Network routing has been based a detailed aerial map prepared in April 2015; • Elevation data also obtained from a digital elevation map prepared in April 2015; • Darcy-Weisbach equation is applied in the hydraulic analysis. The final pipelines are subdivided based on functionality: • Primary pipeline: These form the backbone of the supply network. Diameters vary from 150 to 900 mm with a total length of approximately 106 km with 39 km being newly designed lines; • Secondary pipeline: connection between the primary lines and the DMA’s. These ensure minimal takeoffs from the primary lines, maintains network structure and ease of segmenting the network into smaller discreet areas. Pipe diameters range from 150 to 250 mm and pipes not classified as primary. The secondary lines are approximately 81 km with 36 km being newly designed lines; • Tertiary pipeline: Pipelines providing final supply to the consumers. Diameters vary from 110 mm to 50 mm with a total length of approximately 118 km with 47 km being newly designed lines. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS The Project will apply a complete set of environmental and social safeguards to protect against adverse impacts on the bio-physical and social environments. All of the activities under the KWSCRP and in particular the construction and operational requirements for infrastructure works will be implemented in compliance with the World Bank environmental and social safeguards policies, as well as Kenya’s environmental and social laws and regulations, licenses and permits. THE ESIA METHODOLOGY This ESIA was prepared in compliance with World Bank safeguards policies and also in compliance with Kenya’s environmental law and regulation. The ESIA was carried out through screening and analysis of various environmental and social parameters, field investigations and West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report stakeholder consultations. The ESIA covers the relevant general environmental and social profile of West Mainland and includes an assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts during different project phases and formulation of corresponding mitigation measures. Desktop Studies This mainly involved; • Review of the Design Report for West Mainland Water Supply prepared by Vitens Evides International, including subsequent annexes to the report. In order to establish the project scope, background and potential impacts. • Assembly and review of baseline data, maps, reports and any relevant information on the existing environmental and social conditions of the Project Area influenced by the proposed development; The Consultant reviewed the design report prepared by Vitens Evides, the housing and population census 1999, National Aids Control Council HIV County profiles, Mombasa County strategic plans, among others. • Review of existing legislation, regulation and policies relevant to the proposed Project; • Preparation of checklists that consist of a simple catalogue of environmental factors which are compared to the activities to be developed. • Early meetings with the Client to deliberate on the proposed project, keeping in mind the site and activity options under consideration; Field Investigations Activities implemented during field investigations involved; • Site visits to the Project Area and the neighboring areas within the zone of influence of the project to collect primary baseline environmental and socio-economic data. • Photographing the significant aspects to aid in describing baseline environmental and social conditions of the Project area and its influence zone. • Acquisition of relevant documents from the authority such as County government departments, Roads parastatals, among others which were within the Project influence zone. • Public consultation in form of onsite key informant interviews with various departments within the county government (water, roads, health), questionnaires distributed randomly to the residents within the various areas; ad hoc interviews with interested persons; and public consultation meetings in form of meetings with the public. • Identification of sensitive receptors including health facilities, religious facilities, educational institutions among others along the project route. The main purpose of the field investigation was to verify information and data collected during the desktop study and collection of any new information that may assist in the assessment of impacts and design mitigation measures as well as undertake stakeholder consultations with the communities within the Area of Influence (AoL). POSITIVE IMPACTS The major beneficial long-term impact of the project will be: - a) Access to water: A direct future positive impact will be improved water supply in urban and rural areas when the corresponding water distribution network is expanded. It will result in increased and constant supply of safe water, thereby leading to enhanced people’s health and ultimately enhancing people’s involvement in economic activities. At the project level, there would be work opportunities for unskilled labor in the project areas, West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report thereby providing an opportunity for supplementing their income. b) Economic Development: The Project provides great potential for long-term economic benefits, through the creation, diversification and growth of income-generating activities, to increase food security and reduce poverty in the area. This potential will present itself through: An improved, regular water supply; easy access to a potable water source. The potential for creating new economic opportunities. c) Employment: During the construction, jobs will be created in view of the skilled and unskilled labor force needed in excavations and laying of the pipelines. This will lead to job creation and boosting the economy. A Labour Recruitment Plan to be developed by contractor which must emphasize the need for hiring locals as much as possible. d) Gender parity: The provision of water to the local population will reduce gender parity in the sense that availability of water in the houses, reduced the work burden on women and lost time in searching for water. NEGATIVE IMPACTS The potential negative impacts during construction are generally short-term, temporary and reversible impacts which can be reduced or eliminated by mitigation. Many of the impacts will only occur at active construction sites and therefore move with the works such that many locations will only be impacted for a couple of days rather than the duration of the project. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS The potential negative and significant environmental and social impacts are confined to the construction period and in mainly during the excavation of the trenches and pipe laying for the vast majority of locations which will however not last longer than a 3-5 days. Direct minor, localized short-term adverse impacts such as noise, dust, public safety, traffic disruption, interruption of utilities, disposal of waste, occupational health and safety, and social impacts will be mitigated and generally eliminated due to the short term and localized nature of the impact. This will be achieved by strict observance of Kenya’s environmental and social laws and regulations and World Bank environmental and social safeguards policies. OPERATIONAL IMPACTS Once installed and throughout the operational life of the works there will be significant benefits to the serviced population from improved access to water. Direct minor, localized short-term adverse impacts such as noise, dust, public safety, traffic disruption, interruption of utilities, disposal of waste, occupational health and safety, and social impacts will be mitigated and generally eliminated due to the short term and localized nature of the impact. These will be experienced mainly during the maintenance and repair of the pipeline. Table 1.Summary of Negative Impacts Water Supply Pipelines (Transmission and Distribution) Phase: Construction Issue Potential Impact Impact Type Extent Duration and Rating Air pollution Emissions from construction Direct, Minor Local Temporary vehicles and equipment. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Noise pollution Noise pollution from vehicles and Direct, Minor Local Temporary construction equipment may cause nuisances to neighbouring communities. Water pollution Water pollution may result from: Direct, Minor Local Temporary i) accidental spillage of fuels, lubricants and other chemicals. ii) siltation of water courses from runoff laden with sediment and dust. iii) high suspended solids from soil eroded from trenches. *Project area has only one surface water body (Mkono wa Bahari) which could be polluted. Soil erosion Site clearance of vegetation and Direct, Minor Local Temporary and excavation works using contamination equipment may induce/accelerate soil erosion and siltation of water courses. Contamination may occur as a result of accidental or structural spillage of fuels, lubricant chemicals, sanitary wastewater, etc., as well as from leakage from inadequately protected solid waste storage facilities and sites. Soil may lose its fertility because of removal of topsoil. However, the project sites are in non- agricultural areas (peri-urban) hence soil erosion and implication on agriculture is minor. Solid waste Vegetation and soil from Direct, Minor Local Temporary generation excavation, construction waste material and packaging material may produce moderate quantities of waste. Impacts on Removal of vegetation may lead Direct, Minor Local Temporary flora and fauna to potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. Public health Pools of stagnant water may be a Direct, Minor Local Temporary problems source of water borne diseases especially if the trenches are left open (not back filled) over a long period of time. Public Safety Safety problems at the Direct, Minor Local Temporary construction sites may arise from excavations, transportation and movement of equipment. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Manually executed works expected to dominate the pipeline laying will take a longer construction time leading to prolonged safety risks such as falling into trenches. Visual Laying of pipelines may have a Direct, Minor Local Temporary amenities negative impact on aesthetics of the surroundings such as the soils from the trenches that will be dumped along the trenches Disturbance Improper laying of pipelines may Direct, Minor Local Temporary and interruption cause traffic disruptions and of congestion, resulting in temporary commercial disturbance and interruption of and social commercial and social activities. It activities may also cause damage to infrastructure (roads, utility lines) and disruption of public services. Socioeconomic Trenches for the pipelines may be Direct, Minor Local Temporary disruption dug in front of shops, displacing kiosks along road reserves and other properties which will affect their livelihood and incomes. Furthermore, influx of people in the area may cause alteration of culture and introduce behavioural changes. Occupational Workers may be exposed to Direct, Minor Local Temporary health and occupational health and safety safety hazards from project activities such as: accidents in excavations during trenching; working with equipment; working under noisy conditions., working in confined spaces; lifting of objects; storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes. Workers may also be potentially exposed to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Asbestos Accidental exposure of the Direct, Major Local Long Term Disturbance asbestos pipeline to be decommissioned and left on the ground during construction or operation and maintenance could lead to health risks. Operation Water pollution Water pollution may result from Direct, Minor Local Temporary spillage of fuel and lubricants during maintenance; waste West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report disposal along damaged lines may also cause pollution. *Project area has only one surface water body (Mkono wa Bahari) which could be polluted. Noise pollution Noise generated from vehicles Direct, Minor Local Temporary used during maintenance or from generators in case they are used to pump the water can be a nuisance to sensitive receptors. Air pollution This could be in form of emissions Direct, Minor Local Temporary from maintenance vehicles Solid waste Solid wastes may be produced by Direct, Minor Local Temporary generation maintenance works, especially where sections of pipelines are replaced. Soil erosion and Inspection and maintenance Direct, Minor Local Temporary contamination works for the pipelines may require clearance of sites of vegetation, as well as the execution of excavation works, possibly using equipment. This may induce or accelerate erosion. Impacts on flora Inspection and maintenance Direct, Minor Local Temporary and fauna works may require the removal of the natural vegetation, leading to potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. Nuisances and Accidental ruptures and structural Direct, Minor Local Long term public health degradation of pipelines that may risks accrue from ageing and poor as a result of maintenance, accompanied by operational low pressure in the pipes may failures of the allow the intrusion of potentially distribution polluted groundwater into the network drinking water distribution system. Ruptured pipes may also cause flooding and if the water stagnates, this may pose a risk of water-borne diseases. Occupational Occupational health and safety Direct, Minor Local Temporary health and problems may arise during safety maintenance of the pipelines. These may include: lifting of heavy and sharp objects and transportation of materials for maintenance, storage as well as handling and use of dangerous substances. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Local This will lead to poor operation Direct, Minor Wide Long term incapacity/ and maintenance as well as Inexperience to deterioration of infrastructure as manage the well as accidents due to lack of facilities enough technical knowledge in safety requirements for equipment/machinery operation. Inadequate monitoring of environmental impacts of project activities. Disturbance Interference with commercial and Direct, Minor Limited Temporary and social activities will be very low. interruption of commercial and social activities Disturbance Maintenance activities for the Direct, Minor Limited Temporary and water distribution network may interruption of cause traffic disruptions and commercial and congestion, resulting in social activities disturbance and interruption of commercial and social activities. Other infrastructure e.g. roads, sewer lines, drains may also be disrupted. Table 2.Mitigation of impacts related to rehabilitation of construction of pipeline Project component: Pipeline Construction phase Impact type Description of mitigation measures Air pollution • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Use standard fuel and lubricants. • Avoid unnecessary car idling and switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use • Sprinkle water to work areas to reduce and prevent dust during dry weather periods. • Clean access routes in surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. • Collect and hold cleaning wastes (e.g. rags) in appropriate containers. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work in dusty workplaces should be provided with nose and ear masks to protect them from excessive dust. Noise pollution • Minimise noise according to NEMA, Kenyan standards and World Bank guidelines. • Control noise and vibration on site. • Work programmes should be provided to local communities (e.g. through the local radio (FM) stations) and strictly followed. • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. • Switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Workers who may unavoidably have to work with noise generating equipment, e.g. earthmoving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised to put them on. Water and soil pollution • No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into surface water bodies, e.g. Mkono ya Bahari. • The contractor following the guidelines for management of materials and wastes during construction and operation should take care of preventing the project from damaging the Mkono ya Bahari hold and store cleaning wastes in appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. • Vehicles should preferably be parked on paved platforms. • Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. • Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). Soil erosion and • Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after refilling of contamination trenches, to enable natural re-vegetation. • The Contractor(s) should present procedures for, and ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from any accidental or structural contamination. These include: • Storing all hazardous, sanitary and cleaning wastes in facilities approved by NEMA. • Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. • Strict enforcement and monitoring standard procedures for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). • Placing strong drums for oil storage on impermeable floors in the stores. • Parking vehicles on paved platforms whenever possible. • Ensuring that sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). • Isolating contaminated soil and treating /disposing it off in a way that will depend on the contaminant type. Solid waste generation The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should contain: o An inventory of the types and quantities of waste to be produced. o The most appropriate waste management approach for each type of waste including details on (temporary) storage, transport and final destination of the waste. o An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and non-reusable) types of wastes. • The Contractor should maintain records of types, quantities, origin, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/reuse of solid waste, and make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. • Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. • Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material and should be contained after excavation. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Provisional material storage on site should be designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. • Use licensed recycling companies to externally recycle, recover or dispose of waste. • Impacts on flora and fauna Zone out working areas to reduce ecological destruction, • Restore disturbed natural sites through environmental rehabilitation; restoring top soils and (re-)introduce genetic species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. Public Safety • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. • Implement appropriate traffic plans with the help of local police when (partial) closure of roads is required. Public health problems • Fill up all depressions to avoid pools of stagnant water may form in pits, Including increased holes and excavated ditches which can create suitable habitats for insect vehicular traffic disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. • Inform local communities about the construction programme in advance. • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. • Use reflective signature to direct traffic to designated areas. • Use flag men/women to give directions to traffic. • Sensitise drivers to observe speed limits Raw material use • Consider environmental performance of suppliers of raw material in the selection process. • Explore ways of reducing raw material use. • Special emphasis should be made on raw materials that may be reused and/or recycled/recovered Occupational health and • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), especially in the safety night have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Carry out training of staff in EH&S monitoring and evaluation. • The contractor should recruit H&S person during construction. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. Disturbance and• Inform local communities about the construction programme in advance interruption and adhere to it. of commercial and social • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities in activities advance. • Clean and maintain access roads in the neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. • Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. • Carry out work under mild weather; avoid strong rains or winds. • Reduce obstruction of access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Protect any items and/or sites of archaeological or cultural value (e.g. private graveyards) discovered during works with the aid of the appropriate authorities. • Where livelihoods and property are affected, valuation and prompt compensation be undertaken for the PAPs Disruption of social order • Sensitise all workers to ensure awareness of and sensitivity to the local and prevention of HIV/AIDS cultures, traditions and lifestyles, and other sexually • Implement the HIV/AIDS impact mitigation plan that will involve providing transmitted diseases a comprehensive range of services including the identification of possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post-counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV/AIDS occupational exposure policies. Visual amenities • Do not pile excavated soil to form high stockpiles for long durations; Clean up the site upon completion of the work. Table 3.Mitigation of impacts related to operation of pipeline Project component: Pipeline Operation and Maintenance phase Impact type Description of mitigation measures Air pollution • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Use standard fuel and lubricants. • Avoid unnecessary car idling and switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use • Sprinkle water to work areas to reduce and prevent dust during dry weather periods. • Clean access routes in surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. • Collect and hold cleaning wastes (e.g. rags) in appropriate containers. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work in dusty workplaces should be provided with nose and ear masks to protect them from excessive dust. Noise pollution • Minimise noise according to NEMA, Kenyan standards and World Bank guidelines. • Control noise and vibration on site. • Work programmes should be provided to local communities (e.g. through the local radio (FM) stations) and strictly followed. • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. • Switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work with noise generating equipment, e.g. earthmoving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised to put them on. Water and soil pollution • No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into surface water bodies, e.g. Mkono ya Bahari. • The contractor following the guidelines for management of materials and wastes during construction and operation should West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report take care of preventing the project from damaging the Mkono ya Bahari hold and store cleaning wastes in appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. • Vehicles should preferably be parked on paved platforms. • Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. • Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). Soil erosion and • Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after contamination refilling of trenches, to enable natural re-vegetation. • The Contractor(s) should present procedures for, and ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from any accidental or structural contamination. These include: • Storing all hazardous, sanitary and cleaning wastes in facilities approved by NEMA. • Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. • Strict enforcement and monitoring standard procedures for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). • Placing strong drums for oil storage on impermeable floors in the stores. • Parking vehicles on paved platforms whenever possible. • Ensuring that sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). • Isolating contaminated soil and treating /disposing it off in a way that will depend on the contaminant type. Solid waste generation The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should contain: o An inventory of the types and quantities of waste to be produced. o The most appropriate waste management approach for each type of waste including details on (temporary) storage, transport and final destination of the waste. o An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and non-reusable) types of wastes. • The Contractor should maintain records of types, quantities, origin, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/reuse of solid waste, and make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. • Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. • Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material and should be contained after excavation. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Provisional material storage on site should be designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. • Use licensed recycling companies to externally recycle, recover or dispose of waste. Impacts on flora and fauna • Zone out working areas to reduce ecological destruction, • Restore disturbed natural sites through environmental rehabilitation; restoring top soils and (re-)introduce genetic species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. Public Safety • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. • Implement appropriate traffic plans with the help of local police when (partial) closure of roads is required. Public health problems • Fill up all depressions to avoid pools of stagnant water may form Including increased in pits, holes and excavated ditches which can create suitable vehicular traffic habitats for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. • Inform local communities about the construction programme in advance. • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. • Use reflective signature to direct traffic to designated areas. • Use flag men/women to give directions to traffic. • Sensitise drivers to observe speed limits Raw material use • Consider environmental performance of suppliers of raw material in the selection process. • Explore ways of reducing raw material use. • Special emphasis should be made on raw materials that may be reused and/or recycled/recovered Occupational health and • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), have proper safety protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Carry out training of staff in EH&S monitoring and evaluation. • The contractor should recruit H&S person during construction. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. Disturbance and • Inform local communities about the construction programme in interruption advance and adhere to it. of commercial and social • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities activities in advance. • Clean and maintain access roads in the neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. • Carry out work under mild weather; avoid strong rains or winds. • Reduce obstruction of access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. Disruption of social order • Sensitise all workers to ensure awareness of and sensitivity to the and prevention of HIV/AIDS local cultures, traditions and lifestyles, and other sexually • Implement the HIV/AIDS impact mitigation plan that will involve transmitted diseases providing a comprehensive range of services including the identification of possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post-counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV/AIDS occupational exposure policies. Visual amenities • Do not pile excavated soil to form high stockpiles for long durations; Clean up the site upon completion of the work. Environmental and Social Management Plan The ESIA includes an ESMP which details the mitigation measures, environmental monitoring activities, institutional responsibilities, and environmental management capacity building. The relevant ESMP provisions are included in bid and contract documents. During construction, the Project Resident Engineer (PRE) will closely monitor the works contractors’ environmental performance and overall ESMP implementation. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 4.Environmental and Social Management Plan PHASE/ POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY/BUDG MONITORING IMPACT TYPE INDICATOR ET INSTITUTION Construction Phase (waterworks, construction of reservoirs, storage tanks) A1. Air pollution Emissions from vehicles A1-1: Maintain vehicle and -Record of repairs Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and and construction equipment according to -Fuels and lubricants Supervising Engineer equipment. manufactures’ specifications. conforming to A1-2: Use standard fuel and specifications lubricants. A1-3: Sprinkle water to work -Record of water Contractor Ditto areas to reduce and prevent sprinkling dust during dry weather periods. A1-4: Clean access routes in Record of cleaning Contractor Ditto surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. A1-5: Collect and hold -Designated sanitary Contractor Ditto sanitary and cleaning wastes containers in appropriate container. A1-6: Workers who may -PPEs Distribution Contractor Ditto unavoidably have to work in list/stores, percentage of dusty workplaces should be workers using nose and provided with nose and ear ear masks masks to protect them from excessive dust. A2. Noise pollution Intermittent noise from A2-1: Minimize noise -Noise making Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and vehicles and equipment according to NEMA, Kenya machines/equipment Supervising Engineer to sensitive receptors standards and World Bank fitted with mufflers guidelines. -Record of noise A2-2: Control noise and measurements vibration on site. A2-3: Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. A2-4: Maintain vehicle and -Record of vehicle and Contractor Ditto equipment according to equipment maintenance manufactures‟ specifications. A2-5: Switch off engines of -Equipment log sheets Contractor Ditto vehicles and machinery while not in use. A2-6: Provide information to -Receipts from radio Contractor Ditto the local communities (e.g. stations for through the local system or announcements made local radio (FM) stations) with West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report regard to work programme, and strict adherence to such. A2-7: Workers who may -Store of PPEs including Contractor Ditto unavoidably have to work nose and ear masks with noise generating equipment, e.g. earth-moving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised/monitored to put them on. A3 Water pollution Water pollution from A3-1: Contain solid wastes so -Monitoring reports on Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and waste, dredging that no solid waste, fuels or status of waste Supervising Engineer activities, accidental oils should be discharged into management spillage of fuel, lubricants surface water bodies. A3-3: Hold and store sanitary -Designated sanitary Contractor and cleaning wastes in containers appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. A3-4: Park vehicles -Monitoring reports on Contractor preferably on paved parking of vehicles and platforms status of fuel storages A3-5: Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. A3-6: Sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved). A3-7: Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). A4 Soil erosion and A4-1: Carry out work under -Stockpiles of topsoil Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and contamination mild weather (not strong rains -Written down soil Supervising Engineer or winds). protection measures A4-2: Contaminated soil and record of should be isolated and implementation treated/disposed of in a way that will depend on the -Results of chemical contaminant type. analysis of treated soils A4-3: Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after refilling of West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report trenches, to enable natural revegetation. A4-4: Storing all hazardous, -Monitoring reports, Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and sanitary and cleaning wastes -Operational store Supervising Engineer in facilities approved by NEMA. A4-5: Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. A4-6: Strictly enforce and -Monitoring reports Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and monitor standard procedures Supervising Engineer for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). A4-7: Place strong drums for -Designated sanitary Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and oil storage on impermeable containers Supervising Engineer floors in the stores. A4-8: Provide appropriate hoses for refuelling of pumps and vehicles. A4-9: Parking vehicles on -Monitoring reports on Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and paved platforms whenever parking of vehicles and Supervising Engineer possible status of fuel storages A4-10: Sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). A4-11: Treat wastewater from -Reports on water Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and maintenance workshops in oil quality analyses Supervising Engineer separators before discharge to sewers. A5: Solid waste generation Cleared vegetation may A5-1: The Contractor should -Written down Solid Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and compromise aesthetic prepare a Solid Waste Waste Management Plan Supervising Engineer value of the sites; Management Plan, as (SWMP) and described this report. Implementation schedule A5-2: The contractor should -Records of types of Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and maintain records of types, wastes generated, Supervising Engineer quantities, origin, (temporary) transport and delivery storage, transport and to gazette sites West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report elimination/reuse of solid waste A5-3: Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. A5-4: Excavated soils should -No visible soil stockpiles Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and be reused as much as -Depressions filled Supervising Engineer possible as filling material A5-5: Provisional material -Sealed storage Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and storage on site should be containers on site Supervising Engineer designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. A5-6: Use licensed recycling -Contracts with licensed Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and companies to externally waste Supervising Engineer collect and recycle, recover disposal/recycling firms or dispose-off waste A6: Impacts on flora and fauna Plants and associated A6-1: Zone out working areas -Zoned out areas Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and fauna may be affected to reduce ecological Supervising Engineer destruction. A6-2: Agree with and -Written agreement with Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and compensate owners of fruit the owners and indication Supervising Engineer and commercial trees the amount of money to paid for the compensation of the trees. A6-3: Restore disturbed -Disturbed sites restored Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and natural sites through after well completion Supervising Engineer environmental rehabilitation; restoring top soils and (re- )introduce genetic species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. A7: Public Safety Excavations, and A7-1: Ensure that work sites -Demarcated work sites Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and transportation of (especially excavation and signals Supervising Engineer equipment, site workers works), have proper and debris and protection with clear marking movement of heavy of safety borders and signals equipment may pose a and fence off all dangerous safety risk to the general areas West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report public A7-2: Inform communities -Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and about the construction neighbouring Supervising Engineer programme in advance communities -Receipts from radio stations for announcement A7-3: Confine access to -Security guards to restrict Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and restricted work sites access Supervising Engineer (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. A7-4: Implement appropriate -A Traffic Management Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and traffic plans with the help of Plan Supervising Engineer local police when (partial) closure of roads is required A8: Raw material use Quantities of A8-1: Consider -List of suppliers for raw Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and construction material will environmental performance materials Supervising Engineer be involved, for example, of suppliers of raw material in cement, steel, oil fuel, the selection process. -Records of raw materials pipe materials (e.g. PVC, used uPVC, concrete and/or A8-2: Explore ways of steel). reducing raw material use. Also, large quantities of A8-3: Special emphasis local materials, e.g. should be made on raw sand, gravel will be materials that may be reused involved. If not well and/or recycled/recovered. stored and utilized, as well as instituting management measures for waste materials, they can contaminate the environment. A9: Public health problems Pools of stagnant water A9-1: Fill up all depressions -All excavated potential Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and may form in pits, holes to avoid pools of stagnant depressions re-instated, Supervising Engineer and excavated ditches water that may form in pits, filled and re-vegetated. which can create holes and excavated ditches suitable habitats for which can create suitable insect disease vectors habitats for insect disease such as mosquitoes. vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. People may fall in ditches A9-2: Mark all dangerous -All dangerous areas Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and and be injured areas and fence them off. fenced off and warning Supervising Engineer A9-3: Restrict access to work signs areas by unauthorized -Written communication to persons Neighbouring communities West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report -Security guards to restrict access A10: Exposure of workers to A10-1: Ensure that work sites -Written down Health and Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and Occupational health and safety occupational health and (especially excavation Safety Management Plan Supervising Engineer safety hazards from works), especially in the night (HSMP) including the activities such as: have proper protection with suggested mitigation excavations; working clear marking of safety measures with a HSMP with heavy equipment; borders and signals and Committee to oversee its working under noisy fence off all dangerous areas implementation conditions, working in A10-2: Inform riparian Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and confined spaces; lifting of neighbours about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer heavy objects; storage, construction programme in communities handling and use of advance. -Receipts from radio hazardous substances stations for and wastes. announcement A10-3: Confine access to -Presence of security Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and restricted work sites guards Supervising Engineer (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. A10-4: Train MOWASSCO -Presence of trained staff Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and staff and contractor in E&S Supervising Engineer staff in Environment and Safety A11: Increased vehicular traffic Increase in the likelihood A11-1: Inform local Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and of accidents within and communities about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer around the vicinity of construction programme in communities works area. advance. -Receipts from radio stations for A11-2: In case access roads announcements have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. A11-3: Use reflective -Traffic Management Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and signature to direct traffic to Plan (TMP) in place Supervising Engineer designated areas. -Record of vehicular A11-4: Use flag men to give accidents and incidents directions to traffic. A11-5: Install speed reduction humps at crossings of many people, e.g. at a school, market. A11-6: Sensitize drivers to Sensitization reports observe speed limits West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A12: Visual amenities Construction sites, if not A12-1. Do not pile excavated Cleared and restored site Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and well managed, have soil to form high stockpiles for Supervising Engineer impacts on aesthetics of long durations, the surroundings with the possibility to affect the neighbouring residents. A12-2: Clean up the site upon completion of the work. A13: Interference with A13-1: Inform local -Communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and Disturbance and interruption of commercial and social communities about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer commercial and social activities construction programme in communities activities advance. - Presence of access roads A13-2: In case access roads have to be closed, inform - Refer also to TMP local communities in advance. A11-3 to A11-5 - Record of protection A13-3: Clean and maintain and/or compensation of access roads in the items of cultural values neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. A13-4: Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. A13-5: Carry out work under mild weather (not strong rains or winds). A13-6: Reduce obstruction of access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. A13-7: Protect any items and/or sites of archaeological or cultural value (e.g. private graveyards) discovered during works with the aid of the appropriate authorities. Disruption of social order Influx of people in the A14-1: Sensitize all workers Record of sensitization Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and area may affect the local to ensure awareness of and sessions Supervising Engineer economy, cause sensitivity to the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles, West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report alteration of culture and A14-2: Implement the introduce behavioural HIV/AIDS impact mitigation changes plan that will involve providing a comprehensive range of services. A14-3: HIV/AIDS Receipts Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and sensitisation, identification of Supervising Engineer possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post- counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV occupational exposure policies (this applies to the whole project cycle). Operation and Maintenance B1: Air pollution Emissions from B1-1: Same as in Logs of maintenance MOWASSCO NEMA generators construction phase schedules B2: Noise pollution Intermittent noise from B2-1: Same as in Logs of maintenance MOWASSCO NEMA generators construction phase, schedules B3: Solid waste generation Little amounts of wastes B4-1: Same as in SWMP in place and MOWASSCO NEMA generated during construction phase, implemented, neat maintenance premises B4: Impacts on flora and fauna Little or no impact of flora B5-1: Same as in MOWASSCO NEMA and fauna construction phase B5: Occupational health and Exposure of workers to B7-1: Same as in Availability of protective MOWASSCO NEMA safety occupational health and construction phase wear, e.g. masks, helmets safety hazards during etc. repair and maintenance B7-2: Sensitize local communities about personal Use clean water Failure to achieve hygiene and cleanliness of containers for collecting desired public health water sources water and home use associated potable water supply Table 5. Environment and Social Monitoring Indicators Project Parameter Indicator Institutional Project Phase Monitoring Activity/Aspect Responsibility Cost Monitoring Frequency Estimates Responsibility (KES) West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Impact of Flora Visual Inspection Bare soil Contractor Not possible to Construction and Included in Soil Erosion monitor on a operation supervision daily basis. Not scope and costs Project Manager/Supervising possible to Engineer monitor on weekly or bi- weekly basis. Construction is completed in 3-5 days’ time. Air emissions and TPS, SO2,CO,H2S,CO2, Bad Odour Contractor Not possible to Construction and Included in quality of dust Dust fallout Use of PPE monitor on a operation supervision Health and Safety Plan in use daily basis. Not scope and costs Record of induction for workers Supervising Engineer possible to Active dust suppression monitor on weekly or bi- weekly basis. Construction is completed in 3-5 days’ time. Worker and public Visual Inspection Induction training Contractor Daily Construction and Included in safety Incident and accident Safety working procedure Supervising Engineer operation supervision records Shoring and appropriate scope and costs precautions in place Occupation Health and Health and safety records OHS Management system Contractor Daily Construction and Included in Safety operation supervision Visual inspection Active and passive monitoring Supervising Engineer Scope and costs Excellent workplace safety culture Risk management Storage of hazardous Spillages MSDS for all store Chemicals Contractor Monthly Construction Included in materials and Visual inspection Functioning storage containers Audit Review supervision chemicals Chemical usage records Supervising Engineer scope and costs Traffic concerns Visual inspection Prepare and implement Traffic Contractor Daily Construction and Included in Management Plan operation supervision scope and costs Banks men shall be used to Supervising Engineer direct vehicle traffic around construction sites and hazards during working hours (Health and Safety Plan). Plan approved by project manager barriers and signage West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Public Awareness and Grievance management Contractor Monthly Construction and Included in Community records operation supervision perceptions Evidence of Occurrence-Event scope and costs report Supervising Engineer Noise dB(A) Measure included in design Contractor Not possible to Construction and Included in and procurement plans monitor on a operation Supervision Supervising Engineer daily basis. Not scope and Costs Hearing protection and PPE in possible to use monitor on weekly or bi- Record of equipment weekly basis. maintenance Construction is completed in 3-5 days’ time. Soil Erosion Visual inspection Bare soil Contractor Weekly Construction and Included in Soil pillars operation Supervision Supervising Engineer scope and Cost Solid waste Domestic refuse, metallic Documented Approvals for Contractor Daily Construction and Included in management scraps, sludge placement of wastes, operation Supervision Supervising Engineer scope and Costs Comprehensive waste management plan West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESSMP) Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) is an upgraded ESMP illustrating realities of the project works to be prepared by the Contractor. The Contractor is expected to finalize the Work Plan and upon approval, list the works items and for each item present practical actions that will be undertaken to realize achievement of the ESMP. The actions on works items should address environmental and social aspects associated with the works and in line with guidelines from the ESMP. Based on these ESMP outline, the Contractor will be instructed to develop a Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) for each component of the project and submit these plans to the KWSCRP/NPMU, Supervision Consultant. ESMP Implementation For an effective integration of environmental and social safeguards into the project implementation the Contractor will need to adopt this ESMP and prepare a comprehensive Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) that will provide the key reference point for compliance. The environmental supervision will also adopt the C-ESMP. KWSCRP National Project Management Unit The project implementation arrangements have been established under the Ministry of Water and Sanitation where the Principal Secretary has appointed the KWSCRP/National Project Management Unit (NPMU). The core functions of the NPMU will be to coordinate and facilitate fiduciary oversight environmental and social safeguards supervision among others. The NPMU is guided by an inter-ministerial Project Steering Committee (PSC) while the oversight function will be rendered by the Ministry of Water and Sanitation. The Project Management Unit (PMU) has 2 full time qualified environmental safeguards specialists who will provide safeguards support on the implementation of the West Mainland Water Supply Project ESMP to ensure compliance and support corrective action The KWSCRP Coast Region Project Management Unit based in Mombasa has a full-time social safeguards officer responsible for ensuring compliance and providing social safeguards support to the KWSCRP in the Coastal region. The social safeguards officer will provide support in the implementation of the ESMP for the WMWSP during the implementation phase. Mombasa County Government/MOWASSCO Mombasa County Government and MOWASSCO who are the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) has an environmental specialist who will be involved in the ESMP implementation. Project Supervision Engineer The Project Supervision Engineer with a qualified Environmentalist and Social Expert will be charged with the responsibilities of supervision, review of site reports, preparation of monthly progress reports, prepare and issue appropriate instructions to the Contractor and monitor ESMP implementation. To achieve this, the Consultant team will comprise the following professional key staff cadres; a) Resident Engineer (1No.) b) Administrator (1No.) c) Environmentalist Specialist (1No.) d) Sociologist (1No.) West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Contractor The Contractor will ensure that the established safeguards are integrated and implemented throughout the project works as per the C-ESMP. The Contractor will internalize the ESMP/C- ESMP, prepare monthly progress reports and implement instructions issued by the Supervision Consultant. The Contractor will also undertake ESIA Studies for sites outside the project zone and seek appropriate NEMA Licenses. The Contractor, therefore, will engage qualified Environmentalist and Social Experts on full time basis to interpret the C-ESMP and advice on the implementation of the same, as well to the Counterpart Personnel for the Supervision Expert. The full Contractor’s Team will comprise of the following key staff cadres as specified in the Bidding Document. National Environment Management Authority The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is responsible for ensuring environmental compliance in the country and has an office in Mombasa County with staffing who will further ensure that the WMWSP-ESMP is implemented as part of their mandate, functions and responsibilities. NEMA will undertake surveillance on the project implementation and review compliance performance based on the supervision monitoring reports. Grievance Redress Grievance redressal is a critical component of effective ESMP implementation. The purpose of GRM is to provide a forum to the internal and external stakeholders to voice their concerns, queries and issues with the project. Such a mechanism would provide the stakeholders with one project personnel or one channel through which their queries will be channeled and will ensure timely responses to each query. This will allow for trust to be built amongst the stakeholders and prevent the culmination of small issues into major community unrest. The GRM will be accessible and understandable for all stakeholders in the project and for the entire project life. The GRM will be communicated to all relevant stakeholders and will also be applicable for any contractor that will occupy and/or use land during the construction and operations phase. WBG standards require Grievance Mechanisms to provide a structured way of receiving and resolving grievances. Complaints should be addressed promptly using an understandable and transparent process that is culturally appropriate and readily acceptable to all segments of affected communities, and is at no cost and without retribution. The mechanism should be appropriate to the scale of impacts and risks presented by a project and beneficial for both the company and stakeholders. The mechanism must not impede access to other judicial or administrative remedies. The GRM will be vital in addressing grievances between the contractor and the local communities (external) that are related to environmental and social aspects of the project including health and safety. There will also be a separate GRM established by the contractor to address grievances between the workers and the contractor (internal). West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 KWSCRP AND WEST MAINLAND WATER SUPPLY PROJECT The Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MoWS) has received financing from the World Bank (IDA) in the form of a credit toward the cost of Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP-project). Within the framework of the Kenyan Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Phase I (KWSCR-1) the Mwache Dam will be established in order to increase water supply for Mombasa County and expects to enter the first operating phase by the year around 2025. At that point the water supply to Mombasa County to be managed by the Water Service Provider (Mombasa Water Supply and Sewerage Company, MOWASSCO) will be 100,000 m3 per day from Mwache Water Treatment Plant (WTP) increasing to 186,000 m3/day. To enable the Water Service Provider MOWASSCO to distribute the additional water from Mwache Dam to the customers and doing so enable Mombasa County to meet its financial obligations within the Mwache project, the KWSCR-1 project supports MOWASSCO’s technical capability to distribute the water from Mwache Dam, to maintain the water infrastructure needed, to improve the billing and collection and to achieve and maintain a low level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW). At the moment the water supply in Mombasa faces two major challenges: the current supply is insufficient to meet the current demand and overall Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is high due to a poor quality of the water infrastructure (physical losses) and commercial losses (insufficient billing and collection process). The planned Mwache Dam will significantly increase the supply but will create a new challenge: the capacity of the existing distribution system is unable to absorb the additional water of Mwache Dam and the quality of the existing network is poor. As a result, future demand is not met although supply increases and due the poor quality of the network NRW will go up. The main focus of the projects within the framework of the KWSCRP in Mombasa lays on the establishment and maintenance of an efficient water infrastructure capable of absorbing the supplied water to Mombasa and to achieve and maintain a low level of NRW. Also, the KWSCR- 1 program seeks to bolster the institutional capacity and operational efficiency of MOWASSCO to improve its financial performance and improve billing and collection. Main objectives: • Improve the water absorptive capacity of Mombasa County. • Reduce Non-Revenue Water in Mombasa County • Strengthen the institutional capacity of MOWASSCO, in view of the anticipated increase in water availability. • Improve the quality and sustainability of water services by providing capacity building, organizational development, and technical support to MOWASSCO To achieve these objectives, the following key activities are and will be undertaken within the framework of the KWSCRP Program: • A comprehensive survey of the existing Water Infrastructure in County Mombasa through physical survey inspection and mapping and updating current GIS in Zones (West- Mainland, Likoni, North-Mainland and Island). • The introduction of a DMA approach. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • A comprehensive and detailed design of the Water Infrastructure needed for all 4 Zones looking at future water supply (e.g. Mwache dam), demographic developments, industrial developments, etc. and considered the existing Water Infrastructure. • The rehabilitation and extension of the primary, secondary and tertiary water infrastructure using District Metering Areas (DMAs)/Metering Zones; • The rehabilitation and expansion of the existing primary and secondary water distribution network of Mombasa County; • A complete update of EDAMS Billing System and Customer Database to align the GIS information with the EDAMS information. • Increasing the number of active and metered connections supplied with water services by MOWASSCO; • Introducing Hydraulic Modelling and structured Operational Maintenance within MOWASSCO operations; • Providing technical support for the organizational and capacity development for strengthening of MOWASSCO. By implementing a district metering approach (creating DMAs as recommended by the International Water Association IWA) and improving the capacity and quality of the existing network the NRW will be reduced and future demand will be met by an effectively and efficiently water supply. Sustainable improvement of service delivering to the customers and improvement of operating practices however will only be possible when NRW (both technical and commercial) after completion of the KWSCRP project is controlled by implementing a structured Operation and Maintenance within MOWASSCO. During the implementation of the KWSCRP projects concurrent and structured O&M and an improved billing and collection will be implemented using the experiences gained by NRW projects initiated under the WOP1agreement between MOWASSCO and Vitens Evides International (VEI) and though a comprehensive capacity building program within MOWASSCO. Experiences from the pilot DMAs projects done and the comprehensive Operation and Maintenance project in North Mainland are used for this companywide upscaling of O&M and improvement of commercial processes. Only by implementing the rehabilitation projects within the framework of the KWSCRP program together with the NRW/O&M projects by VEI and MOWASSCO a major NRW reduction can be achieved. Environmental Safeguards Consultants (ESC) Limited has been commissioned by the KWSCRP to prepare ESIA for West Mainland Water Supply Project based on the detailed engineering designs. 1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF KWSCRP NRW PROJECT The general objective of the NRW reduction programme of the KWSCRP is to increase the absorptive capacity of the distribution network within Mombasa County by investments in physical infrastructure and on NRW reduction. Also focus is laid on the improvement of the organization and procedures within an additional program regarding the management turnaround (which is dealt with in other documents). 1 Water Operators Partnership. This agreement started as per 1 December 2012 and is co funded by the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The partners in the project are MOWASSCO, Coast Services Board, Vitens Evides International, Aquanet and WSUP. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report The main investments within the framework of the KWSCRP – NRW program are related to survey of the existing water infrastructure, the design of the future water infrastructure looking at the future demand and the future supply from Mwache Dam and the rehabilitation and expansion of the existing water infrastructure in DMA’s established based on the future design. 1.3 PURPOSE AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE WMWS PROJECT Mombasa County has the highest water supply deficit of the coast region. During the first six months of 2015 the supply was equal to 29% of the net demand, down from 33% in 2013. The combination of an annual population growth of 3-4% and a decreasing supply increases the gap between supply and demand each year. The current net demand in 2015 is estimated at 152,000 m3/d and is expected to increase to 300,000 m3/d in 2035. The total gross demand, including a 54% NRW in 2015 of which, based on estimates and results from pilot DMAs and O&M project in NML, 60% physical losses), is 209,000 m3/d in 2015. Based on a NRW target of 20%, of which 60% physical losses, the demand in 2035 is 340,000 m3/d. This is lower than used in the design, which uses the conservative assumption that the 20% NRW in the Design Manual refers only to physical losses. The total demand for all areas except Likoni is based on a comprehensive demand study by WaSSIP for 2030 and extrapolated to 2035. The demand for Likoni is calculated separately as the definition of Likoni has changed due to changes of administrative boundaries. The baseline population based on the census 2009 has therefore changed from 139,972 in the WaSSIP report to 166,008 in the Urban Master Plan Mombasa County. Table 6. Overview gap between supply and demand during the first 6 months of 2015 First 6 months of 2015 Zone Demand (m3/d) Supply (m3/d) Gap (m3/d) Coverage % Island 25,932 10,660 15,272 41% Likoni 24,105 1,598 22,507 7% North Mainland 54,418 18,122 36,296 33% West Mainland 47,847 14,016 33,832 29% Total 152,302 44,396 107,906 29% Solutions include rehabilitation of the existing water supply infrastructure and expansion of the distribution network. The WMWS Project will address these problems in the West Mainland area of Mombasa also for existing sources of water supply. This will be achieved through the WMWS project which will: • Promote equity in service provision, increase financial self-sufficiency of the MOWASSCO and therefore decrease GoK subsidies to the sector; and • Support economic growth by assuring the water supply service provision achieves economies and efficiencies to deliver services to current and future consumers (domestic and industrial) in a reliable and cost-effective manner. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE WMWS PROJECT The WMWS Project aims at supporting a number of interventions to rehabilitate and expand existing water supply infrastructure in west mainland part of Mombasa. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report West Mainland is divided into two sub counties of Changamwe and Jomvu. The population density of Changamwe Sub-County is 8152 persons/km2 with a land area of 18.11km2 and land use is characterized by Residential (19.5%), Commercial (4.9%), Industrial (34.8%), Transportation (21.3%), Undeveloped and all others (19.5%). The spatial representation of these features are presented in the Urban Master Plan Mombasa County. The population density of Jomvu Sub-County is 2929 persons/km2 with a land area of 35.02km2and land use is characterized by Residential (18.2%), Commercial (5.2%), Industrial (1.4%), Public Purpose (9.9%), Undeveloped (57.7%) and all others (7.6%) The WMWS Project will bring benefits to the West Mainland part of Mombasa through the major infrastructure investment. The overall objective of the WMWS Project is to increase incomes through improved health and employability across communities. Moreover, improved water supply infrastructure can bring significant positive economic impact on the commercial value of properties and business opportunities in both urban and peri-urban areas of West Mainland/Mombasa. The WMWS Project is consistent with the proposals in the Mombasa Water Master Plan which estimated that in order to meet the demand for water in in the year 2035. The SIMP identified projects and prioritized them based on the maximum benefits to be derived from a technical, environmental and socio-economic point of view. The recommendation was made that the projects which provide the greatest benefits should be implemented by 2015. 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA The objectives of the ESIA are as follows: 1. Objectively assess and evaluate environmental and social impacts that may arise as a consequence of implementing the project based on the engineering design. 2. Propose mitigation measures for the impacts that may arise. 3. Develop Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMP and ESMoPs) for the water supply project. 4. Assist the National Environment Management Agency (NEMA), to decide on the implementation of the project. 1.6 PROJECT CATEGORISATION World Bank Operation Policy 4.01, Clause 8 Environmental Screening, sets out the criteria categorizing projects into one of four categories based on type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. There are as set out below: Box 1. World Bank Project Categories Project Categories Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document). Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. 1.6.1 KWSCRP Project Categorization An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was prepared for the Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP) with the overall project classified as a Category A Project. The ESMF further and implicitly indicates that even though KWSCRP is categorized as a Category A, there are numerous sub projects which may not necessarily be categorized the same and would either be Category B or C as defined above. The West Mainland Water Supply Project does not pose significant environmental and social challenges and is hence considered a Category B project as the impacts associated with the works are likely to be site specific (localized), short term in nature, not unprecedented (normal construction impacts) not located in sensitive environment, generally reversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed to manage the negative effects. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.0 ESIA APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 ESIA OBJECTIVES The objective is to plan and prepare Project-specific ESIA and ESMP for West Mainland Water Supply Project (WMWSP) whose intended purpose is to rehabilitate and extend the water supply distribution in West Mainland part of Mombasa. 2.2 ESIA OVERALL APPROACH The KWSCRP through the ESIA Terms of Reference (ToR) has set out in significant detail the requirements towards delivering a comprehensive identification and analysis of environmental and social impacts as a result of the project and recommended mitigation measures. The generic steps outlined by the KWSCRP, also compliant with World Bank safeguards policies, per the ToR are as follows: • Project Description and Institutional Framework; • Scoping Study; • Environmental Baseline Study; • Socioeconomic Baseline Study; • Assessment of social and environmental impacts at different stages of project (pre- construction, during construction, operation and maintenance and cumulative; • Identification and development of mitigation measures; • Identification and development of sustainable development approaches; and • Environmental and Social Management Plan. The requirements of NEMA are stated in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Section 2.3.1) and EIA/EA Regulations 2003 and as amended in 2015. The study followed a typical Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process as set out in this section. It follows a typical process of establishing the current baseline conditions, identifying specific environmental and social risks that need to be addressed, characterization of the effects the project will have and the impacts (positive or negative) they will result in, determination of significance of the issues identified, establishment of mitigation measures and monitoring measures, and finally proposals for management plans to ensure effective implementation of mitigation and management of the anticipated issues. The approach and methodology chosen ensures that World Bank safeguards policies, the Kenyan ESIA processes have been followed. This involved collecting data on the environmental and social situation, conducting consultations with stakeholders and data analysis. 2.3 SCOPING An essential element of the ESIA is the environmental scoping study which was undertaken in accordance with World Bank OP. 4.01 and the EIA/EA NEMA regulations. A Scoping Report for the project was completed June 2017 and was included with the design stage ESIA. It should be emphasized that much of the work initiated in the environmental scoping process continues as a logical set of steps merging into the ESIA process. The background data collected, reviews conducted, draft reports, plans, assessment of risks looked at during scoping are simply moved to a higher level of environmental assessment with emphasis on risk aversion and adaptation strategies during project implementation. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.3.1 Scoping Stage in ESIA Process The scoping process is a discrete stage in the ESIA process which helps to define and highlight key issues to be addressed in the terms of reference for the ESIA. Scoping is intended to be iterative and to allow for the scope of work to be amended in the light of new issues and information. This aspect is particularly relevant in the on-going project in which the final designs of the proposed projects are currently under preparation. This has advantages in that new issues which emerge during the course of the environmental studies can be incorporated into the final design through consultations. 2.3.2 Purpose of Scoping The purposes of a Scoping Study include: • Providing an overview description of the project development; • Establishing the nature of the landscape, settlements and habitats served by the project; • Identifying critical habitats that might be directly and indirectly affected by the project; • Identifying the scale and nature of social issues associated with the Project both directly and indirectly; • Alternatives suitable or considered; and • Identifying areas that would require detailed studies during the ESIA process. The multiple benefits from environmental scoping include, among others: • Helping to provide environmental information about important effects of the project, including issues of particular concern to affected groups and individuals; • Stimulating early discussion among the developer, environmental authorities, other interested parties and the public about the project and its environmental impacts; • Making planning, management and assessment of resources required for the project more efficient and based on environmental studies; • Identifying legislation or regulatory controls which may be relevant to the project and provide opportunities for the assessment of different management and control systems to be undertaken in parallel with the implementation; and • Providing NEMA with information on proposed projects that may or may not infringe environmental regulations. The Scoping Report was completed in June 2017. Multiple objectives were covered by this document. The following key issues were included in the Scoping Report: • Identification of social, gender and health issues and potential beneficial and adverse environmental impacts related to proposed project activities, social and economic assessments during scoping were based on preliminary screening and public consultations; • Assessment of ongoing or planned initiatives related to sanitation by other donors, NGOs and the GoK; • Review of existing studies, environmental legislation, environmental and social quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies, including gender analysis and technical documents related to the sector; • A preliminary assessment was undertaken of the legal and institutional framework as well as NEMA processing procedures to assist KWSCRP/MOWASSCO/CGM to obtain the necessary approvals and licenses required for project advancement; • Using a screening tool, the ESIA team carried out field observations to identify potential beneficial and adverse environmental and social impacts associated with the anticipated West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report scope of engineering works, land acquisition and resettlement; sensitive ecological habitats; impacts on women and vulnerable groups; worker safety; and health issues; • Assessment of preliminary environmental mitigation measures to be adopted by the sub- projects based on the application of a detailed scoping questionnaire covering project impacts in various sectors, characteristics of the environment, and review of possible mitigation actions; • Lastly, the Scoping Report attempted to determine the significant environmental and socio-cultural issues that should be the focus of the ESIA, including potential beneficial and adverse impacts associated with several key issues, such as gender; land acquisition and resettlement; sensitive ecological habitats; impacts on women and vulnerable groups; human trafficking; worker safety; and health issues. The interactions between the environmental scoping team and the engineers engaged in the feasibility design enabled feedback to enhance the design process and address potential adverse impacts. This ESIA builds upon the final designs and the Scoping Report. 2.3.3 NEMA Requirement for Scoping Current Kenyan environmental and social legislation requires the preparation of an environmental scoping report. The scoping report (or project brief) must be submitted to the NEMA in order to obtain the necessary approvals and licenses for project implementation. The NEMA regulatory procedures specify that the aims of scoping are to: 1. Review all applicable laws, policies and planning documents which relate to the type of project or areas in which it is to be located. 2. Review all international obligations that Kenya is signatory to and which may be affected by the proposed development. 3. Identify the relevant environmental standards to be applied in the design of the project or sub-projects. 4. Identify all possible alternatives which may relate to route, site, layout, design, technology, etc. 5. Conduct an alternatives assessment to determine the preferred environmental options. 6. Identify the key impacts associated with the preferred option(s) and determine in consultation with NEMA and the developer, special studies that may need to be undertaken. 2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW This included studying relevant legislation and policies; national, regional, provincial and local secondary (collated) data sources; available maps of the Projects area; county development strategic documents and national programs; and other related reports and documents related to KWSCRP and World Bank safeguards policies on ESIA and associated guidelines. Key documents reviewed included: - • The Constitution of Kenya (2010 • Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999 • Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 • Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006 • Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution) (Control) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006 • Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2014 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • National Guidelines on safe management and disposal of asbestos • The Physical Planning Act, 1996 • The Public Health Act (Cap 242) • Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 2007 • The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules, 2005 • Water Act 2016 • World Bank OP. 4.01 • KWSCRP ESMF 2.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE The following approach was used in the environmental baseline data collection and analysis presented in this ESIA, with the focus particularly on issues with key impacts related to the water supply. 2.4.1.1 Desk Studies The data in the environmental baseline comprised secondary data collected through review of literature and primary data which was collected through field site visit and transect walks on the project area. The sources of secondary data included but are not limited to: feasibility study reports; ecological and socio-economic profiles for Mombasa; other data of GoK Departments; and other available maps, related reports and documents. The data collection and review were conducted to: • Collect documented data on all aspects of the project (e.g. physical, biological and socio- economic); • Assess ongoing or planned initiatives related to water supply by other donors, NGOs, and the GoK; • Review in detail any existing studies, environmental legislation, environmental and social quantitative and/or qualitative surveys and studies including gender analyses, and review of technical documents related to water supply; 2.4.2 Field Site Surveys Site surveys started prior to the preparation of the Scoping Report and continued throughout the period of the ESIA studies. It involved visiting stakeholder institutions and making consultations with key community members in all the wards in West Mainland area. The main objective of this activity was to carry out on-site field assessments of the expected effects of the planned developments on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. During these surveys, interviews, measurements and the administration of questionnaires were carried out with key informants who included County Government and National Government staff, local leaders and community representatives. Details of each survey are explained in subsequent sections. 2.4.3 Flora and Fauna Surveys The assessment of flora and fauna focused on the proposed work sites and their immediate surroundings. These were assessed by means of walks, interviews, and secondary data collection. Walks were undertaken at sites where various construction works have been proposed (along the project route). Interviews were conducted with both locals and key informants. Secondary data was collected through the use of appropriate maps and relevant literature. Other useful information collected included GPS locations, digital still camera records, and data sheets. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE The socio-economic baseline has been established from secondary data, consultations conducted and observations on-site. As far as has been possible the focus for the socio-economic baseline has been on data collection and observations in the beneficiary communities; and observations in the communities through which the pipelines pass but which may not benefit. Areas where key resettlement impacts are observed have been given less attention because they will be covered in depth by the separate RAP. This will avoid consultation fatigue’ where people become tired of repeated consultations for the same projects. 2.5.1 Secondary and Primary Data Secondary socio-economic data was obtained from books, reports, journals and other sources such as the Mombasa County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) for County Government of Mombasa, County Environmental Outlook (Mombasa) Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Reports, Feasibility study report among others. Primary data was collected from key informants and consultations which included public barazas. 2.5.2 Formal Public Discussion A component of the scoping activity included a public consultative meeting which was held in the project area. The purpose of the meeting was to allow the general public, as well as interested and affected parties, to give their views on the proposed WMWS Project. Issues of importance for this report were those that related to the sanitation project. The meetings were held in accordance with the requirements of NEMA and the WB OP. 4.01 policy and guidelines for conducting an ESIA. The specific objectives of this public consultations were to: • Disseminate information on the proposed project; • Collect views and issues to be considered in the scoping process and ESIA study; • Evaluate perceptions about positive and negative impacts of the project; and • Receive concerns about environmental impacts and other implementation problems such as communication strategy and avenues for participation in the project. The meeting was facilitated by KWSCRP/PMU, MOWASSCO and CGM who took the responsibility of chairing the plenary sessions as well as managing expectations. Issues raised during the deliberations of this meeting were recorded and incorporated into the Scoping Report and also this ESIA. 2.5.3 Government Consultations The purpose was to ensure consideration of the views of all potentially affected persons (men, women and children) within the wards that the pipeline route passes through. The consultations were done along the potential project route and sites and among residents within and in the vicinity of the project sites. The consultations took the form of public barazas. The objectives for these consultations were to: • Collect primary information on the socio-economic situation of the people in the communities; • Evaluate the level of awareness of the communities about the proposed project; • Gather information on people’s perceptions of projects they considered successful based on past experiences; • Gather the communities’ perceptions about the role of local beneficiaries in the proposed implementation of the proposed project; and • Assess the level of awareness of communities on how the proposed project will impact West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report them both environmentally and socially and find out any suggestions on avoidance or mitigation measures for the impacts based on past experience. 2.5.4 Community Consultations In order to supplement the 2009 Census data additional surveys were conducted in selected communities during June and July 2017. The communities chosen to be representative of the communities benefiting from the project. A ‘Community Level Survey’ was conducted through consultation with the representative members of the specific project beneficiary community. Using a survey questionnaire, questions were asked to the community representatives, who would then discuss, as necessary, and provide a response. Definitions were given and questions further defined if necessary, by the national social specialist. In January 2019, additional consultations were held with the local communities. 2.6 DATA ANALYSIS The purpose of data analysis was to identify impacts that would arise from the construction and operation of the proposed project. The significance of impacts was determined by combining the perceived frequency of occurrence of the source of the impact, the duration, severity, and spatial extent of the impact and the sensitivity of the area being impacted upon. The analysis was aided by using a summary criterion and classification. Mitigation measures and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was designed based on the understanding of the identified impacts coupled with the knowledge and collected information about the project sites. 2.7 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES The primary tool for identification of impacts and mitigation was discussion among members of the ESIA team using expert judgment and consultations including recommendations from stakeholders. This records the rationale for the impacts and their potential significance, mitigation measures, residual impact and risk after mitigation, linked to relevant legislation, the construction contract requirements and the provisions of the ESMP. Impacts were identified from the environmental and socioeconomic baseline as affecting the receptors air, water, land, flora and fauna and community. These were further categorized into construction and subsequent operational impacts. Impact assessments were also based on criteria developed from Kenyan legal standards and World Bank safeguards policies. 2.8 DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE 2.8.1 Overview The assessment of the significance of impacts and identification of residual impacts has taken account of any incorporated mitigation measures adopted by the Project, and is largely dependent on the extent and duration of change, the number of people or size of the resource affected and their sensitivity to the change. The criteria for determining significance are specific for each environmental and social aspect and are reported within each impact assessment chapter but generally for each impact the magnitude is defined (quantitatively where possible) and the sensitivity of the receptor is defined. Generic criteria for defining magnitude and sensitivity are summarized below. 2.8.2 Magnitude The assessment of magnitude will be undertaken in two steps. Firstly, the key issues associated with the Project have been categorized as beneficial or adverse. Secondly, the magnitude of West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report potential impacts has been categorized as major, moderate, minor, or negligible based on consideration of the parameters such as: • Duration of the impact – ranging from temporary with no detectable impact to continuing beyond decommissioning; • Spatial extent of the impact – for instance, within the site, boundary to regional, national, and international; • Reversibility – ranging from no change to permanent requiring significant intervention to return to baseline; • Likelihood – ranging from unlikely to occur to occurring regularly under typical conditions; and • Compliance with legal standards and established professional criteria - ranging from meets or exceeds minimum standards or international guidance to substantially exceed national standards and limits / international guidance. Table 7 below outlines generic criteria for determining magnitude. Table 7. Generic criteria for determining magnitude Magnitude (Beneficial or Description Adverse) Major Fundamental change to the specific conditions assessed resulting in long term or permanent change, typically widespread in nature, and requiring significant intervention to return to baseline; exceeds national standards and limits. Moderate Detectable change to the specific conditions assessed resulting in non-fundamental temporary or permanent change. Minor Detectable but minor change to the specific condition assessed. Negligible No perceptible change to the specific condition assessed. Source: ESC 2.8.3 Sensitivity Sensitivity is generally site specific and criteria have been developed from baseline information gathered. The sensitivity of a receptor will be determined based on review of the population (including proximity/numbers/vulnerability) and presence of features on the site or the surrounding area. Generic criteria for determining sensitivity of receptors are outlined in Table 8. Each detailed assessment will define sensitivity in relation to their topic. Table 8. Generic criteria for determining sensitivity Sensitivity Definition (considers duration of the impact, spatial extent, reversibility, and ability of comply with legislation) High Vulnerable receptor (human or ecological) with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or minimal opportunities for mitigation. Medium Vulnerable receptor (human or ecological) with limited capacity to absorb proposed changes or limited opportunities for mitigation. Low Vulnerable receptor (human or ecological) with some capacity to absorb proposed changes or moderate opportunities for mitigation Negligible Vulnerable receptor (human or ecological) with good capacity to absorb proposed changes or and good opportunities for mitigation Source: ESC West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.8.4 Impact evaluation and determination of significance Impacts will be identified and significance will be attributed considering the interaction between magnitude criteria and sensitivity criteria as presented in the significance matrix in Table 9. Table 9. Impact significance matrix Magnitude of Impact Sensitivity of Receptors Negligible Low Medium High Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Minor Insignificant Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Major Insignificant Moderate Major Critical Source: ESC For each aspect, the significance of impacts will be discussed before and after mitigation (i.e. residual impact). Impacts identified as having critical, major, or moderate significance based on the above approach are classified as significant impacts. 2.8.5 Approach to mitigation and management The ESIA includes a description of the measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and where possible offset any significant adverse impacts on the environment. The identification of such measures is an iterative process which needs to be undertaken in parallel with the design to aid the incorporation of measures into the design during project development. Early adoption of appropriate mitigation will help reduce significant environmental impacts to a practicable minimum. Where feasible the following hierarchy of mitigation measures have been applied to reduce, where possible, the significance of impacts to acceptable levels: • Mitigation / elimination through design; • Site /technology choice; and • Application of best practice. As part of the ESIA approach, it is proposed that an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) be produced for each of the key stages of the development by the contractor. These plans essentially set the framework for the Environmental and Social Management System for the Project moving forward. The assessment of the significance of impacts and identification of residual impacts has taken account of any incorporated mitigation measures adopted by the Project, and is largely dependent on the extent and duration of change, the number of people or size of the resource affected and their sensitivity to the change. The criteria for determining significance are specific for each environmental and social aspect and are reported within each impact assessment chapter but generally for each impact the magnitude is defined (quantitatively where possible) and the sensitivity of the receptor is defined. 2.9 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been developed in conjunction with this ESIA to mitigate the physical and economic displacement impacts arising from the Project. The RAP conducted a baseline socio-economic survey, a census survey, and an asset inventory of project affected persons. The RAP presents draft entitlements and compensation options that form the basis for further negotiations between the National Land Commission (NLC) and project-affected persons. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 2.10 COLLABORATION The WMWS Project includes components generated by a number of specialized teams whose results were used in the compilation of this ESIA. The teams include: • The Design Team based at Vittens Evide International (VEI) who dealt with the designs; • The Resettlement Team under Environmental Safeguards Consultants who assessed issues of displacement and resettlement that would result from the execution of all the aspects of the WMWS Project; and • The ESIA Team based at Environmental Safeguards Consultants. • Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience safeguards experts • MOWASSCO and County Government of Mombasa team West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK This chapter sets out the standards to which the legal, policy and administrative framework within which the Project will be developed. It identifies the applicable lender requirements and national standards. For convenience and to demonstrate a systematic approach to identifying legal constraints, it has been structured around the broad topic areas set out in the World Bank safeguards policies as these comprehensively address the environmental and social risks that may be faced by the project. The ESIA will conform to the Kenyan legislative and regulatory framework and in line with the World Bank’s safeguards policies and General Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007). For the majority of disciplines, where there is a difference between national Kenyan standards and World Bank safeguard policies, the Bank policies will prevail. 3.1 CONTEXT Kenya has undergone regulatory reforms over the past two decades, culminating in the enactment of a new constitution in 2010, which replaced that of 1969. This has, in turn, driven new policies and strategies relating to environmental management and conservation (including Environmental Impact Assessments). The new constitution establishes the structure of the Kenyan government, the Bill of Rights, and provides the basic and comprehensive principles for environmental protection and management in the country. Under Chapter 5 (Part 1) of the constitution (Land and Environment), it requires that land be used and managed in “a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable, and in accordance with the following principles: (a) equitable access to land; (b) security of land rights; (c) sustainable and productive management of land resources; (d) transparent and cost effective administration of land; (e) sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas; (f) elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land; and (g) encouragement of communities to settle land disputes through recognized local community initiatives consistent with this constitution”. Furthermore, Part 2 of Chapter 5 is dedicated to environment and natural resource utilization, management and conservation, with reference to the establishment of EIA, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. The constitution also stipulates that all minerals and mineral oils shall be vested in the national government in trust for the people of Kenya. Devolution of powers from the central government to the newly established 47 Counties is also specified by the constitution. County governments are in charge of planning and development, amongst other services, and can enact legislation with possible implications for planned and current projects. County governments also hold all unregistered community lands in trust on behalf of the communities who use it. Other reforms include the establishment of key administrative and legislative organizations that regulate water and sanitation sector and development in Kenya. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 3.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION Table 10. Summary of National Policies Policy Description National Policy on Water Resources Management and The management of water resources in Kenya is Development (Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999). guided by four specific policy objectives, namely: • Preserve, conserve, and protect available water resources and allocate it in a sustainable rational and economic way; • Supply water of good quality in sufficient quantities to meet the various water needs, including poverty alleviation, while ensuring the safe disposal of wastewater and environmental protection; • Establish an efficient and effective institutional framework to achieve a systematic development and management of the water sector; and • Develop a sound and sustainable financing system for effective water resources management, water supply and sanitation development. The National Water Policy 2012 (Draft) The Policy is built on the achievements of the sector reform commenced with the Water Act and based on the sector principles lined out in the National Water Policy 1999. On water resources management, the policy seeks the management of water resources along natural catchment/basin boundaries following the Integrated Water Resource Management approach. It aims to ensure a comprehensive framework for promoting optimal, sustainable, and equitable development and use of water resources for livelihoods of Kenyans through: • progressive restoration and protection of ecological systems and biodiversity in strategic water catchments; • increasing per capita water availability above the international benchmark of 1000 m. by 2030; • Maximizing use of trans-boundary water resources in coordination with other riparian countries; • Enhancing storm water management and rainwater harvesting; • Enhancing inter-basin water transfer in Kenya as a strategic intervention for optimized used of water resources; • Improving effluent waters treatment and recycling for use; • Ensuring sustainable groundwater resources for present and future generations; and • Developing a water management system which contributes to the protection of the environment. Kenya Vision 2030 The Vision for the water and sanitation sector is “to ensure water and improved sanitation availability and access to all by 2030”. Kenya is a water-scarce country West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report with renewable fresh water per capita at 647 m3 against the United Nations recommended minimum of 1,000 m3. The water strategy aims to intensify Kenya’s access to safe water and better sanitation using the national network of water services boards, and the private sector, where necessary. The water programmes will integrate both water and sanitation components, thereby ensuring simultaneous development of water and sanitation with the right pricing. This is expected to bring individual and social benefits that will outweigh the investment costs. In the vision, specific strategies will be introduced to raise standards of the country’s overall water, resource management, storage and harvesting capability. Some of the flagship projects for water and sanitation include the rehabilitation and expansion of urban water supply and sanitation in the key satellite towns identified under the economic pillar. The National Environment Policy, 2013 The goal of the policy is to ensure a better quality of life for present and future generations through sustainable management and use of the environment and natural resources. The objectives of the Policy are inter alia to: • Provide a framework for an integrated approach to planning and sustainable management of Kenya’s environment and natural resources; • Strengthen the legal and institutional framework for good governance, effective coordination and management of the environment and natural resources; and • Ensure sustainable management of the environment and natural resources, such as unique terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, for national economic growth and improved livelihoods. Some of the guiding principles in the implementation of the policy include: • Environmental Right: Every person in Kenya has a right to a clean and healthy environment and a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment; • Right to Development: The right to development will be exercised taking into consideration sustainability, resource efficiency and economic, social and environmental needs; • Sustainable Resource Use: Environmental resources will be utilized in a manner that does not compromise the quality and value of the resource or decrease the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems; and • Public Participation: A coordinated and participatory approach to environmental protection and management will be enhanced West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report to ensure that the relevant government agencies, county governments, private sector, civil society and communities are involved in planning, implementation and decision-making processes. The National Environment Action Plan Framework The NEAP framework recognizes that the high 2009 - 2013 population growth rate and expansion of economic activities have caused pressure on water resources. This is expected to increase unless urgent measures are taken to boost supply and rationalise demand. Water resources are under pressure caused by soil erosion and siltation, water catchments destruction, low level compliance to water quality regulations, inefficient water use strategies, invasive alien species, uncontrolled sand harvesting and over-abstraction of water resources. The framework proposes such interventions as: • Implementation of soil and water conservation measures; Provision of incentives for conservation of water catchments • Enforcement of EMCA, 1999 and other subsidiary regulations • Enforcement of the Water Act 2002 and other related legislations; • Promotion of integrated water resource management; • Enforcement of EMCA, 1999 and other subsidiary regulations • Enforcement of the Water Act 2002 and other related legislations; The National Land Policy (Sessional Paper No. 3 of The overall object of the national land policy is to 2009) secure land rights and provide for sustainable growth, investment, and the reduction of poverty in line with the governments overall development objectives. The Kenya National Biodiversity Strategy and Action The overall objective of the NBSAP is to address the Plan, 2000 national and international undertakings elaborated in Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity' (CBD). It is a national framework of action for the implementation of the Convention to ensure that the present rate of biodiversity loss is reversed, and that present levels of biological resources are maintained at sustainable levels for posterity. Economic Recovery For Wealth And Employment The overall goal of the strategy is to ensure clear Creation Strategy 2006 improvement in the social and economic wellbeing of all Kenyans; thereby giving Kenyans a better deal in their lives, and in their struggle to build a modern and prosperous nation. The key areas covered in the strategy are: • Expanding and improving infrastructure; • Reforms in trade and industry; • Reforms in forestry; • Affordable shelter and housing; • Developing arid and semi-arid lands, and • Safeguarding environment and natural resources. Gender Policy 2011 The overall goal of this Policy Framework is to mainstream gender concerns in the national development process in order to improve the social, West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report legal/civic, economic and cultural conditions of women, men, girls and boys in Kenya The policy provides direction for setting priorities. An important priority is to ensure that all ministerial strategies and their performance frameworks integrate gender equality objectives and indicators and identify actions for tackling inequality. In addition, each program will develop integrated gender equality strategies at the initiative level in priority areas. Within selected interventions, the policy will also scale-up specific initiatives to advance gender equality Relevance This policy will be referred to during Project implementation especially during hiring of staff to be involved in the project, procuring of suppliers and sub consultants and sub-contractors to the project. HIV/AIDS Policy 2009 The proposed project is to be implemented in the rural area, these areas have high freelance cases of HIV and Aids. This policy shall provide a framework to both the project proponent and contractor to address issues related to HIV and Aids. In summary, the policy provides a mechanism for: • Setting Minimum Internal Requirements (MIR) for managing HIV and AIDS • Establishing and promoting programmes to ensure non- discrimination and non- stigmatization of the infected; • Contributing to national efforts to minimize the spread and mitigate against the impact of HIV and AIDS; • Ensuring adequate allocation of resources to HIV and AIDS interventions; • Guiding human resource managers and employees on their rights and obligations regarding HIV and AIDS. Relevance The Policy will be complied with during implementation of the Project, the Contract will in cooperate in tender document and implement HIV awareness initiatives during construction of the Project. Table 11. Summary of National Regulations and Standards Legislation/Regulation/ Standard Provisions Relevance to the Project/ License or Permit Required/ or Activity requiring regulation The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Provides for protection and Consultations and agreement is conservation of the environment required with the community and and ensuring ecologically County government before sustainable development and use developments are executed; and of natural resources; Mandates the State to: West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report -Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; - eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; - utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya; and - Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment. -Accords every person the right to a clean and healthy environment and where this is being or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter Environmental Management and Provides for protection and An EIA of the potential interventions Coordination Act 1999 conservation of the environment, should be carried out and EIA environmental impact assessment, License to be acquired before and environmental auditing and commencement of development monitoring. Environmental (Impact Assessment -Provides for the procedure for -The EIA to be carried out on the and Audit) Regulations, 2003 carrying out Environmental Impact potential interventions should be Assessment (EIA) and carried out in accordance to the Environmental Audit (EA). regulations. -Provides for the carrying out of an -An initial environmental audit environmental audit study following should also be carried out in the first commencement of project year of operation of the schemes. operations. -Provides for the contents of an EIA and an EA Report. Environmental Management and -Provides for the protection of -The quality of water at the potential Co-ordination (Water Quality) ground and surface water new intakes must be within the Regulations 2006 resources. specified range to be sources of domestic water. -Provides the water quality standards for sources of domestic water. The drinking water quality standards regulations were drawn under section 147 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999. In accordance with the regulations, every person shall refrain from acts that could directly or indirectly cause immediate or subsequent water pollution and no one should throw or cause to flow into water resources any materials such as to contaminate the water. The West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report regulation also provides for protection of springs, streams and other water sources from pollution. The following tables illustrates water quality standards established under these regulations. Environmental Management and -Prohibits the generation of -License to emit noise/vibrations in Co-ordination (Noise and unreasonable, unnecessary or excess of permissible levels to be Excessive Vibration Pollution) unusual noise which annoys, acquired if necessary. (Control) Regulations 2009 disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of -Sound level limits of 55dB (day) others and the environment. and 35dB (night) to be observed during construction and operations. -Provides for the maximum noise levels permissible in various environmental set ups such as residential areas, places of worship, commercial areas and mixed residential Environmental Management and -Provides for standards for -Disposal of generated waste Co-ordination (Waste handling, transportation and including soil, vegetation, boulders; Management) Regulations 2006 disposal of various types of wastes and including hazardous wastes. -Generation of hazardous wastes -Requirements to ensure waste such as used oil and oily parts from minimization or cleaner production, construction machinery. waste segregation, recycling or composting. -Provides for licensing of vehicle transporting waste. -Provides for the licensing of waste disposal facilities. Environmental Management and -Provides for ambient air quality -Exhaust emissions from Coordination (Air Quality) tolerance limits. construction machinery. Regulations, 2014. -Prohibits air pollution in a manner -Site clearance and excavation of that exceed specified levels. foundations. -Provides for installation of air -Transportation and disposal of pollution control systems where spoil. pollutants emitted exceed specified limits. -Provides for the control of fugitive emissions within property boundary. -Provides for the control of vehicular emissions. -Provides for prevention of dispersion of visible particulate matter or dust from any material being transported. -Provides for acquisition of an emission license. Under the general prohibitions (Part II), section 5 states that no person shall act in a way that directly or West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report indirectly causes immediate or subsequent air pollution. Among the prohibitions are priority air pollutants (as listed under schedule 2 of the regulations) that include general pollutants, mobile sources and greenhouse gases. Odours are also prohibited under section 9 of the regulations (offensive emissions). Emissions into controlled areas such as schools, hospitals, residential areas and populated urban centers are also prohibited. Part VII on occupational air quality limits by NEMA air emission regulations in section 29, states that an occupier of premises shall ensure that exposure of indoor air pollutants does not exceed the limits stipulated under the Factories and Other Places of Work rules or under any other law. Other sources are recognized at sections 32 and 33 are those arising from construction equipment and materials as well as particulate matter from demolitions of structures and buildings as well as stockpiled dry materials. National Guidelines on safe These guidelines highlight the -The existing pipelines are made of management and disposal of common types of asbestos in the asbestos and whereas they will not asbestos Country. be disturbed-will be left on the ground after decommissioning, The guidelines also highlight safe construction and methods of handling, transportation maintenance/repair activities may and disposal of asbestos. The lead to disturbance or exposure and guidelines also highlight the fact hence need to follow these that if the asbestos pipelines can be guidelines in such an eventuality. left undisturbed, they will pose no risk to the people in the surrounding areas, this will be the route taken by the project to avoid disturbing the asbestos pipelines. However, as a precautionary measure for any interaction with the asbestos pipelines, the guidelines presented in this document, will be incorporated by the Contractor in handling, transportation and disposal of the asbestos. The Physical Planning Act, 1996 -Provide for controls on the use and -Development of buildings and development of land and buildings other infrastructure on land under in the interest of proper and orderly the jurisdiction of County development of an area. Government of Mombasa -Requires that development West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report permission be sought through a development application. The Public Health Act (Cap 242) -Provides for the prevention of the -Generation of wastes during occurrence of nuisance or construction/rehabilitation of the conditions dangerous/injurious to water supply infrastructure; humans. -Handling and storage of waste at the sites; and -Provides that the relevant local authority shall take all lawful, -Protection of water sources from necessary and reasonably pollution. practicable measures -: - for preventing any pollution dangerous to health of any supply of water which the public within its jurisdiction has a right to use and does use for drinking or domestic purposes (whether such supply is derived from sources within or beyond its jurisdiction); and - for purifying any such supply which has become so polluted, and to take measures (including, if necessary, proceedings at law) against any person so polluting any such supply or polluting any stream so as to be a nuisance or danger to health. Occupational Safety and Health Act -Provides for the safety, health and -Construction sites require (OSHA), 2007 welfare of workers and all persons registration as a workplace; lawfully present at work places. -Safety measures are required in -Provides for the registration of use of tools and machinery on site; workplaces. -Protection of the workers and -Outlines safety requirements in general public with any form of use of machinery to prevent interaction with the construction accidents and injuries. sites is necessary. The Factories and Other Places of -Rules provide for the maximum -Use of noisy machinery at the Work (Noise Prevention and noise exposure levels for workers in construction sites will require Control) Rules, 2005 places of work and for the provision provision of PPE to workers of protective equipment for those exposed to high noise levels. -Provide that an occupier shall also institute noise reduction measures at the source of noise in the workplace. Water Act 2016 -Provides that subject to the Land -Compensation will be necessary Act, 2012, land required for national for sites acquired to construct water public water works may be acquired pipelines works in any manner provided by law for the acquisition of land for public purposes -Compensation on just terms shall be payable by the Government to the owner of the land on which any such works are constructed -Every person in Kenya has the West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities and to reasonable standards of sanitation -Provides that a permit is required for use of water from a water resource; -A person shall not, without authority conferred under this Act throw, convey, cause or permit to be thrown or conveyed, any rubbish, dirt, refuse, effluent, trade waste or other offensive matter or thing into or near to any water resource in such manner as to cause, or be likely to cause, pollution of the water resource -Provides for payment for water use as part of the permit conditions The Land Act 2012 -Mandates the Land Commission -Conservation and protection of and other public officers to use the ecologically sensitive areas such as following guiding principles and the river system, riverine areas, and values: other significant terrestrial habitats is required in -equitable access to land; security development/rehabilitation of the of land rights; water supply schemes; - security of land rights; -sustainable and productive -Compulsory acquisition may be management of land resources; necessary if land owners are not -conservation and protection of willing to avail the land for ecologically sensitive areas development new infrastructure -provides for the conversion of proposed for the water supply private land to public land through schemes; compulsory acquisition, transfer, surrender or reversion of leasehold -Just compensation is required for interest to Government; all whose land will be acquired; and -Provides that just compensation -Creation of ROW will be necessary shall be paid promptly in full to all where the potential water pipelines persons whose interests in the land pass through private land. have been determined; and -Provides for the creation of a public rights of way (ROW) or wayleave by the National Land Commission. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Coast Development Authority The Proposed Investments will be However, as provided for under (CDA) Act, 2012 implemented within Coast the County Government Act of Development Authority (CDA) 2012 and Water Act 2016, the area of operation. The Coast Project Proponent is the Coast Development Authority Act (Cap Water Services Board while 449) provides for the Mombasa Water Services Board establishment of an Authority to will be in charge of Operation and plan and coordinate the Maintenance of the Water implementation of development Networks after commissioning. projects in [the] whole of the Coast region and for connected purposes. The Coast Development Authority (CDA) was created through this Act, mandated with coastal zone development and governance, including coastal planning and co- ordination of developments. Part I of the CDA Act, inter alia defines the CDA area of jurisdiction in the entire coast area which include, Lamu, Tana River, Taita Taveta, Kilifi, Mombasa and Kwale Counties. The proposed investment plans The project once commissioned are planned to be implemented will be handed over to within Mombasa Island, North MOWASSCO which is a water Mainland, South Mainland and utility, wholly owned by Mombasa West Mainland, all these areas fall County Government for operation within jurisdiction of Mombasa and maintenance. County Government. Part II of the Act empowers the county government to be in charge of function described in Article 186 of the constitution, (county roads, water and Sanitation, Health), Part XI of the Act vest the responsibility of planning and development facilitation to the county government with collaboration with national government, this arrangement has been adopted for interventions in order not to conflict with provisions of the Kenyan Constitution. 3.2.1.1 National Air Quality Emission Standards In undertaking the construction activities described above, the Contractor will comply with the following national regulatory air quality standards and WBG/WHO Air Emission and Ambient Air Quality guidelines, whichever is stringent. Regular monitoring to determine compliance will be done by the Supervision Consultant and corrective/ mitigation measures applied where necessary. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 12. Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits Pollutant Time Weighted Average Industrial Residential, Rural Controlled Area & Other Area Areas Sulphur oxides (SOX); Annual Average 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3 24 hours 125 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 30 ug/m3 Annual Average 0.019 ppm/50ug/m3 Month Average 24 Hours 0.048ppm /125ug/m3 Instant Peak 500 ug/m3 Instant Peak (10 0.191 ppm min) Oxides of Nitrogen Annual Average 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3 (NOX); 24 hours 150 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 30 ug/m3 Annual Average 0.2 ppm Month Average 0.3 ppm 24 Hours 0.4 ppm One Hour 0.8 ppm Instant Peak 1.4 ppm Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Average 150 ug/m3 0.05 ppm Month Average 0.08 ppm 24 Hours 100 ug/m3 0.1 ppm One Hour 0.2 ppm Instant Peak 0.5 ppm Suspended Particulate Annual Average 360 ug/m3 140 ug/m3 70 ug/m3 Matter 24 hours 500 ug/m3 200 ug/m3 100 ug/m3 Annual Average 100 ug/m3 24 hours 180 ug/m3 Respirable Particulate Annual Average 70 ug/m3 50 ug/m3 50 ug/m3 Matter (<10 m) 24 hours 150 ug/Nm3 100 ug/Nm3 75 ug/Nm3 (RPM) PM2.5 Annual Average 35 ug/m3 24 hours 75 ug/m3 Lead (Pb) Annual Average 1.0 ug/Nm3 0.75 ug/Nm3 0.50 ug/m3 24 hours 1.5 ug/m3 1.00 ug/m3 0.75 ug/m3 Month Average 2.5 Carbon monoxide 8 hours 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 (CO)/ 1 hour 10.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen sulphide 24 hours 150ug/m3 instant Peak 700ppb Total VOC 24 hours 600 ug/m3 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Pollutant Time Weighted Average Industrial Residential, Rural Controlled Area & Other Area Areas Ozone 1-Hour 200 ug/m3 0.12 ppm 8 hour (instant 120 ug/m3 1.25 ppm Peak) Source-NEMA Table 13. National Air Quality Standards for General Pollutants Pollutant Time Weighted Average Property Boundary Particulate matter (PM) Annual Average 50 ug/m3 24 hours 70 ug/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX); Annual Average 80 ug/m3 24 hours 150 ug/m3 Sulphur oxides (SOX); Annual Average 50 ug/m3 24 hours 125 ug/m3 Hydrogen Sulphide 24 hours 50 ug/m3 Lead (Pb) Annual/24 hours 0.5 – 2.0ug/m3 Ammonia 24 hours 100 ug/m3 Source-NEMA 3.2.1.2 National Noise Emission Guidelines In undertaking the construction activities described above, the Contractor will comply with the following national regulatory air quality standards and WBG noise level guidelines, whichever is stringent. Regular monitoring to determine compliance will be done by the Supervision Consultant and corrective/ mitigation measures applied where necessary. Table 14. National Noise Guidelines Zone Maximum Noise level limits dB (A) Time Frame Day Night Places of worship 30 25 Residential: 1. Indoors 35 25 Day time: 2. Outdoors 40 25 6.01a.m – 8. 00p.m Night time: Mixed Residential 55 45 8.01p.m – 6. 00p.m (inclusive of Entertainment and commercial places) Commercial 70 70 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Silent arena 30 25 Source-NEMA Table 15. Noise Levels for construction sites Facility Maximum Noise level limits dB (A) Time Frame Day Night Health facilities, Educational Centres 60 35 Day time: and homes of disabled 6.01am- 10.00pm Residential 60 35 Night time: 10.01pm – 6.00am Industrial 85 65 Commercial 75 50 Source-NEMA Table 16. Noise levels from a factory or a workshop (Continuous or intermittent noise) dB(A) Daily Weekly 85 8 hours 40 hours 88 4 hours 20 hours 91 2 hours 10 hours 94 1 minute 5 hours 97 30 minutes 2.5 hours 100 15 minutes 1.25 hours 103 7.5 37.5 minutes 106 3.75 18.75 minutes 109 1.875 minutes 9.375 minutes Source-NEMA N/B: Noise levels should not exceed a level of I. Factory/Workshops 85 dB (A) II. Offices 50 dB (A) III. Factory/Workshop Compound 75 dB (A) Table 17. Maximum Permissible Noise level for Impact or Impulsive Noise Sound Level dB(A) Max Permitted impulses per day 140 100 130 1,000 120 10,000 Source-NEMA 3.2.1.3 National Water Quality Standards In supplying water to the consumers, MOWASCO will comply with the following national regulatory drinking water quality standards and WBG water quality guidelines, whichever is stringent. Regular monitoring to determine compliance will be done by MOWASCO and corrective/ mitigation measures applied where necessary. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 18. National Drinking Water Quality Standards Parameter units Guideline Value Aluminium mg/L 0.05 - 0.2 Chloride mg/L <250 Colour Hazen <15 Copper mg/L <1.0 Corrosivity - Non – corrosive Fluoride mg/L <2.0 Foaming Agents mg/L <0.5 Iron mg/L <0.3 Manganese mg/L <0.05 Odour Odour threshold level <3 Ph Sorensen scale 6.5-8.5 Silver mg/L <0.10 Sulphate mg/L <250 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L <500 Zinc mg/L <5 Sodium mg/L <200 Chlorine mg/L 0.2+ -0.5 Magnesium mg/L <100 Ammonia mg/L <0.5 Mercury mg/L <0.001 Nitrate mg/L <10 Fluoride mg/L <1.5 Arsenic mg/L <0.05 Cadmium mg/L <0.05 Table 19. Microbiological limits for drinking water Present/Absent Type of Microbes Total viable counts at 370C per ml, Max 100% Present Coliforms in 250 ml Absent E. Coli in 250 ml Absent Staphylococcus aureus in 250 ml Absent Sulphite reducing anaerobes in 50 ml Absent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fluorescence in 250 ml Absent Steptococuus faecalis Absent Shingella in 250 ml Absent Salmonella in 250 ml Absent West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 20. below shows the national waste water and effluent discharge standards. Table 20.National Wastewater Discharge Standards Parameters Maximum levels permissible Suspended solids (mg/L) 250 Total dissolved solids (mg/L) 2000 Temperature 0C 20 -35 pH 6-9 Oil and Grease (mg/L) where conventional treatment shall be used - 10 Oil and Grease (mg/L) where ponds is a final treatment method - 5 Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L) 20 Substances with an obnoxious smell Shall not be discharged into the sewers Biological Oxygen Demand BOD5 days at 20oC (mg/L) 500 Chemical Oxygen Demand COD (mg/L) 1000 Arsenic (mg/L) 0.02 Mercury (mg/L) 0.05 Lead (mg/L) 1.0 Cadmium (mg/L) 0.5 Chromium VI (mg/L) 0.05 Chromium (Total) (mg/L) 2.0 Copper (mg/L) 1.0 Zinc (mg/L) 5.0 Selenium (mg/L) 0.2 Nickel (mg/L) 3.0 Nitrates (mg/L) 20 Phosphates (mg/L) 30 Cyanide Total (mg/L) 2 Sulphide (mg/L) 2 Phenols (mg/L) 10 Detergents (mg/L) 15 Colour Less than 40 Hazen units Alkyl Mercury Not Detectable (nd) Free and saline Ammonia as N (mg/L) 4.0 Calcium Carbide Nil Chloroform Nil Inflammable solvents Nil Radioactive residues Nil Degreasing solvents of mono-di-trichloroethylene type Nil 3.2.2 World Bank Operational Policies A summary of the key objectives of the main operational policies is provided below: Operational Policy 4.01 – Environmental Assessment: provides framework for WB environmental safeguard policies and describes project screening and categorization to determine level of environmental assessment required. For category A and B projects the policy requires public consultation and disclosure to be undertaken as part of the EA process. If indigenous people are found to be affected, in addition to consultation, it is necessary to prepare a plan to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on such groups and ensure that they have access to West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report project benefits to the extent that they wish to. Finally, the policy sets out requirement to comply and report on implementation of any environmental management plans (i.e. mitigation measures, monitoring programme etc.). Operational Policy 4.04 – Natural Habitats – outlines the WB policy on biodiversity conservation taking into account ecosystem services and natural resource management and use by project affected people. Projects must assess potential impacts on biodiversity and the policy strictly limits circumstances under which damage to natural habitats can occur as well as prohibiting projects which are likely to lead to result in significant loss of critical natural habitats. Operational Policy 4.10 – Indigenous Peoples – recognizes that indigenous peoples may be exposed to different types of risks and impacts from development projects. The policy requires projects to identify whether indigenous peoples are affected by the project and if so to undertake specific consultation activities and to avoid or mitigate impacts on this potentially vulnerable group. Operational Policy 4.11 – Physical Cultural Resources – policy sets out WB requirement to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts resulting from project developments on cultural resources Operational Policy 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement – WB aims to avoid involuntary resettlement where possible, however where necessary the policy sets out requirements for participation in resettlement planning as well as provide compensation that improves or at least restores incomes and standards of living subsequent to displacement. Operational Policy 4.36 – Forests – this policy recognizes the need to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable forest conservation and management in reducing poverty. Table 21. World Bank Policies Safeguards Policies Provision Relevance to the Project World Bank OP 4.01 on -Provides for environmental -An Environmental and Social Environmental Assessment assessment (EA) of projects Impact Assessment of the proposed for Bank financing to help development/rehabilitation of water ensure that they are environmentally supply schemes will be carried out. sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making World Bank OP 4.04 on Natural -Provides for the application of a -Baseline studies to identify natural Habitats precautionary approach to natural habitats that require conservation. resource management to ensure ESIA(s) to provide measures for opportunities for environmentally protection of the natural habitats sustainable development; -Provides for measures for the identification of (a) natural habitat issues and special needs for natural habitat conservation, including the degree of threat to identified natural habitats (particularly critical natural habitats), and (b) measures for protecting such areas in the context of the country's development strategy; Provides for measures to rehabilitate degraded natural West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report habitats; -Discourages the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats; and -Provides for measures to take into account the views, roles, and rights of groups, including local nongovernmental organizations and local communities, affected by Bank- financed projects involving natural habitats, and to involve such people in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating such projects. World Bank OP 4.10 on Indigenous -Provides for measures to ensure -No indigenous people have been Peoples that the development process identified in the project area. fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples; -Provides for measures to ensure the anticipation and avoidance of adverse impacts of projects on communities of Indigenous Peoples, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize and/or compensate for such impacts; -Provides for measures to promote sustainable development benefits and opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in a culturally appropriate manner; -Provides for measures to establish and maintain an ongoing relationship based on Informed Consultation and Participation (ICP) with the Indigenous Peoples affected by a project throughout the project’s life-cycle; and -Provides for measures to respect and preserve the culture, knowledge, and practices of Indigenous Peoples. World Bank OP 4.11 on Physical -Provides for measures to protect -ESIA(s) will propose measures for Cultural Resources cultural heritage from the adverse protection of identified cultural impacts of project activities and resources. support its preservation; -Provides for measures to promote the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of cultural heritage; and -Provide for measures to address impacts on physical cultural West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report resources in projects proposed for Bank financing, as an integral part of the environmental assessment (EA) process. 3.2.3 International Finance Corporation and World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines These are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These General EHS Guidelines are used in addition to the local guidelines in order to provide mitigation measures for the various environmental and social impacts that will be identified in this report. The main EHS guidelines that will be used alongside local policies include: 3.2.3.1 Environmental Guidelines These guidelines will govern the Contractor’s activities during the construction of the pipelines and the construction works impacts on the physical environment. The guidelines include: Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality – which provide the air quality standards, limits and monitoring requirements for construction works. The guidelines incorporate WHO air quality guidelines on the major air pollutants expected from the Contractor’s machinery and equipment. Baseline and annual air quality measurements should be taken to establish the impacts of exhaust from the Contractor’s works. Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality – These guidelines will be key particularly in the Resident Engineers Office and the impacts of wastewater generation and treatment before release into the environment, in order to prevent pollution of the surrounding physical environment. The guidelines call for monitoring of wastewater from the site through testing and inspections for which the Contractor will have to establish a plan for management and monitoring. Table 22. Standards for Effluent Discharge into the Environment Parameter Max Allowable (Limits) 1,1,1-trichloroethane (mg/l) 3 1,1,2-trichloethane (mg/l) 0.06 1,1-dichloroethylene 0.2 1,2-dichloroethane 0.04 1,3-dichloropropene (mg/l) 0.02 Alkyl Mercury compounds Nd Ammonia, ammonium compounds, NO3 compounds and 100 NO2 compounds (Sum total of ammonia-N times 4 plus nitrate-N and Nitrite-N) (mg/l) Arsenic (mg/l) 0.02 Arsenic and its compounds (mg/l) 0.1 Benzene (mg/l) 0.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5days at 20 oC) (mg/l) 30 Boron (mg/l) 1.0 Boron and its compounds – non-marine (mg/l) 10 Boron and its compounds –marine (mg/l) 30 Cadmium (mg/l) 0.01 Cadmium and its compounds (mg/l) 0.1 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Carbon tetrachloride 0.02 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD (mg/l) 50 Chromium VI (mg/l) 0.05 Chloride (mg/l) 250 Chlorine free residue 0.10 Chromium total 2 cis –1,2- dichloro ethylene 0.4 Copper (mg/l) 1.0 Dichloromethane (mg/l) 0.2 Dissolved iron (mg/l) 10 Dissolved Manganese(mg/l) 10 E. coli (Counts / 100 ml) Nil Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5 Fluoride and its compounds (marine and non-marine) (mg/l) 8 Lead (mg/l) 0.01 Lead and its compounds (mg/l) 0.1 n-Hexane extracts (animal and vegetable fats) (mg/l) 30 n-Hexane extracts (mineral oil) (mg/l) 5 Oil and grease Nil Organo-Phosphorus compounds (parathion,methyl parathion,methyl demeton and 1.0 Ethyl parantrophenyl phenylphosphorothroate, EPN only) (mg/l) Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs (mg/l) 0.003 pH (Hydrogen ion activity----marine) 5.0-9.0 pH (Hydrogen ion activity—non-marine) 6.5-8.5 Phenols (mg/l) 0.001 Selenium (mg/l) 0.01 Selenium and its compounds (mg/l) 0.1 Hexavalent Chromium VI compounds (mg/l) 0.5 Sulphate (mg/l) 0.1 Simazine (mg/l) 0.03 Total Suspended Solids, (mg/l) 30 Tetrachloroethylene (mg/l) 0.1 Thiobencarb (mg/l) 0.1 Temperature (in degrees celcius) based on ambient temperature ±3 Thiram (mg/l) 0.06 Total coliforms (counts /100 ml) 30 Total Cyanogen (mg/l) Nd Total Nickel (mg/l) 0.3 Total Dissolved solids (mg/l) 1200 Colour in Hazen Units (H.U) 15 Detergents (mg/l) Nil Total mercury (mg/l) 0.005 Trichloroethylene (mg/l) 0.3 Zinc (mg/l) 0.5 Whole effluent toxicity Total Phosphorus (mg/l) 2 Guideline value Total Nitrogen 2 Guideline value West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Hazardous Materials Management - These guidelines will mainly govern the handling and disposal of hazardous materials, under this project the major hazardous material is the old Asbestos Concrete pipes which if not handled properly can have a negative impact on the health of the workers and the local community. If there will be interaction of humans with asbestos, the guidelines call for a management plan for the hazardous material including identifying the risk posed by the material, and establishment of a suitable removal and disposal of the material, including the health and safety of the workers coming in contact with the material and the surrounding community. The Contractor will have to prepare a plan that conforms to these guidelines when dealing with the Asbestos concrete pipes. Waste Management – All construction works are expected to produce one or more forms of waste. The laying of the pipelines will be no exception. Construction wastes and domestic wastes are expected from the Contractor’s site as well as the camp. The Contractor will have to prepare a waste management plan using these guidelines that conform to the local legal framework provided in this chapter. Noise – Use of several equipment and plant is bound to generate some level of noise, which are bound to have a negative impact on the surrounding environment and in particular sensitive receptors. These impacts will be short-lived during the construction and operation phase of the project, and if minimal mechanization is employed the impacts can be reduced further. The guidelines also provide the maximum noise levels which the Contractor should strive to adhere to. The guidelines also call for baseline and annual monitoring of noise generation within the Contractor’s site to establish compliance to the guidelines and local regulation. Table 23. Noise Level Guidelines Noise Level Guidelines One Hour LAeq (dBA) Receptor Daytime 07:00 - 22:00 Nighttime 22:00 - 07:00 Residential; institutional; educational 55 45 Industrial; commercial 70 70 Source: IFC/WBG Air- Use of several equipment and plant is bound to generate some level of air emissions, which are bound to have a negative impact on the surrounding environment and in particular sensitive receptors. These impacts will be short-lived during the construction and operation phase of the project, and if minimal mechanization is employed the impacts can be reduced further. The guidelines also provide the air emission levels which the Contractor should strive to adhere t. Table 24. WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 7,8 Averaging Period Guideline value in mg/m3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour 125 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 20 (guideline) West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10 minutes 500 (guideline) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year 40 (guideline) 1-hour 200 (guideline) Particulate Matter 1-year 70 (Interim target-1) PM10 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (guideline) 24-hour 150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) Particulate Matter 1-year 35 (Interim target-1) PM2.5 25 (Interim target-2) 15 (Interim target-3) 10 (guideline) 24-hour 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (guideline) Ozone 8-hour daily maximum 160 (Interim target-1) 100 (guideline) Source: IFC/WBG Table 25. Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits Pollutant Time Weighted Average Industrial Residential, Rural Controlled Area & Other Area Areas Sulphur oxides (SOX); Annual Average 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3 24 hours 125 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 30 ug/m3 Annual Average 0.019 ppm/50ug/m3 Month Average 24 Hours 0.048ppm /125ug/m3 Instant Peak 500 ug/m3 Instant Peak (10 0.191 ppm min) Oxides of Nitrogen Annual Average 80 ug/m3 60 ug/m3 15 ug/m3 (NOX); 24 hours 150 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 30 ug/m3 Annual Average 0.2 ppm Month Average 0.3 ppm 24 Hours 0.4 ppm One Hour 0.8 ppm West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Pollutant Time Weighted Average Industrial Residential, Rural Controlled Area & Other Area Areas Instant Peak 1.4 ppm Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Average 150 ug/m3 0.05 ppm Month Average 0.08 ppm 24 Hours 100 ug/m3 0.1 ppm One Hour 0.2 ppm Instant Peak 0.5 ppm Suspended Particulate Annual Average 360 ug/m3 140 ug/m3 70 ug/m3 Matter 24 hours 500 ug/m3 200 ug/m3 100 ug/m3 Annual Average 100 ug/m3 24 hours 180 ug/m3 Respirable Particulate Annual Average 70 ug/m3 50 ug/m3 50 ug/m3 Matter (<10 m) 24 hours 150 ug/Nm3 100 ug/Nm3 75 ug/Nm3 (RPM) PM2.5 Annual Average 35 ug/m3 24 hours 75 ug/m3 Lead (Pb) Annual Average 1.0 ug/Nm3 0.75 ug/Nm3 0.50 ug/m3 24 hours 1.5 ug/m3 1.00 ug/m3 0.75 ug/m3 Month Average 2.5 Carbon monoxide 8 hours 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 (CO)/ 1 hour 10.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen sulphide 24 hours 150ug/m3 instant Peak 700ppb Total VOC 24 hours 600 ug/m3 Ozone 1-Hour 200 ug/m3 0.12 ppm 8 hour (instant 120 ug/m3 1.25 ppm Peak) Source: IFC/WBG 3.2.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines These guidelines are geared towards ensuring the safety of the staff on site and within the Contractor’s camp. The guidelines with regards to occupational health and safety include: General Facility Design and Operation – These guidelines will guide the Contractor’s workspace. Being that the project area is in the Coast region of the Country, characterized by high temperatures the Contractor will have to provide suitable potable water supply for the staff, a clean eating area, suitable lavatories and showers, fire precaution measures (extinguishers and safety drills) and first aid services. Communication and Training – This will provide for communication and training of staff and visitors to the site, to govern behavior within the site. This is necessary to ensure safety while operating within the site. The Contractor will need to employ a health and safety officer fulltime on site who will be in charge of ensuring safety and communication of safety within the site. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Physical Hazards – These guidelines will govern the exposure of the staff to physical dangers including deep trenches, noise, dust, welding, manual handling, work environment temperatures. The guidelines provide fall protection within the trenches and work hour limits (8 hours maximum). Chemical Hazards - Chemical hazards represent potential for illness or injury due to single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure to toxic, corrosive, sensitizing or oxidative substances. The old pipelines such as the Asbestos Concrete Pipes will pose a chemical air risk to those exposed to the work environment. The guidelines recommend the formation of an asbestos managing plan which clearly define the location of the pipes, its conditions (friable or not), a means of working to avoid interference with the asbestos to avoid damage and training of staff that may come into contact with the material. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provides additional protection to workers exposed to workplace hazards in conjunction with other facility controls and safety systems. PPE is considered to be a last resort that is above and beyond the other facility controls and provides the worker with an extra level of personal protection. The Contractor will have to provide the relevant PPE for staff on site for the different job descriptions. In addition, visitors to site will have to be provided with some minimal form of PPE during their visits. Monitoring - Occupational health and safety monitoring programs should verify the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies. The selected indicators should be representative of the most significant occupational, health, and safety hazards, and the implementation of prevention and control strategies. The Contractor will have to employ a health and safety officer who will come up with an occupational health and safety monitoring program for implementation by the Contractor. In addition, the Contractor will provide a clinic and log of accidents and incidences on site as a control measure for ensuring health and safety. 3.2.3.3 Community Health and Safety Guidelines These guidelines complement the environmental and occupational health and safety guidelines. However, these guidelines specifically address the impact of the project activities on the surrounding community. The guidelines involve the following aspects: Water Quality and Availability – Some of the Contractor’s activities will interfere with the water supply to some areas. In these cases, the Contractor should give prior notice to the residents on a schedule of interruption so as to assure planning. Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure – All the project pipelines will be located within existing road reserves, as such open trenches may pose a risk to pedestrians. As such safety measures have to be taken into account. The Contractor will have to provide physical buffers such as cordons to prevent falls into the trenches, as well as safe crossing points across the trenches at suitable intervals to provide safe crossing. In addition, the Contractor should provide concrete barriers or similar to segregate motor traffic from the work space. Traffic Safety – Due to the fact that the project area is located within an urban setting, the area has high vehicular traffic. As such the Contractor will have to provide a traffic management plan in order to ensure safety of motorists and other road users. The traffic management plan will include alternative routes for transport, concrete barriers to separate the work area from vehicles, a traffic controller to divert traffic and road signage. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Emergency Preparedness and Response – These are designed to deal with events and acts that are unplanned when a project operation loses control, or could lose control, of a situation that may result in risks to human health, property, or the environment, either within the facility or in the local community. Emergencies do not normally include safe work practices for frequent upsets or events that are covered by occupational health and safety. The Contractor will prepare a emergency preparedness and response plan, including training of staff, drills to gauge responses to preparedness, and communication with the local community in case of rinse. 3.2.3.4 Construction and Decommissioning Guidelines These guidelines will govern the project components that will require decommissioning including the pipelines and camp. The Contractor will have to prepare a decommissioning plan for all these features taking into account the previous EHS guidelines mentioned above. 3.3 GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE The key administrative agencies that regulate water development and its environmental implications in Kenya, and which therefore have a key role in the EIA authorization process, include: 3.3.1 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) mission statement and key objective is to facilitate good governance in the protection, restoration, conservation, development and management of the environment and natural resources for equitable and sustainable development. Following the passage of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999, now amended and referred to as EMCA (amendment) 2015, several administrative structures were established under the MENR. These include the National Environmental Council (NEC), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), National Environment Tribunal (NET) the National Complaints Committee (NCC), and the Standard and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC). 3.3.2 Ministry of Water and Sanitation The Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MoWS) mission statement is to contribute to national development by promoting and supporting integrated water resource management to enhance water availability and accessibility. 3.3.3 National Environment Management Authority NEMA is the administrative body that is responsible for the coordination of the various environmental management activities in Kenya. NEMA is also the principal government authority for implementing all environmental policies. NEMA is also responsible for granting EIA approvals and for monitoring and assessing activities in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such project activities. 3.3.4 National Environment Complaints Committee (NECC) The National Environmental Complaints Committee (NECC) is the body charged with the task of investigating complaints or allegations regarding the condition of the environment in Kenya and suspected cases of environmental degradation. The NECC also undertakes public interest litigation on behalf of the citizens in environmental matters. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 3.3.5 Water Resources Authority (WRA) WRA is a state corporation, established under the Water Act 2016 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management. Among other functions, WRA is responsible for issuing permits for water use. The Authority is the immediate former predecessor of the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA). 3.3.6 County Environmental Committee (CEC) Member (Mombasa County) The CEC shall be responsible for the proper management of the environment within the county for which it is appointed. The Committee also develops county strategic environmental action plan for five years. 3.3.7 National Environmental Department (NED) The NED functions are to investigate any allegations or complaints against any person or against the Authority in relation to the condition of the environment in Kenya. NED may also on its own motion investigate any suspected case of environmental degradation and to make a report of its findings together with its recommendations to the Cabinet Secretary. 3.3.8 The National Environment Tribunal The National Environment Tribunal (NET) has a number of functions, including to hear and determine appeals from NEMA’s decisions; to adjudicate over actions relating to the issuance, revocation or denial of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) licences; to determine the amount of money to be paid under the Act; to decide upon the imposition of restoration orders; to give direction to NEMA on any matter of complex nature referred to it by the Director General; and in accordance with the Forest Conservation and Management Act, No. 34 of 2016, NET is mandated to make determination on any matter that remains unresolved after reference to the lowest structure of devolved system set out in the County Government Act under section 70. 3.3.9 County Government of Mombasa (CGM) This is the County Government responsible for Mombasa County, and was formed as part of the devolved government provided for in Kenya’s new Constitution. The County Government of Mombasa consists of the County Assembly and the County Executive, which is made up of several County Ministries. The County Government of Mombasa functions include agriculture, health and sanitation, control of air and noise pollution, cultural activities, county transport, planning and development, implementation of national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation. 3.4 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE (WATER SECTOR) The National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development and the Water Act 2002, presently guides water resources management. The overall goal of the national water development policy is to facilitate the provision of water in sufficient quantity and quality and within a reasonable distance to meet all competing uses in a sustainable, rational and economical way. This policy separates policy formulation, regulation and services provision and defines clear roles for sector actors within a decentralized institutional framework and includes private sector participation and increased community development. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Under the policy, the MOWS is responsible for policy development, sector co-ordination, monitoring and supervision to ensure effective Water and Sewerage Services in the Country, sustainability of Water Resources and development of Water resources for irrigation, commercial, industrial, power generation and other uses. The MOWS fulfill its mandate through the institutions shown in Figure 3-0 below. The responsibilities of each institution are as discussed in the sections below. Figure 3. Institutional framework of the water sector 3.4.1 Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) The regulatory Board is responsible for the regulation of the water and sewerage services in partnership with the people of Kenya. The mandate of the regulator covers the following key areas; a) Regulating the provision of water and sewerage services including licensing, quality assurance, and issuance of guidelines for tariffs, prices and disputes resolution. b) Overseeing the implementation of policies and strategies relating to provision of water services licensing of Water Services Boards and approving their appointed Water Services Providers, c) Monitoring the performance of the Water Services Boards and Water Services Providers, d) Establish the procedure of customer complaints, e) Inform the public on the sector performance, f) Gives advice to the Minister in charge of water affairs. 3.4.2 Water Resource Authority (WRA) The authority is responsible for sustainable management of the Nations Water Resources; a) Implementation of policies and strategies relating to management of Water resources b) Develop principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water, c) Development of Catchments level management strategies including appointment of catchments area advisory committees, d) Regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts, West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report e) Classify, monitor and allocate water resources. 3.4.3 Water Sector Trust Fund (WSTF) This body assists in the financing of the provision of Water Services to areas of Kenya, which are without adequate water services. This shall include providing financing support to improved water services towards; a) Capital investment to community water schemes in underserved areas b) Capacity building activities and initiative among communities c) Water services activities outlined in the Water Services Strategic Plan as prioritized by the Government d) Awareness creation and information dissemination regarding community management of water services e) Active community participation in the management of water services 3.4.4 Water Service Boards (WSBs) The WSBs are responsible for the efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services in their areas of jurisdiction. Coast Water Services Board (CWSB) is among the seven catchment Boards established under the Act mandated to; a) Develop the facilities, prepare business plans and performance targets b) Planning for efficient and economical provision of Water and sewerage services within their areas of jurisdiction; c) Appointing and contracting Water Service Provider d) Asset holding of Central Government facilities 3.4.5 Water Service Providers (WSP) Water Service Providers are the utilities or water companies. They are state owned but have been commercialized to improve performance and run like business within a context of efficiency, operational and financial autonomy, accountability and strategic, but minor investment. 3.5 INTERNATIONAL GUIDANCE AND STANDARDS The ESIA has been completed with regard for international best practice, including the following:  World Bank Group (2007a). EHS General Guidelines, including: ▪ EHS Guidelines: Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality; ▪ EHS Guideline: Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality; ▪ EHS Guideline: Occupational Health and Safety ▪ EHS Guideline: Noise ▪ EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation 3.6 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Relevant international agreements, treaties and conventions that have a social and/or environmental aspect, to which Kenya is a signatory or has acceded to/ratified, are detailed in Table 26 below. Table 26. International Conventions Convention Date Ratified/Acceded to African Convention for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Ratified (12 May 1969) (2003) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Ratified (26 July 1994) West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Convention Date Ratified/Acceded to UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Acceded to (1 May 1964) Heritage (1972) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1985)  The African-Eurasian Water-bird Agreement (AEWA). Acceded to (26 February 1999)  The Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (AEWA). Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention Only signatory 1971) Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) Ratified (24 September 2004) Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Acceded to (1 June 2000) Wastes and their Disposal (1995) Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Only signatory Africa (1991) Convention on Biological Diversity (2006) Ratified (26 July 1994) Convention on Climatic Change and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) Ratified (25 February 2005) Lusaka Agreement on the Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed Ratified (17 January 1997) against Illegal trade in Fauna (1994) Nile Basin Initiative (1999) N/A West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4.1 PROJECT AREA The Project is located in Mombasa County situated in the South east of the Coastal region which has a total area of 230km² Square kilometers and inshore waters covering 65km². Mombasa County is bordered to the North by Kilifi, to the South by Kwale, to the East by the Indian Ocean. It lies between latitudes 3° 80’ and 4° 10’ S and longitudes 39° 60’ and 39° 80’ E. Figure 4-0 below illustrated the entire map of Mombasa County There are four distinctive areas covered by Mombasa County that are geographically separated by the creeks that surround the Island. These areas are the Island, West Mainland, North Mainland, and South Mainland. Mombasa County lies within the coast lowland, which rises gradually from the sea level in the east to slightly over 76 m above sea level in the West Mainland. The highest point is at Nguu Tatu hills in the North Mainland that rises up to 100 m above sea level. 4.2 LOCATIONS OF PROJECT West Mainland as the name indicates is located to the west of Mombasa and one of the four zones earmarked for network development and NRW reduction implementation. The other three zones are Likoni, North Mainland and Island. Each of these Zones is targeted in NRW reduction strategy which seeks to measure, monitor and evaluate how efficiently the utility delivers services based on set and agreed performance indicators. Figure 4. Coverage Area of MOWASSCO WSP West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report West Mainland as the name indicates is located to the west of Mombasa and one of the four zones earmarked for network development and Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction implementation. Each of these Zones is targeted in NRW reduction strategy which seeks to measure, monitor and evaluate how efficiently the utility delivers services based on set and agreed performance indicators. West Mainland consists of two constituencies Changamwe and Jomvu. The project pipeline will pass through the following areas hence locations; 1. Jomvu 2. Miritini 3. Mikindani 4.3 PROJECT DESIGN The project design includes: 4.3.1 Primary pipelines The main artery, the backbone of the system. The primary pipelines are selected based on the structure of the supply system. Diameter is not a selection criterion for primary pipelines. In general pipelines with a diameter of 300 mm and larger are primary pipelines but this varies per area. Primary pipeline: These form the backbone of the supply network. Diameters vary from 150 to 900 mm with a total length of approximately 106 km with 39 km being newly designed lines. 4.3.2 Secondary pipelines Pipelines with a diameter larger than 150 mm which are not part of the primary pipelines. Secondary pipeline: connection between the primary lines and the DMA’s. These ensure minimal takeoffs from the primary lines, maintains network structure and ease of segmenting the network into smaller discreet areas. Pipe diameters range from 150 to 250 mm and pipes not classified as primary. The secondary lines are approximately 81 km with 36 km being newly designed lines. 4.3.3 Tertiary pipelines Pipelines with a diameter smaller than 150 mm. The scope of the design2 considers a minimum diameter of 63 mm. These pipelines often have a branched structure. Tertiary pipelines are only laid in accessible public roads. Tertiary pipeline: Pipelines providing final supply to the consumers. Diameters vary from 110 mm to 50 mm with a total length of approximately 118 km with 47 km being newly designed lines. 4.3.4 DMA boundaries including flow meters Logical isolated areas to monitor performance of the operation, maintenance and investments of the network. 4.3.5 Isolation Valves Valves to facilitate operation and DMA isolation. 4.3.6 Design DMA The DMA is subdivided into 17 sub-DMAs. The West Mainland DMA has flow meters at all boundary crossings: 1. Supply from a new reservoir near Mwache Dam and Mazeras Reservoir; 2. Supply from Marere Spring; 2Resulting in a minimum of approximately 50 connections per branch for inclusion in the design West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 3. Supply to Changamwe Reservoir. The size and the number of projected connections per sub district meter areas (sub-DMA) are as shown in the table below. These figures represent potential connection based on spatial identification of households of buildings within the sub-DMA and as per the field survey of the project area. In each area there may be consumers of low, medium or high income, in addition the number of consumers per sub-DMA varies from 300 – 5000 connections, this is because some areas are densely populated yet they are still considered a single sub-DMA. The DMA design is mostly determined by the existing layout of its urban surroundings, the targeted size of the DMAs and maximum use of the existing network. The number entrances (‘supply points’) is a logical consequence. Around 30-40% the number of (active) supply points is reduced by a closed valve. The number of flow meters for each DMA shown below is equally to the number of entrances. The current DMA design is a balance between the following criteria: 1. DMA size (average and minimum) and DMA size distribution; 2. Number of flow meters (supply points / entry points) for each DMA; 3. Total investment for flow meters (total number and size); 4. Total investment for new pipelines; 5. Reliability of supply (number, size and location of (open) interconnection); 6. Integration of existing network; 7. Risk of interconnections between DMAs. All factors are significantly influenced by the layout of the urban environment and this existing network. An optimal DMA design is only possible in a well-structured urban setting and a new distribution system for the whole area. 4.4 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT The construction (digging and laying of pipeline) will involve the use of the following equipment including quantities. The construction will entail almost 95% manual labour and use of manual implements (shovels, hoes and pick axes). The use of mechanized equipment will be limited as shown by the number of mechanized equipment required and cited in the bid documents as shown in table 27 below. Table 27.Contractor Equipment Description Number in bid Excavators >0.5m3 2 Trucks > tonnes 2 Total Station and ancillaries 1 Pipe jacking equipment, > DN 200mm 2 Concrete Vibrators 3 Rock breaker 2 Back Hoe Excavator 1 Water bowser 1 Jack Hammer 3 Pipeline Pressure Testing Equipment 2 4WD Pick up 2 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Compressor 2 Butt Fusion Equipment 2 Generator 1 Source: Bidding document 4.5 CONSTRUCTION METHODS Construction methods employed for the laying of the new pipelines include: • Digging of trenching (using manual implements and limited motorized/mechanical equipment; • Pipe laying; • Covering of trenches • Demolition of existing structures which could be on the proposed ROW (most of structures on the ROW are mobile and temporary and will not require demolitions. However, pavements and perimeter walls of structures may be demolished and hence generate wastes. • Concreting in certain sections where there will be c construction of chambers. There is a total of 208 chambers, 210 marker posts and 164 anchor/thrust blocks that shall require cement, sand and masonry blocks. The quantities shall be minimal. Figure 4-2 below shows the typical construction methods for laying of water pipelines which are mainly hand held implements which generate insignificant noise and air emissions. The stock pile is also limited and backfilled immediately. The truck used are normal truck and only supply pipelines when an area is completed with respect to trenching. Figure 5. Typical construction and laying of pipeline West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 4.5.1.1 Construction Logistics The construction and laying of the pipelines will be undertaken in the following step wise process and associated timelines. Table 28.Construction Logistics and Step Wise Process Activity Timeline Trenching/Digging of trenches 500 metres per day (estimate). 95% of the excavation is via manual implements including backfilling. Use of mechanical excavation is limited in sections determined by contractor to require the same. Transport of Pipelines 2 trucks transport pipelines to project site only once a day based on distance trenched/excavated. They drop the pipes and return back to storage yard. Laying of pipelines Pipes laid on the same day based on excavated distance. Covering trenches using excavated All trenched/excavated sections are covered back-filled stockpile material same day. No backfill material is left overnight unless weather conditions do not allow i.e. heavy rains limiting backfilling. To minimise sediment run-off, when not possible to back fill all trenches on the same day, all the back fill materials will be covered to minimise sediment run-off During extreme heavy rains works will be stopped as appropriate. Stabilising pipeline Excavated and backfilled area is stabilised immediately after the backfilling and if need be revegetation is undertaken. Reinstating of excavated roads If the roads are excavated, the reinstating happens same day. The project will use in most instance micro- tunnelling in order to avoid destruction of the roads. 4.5.2 Raw materials and waste from construction During the construction phase, it can be expected that the following raw materials will be required: • Cement to be used in limited quantities when undertaking construction of chambers. There is a total of 208 chambers, 210 marker posts and 164 anchor/thrust blocks that shall require cement, sand and masonry blocks. The quantities shall be minimal. • Fine and coarse aggregate for concrete and reinstatement of roads, pavements and paved areas (if destroyed during construction); • PN 10 UPVC Pipes • PN 10 HDPE Pipes • PN 10 Steel Pipes • Valves and penstocks; • Water for concrete works West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Fuel for running motorized equipment. • Steel valves and fittings • Sand, aggregate, cement, • The machinery excavation is expected to be limited to large diameter of more than 300 mm • Soft gravel materials for beddings in cases where the ground is hard. (bedding materials from the local area). All the raw materials highlighted above will be sourced from the local suppliers of building and construction materials within the Mombasa Town. The project will not open up any quarries, borrow pits etc. to source for construction materials. The principal waste products expected during the construction phase include: - • Excess excavated material (spoil). The quantities of excess spoil is expected to be very insignificant mainly because the depth of the trenches is 1 metre deep and hence spoil not significant and further, spoil material will be used as backfill. • Excavated material which is not suitable for pipe bedding or backfill • Spoil from land clearing and excavation works, mostly grass, roots, a few trees, road paving, cabro blocks, etc. These will be used as backfill unless determined to be inadequate where they will be disposed in a NEMA approved waste disposal site. • Debris from construction and demolition works; (scrap materials, nails, bricks, concrete, timber, steel; plastic materials) • Hazardous waste such as cement residue; oils, grease etc. • Wastes from the sanitation facilities for the construction workers. • Solid waste from the Contractor's camp from food scraps, food packaging, etc. A separate ESIA for contractor camp will be prepared in the event that the contractor decides to set up a worker’s camp. • Gaseous waste from combustion products from construction engines, welding gas, etc. Figure 6. Water chambers in Miritini and Jomvu Kuu (West Mainland) West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 5.0 ALTERNATIVES AND STUDIES 5.1 INTRODUCTION Analysis of feasible environmentally and socially sound alternatives for this project touches on several aspects including a no project development option, the water pipeline rehabilitation and construction intervention option, alternative sites for the pipelines, timing and scheduling and environmental classification alternatives. 5.1.1 The Project Option The objective of the Project is to expand access to, and improve the reliability of, water supply in West Mainland part of Mombasa County in order to decrease the incidence of water-borne and water-related diseases, generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce non- revenue water in the water supply network 5.1.2 No Project Development Option Mombasa is Kenya’s second largest city, it has an urban population of just over one million people and almost a quarter of these live-in informal settlements. Around two thirds of Mombasa’s low- income residents have no access to safe and affordable water and just over half use an improved sanitation facility. The supply of clean drinking water is a big problem in the city, and around a quarter of people in low-income communities do not have piped water as their main source of drinking water. The County of Mombasa will not be able to realize the dream of improving access to clean water to its residents in the absence of the project. This will also hamper efforts to achieve Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development goal 6. Mombasa County has the highest water supply deficit of the coast region. During the first six months of 2015 the supply was equal to 29% of the net demand, down from 33% in 2013. The combination of an annual population growth of 3-4% and a decreasing supply increases the gap between supply and demand each year. The current net demand in 2015 is estimated at 152,000 m3/d and is expected to increase to 300,000 m3/d in 2035. The total gross demand, including a 54% NRW in 2015 of which based on estimates and results from pilot DMAs and O&M project in NML, 60% physical losses), is 209,000 m3/d in 2015. Thus, it is prudent for the project to be implemented for the good of the West Mainland residents who have grappled with water shortage problems for years. 5.1.3 Alternative Sources of Water Desalination is a separation process used to reduce the dissolved salt content of saline water to a usable level. All desalination processes involve three liquid streams: the saline feedwater (brackish water or seawater), low-salinity product water, and very saline concentrate (brine or reject water). The saline feedwater is drawn from oceanic or underground sources. It is separated by the desalination process into the two output streams: the low-salinity product water and very saline concentrate streams. The use of desalination overcomes the paradox faced by many coastal communities, that of having access to a practically inexhaustible supply of saline water but having no way to use it. Although some substances dissolved in water, such as calcium carbonate, can be removed by chemical treatment, other common constituents, like sodium chloride, require more technically sophisticated methods, collectively known as desalination. In the past, the difficulty and expense of removing various dissolved salts from water made saline waters an impractical source of potable water. The product water of the desalination process is generally West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report water with less than 500 mg/1 dissolved solids, which is suitable for most domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. A by-product of desalination is brine. Brine is a concentrated salt solution (with more than 35,000 mg/1 dissolved solids) that must be disposed of, generally by discharge into deep saline aquifers or surface waters with a higher salt content. Brine can also be diluted with treated effluent and disposed of by spraying on golf courses and/or other open space areas. This alternative was rejected due to the following reasons: - • Desalination technologies have a high cost when compared to other methods, such as groundwater extraction or rainwater harvesting. • The membranes are sensitive to abuse. • The feedwater usually needs to be pretreated to remove particulates (in order to prolong membrane life). • There may be interruptions of service during stormy weather (which may increase particulate resuspension and the amount of suspended solids in the feedwater) for plants that use seawater. • Operation of a reverse osmosis (RO) plant requires a high-quality standard for materials and equipment. • There is often a need for foreign assistance to design, construct, and operate plants. • An extensive spare parts inventory must be maintained, especially if the plants are of foreign manufacture. • Brine must be carefully disposed of to avoid deleterious environmental impacts. • There is a risk of bacterial contamination of the membranes; while bacteria are retained in the brine stream, bacterial growth on the membrane itself can introduce tastes and odors into the product water. • RO technologies require a reliable energy source. Drilling of Boreholes: Boreholes are underground water sources. Once a borehole is drilled, it is equipped, the water is pumped to an elevated storage tanks from where it will reach the user points by gravity. The extent of distribution and the number of user points is being determined by the borehole yields among other factors. In Mombasa town boreholes, have very low yields (some have turned out to be dry) and so no adequate water to satisfy the community needs and are also saline in nature. The use of boreholes as a source of water was rejected in view of the fact that boreholes would be expensive as sources of water and may not have adequate yields to satisfy the population. Further, boreholes will still comprise the following basic components; (i) Equipping (ii) Transmission pipelines (iii) Elevated storage tanks (structural platform structures or on raised grounds) on preidentified land parcels (iv) (v) Distribution pipelines or water transmission lines to the user points (vi) Water user points (water kiosks, standpipes) which would be costly as compared to the preferred option. Other Existing Rivers (Other than Marere Springs): Current water sources are the Mzima supplying between 25,000m3/d to 35,000m3/d and Marere springs supplying about 7,000m3/day. The average volume supplied to West Mainland is ranges from 15,700 m3/day to a total of around 5,800 active customers currently. It also augments supply to Mombasa Island. The area has a population of about 250,179 based on the census in 2009. The supply is currently lower than the recommended standard by the Ministry Water Supply Manual of about 250 l/c/d, 150 l/c/d and 75 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report l/c/d for high, medium and low-income dwellings in urban centres like West Mainland and Mombasa in general. The use of Marere Springs and Sabaki River was considered but rejected since these sources already supply other parts of Mombasa Town. Mombasa County and in particular Mombasa West Mainland currently has no access to freshwater, as such sources its water from neighbouring counties. However, the construction of Mwache Dam will ensure that West Mainland receives water from Mwache River. This is however planned to provide supply in 2022 when construction is completed. Roof Catchment: A roof becomes a catchment when it is used for harvesting rainwater. Then it can be called a “Roof catchment”. Roofs are the most common types of catchment used for harvesting rainfall. Rainwater harvesting from impervious roof made of corrugated iron sheets corrugated plastic and clay tiles is a popular method for providing portable water directly from rainfall. The system provides water at home, is affordable, easy to practice regardless of physical or climatic conditions and can be designed to suit different conditions (available finances, roof area, family size, rainfall or roof area). Institutions such as schools, offices, churches and other such buildings have large roofs which can be used to harvest larger quantities of water. They however need good management to regulate water abstraction rates as the water will be used by many people. Wherever possible, roofs of individual households are preferable to communal systems. Roof water harvesting is particularly attractive where the main alternatives are surface water sources are unavailable and groundwater is either difficult to secure or has been rendered unusable by fluoride, salinity or arsenic. Roof catchment was rejected due to the fact that tapping roof water is not capable of meeting the water demands of West Mainland. 5.1.4 Alternatives Pipeline Material Materials commonly used to construct water pipes include polyvinyl chloride (uPVC), cast iron, copper, steel and in older systems concrete or fired clay. Joining individual water pipe lengths to make up extended runs is possible with flange, nipple, compression or soldered joints. In this project, the use of concrete, cast iron and copper was considered but rejected. The type of pipelines to be used will be polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) and galvanized pipe steel. This galvanized coating keeps the water from corroding the pipe. The project will also use High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer ethylene with a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of corrosion-resistant piping. The use of asbestos concrete pipes was rejected owing to the environmental and social risks and so is the use of concrete pipes or copper pipes due to cost implication and conformity with the best practice in the industry which has scaled down on their usage. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 5.1.5 Alternative Project Routes/Site Alternative siting will involve rerouting the water pipeline network to other sites other than along road networks. This will be very costly for the proponent as it will require them to search and negotiate for land. It also does not make any economic sense not to take advantage of the land available along road networks clearly demarcated for such projects. The entire project cannot also be taken to another sub-county in Mombasa as this will be against the financial agreement for the project with the World Bank. West Mainland has also been identified as the area most in need of improved water supply in the County since it has deficits of up to 800%. Thus, the project should be implemented as proposed. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 6.1 INTRODUCTION This section describes the environmental baseline. The spatial extent of the project comprises the West Mainland part of Mombasa County. The environmental baseline conditions presented in this chapter is for the full spatial extent of the project area. The baseline conditions are similar within the Mombasa mainland/town. 6.2 PROJECT LOCATION The Project is located in Mombasa County situated in the South east of the Coastal region which has a total area of 230km² Square kilometers and inshore waters covering 65km². Mombasa County is bordered to the North by Kilifi, to the South by Kwale, to the East by the Indian Ocean. It lies between latitudes 3° 80’ and 4° 10’ S and longitudes 39° 60’ and 39° 80’ E. Figure 6-0 below illustrated the project areas. Figure 7. Pipeline Project Areas There are four distinctive areas covered by Mombasa County that are geographically separated by the creeks that surround the Island. These areas are the Island, West Mainland, North Mainland, and South Mainland. Mombasa County lies within the coast lowland, which rises gradually from the sea level in the east to slightly over 76 m above sea level in the West Mainland. The highest point is at Nguu Tatu hills in the North Mainland that rises up to 100 m above sea level. Figure 6-1 below illustrates the locations of the proposed works within Mombasa County. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.2.1 West Mainland Location West Mainland as the name indicates is located to the west of Mombasa and one of the four zones earmarked for network development and NRW reduction implementation. The other three zones are Likoni, North Mainland and Island. Each of these Zones is targeted in NRW reduction strategy which seeks to measure, monitor and evaluate how efficiently the utility delivers services based on set and agreed performance indicators. West Mainland is considered the industrial hub of Mombasa as land for development of industries was restricted to west mainland. Large industries such as Kenya Ports Authority, Kenya Pipe Line Corporation, Kenya Railway, Kenya Electricity Generation Company, Kenya Oil Refinery, Pwani Oil Production Company, Tsavo Power Company, Moi International Airport and Kipevu Power Station have led to fast growth and congestion. The fast growth and congestion has also been as a result of West Mainland adequately linked with road infrastructure. Current water sources are the Mzima supplying between 25,000m3/d to 35,000m3/d and Marere springs supplying about 7,000m3/day. The average volume supplied to West Mainland is ranges from 15,700 m3/day to a total of around 5,800 active customers currently. It also augments supply to Mombasa Island. The area has a population of about 250,179 based on the census in 2009. The supply is currently lower than the recommended standard by the Ministry Water Supply Manual of about 250 l/c/d, 150 l/c/d and 75 l/c/d for high, medium and low-income dwellings in urban centres like West Mainland and Mombasa in general. Figure 8. Pipeline routing West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.3 TOPOGRAPHY Being a coastal town, Mombasa is characterized by a flat topography. The town of Mombasa is centred on Mombasa Island, but extends to the mainland. The island is separated from the mainland by two crreks, Port Rietz in the south and Tudor Creek in the north. It is also characterized by an even terrain, with cliffs sloping from the shoreline at certain places. Steep slopes are found in the raised areas towards the western parts of Kisauni, mostly along the Nguu Tatu Ridge, with peaks rising over 120M ASL. The slope influences infiltration-runoff ratios for ground water recharge and drainage. 6.4 GEOLOGY Sedimentary rocks of Jurassic to Recent age underlie the county. The county is located on the coastal lowland with extensive low-lying areas rising from 8m above sea level in the east to about 100m in the west. The Island is mostly flat alluvial plains. Near the sea, the land is composed of Pleistocene coral reef which is commercially exploited as a source of limestone for cement industry and also as a source of building stones. The seashore has extensive sandy beaches which makes the town an attractive tourist destination. Further inland the coastal plain consists of rocks formed from lagoonal deposits. The coral limestone and the lagoonal deposits reach a thickness of 100m. The geological structure of sedimentary rocks promotes rapid infiltration and percolation of rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers. 6.5 HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY The hydrology of Mombasa County is best described by examining the drainage patterns of both perennial and seasonal rivers draining into the western Indian Ocean basin. There are two main perennial rivers namely the Tana River and the Sabaki River which originates from the Highlands around Mt. Kenya and Nairobi. Discharge from both rivers is highly seasonal, characteristic of dry land rivers, which can deliver over 80% of their annual sediment loads within a period of a few days at the onset of heavy rains. There is also a number of semi-perennial and seasonal rivers such as the Mwache, Kombeni, Tsalu, Nzovuni, Umba, Ramisi, Mwachema and Voi, all of which drain into the coastal region from arid and semi-arid catchments. The Ramisi River, which arises in the Shimba Hills forested area, discharges 6.3 million M3 of freshwater and 1,500 tonnes of sediments annually into Funzi -Shirazi Bay in the southern part of the Kenya coast. The Umba discharges 16 million M 3of freshwater into Funzi - Shirazi Baywhile the Mwachema and Mwache rivers discharge 9.6 million M3 and 215 millionM3of freshwater annually, respectively. The hydrogeology of an area is intimately dependent upon the nature of the parent rock, structural features, weathering processes, recharge mechanism and the form and frequency of precipitation. Generally, the project area has medium to high groundwater potential as deduced from previous studies. Vast quantities of water are stored in sands and shales but production is low because of their low permeability. Much of the interstitial water is brackish or saline. The Kilindini sands are the best waterbed for groundwater abstraction in the area. From the geophysical survey by Gicheruh, (2015), it can be deduced that ground- and surface water exists in the area. Surface flow in the area is facilitated by seasonal streams and rivers originating from the hilly areas on the west and North West and the depression on the South West of the study area (Ziwa Tseha), which form local drainage basins demarcating the area. Aquifers in the area occur in the successive sedimentary formations. Primary aquifers occur in the West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report unconsolidated sediments of Kilindini and Magarini sands and Jurassic shales, while secondary deeper aquifers occur along fracture and fault zones in the shales, limestone and sandstones (Gicheruh, 2015). 6.6 SOILS The soils in Mombasa County vary greatly both physically and chemically. According to the Kenya Soil Survey (1982) they can be grouped into five categories: (i) Soils in Mangrove Swamps: These soils are very poorly drained, very deep, olive to greenish and grey, soft, excessively saline, and moderately to strongly sodic, loam tc clay, often with sulfidic material (thionic fluvisols and cleyic FOLONCHAKS). The soil texture is medium to heavy. (ii) Soils Developed in Shales: These soils are heavy and moderately to highly fertile. They are an association of: (a) well-drained to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, yellowish brown to very dark grey, firm to very firm clay, dissected parts (eutric CAMBISOLS, partly lithic phase and (b) imperfectly drained, deep, dark grey very firm clay, with humid topsoil and sodic deeper subsoil:or interfluves (vertoluvic PHAEOZEMS sodic phase, with vertic CAMBISOLS, sodic phase). (iii) The soils are found near Mtwapa to the north and Mazeras to the north west. Soils Developed on Higher Level Lagoonal Deposits (KILINDINI SANDS) Soils in this category are light and of low to very low fertility. They are excessively drained, very deep, reddish yellow to white, loose sand to loamy (albic and ferratic ARENOSOLS). These soils are to be found at Port Reitz and Changamwe. (iv) Soils Developed on Lower Level Lagoonal Deposits Here the soils are variable and of low fertility. They are a complex of very deep soils of varying drainage condition, colour, consistence, texture and salinity (albic ARENOSOLS, orltric FERROSOLS, gleyic LUVISOLS, solodic PLANOSOLS, pellic VERTISOLS). The soils are found at Mtongwe and Nyali. (v) Soils Developed on Raised-Coral-Reef Limestone, with a Mixture of Lagoonal Deposits These soils are of light, medium to heavy texture and of low fertility. They are well drained, deep, dark red to reddish brown, friable sandy clay loam to sand clay, with topsoil of loamy sand (rhodic FERRASOLS). The soils are to be found at Likoni along the coastline. 6.7 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY The climate in Mombasa County and that of the proposed project site is generally associated with the regional climatic patterns attributed to the semiannual movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) as well as the two monsoons experienced in the area, namely, the northeastern monsoon in January to March and the southeastern monsoon in June- October. The West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report dominant rainy season occurs in the March - June period while the short rains are in November to December. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1000 mm (see figure 9 below)3. 40 1500 Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C) 1000 20 500 0 0 Jan May Mar Sep Year Apr Aug Jul Oct Jun Nov Dec Feb Month Average high °C Average low °C Avaerage precipitation (mm) Figure 9. Mombasa Temperature and Rainfall The average annual temperature in the area is usually above 28°C. The months of January and February are the driest with a maximum average temperature of 33°C. The coldest month is usually July with a minimum of 23°C. The area is generally hot and humid all the year round with an average humidity at noon of about 65% due to a high evaporation rate. The month of February has the lowest number of sunshine hours (high precipitation) while may has the highest (lowest precipitation) as shown in Figure 10. 300 15 250 Precipitation Days Sunshine (hrs) 200 10 150 100 5 50 0 0 Jan Feb Mar AprMay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean monthly sunshine hours Average precipitation days Figure 10. Sunshine hours and Precipitation days 3 World weather information service -Mombasa West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.7.1 Ambient Air Emission Measurements Table 29. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – PM10 Location GPS Proxy Time PM10 WHO EMCA Coordinates (µg/m3) AQG (Air Qual. Reg. 2014) Jomvu Catholic 03o59’45.8” 08.00- Church S 09.00 MP1 21 39o34’0” E Miritini Secondary 04o0’15” S 10.00- Sch. 39o34’45” E MP2 11.00 42 A.O. Bayusuf 04o0’23.4” S 12.00 - 50 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 Mosque 39o36’0” E MP3 13.00 69 24hrs 24hrs Jomvu Bright Star 04o0’25” S 14.00- Acad. 39o36’28” E MP4 15.00 53 Amani Nursery 04o0’15” S 16.00- School 39o37’15” E MP5 17.00 28 Table 30. Weather Conditions Sunlight Sunny Precipitation None Wind Still Temperature 35 Degrees Celsius Cloud Cover Sparse Date 12TH January 2019 Duration of Measurements 1hour Source: Field Data Table 31. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – Sulphur Dioxide, SO2 Location GPS Proxy SO2 WHO EMCA Coordinates (µg/m3) AQG (Air Qual. Reg. 2014) Jomvu Catholic Church 03o59’45.8” S 39o34’0” E MP1 <8.1 20 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Miritini Secondary Sch. 04o0’15” S 24hrs 24hrs 39o34’45” E MP2 <8.1 A.O. Bayusuf Mosque 04o0’23.4” S MP3 <8.1 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 39o36’0” E Jomvu Bright Star Acad. 04o0’25” S 39o36’28” E MP4 <8.1 Amani Nursery School 04o0’15” S 39o37’15” E MP5 <8.1 Table 32. Weather Conditions Sunlight Sunny Precipitation None Wind Still Temperature 35 Degrees Celcius Cloud Cover Date 12TH January 2019 Duration of Measurements 1hour Source: Field Data Table 33. Ambient Air Emission: AIR QUALITY DATA – Nitrogen Dioxide Location GPS Proxy Time NO2 WHO EMCA Coordinates (µg/m3) AQG (Air Qual. Reg. 2014) Jomvu Catholic 03o59’45.8” 08.00- Church S 09.00 MP1 16 39o34’0” E Miritini Secondary 04o0’15” S 10.00- Sch. 39o34’45” E MP2 11.00 27 40 µg/m3 Annual A.O. Bayusuf 04o0’23.4” S 12.00 - 80 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 Mosque 39o36’0” E MP3 13.00 29 24hrs 1hr average Jomvu Bright Star 04o0’25” S 14.00- Acad. 39o36’28” E MP4 15.00 25 Amani Nursery 04o0’15” S 16.00- School 39o37’15” E MP5 17.00 22 Table 34. Weather Conditions Sunlight Sunny Precipitation None West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Wind Still Temperature 35 Degrees Celcius Date 12TH January 2019 Duration of Measurements 1hour Source: Field Data There are a number of sensitive receptors along the project routes (but within a buffer of 1.5kms) that may be adversely affected by the air emissions from the project. They include; - • Religious institutions, • Educational and administrative institutions • Health facilities Figure 11 and 12 below show the sensitive receptors (educational facilities and religious institutions) along the proposed project routes and within a buffer zone of 1.5kms. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Figure 11.Sensitive receptors and distances from the construction lines (Health facilities and religious institutions): Source: Field Data West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Figure 12. Sensitive receptors and distances from the construction lines (educational facilities and religious institutions). Source: Field Data West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 6.7.2 Ambient Noise Emission Measurements Table 35 below shows the ambient noise levels in the project routing based on emission measurements undertaken as part of the ESIA study. Table 35. Ambient Noise Level Location GPS Proxy Time LAEq LA Max LA Min IFC Coordinates General EHS Guidelines (Noise) 1 hour LAeq (dBA) Jomvu Catholic 03o59’45.8” 08.00- Church S 39o34’0” E MP1 09.00 58.1 77.1 36.8 Miritini 04o0’15” S 10.00- Secondary Sch. 39o34’45” E MP2 11.00 62.4 70.7 40.3 A.O. Bayusuf 04o0’23.4” S 12.00 - LAeq 55 Mosque 39o36’0” E MP3 13.00 56.0 62.0 38.2 dBA Jomvu Bright 04o0’25” S 14.00- Star Acad. 39o36’28” E MP4 15.00 55.1 69.0 34.5 Amani Nursery 04o0’15” S 16.00- School 39o37’15” E MP5 17.00 57.2 63.1 36.3 Table 36. Weather Conditions Sunlight Sunny Precipitation None Wind Still Temperature 35 Degrees Celcius Date 12TH January 2019 Duration of Measurements 1hour Source: Field Data 6.8 GROUNDWATER The shales are not generally favorable for groundwater storage. The yield from Jurassic shales is usually small, possibly because of the poorly sorted in equi-granular nature of the grits and the filling of the inter-granular spaces with secondary calcite. The overlying shales are of low permeability but inter-bedded limestone make suitable aquifers. Some of the Shales and Corals were deposited during periods of desiccation when minerals salt, mainly carbonates, chlorides and sulphates were precipitated. The salts are disseminated throughout the succession with varying degrees of concentration and mainly being partly soluble, they are readily re-dissolved by West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report ground water. Hence the water derived from those beds is often saline. Due to this reason, the deep borehole water in this formation is likely to be highly mineralized. Most of the aquifers in the study areas are replenished by the streams and seasonal Lake (Ziwa Tseha) plus percolation of the rainwaters. Presence of fossil water is confirmed from saline water drilled in the sedimentary rocks. Sea level fluctuations in Pleistocene times and their possible hydrogeological implications for Kenya have been the subject of considerable speculation and some investigation since the turn of the century. 6.9 LAND OWNERSHIP Land ownership in most areas is not guaranteed as most of the residents do not legally own land and the land they live on is owned by absentee landlords. A number of informal settlements exist in the County. The growing population continues to exert pressure on existing units of housing, creating a huge demand for quality and affordable housing. The current land tenure has also made it difficult for physical planning of the county to be undertaken. 6.10 LAND USE Human settlement in the coast is characterized by rapid urbanization and mushrooming of unplanned settlements due to high population growth rate and shortage of quality and affordable housing. The informal settlements lack proper access roads, drainage systems, water and provision of social amenities such as schools. In the past, industrial development took place only in the island. The town planning scheme of 1926 set aside specific areas which were zoned for industry and warehousing, as well as the port and other urban functions. In the 1950’s large amounts of land was purchased at Changamwe with the intention of making it available for industries; thus the oil refineries at Changamwe The main crops under cultivation in the county include cassava, cucurbits family, maize, vegetables, millet and sorghum. These are most preferred due to their resistance to diseases and pests. The total acreage under food crop stands at 400 ha while the total acreage under cash crop is 500 ha. Livestock keeping and fishing is also practiced in the County. The current land use and land use pattern for West Mainland which is divided into two sub counties of Changamwe and Jomvu is explained below. High-density residential clusters exist on West Mainland, namely Changamwe-Magongo and Mikindani. The remaining are relatively of lower density and fairly informal, which include Jomvu, Miritini, and Port reitz. There are also pockets of staff housing for organizations such as Kenya Revenue Authority (Customs) and Kenya Oil Refinery. About thirteen (13) informal settlements exist at various locations including Chaani, Changamwe, and Mikindani localities. The Mombasa Oil Refinery at Changamwe and Moi International Airport at Port Reitz are two main establishments influencing growth and developmental trends. There are also numerous container yards for freight services in this zone. 6.11 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The project area is inhabited by human settlement and economic activities (industrial and commercial features) and no wildlife was noticed apart from smaller species of birds, rodents and West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report reptiles (mainly snakes) but the whole range of organisms could not be established under this assessment. Arabuko Sokoke forest (situated about 50km to the north) and the lower fridges of Tsavo National Park have a nature influence on the animal species in Mombasa and its surroundings, though this situation has been changed by social and economic interests. Plant species are dominated by coconut trees being the main agricultural crop. Other lesser agricultural plants noted includes cassava, cashew nuts, and isolated food crops towards inland zones (Miritini, Mazeras, Mariakani and the surrounding transition areas). Most of the land in the area is covered with grass species, shrubs and in some places ornamental plants and flowers. Tree species seems stunted, perhaps due to the geological formations, soil characteristics and water shortage. Indigenous plant species are fast being replaced by human social and economic activities including commercial and settlements. 6.11.1 Flora Most of the vegetation on Mombasa County has been cleared over time to pave way for residential and industrial developments. However, five vegetation zones can be distinguished on certain parts of the County. a) Afzelia-Albizia/Panicum (Lowland Moist Savanna)-The areas suited for this type of vegetation includes Mombasa Island, Changamwe, and Likoni. b) Manilkara-Dalbergia/Hyparvhenia: (Lowland Cultivation Savanna)-A small area around Mtongwe c) Brachystegia-Afzelia: (Lowland Woodland)-The Lowland Woodland type of vegetation would do well in the north coast in Kisauni and on a small part to the south of Mtongwe d) Combretum Schumanii-Cassipourea: (Lowland Dry Forest On Coral Rag)-This vegetation zone is to be found all along the coastline from Cannon Point through Shelly Beach to Diani Beach in Kwale County. Mangrove Thickets - This is the only natural vegetation zone in Mombasa County that has not been cleared out completely and that is mainly because mangroves grow in tidal swamps unsuitable for human settlements. In addition, they are gazetted forest, and therefore protected and managed by Forest Department. The mangrove thickets are found at Port Reitz Creek, Port Tudor Creek and Mtwapa Creek, covering an area of approximately 3,059.0 ha (GoK, 1985). Potentially Mombasa County has an outstanding diversity of natural vegetation, but being an urban area natural vegetation has very little chance of survival except on selected areas such as parks. Mangroves are threatened because mangrove poles are in big demand for building. Much of the project area is situated in urban centers where vegetation cover is very low. Among the tress and plant species noted around the project influence area are (i) Tamarind tree, (ii) Neem tree, (iii) Flame Tree, (iv) Acacia ssp, (v) Diospyros ssp, (vi) Cynometra – Manilkara type, (vii) Cashew nut, (viii) Others in local languages Mwawa, Mwanga, Mkanju, Mporojo, Kikwata, Mkone, Mnyubu, Mkilifi, Mbuyu (Boabab), Mfune, Mchonge Mahana and Mkwakwa among others. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Mangroves species namely; (i) Aricennia marina, (ii) Bruguera gymnorohiza, (iii) Rhizophora mucronata, (iv) Ceriops tagal and Sonnerata alba. (v) Rhizophora mucronata, (vi) Ceriops taga These are reportedly the predominant species across the Kenyan Coastal zone and highly used for construction and other purposes. Around 50 % of the 159 rare plants in the project area are found in Shimba Hills and Arabuko Sokoke Forests (the two, however, are about 50km away from the project corridor). The project route is devoid of any unique species of flora since it is located in a significantly urbanized (congested) area with settlements. 6.11.2 FAUNA Human habitation and agricultural activities have also significantly interfered with both terrestrial and aquatic habitats in the Project areas. There is no terrestrial wildlife observed in the Project areas since most land is already developed. However, limited rodents like squirrels, moles and different bird and insect species among others are found in the area (specific habitats characteristics will be established during the detailed assessment). Among the aquatic species present include frogs, fresh water fishes are found naturally in the rivers. Livestock keeping is significant with cattle livestock, goats, sheep, bees, poultry, rabbit and pigs. 6.11.3 Mammals Large mammals are not encountered in West Mainland. 6.11.4 Reptiles The only reptile that was encountered in all study sites was Ichnotropis squamulosa (Common Rough-Scaled Lizard). 6.11.5 Amphibians Xenopus laevis pertersii and Phrynobatrachus natalensis may be present in water bodies but not within West Mainland which has no surface water body. 6.11.6 Insects The insect activity generally observed in the study sites included common house flies, grasshoppers, butterflies, black and red ants, dragon flies, beetles and spiders. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 7.0 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE 7.1 INTRODUCTION The socio-economic baseline presented in this section is for a selection of areas representative of the project route. The focus of this socio-economic baseline was on a selection of communities which will directly benefit from the proposed project and that can be used to measure and monitor positive and negative impacts. The main sources of data are: • The 2009 Census of Population and Housing Census. Most of the data reported for the socioeconomic baseline is from this source. • Community socioeconomic survey conducted. • Community consultations conducted in June and July 2017. 7.2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY As mentioned in Section 2.1, Mombasa County comprises of four distinct Geographical Areas which also correspond to Administrative Divisions, namely; 1. Mombasa Island (Island Division) 2. North Mainland (Kisauni Division) 3. South Mainland (Likoni Division) 4. West Mainland (Changamwe Division) The four Administrative Divisions are subdivided into thirty Wards. According to the population census of 2009, Mombasa County has a total population of 939,370 people. The population distribution within the six sub-Counties in Mombasa is as shown in Table 37 below. Table 37. Mombasa County Population Distribution No. Sub-County Population 2009 Census Area Covered (km2) 1. Changamwe 147,613 16 2. Jomvu 102,566 29 3. Kisauni 194,065 88.7 4. Nyali 185,990 22.88 5. Likoni 166,008 41.1 6. Mvita 143,128 14.8 Total 939,370 212.48 The island was the most populated in 1989 followed by Kisauni and Changamwe but the pattern changed by 1999 with Kisauni being the most populous followed by Changamwe and the Island taking third position mainly because of availability of cheap housing. In 2009 Kisauni continues to be the most populous because of availability of cheap housing. The Island still has high density because the area is too small and the population is increasing leading to congestion. High population densities are found in island Division and along the major highways such as Lunga-Lunga road in Likoni division, Mombasa-Nairobi road in Changamwe division and Mombasa-Malindi road in Kisauni division. These areas are well served with infrastructural services. Sparsely populated areas are found at the outskirts of the county. These are West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Mwakirunge, Maunguja, Mwangala and Makupa jetty area. These areas are least developed in terms of infrastructure such as road network, electricity and water supply. As the population continues to grow more pressure is exerted on the available water resources because of the increase in demand for water. The County had a population density of 6,131 persons per Km2 in 2009 which was projected to increase to 6,640.5 persons per Km2 by 2015 owing to high population growth contributed to by the increased numbers of people seeking employment. The population density of Changamwe Sub-County is 8152 persons/km2 with a land area of 18.11km2 and land use is characterized by Residential (19.5%), Commercial (4.9%), Industrial (34.8%), Transportation (21.3%), Undeveloped and all others (19.5%). The spatial representation of these features are presented in the Urban Master Plan Mombasa County. The population density of Jomvu Sub-County is 2929 persons/km2 with a land area of 35.02km2and land use is characterized by Residential (18.2%), Commercial (5.2%), Industrial (1.4%), Public Purpose (9.9%), Undeveloped (57.7%) and all others (7.6%) 7.2.1 Settlement Patterns Population distribution and settlement patterns in the County are influenced by proximity to vital social and physical infrastructure networks such as roads, housing, water and electricity. Other factors that influence settlement patterns include accessibility to employment opportunities, availability of cheap housing, security and land tenure systems. Highly populated areas are in Majengo, Bamburi, Bangladesh, Mikindani, Jomvu, Miritini, Migadini, Port Reitz, Mishomoroni and Bombolulu. The County has various settlement schemes namely Mwakirunge, Jomvu-Kuu, Bububu-A, Shika-adabu, Vyemani, Mwembelegeza and Majaoni. Large number of landless peopl e most of whom live in the city’s slums of Mishomoroni, Junda and Kisumu ndogo in Kisauni (North Mainland), Shika-Adabu and Ngomeni in Likoni (South Mainland) and Bangladesh in Changamwe (West Mainland). The pipeline route is close residential facilities and may be affected by the construction especially through noise and dust emissions. 7.3 CULTURE AND HERITAGE The main communities residing in the project include the Mijikenda sub-groups, the Bajuni, Swahili, and people of Arab, Indian and European descent. Specifically, Mombasa is a cosmopolitan urban town well reflected by the diversity in ethnic composition from all parts of the country and beyond. The main religions dominating the area include Christians, Traditionalists and Muslims. The Swahili culture is dominate in along the project road where the main attire is a mixture of models including the Swahili Buibui, Arabic Kanzu, Kitenge and Khanga/Lesso. There are no known physical cultural resources along the project routing that would be adversely impacted by the project. 7.4 EDUCATION Education is key to socio-economic and political empowerment. The project counties have a total of 1,877 education institutions. Mombasa County hosts several higher learning institutions including Kenya school of government, four youth polytechnics, and the technical University of West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Mombasa, a research institution – Kenya Marine and fisheries Research Institute and satellite campuses of public and private universities as well as other universities. Kilifi County also hosts major higher learning institutions including Pwani University, Bandari College, 13 Youth polytechnics and Kilifi Medical training college. The literacy level, consisting of those who can read and write in Mombasa is 86.3%. In Mombasa County, school enrollment rate stands at 95% while dropout rate is 12%. The pipeline route is close to some of the education facilities and may be affected by the construction especially through noise and dust emissions. 7.5 HEALTH Due to the location of the county as a sea port, cases of drugs and substance abuse and trafficking have been on the increase. HIV/AIDS prevalence at the county was at 8.1% against a national average of 6.35 (KNBS, 2013). AIDS related deaths are common and those mainly affected are within the productive age group of 15-49 years of age, leaving minors and the elderly people to take care of households. It was also noted that the number of HIV/AIDS orphans is on the increase. Drug abuse is viewed as a major cause of HIV/AIDS. Poverty also increases vulnerability of people with HIV, hence there is need to redirect resources towards support services to poor households. Progressive gains on poverty reduction may be reversed if concerted efforts are not urgently put in place to bring the HIV/AIDS pandemic under control. Implementation of the project thus needs to create comprehensive HIV/AIDS awareness among the workers along the project area. The pipeline route is close to some of the health facilities and may be affected by the construction especially through noise and dust emissions. 7.6 ENERGY SOURCES The Kipevu power plant produces power which is fed into the national grid. There are plans to construct an 800MW LNG power plant in Dongo Kundu area. Only 9% of residents in Mombasa County use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and 39% use paraffin. 6% use firewood and 41% use charcoal. The most common cooking fuel among male headed households is paraffin and charcoal at 40% each while the most common cooking fuels for female headed households is charcoal 45%. Likoni Division has the highest level of charcoal use in Mombasa County at 46%. Changamwe Division has the highest level of use of paraffin in Mombasa County at 49%. A total of 59% of residents in Mombasa County use electricity as their main source of lighting. A further 16% use lanterns, and 23% use tin lamps. 0.2% use fuel wood. Figure 13 below shows distribution of households by lighting fuel source. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Figure 13. Distribution of households by lighting fuel source. Source KNBS 2013 7.7 WATER SUPPLY Mombasa is supplied from several sources: • Mazeras Reservoir in the west supplies West Mainland and via Changamwe Reservoir to Island; • Nguu Tatu Reservoir in the north supplies Kisauni and Nyali; • Marere Springs supplies West Mainland and supplies Kaya Bombo reservoir; • Kaya Bombo Reservoir in the south supplies Likoni. Figure 14. Overview existing reservoirs The Mombasa County heavily depends on water sources from outside the County for its potable needs. Its main sources of water supply are the Mzima Springs located about 200km west; Baricho Water works located about 150km north and Marere springs and Tiwi boreholes found about 40km south of Mombasa mainly supplying the Likoni area. Generally, the whole Mombasa County has a daily water demand of 185,000m3 of water against the available 45,000m3. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 38. Sources to the water supply of Mombasa County Supply to Mombasa (m3/d) Production Source 2006-2011 2013 Q1 and Q2 2015 capacity (m3/d) Baricho 83,000 25,206 28,596 27,713 Mzima 35,000 17,849 13,364 12,951 Marere Springs 12,000 2,965 2,202 2,134 Tiwi Boreholes 13,000 1,880 1,649 1,598 Total 143,000 47,900 45,811 44,396 There is therefore a water shortfall of 140,000m3, about 76% of the demand, which is met by tapping the groundwater sources (MOWASCO, 2015). In fact, 13,286 out of the 183,540 households in the County are almost permanently dependent on groundwater. These are distributed as follows: - wells- 6,245 households, boreholes- 6,941 households (GoK, 1999). Thus, a significant proportion of the population relies on groundwater for their potable water needs. The shortage of water in the Mombasa County and lack of funds to undertake capital investment projects has delayed extensions of water borne sewerage, forcing the residents to rely on on-site systems for sewage management. About 17% of the households in Mombasa, as well as hotels and most public buildings, have septic tank and soakage pit systems. Of the 13,000 septic tanks that are in use in Mombasa, most of them are found in high-income residential areas. A great majority of households in Mombasa, (about 70%) use pits latrines (Munga et al., 2006). Figure 15. Water pipelines 7.7.1 Water Demand Mombasa County has the highest water supply deficit of the coast region. During the first six months of 2015 the supply was equal to 29% of the net demand, down from 33% in 2013. The combination of an annual population growth of 3-4% and a decreasing supply increases the gap between supply and demand each year. The current net demand in 2015 is estimated at 152,000 m3/d and is expected to increase to 300,000 m3/d in 2035. The total gross demand, including a 54% NRW in 2015 of which, based on estimates and results from pilot DMAs and O&M project in NML, 60% physical losses), is 209,000 m3/d in 2015. Based on a NRW target of 20%, of which 60% physical losses, the demand in 2035 is 340,000 m3/d. The total demand for all areas except Likoni is based on a comprehensive demand study by WaSSIP for 2030 and extrapolated to 2035. The demand for Likoni is calculated separately as the definition of Likoni has changed due to changes of administrative boundaries. The baseline West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report population based on the census 2009 has therefore changed from 139,972 in the WaSSIP report to 166,008 in the Urban Master Plan Mombasa County. Table 39. Overview gap between supply and demand during the first 6 months of 2015 First 6 months of 2015 Zone Demand (m3/d) Supply (m3/d) Gap (m3/d) Coverage % Island 25,932 10,660 15,272 41% Likoni 24,105 1,598 22,507 7% North Mainland 54,418 18,122 36,296 33% West Mainland 47,847 14,016 33,832 29% Total 152,302 44,396 107,906 29% Table 40. Net demand in 2035 Net demand 2035 (m3/day) Gross demand 2035 (m3/day) Sub-area Mean Peak Mean Peak Island 46,200 92,800 52,400 105,500 Likoni 56,600 93,700 64,300 106,400 North Mainland 104,600 211,200 118,900 240,000 West Mainland 92,200 185,100 104,800 210,400 Total 299,600 582,800 340,400 662,300 7.7.2 Current Water Supply Situated in the western part of Mombasa, West Mainland is considered the industrial hub Mombasa. West Mainland consists of two constituencies being Changamwe and Jomvu. Water supply to West Mainland is mainly supplied from two sources: I. Mzima springs which are recharged from rainfall on the Chyulu Hills, are located in the TaitaTaveta County. Through 800 mm concrete pipe water from this source terminates at reservoirs located at Mazeres before further supply to West Mainland by gravity; II. Marere springs located in the foot of the Shimba Hills Game Reserve in Kwale County. Currently production is about 7,000m3/day of which a part is supplied to Mombasa. The water sources are connected to West Mainland by three pipelines: • DN600 and DN525 parallel pipes of concrete material form the transmission mains from the Mazeres reservoir; • DN 500 steel transmission main from the Marere headworks. 7.8 LAND USE The total area of Mombasa West Mainland is approximately 6,419.90 ha. The main active land- use typologies are Residential, Transportation and Industrial. In terms of coverage areas, the West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report active land-use type with the largest land coverage is Residential while the least is Recreational. Approximately 48% of land in Mombasa West mainland is classified as undeveloped. Land use in Mombasa County is diverse depending on the physical location. The major land use is residential development, industrial development, transport and communication, extractive, institutional and for commercial and service purposes among others. Most of the public land is mainly used for institutions development such as religious, health educational, military and the community facilities such as social halls, public gardens, show ground and sports ground. The industrial land is not defined although Changamwe division it is mainly considered as an industrial area which has several industries such as Kipevu power generation and the Kenya Oil refinery company. Other industrial set-ups are at the Bamburi cement factory and the Kalu works. The commercial and services area is mainly within Mombasa island characterized by shops, open air markets, hotels, vehicle parking areas, commercial buildings (go downs, construction yards, show rooms) among others. The commercial and services area is mainly within Mombasa island characterized by shops, open air markets, hotels, vehicle parking areas, commercial buildings (go downs, construction yards, show rooms) among others. Figure 7-4 below shows a summary of existing Land Use of Mombasa West Mainland. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Figure 15. Existing Land Use Map-Separate attachment. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 7.9 SOLID WASTE The solid waste management in Mombasa has challenges mainly as a result of inadequate capacity and use of undesignated dumping sites especially along the road sides and storm water drainage channels. Collected solid waste within Mombasa municipality is dumped at uncontrolled landfill in Kibarani site next to the Makupa Creek and at the Mwakirunge dump site off north coast. The Kibarani site is an eye sore and causes environmental problems on air and marine water pollution. Liquid waste and chemicals leached from the solid waste dump site at Kibarani pollutes the marine environment. Figure 16. Solid Waste Dumping at Kibarani and other Roadside Sections 7.10 POVERTY, INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT The project counties are endowed with numerous natural resources that have determined their economies. These include Mombasa Marine National Park & Reserve, Nature Trail, Arable Land, Indian Ocean Tourist Attractions as Beach Tourism, Game Parks, Historical and Cultural sites and Tourist Hotels. Thus, the main Economic Activities include: Tourism, Farming, Fishing, Livestock farming, Chrome Ore, Cement, Salt, Sand, Food Processing and Various Manufacturing Firms. The Counties has a strong industrial sector with the Mabati Rolling Mill and the Athi River Cement Factory contributing heavily to the region’s economy both in employment provision and income generation. Opportunities exist in agriculture particularly dairy and crop farming thanks to fertile soils and a good weather pattern. 7.10.1 Employment and unemployment Kenya is often faced with challenges in meeting the country’s employment needs. Unemployment Rate in Kenya increased to 40 percent in 2011 from 12.70 percent in 2006 for the people aged 15- 64 years. 67 percent of the unemployed in the country are the youth. Access to jobs is essential for overcoming inequality and reducing poverty. The unemployed are therefore among the most vulnerable in society and are prone to poverty. The population aged 15-64 years is categorized as economically active. In the project sub-counties, the activity status of the population aged 5 years indicated that 40% of the population in 2009 was employed, 9% were seeking work and the rest (51%) were categorized as economically inactive. The highest portion of the employed were those in Mombasa (45%) compared to 36% in Kaloleni. Kaloleni had 57% of its population being economically inactive compared to 45% in Mombasa. In the project counties, the main sources of incomes and livelihoods are formal employment, petty trading, and the sale of livestock, casual labour, sale of wood products and remittances. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 7.10.2 Income and Livelihoods Poverty in the project counties manifest itself, in the inability by the majority of the people to access basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, health, water, education, land and good roads due to geographical, economic and social cultural barriers. A household is defined poor if it cannot attain the recommended daily food energy intake of 2,250 calories per adult. The average urban poor (mainly those in the slums of Bangladesh as well as street urchins) are more 61% than the average rural poor 60% (consisting mostly of farmers). Poverty is mainly influenced by social- economics activities, marketing accessibility, land productivity, health status, education and technical skills, infrastructural development, governance and political will, gender disparity, security, occurrence of natural disasters and other externalities. In Mombasa County, the poorest areas are found in Changamwe and the Island. The segment of population mostly affected by poverty include the women, youth, disabled, the sick especially HIV/AIDS victims, minority and marginalized groups and vulnerable group such as orphaned children. Causes of poverty include climatic conditions, low levels of education, landlessness (as the poor are squatters who live on land owned by absentee landlords - government/private or in the slums), high cost of living, inherited poverty, lack of credit facilities, lack of technical and entrepreneurial skills, unemployment, low income and HIV/AIDs. The effects of high poverty levels include high rate of school drop outs, deteriorating health conditions, worsening literacy levels etc. 7.10.3 Poverty A household is defined poor if it cannot attain the recommended daily food energy intake of 2,250 calories per adult. Poverty is mainly influenced by landlessness (as the poor are squatters who live on land owned by absentee landlords - government/private or in the slums, marketing accessibility, land productivity, health status, unemployment, levels of education and technical/entrepreneurial skills, infrastructural development, governance and political will, gender disparity, security, occurrence of natural disasters and other externalities. The effects of high poverty levels include high rate of school drop outs, deteriorating health conditions, worsening literacy levels etc. Poverty in the project counties manifest itself, in the inability by the majority of the people to access basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, health, water, education, land and good roads due to geographical, economic and social cultural barriers. The segment of population mostly affected by poverty include the women, youth, disabled, the sick especially HIV/AIDS victims, street urchins, minority and marginalized groups and vulnerable group such as orphaned children. In Mombasa, 37.6% of the population lives below the poverty line. In Mombasa county, the poorest areas are found in Changamwe and the Island. The average urban poor are more 61% than the average rural poor 60%. 7.11 GENDER Culture, literacy levels and religion dictates gender issues which are reinforced by society values, norms and roles to males and female. These disparities including marginalization of women in education, income and property rights and lack of credit in turn will dictate the levels of participation in decision making and roles played as well as contribution of resources during and after construction of the road. In terms of productivity, women play the primary role in farming while most men engage in fishing. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report females are mainly involved in cooking while males undertake grazing, fishing, woodwork driving and, tourism related activities. The proposed pipeline construction will involve both genders where men will participate in key decision making, authorize use of land and where to relocate/reconstruct, break ballast and undertake heavy manual works. Men would also provide security as watchmen on campsite and machines. Women will participate in preparing meals for the workers and could provide water where needed in small quantities as well as undertake light manual jobs such as pouring water on constructed culverts and secretarial duties. 7.12 TOURISM AND RECREATION The main tourist attractions at the coast are the sandy beaches, marine parks and reserves, terrestrial game parks and reserves and cultural and historical sites. Tourism related activities depending on the beach and marine features include curio vendors, beach traders, boat operators, sport fishing and diving, while secondary activities include safari tour companies, entertainment spots and other service trades such as salons, boutiques, etc. Coastal tourism has developed in clusters of beach hotels along the shoreline. There are also many other tourist accommodations, which are unregistered, such as the many villas, which are registered as private residences but are however rented out to tourists. 7.13 GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURE In Mombasa County, 71% of homes have either brick or stone walls. 24% of homes have mud/wood or mud/cement walls. Less than 1% has wood walls. 1% has corrugated iron walls. less than 1% has grass/thatched walls, 5% have tin or other walls. 77% of residents have homes with cement floors, while 14% have earth floors. Less than 1%has wood and 5% have tile floors.9% of residents have homes with concrete roofs, while 75% have corrugated iron roofs. Grass and makuti roofs constitute 4% of homes and less than 1% has mud/dung roofs. 82% of residents in Mombasa County use improved sanitation, while the rest use unimproved sanitation. There are a total of 257.17Km of bitumen surface roads, 127Km of gravel surface roads and 91.29 Km of earth surface roads in the county. The Dongo-Kundu by-pass is expected to ease congestion at the central Business district, as traffic from Nairobi to South coast shall be diverted at Miritini towards Likoni and Diani. All the major banks operating in Kenya have a presence in Mombasa County. The Central Bank of Kenya has a branch in the city which offers financial services to commercial Banks. 7.14 COMMUNICATIONS AND SERVICE LINES The communication infrastructure includes various channels and modes for facilitating the exchange of information. Among the communication infrastructure available include fibre optic, Telcom Kenya and mobile operations among others. There are major intercontinental under sea telecom cables reach the shore in Mombasa, connecting East Africa to the rest of the world and supporting a fast-growing call centre in the area. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE Public participation is basically concerned with involving, informing and consulting the public in planning, management and other decision-making activities. Public participation tries to ensure that due consideration is given to public values, concerns and preferences when decisions are made. It encompasses the public actively sharing in the decisions that government and other agencies make in their search for solutions to issues of public interest. Public consultation in this project was carried out with the following aims: ▪ To inform the local people, leaders and other stakeholders about the proposed project and its objectives ▪ To seek views, concerns and opinions of people in the area concerning the project ▪ To establish if the local people foresee any positive or negative environmental effects from the project and if so, how they wish the perceived impacts to be addressed 8.1 CONSULTATION AND AWARENESS This ESIA has been prepared in close consultation with local communities, business and special sector groups, government agencies and other stakeholders, who have been informed about the Project and the likely impacts. Consultations were through informal group discussions in the Project communities; FGD; and through formal meetings with ward and other leaders. Meetings and consultations that specifically involved discussions related to the RAP only are not included in this ESIA, but will be presented in the RAP document. 8.2 INITIAL INTERVIEWS Interview of the stakeholders was undertaken during the ESIA study process. The principle was to assess the initial opinions and attitude of the stakeholders to the project including all the components. Categories of stakeholders contacted include: ▪ Project Affected Persons, community members and opinion leaders of the project locations ▪ Members of Local Administration, National Government, County Government and Water Services Provider (MOWASSCO) ▪ Mombasa County Government (County Executive Committee Member for Water and Environment and County Executive Committee Member for Land). 8.3 FORMAL PUBLIC FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION A Public Consultation meeting was held at the centres shown in table 41 and 42 below. The meetings were facilitated by KWSCRP/PMU, MOWASCO and CGM with the assistance of the design consultant specialists (VEI). The purpose of the consultation was to allow interested and affected parties to give their views of the proposed WMWS Project. The consultation meetings saw the participation of representatives of the nearby education and religious institutions as well as health facilities. The list of attendees is presented in Appendix 1. Participants were representatives from County Government of Mombasa, MOWASSCO, KWSCRP, Ward Administrators, local communities. Table 41. Community Consultations DATES VENUE NO. OF PARTICIPANTS 9th May 2017 Mikindani Bus Stage 71 17th May 2017 Jomvu – Next to Total Fuel Station 43 West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 15th May 2017 Miritini Bus Stage 33 10/01/2019 Jomvukuu Hall 34 11/01/2019 Mikindani Social Hall 34 13/01/2019 Miritini Mosque 42 Table 42. Consultation with Institutions DATE MEETING VENUE # OF PARTICIPANTS 15th May 2017 Deputy County Commissioner’s Office - Mombasa 7 The following key issues came out from the consultations: • Sanitation: Inadequate facilities, shared latrines, collapsing latrines, latrine emptying, odour, broken and blocked sanitation pipes, challenges of alternative sanitation methods. • Environmental: Lack of prior notification of contractors conducting their work, failure to mitigate disturbances from construction works, weak working relationship between community and MOWASSCO. • Resettlement: Problem of people building over existing water and sewer lines, displacement is not a new phenomenon and community members consulted did show a willingness to accept resettlement for compensation. • Employment: Opportunities for gender equality, including both men and women and incentive for employment such as payment rather than volunteering. • Sub-project specific issues: Technical and community participation issues. 8.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY This process involved economic and social survey conducted on both the Project Affected Persons and general community through direct interactions with the local communities and other stakeholders and also through questionnaire administration. The socio-economic survey included a complete census of the PAPs along the pipeline route. A quantitative survey was conducted using structured questionnaire and it was designed to generate the required information. The information was used to answer questions related to status of social and economic parameters within the project site including, the availability or lack of social service facilities, existing levels of access to education, health, potable water and related services, local market prices as well as agricultural production and productivity, all of which were useful in valuation of assets and computation of compensation rates. A series of consultations were held using both formal and informal meetings with carefully selected members of the communities and all PAPs. The purpose of this survey was to identify types of impact and accordingly categorize displaced persons, develop entitlements and prepare resettlement plan for each family. The following information about each family was collected. ▪ Human resource base of each family. ▪ Economic status of each individual member of the family. ▪ Ownership of property – movable and immovable. ▪ Property including lands, structures, trees and houses either occupied or owned with tenancy rights or even as encroachers or those de-facto in possession. ▪ Means of livelihood due to stagnation of developmental activities soon after the project, loss of property, loss of access to clientele, loss of jobs due to physical re-location, loss of gainful employment, loss of access to income generating resources. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report ▪ Community life, community properties and resource base, community amenities and services, socio-cultural value. ▪ Loss of habitats and lands, degradation of land and water resources, environmental degradation, adverse impact on health etc. as an after effect of the project. 8.5 COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS In order to obtain a community area profile, in the form of socio-economic baseline trend indicators, community level socioeconomic surveys were conducted on a majority of the identified beneficiary communities. Both quantitative and qualitative socio-economic data was collected. This was conducted in the form of small group discussions with mostly ward leaders, whom had knowledge of the socio-economic situation in the communities. In addition to data presented in the socioeconomic baseline section, a set of ‘General Consultation and Observation Questions’ were asked as follows: (a) What do you think will be the result of improved water access and supply? • What do you think will be the benefits? • What do you think will be the negative impacts? • What don’t you want to see with improved water access and supply? (b) How is it going to help women and children and people with disabilities? (c) With improved drainage what benefits and negative impacts do you anticipate? • What do you think will be the benefits? • What do you think will be the negative impacts? • What don’t you want to see with improved water access and supply? (d) Would there be a group specifically that may benefit or have problems with the water supply, development. If yes, please elaborate. • Those who will especially benefit • How? • Those who will have problems • Why? (e) Further comments? The community, PAPs and key stakeholders were invited to attend the public consultation meetings by the Assistant Chief and Chiefs Offices, public announcement through local religious leaders, through direct phone calls and through market committee where direct contact with the PAPs and key stakeholders were made. The summary views of the community members and institutional stakeholders consulted are presented in the tables below which shows the issues raised by the PAPs, responses from the RAP Consultant and MOWASSCO as well as the venue of the meetings. Table 43. Consultations with Mombasa County Government Meeting at Deputy County Commissioner Office) Questions/comments Responses How are you going to ensure that there are no ghosts Names and details of everyone within the routing will be PAPs infiltrating the process? documented at the initial stage. A verification exercise will also be carried out before any resettlement is done. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report How will you ensure the prevailing political environment We will consult both the central and county governments do not interfere with the project? for inclusivity reasons and will make it very clear during public participation that the RAP and EIA studies must not be politicized. What will be the role of the provincial administration in The provincial administration will play a very critical role this whole process? as they will provide a linkage with the community during consultations. They will also assist in recruiting the non-technical staff e.g. Enumerators and also help in identifying genuine PAPs How will those affected be compensated? After the census survey and asset inventory is completed, valuation will be undertaken and the cost of compensation for each PAP will be determined. All the affected PAPs will be compensated in cash for loss of assets and livelihoods. The National Land Commission which is the body mandated to oversee compensation on matters related to land acquisition for public good, will oversee the entire process of compensation as per the NLC Act. Compensation values will vary based on the category of PAPs but will also include disturbance allowance, livelihood restoration, right to salvage materials etc. Will the youth be involved in construction? Yes the youth (locals) will be involved especially in areas where no skills are required. Table 44. Consultations with Stakeholders in Jomvu-next to Total petrol station on 17/05/2017 Questions/Comments Responses We have been hearing about this project for a while now, The project will begin as soon as all the processes when will it kick off? including verification and compensation are done. Will each individual affected person know immediately Each PAP will only be able to know the amount after the how much they will get as compensation census process is completed and the valuation done In cases where land owners have no documentation i.e. Yes, everybody whose property will be affected by the Title deeds, what would happen? Will they be project will be compensated after verification process. compensated? Land owners will be compensated just for easement since the pipeline will affect only a small section of their parcels of land. We have had cases where jobs in such projects are only It will be our recommendation that manual jobs that do given to out siders. Will that be the case in this project not need any skills are given to the locals and as well? recruitment done through the local administration the same way the research assistants have been recruited Is this a County or Central Government’s project? This is a Central Government’s project but we will urge all the players to keep it free from politics. Will the water supply be free? The water supply will not be free. Every consumer will apply for a connection. A meter will be installed and the monthly payment will be based on the usage What about if the pipeline will be passing through my In cases where both land and structures will be affected, house or shop, will I still be compensated for easement we will take measurements for both land and the only? structure. We will also take a picture of the structure, value and compensate the individual for both land and the structure. If for example I sell vegetables, along the routing; will I There will be temporary disruption of trading activities still be able to sell during and after construction? during the construction. All PAPs who will be affected during this phase on a temporary basis will receive West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report transition allowance and transportation cost where applicable. In the past we have seen contractors doing very shoddy There will be a Monitoring and Evaluation system put in jobs, what measures are you going to put in place so that place to check on such cases. this is avoided? The area experiences a lot of flooding during heavy Our main focus right will be to concentrate on the RAP rains. Are you also going to look into this? for the water pipes, however we have noted the flood issue and we will recommend in our report that it is also looked into. Table 45. Consultations with Stakeholders from Mikindani Area at the main bus stage on 9th May 2017. Questions/Comments Responses How will the people be compensated? After the census process, valuation will be carried out and each PAP will be compensated as per the determined value of their assets. Will the locals able to get jobs during this whole process Yes, jobs that do not require skills will be left to the locals of construction? and the recruitment will be done through the local administration offices. When will the construction work begin? The construction face will only begin after all the PAPs have been verified and compensation done Will all the residence of Mikindani get water or it will be The project will involve the construction of both primary, for the chosen few? secondary lines and even the tertiary ones so that water is supplied adequately to consumers. Application will be made by Consumers to the water service provider and upon striking an agreement a connection will be done. Will the water supply be free? The water will not be free. There will be meters for the consumer and the bills will be as per consumption. How will the census process done? RAP consultants (ESC) have prepared survey questionnaires that will be used to enumerate the PAPs, undertake census survey and conduct valuation of assets. In cases where valuation is lower than expected, how In the event that the asset owner feels that valuation is will such cases be handled? deemed low/insufficient, PAPs have the following avenues for seeking re-course. The first step is to approach the grievance redress and compensation committees at all levels. The second step will be to approach NLC which handles grievances based on award notices. The final step would be to seek legal recourse via the Environment and Land Court if dissatisfied with resolutions made by NLC or GRCC. Has the issue of drainage been considered in the since The project is only focusing on the piped water but the there is serious flooding cases during rainy seasons flooding issue has been noted and will form part of our recommendation in the report. What will happen if there is a pending land case in court? If such a case arises compensation will be held in a separate account and only be made available once the conflict is fully resolved. How will the value of the assets be determined? The project team has a registered Land Valuer who will undertake the valuation of the affected assets. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 46. Consultations with Stakeholders of Miritini Area at the main bus stage on 15th May 2017 Questions/Comments Responses When will the construction work start? The construction work will begin only after all other processes validation and finally compensation has been carried out. You know very well that land is a very big issue at the All the prevailing land situations and status will be taken coast. So you are likely to find that most people whose into consideration and a fair middle ground will be land would be affected would not have land title deeds. arrived at. How will you go about this? Will people doing businesses along the proposed routing Yes, all those who will be affected by the project will be be compensated? compensated. Those who have businesses along the routing will be paid for easement since they will be allowed to come back after the construction work is completed. Will our young people get jobs? Yes. Manual jobs that do not need skills will be left to the locals. The recruitment will be done through the office of the local administration. How will you safeguard the project from aspiring The project will be free from politics as possible. politicians especially now that its campaign period? Will the project change the current water shortage that Yes. Without a doubt the problem of water shortage will is being experienced in Miritini area? be resolved. Is the project a County government’s or National The project is the National governments through the governments? Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Besides the compensations, are there any other ways Miritini estate and its environs is known for scarcity of the project will benefit the locals? water. This will be a thing of the past as the locals will be able to access water easily. Where exactly will the pipe pass through and how will There is a design in place that is complete; the RAP the individuals know if they are affected? consultants will therefore follow the routing downloaded in their GPS machines. What portion/size of land will be compensated? The whole plot will not be compensated. Only the area that will be affected by the project. How will you handle cases where for example an There is a grievance redress mechanism in place, which individual is not satisfied with the compensation? with cooperation from the PAPs is expected to handle any issues fairly. Table 47. Public Consultation meeting held in JomvuKuu (JomvuKuu Hall) – 10th January 2019 Questions/Comments Responses We understand that the project will involve activities that This stakeholder consultation meeting is a fundamental will affect the air by producing dust as the pipe trenches part of the ESIA process. The consultant has taken note are dug. How will this be mitigated? of your concern and mitigation measures will form part of the ESIA report which the contractor will be required to undertake during the implementation process. There may be other public utility infrastructure in the The project is designed to avoid interference with project area that may be affected, how will the project existing infrastructure e.g. sewer lines, power lines or handle this? electricity poles, roads etc. However, should there be need to impact on these, the contractor will be advised to consult with the concerned agencies in order to avoid or limit disruptions. There are people saying that this ESIA process is just a No, this is not true. The implementing agency and the formality and that the contractor or implementing agency supervising engineer will monitor the contractor to may not apply the recommendations from the report ensure that the project is implemented as required. once NEMA approves it and issues a license. Is this NEMA will also revoke the license issued if it transpires true? that the contractor in not complying to the set regulations of the license. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report The residents here are worried that the project may bring It will be our recommendation that jobs that do not need in outside labour and ignore available labour pool any specialised skills be given to the locals and existing in the project area. How will this issue be dealt recruitment done through the local administration. with? As a follow up to the above question, we are worried that The project will require the contractor to have a labour outsiders coming to work on the project may come with influx management plan and workers will be expected to alien culture that will have a negative impact to our sign a ‘workers code of conduct”. MOWASSCO and the communities? supervising engineer will monitor this plan diligently. We hope that the contractor will not be working at night The consultant has taken note of this and will advise the in order to avoid or limit noise emanating from contractor to undertake construction works during construction equipment. daylight hours only in order to avoid noise nuisance. What about if the pipeline will be passing through my In cases where both land and structures will be affected, house or shop, will I still be compensated for easement we will take measurements for both land and the only? structure. We will also take a picture of the structure, value and compensate the individual for both land and the structure. If for example I sell vegetables, along the routing; will I There will be temporary disruption of trading activities still be able to sell during and after construction? during the construction. All PAPs who will be affected during this phase on a temporary basis will receive transition allowance and transportation cost where applicable. In the past we have seen contractors doing very shoddy There will be a Monitoring and Evaluation system put in jobs, what measures are you going to put in place so that place to check on such cases. this is avoided? The area experiences a lot of flooding during heavy This is noted. The ESIA report will advise that rains. Are you also going to look into this? construction be undertaken during dry weather period in order to avoid storm water runoff that may damage or clog drainage systems and exacerbate flooding. Table 48. Public Consultation meeting held in Miritini–(Miritini Mosque) 13 th January 2019 Questions/Comments Responses We are anxiously waiting for the project to kick off. When The project will kick off as soon as all PAPs have been will construction start? compensated as per their entitlement. A RAP has been prepared and will provide the basis of compensation. MOWASSCO had promised to connect household with The aim of the project is to provide adequate and reliable tap water after the project is completed. Will this still water to the residents of West Mainland. MOWASSCO happen? will connect households at a reasonable tariff Will people doing businesses along the proposed routing Yes, all those who will be affected by the project will be be compensated? compensated. Those who have businesses along the routing will be paid for disturbance since they will be allowed to come back after the construction work is completed. As young able bodied youth, we hope that the project will The procured contractor will be expected to provide the provide us with jobs. local community/ residents with job opportunities especially manual work that do not require specialized skills. Is there a grievance redress mechanism system in place There is a grievance redress mechanism in place which and will it be effective? with corporation from the PAHs is expected to handle any issues fairly. If the pipeline has been laid in my land can I be able to The affected person will be compensated for the construct over the line? easement of the pipeline but is advised not to construct a permanent structure over it to allow ease of access during routine maintenance.. Besides the compensations, are there any other ways Miritini estate and its environs is known for scarcity of the project will benefit the locals? water. This will be a thing of the past as the locals will be able to access water easily. Other benefits may come later during the projects life-time. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Where exactly will the pipe pass through and how will There is a design in place that is complete; the RAP the individuals know if they are affected? consultants will therefore follow the routing in the presence of affected property owners. Is there a design in place and does it show the width of A design of the proposed pipeline is available. The the pipeline? It will help us know how much land will be project will require a maximum of 3 metres width. utilized by the project. As PAPs, will we be shown where the line will pass in Yes, the RAP consultant will walk along the pipeline our property? routing in the presence of the land/ property owner. The owner or his/her representative will thus be able to note the area of project influence as well as the extent of impact. In case I am unsatisfied with the compensation offered There is a grievance redress mechanism in place, which by the project, what options do I have for redress? with cooperation from the PAPs is expected to handle any issues fairly Table 49. Public Consultation meeting held in Mikindani (Mikindani Social Hall) – 11th January 2019 Questions/Comments Responses Will the locals able to get jobs during this whole process Yes, jobs that do not require skills will be left to the locals of construction? and the recruitment will be done through the local administration offices. Will there be provision of Corporate Social Responsibility This was noted and would be included in the ESIA in the project.? There is fear of potential increase in the price of water The proposed project was being done so as to enhance after construction. Since the residents are currently the water supply to the area, in order to ensure no experiencing high prices but getting unreliable supply? dissatisfaction with paying water bills without receiving reliable water supply. The area experiences high prices being charged by MOWASCO will be advised to look into this. Part of the rogue water vendors within water Kiosks in Informal project components would be to construct water kiosks settlements. Can MOWASSCO address this issue? regulated by the WSP in order to reduce cases of exorbitant pricing of water. How will the census process done? RAP consultants (ESC) have prepared survey questionnaires that will be used to enumerate the PAPs, undertake census survey and conduct valuation of assets. What measures will be taken to ensure no damage to The pipes will be laid underground to ensure that there the new pipes? is minimal risk of them being damaged. Has the issue of drainage been considered in the since The project is only focusing on the piped water but the there is serious flooding cases during rainy seasons? flooding issue has been noted and will form part of our recommendation in the report. What will happen if there is a pending land case in court? If such a case arises compensation will be held in a separate account and only be made available once the conflict is fully resolved. How will the value of the assets be determined? The project team has a registered Land Valuer who will undertake the valuation of the affected assets. 8.6 DISCLOSURE The ESIA report will be disclosed in accordance with the World Bank’s disclosure policy. The report upon approval by the World Bank will be disclosed on the MOWS’s website; MOWASSCO’s website; County Government of Mombasa (CGM) website and NEMA’s website. Hard copies will also be made available at the KWSCRP Coast office, County Government of Mombasa (CGM), MOWASSCO’s office and Contractor’s office. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 9.0 RESETTLEMENT LAND ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION The design has focused on minimizing the need for resettlement and land acquisition. This is possible because where rehabilitation or replacement works are required they are done either within ROW or other publicly owned property or within existing way leaves. Where new buried pipelines are required, they are located within the road reserve. However, some land acquisition is required for sewage ponds. There will also be short term resettlement impacts during construction, for example upon encroachers within the road reserve or businesses or livelihoods impaired by the works and construction activities along the roads. Under the OP. 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) which applies for this project, these entities or persons are entitled to compensation irrespective of whether the activity is formal or legal. Compensation payments are determined by a set of rules and an entitlement matrix contained in a RAP. The RAP is being prepared as a separate, independent but connected activity to this ESIA. The RAP will be in compliance with World Bank’s OP. 4.12 and GoK requirements and will be based upon the RPF for KWSCRP prepared in 2012. The process of identifying where compensation will be paid requires the RAP team to undertake inventory of asset (land, structures and crops); this activity commenced in May 2017. The marking was followed by census and socio-economic surveys to World Bank’s OP. 4.12 which also feed into the process of determining compensation payments. The ESIA and RAP teams have provided with advice on the resettlement corridor of impact (RCoI), based on the 100% design submissions and subsequent design development, with continued discussion between both teams in order to ensure that resettlement and land acquisition impacts that occur, although inevitable, are reduced as much as possible. This section outlines the basis of the RCoI for the pipeline; expected resettlement and land acquisition impacts for the individual sub-projects; and some of the key actions to be taken by the works contractors during construction implementation, all as agreed with the RAP team. 9.2 RESETTLEMENT CORRIDOR OF IMPACT The design has considered constructability and the space required to lay pipes in trench. Assuming narrow trench pipelines excavated by backhoe, it is conventional for street works to work within a carriageway width typically 3.5 m. Therefore, the specified working space for construction will be 3.5 m which is also the RCoI assumed for the RAP. There are however exceptions at constricted locations where the works contractors will be required to work in a narrower RCoI to minimize resettlement impacts. In such locations the works contractor might use smaller excavator (mini excavator) or hand excavation using hand held equipment. Locations with a reduced RCoI will be identified in the Bidding Documents scheduled and shown on the plans with GPS coordinates. 9.3 RAP TEAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIDDING DOCUMENTS The approach to resettlement and the necessary provisions in the Bidding Documents have been discussed in detail between the RAP and ESIA teams. The following sections summarize the recommendations resulting from these discussions. These recommendations have been considered and incorporated as necessary into the ESMP included in the bidding documents. 9.3.1 Works Contractors Methodologies For the purposes of this project, the RCoI shall be defined as; ‘the width of the corridor needed to West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report construct and maintain the specific water supply and sanitation infrastructure’. The RCoI in the majority of the project areas will be 3.5 m, but will be less in certain project areas and will be defined as ‘Working Constrained Areas’. The RCoI will be cleared of obstructions to the extent feasible in advance of the date of the contractual Notice to Proceed (NTP). However, regardless of available RCoI width, the Contractor shall adopt a method for working in all project areas which will avoid unnecessary physical impacts on all assets including residences, businesses and utility structures. Works shall be conducted in a manner such that any vegetative hedges remaining at the date of the NTP may be cut back, but shall remain viable. Structures not identified as ‘impacted’ under the RAP, and remaining at the date of the NTP, may not be damaged during construction. Access to any business (formal or informal) in project areas shall not be obstructed for more than three days in any case, unless identified and compensated under the RAP prior to construction implementation. 9.3.2 Working in constrained areas Working constrained area For the purposes of this project ‘Working Constrained Areas’ shall be defined as those project areas in which the available RCoI is greater than 1.5 m but less than 3.5 m. This is to enable the reduction of resettlement impacts and to enable the works contractors to ensure that their offers incorporate provisions for smaller machines and labour requirements in such spaces. For the purposes of this project ‘Severely Working Constrained Areas’ shall be defined as those project areas in which the available maximum RCoI is 1.5 m (or 2.5 m where water supply and sewage pipes are laid alongside each other). This is to enable the reduction of resettlement impacts and to enable the works contractors to ensure that their offers incorporate provisions for smaller machines and labour requirements in such spaces. The Working Constrained and Severely Working Constrained Areas will be identified by the RAP team and incorporated into the bidding documents. 9.3.3 Flexible RCoI The RCoI will be flexible such that it may vary back and forth in order to allow for maintaining continued access and the avoidance of impact on businesses and residences and related assets, public utilities equipment and vegetation, whilst preserving the requirements of the design. 9.3.4 Access to Businesses and Residences Works contractors will be required to maintain pedestrian access to residences and businesses along RCoI during works, unless identified and compensated for losses recorded by the RAP. Residences and businesses foreseen to be affected during construction, due to ‘constrained’ construction conditions, will have been identified and compensated prior to the start of construction. 9.3.5 Drainage Function Where the design or works contractor methods of working disturb or interfere with existing surface and groundwater drainage, the works contractor will be required to ensure correct drainage function during the course of the works and thereafter restore such drainage to CGM requirements and to at least pre-construction condition or better standard. This may require reinstatement of drains disturbed by construction. This requirement applies to all formal and informal drains alongside sealed and unsealed roads. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION This chapter presents the assessment of the issues likely to arise as a result of implementation of the proposed project. For each issue, the analysis is based on its nature, the predicted impact, extent, duration, intensity and probability, and the stakeholders and/or values affected. In accordance with best practice, the analysis includes issues relating to the project's environmental and social sustainability. The anticipated positive and negative impacts associated with the different phases of proposed water supply project are outlined below: 10.1 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPACTS The significance of impacts has been determined by combining the perceived frequency of occurrence of the source of the impact, the duration, severity, and spatial extent of the impact and the sensitivity of the area being impacted upon. The analysis was aided by using the classification of impacts shown in Table 50. Table 50. Classification of impacts Classification of Effects Impact criterion Effect on environment Expression Effect description Positive or Will impact be positive or Positive A positive impact negative negative? Negative A negative impact Likelihood of What certainty of occurrence Unlikely Probably will not occur occurring is associated with impact? Possible May not occur Certain Will not occur Duration What timeframe or period is Short Term Will last up to end construction effect to be felt or last? activity Medium Will last as long as operational Term activity Long Term Will last beyond project operation Permanent Will last a lifetime Timing At what stage will the impact Immediately Will occur upon starting project occur or be felt? activities Near Future Will occur during project operation Distant Will occur beyond project operation Future Significance How severe will the impact Minor Little impact be? Moderate Moderate impact Significant High Impact Extent What is the areal extent or Project area Effect confined to project area coverage of impact? Environs Effect to be felt by surrounding areas Beyond Effect to be felt within surroundings environs and beyond environs Overall rating How important is impact in Insignificant Impact not substantial, needs no West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Project design? mitigation/enhancement Minor Impact of little importance, needs limited mitigation/enhancement Moderate Impact has influence and requires mitigating/enhancing Significant Impact of great importance, mitigation/enhancement a must 10.2 Positive/Beneficial Impacts 10.2.1 Construction Phase 10.2.1.1 Creation of employment opportunities During the process of excavation, laying of pipes and back filling, in addition to the skilled personnel unskilled staff may be required. However, this will only be for a few days for a number of locals who will be involved. As a measure of enhancement, the unskilled personnel should be sourced locally. 10.2.2 Operation Phase 10.2.2.1 Impacts to Water Supply The proposed project will result in increase in water supply and improvement of water quality in the project area. This will consequently, minimize exposure to unsafe water and reduce attendant health risks. Significance of Impact Improvement in water supply and water quality is considered positive impact of high of high significance. Implementation of the proposed project will enable the local community to access clean and improved water supply. Table 51. Employment/Business Creation Impact source(s) Availability of sufficient and good quality water Status + Nature of impact ✓ Minimization of exposure to unsafe water and attendant health risks ✓ Increase water supply to the local community Reversibility of N/A impact Degree of irreplaceable loss of N/A resource Affected Local community stakeholders Extent Regional -3 Intensity Medium – 5 Magnitude Duration Long term – 5 Probability Definite – 5 Without (Extent + Intensity + Duration + Probability) x H mitigation WF (3+5+5+5) x 5 = 90 Low- Medium Significance With Positive impact N/A mitigation West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10.2.2.2 Time and Resource Management Availing a reliable water supply will save them the time used in search for water from other alternative sources. This time can be used to engage in other economic activities. 10.2.2.3 Improved Health Standards A lack of adequate water supply and low economic status usually facilitates water related diseases and reduces hygiene levels because one has to use the little available sparingly. Availability of clean, portable and reliable water supply will improve hygiene levels and reduce cases of water-borne diseases. 10.3 Negative/Adverse Impacts Even though the project has many positive impacts that will lead to social economic development in project area, it also will come with negative impacts that need to be mitigated during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The categorization of impacts has been based on the severity of the potential impact using predefined impact rating criteria as minor, moderate or major according to the definitions below. (a) Minor impact – an effect will be experienced, but the impact magnitude is sufficiently small and well within accepted standards, and/or the receptor is of low sensitivity/value. (b) Moderate impact – an impact that will be within accepted limits and standards. They may vary from a threshold below which the impact is minor up to a level that might be just short of breaching an established regulatory limit. (c) Major impact – is where an accepted limit or standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly valued/sensitive resource/receptors. Extent: within limited area (<200m from site), local (up to 10 km) or wide (regional or global > 10km); Duration: temporary (1 year), short term (1-5 years), medium term (5 - 10 years) long term (> 10– 50 years) or permanent. The environmental impacts resulting from implementation of civil works are expected to be minor and short-term since the improvement works are principally for the laying of buried pipelines and works at existing above ground structures. 10.3.1 Impact on Utilities The utilities (ground) along the project area that may be damaged as a result of the excavation for the pipelines include fibre optic cables, sewerage lines, existing water pipelines and in exception cases electricity lines. Damage to these utilities due to excavation may cause interruptions to services associated with the same. This impact is not expected to be significant because there is limited fibre optic cable on the project routes; electricity lines are overhead and the routing of the pipeline is away from the existing sewerage and water lines. However, as a general rule, before excavation, the location and routes of all utilities have been identified and in case of the need for relocating utilities that may be along the proposed lines, the contractor MUST work with the utility company before commencement of any excavations to relocate such utilities at contractors cost before commencing excavations. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10.3.2 Impacts on Flora and Fauna Recognizing that the proposed water supply system route mainly passes through urban zones and inhabited areas, along roads, where tertiary types of ecosystems are already dominant, it is unlikely to expect significant negative impacts on flora and fauna from this project. A temporary loss of habitat along the working corridor could reduce the carrying capacity of the home ranges of the fauna, especially until vegetation cover is re-established. However, the majority of species present in the project area, are common and widely distributed throughout the area and the loss of a few individuals will have a negligible impact on the overall population both at local and regional level. In this project, low impact is expected on vegetation and any fauna in the area since the pipeline routes are devoid of significant unique floral and faunal life. Sections of the pipeline (distribution pipeline) are within the West Mainland part of Mombasa Town within the residential and built areas which are deficient of natural flora and fauna. The clearing of project sites through excavations for the pipelines (reservoir) will not adversely affect flora and fauna and all the impacts caused by construction work on flora and fauna are of temporary and reversible in nature and can be mitigated by appropriate good working practices that will be prescribed by the ESMP. 10.3.3 Impact on Air Quality The impact on air quality is expected within the area of the working corridor. The impact on air quality is expected as a result of construction works, specifically excavation of the trenches which will generate dust with motorized equipment also generating gases. The processes which will generate pollutants emission are: transport of material, movement of machinery and vehicles on site and excavation works. It is not expected that significant impact will occur on local residents or that emissions will exceed regulatory permissible ground-level concentrations. All air emission impacts will be of temporary nature, location specific and reversible. The impact on air quality is considered to be insignificant if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented such as dust suppression techniques, regular maintenance of vehicles, use of high-quality fuel, etc. Further, the project will be implemented through the significant use of manual labour and mostly through manual equipment for digging the trenches. This minimizes the air quality impacts from motorized machinery. Trenches will be about 1metre in depth and therefore the amount of spoil material will be minimal with the backfilling using the same spoil material undertaken within 3-5 days of excavating. Sources of air pollutants from the construction works will include traffic in and out of the site emitting and earth works at site during the excavation of trenches. Significance of Impact The impact on air quality is regarded as low even without mitigation and limited within the footprint due to the minimal use of motorized equipment with respect to gaseous emissions and particulate matter with respect to dust emissions. The project will be implemented through the use of manual labour and mostly through manual equipment for digging the trenches. The difficulties in isolating air pollution originating from construction works and air pollution from the surrounding sources are expected, which will have impact on monitoring programme. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 10.3.4 Impact on Soil and Geology The excavations of trenches to lay the transmission and distribution pipeline and reservoir are not anticipated to significantly impact on soil and geology of the project site other than disturbances to soil which could subsequently resulting in erosion and soil contamination by oil leaks from excavation and construction equipment. The works on construction including removal of topsoil and digging, as well as presence of machinery and workers at site will have minor negative impact on soil quality. The identified impacts are the following: • Mechanical impact on soil during trench excavation; • Stimulation of water and wind erosion; • Soil pollution by spilling or discharge of oil and oil derivates, motor oil, and similar wastes originating from machinery and vehicles on site; • Soil pollution due to uncontrolled deposition of solid waste (spoil material) on the land; • Soil pollution due to uncontrolled discharge from on-site toilets for workers on the land; In the areas where steep slopes are to be crossed, construction can have potential to cause soil erosion and sediment run-off. Soils in the area are sandy and not clay which are known to be particularly prone to erosion. Reinstating the land is standard practice and will be carried out above a pipeline once it is buried in the ground. The objectives of restoration are twofold: • In the shorter term, to reinstate the land contours, drainage patterns, stabilize the soils by installing permanent erosion control and redistribute the topsoil to allow vegetation to grow; and • In the longer term, to establish sufficient vegetation cover to reinstate the local plant species and ecology. The delay in reinstatement can cause deterioration in topsoil quality, dissatisfaction by land owners and can increase the cost of later reinstatement. Where required, the seed of species remaining in the preserved topsoil will be supplemented with equivalent materials (seeds, bulbs, and plants) and/or by the re-planting of species removed from project area before construction. During construction, the correct preservation of topsoil to maintain fertility will be carried out. The topsoil will be carefully stripped and stockpiled at all sites. Reinstating activities will take place immediately after pipe is buried in order to preserve quality of topsoil removed. With implementation of these measures, the residual impacts are not considered significant. Significance of Impact The impact on soil and geology is regarded as low even without mitigation and limited within the project footprint. The depth of the trenches will be shallow (1-metre-deep and 2 metres wide) and the excavated soil (spoil) will be used as backfill thereby reducing potential run off associated with spoil wastes. The use of motorized equipment likely to lead to soil contamination from oil leaks is also expected to be minimal as a result of little or no use of motorized equipment during construction. 10.3.5 Noise and Vibration Emission Impacts During the construction phase of the project it is expected that elevated levels of noise will be produced in the construction area. Pipeline construction would progress along the route and, as a result, all noise impacts would be temporary. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report During excavation activities (trenching), noise sources will include, vehicles used to transportation of materials and equipment to the site. The construction and more specifically excavation of the trenches for the pipelines will be through the use of hand-held equipment (manual labor) with very limited use of mechanized machinery which would be sources of noise and vibration. This impact is therefore expected to be low in nature and short term experienced only in cases where motorized equipment is used. The works will mainly be carried out during the daylight working hours with no night working expected. Mitigation measures will prescribe daylight working hours in the most affected zones. Impact Significance The significance of this impact will be low with mitigation measures in place as described in the mitigation measures section. In undertaking the construction activities described above, the Contractor will comply with the following national regulatory noise quality emission standards and that of WBG, whichever is stringent. Regular monitoring to determine compliance will be done by the Supervision Consultant and corrective/ mitigation measures applied where necessary. 10.3.6 Solid Waste Generation • Solid wastes will mainly emanate from the construction activities and will include among others: • Excavated soil • Cement storage bags and other packets from materials used during construction. • Spillage of oil and grease from machines used in excavation, repair and maintenance and transportation activities may also encompass solid wastes. The occurrence of these wastes is expected to be minimal because of the expected use of manual equipment and labor which would reduce wastes associated with oil spills, repair and maintenance. The soil excavated will be used as backfill and thereby reducing the generation of spoil material and related waste pollution concern. There will be limited hazardous wastes generated from this project including the cement bags, grease and oil. All wastes including will be disposed in an approved NEMA waste disposal site. The contractor will develop a Waste Management Plan (WMP) to guide the disposal of all types of wastes emanating from the project Impact Significance The impact significance is expected to be low in nature as a result of the low quantities of solid wastes that will be generated during construction and use of excavated soil and backfill material. 10.3.7 Visual Impacts Visual related impacts mainly include open trenches excavated to lay the pipelines which could be an eye-sore and a health hazard. The pipelines will be 2 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The trenches are therefore not deep and wide depressions which would scar the earth surface and lead to significant visual impacts. This impact is therefore not considered to be significant and will be experienced for a short period of time because of the immediate backfilling of the trenches by the excavated soil/spoil. The laying of a pipeline is expected to last for a period of 3-5 days at the most in an area including excavation and laying of pipelines. Further, the contractor is required to only excavate areas where there are already existing pipelines procured and ready to be laid. This will minimise the problem of open trenches. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Impact Significance The impact significance is expected to be low in nature, short term and reversible if the trenches are backfilled immediately and excess spoil material is disposed of as soon as possible. 10.3.8 Impacts on Surface Water The excavation activities (trenching) and associated run-off, oil leaks and proximity to surface water bodies may lead to contamination of surface water bodies. In the project area and pipeline routes, the only surface water body is a small lagga (seasonal) located in Mikindani area called “Mkono Ya Bahari”. This is actually a water body that has been created through increased tide from the Indian Ocean which leads to a backflow when tidal currents are experienced and recede when the tide is low. The project intends to route the pipeline along the bridge that passes over this surface water. The activity will mainly entail anchoring of the pipe on the bridge with no excavation works to be undertaken. Therefore, there will be very low impact if any on the “Mkono Ya Bahari” as a surface water with no discharge or effluent expected. Chapter 3 shows the national waste water and effluent discharge standards. 10.3.9 Impacts to Occupational Health and Safety Construction activities including excavations, backfilling involve inherent occupation health risks related to operation of equipment and machineries. In the absence of sufficient management of Health and Safety (H&S) issues, the workforce may suffer injury or death. In this project, the use of manual labour is envisaged and will account for over 90% of the construction activities. This is because the project area is peri-urban and congested with little room to employ mechanized equipment. Impact Significance Occupational health and safety impacts during construction is considered to be of moderate in significance due to the expected use of non-mechanized equipment and machinery. The construction activities will use hand held tools in digging the trenches with very limited use of excavators. Experienced and trained personnel will be engaged in operating equipment. 10.3.10 Impacts on Community Health and Safety No specific serious adverse impacts on community health and safety are expected as a result of construction and operation of the West Mainland Water Supply System. There is potential hazard risk from open trenches in the vicinity of populated areas during the construction phase that should be mitigated by appropriate warnings and fencing. Health impacts associated with air and dust emissions on the community is also expected to be very insignificant, short term and localized. The contractor will prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan for minimizing occupational and community health and safety impacts. Impact Significance The health and safety impacts during construction is considered to be of moderate in significance due to the expected use of non-mechanized equipment and machinery. 10.3.11 Impacts on Traffic There construction activities will occur in certain sections in densely populated areas and along the existing Right of Way (ROW) where there is motorised and non-motorised traffic especially in the residential areas. Snarl ups due to blockage of the road could lead to traffic as well as potential West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report risk for accidents especially where construction is on-going with little room for pedestrian access. The construction method will mainly be through manual equipment which will reduce the potential for traffic blockages that would be caused when using motorised equipment like excavators. The contractor will prepare a detailed traffic management plan (TMP) which will elaborate how traffic will be managed during construction, including need for diversions (if necessary). The TMP will be developed jointly with the roads agencies in Mombasa i.e. Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) and Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KuRRA) as well as the County Government of Mombasa (Traffic Department). The contractor will barricade all areas of work along the road to reduce accidents and offer alternative pedestrian walk ways as necessary. 10.3.12 Accidental Exposure/Disturbance of Asbestos Pipeline The project is improving water access in West Mainland by constructing a new transmission and distribution line. The current existing line is made of asbestos and will be left on the ground (decommissioned). The new pipelines are located away from the existing AC pipeline with minimal chances of disturbances. However, in order to ensure that the pipe is not disturbed during construction and other repair works associated and/or not associated with the project, the national NEMA guidelines for the safe removal, management and disposal of asbestos, as well as World 2009 Bank Guidance Note on Asbestos Management will be complied with by the client in the event the AC pipe is to be decommissioned anytime in the future. Annex (3) contain the asbestos handling protocol. 10.3.13 Public Health Diseases There is a potential induced impact during construction causing increased incidence of HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases due to new entrants in communities for employment. There is a potential induced impact when increased income in the communities, from construction worker salaries, leads to domestic abuse in the home. Both these impacts can be mitigated by the HIV/AIDS and sensitivities awareness programs set out in the ESMP. 10.3.14 Resettlement Impacts The project will displace Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who are on the proposed pipeline routes. A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared to mitigate project related displacement impacts. 10.3.15 Gender Based Violence Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e. gender) differences between males and females. It includes acts that inflict physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion, and other deprivations of liberty. These acts can occur in public or in private. The construction of the highway is likely to exacerbate any of the various forms of GBV described below and could be perpetrated between workers themselves, between bosses and workers and between workers and the community members. The term GBV is used to underscore systemic inequality between males and females (which exists in every society in the world) and acts as a unifying and foundational characteristic of most forms of violence perpetrated against women and girls. The 1993 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines violence against women as “any act of gender- based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women.” The nine core types of GBV are; - West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Rape • Sexual Assault • Sexual Harassment • Sexual Exploitation and Abuse • Sexual favours • Physical Assault • Forced Marriage • Denial of Resources, Opportunities or Services • Psychological / Emotional Abuse The Contractor will ensure the relevant Code of Conduct already included as part of the bidding documents is signed at the corporate and individual workers levels in regard to observing GBV aspects of the project. This will be complied with under the supervision of the KWSCRP/NPMU and Supervision Consultant. 10.3.16 Child Protection Violence Against Children (VAC) is defined as physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological harm, neglect or negligent treatment of minor children (i.e. under the age of 18), including exposure to such harm that results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. This includes using children for profit, labor, sexual gratification, or some other personal or financial advantage. This also includes other activities such as using computers, mobile phones, video and digital cameras or any other medium to exploit or harass children or to access child pornography. The Contractor will ensure the Code of Conduct is signed at the Corporate and individual workers levels in regard to observing Child Protection aspects of the project. This will be complied with under the supervision of the KWSCRP/NPMU and Supervision Consultant. 10.3.17 Labour Influx and Recruitment The project will involve recruitment of laborers which may lead to influx of persons looking for work in the project area. The significance of labour influx is expected to be low or moderate and mostly unskilled in nature. The Contractor will comply with the national labour laws as well as the develop a Labour Recruitment Plan and Influx Management Plan and submitted by the Contractor to the KWSCRP/NPMU, Supervision Consultant before commencement of construction. A Code of Conduct for the Contractor has been included in the Bidding Documents. 10.4 Operation Impacts 10.4.1 Consumption of Contaminated Water Consumption of (untreated) contaminated domestic water could lead to health impacts on the consumers of the water from the pipeline. The maintenance of the pipelines requires excavations and unblocking the pipe which could lead to contamination of the water during the process. The water will emanate from an already existing source which is treated by Mombasa Water and Sewerage Company (MOWASCO) as required and stipulated by the water quality standards shown in Chapter 3. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Impact Significance The impact is considered low in significance due to the expected treatment of water by MOWASCO. 10.4.2 Solid Waste Generation Solid wastes will mainly emanate from the operation activities related to maintenance operations and will include among others: • Excavated soil • Cement storage bags and other packets from materials used during repair and maintenance. • Spillage of oil and grease from machines used in excavation, repair and maintenance and transportation activities may also encompass solid wastes. The occurrence of these wastes is expected to be minimal because of the expected use of manual equipment and labor which would reduce wastes associated with oil spills, repair and maintenance. The soil excavated during maintenance will be used as backfill and thereby reducing the generation of spoil material and related waste pollution concern. There will be limited hazardous wastes generated from this project including the cement bags, grease and oil. All wastes including will be disposed in an approved NEMA waste disposal site. The operator (MOWASCO) will develop a Waste Management Plan (WMP) to guide the disposal of all types of wastes emanating from the project Impact Significance The impact significance is expected to be low in nature as a result of the low quantities of solid wastes that will be generated during operation. 10.4.3 Visual Impacts Visual related impacts mainly include re-opening the trenches where the pipelines are laid to facilitate repair and maintenance which could be an eye-sore and a health hazard. This impact is not considered to be significant and will be experienced for a short period of time because of the immediate backfilling of the trenches by the excavated soil/spoil. Impact Significance The impact significance is expected to be low in nature, short term and reversible if the trenches are backfilled immediately and excess spoil material is disposed of as soon as possible. 10.4.4 Impacts to Occupational Health and Safety Operation and maintenance of the pipeline will involve workers whose safety may be at risk as a result of operation of equipment among others. Occupational health and safety impacts during operation/maintenance and repair is considered to be of moderate in significance due to the expected use of non-mechanized equipment and machinery. The construction activities will use hand held tools in digging the trenches with very limited use of excavators. Experienced and trained personnel will be engaged in operating equipment. 10.4.5 Impacts on Community Health and Safety No specific serious adverse impacts on community health and safety are expected as a result of operation activities of the West Mainland Water Supply System. There is potential hazard risk from open trenches during the repair phases that could lead to community health and safety risks should be mitigated by appropriate warnings and fencing. Health impacts associated with air and West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report dust emissions on the community is also expected to be very insignificant, short term and localized during the operation phase with respect to repairs and maintenance. Impact Significance The health and safety impacts during repairs and maintenance is considered to be of moderate in significance due to the expected use of non-mechanized equipment and machinery. 10.4.6 Impacts on Traffic There maintenance and repair activities during the operation phase will occur in densely populated areas and along the existing Right of Way (ROW) where there is motorised and non- motorised traffic. Snarl ups due to blockage of the road could lead to traffic as well as potential risk for accidents especially where construction is on-going with little room for pedestrian access. The method used for repairs will mainly be through manual equipment which will reduce the potential for traffic blockages that would be caused when using motorised equipment like excavators. MOWASCO will liaise with the roads agencies in Mombasa i.e. Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) and Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KuRRA) as well as the County Government of Mombasa (Traffic Department) to plan for any repairs and maintenance activities that could have impacts on traffic in terms of diversions, blockages etc. 10.4.7 Impact on Air Quality The impact on air quality during repairs and maintenance (operation phase) is expected to occur within the pipeline route only. The impact on air quality is expected as a result of repair works, which may specifically entail excavation (opening) of the trenches and may generate dust with motorized equipment also generating gases. The processes which will generate pollutants emission are: transport of material, movement of machinery and vehicles on site and excavation works. It is not expected that significant impact will occur on local residents or that emissions will exceed regulatory permissible ground-level concentrations. All air emission impacts will be of temporary nature, location specific and reversible. The impact on air quality is considered to be insignificant if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented such as dust suppression techniques, regular maintenance of vehicles, use of high-quality fuel, etc. Further, the project will be implemented through the significant use of manual labour and mostly through manual equipment for digging the trenches. This minimizes the air quality impacts from motorized machinery. 10.4.8 Noise and Vibration Emission Impacts Noise emission and associated impacts during repairs and maintenance is expected to be low and will emanate from motorized equipment. This impact is expected to be low in nature and short term, experienced only in cases where motorized equipment is used. The repair and maintenance works will mainly be carried out during the daylight working hours with no night working expected unless it is an emergency e.g. pipe burst or blockage. Mitigation measures will prescribe daylight working hours in the most affected zones. Table 52. Summary of Impacts Water Supply Pipelines (Transmission and Distribution) Phase: Construction Issue Potential Impact Impact Type Extent Duration and Rating West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Air pollution Emissions from construction Direct, Minor Local Temporary vehicles and equipment. Noise pollution Noise pollution from vehicles and Direct, Minor Local Temporary construction equipment may cause nuisances to neighbouring communities. Water pollution Water pollution may result from: Direct, Minor Local Temporary i) accidental spillage of fuels, lubricants and other chemicals. ii) siltation of water courses from runoff laden with sediment and dust. iii) high suspended solids from soil eroded from trenches (sediment run-off) *Project area has only one surface water body (Mkono wa Bahari) which could be polluted. Soil erosion Site clearance of vegetation and Direct, Minor Local Temporary and excavation works using contamination equipment may induce/accelerate soil erosion and siltation of water courses. Contamination may occur as a result of accidental or structural spillage of fuels, lubricant chemicals, sanitary wastewater, etc., as well as from leakage from inadequately protected solid waste storage facilities and sites. Soil may lose its fertility because of removal of topsoil. However, the project sites are in non-agricultural areas (peri-urban) hence soil erosion and implication on agriculture is minor. Solid waste Vegetation and soil from Direct, Minor Local Temporary generation excavation, construction waste material and packaging material may produce moderate quantities of waste. Impacts on Removal of vegetation may lead Direct, Minor Local Temporary flora and fauna to potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. Public health Pools of stagnant water may be a Direct, Minor Local Temporary problems source of water borne diseases especially if the trenches are left open (not back filled) over a long period of time. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Public Safety Safety problems at the Direct, Minor Local Temporary construction sites may arise from excavations, transportation and movement of equipment. Manually executed works expected to dominate the pipeline laying will take a longer construction time leading to prolonged safety risks such as falling into trenches. Visual Laying of pipelines may have a Direct, Minor Local Temporary amenities negative impact on aesthetics of the surroundings such as the soils from the trenches that will be dumped along the trenches Disturbance Improper laying of pipelines may Direct, Minor Local Temporary and interruption cause traffic disruptions and of congestion, resulting in temporary commercial disturbance and interruption of and social commercial and social activities. It activities may also cause damage to infrastructure (roads, utility lines) and disruption of public services. Socioeconomic Trenches for the pipelines may be Direct, Minor Local Temporary disruption dug in front of shops, displacing kiosks along road reserves and other properties which will affect their livelihood and incomes. Furthermore, influx of people in the area may cause alteration of culture and introduce behavioural changes. Occupational Workers may be exposed to Direct, Minor Local Temporary health and occupational health and safety safety hazards from project activities such as: accidents in excavations during trenching; working with equipment; working under noisy conditions., working in confined spaces; lifting of objects; storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes. Workers may also be potentially exposed to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Asbestos Accidental exposure of the Direct, Major Local Long Term Disturbance asbestos pipeline to be decommissioned and left on the ground during construction or West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report operation and maintenance could lead to health risks. Operation Water pollution Water pollution may result from Direct, Minor Local Temporary spillage of fuel and lubricants during maintenance; waste disposal along damaged lines may also cause pollution. *Project area has only one surface water body (Mkono wa Bahari) which could be polluted. Noise pollution Noise generated from vehicles Direct, Minor Local Temporary used during maintenance or from generators in case they are used to pump the water can be a nuisance to sensitive receptors. Air pollution This could be in form of emissions Direct, Minor Local Temporary from maintenance vehicles Solid waste Solid wastes may be produced by Direct, Minor Local Temporary generation maintenance works, especially where sections of pipelines are replaced. Soil erosion and Inspection and maintenance Direct, Minor Local Temporary contamination works for the pipelines may require clearance of sites of vegetation, as well as the execution of excavation works, possibly using equipment. This may induce or accelerate erosion. Impacts on flora Inspection and maintenance Direct, Minor Local Temporary and fauna works may require the removal of the natural vegetation, leading to potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. Nuisances and Accidental ruptures and structural Direct, Minor Local Long term public health degradation of pipelines that may risks accrue from ageing and poor as a result of maintenance, accompanied by operational low pressure in the pipes may failures of the allow the intrusion of potentially distribution polluted groundwater into the network drinking water distribution system. Ruptured pipes may also cause flooding and if the water stagnates, this may pose a risk of water-borne diseases. Occupational Occupational health and safety Direct, Minor Local Temporary health and problems may arise during safety maintenance of the pipelines. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report These may include: lifting of heavy and sharp objects and transportation of materials for maintenance, storage as well as handling and use of dangerous substances. Local This will lead to poor operation Direct, Minor Wide Long term incapacity/ and maintenance as well as Inexperience to deterioration of infrastructure as manage the well as accidents due to lack of facilities enough technical knowledge in safety requirements for equipment/machinery operation. Inadequate monitoring of environmental impacts of project activities. Disturbance Interference with commercial and Direct, Minor Limited Temporary and social activities will be very low. interruption of commercial and social activities Disturbance Maintenance activities for the Direct, Minor Limited Temporary and water distribution network may interruption of cause traffic disruptions and commercial and congestion, resulting in social activities disturbance and interruption of commercial and social activities. Other infrastructure e.g. roads, sewer lines, drains may also be disrupted. 10.5 Mitigation Measures 10.5.1 Mitigation hierarchy for the planned project activities Avoid at source: Reduce at source Avoiding or reducing at source is essentially “designing” the project so that a feature causing an impact is designed out (e.g. a pipeline re-routed) or altered (e.g. reduced working width). Often this is called minimization. Abate on site This involves adding something to the basic design to abate the impact – for example, pollution controls fall in this category. This is often called end-of-pipe. Abate at receptor If an impact cannot be abated on-site, then measures can be implemented off-site – an example of this would be to install double-glazed windows to minimize the impact of noise at a nearby residence. Repair or Remedy West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Some impacts involve unacceptable damage to a resource, e.g. agricultural land during pipeline construction. Repair essentially involves restoration and re-instatement type measures. 10.5.2 Pre-Construction The majority of mitigation measures and in particular mitigations to protect and enhance the physical environment are most effectively incorporated during the design phase. There are five key elements: • Development of sustainable designs with the lowest possible environmental impact within the constraints of the project funding and the socio-economic setting. • Improved health and opportunities for the beneficiary populations from improved sanitation. • Incorporate the recommendations and requirements of the ESMP to be an integral part of the Bidding and Contract Documents thereby building in enforceable measures to protect the environmental and social matters throughout the construction phase. • Provide adequate grievance redress procedures to address the concerns of local people and stakeholders to ensure satisfactory resolution of any grievance arising from the project. • Ensure adequate and fair compensation for involuntary resettlement for any party suffering inconvenience, financial or loss of livelihood due to being moved to accommodate the works, principally the laying of buried pipelines. For each of the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in accordance with a general rule defining mitigation criteria as: 1. Avoidance of major impacts: major impacts are generally considered unacceptable, ones that would endure in the long-term or extend over a large area; 2. Reduction of major and moderate impacts to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) by planning, designing and controlling mitigation measures. This implies that mitigation measures will be applied until the limitations of cost effectiveness and practical application have been reached. The limitations are established by international practice; 3. Implementation of good practices for impacts rated as minor, in order to ensure that impacts are managed within good reason. Generally, mitigation measures have been applied in the design of the project, through a hierarchy as described above. Similar considerations, in the context of ALARP, will apply to the ongoing development of the mitigation measures during detailed design. There will only be localized short-term impacts during construction due to the implementation of the civil works. Impacts have been addressed at the design stage by choosing engineering solutions that, as far as is possible, minimize the impacts during construction. During the operational phase the project will deliver the intended benefits whilst the infrastructure will be hidden from view below ground. The impacts which could not be eliminated by the design, mostly impacts during construction, will be reduced or eliminated by mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the ESMP. These construction related impacts can be mitigated by (i) the contractors’ work practices, especially those related to maintenance of access, methods of trench excavation, the storage of construction materials and cleanliness of the work sites; (ii) cooperation by the local authorities with the contractor in terms of traffic management and use of public space and utilities; (iii) project West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report management’s strict enforcement of the correct construction practices and standards; (iv) the incorporation of the mitigation measures identified in the ESIA into the bid documents and specifications; (v) public awareness including liaison at ward level shortly in advance of work in each work location; and (vi) close monitoring of the contractor’s implementation of the required mitigation measures. Environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures during project pre-construction, construction and operation phases are described in the following sections. Table 53. Mitigation of impacts related to rehabilitation of construction of pipeline. Project component: Pipeline and reservoirs/storage tanks Construction phase Impact type Description of mitigation measures Air pollution • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Use standard fuel and lubricants. • Avoid unnecessary car idling and switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use • Sprinkle water to work areas to reduce and prevent dust during dry weather periods. • Clean access routes in surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. • Collect and hold cleaning wastes (e.g. rags) in appropriate containers. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work in dusty workplaces should be provided with nose and ear masks to protect them from excessive dust. Noise pollution • Minimise noise according to NEMA, Kenyan standards and World Bank guidelines. • Control noise and vibration on site. • Work programmes should be provided to local communities (e.g. through the local radio (FM) stations) and strictly followed. • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. • Switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work with noise generating equipment, e.g. earthmoving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised to put them on. Water and soil pollution • No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into surface water bodies, e.g. Mkono ya Bahari. • The contractor following the guidelines for management of materials and wastes during construction and operation should take care of preventing the project from damaging the surface water bodies. • Hold and store cleaning wastes in appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. • Vehicles should preferably be parked on paved platforms. • Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). Soil erosion and • Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after contamination refilling of trenches, to enable natural re-vegetation. • The Contractor(s) should present procedures for, and ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from any accidental or structural contamination. These include: • Storing all hazardous, sanitary and cleaning wastes in facilities approved by NEMA. • Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. • Strict enforcement and monitoring standard procedures for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). • Placing strong drums for oil storage on impermeable floors in the stores. • Parking vehicles on paved platforms whenever possible. • Ensuring that sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). • Isolating contaminated soil and treating /disposing it off in a way that will depend on the contaminant type. Solid waste generation • The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should contain: • An inventory of the types and quantities of waste to be produced. • The most appropriate waste management approach for each type of waste including details on (temporary) storage, transport and final destination of the waste. • An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and non-reusable) types of wastes. • The Contractor should maintain records of types, quantities, origin, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/reuse of solid waste, and make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. • Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. • Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material and should be contained after excavation. • Provisional material storage on site should be designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. • Use licensed recycling companies to externally recycle, recover or dispose of waste. Impacts on flora and fauna • Zone out working areas to reduce ecological destruction, • Restore disturbed natural sites through environmental rehabilitation; restoring top soils and (re-)introduce genetic West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. Public Safety • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. • Implement appropriate traffic plans with the help of local police when (partial) closure of roads is required. Public health problems • Fill up all depressions to avoid pools of stagnant water may form Including increased in pits, holes and excavated ditches which can create suitable vehicular traffic habitats for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. • Inform local communities about the construction programme in advance. • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. • Use reflective signature to direct traffic to designated areas. • Use flag men/women to give directions to traffic. • Sensitise drivers to observe speed limits Raw material use • Consider environmental performance of suppliers of raw material in the selection process. • Explore ways of reducing raw material use. • Special emphasis should be made on raw materials that may be reused and/or recycled/recovered Occupational health and • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), especially safety in the night have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Carry out training of staff in EH&S monitoring and evaluation. • The contractor should recruit H&S person during construction. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. Disturbance and • Inform local communities about the construction programme in interruption advance and adhere to it. of commercial and social • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities activities in advance. • Clean and maintain access roads in the neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. • Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. • Carry out work under mild weather; avoid strong rains or winds. • Reduce obstruction of access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. • Protect any items and/or sites of archaeological or cultural value discovered during works with the aid of the appropriate authorities. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Where livelihoods and property are affected, valuation and prompt compensation be undertaken for the PAPs Disruption of social order • Sensitise all workers to ensure awareness of and sensitivity to the and prevention of HIV/AIDS local cultures, traditions and lifestyles, and other sexually • Implement the HIV/AIDS impact mitigation plan that will involve transmitted diseases providing a comprehensive range of services including the identification of possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post-counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV/AIDS occupational exposure policies. Visual amenities • Do not pile excavated soil to form high stockpiles for long durations, • Clean up the site upon completion of the work. Table 54. Mitigation of impacts related to operation of pipeline Project component: Pipeline and reservoirs/storage tanks Operation phase Impact type Description of mitigation measures Air pollution • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Use standard fuel and lubricants. • Avoid unnecessary car idling and switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use • Sprinkle water to work areas to reduce and prevent dust during dry weather periods. • Clean access routes in surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. • Collect and hold cleaning wastes (e.g. rags) in appropriate containers. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work in dusty workplaces should be provided with nose and ear masks to protect them from excessive dust. Noise pollution • Minimise noise according to NEMA, Kenyan standards and World Bank guidelines. • Control noise and vibration on site. • Work programmes should be provided to local communities (e.g. through the local radio (FM) stations) and strictly followed. • Maintain vehicle and equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications. • Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. • Switch off engines of vehicles and machinery while not in use. • Workers who may unavoidably have to work with noise generating equipment, e.g. earthmoving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised to put them on. Water and soil pollution • No solid waste, fuels or oils should be discharged into surface water bodies, e.g. Mkono ya Bahari. • The contractor following the guidelines for management of materials and wastes during construction and operation should West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report take care of preventing the project from damaging the surface water bodies. • Hold and store cleaning wastes in appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. • Vehicles should preferably be parked on paved platforms. • Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. • Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). Soil erosion and • Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after contamination refilling of trenches, to enable natural re-vegetation. • The Contractor(s) should present procedures for, and ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from any accidental or structural contamination. These include: • Storing all hazardous, sanitary and cleaning wastes in facilities approved by NEMA. • Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. • Strict enforcement and monitoring standard procedures for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). • Placing strong drums for oil storage on impermeable floors in the stores. • Parking vehicles on paved platforms whenever possible. • Ensuring that sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). • Isolating contaminated soil and treating /disposing it off in a way that will depend on the contaminant type. Solid waste generation • The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should contain: • An inventory of the types and quantities of waste to be produced. • The most appropriate waste management approach for each type of waste including details on (temporary) storage, transport and final destination of the waste. • An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and non-reusable) types of wastes. • The Contractor should maintain records of types, quantities, origin, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/reuse of solid waste, and make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. • Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. • Excavated soils should be reused as much as possible as filling material and should be contained after excavation. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Provisional material storage on site should be designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. • Use licensed recycling companies to externally recycle, recover or dispose of waste. Impacts on flora and fauna • Zone out working areas to reduce ecological destruction, • Restore disturbed natural sites through environmental rehabilitation; restoring top soils and (re-)introduce genetic species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. Public Safety • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. • Implement appropriate traffic plans with the help of local police when (partial) closure of roads is required. Public health problems • Fill up all depressions to avoid pools of stagnant water may form Including increased in pits, holes and excavated ditches which can create suitable vehicular traffic habitats for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. • Inform local communities about the construction programme in advance. • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. • Use reflective signature to direct traffic to designated areas. • Use flag men/women to give directions to traffic. • Sensitise drivers to observe speed limits Raw material use • Consider environmental performance of suppliers of raw material in the selection process. • Explore ways of reducing raw material use. • Special emphasis should be made on raw materials that may be reused and/or recycled/recovered Occupational health and • Ensure that work sites (especially excavation works), especially safety in the night have proper protection with clear marking of safety borders and signals and fence off all dangerous areas. • Carry out training of staff in EH&S monitoring and evaluation. • The contractor should recruit H&S person during construction. • Inform neighbours about the construction programme in advance and adhere to it. • Confine access to restricted work sites (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. Disturbance and • Inform local communities about the construction programme in interruption advance and adhere to it. of commercial and social • In case access roads have to be closed, inform local communities activities in advance. • Clean and maintain access roads in the neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. • Carry out work under mild weather; avoid strong rains or winds. • Reduce obstruction of access to and use and occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. • Protect any items and/or sites of archaeological or cultural value discovered during works with the aid of the appropriate authorities. Disruption of social order • Sensitise all workers to ensure awareness of and sensitivity to the and prevention of HIV/AIDS local cultures, traditions and lifestyles, and other sexually • Implement the HIV/AIDS impact mitigation plan that will involve transmitted diseases providing a comprehensive range of services including the identification of possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post-counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV/AIDS occupational exposure policies. Visual amenities • Do not pile excavated soil to form high stockpiles for long durations, • Clean up the site upon completion of the work. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 11.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP The objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are to: • Proposing mitigation measures minimizing the magnitude of impact generation due to project implementation; • Recommending measures which will reduce each environmental and social impact considered to be significant enough to require a degree of control; • Comply with all the environmental laws and regulations of the GOK and World Bank safeguards policies; Develop a monitoring plan which will: • Establish baseline conditions for comparison purposes; • Monitor the performance of the Project and effectiveness of mitigation measures; • Determine compliance with regulatory framework; and • Provide for remedial actions in cases where monitoring identifies a shortfall in targets for which corrective action is possible; • Achieve sustainable and environmentally and socially acceptable development interventions for the WMWS Project; and • Inform KWSCRP/PMU, MOWASSCO and the contractors on environmental management strategies. In order to achieve the above objectives, the following have been taken into account during the formulation of the ESMP: • Outlining measures to be adopted in project planning and design to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on the environment and affected communities, • Formulating specific mitigation measures to avoid or minimize the adverse impacts of pre- construction, construction, and post-construction phases of the Project; • Preparing a plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and their effectiveness in combating the adverse impacts; and • Establishing an institutional mechanism for ESMP implementation, monitoring, and reporting. 11.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES The WMWSP Project will be implemented through a number of sub-projects with the broad objectives to: • Promote equity in service provision, increase financial self-sufficiency of the MOWASSCO; and support economic growth by assuring the water supply provision achieves economies and efficiencies to deliver services to current and future consumers (domestic and industrial) in a reliable and cost-effective manner. Construction activities will inevitably result in increased noise and potential air and water pollution during the limited period required to execute the works at any one location. Further waste materials from the works will need to be disposed which may have adverse impacts on the environment. The actual levels of impact will depend on the nature and type of the construction activity to be performed. Works also have a high risk of impact variously by obstruction of access, disruption to traffic, amongst others and especially within many areas of West Mainland. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report The proposed construction, rehabilitation and replacement works are limited to the existing way leaves with only minor and local deviations, principally to eliminate or mitigate negative impacts. However, in places the existing way leave is heavily encroached by informal and illegal settlement generally in the form of temporary structures erected by illegal traders. The requirement to excavate trenches and pipes in the road reserve in the shoulder or within the carriageway width for minor roads without shoulders mean that resettlement of encroachers is a major component of the Project. Encroachers are entitled to fair and adequate compensation for the losses they incur according to OP. 4.12, even though they had no right to encroach in the first place. 11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPECIFICATIONS The Project contract documents will specify that the construction works contractors and MOWASSCO will implement the ESMP. The KWSCRP/NPMU will monitor the implementation of the ESMP. In order to facilitate the implementation process during the construction phase, environmental and social safeguard specifications which are harmonized with the ESMP have been incorporated into the Contract Document for the Works. The PRE-will take the role of Engineer for construction supervision and therefore the day to day enforcement of the environmental and social safeguards. 11.4 COST OF MITIGATION MEASURES An allowance for environmental and social mitigation measures has been included in all cost estimates. Furthermore, incorporation of mitigation measures into the project designs has been part of the design process and is included in the design cost itself. The costs are incorporated into the Bill of Quantities work items for the estimates and for the unit rates which must be inserted by the bidding contractors. Therefore, the mitigation action to be implemented during the construction phase will be part of the construction activities and the costs are included in the construction costs. 11.5 ESMP The ESMP is presented in tabulated form at Appendix B. It is divided into the three project Phases: 1. Design; 2. Construction; and 3. Operation. 11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN 11.6.1 Requirements Environmental and social monitoring is an essential component of the ESMP. It is necessary in order to ascertain whether the mitigation measures are implemented properly and whether the implemented measures are capable of mitigating the adverse impacts as intended. Environmental and social monitoring is mainly compliance and impact monitoring; this includes compliance with the conditions stipulated in the decision letter from NEMA granting approval for the project, but also compliance with World Bank safeguards policies. The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) provides the general guidance on the monitoring requirements of the ESMP. Monitoring will be implemented during construction and operational phases of the project. Monitoring will focus on the actual implementation of the mitigation measures contained in the ESMP and the status of compliance with the World Bank safeguards policies. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 11.6.2 The ESMoP The ESMoP is presented in table 12 below and describes for specific potential impacts the methods to be used for environmental and social monitoring, specifically for each: 1. Parameters to be monitored; 2. Target standards; 3. Monitoring method; 4. Monitoring locations; 5. Frequency of monitoring; 6. Cost (budget head); and 7. Responsibility for oversight. The following specific potential impacts are included in the ESMoP: For the construction phase: 1. Soil erosion; 2. Soil contamination; 3. Surface water pollution; 4. Air and dust pollution; 5. Noise; 6. Use of hazardous materials; 7. Vehicle and pedestrian safety; 8. Community health and safety 9. Occupational health and safety; and 10. Worker welfare; For the operational phase: 1. Soil erosion; 2. Soil contamination; 3. Surface water pollution; 4. Air and dust pollution; 5. Noise; 6. Use of hazardous materials; 7. Vehicle and pedestrian safety; 8. Community health and safety 9. Occupational health and safety; and 10. Worker welfare; 11.6.3 Conduct of the plan The ESMoP will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected human health and the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. 11.6.4 Post-Assessment Environmental Audits KWSCRP/PMU will conform to NEMA requirements and will apply international principles (ISO19011) to conduct environmental and social audits. These include: 1. Ethical conduct; 2. Fair presentation; 3. Due professional care; 4. Independence; and 5. Evidence-based approach. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report These will be applied during audit process, the systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence (what is actually occurring or has occurred: based on observations, verifiable records reviewed or interviews with people to generate objective evidence) and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria (NEMA regulatory requirements as stipulated by World Bank safeguards policies; all these reflected in mitigation measures in ESMPs) are fulfilled. NEMA’s EIA/EA regulations (2003) require that there shall be undertaken an environmental audit of the project within a period of not less than twelve months and not more than thirty-six months after the completion of the project or the commencement of its operations, whichever is earlier. However, NEMA may ask the developer to undertake an environmental audit at any time for any purpose. The environmental audit must be carried out by qualified persons from those who prepared the environmental impact statement and where this is not possible, by persons whose names and qualifications have been approved by NEMA for the purpose. NEMA may, after the environmental audit, require KWSCRP to carry out specified remedial actions and further audits at such times as the NEMA considers necessary. An environmental audit report shall be prepared after each audit and shall be submitted to the NEMA by KWSCRP/NPMU within such time as the NEMA may determine. An NEMA inspector may at all reasonable times enter upon any land, premises or other facility related to the WMWS Project to undertake investigations relating to the implementation of any condition or measure to be taken following an environmental audit. The inspector may examine and make copies of records and exercise all or any of powers provided for under the regulations. 11.6.5 KWSCRP/PMU The KWSCRP through the KWSCRP/PMU shall provide oversight function to ensure the environmental and social safeguards requirements of the World Bank are complied with. It shall require compliance monitoring reports from MOWASSCO and contractor and may choose to regulate disbursements of funds through these documents. It may elect to commission an external monitoring agency to provide technical assistance and interpretation of results. The KWSCRP/NPMU will also conduct its own field verification at any time during the construction period. 11.6.6 Contractors The contractors shall be responsible for the actual implementation of the project ensuring its performance meets the required standards and quality of workmanship. The contractors shall be required to prepare and submit Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP) consistent with the project ESMP. In addition, the Contractor shall ensure that employment opportunities are maximized for qualified local residents (both male and female) and those employees receive monetary compensation consistent with the employment laws of Kenya. The contractor monthly reporting requirements shall include an environmental and social safeguards section for verification by the Project Resident Engineer (PRE), MOWASSCO, CGM and KWSCRP/PMU. The Contractor shall likewise immediately address environmental and social concerns brought to its attention by concerned stakeholders. Corrective measures shall be to the satisfaction of the stakeholders concerned. 11.6.7 Contractor’s ESMP (CESMP) The requirement to prepare the CESMP is included in the Technical Specifications of the Bidding West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Documents. Specifications for the CESMP and Health and Safety Plan are included in the Bidding Documents. 11.7 RESPONSIBILITIES 11.7.1 General View Precautions to ensure that damages to the environment are minimized calls for a concerted effort from the project management, the Contractor(s) and all stakeholders. The Resident Engineer is expected to discuss and convey the contents of this management plan, recommended mitigation/interventions outlined under the impact, instructions from National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) as well as the wishes of the affected stakeholders to the Contractor and construction workers for integration in the construction process. The County NEMA Office will also be involved to take advantage of the valuable information on the environmental trends in the area. Some stakeholders might find the road construction period an inconvenience to their daily activities and safety, though the opinion on the long-term benefits from the road project is positive. In this regard, they will need to be involved in the project monitoring framework through good relations between the contractor and the stakeholders and through timely information on the construction schedules, duration of construction works, potential interference with their daily activities and other issues arising. This will also help in resolving of problems related to construction and prevention of possible social conflicts associated with the project. Communication channels should always be open to ensure proper and timely responses to any complaints that may arise from the road project. Specific responsibilities will be as follows 11.7.2 MOWASSCO Responsibility The Environmental and Social division at MOWASSCO will facilitate compliance of the with environmental regulations. The office will advise on the projects on compliance and is also a direct liaison with NEMA. Projects concerns will reach this office directly or through the supervisor while on the other, NEMA (or any other environmental stakeholder) is expected to address the project related issues through the same office. The office, therefore, is expected to be well informed of all project related issues at all times. MOWASSCO specifically will be represented on the ground by the Supervising Contractor for the day to day operations and engagements. However, the office will be expected to have a direct representation during monthly progress/site meetings and other consultative forums. 11.7.3 NEMA Functions The government established the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) as the supreme regulatory and advisory bodies on environmental management in Kenya under EMCA 1999. NEMA is charged with the responsibility of coordinating and supervising the various environmental management activities being undertaken by other statutory organs. NEMA also ensures that environmental management is integrated into development policies, programmes, plans and projects. 11.7.4 Project Implementation Responsibilities KWSCRP has established a NPMU in the coast region and a Project Implementation Unit comprising of MOWASSCO, County Government of Mombasa and KWSCRP has been established with implementation structure that has clear provisions for environmental and social integration. An ideal structural works has the following components; West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 11.7.5 Contractor The contractor is required to establish an environmental office to continuously advise on environmental components of the project implementation. Elements in the environmental and social management plan are expected to be integrated in the project with appropriate consultations with MOWASSCO through the supervising environmental expert. The environmental officer of the contractor is also expected to full understand the engineering and management aspects of the project for effective coordination of relevant issues. In addition, the Contractor is also expected to bring on board a Sociologist (full time or part-time) to provide a communication link with the communities and other stakeholders. However, Project Manager and the Operations Manager will require to be informed on the environmental and social status for ease of facilitation. 11.7.6 Supervisor The supervisor is engaged by KWSCRP/MOWS (as the project client) to ensure effective implementation of the environmental management plan. It is expected that supervisor engages the services of an environmental expert who should in return understand the details and more of the environmental recommendations and especially the proposed action plans, timeframes and expected targets of the management plan. The supervisor environmental expert should be the liaison person between the contractor and MOWASSCO on the implementation of environmental concerns as well as issues of social nature associated with the project. The Supervision (through the Resident Engineer) will also ensure social expert inputs and support in addressing emerging concerns from the communities and the stakeholders including; (i) Complaints on environmental pollution, safety, noise, etc., (ii) Land acquisition issues, (iii) Employment and recruitment process (iv) Cultural interactions (v) Security aspects 11.7.7 Community Liaison Committees Affected communities living along the pipeline corridor will be asked to form Community Liaison Committees to collaborate with the Project Management on issues of concern to the people. The Committees to be established under the County Commissioners’ office in both Counties (Assistant County Commissioners and the Areas Chiefs) will provide the administrative support for the Committees. Members of the Committees will be drawn from a cross action of the community such as to include local leaders (village elders), landowners, institutions, business people, vulnerable groups, youth, etc. The Committee will comprise of a Chair and a Secretary and will be open a file with the Resident Engineer and the Contractor. Main focus of the Committee will be on; (i) Land acquisition issues, (ii) Health and safety (iii) Pressure on resources and amenities (iv) Environmental quality including noise and air quality, (v) Access passages and drainage channels blockages. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Table 55. Environmental and Social Management Plan PHASE/ POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY/BUDG MONITORING IMPACT TYPE INDICATOR ET INSTITUTION Construction Phase (waterworks, construction of reservoirs, storage tanks) A1. Air pollution Emissions from vehicles A1-1: Maintain vehicle and -Record of repairs Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and and construction equipment according to -Fuels and lubricants Supervising Engineer equipment. manufactures’ specifications. conforming to A1-2: Use standard fuel and specifications lubricants. A1-3: Sprinkle water to work -Record of water Contractor Ditto areas to reduce and prevent sprinkling dust during dry weather periods. A1-4: Clean access routes in Record of cleaning Contractor Ditto surrounding area on a daily basis to prevent dust. A1-5: Collect and hold -Designated sanitary Contractor Ditto sanitary and cleaning wastes containers in appropriate container. A1-6: Workers who may -PPEs Distribution Contractor Ditto unavoidably have to work in list/stores, percentage of dusty workplaces should be workers using nose and provided with nose and ear ear masks masks to protect them from excessive dust. A2. Noise pollution Intermittent noise from A2-1: Minimize noise -Noise making Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and vehicles and equipment according to NEMA, Kenya machines/equipment Supervising Engineer to sensitive receptors standards and World Bank fitted with mufflers guidelines. -Record of noise A2-2: Control noise and measurements vibration on site. A2-3: Install adequate noise prevention devices, e.g. mufflers on noise generating sources. A2-4: Maintain vehicle and -Record of vehicle and Contractor Ditto equipment according to equipment maintenance manufactures‟ specifications. A2-5: Switch off engines of -Equipment log sheets Contractor Ditto vehicles and machinery while not in use. A2-6: Provide information to -Receipts from radio Contractor Ditto the local communities (e.g. stations for through the local system or announcements made West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report local radio (FM) stations) with regard to work programme, and strict adherence to such. A2-7: Workers who may -Store of PPEs including Contractor Ditto unavoidably have to work nose and ear masks with noise generating equipment, e.g. earth-moving equipment should be provided with ear plugs and advised/monitored to put them on. A3 Water pollution Water pollution from A3-1: Contain solid wastes so -Monitoring reports on Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and waste, dredging that no solid waste, fuels or status of waste Supervising Engineer activities, accidental oils should be discharged into management spillage of fuel, surface water bodies. lubricants, sediment run- A3-3: Hold and store sanitary -Designated sanitary Contractor off and cleaning wastes in containers appropriate containers to be disposed of at approved sites. A3-4: Park vehicles -Monitoring reports on Contractor preferably on paved parking of vehicles and platforms status of fuel storages A3-5: Fuel storages should not leak, and should be periodically monitored, and repaired or replaced when necessary. A3-6: Sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved). A3-7: Maintain fuel and clean vehicles and equipment at workshops/sites with adequate leakage prevention (e.g. impermeable surface, settlers and oil separator). A-3-8. Cover backfill material when not used as backfill on same day; stop works when there is extreme rains leading to flooding; A4 Soil erosion and A4-1: Carry out work under -Stockpiles of topsoil Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and contamination mild weather (not strong rains -Written down soil Supervising Engineer or winds). protection measures West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A4-2: Contaminated soil and record of should be isolated and implementation treated/disposed of in a way that will depend on the -Results of chemical contaminant type. analysis of treated soils A4-3: Remove and store topsoil in separate piles and reinstate after refilling of trenches, to enable natural revegetation. Cover backfill material when not used as backfill on same day; stop works when there is extreme rains leading to flooding; A4-4: Storing all hazardous, -Monitoring reports, Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and sanitary and cleaning wastes -Operational store Supervising Engineer in facilities approved by NEMA. A4-5: Installing leak-proof fuel storages on concrete platform with gutters and grease separators, which are monitored periodically and repaired or replaced when required. A4-6: Strictly enforce and -Monitoring reports Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and monitor standard procedures Supervising Engineer for storing and handling hazardous wastes and raw material (e.g. fuel or chemicals). A4-7: Place strong drums for -Designated sanitary Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and oil storage on impermeable containers Supervising Engineer floors in the stores. A4-8: Provide appropriate hoses for refuelling of pumps and vehicles. A4-9: Parking vehicles on -Monitoring reports on Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and paved platforms whenever parking of vehicles and Supervising Engineer possible status of fuel storages A4-10: Sites for cleaning, fuelling and maintaining equipment and vehicles should be able to prevent leakage (e.g. paved or with settlers). West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A4-11: Treat wastewater from -Reports on water Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and maintenance workshops in oil quality analyses Supervising Engineer separators before discharge to sewers. A5: Solid waste generation Cleared vegetation may A5-1: The Contractor should -Written down Solid Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and compromise aesthetic prepare a Solid Waste Waste Management Plan Supervising Engineer value of the sites; Management Plan, as (SWMP) and described this report. Implementation schedule A5-2: The contractor should -Records of types of Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and maintain records of types, wastes generated, Supervising Engineer quantities, origin, (temporary) transport and delivery storage, transport and to gazette sites elimination/reuse of solid waste A5-3: Any waste including excess soil should be disposed of at gazetted sites. The solid waste shall not accumulate on site, to cause odour, fly, or rodent problems. A5-4: Excavated soils should -No visible soil stockpiles Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and be reused as much as -Depressions filled Supervising Engineer possible as filling material A5-5: Provisional material -Sealed storage Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and storage on site should be containers on site Supervising Engineer designed and undertaken in such a way as to ensure that soils and underground water are not polluted. A5-6: Use licensed recycling -Contracts with licensed Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and companies to externally waste Supervising Engineer collect and recycle, recover disposal/recycling firms or dispose off waste A6: Impacts on flora and fauna Plants and associated A6-1: Zone out working areas -Zoned out areas Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and fauna may be affected to reduce ecological Supervising Engineer destruction. A6-2: Agree with and -Written agreement with Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and compensate owners of fruit the owners and indication Supervising Engineer and commercial trees the amount of money to paid for the compensation of the trees. A6-3: Restore disturbed -Disturbed sites restored Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and natural sites through after well completion Supervising Engineer environmental rehabilitation; West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report restoring top soils and (re- )introduce genetic species similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. A7: Public Safety Excavations, and A7-1: Ensure that work sites -Demarcated work sites Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and transportation of (especially excavation and signals Supervising Engineer equipment, site workers works), have proper and debris and protection with clear marking movement of heavy of safety borders and signals equipment may pose a and fence off all dangerous safety risk to the general areas public A7-2: Inform communities -Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and about the construction neighbouring Supervising Engineer programme in advance communities -Receipts from radio stations for announcement A7-3: Confine access to -Security guards to restrict Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and restricted work sites access Supervising Engineer (including those with operation of mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. A7-4: Implement appropriate -A Traffic Management Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and traffic plans with the help of Plan Supervising Engineer local police when (partial) closure of roads is required A8: Raw material use Quantities of A8-1: Consider -List of suppliers for raw Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and construction material will environmental materials Supervising Engineer be involved, for example, performance of suppliers of cement, steel, oil fuel, raw material in the selection -Records of raw materials pipe materials (e.g. PVC, process. used uPVC, concrete and/or steel). A8-2: Explore ways of reducing raw material use. Also, large quantities of local materials, e.g. A8-3: Special emphasis sand, gravel will be should be made on raw involved. If not well materials that may be reused stored and utilized, as and/or recycled/recovered. well as instituting management measures for waste materials, they can contaminate the environment West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A9: Public health problems Pools of stagnant water A9-1: Fill up all depressions -All excavated potential Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and may form in pits, holes to avoid pools of stagnant depressions re-instated, Supervising Engineer and excavated ditches water that may form in pits, filled and re-vegetated. which can create holes and excavated ditches suitable habitats for which can create suitable insect disease vectors habitats for insect disease such as mosquitoes. vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. People may fall in ditches A9-2: Mark all dangerous -All dangerous areas Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and and be injured areas and fence them off. fenced off and warning Supervising Engineer A9-3: Restrict access to work signs areas by unauthorized -Written communication to persons Neighbouring communities -Security guards to restrict access A10: Exposure of workers to A10-1: Ensure that work sites -Written down Health and Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and Occupational health and safety occupational health and (especially excavation Safety Management Plan Supervising Engineer safety hazards from works), especially in the night (HSMP) including the activities such as: have proper protection with suggested mitigation excavations; working clear marking of safety measures with a HSMP with heavy equipment; borders and signals and Committee to oversee its working under noisy fence off all dangerous areas implementation conditions, working in A10-2: Inform riparian Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and confined spaces; lifting of neighbours about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer heavy objects; storage, construction programme in communities handling and use of advance. -Receipts from radio hazardous stations for substances and wastes. announcement A10-3: Confine access to -Presence of security Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and restricted work sites guards Supervising Engineer (including those with operation mechanical and electric equipment) to persons with permits. A10-4: Train MOWASSCO -Presence of trained staff Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and staff and contractor in E&S Supervising Engineer staff in Environment and Safety A11: Increased vehicular traffic Increase in the likelihood A11-1: Inform local Written communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and of accidents within and communities about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer around the vicinity of construction programme in communities works area. advance. -Receipts from radio stations for A11-2: In case access roads announcements have to be closed, inform local communities and road users in advance. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A11-3: Use reflective -Traffic Management Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and signature to direct traffic to Plan (TMP) in place Supervising Engineer designated areas. -Record of vehicular A11-4: Use flag men to give accidents and incidents directions to traffic. A11-5: Install speed reduction humps at crossings of many people, e.g. at a school, market. A11-6: Sensitize drivers to Sensitization reports observe speed limits A12: Visual amenities Construction sites, if not A12-1. Do not pile excavated Cleared and restored site Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and well managed, have soil to form high stockpiles for Supervising Engineer impacts on aesthetics of long durations, the surroundings with the possibility to affect the neighbouring residents. A12-2: Clean up the site upon completion of the work. A13: Interference with A13-1: Inform local -Communication to Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and Disturbance and interruption of commercial and social communities about the neighbouring Supervising Engineer commercial and social activities construction programme in communities activities advance. - Presence of access roads A13-2: In case access roads have to be closed, inform - Refer also to TMP local communities in advance. A11-3 to A11-5 - Record of protection A13-3: Clean and maintain and/or compensation of access roads in the items of cultural values neighbourhood of earth and sand on a daily basis. A13-4: Provide temporary access ways with the approval of local authorities where access roads are closed. A13-5: Carry out work under mild weather (not strong rains or winds). A13-6: Reduce obstruction of access to and use and West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report occupation of roads, footpaths and bridges. A13-7: Protect any items and/or sites of archaeological or cultural value (e.g. private graveyards) discovered during works with the aid of the appropriate authorities. Disruption of social order Influx of people in the A14-1: Sensitize all workers Record of sensitization Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and area may affect the local to ensure awareness of and sessions Supervising Engineer economy, cause sensitivity to the local alteration of culture and cultures, traditions and introduce behavioural lifestyles, changes A14-2: Implement the HIV/AIDS impact mitigation plan that will involve providing a comprehensive range of services. A14-3: HIV/AIDS Receipts Contractor NEMA, KWSCRP and sensitisation, identification of Supervising Engineer possible HIV/AIDS cases, testing with pre- and post- counselling, the treatment of associated infections, referral of appropriate cases, education to promote better quality of life and promotion of precautions, provision of condoms and the application of HIV occupational exposure policies (this applies to the whole project cycle). Operation and Maintenance B1: Air pollution Emissions from B1-1: Same as in Logs of maintenance MOWASSCO NEMA generators construction phase schedules B2: Noise pollution Intermittent noise from B2-1: Same as in Logs of maintenance MOWASSCO NEMA generators construction phase, schedules B3: Solid waste generation Little amounts of wastes B4-1: Same as in SWMP in place and MOWASSCO NEMA generated during construction phase, implemented, neat maintenance premises B4: Impacts on flora and fauna Little or no impact of flora B5-1: Same as in MOWASSCO NEMA and fauna construction phase B5: Occupational health and Exposure of workers to B7-1: Same as in Availability of protective MOWASSCO NEMA safety occupational health and construction phase wear, e.g. masks, helmets safety hazards during etc. repair and maintenance West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report B7-2: Sensitize local Use clean water Failure to achieve communities about personal containers for collecting desired public health hygiene and cleanliness of water and home use associated potable water water sources supply Table 56. Environment and Social Monitoring Indicators Project Parameter Indicator Institutional Project Phase Monitoring Activity/Aspect Responsibility Cost Monitoring Frequency Estimates Responsibility (KES) Impact of Flora Visual Inspection Bare soil Contractor Not possible to Construction and Included in Soil Erosion monitor on a operation supervision daily basis. Not scope and costs Project Manager/Supervising possible to Engineer monitor on weekly or bi- weekly basis. Construction is completed in 3-5 days’ time. Sediment run-off Visual Inspection (TSS) Color of surface water run-off Contractor Daily (using Construction and Included in impacting on surface portable hand operation supervision water held water scope and costs. Supervising Engineer meter) Air emissions and TPS,SO2,CO,H2S,CO2, Bad Odour Contractor Daily (using Construction and Included in quality of dust Dust fallout Use of PPE portable hand operation supervision Health and Safety Plan in use held air scope and costs. Record of induction for workers Supervising Engineer emission meter) Active dust suppression Worker and public Visual Inspection Induction training Contractor Daily Construction and Included in safety Incident and accident Safety working procedure Supervising Engineer operation supervision records Shoring and appropriate scope and costs precautions in place West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Occupation Health and Health and safety records OHS Management system Contractor Daily Construction and Included in Safety operation supervision Visual inspection Active and passive monitoring Supervising Engineer Scope and costs Excellent workplace safety culture Risk management Storage of hazardous Spillages MSDS for all store Chemicals Contractor Monthly Construction Included in materials and Visual inspection Functioning storage containers Audit Review supervision chemicals Chemical usage records Supervising Engineer scope and costs Traffic concerns Visual inspection Prepare and implement Traffic Contractor Daily Construction and Included in Management Plan operation supervision scope and costs Banks men shall be used to Supervising Engineer direct vehicle traffic around construction sites and hazards during working hours (Health and Safety Plan). Plan approved by project manager barriers and signage Public Awareness and Grievance management Contractor Monthly Construction and Included in Community records operation supervision perceptions scope and costs Evidence of Occurrence-Event Supervising Engineer report Noise dB(A) Measure included in design Contractor Daily (using Construction and Included in and procurement plans portable hand operation Supervision Supervising Engineer held noise scope and Costs Hearing protection and PPE in meter) use Record of equipment maintenance Soil Erosion Visual inspection Bare soil Contractor Weekly Construction and Included in Soil pillars operation Supervision Supervising Engineer scope and Cost Solid waste Domestic refuse, metallic Documented Approvals for Contractor Daily Construction and Included in management scraps, sludge placement of wastes, operation Supervision Supervising Engineer scope and Costs Comprehensive waste management plan West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 11.8 ESMP IMPLEMENTATION 11.8.1 Project Management Unit The project implementation arrangements have been established under the Ministry of Water and Sanitation where the Principal Secretary has appointed the KWSCRP/National Project Management Unit (NPMU). The core functions of the NPMU will be to coordinate and facilitate fiduciary oversight (procurement and financial management), environmental and social safeguards supervision, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and impact evaluation (IE), annual work programming and budgeting, and reporting. The NPMU is guided by an inter-ministerial Project Steering Committee (PSC) while the oversight function will be rendered by the Ministry of Water and Sanitation. The Project Management Unit (PMU) has 2 full time qualified environmental safeguards specialists who will provide safeguards support on the implementation of the West Mainland Water Supply Project ESMP to ensure compliance and support corrective action The KWSCRP Coast Region Project Management Unit based in Mombasa has a full-time social safeguards officer responsible for ensuring compliance and providing social safeguards support to the KWSCRP in the Coastal region. The social safeguards officer will provide support in the implementation of the ESMP for the WMWSP during the implementation phase. Mombasa County Government and MOWASSCO who are the Project Implementation Unit has an environmental specialist who will be involved in the ESMP implementation. 11.8.2 ESMP Implementation For an effective integration of environmental and social safeguards into the project implementation the Contractor will need to adopt this ESMP and prepare a comprehensive Construction Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) that will provide the key reference point for compliance. The environmental supervision will also adopt the C-ESMP. ESMP implementation into the project implementation will comprise the following; Project Supervision Engineer The Project Supervision Engineer with a qualified Environmentalist and Social Expert will be charged with the responsibilities of supervision, review of site reports, preparation of monthly progress reports, prepare and issue appropriate instructions to the Contractor and monitor ESMP implementation. To achieve this, the Consultant team will comprise the following professional key staff cadres. a) Resident Engineer (1No.) b) Administrator (1No.) c) Environmentalist Specialist (1No.) d) Sociologist (1No.) 11.8.3 Contractor The Contractor will ensure that the established safeguards are integrated and implemented throughout the project works as per the C-ESMP. The Contractor will internalize the ESMP/C- ESMP, prepare monthly progress reports and implement instructions issued by the Supervision Consultant. The Contractor will also undertake ESIA Studies for sites outside the project zone and seek appropriate NEMA Licenses. The Contractor, therefore, will engage qualified Environmentalist and Social Experts on full time basis to interpret the C-ESMP and advice on the West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report implementation of the same, as well to the Counterpart Personnel for the Supervision Expert. The full Contractor’s Team will comprise of the following key staff cadres as specified in the Bidding Document. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is responsible for ensuring environmental compliance in the country and has an office in Mombasa County with staffing who will further ensure that the WMWSP-ESMP is implemented as part of their mandate, functions and responsibilities. NEMA will undertake surveillance on the project implementation and review compliance performance based on the supervision monitoring reports. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 12.0 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM Grievance redressal is a critical component of effective ESMP implementation. The purpose of GRM is to provide a forum to the internal and external stakeholders to voice their concerns, queries and issues with the project. Such a mechanism would provide the stakeholders with one project personnel or one channel through which their queries will be channeled and will ensure timely responses to each query. This will allow for trust to be built amongst the stakeholders and prevent the culmination of small issues into major community unrest. The GRM will be accessible and understandable for all stakeholders in the project and for the entire project life. The GRM will be communicated to all relevant stakeholders and will also be applicable for any contractor that will occupy and/or use land during the construction and operations phase. WBG standards require Grievance Mechanisms to provide a structured way of receiving and resolving grievances. Complaints should be addressed promptly using an understandable and transparent process that is culturally appropriate and readily acceptable to all segments of affected communities, and is at no cost and without retribution. The mechanism should be appropriate to the scale of impacts and risks presented by a project and beneficial for both the company and stakeholders. The mechanism must not impede access to other judicial or administrative remedies. This section contains the following: • Grievance definition and categories and GRM principles; • The process of receiving, documenting, addressing and closing grievances. 12.1 GRIEVANCE DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES As stated earlier, a grievance is a concern or complaint raised by an individual or a group within communities affected by company operations. Both concerns and complaints can result from either real or perceived impacts of a company’s operations, and may be filed in the same manner and handled with the same procedure. Grievances may take the form of specific complaints for actual damages or injury, general concerns about project activities, incidents and impacts or perceived impacts. Based on the understanding of the project area and the stakeholders, an indicative list of the types of grievances have been identified for the project, as can be seen below: - Internal Grievances: Grievances from Employees (including both direct and indirect employees, including local workers and migrant workers through contractors): • Complaints pertaining to amount of wage, salary, other remuneration or benefits as per Company’s Human Resource policy; • Timely disbursement of remuneration; • Gender discrimination; • Issues related to workers organization. • Labour Accommodation • Health and Safety issues • Extended working hours External Grievances: • Issues related to transportation and traffic; West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Increase in environment pollution; • Impact on community health; • Disturbances to locals due to influx of migrant workers in the area; • Issues arising out of sharing of employment and business opportunity; • Concerns over the impact on local cultures and customs; and The list of grievances will be regularly updated as and when the new one arises. 12.1.1 INTERNAL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM The process to be followed for the redressal of the internal stakeholder grievances is summarized below. 12.1.1.1 Publicizing and Disclosure of the GRM The GRM will be disclosed to the stakeholders through written and verbal communication. The mediums to be used for this purpose are staff meetings, written communication and one-to-one meetings. Each worker and employee shall be made aware of the GRM in place at the time of joining, as part of the induction process. 12.1.1.2 Receiving and Recording Grievances As part of the GRM, the grievances from the stakeholders or their representatives may be communicated verbally (in person to the respective supervisor or over a telephonic conversation) or in written form (in the form given below). All grievances communicated in any of these mediums shall be recognized and recorded by the supervisor as and when it is expressed. Table 57. Sample Grievance Recording Form GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION CASE No. DATE Name Department/Contractor Name Phone Number West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Details of Grievance Name of Person Recording Grievance Designation of Person Recording Grievance Proposed Date of Response to Grievance Signature of Recording Person Signature of Complainant GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL RESPONSE Date of Redress Decision of GO (Give full details) The project should also put in place suggestion/ complaint boxes at strategic locations across the facility. These suggestion/complaint boxes will be opened at least every week. The employees and workers may drop their grievances in these boxes as well in keeping with the format attached. In case of any worker or employee needs to file an anonymous complaint, s/he shall be allowed to do so by not filling the Name, department, signature and contact information. 12.1.1.3 Maintaining a Grievance Register Each grievance thus received, shall be recorded in a grievance register. The format for the grievance register shall be as follows. Table 58. Sample Grievance Recording Form Date GR Name of Ward/Village Grievance Concerned Name of Present Remarks # Grievant Details Department Recording Status Person This grievance register shall be updated at each stage of the grievance redressal. Once the grievance is recorded in the register, a preliminary analysis shall be undertaken by the grievance officer (preferably HR representative) to ensure that the grievance is within the scope of the GRM. 12.1.1.4 Acknowledgement of Grievance Once the grievance is received, a grievance number shall be allocated and communicated to the grievant. This communication shall also serve as an acknowledgement of the grievance. In case West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report the grievance is assessed to be out of the scope of the GRM, a communication towards the same shall be made to the grievant, and an alternative mode of redressal shall be suggested. As part of this acknowledgement a tentative timeline for the redressal of the grievances shall be identified, in keeping with the process below. This acknowledgement shall be provided on the same day as the grievance is received. 12.1.1.5 Resolution and Closure Allocation of Responsibility Once the grievance is received and recorded, based on the subject and issue, the Grievance Officer shall identify the department, contractor or personnel responsible for resolving the grievance. The Grievance Officer and concerned department shall then undertake an enquiry into the facts and figures relating to the grievance. This shall be aimed at establishing and analyzing the cause of the grievance and subsequently identifying suitable mitigation measures for the same. The analysis of the cause will involve studying various aspects of the grievance such as the employees past history, frequency of the occurrence, management practices, etc. As part of this investigation, the grievance officer may also undertake confidential discussions with the concerned parties to develop a more detailed understanding of the issue at hand. The site investigation shall be completed in no more than 10 working days of receiving the grievance. Resolution, Escalation and Closure Based on the understanding thus developed, the grievance officer, in consultation with the concerned departments, shall identify a suitable resolution to the issue. This resolution shall be accordingly communicated to the grievant within 10 working days of completing the site investigation. In case the issue is beyond the purview of the grievance officer, it should be escalated to the department head or Owner’s Engineer (as appropriate). A communication regarding the same shall be provided to the grievant. The Contractors’ RE shall in turn endeavor to resolve the grievance within 10 working days of the escalation. The Contractors’ RE shall endeavor to resolve the grievance within 10 working days. If, however the Contractors’ RE is not able to identify an adequate resolution for the grievance, then an adequate response shall be given to the grievant along with a suggested alternative resolution to the grievance. If at any stage, the grievant is not satisfied with the solution, s/he may choose to ask for an escalation of the grievance to the next level. 12.1.1.6 Update of Records The records of the grievance register shall be updated every working week with the present status of the grievance. Once the grievance is resolved, and the same has been communicated to the grievant, the grievance shall be closed in the grievance register. The grievance register should also provide an understanding of the manner in which the grievance was resolved. These instances shall then serve as references for any future grievances of similar nature. In case of anonymous complaints, a summary of the grievance and resolution shall be posted on the notice boards and other relevant public places. 12.1.2 EXTERNAL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM The process to be followed for the redressal of the external stakeholder grievances is summarized below. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 12.1.2.1 Publicizing and Disclosure of the GRM The GRM will be disclosed to the stakeholders through written and verbal communication. The mediums to be used for this purpose are public meetings, group discussions, and provisioning of the GRM in the manner outlined in the previous section. The GRM disclosure will be done along with the disclosure of other management plans. 12.1.2.2 Receiving and Recording Grievances As part of the GRM, the grievances from the stakeholder or their representatives may be communicated verbally (in person or over a telephonic conversation) or in written form (in the format given below) to the project representatives or to the GO directly. If the grievance is received directly by the GO or other project representatives, it will be recorded directly into the Grievance Form as soon as the personnel return to site. A sample grievance form is as follows. Table 59. Sample Grievance Recording Form GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION CASE No. DATE Name Department/Contractor Name Phone Number Details of Grievance West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Name of Person Recording Grievance Designation of Person Recording Grievance Proposed Date of Response to Grievance Signature of Recording Person Signature of Complainant GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL RESPONSE Date of Redress Decision of GO (Give full details) All project staff will be informed that they must pass all grievances, communications to the Grievance Officer (discussed in the following section) on site as soon as possible after they are received. Details of the person lodging the grievance shall be noted and passed along with the grievance. The Grievance Officer in turn will communicate all grievances to the Environmental and Social Officers for the contractor or PMU. For assisting the communication of grievances, a register will be maintained at the project office and camp, at which any individual/group can come have their complaint registered. Village leaders and government departments will also be advised to pass any complaints they receive to the site level community liaison officers. 12.1.2.3 Maintaining a Grievance Register Each grievance thus received, shall be recorded in a grievance register. The format for the grievance register shall be as follows. This grievance register shall be updated at each stage of the grievance redressal. Once the grievance is recorded in the register, a preliminary analysis shall be undertaken by the social officer to ensure that the grievance is within the scope of the GRM. 12.1.2.4 Acknowledgment of Grievance Upon the completion of the recording of the grievance, the stakeholder will be provided with an acknowledgment of the receipt, along with a summary of the grievance. Box 12.1 Sample Acknowledgement Receipt for Claimant This receipt is acknowledgement of grievance registration by __________________________________________,resident of village _____________________________________________ on date ______________ His case number is _______________ and the date for response is _________________ Full name & signature of recording person__________________________ In case the grievance is assessed to be out of the scope of the GRM, a communication towards the same shall be made to the grievant, and an alternative mode of redressal shall be suggested. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 12.1.2.5 Site Inspection and Resolution For the purpose of verifying and resolving the grievances received, site inspection may not be required in all the cases. Depending upon the sensitivity of the issue, requirement of a site inspection will be identified. A site inspection will be undertaken by the site level community liaison officers or the project member assigned by the contractor’s Environment and Social officer. The purpose of the site inspection will be to check the validity and severity of the grievance. For this purpose, the personnel may also undertake discussions with the concerned external stakeholder. The inspection will be undertaken within ten days of receiving the grievance. The assigned individual will then work with other relevant members of the Project team to investigate the problem and identify measures to resolve the grievance as appropriate. The personnel to be involved in the grievance resolution shall be dependent upon the nature of the grievance. 12.1.2.6 Resolution, Escalation, and Closure Based on the understanding thus developed, the social manager, in consultation with the concerned departments, shall identify a suitable resolution to the issue. This could involve provision of information to clarify the situation, undertaking measures to remedy actual problems or compensate for any damage that has been caused either by financial compensation or compensation in-kind, and introduction of mitigation measures to prevent recurrence of the problem in the future. This resolution shall be accordingly communicated to the grievant within 10 working days of completing the site investigation. 12.1.2.7 Update of Records The records of the grievance register shall be updated every working week with the present status of the grievance. Once the grievance is resolved, and the same has been communicated to the grievant, the grievance shall be closed in the grievance register. The grievance register should also provide an understanding of the manner in which the grievance was resolved. These instances shall then serve as references for any future grievances of similar nature. 12.1.3 MONITORING OF THE GRM IMPLEMENTATION It is important to monitor GRM to ensure that the grievances are addressed and resolved. The monitoring of the GRM implementation will be undertaken on a monthly basis by the KWSCRP/NPMU. Monitoring will include: • Auditing the implementation of the GRM; • Monitoring the formal and informal consultation activities conducted with the stakeholder groups with respect to GRM; • Tracking feedback received from engagement activities • Recording and tracking commitments made to communities; and • Assessing the efficacy of the engagement activities in terms of the desired outcomes and the participation of the stakeholder groups West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 12.1.4 REPORTING OF THE GRM The performance of the GRM will be reviewed on a quarterly basis during the implementation period. For the purpose of review, the quarterly reports will be considered for analysis and discussion. On the basis of these reports, a Grievance Redressal Report will be prepared. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 13.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMENDATIONS 13.1 SUMMARY There is potential for negative and positive impacts from the Project. Most of the negative impacts can be reduced or eliminated by mitigation. Table 60 summaries the potential impacts which might occur during construction and operation and the residual risk or level of impact after mitigation. The ultimate goal of this ESIA study was to identify impacts resulting from the proposed project that were determined on the basis of the baseline conditions to be established during the field work and information obtained from the documents reviewed. The environmental and social impact assessment study process was designed to provide a view of the environmental and social status and establishment of the diversity on physical environment, social and ecological status in the area. Most of the potential negative impacts are confined to the construction phase. Direct impacts from construction on the physical and socio-economic environment including health and safety and gender issues can be reduced or eliminated, principally by measures taken be the works contractors in compliance with World Bank safeguards policies, extant Kenyan laws and regulations and International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) standard contract provisions but also other measures separate from the construction contract. Physical impacts on property and losses to business can be mitigated and compensated through the RAP processes. The major benefit of the project will be during the operational phase from expanded access to, and improved reliability of, water supply in the West Mainland region of Mombasa Island which will decrease the incidence of water-borne and water-related diseases, generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce non-revenue water in the water supply network. Implementation of the project will result in economic gains at both the micro and macro levels. At the micro level access to reliable water supply will improve the daily life of the population and business. From the macro perspective, annual savings will be realized which, with holistic management, can result in development of social sectors such as health and education. Table 60. Summary of potential impacts and residual risk or impact after mitigation Potential Mitigation Residual risk Potential Mitigation Residual risk impact possible or impact impact possible or impact Topic: Land use Minor Yes Minor Significant in Yes Some land small areas taken Topic: Archaeology and cultural resources Significant if Yes None None Not required None chance finds Topic: Terrestrial ecology and biodiversity Minor Yes Minor None Not required None Topic: Water resources Minor Yes None None Not required None Topic: Fisheries Minor to none Yes None None Not required None West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Topic: Aquatic Ecology Minor to none None None None Not required None Topic: Hydrological regime and flooding Minor None None None Not required None Topic: Water pollution (surface and groundwater) Minor Yes Minor Minor Not required None Topic: Erosion and sediment (land) Minor Yes Minor Minor Yes None Topic Air quality Minor Yes Minor Minor Yes Minor Topic: Odours Minor Yes Minor to none Note required Note required None Topic: Noise and vibration Significant Yes Minor Minor Yes Minor Topic: Rock excavation Minor Yes None None Not required None Topic: Waste and hazardous materials Minor Yes Minor None Not required None Topic: Flora and fauna Minor Yes None None Not required None Topic: Property and business access Minor Yes Locally None Yes None significant Topic: Traffic control Minor Yes Moderate None Yes None Topic: Public safety Minor Yes Minor Minor Yes None Topic: Demolition of property Minor Yes Minor Minor Yes None Topic: Dust Minor Yes Minor Minor Yes None Topic: Resettlement Significant Yes Moderate Minor Yes None Topic: Demographic Minor Yes See operation Moderate None Construction employment temporary Topic: Health Minor Yes Minor Significant None Healthier benefit population Topic: Water, sanitation and solid waste Minor Yes None Significant Yes None benefit Topic: Income, employment and labour Moderate Yes None Moderate lost None Construction positive and employment employment negative temporary Topic: Education Moderate Yes None Moderate None None Benefit Topic: Agriculture West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Minor No None None Not required None Topic: Gender Moderate Yes None None Not required None positive and negative Topic: HIV/AIDS Minor Yes Minor None Yes None Topic: Indigenous groups None None None None None None 13.2 RECOMMENDATIONS The ESIA has identified the following issues with recommendations for follow-up action. ▪ Compensation and resettlement of the project-affected persons (PAPs) will be finalized before commencement of the project to ensure minimal social conflict over the project in future. Land matters are rather sensitive and thorny issues. Acquisition and related compensation aspects should be approached with caution through a well-defined inclusive process involving identification of the true target beneficiaries, awareness creation and political will. Consultations will be undertaken especially with all affected landowners, and household members on the, valuation processes, negotiations and, awards. Within the compensation component, there is also need to develop livelihood restoration programmes to ensure that those moved from their land will be settled near the rest of their clansmen, subject to availability of land. ▪ There is need to undertake capacity building for the local communities so as to enable them to competitively exploit opportunities that arise from construction of the project (employment, supplies, etc.) as well as utilization of their resources. The Government through the Authorities in-charge of water resources should come on board to support the local communities’ access water through established procedures. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 14.0 APPENDIX 14.1 APPENDIX 1-PUBLIC CONSULTATION LIST OF PARTICIPANTS -see separate attachment- West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 14.2 APPENDIX 2-CHANCE FIND PROCEDURES Chance find procedures are an integral part of the project ESMMP and civil works contracts. The following is proposed in this regard: If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: ▪ Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; ▪ Delineate the discovered site or area; Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture take over; Notify the supervisor, Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less); Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture would then be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the National Museums of Kenya. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. Decisions on how to handle the find shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities. Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture concerning safeguard of the heritage. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 14.3 ANNEX 3. PROTOCOL ON HANDLING ASBESTOS Introduction and Risks posed by Asbestos Asbestos is a group of six fibrous minerals that occur naturally in metamorphic deposits located around the world. Of the hydrous magnesium silicate variety, the six types include tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite. Asbestos is a hazardous material with extremely fine fibers and can remain suspended in air for hours. If handled without caution, it may cause serious chronic health problems such as asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. The diseases cause long term serious social, economic and emotional problems. However, if left undisturbed asbestos materials do not pose a health risk. It is for this reason that this ESIA report proposed leaving the asbestos pipes undisturbed however in case the asbestos is accidentally encountered this protocol has been provided to handle and dispose the asbestos. Working around the Asbestos MOWASCO has already undertaken an inventory of all the asbestos pipelines, which is a major step. During Construction works the Contractor will have an inventory of the asbestos pipelines and their location in order to protect the pipes from disturbance. In addition, the Contractor will: • Continuously update the inventory of all asbestos the pipelines; • Notify NEMA on the asbestos pipelines making use of a form available on their website; • Cordon off any workspaces exposed with asbestos; • Provide workers working near exposed asbestos with suitable PPE including respirators, overalls, boots, gloves and eye protection; • Provide health and safety training for all staff working near the asbestos pipes. • Ensure that work is carried out under the supervision of experienced and qualified personnel; • If the asbestos is removed an ESIA will be prepared identifying the potential disposal sites and measures undertaken to protect the environment. Removal of Asbestos If any AC pipes are encountered and exposed during the works, the Contractor will have to remove and dispose the pipes after preparation of an ESIA report. Removal, handling and storage of the pipes will use the following steps: • Wet the asbestos sheets before removal. If asbestos sheets should begin to crack or crumble, immediately wet the cracked or broken areas gently. NB. Breakage releases asbestos fibres. • Remove pieces of asbestos sheets by pulling any fasteners (nails, screws, rivets) or cutting fastener heads so as to minimize breakage. • Carefully lower removed asbestos pipes to the ground. Do not throw or drop it. • Care should be taken not to stand or sit on the asbestos sheets to avoid breakage. • The removed bulky asbestos should be stacked and wrapped, into stacks which can be easily loaded into the transportation vessel, in a plastic sheet of a minimum of 500-gauge double wrapped and secured with tape and labeled. • Any debris (broken pieces) should be collected in a sealed polythene woven bag or any other air tight container. The bags should then be wrapped, into stacks which can be easily loaded into the transportation vessel, in a polythene sheet awaiting final disposal. The bags containing the asbestos pieces should be considered full when half full and should be tightly sealed. • Care should be taken to ensure that sharp pieces do not puncture the bags/ wrappers. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report • Asbestos can only be stored for a short while before disposal at the project with restricted access and interference to prevent further breakage. Transportation • The removed AC pipelines will then be transported to the identified disposal site. The identified transporter should be licensed by NEMA to transport waste and should meet the following requirements: • The waste transporting vessel must be lined with a 500-gauge double wrapped plastic sheet with every seam sealed with a tape and covered. • The transportation vessel should be clearly labeled “DANGER” or “HAZARDOUS MATERIAL” • The bags and stacks should be gently loaded into transportation vessel. • The AC pipes should be transported to a prepared disposal site that is authorized by NEMA. • The vehicle should be thoroughly washed after disposal. Disposal • The disposal site should be licensed by NEMA either public or privately owned, which is located at least 50m all around from any human settlement, fenced off and not interfere with the water table. The following are the disposal procedures: • The depth of the disposal pit shall be as deep as practically possible to accommodate more asbestos waste but at least one (1) metre above water table. • The asbestos should be lowered gently into the disposal site and should not be dropped from any height to avoid breakage. • When all available asbestos has been lowered into the pit, cover with polythene paper followed by 6-inch layer of soil. Continue doing this until the pit is full or the waste is finished. • The pit shall be considered full when the asbestos waste is one meter below the ground level or the asbestos waste is exhausted. • After the pit is full, cover with 500 gauges double wrapped polythene sheet and fill the pit with layer of soil up to the ground level. • The disposal site should be completely fenced off with at least chain link and a lockable gate which shall be locked at all times. The fence should be at least one (1) metre from the edge of the pit. • Warning notices stating “Asbestos hazard area, keep out” shall be placed at the disposal site. These signs, with lettering of minimum 150mm in height, are to be placed so that they are clearly visible. • Following the completion of use of the disposal site, the Contractor will notify NEMA. West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 14.4 APPENDIX 4-SELECTED MAPS -see separate attachment- West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report 14.5 APPENDIX 4-SELECTED PICTURES A section of Public Consultations at Mikindani Area Members of the public participating in the discussions West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report The consultant’s team walking to the site Research Assistants taking the PAPs through the census process West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report Research Assistants taking measurements for a structure that is going to be affected by the project West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report A section of the routing West Mainland Water Supply Project-Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project-ESIA Report