Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Danida Socialist Republic of Vietnam . E-256 VOL. 3 Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project Sanitation Feasibility Study Volume IIIA EIA for Proposed th11"1l; 3111E3_: REVISED ,: r,r.Cb @ A i a KAMPbSAX II1WTERNAYUONA%4L UCAMPOAX In association wffh Soil and Water, Danwasee, Danish Water Suppty'and\Vietnamese consualants--.- , VIWASE and HADECON _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,t u C,,~~~~~~~~~~~ HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IRA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED LANDFILL SITES REVISED IN DECEMBER 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................... 1 1.1 IN1RODUCTION ...................................................................... I 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .. .................................................................... I 1.3 PROJECT AREA .............. 3 1.4 OBJECTIVEs OF THE PROJEC.3 1.6 WASTE COLLECTON .5 1.7 PRELIMINARY DESIGN POR UPGRADING THE EXISTING LANDFILLS AND CONsrRucrIoN OF SANITARY LANDFILLL.6 1. 7.1 Location and Description of the Sites. 6 1. 7.3 Preliminary Design Criteria .10 1.8 CLosONGTtEDumpSrres. .16 2 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND POLICIES . ............... ....................... 18 2.1 VIETNAMESE ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS ....................................................... 18 2.1.1 GeneraL ..18 2.1.2 Lavs And Regulatons on Environmental Impact Assessment . ........... ................... 18 2.1.3 Approval Procedure of E. ...19 2.1.4 Law on Environmental Protection ........................... . 19 2.1.5 Hygienic Regulaionw Affecting Solid Waste Management . .20 2.1.6 Envirtonmental Standards ..21 2.1.7 Municipal Solid Waste Legislation .......................................................23 ....... 23 2.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .......................................................... 23 2.3 WORLD BANK GUIDELiNES .......................................................... 24 3 BASELINE DATA OF PROJECT A_RA . ........ . ....... 2-25 3.1 LOCATION AND ACESSIILy . .. ......................................................... 25 3.2 ATMOSPHERIC EINRONMENTT . ........................ . . 25 3.2.1 Clmatic conditions ................................. ..25 3.2.2 Teperature . . .25 3.2.3 Precipitation, Evaporation and .umidity. . ............................... 25 3.2.4 Winds .......... ::26 3.2.5 Ambient Air Qualty . . .26 3.3 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT . ........................... . 27 3.3.1 HaLongBay ........................... .. 27 3.3.2 River Catchment ............................. 27 3.4 TRsRAL ENVIRONMENT ........................... 28 3.4.1 Geonorphology and Geolgy.. . . 2 3.4.2 Flaora and Fauna. . .28 3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL SETrING . . ........................... 31 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 3.6 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT ........................................................... 31 3.6.1 Population and Socio-Econoniic Environment in Quang Ninh Province ............. ................... 31 3.6.2 Economy .............................................................. 32 3.6.3 Household Economy .............................................................. . 32 3.6.4 Education and Health .............................................................. 32 3.6.5 Socio-economic surve' .............................................................. 33 3.6.6 Characteristics on Population anid Socio-economic Status in Ha Khau ................................... 33 3.6.7 Characteristics on Population and Socio-economic Status in Deo Sen .................................... 34 3.6.8 Chtaracteristics on Populafion and Socio-economic Status in Quang Hanh ............ ................ 36 3.7 MASTER PLAN FOR HALONG Cry 1993 - 2010 ............................................................ 38 4. PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS . . .............................. 39 4.1 MUNICIPALSOLIDWASTr MANACEMFNT .. ................................... - 39 4.1.1 Ha tong City ...................................... 39 4.1.2 CainPla ...................................... 39 4.2 SOLID WASTE GENERATION ..................................... . 40 4.2.1 Total Solid Waste Generation ...................................... 40 4.2.2 Hospital Waste Generation ...................................... 42 4.2.3 Hazardous Waste Generation ...................................... 42 4.3 COLLECrION AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF WASTE ..................................... 43 4.4 EXISTING LANDFILL SITEs ...................................... 44 4.5 LANDFILL SURVEYS FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN ..................................... ; 44 4.5.1 Leachate in-Deo Sen ...................................... 44 4.5.2 Streams in Quang Hanh.46.................... 46 4.5.3 Topographic and Soil Investigations .................................................. 46 4.5.4 Hydrogeological Investigations .................................................. 50 4.5.5 Biological and Ecological Studies .................................................. 53 5. ALTERNATIVES OF LANDFILL LOCATION AND DESIGN . ............... ................................ 54 5.1 ALTE1tNATIVE O ................................................ . 54 5.2 DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES .................................................. 54 5.3 PRINCIPLES TO SELECr LOCATION OF LANDFILLSITE ............................................... 55 5.4 ALTERNATIVE LOCATION OF LANDFILL SITES ..56 5.5 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN LEVELS ..60 5.6 HOSPrTAL WASTE AND HCWR ........................................... 60 5.7 HAzARDous WASTE ................ 62 5.8 COMpOsrING ......................... 63 6. IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT._ ....... ......... . .............. . ..._._.._._.64 6.1 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .. 64 6.2 LOCATION OF THE SANITARY LANDFILL ..65 6.3 CONSTRUcrION AND OPERATION OF THE LANDFILL . .68 6.4 CAUSE AND EFFECT CONCLUSION ...........................1 ;........ 7 1 7. MITIGATION MEASU RESRES .................... .. 72 7.1 GENERAL ....... 72 7.2 DETAILED DESIGN OF THE SANITARY LANDFILL ..72 7.3 CONSrRUCrIoN OF SANITARY LANDFILL .. 72 7.4 IMPROVEMENT AND EXTENSION OF THE ACCESS ROAD . .73 7.5 OPERATION OF SANITARY LANDFIL ..74 7.6 RISK ANALYSIS ..74 7.7 AFTER-USE OF SANITARY LANDFnLL ....................................... . ............................................... 75, 8. NEED FOR FURTHER . .VESTIGATIONS__ ..._....._......................... ........... 75 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitationi Feasibility Study VOLUME IRA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites iii 9. MONITORING ............................................ 77 9.1 MONITORINGOFLANDFILLImpAcTs ........................................IMPACI'...s..77f............s....... . 77 9.2 MONITORINGOFTIlESOILSUBSIDENCEANDLANDIILLSTRUcrURE ............................................ ... 78 9.3 OTIIER MONITORING ANDSUPERVISION ....................................................... 78 10. COST ESTIMATES ..................................................... 79 10.1 PROJECr COSTS ....................................................... 79 10.2 INVESTIGATION COSTS .................... : 80 11. INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS ....................... 81 11.1 SANITATION COMPANIES .81 11.1.1 Present Situaion.. 8 11.1.2 Strengthening of Solid Waste Management System. 82 11.1.3 tTraininged Nes83 11.2 TRAINING NEED OF QUANI NINi DOSTE. .84 12 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...................... 85 12.1 GENERAL .... ,85 12.2 HousEIIOLD SURVEY AND MAIN OPINION o TIIE RESPONDENTS .85 12.3 PUBLIC HEARRING8fi December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and CanmPha Table 1.2 Dimensions of the proposed landfills Table 1.3 Summary of the preliminary design for the proposed landfills Table 2.1 Vietnamese environmental standards Table 2.2 Water quality limits according to the Vietnamese standards Table 2.3 Sludge quality limits according to international standards Table 3.1 Monthly average rainfall, monthly rainy days and daily maximum rainfall at Hon Gai station in 1960 -1994 Table 3.2 Population distribution and growth estimations in Quang Ninh province Table 4.1 Development in amounts of collected waste in Bai Chay Table 4.2 Development in amounts of collected waste in Hon Gai Table 4.3 Development in amounts of collected waste in Cam Pha Table 4.4 Waste collected per household during pilot study in 1997 Table 4.5 Household waste generation according to pilot study in 1997 Table 4.6 Analysis of leachate samples from Deo Sen landfill Table 4.7 Analysis of Quang Hanh stream water Table 4.8 composition of soil and groundwater investigations in Quang Hanh, Deo Sen and Ha Khau Table 4.9 Measured geoteclinical parameters of soil samples Table 4.10 Strength parameters of soil samples from Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh Table 4.11 Analysis of groundwater samnples from monitoring wells in Ha Khau and Deo Sen Table 5.1 Preliminary technical and economical assessment of the new sites in Septemnber- November 1997 Table 5.2 Preliminary environmental assessment of the new sites in October - November 1997 Table 6.1 Impacts of location of sanitary landfill Table 6.2 Impacts of construction and operation of sanitary landfill Table 6.3 Cause and effect conclusion Table 9.1 Monitoring programme and parameters to be -analysed from landfill water samples Table 10.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998 Table 10.2 Estimated project cost of solid waste component in December 1998 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1/1 Project area and location of proposed wastwter and septage treatmnent plants and landfills Figure 1 /2 Location of landfills including to the project Figure 3/1 Landscapes of Quang Ninh province and World Heritage area Figure 5/1 Location of assessed landfill sites LIST OF ANNEXES Annex I EIA-team Annex 2 List of Contacts Annex 3 Photographs Annex 4 Preliminary Design of Laixdflls Annex 5 Environmental Legislation and Standards Annex 6 Socio-economic Study, Summary Results of Interviews Annex 7 Geotechnical Investigations and Topographic Survey Annex 8 Minutes of the Meeting of Public Hearings References Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitationi Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites - LIST OF ACRONYMS Oreanisations CBI Carl Bro Intemational CPESC Camn Pha Environmental Sanitation Company Danida Danish International Development Agency DOSTE Department of Science Technology and Environment FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency HCWR Health Care Waste HADECON Hanoi Design Consultants HCESC Halong City Environmental Sanitation Company JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency PC People's Committee PPC Provificial People's Committee MPC Municipal People's Committee MOC Ministry of Construction MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment SIDA Swedish International Development Agency QNWSC Quang Ninh Water Supply Company UNDP United Nations Development Program VIWASE Vietnam Water Supply, Environment and Sanitation Consulting Company Other BOD Biological Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan HRD Human Resource Development O&M Operation and Maintenance PIP Project Implementation Plan RAP Resettlement Action Plan VND Vietnamese Dong TSS Total Suspended Solids USD American Dollar December 1998 Figure 1/1 Project Area, Location of the Main Components of the Project, World Heritage Area and Location of the Most Important Activities in the Area Luong Ky Reservoir .11919 ~~~~~Cao Van Reservoir T tB RoPdj Ct ao ran Dan ,m iMciid ng Qulq ECBb Coaris A S t saIsl Teant ay inaTuii rica 5 81fF+E e Tatment , o - E31 P eaz I- + SenaI December 1998 HALONG ClTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME MIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank financed water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities of Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang and in Quang Ninh province Halong City and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) had provided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component. This includes in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to define a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewerage and solid waste services. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of category "A" is required by the World Bank before loan consideration of sanitation project. ETA must also follow Vietnamese law and policy. Ministry of Science, Technology and Enviromnent (MOSTE) is the authority responsible for approval of ETA. Project Area The project area is located in the coastal area of Halong Bay. The area is a 45 Ian long stip stretching from Bai Chay in the West to Cam Pha in the East. Halong City was formed recently by joining Bai Chay and Hon Gai, which are separated by the Cua Luc strait. Bai Chay is the centre of North Vietnam's tourist trade, which has developed around the natural beauty of Halong Bay. Hon Gai is a comnercial town and coal-exporting centre. Cam Pha is centre of the coal-mining industry. Most of the population live in these three towns, but the thin strip of flat land which stretches along much of the coastline between Hon Gam and Cam Pha has developed rapidly in recent years. In shallow coastal regions large areas have been reclaimed from the sea. Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are: - Inprove enviromnental conditions in the urban areas; - Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO; - Encourage economic growth; - Reduce flooding; - Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services, - Development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient customer- oriented organisations Project Description Solid Waste Management will comprise: (a) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new collection vehicles and bins and facilttig increased contacting out to the pnvate sector, (b) Upgrading extig dump sites to sanitay landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau 4.2 ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitary landfill at Cain Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachate tatment facilities; and (c) Closing and sealing of existing wast dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) and Cam Pha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread, compact aid cover the waste. December 1998 HALONG ClTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME MIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites ii Waste Collection The following overall objectives are proposed for the development of the collection coverage of the two cities: Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha 1997 2005 2015 Hon Gai 52 % 70 % 82% Bai Chay 42 % 50 % 74 % Halong City, total 50 % 65 % 80 % Cam Pha 30 % 50% 70 % The objectives will be met by introducing two new collection systems: the Waste Bin System and the Fixed Cart System, and expanding the use of an existing system, the Door- to-Door Collection System. New collection areas will be initially established by extending the simple Transfer Point System, which is widely used at present. Phase 1 of this project runs from 1998 to 2003. The objectives for 2003 correspond with a linear development of the collection systems from 1997 to 2005. Included in the project, during the period 1998 to 2003, is the renewal of all existing equipment. Additional tools for maintenance of vehicles and collection equipment is also included. The project will also look at alternative vehicle and equipment repair options in the project area particularly in the private sector. All new vehicles will have a four years maintenance period included in the delivery contract. Upgrading the Existing Landfills and construction of New Sanitary Landfill Dimensions of the Landfills Ha Khau Deo Sen Quang Hanh Total area in use ha 10 22 Project area ha 4.2 5.4 6.3 Disposal area ha 3.2 3.2 5.2 Leachate treatment area ha 1.0 0.6 1.1 -Leng of access road m 500 400 1000 Volume of compacted waste m' 140,000 480,000 340,000 Time of use 10 10 10 Maximum height above m.sl. +38 +38 +30 Thickness of filling m 22 22 14 Location and Existing Situation In Ha Khau in Bai Chay the landfill site is located in a vallcy near Yen Tiem village in Bai Chay. The valley is about 300 meter long and 100 to 150 metres wide fom in the highest elevation. The present use of the area is forestation. The main waste tansport route from Bai Chay residential and tourist areas will go along the main road No. 18A to the north- eastern part of Bai Chay. The distance fron the Bai Chay ferry place to the Ha Khau landfill is about 10 km. Although Ha Khau is proposed for a landfill (and approved by the PC of Halong on 26 September 1998), the dumping of waste has already started there. The Project has not Decenber 1998 HALONG ClTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME HIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites . iii approved or encouraged the filling to be commenced. The land filling began by the beginning of the year 1998. The dumping started in the northernmost part of the valley, at high elevation (approx. at levels between +27 and 32) as a first stage and now the dumping takes place in an adjoining area, on the hillside at the northeast, from a level approx. +25 meters from the valley bottom. The first fill has a thin cover of soil on top of it, but garbage is still visible. The edge of the fill has no cover and there is a lot of litter scattered around in the vicinity. The waste seems to consist mainly of waste from the nearby community and market as well as from the vegetable oil factory Neptune in the vicinity. In Deo Sen in Hon Gai the waste collected in Hon Gai is dumped at Deo Sen landfill, which is located next to cemetery, some 5 km north from the city centre. There is one main wvaste transport route from Hon Gai to the present landfill site Deo Sen; the road goes northwards from the city centre and along the coastline in the north (Cao Xanh road). The access road to the landfill is the same as for the cemetery. The landfill has been in operation since November 1994. Before the area was used for coal mining. The area of the landfill is informed to be about 12 ha. The tipping area is located up in the valley and the waste is tipped in front and on top of the landfill. The present area in use is estimated to be less than 1 ha and the filling height is about 10 meters. The landfill has collapsed in the front, due to lack of compaction. This has lead to, that the waste trucks tip the waste either in heaps beside the access road or in the middle of the landfill. No daily soil coverage of the waste take place, so waste is littered in the surroundings and there is a strong odour and plenty of flies. There are continuous smal fires in the landfill. An excavator works on the landfill every other day. During site visits normally 2 to 3 scavengers were picking waste fiom the dump. When the excavator works there are usually more scavengers at the site. The scavengers do not live nearby the landfill. There are two existing power-lines, which cross the landfill area. Both power-lines run in a west-east direction. The northem one is a 110-kvolt line. It crosses the landfill just south from the planned embankment structure. The absolute height of the I I0-kvolt power-line is +60 m (at its pylons east and west of the landfil). The line is hangin above the northem side of the landfill at a level of +48m. The highest level of the landfill will be at +32m according to the preliminary design. In Quang Hanh in Cam Pha the main waste transport route in Cam Pha is the main road No. IS at a distance of 17 km from the Halong City and 11 km from Cam Pha centre. The distance from the main road to the proposed landfill site is about 1 km along the present access road. The road is narrow, only about 4 m wide with additional 1 m free space on each side of the road where houses are bordering the road. The site is almost flat and it is located in the middle of a mountainous area. The present land use of the area is forestation and small gardening and cattle breeding. A mechanical factory has been in the past in the Quang Hanh site. Only a smaU shelter has been left There is, therefore, a large flat area on the site. The 1 km. access road from the main road No. 1SA will be widened. The total bottom area of the disposal shall be sealed with a clay liner in order to protect the groundwater and a mineral water reservoir in Quang Hanh. The natural soil is not impervious enough. Wastewater treatment is needed as well. The clean surfce run off water from the December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IiIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites iv mountains in the north-west flows in a small stream, which must be diverted from the disposal site. Preliminary Design Criteria In the prelimninary design has been specified the followving subjects: - Equipment - Road arrangements - Bottom liner - Bottom drainage - Leachate collection and treatment - Surface water drainage - Final cover and cap - Gas management system - Location of treated septage - Recyclables - Support facilities - landscaping Closing the Dump Sites The closing of existing illegal sites at Cai Lan includes three small though distinct areas, which will be covered with soil or remnoved and transported to a proper sanitary landfill. The total area will be 0.2 ha. A fence or some other hindrance should be constructed to prevent people from using the covered waste dump as a parling area, because the fill is not stable and there is a serious risk of landslide. The thickness of the landfill cover will consists of 3 to 4 different layers: - grading layer of coarse material (0.3 to 0.4 m thick) to stabilise the surface construction of the other layers and to facilitate the gas venting, - barrier layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to prevent water infiltration, - top soil and protective layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to protect the barrier layer and to provide a medium for vegetation growth. The landfill gas should be led through the cover layer and ventilated into the air. A passive system will be applied with a simple well made of perforated tube. Two gas wells/ha is the minimnm requirement to ensure proper gas collection and ventilation. The main principle for landscaping is to link the landfill to the present surrounding as smoothly and naurally as possible. The cover vegetation should be similar as in the surroundings. The existing dump at Vung Duc, in Cam Pha, will be properly sealed and landscaped after a transition period of two to three years, when waste disposal can be started at the Quang Hanh site. An embankment will be constructed to avoid leachate and waste being spread out in the sea and into, the UNESCO World Heritage area. The embankment should be constructed of rock, stones and impermeable soil e.g. clay. The top level of the embankment will be 15 m above the high sea level. The embankment will be about 200 m long and 3 m wide with a height of 3 m. The slope ofthe bank will be towards the sea. Decmber 1998 HALONG CrIY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites v The total area of the dump will be 1.4 ha. The top cover will consist of a three-layer confinement structure with which rainwater can be prevented from infiltrate into the closed dump. Landfill gas restricts the use of the area. Present Solid Waste Status and Management Municipal Solid Waste Management Municipal solid wvaste management in Halong City is organised by the Halong City Environmental Sanitation Company (HCESC). The company is under the control of the Municipal People's Committee. The public services, which the company produces, are funded through the state budget and their assets belong to the state. From 14 quarters and 2 villages of Halong city solid waste collection is arranged in 13 quarters, of which 3 are covered almost 100 %. Total coverage of services is nearly 50 % with a population of 75,000. Outside the urban area the local phuongs (in 1998, 9 phuongs) have the responsibility to collect and remove solid waste into collection points. In some phuongs in the urban area, the sanitation company provide full service and the households carry the solid waste to the bins or hand carts. HCSEC has the responsibility to collect the waste from the transfer points and transport it to the landfill. Municipal solid waste management in Cam Pha is organised by the Cam Pha Environmental Sanitation Company (CPESC) including waste collection, tranrsportation and disposal. In the last few years the company has increased the service area. In 1996 its services covered 2 communes, in 1997 4 communes and in the plan of 1998, 7 communes of total 16 communes of city will be covered. The estimate coverage of the company's services is about 30 to 40 % of population. Total population in the collection quarters are about 68,500, with an average household size of about 4.7. In near future the company has a plan to expand the services to 13 conmnunes. Total Solid Waste Generation Current solid waste disposal practices create a major environmental problem in Halong. Wastes are in many places outside the collection areas simply dumped in heaps on the street or thrown into ground in the back yards or hill slopes or thrown into channels and sea from where they get partly scattered around. The waste is often bumed in situ. The main streets of Halong City are mostly free from solid wastes, but the. back streets and open areas inside the blocks are often covered by garbage. Development of total waste collection (m3/year) in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha ........ ...2 00.00...01 ...01 Bai Chay (m3/year) 15398 18038 24489 36366 52857 Hon Gai (m3/year) 55160 66107 96969 132158 176707 Cam Pha m3/year) 30886 39566 60051 86841 124992 The daily waste generation from households is esfimated at 0.55 kg4,crson per day. The average size of the households in Halong and Camn Pha was calculated to be 4.5 corresponding to a waste generation per household at 2.5 kg / day. The household size in Halong City is however 4.2, which could indicate a lower waste generation per household. The waste generation in Halong can be higher than in Cam Pha, because Halong City is wealthier than Cam Pha. Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IRA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites vi According to the pilot study of market waste in Cam Pha, the waste distribution is similar than in the households, except that the amount of undersize fraction and organic waste is higher and the amount of ceramnics/concrete/stones and textiles is less than the households. The total vaste collected is estimated to be 200 m3 /d in Halong City and 55 m3 /d in Cam Pha. It has been calculated the amount of health care waste (HCW) to be collected by the sanitation companies to be about 1,200 m3, corresponding to about 500 tonnes. Of this only about 40 tonnes per year is calculated to be healtlh care risk waste (HCRW) generated at hospitals, and another 10 tonnes per year is most probably generated from other sources, such as out-patient clinics, public health centres, dental clinics, blood centres and medical aid posts. Totally about 10 % of the HCW produced it considered to be HCRW. This figure corresponds with figures from Sri Lanka 0.1 - 0.4 kg HCRW per bed-day according to the WB presentation Hospital Waste Management (1998). In Hong Kong the amount is 0.1 - 1.1 kg per bed-day and in Europe and USA 0.25 - 1.5 kg per bed-day. Existing Landfills The existing landfill sites in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Camn Pha have been screened, and noticed that the waste disposal situation at the existing dumps is environmentally critical. The dump in Bai Chay has been officially closed in spring 1997. The disposal site at Hon Gai in Deo Sen can be used at the same time when it is upgraded. From an environmentally point of view, the existing landfill in Vung Duc in Can Pha should be closed and the disposed garbage should be transported to a new site. However, there is no new site constructed yet, and the only solution for temporary disposal in Cam Pha is to improve the existing landfill and use it until a new site at Quang Hanh has been constructed. There is another dump site called C9, some 18 kilometres east of the Cam Pha town, but from an enviromnentally point of view the site cannot be used as a temporary landfll without appropriate nitigative measures. Moreover, it is located too far from the main waste generation areas. Surveys for Preliminary Design For the needs of preliminary design the folowing surveys have been done: - leachate in Deo Sen - streams in Quang Hanh - topographic and soil investigations in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh - hydrogeological investigations in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh - biological and ecological studies in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh Alternatives of Landfill Location and Design If the project will be unimplemented, there is still acute need of disposal sites for waste both in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha. In that case the present custom will be most probably the reality for landfills, which are highly needed. There is also risk that some of the present dumps will .be used continuously and hereby the pollution to the enviromnent would increase. A total of five new proposals were presented to the consultants in the beg4ing of September 1997; 1) Ha Khau and 2) Viet Hung in Bai Chay, 3) C2 and 4) Lo Phong in Hon Gai and 5) Quang Hanh in Cam Pha. Requested by local authorties in Cam Pha, an additional site visit was made in November 1997 to 6) C9 in Cam Pha. In this alternative Decmaber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME MA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites vii assessment Ha Khau has been considered as new site because the dumping has started after the assessment has been made. Existing dump sites and disposal site were visited as follows: 7) Cai Lan in Bai Chay has been closed in spring 1997. Existing disposal site at 8) Deo Sen in Hon Gai can be upgraded, but existing dump site at 9) Vung Duc should be closed. A total of nine alternatives for landfill sites have been assessed. According to the situation in November 1998 from these the most suitable from technical, economical and environmental point of view are the following for future development: I. upgrading of present landfill site at Ha Khau in Bai Chay 2. upgrading of present landfill site Deo Sen in Hon Gai 3. new landfill site at Quang Hanh in Cam Pha 4. closing Cai Lan dump site in Bai Chay 5. closing Vung Duc dump site in Camn Pha During the preliminary design the following design levels have been considered: - Level A: improvement of local practices (mitigate the acute matters) The level A is from an environmentally point of view unacceptable, but without any loan from the World Bank or support from other agencies, this option will most probably be the reality for most of the future landfill sites. - Level B: low cost sanitary landfill that does not include all support facilities, which are included in the level C, but fulfils the main environmental requirements. - Level C: sanitary landfill is the most expensive one to be developed and it fulfils the highest environmental requirements. The design of earthworks, drainage and leachate treatment was the same in B and C level. The biggest difference was that the level C included weigh bridges for each site, which were not considered necessarily needed for the development of waste management due to among others the high investment and operation costs for three weigh bridges. Moreover, the weigh bridges require an operator and electricity on each landfill. However, during the discussions in November 1998 it was decided that also the weigh bridges are including to the project, same as some additional landscaping around the existing cemeteries. The other design will be the same as proposed in the preliminary design. Impacts of the Project Sanitary landfills are planned, located and designed and constructed according to engineering and environmental specifications to minimise the impacts to the atmospheric, aquatic, terrestrial and human environment. Location of the landfills will not cause serious negative impacts on natural flora or fiana, because there are no endangered or rare species in the sites. The principal threat to groundwater comes from leachate, wbich is generated from the landfill. The design of the sanitary landfills aims to minimise leachate development by covering the fill from rainfall, run-off and adjacent groundwater. The leachate will be properly treated in such a manner that the facilities are easy to operate and applied to the local customs. Uncontrolled landfill gas might cause a risk. The main cause categories for environmental impacts of different landfill activities and their magnitude and need for mitigation are summarised generally for sanitary landfills. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites viii Atmospheric environment Toxic gas emissions from fire smoulders - Minor/major yes Gas migration in limestone in Quang Hanh - Minor yes Accidental explosions due to lack of gas collection - Major yes or ventilation Air emissions from landfill operation - Minor yes Aquatic environment Risk of flooding in Quang Hanh - Minor yes Risk of contamination of surface water (ponds, river, sea, etc.) in all sites - Minor/major yes Unknown Terrestrial environment ? before detailed ? Risk of subsidence due to low bearing strength investigations | Erosion processes in the hill slopes for Ha Khau & Minor yes Deo Sen Risk of infiltration of leachate into subsoil and groundwater Minor/major yes Risk of groundwater infiltration into landfill (Ha Khau ?) - Minor/major yes Ion exchange capacity in the soil + /- Minor yes Risk of chemical spills during regular service or repair Minor yes Risk of road damages by heavy transport of Minor/major Yes equipment or collection vehicles Risk of negative impacts on local flora and fauna Minor Yes Risk of littering from landfill operation Minor Yes Human environment Minor Yes Loss of land areas Increase of local economic activities during construction and operation of the landfill + Major/minor No Loss of income for farmers at Ha Khau site major Yes Creation of noise, dust and odours, etc. - minor/major yes Increased risk of accidents and injury nminor/major yes Improvement of road conditions and other modemnisation + minor/major no Improvement of local environmental conditions due to appropriate waste disposal + major Yes Loss of income for scavanders if they are not mnuor Yes allowed to pick up recyclables _ Deceber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites ix Mitigation Measures The Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which has been prepared during the design phase of the project, include identification of adverse environmental impacts; description of technical details for each mitigation measure; institutional arrangements; implementation schedule; monitoring and reporting procedures and integration to the total. The following main requirements have been proposed: - Uncovering soil layers with high permeability should be avoided. This should be checked by additional in-situ soil investigations. - The landfill bottom lining and the leachate collection system under the refuse need to be properly sloped to enable gravity flow of the leachate to treatment ponds. Bottom lining of 1.0 m impermeable clay will be used. Strict supervision and control of the construction of the landfill bottom layers to minimise leachate from infiltrating into subsoil and groundwater. - Discharge of the contaminated water directly to surface waters (river, pond, stream, irrigation channel) is not acceptable, unless the effluent can be treated and/or diluted to a level where the impacts on the surface water quality are mininWim and the quality still follows the set standards. The quantity of the leachate should be minimised by land treatment and recirculation. - Trees and bushes should be planted to act as a buffer zone, especially in Ha Khau and Deo Sen to screen the cemnetery areas and also along the cemetery road in Deo Sen. Disturbance to natural vegetation, soils, hydrological regimes and topography should to be minimised. If the landfill gases are not recovered, they should be collected and properly ventilated to avoid the potential risk of explosion. Flaring of gas can be considered if the composition of emissions from flaring is within the of landfill gas as energy source is recommended. X Refuse should be comnpacted with compactors or other suitable landfill operating equipment. Each waste layer should be allowed to settle after compaction before the next layer of waste is added. - A strict regime of monitoring groundwater, surface water and air emissions should be imnposed. - Final cover on landfills should-have a minimm thickness of 60 cm. The topmost layer should have a composition, which allows seeding and will stimulate growth of vegetation. Design of a landscape should be visually acceptable and fits into the surrounding landscape. - The after-use of the landfill should conform with the master plan for land use. Potential uses are green areas or recreational use. All construction of industrial plants or residents should be prohibited. Monitoring The monitoring system for the sanitay landfill is mainly based on the environmental standards of Vietnam (1995). No specific standards exist for landfill discharges or emissions. Moreover, there are no specific standards for the contamination of soil, except the limits for maximum concetation of pesticides and fmrilisrs. The following Vietnamese standards are recommended to be followed up: - allowed limtation values of some parameters and concentrtion of polluting substances in coastal areas; Deober 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME 111A - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites x - allowed limitation values of parameters and concentration of chemical compounds in industrial waste waters, and - allowed limitation values for noise. Monitoring will be done from groundwater, pond water and stream water in every landfill quarterly during operation and after-care. Cost Estimates of Mitigation Measures and Needed Studies The total value of the proposed project investment is 37.25 million USD in December 1998. The cost estimate includes provisions for inflation (price contingency) and cost overruns (physical contingency). Duties and taxes are included in the project base cost. Duty rates vary substantially, but in the cost estimate an average rate of 10 % has been applied for duties and taxes. The total base cost is 28.95 million USD. The estimated total cost for solid waste, including 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of which estimated mitigation cost is roughly 23 %. Division for engineering cost and mitigation cost is preliminary and will be clarified during design phase of the project. Cost of public awareness campaigns is including to Technical Assistance component. The cost of the additional investigations and camnpaigns created by the environmental demands, which are also important for detailed design are as follows: - Recommended detailed geotechnical investigations carried out by a local company, cost estimation about USD 8,000 - 10,000/site. - Recommnended hydrogeological investigations, cost estination USD 10,000 - 20,000/site. - Recommended detailed surface water investigations, cost esimation USD 10,000/site. - Recommended installation of observation plates to monitor soil subsidence and installation of inclinometers to monitor the possible risk of collapsing (landslide). The estimated cost is roughly USD 20,000/site. T'he procedure of land acquisition and compensation is discussed in detail in Resettlement Action Plan. Institutional Needs Quang Ninh People's Committee have approved the transition of HCESC and CPESC from public administrative units to be state-owned business enterprises for public services and this process is now ongoing Mandates of the company are proposed to be: - Management of the environment and sanitation in urban areas including; cleaning pavements and roads; collecting, transporing and treatment of different kinds of waste; cleaning drainage and sewerage channels, ensuring urban drainage and watering the mam roads to prvet dust; - Management and maintenance of public areas as: public lighting system; parks and trees; public hygiene; cemeteries; monuments and other public facilities which are assigned under the company's management; - Arranging funeral services and other specialised services; - Repairng, maintenance and upgrading of the public facilites in areas assigned for the company's management. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME DIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites xi Training Needs The training philosophy is to provide support to assist the companies in reaching their public service goals. This is done by comparing company objectives with the activities of the company staff and this comparison will lead to the creation of a comprehensive upgrading programme. This programme wil ensure that the staff has the necessary skills to guide and to manage the company in a manner that allows it to achieve its objectives. Training has to be given to all levels, including provincial and city management, and from all possible subjects from management skills to on-the-job training. Training the trainers is a very essential part of the training programme. Both foreign and local specialists wiD be given the training. The training programme will be planned and implemented as part of the Technical Assistance Component of the project. The taining will include at least environmental awareness training and on-the-job training. Community Participation in including to Technical Assistance component. It has been proposed that awareness raising materials will be produced for solid waste, sewerage and drainage and for general environmental and health issues. Organisation, implementation and supervision of the campaigns will be done in co-operation with representatives of phuongs, local project staff representatives of the involved company and the Women Union. This process will have three main thrusts: 1. Public campaigns that concentrate on Information, Education and Communication of the health linkages; 2. Bottom up community involvement in micro activities; 3. Primary school education initiatives Public Participation The World Bank's Operational Directive (OD 4.01) on Environmental linpact Assessment requires that affected groups and local NOOs to be inforined and consulted as a part of the ETA preparation. Proper consultation is a requirenent for ETA category A projects. Household Survey To obtain the opinions of local people and the authorities concerning the siting of the proposed new landfill sites Ha Khau (Bai Chay), where the dumping has not started during the survey in November 1997, and Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) and upgrading and extension of the present landfi Deo Sen (Hon Gai), a smnall scale socio-economic survey in the influence area of the sites was arranged. The survey included interviews of households within 1 kilometres distance from the sites as well as in the households beside the access roads which would be used for the transportation of waste. The following groups were interviewed: - 205 households in all three areas were interviewed (Ha Khau 65 hh, Deo Sen 70hh and Quang Hanh 70 hh), - 10 scavengers from the Deo Sen landfill, - representaives of the milty school and military camp at Quang Hanh, - Chainmen or Vice Chairmen of each Phuong, - Vice Chairnan of Cam Pha's People's Committee, - Director of DOSTE. Deceber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites xii The general opinion of the respondents was, that if the landfill is located in their neighbourhood, necessary mitigative measures and monitoring should be carried out to prevent environmental pollution and public nuisance. Public Hearings Public hearings were arranged at the end of April and in the beginning of May 1998 in Ha Khanh phuong in Hon Gai for Deo Sen landfill and in Cam Pha for Quang Hang landfill. HCESC organised a separate meeting in Ha Khau commune for Ha Khau landfill. In Ha Khau the representatives of affected households were not against the location of the landfill, but wanted the full compensation value of houses, land and trees and other plants according to the government regulations and decision of Compensation Conmmittee to be established. In the meeting in Ha Khanh phuong there were representatives of households affected by landfill and cemetery. The representatives informed that there are in total 18 households in the influence area of both existing landfill and cemetery. The representatives of affected households did not separate the effects from the existing landfill and the cemetery from each other, but wanted the improvements to deal with both nuisances. The problems are especially odour and surface water contamination. The people told that they have made several proposals for local authorities to improve the situation, but nothing has happened. People wanted also improvement of water supply in the area. The representative of the affected people informed that they are willing to move, and they want that the government will arrange resettlement and compensation. The participants of the meeting supported the planting of trees between landfill and cemeteryto mminiuse the problems. In Cam Pha the participants agreed the content of the project, but wanted to locate the landfill somewhere else. Especially representatives of Army oppose the planned landfill site. The second round of public hearings will be arranged during the design phase in 1999, and the third during construction 2000 - 2004. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Projcct is part of the World Bank finaniccd water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities of Hanoi, Haipholng and Danang and in Quang Ninh province Halong City and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) had provided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component. This includes in the first phase pre-fcasibility studies to define a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewerage and solid waste services. The present contract was signed by DANIDA witlh the Danish consultant Kampsax International A/S in association with Soil and Water Ltd (Finland), Danish Waste, Danisl Water Supply and Vietnamese consulting firns VIWASE and HADECON. The consultancy services cover detailed design and construction supervision of the water supply component as weli as completion of Sanitation Feasibility Study. The latter includes the following reports: - Volume I Main Report; - Volume IA Main Report Annexes; - Volume I Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement; - Volume HIA Environmental Impact Assessment for Landfills; t - Volumne HB Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Drainage and Sewverage System; - Volume IUC Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Landfills; - Volume HID Environmental Managenent Plan for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System; - Volume IIIE Enviromnental Assessmnent Summary; - Volume IV Project Implementation Plan; - Volume V Resettlement Action Plan. 1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment The EIA follows the World Bank Environmental Assessment Source book, for Solid WVaste Collection and Disposal Systems, and the World Bank Operational Directives (OD 4.01 and OD 4.30). The recommended mitigative measures mainly follow the 'Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria", suggested by Sandra Cointreau-Levine (1995), taking into account also the local environmental conditions. The Enviromnental Impact staternent in Water Supply and Sanitation Guidelines Project (GLO06) (June 1997) provide guidelines to prepare environmental documentation to projects funded by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and most bi-lateral agencies. The guidelines identify those specific issues to be considered in an EIA-study of solid waste projects. An Environmental Impact Assessrnent Study (EIA) of category "A' of the sanitary component (sanitary drainage and solid waste management) is required by the World Bank before loan consideration. Meeting donor requirements, the EIA must also follow, Vietnamese law and policy. The Vietnamese Law on Envi0nmental Pnrtoctoi (National Assembly), Articles 18 and 26 require an EIA of a municipal landfill project. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 2 The EIA-study has been divided into two separate reports:. Volume IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites and Volume HIB - EIA for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System. Separate Environmental Management Reports have been prepared for Proposed Landfill Sites (IIIC) and Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System (IIID). A common Environmental Assessment Summary (HIE) has also been prepared. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) is the authority responsible for the approval of Environmental Impact Assessments in Vietnam. The Halong People's Committee under the authorisation of MOSTE can approve the EIA. The project is an "A" category project and as such is approved by MOSTE. The period of time for appraising an EIA-report cannot be longer than 2 months from the date all related documents are received. DOSTE is the responsible authority to supervise and control the monitoring of respective proposed projects. The EIA-Study is based on: - collection of background data in situ in Vietnam and updating data from previous ElAs in Vietnam; - review of documents and project overview; - site visits and preliminary assessments at Ha Khau, Viet Hung and Cai Lan in Bai Chay, and Deo Sen, C2 and Lo Phong in Hong Gai, and Quang Hanh, Vung Duc and C9 in Cam Pha (totally 9 sites); - biological-ecological and socio-economic surveys in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh - soil, groundwater and topographic surveys in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh; - surface water samnpling from the river in Quang Hanh and leachate sampling from the streams of the existing Deo Sen landfill; - solid waste pilot studies in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha; - preliminary design of Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh; - interviews with local people, provincial and local authorities, and NGOs in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh, - analysis of existing data, - impact assessment, mitigation and monitoring including cursory risk analysis. The following steps were taken in producing this environmental assessment report: - Describe the project in concise format and identify and describe elements of the project which could potentially affect the biophysical and/or human environment caused by the siting, construction and operation of Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) sanitary landfill and the upgrding and expansion of the exisfting Ha Khau (Bai Chay) and Deo Sen landfill (Hon Gai) including associated facilities Chapter 1; - Identify the environmental requirements of the Govemment of Vietnam, International Standards and the World Bank (Chapter 2); - Describe the baseline data of project area (Chapter 3); - Describe the existing solid waste management in project area (Chapter 4); - Compare project alternatives if possible with alternative 0, that is: either the present situation or the likely condition the area will reach if the project is not implemented (Chapter 5); - Assemble and analyse information on those aspects of the biophysical and human environment relevant to the potential interactions between the project and the Decunber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME hIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 3 environnent; Identify potential areas of environmental concern (or opportunities for enviromnental or socio-economic enhancement) (Chapter 6); - Identify appropriate mitigative measures Recommend eventual closure procedures, landscaping, ultimate use, etc. for all landfills concerned in this project assess nct effects of the project after implementation of management measures; and carry out a risk analysis of main risks (Chapter7); - Assess the need for further investigations (Chapter 8); - Identify specific monitoring requirernents (Chapter 9); - Identify the organisational requirements and costs associated with the implementation of an impact mitigation and monitoring plan (Chapters 10 and 11). Public consultation with parties potentially affected by the project has been an integral part of the environmental assessment methodology. It has provided baseline information; has assisted in the identification of issues requiring resolution; and has established a mechanisni fobrconstructive exchange of information between the proponent and local residents. The consultation process followed in this environmental assessment; the results obtained to date; and future plans for this ongoing program are discussed in Chapter 12. A land acquisition and compensation plan is presented in a separate Resettlement Action Plan report. The key members of the EIA-team and their fields of responsibility are presented in Annex I and the list of contacts in Annex 2. Photographs from the study area are in Annex 3. 1.3 Project Area The project area is located in the coastal area of Halong Bay. The area is a 45 km long strip stretching from Bai Chay in the West to Cam Pha in the East (Figure 1/1). Halong City was formed recently by joining Bai Chay and Hon Gai, which are separated by the Luc strait. Bai Chay is the centre of North Vietnam's tourist trade, which has developed around the natural beauty of Halong Bay. Hon Gai is a commnercial town and coal- exporting centre. Cam Pha is centre of the coal-mining industry. Most of the population live in these three towns, but the thin strip of flat land which stretches along much of the coastline between Hon Gai and Cam Pha has developed rapidly in recent years. In shallow coastal regions large areas have been reclaimed from the sea. 1.4 Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are: - Improve environmental conditions in the urban areas; - Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO; - Encourage economic growth; - Reduce flooding; - Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services; - Devlopment of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient customer- oriented organisations December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 4 FIGURE 1/1 Project Area and Location of Proposed Wastewater and Septage Treatment Plants and Landfills Luong Ky Reservoir 4, Cao Van Reservoir $m I~~~+ *68Roo aoVanDo - LEGEND: Lan \ ol, bhqldlI i~thtkaea~h . hcluia *o s 81*e ~~~~3M t rdgaugm Decebr 1998 Phol~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 5 1.5 Project Description Solid Waste Management will comprise: (a) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new collection vehicles and bins and facilitating increased contracting out to the private sector; (b) Upgrading existing dump sites to sanitary landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau 4.2 ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitary landfill at Cam Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachate treatment facilities; and (c) Closing and sealing of existing waste dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) and Cam Pha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread, compact and cover the waste. 1.6 Waste Collection Altogether 280,000 inhabitants in Halong City and Cam Pha town generate annually about 65,000 tons of municipal solid waste (Photographs 1 and 2 in Annex 3). The amount is expected to be doubled in the next ten years. The present collection coverage of the waste is estimated to be 52% in Hon Gai, 42% in Bai Chay and 30% in Cazn Pha. Furthermnore waste is collected from other sources such as offices, hospitals, industry, ships etc. The total collected waste amount is expected to be some 37,000 tons or 93,000 m3 in 1997, but the volumes will increase remarkably during the coming years. The collected waste is expected to require a disposal volume of some 62,000 m3 (compacted) in year 2000. Disposal capacity must be about three times higher in 2010, mainly because of planned improved collection coverage, expected increase of the specific waste generation and -population. The following overall objectives are proposed for the development of the collection coverage of the two cities: Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha 1997 2005 2015 Hon Gai 52 % 70% 82 % Bai Chay 42% 50% 74 % Halong City, total 50 % 65 % 80% CamPha 30% 50% - 70% The objectives will be met by introducing two new collection systems: the Waste Bin System and the Fixed Cart System, and expanding the use of an existing system, the Door- to-Door Collection System. New collection areas will be initially established by extending the sirnple Transfer Point System, which is widely used at present. Phase I of this project runs from 1998 to 2003. The objectives for 2003 correspond with a linear development of the collection systems from 1997 to 2005. Included in the project, during the period 1998 to 2003, is the renewal of all existing equipment. Additional tools for maintenance of vehicles and collection equipment is also included. The project will also look at alternative vehicle and equipment repair options in the project area particularly in the private sector. All new vehicles will have a four years maintenance period included in the delivery contract. Decenter 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME LlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 6 1.7 Prelimiiinary Design for Upgrading the Existing Landfills aiid Construction of Sanitary Landfill 1.7.1 Location and Description of the Sites Location of the landfills is presented in Figures 1/1 and I / 2 and Drawings are presented in Annex 4. Ha Klhau in Bai Chay The proposed new landfill site is located in an idyllic valley near Yen Tiem village in Bai Chay. The valley is about 300 meter long and 100 to 150 metres wide from in the highest elevation (Drawing 1. I in Annex 4). The main waste transport route from Bai Chay residential and tourist areas will go along the main road No. 18A to the north-eastern part of Bai Chay. The distance from the Bi Chay ferry place to the Ha Khau landfill is about 10 km. At the present, there is an unpaved and narrow (< 3 m) meandering access road to the valley site passing a big brick factory and a cemetery (Photograph 11 in Annex 3). The road is in a poor condition after passing the cemetery. There is another poor-conditioned access road, about 4 m wide, from the main road. This road traverses a residential area in about 300 m distance. The total length of the other access road is little bit longer than the previous one, totally about 12.5 km from the ferry site. This road, can after improvement, be used as the future access road. There is a railroad and a power line parallel to each other in south-west of the valley (Photograph 12 in Annex 3). The present use of the area is forestation, but dumping of waste has started in the northern end of the valley, so the use of the area has already changed. Local people who live in the northem and north-westem side of the valley have gardens in the valley; rice fields, vegetable growing, etc (Photograph 13 in Annex 3). Moreover, they breed cattle and goats. They also grow chickens, ducks and doves. The local people have shallow open dug wells, but during dry season, they are lacking of water (Photograph 14 in Annex 3). Therefore, they collect rainwater in ponds for irrigation of their gardens. During rainfall, water flows downstreatn the valley to the Hung Thang bay, which is covered by mangrove bushes. People who live in the valley complain of the cemetery; it pollutes the water and after rainfall, there is smell coming from the cemetery. Ha Khau Quarter is southeast of the proposed landfill site at a distance about I km and another larger residential area at a distance of >200 m. There is, however, houses spread along the main road and hill slopes. In the influence area of the proposed landfill, there are a total of 26 houses mainly on the northwestem hill slopes of the valley. According to the landfill design and based on the landfill design criteria (distance < 250 m), 6 houses and 7 graves need to be relocated and compensated. The people have later on been compensated for loss of land and income. Although Ha Khau is proposed for a landfill (and approved by the PC of Halong on 26 September 1998), the dumping of waste has already started there. The Project has not approved or encouraged the filling to be commenced. The land filling began by the beginning of the year 1998. The dumping started in the northenmmost part of the valley, at high elevation (approx. at levels between +27 and 32) as a first stage and now the dumping December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME LIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 7 takes place in an adjoining area, on the hillside at the northeast, from a level approx. +25 meters from the valley bottom (Drawing 1.1 in Annex 4). The height of the edge of thc first fill is approximately 34 meters and the heighit of the edge of the second one is about 4-6 meters. A very brief estimation of the volime is -800 m3 in the first fill and -2.200 m3 in the present one (together about 3.000 rn3). The first fill has a thin cover of soil on top of it, but garbage is still visible. The edgc of the fill has no cover and there is a lot of litter scattered around in the vicinity. The waste seems to consist mainly of waste from the nearby community and market as well as from the vegetable oil factory Neptune in the vicinity. According to the Head of Sanitation group in Bai Chay the waste from the factory consists of the reject remaining on the ceramic filters after pressing the oil from the plants Deo Sen in Hon Gai The waste collected in Hong Gai is dumped at Deo Sen landfill, which is located next to cemetery, some 5 km north from the city centre (Photograph 5 in Annex 3 and Drawing 1.3 in Annex 4). There is one main waste transport route from Hon Gai to the present landfill site Deo Sen; the road goes northwards from the city centre and along the coastline in the north (Cao Xanh road). The access road to the landfill is the same as for the cemetery. There is also another road, which runs a short distance to north (Tran Hung Dao Street), then tuzns to east from the city centre (Cao Thang road) and continues northwards. The latter road is on the northern part in a poor condition, meandering and hilly and therefore not used for waste transportation. The coastal road is mainly paved and in quite good condition, except the narrow bridge which should be improved. In the Deo Sen village, there is a narrow (about 4 m wide) paved road, which passes a few houses and a cemetery before reaching the landfill area. The distance from the main road to the landfill area is about I km. In the future, a new access road to the landfill could be constructed in the eastern side of the landfill. rTe distance from the city centre will be a little bit longer, but the access road from the main road will be shorter and the road will not disturb the funeral services. There are underground coal mining activities at a distance of about 200 m Southeast of the landfill access road (Photograph 6 in Annex 3). There is continuous pumping of vater from mine and it can have connection with the landfill leachate and run-off. The landfill has been in operation since November 1994. Before the area was used for coal mining. The area of the landfill is informed to be about 12 ha. The tipping area is located up in the valley and the waste is tipped in front and on top of the landfill. The present area in use is estimated to be less than 1 ha and the filling height is about 10 meters. The landfill has collapsed in the front, due to lack of compaction (Photograph 7 in Annex 3). This has lead to, that the waste trucks tip the waste either in heaps beside the access road or in the middle of the landfill. No daily soil coverage of the waste take place, so waste is littered in the surroundings and there is a strong odour and plenty of flies. There are continuous small fires in ffie landfill. An excavator works on the landfill every other day. During site visits normally 2 to 3 scavengers were picking waste from the dump. When the excavator works there are usually more scavengers at the site. The scavengers do not live nearby the landfill. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 8 In the beginning of the present access road there is a residential area. In the past, there have been a few houses in the landfill area, but the pcople have bcen compcnsatcd and relocated. However, there are still at least five houses in side the influence area. Onc liousC belonging to HCSEC is located nearby the proposed leachate treatment ponds. The local authorities aind people living in the area calculate that there are totally 18 houses in the combined influence area of landfill and cemetery. In the surroundings of the Deo Sen landfill waste dumped off the road shall be removed and transferred to the landfill so that all the landfill leachate is treated and in order to lhave clean surroundings by the landfill and the cemetery. There are two existing power-lines, which cross the landfill area. Both power-lines run in a west-east direction. The northern one is a 110-kvolt line. It crosses the landfill just south from the planned embankment structure. The absolute height of the 110-kvolt power-line is +60 in (at its pylons east and west of the landfill). The line is hanging above the northern side of the landfill at a level of +48m. The highest level of the landfill will be at +32m according to the preliminary design (Drawing 1.2 in Annex 4). The southern line is a 35-kvolt line. It runs roughly along the roadside south of the landfill. This line crosses the area of the planned leachate treatment plant at a height of approximately +25m to +3 Im. The ground level is about +lOm at this point. There is a new power-line under construction within the landfill area. It -is a 6-kvolt line rumning directly over the existing landfill and onwards along the road embankment at the east side of the landfill. The pylon foundations are already constructed and the power-line is planned to be implemented by the end of this year. The power-line is planned to cross the landfill at an elevation of +4 Im at the present fill and at +35m to +40m by the road. The Vietnamese safety regulations say that there shall be a safety clearance of 8 meter at both sides of a 110-kvolt power-line. The safety clearance for 6 to 35-kvolt shall be 4 meter at both sides of the power-line. No buildings or other constructions shall be constructed under the power-lines. Trees are not allowed under the power-lines. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 9 Figure I 2 Location of Landfills including to the Project < ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . D -to 1 tn <~~~i~ & $1~~~~~ (L I.-~ ~ , zo ,1,IIl~~~~~~n -J /t/44~~~~: -LL a '/'~~ i"' ~D~5_ < I /4/ .4,Z *d, C,~~~~~~ < U 0~. VI Decemnbeer 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 10 Quang Hanh in Cam Plia The main waste transport route in Cam Pha is the main road No. 18 at a distance of 17 km from the Halong City and 11 km from Cam Pha centre (Photograph 16 in Annex 3). Tlle distance from the main road to the proposed landfill site is about I km along the present access road. The road is narrow, only about 4 m wide with additional I m free space on each side of the road where houses are bordering the road (Photographs 17 and 18 in Annex 3). The site is almost flat and it is located in the middle of a mountainous area (Photograplh 20 in Annex 3 and Drawing 1.3 in Annex 4). The present land use of the area is forestation and small gardening and cattle breeding. A mechanical factory has been in the past in the Quang Hanh site. Only a small shelter has been left. There is, therefore, a large flat area on the site. A cement factory was planned to be constructed on this site, but the plan has been changed due to the area reservation for landfill development. There is a technical school (Photograph 19 in Annex 3) and a military school before arrival into the influence area of the proposed landfill. There are a total of 7 houses mainly on the north-eastem side of the area (Photograph 21 in Annex 3) and in the westem side of the proposed area, there is a military camp. There are some 1 to 2-floor houses and a small block house along the present access road to the proposed landfill. In the Southeast of the area there are two houses with small fenced gardens. The site is not located in a flooding area. However, the catchment area is big and the rainwater is led into two streams. The rivers connect each other in south before vanishinig into a imestone cave. The streams were in October-November 1997 almost dry (Photograph 22.in Annex 3). According to the Planning Department there are no plans to use this area for something else. The presented area for waste disposal at Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) is totally about 22 ha. The disposal area is about 5.2 ha and the area needed for the leachate treatment plant is 1. I ha. The total project area is 6.3 ha (Drawing 1.3 in Annex 4). The volume of the site is planned to be 340,000 m3 of compacted waste for the first phase of 10 years. In this case it is expected that the site will be used only for waste collected from Cam Pha. The maximum top level of the site is planned to be on +30m (above m.s.l.) and the thickness of the waste fill is about 14 meters. By the end of the first phase the site should be sealed up properly and landscaped and a new phase of the landfill will be implemented next to the area of the first phase. The 1 kmn. access road from the main road No. 18A will be widened. The total bottom arca of the disposal shall be sealed with a clay liner in order to protect the groundwater and a mnineral water reservoir in Quang Hanh. The natural soil is not impervious enough. Wastewater treatment is needed as well. The clean surface run off water from the mountains in the north-west flows in a small stream, which must be diverted from the disposal site. The same applies to the other clean surface run off entering the area. 1.7.3 Preliminary Design Criteria Dimensions of the site are summarised in Table 1.2 and preliminary design is summarised in Table 1.3. Drawings are presented in Annex 4., Decmber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 1 Dimensions of the Landfills Table 1.2 Summary of Dimensions of the Landfills Ha Khau Deo Sen Quang Hanli Total area in use ha 10 22 Project area ha 4.2 5.4 6.3 Disposal area ha 3.2 3.2 5.2 Leachate treatment area ha 1.0 0.6 1.1 Length of access road mn 500 400 1000 Volume of compacted waste nim 140,000 480,000 340,000 Time of use L 10 10 1 0 Maximum height above m.s.l. +38 +38 +30 Thickness of filling m 22 22 14 Equipment All the sites are quite small and the need for equipment limited, but at the start of the project there are three sites to be constructed and two sites to be closed, so there must be enough equipment for these works. One heavy crawler-dozer with a front-end excavator bucket will be used at each site. Pumps will be needed at the leachate treatment plant and for pumping treated effluent to the disposal area. Monitoring equipment for water quality measuring and analysis will be acquired. A weigh bridge with ADP system will also be required for all of the three areas for control the collected waste amounts. Road Arrangements In Ha Khau to avoid use of the present road to the cenetery, another access road from north will be used from the main road. This road will be widened and improved. For the last part of the access, a new road will be constructed. Access from the present cemetery road will be prevented by barrier. Temporary, roads will also be constructed for the operation of the landfill. In Deo Sen a new access road will be constructed in north, to avoid use of the present cemetery road. The length of the new access road is about 400 m and the width 7 m. Service road from the main road to the landfill will be widened and improved. Temporary roads will be constructed, which are needed in the operation of the landfill. In Quang Hanh access road from the main road No. ISA will be widened and improved. There is a narrow river on the east side of the planning area. A small bridge or culvert must be constructed here for the access road. Temporary roads are needed during operation. Construction material may be used to reinforce the temporary roads. Landfilling According to the preliminary design landflling will be done in phases- in each site the filling order will be clarified during the detailed design. Preliminary proposals are presented in Drawings 1.1 - 1.4 in Annex 4. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANlTATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 12 The general idea is that refuse is dumped at the foot of the working face, which will be pushed and spread by crawler dozers. Waste will also be compacted with a heavy compactor. The layer to be compacted is 0.5 to 1.0 m. A minimum a five passes will be done with the dozer to receive the required compaction. Soil cover of a thickness of 0.1 m will be spread once a week. In Quang Hanh filling will be done using terraces. The refuise will be disposed of in temporary embankments, which are 3 m high. The embankments will have portable fences, which will eliminate littering and diminish noise from the machines. A total of two landfill phases will be developed and a reservation for future expansion will be made. Bottom Liner Bottom liner will be constructed. The bottom liner will consists of 1 m of clay wvith I=O10 9 m/s or less. Leachate collection pipes will be on top of the bottom liner. Bottom Drainage The top soil will be removed and the site graded to about 1 % fall. The drainage layer will consisting of the following: - a heavy duty type bamboo mat in the graded bed, - 0.5 m crushed rock on the top of the bamboo mat and > 0,5 m of graded aggregate and sand on top of the crushed rock, - another bamboo mat on top of the previous layers, h-hydraulic conductivity of the drainage'layer > 10.2 cm/s. Drainage System The drainage system for the support facilities will be constructed so that the run-off will be collected by concrete pipelines and ditches and conveyed pass by the landfill. Leachate Collection and Treatment The leachate will be collected in ditches and underground drains. The leachate will then be treated in settle ponds and conventional trickling filter. The effluent from the filters will be lead to the biological pond and after that to pond with water hyacinths and/or duckweed. The settle ponds (two pieces) are each 2,550 m3. Tlhe settle ponds work also as equalization basins. From the basins the settled leachate is pumped to trickling filters (2*15 m2) and distributed evenly over a bed of rocks, where it comnes into contact with the biofilm. Oxygen is supplied by air that flows through the medium. The effluent contains sludge and is therefore sent to biological ponds (2*900 m2) for clarification. -- The even distribution of watwater on the top of filter is important to assure efficient use of total filter capacity and to avoid short circuit through the filter media. Easy and ascertain way is to distnbute wastewater with the overflow pipes on the top of the filter. It is realistic to achieve 60-95 % BOD5 removal in trickling filter. Nitrogen is nitrified in the trickling filter. In the polishing pond happens both denitrification and nitrification. Nitrogen removal in the treatment system may vary between 50-70 %. Remnoval of bacteria Decanber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 13 and viruses is expected to be over 95 % in the planit. Heavy metals settle do%vn vwith the sludge both in the settle basins and polishing ponds. Criteria for dimensioning the filter bed are following: - BOD5 load 0,2-1,0 kg BOD5/m3/d. - Hydraulic load <24 m3Im2Id Filter media in the biological filter can be either rocks () 40-70 mmn) or special plastic construction. The latter are lighter, have higher porosity and need therefore less space. There should always be built at least two filters to be able to use one when the other niust be repaired. Leachate recirculation will be arranged. The "leachate" from the polishing pond can be sprayed into the active landfill area. pH of the leachate should be <6 and >9. he. recirculation will only be applied during dry season or when irrigationi is needed for the trees on the waste bank, to keep the microbiological activity maximnised and also to keep the clay bottom liner moist during dry season. Surface Water Surface water should be diverted in all sites from the landfill with collection ditches. In Deo Sen in the first phase it is necessary to construct an embankment to prevent wastewater flowing to north. Surface water which come from the east side, wlll be collected into a covered channel and led downstream bypassing the treatment ponds and discharged into the river. Final Cover and Cap The final cover and cap should have a minimum thickness of 1.0 m, which shall compose of 3 layers: - bottom layer of the cap will be of 0.2 m ventilation layer, - second layer will be 0.3 m thick clay layer, - topmost layer Of 0.4 m thickmess will consist of loamy soil that will allow vegetation growing. Gas Management System A passive gas ventilation system will be applied. In the first phase, the gas will be ventilated through gas wells. A simple gas well made of perforted tube will be used, minimum 2 wells per ha. When the filling is finished, it is possibly to collect and utilise it, if needed. Treated Septage Separate area for treated septage is reserved in every landfill. Dried septage will be disposed into pits and impregnate the possible leahcate through the waste. The leachcate treatment should be dimensioned for this purpose. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 14 Recyclables According to waste collection pilot studies, there is very little recyclables in the disposed waste in the landfills in Halong. The waste contains only 10 % of recyclables, and most of this is mixed plastics, which are difficult to utilise. The separation of the recyclable material is not considered economically sensible. Support Facilities - administrative office - social facilities for workers - container washing - fence with a gate - ,parking area - area for collected recyclables - equipment maintenance - water supply - power supply - telephone Landscaping In Ha Khau tree (Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus mercusii, etc.) and bush plantations surrounding the landfill area at the elevation of the access road. The planting will start immediately during the first construction phase. Gas ventilation and leachate collection and treatment until approximately 20 years'after landfill closure. After use: green area (Drawing 2.1 in Annex 4). In Deo Sen in the first phase trees will be planted along the cemetery road and the cemetery hill slope on the northeastern side to act as buffer zone. Grass vegetation on top of final cover of landfill. Gas ventilation and leachate treatment approx. 30 years'after closure. After use: green area (Drawing 2.2 in Annex 4). In Quang Hanh tree plantations at the foot of the filling in north and east of Area 1, later in the east of Area 2. Gas ventilation and leachate treatment approx. 20 years after landfill closure. After use: green area (Drawing 2.3 in Annex 4). December 1998 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 15 Table 1.3 Summary of Preliminary Design for Landfills Ha Khau in Bai Chay (upgrading) Deo Sen in Hon Gai (upgrading) Quang Hanh in Cam Pha (new) - the northern access road will be improved and a - a new access road is necessary to be constructed, to - I km of the present access road is necessary to be new access road for the last part of access is avoid use of present road to the cemetery, improved, necessary to be constructed, to avoid use of present - temporary roads during operation, - hospital waste will be buried in separate trenches in road to the cemetery, - a fence will be constructed and fast growing trees - segieagate area, - temporary roads during operation, and plants will be planted along the cemetery road - relocation of the military camp in a few years time. - fast growing trees and plants will be planted on the and cemetery in northeast to act as buffer zone to - pavement of the last 300 m of the access road, cemetery side of the hill to act as buffer zone, avoid the public nuisance of the view of landfill for - relocation of 7 houses, - I m thick final cover (including compacted clay and funieral participants, grading of the area, gas ventilation layer). - ordinary hospital waste will be buried in special - 1 m bottom liner of clay, - relocation of a total of 6 houses + 7 old graves has trenches in segregate area, - bamboo mats to prevent soil liquefication, been already done, - construction of embankment in north to prevent - partly change of river route to maximize the landfill - clearance of minor waste dump near the cemetery, waste water flow to north, area, - bottom levelling-, top soil removal and grade the site - surface water will be lead in channel, - drainage for leachate, about 1 /e, - possibility for gas collection in future. - leachate collection and treatment, - m thick bottom liner of clay, - relocation of a total of 5 houses, - recirculation of leachate, - bamboo mats to prevent soil liqueficaton, - the 3 years temporary cemetery should be closed and - composting area, - bottom drainage for leachate, removed to another place, - 2 gas ventilation wells/ha, * leachate collection and teatment, - clearance of waste from the road sites along the - weekly soil cover, recirculation of leachate, present access road, - compressor 2-3 times/week, * 2 gas wells/ha, - bottom levelling and drainage for leachate, - fence around the landfill development area, - weekly soil cover, - 1 m thick bottom lining of clay, - green buffer zone in north and east of Area I and - compressor 2-3 times/week, - recirculation of leachate, east of Area 2 - fence around the landfill development area, - leachate collection and treatment, - gate and guard house to the new access road, - barier for the present road and gate to the new - 2 gas ventilation wells/ha, - electricity + telephone to the guard house, access road, - weekly soil cover, - lighting of the landfill area. - one guard + parldng lot at the new access road, - compressor 2-3 times per week, - landscaping after closure, - electricity + telephone to the guard house, - fence around the landfill development area, - future land use: green area. - lighting of the landfill area, - gate and guard + parldng lot at the new access road, - landscaping after closure, - electricity + telephone to the guard house, - future land use: green area - lighting of the landfill area. - landscaping after closure. - future land use: green area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME 1IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 16 1.8 Closing the Dump Sites Cai Lan in Bai Chay Waste from Bai Chay is disposed of in several small dpmps here and there, but the main waste has been dumped on a steep hill slope besidc the road, near Cai Lan in thc northcni part of the island (Photograph 3 in Annex 3). The dump is located beside the Northern main road No. 18A, about 3 km from the ferry site. The uncontrolled discharge of the leachate is downstream the hill into the sea about at a 1 km distance. During site visits. small fires in the landfill have been observed. Part of the hill slope vegetation and possiblc waste has been bumed during previous fires (Photograph 4 in Annex 3). The existing landfill site Cai Lan in Bai Chay is illegal e.g. it has no authorisation. The disposal started a few years ago. The area is only a few hundred square meters of size. The present landfill at Cai Lan in Bay Chay should have been closed in 1997, but there was no altemative dispo'al site for waste. Therefore, the dumping continued until spring 1998, where after the disposal started in Ha Khau. The closing of existing illegal sites at Cai Lan includes three small though distinct areas, which will be covered with soil or removed and transported to a proper sanitary landfill. The total area will be 0.2 ha. A fence or some other hindrance should be constructed to prevent people from using the covered waste dump as a parking area, because the fill is not stable and there is a serious risk of landslide. The thickness of the landfill cover will consists of 3 to 4 different layers: - grading layer of coarse material (0.3 to 0.4 m thick) to stabilise the surface construction of the other layers and to.facilitate the gas venting, - barrier layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to prevent water infiltration, - top soil and protective layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to protect the barrier layer and to provide a medium for vegetation growth. The landfill gas should be led through the cover layer and ventilated into the air. A passive system will be applied with a simple well made of perforated tube. Two gas wells/ha is the minimum requirement to ensure proper gas collection and ventilation. The main principle for landscaping is to link the landfill to the present surrounding as smoothly and naturally as possible. The cover vegetation should be similar as in the surroundings. Vung Duc in Cam Pha The existing Vung'Duc landfill is located between an island south of the city connected to the mainland by a road and an earth causeway. The average transport distance from the city centre to the landfill is about 4.5 km. The access road is about 6 m wide and ends in a coal harbour. The access road.as well the surroundings are dirty of coal dust and garbage (Photograph 9 in Annex 3). The disposal started in 1992. The waste is tipped onto a tipping front and dozed into the bay. During high water (tide, storn, etc.) the dump has contact with the sea and some of the waste is flushed in the sea (Photograph 10 in Annex 3). The shorelines are littered with waste. Decenber 1998 I IALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 17 The bay is almost in north-south direction. It is surrounded by high island mountains on the southern part, the northern part is open towards the sea. The inner bay is most probably contanminated by leachate from the uncontrolled landfill. The total area of the bay is about 2.5 ha, of which about 0.6 ha has been used for disposal. The height of the fill is about 3 to 6 m, because some of the waste is located in an excavated pit. An excavator compacts the waste twice a week. The dump litters due to the prevailing winds, because it has no soil cover. Moreover, the workers in the area use the dump occasionally as an unofficial "public toilet". Thle leachate from the landfill has direct access to the sea. There were two scavengers picking waste during the site visit, a sixteen years old boy and an elderly woman. They told that there are at maximum 10 scavengers at this landfill site. The 'cavengers usually check all dumping sites and waste collection points, whiclh are spread around the city, and the waste is already screened before it arrives to the landfill. Based on the interview with the two scavengers, they mainly pick up metal (income 600 to 2,000 VND/kg), plastics (2,500-4,000 VND/kg), copper cables (18,000 VND/kg) and different kind of papers (600 to 1,000 VND/kg). The metal, which comes to the landfill is of poor quality. The scavengers usually burn the plastics covering the cables on the landfill. The daily average of scavenged material is about 12 kg/person. T'he present enviromnental situation at the landfill site is poor due to the littering, contact with the sea, flies, odour and unhygienic conditions. The existing dump at Vung Duc, in Cam Pha, will be properly sealed and landscaped after a transition period of two to three years, when waste disposal can be started at the Quang Hanh site. The proposed phase of disposal are presented in Drawing 3.1 and post filling and landscaping in Drawing 3.2 in Annex 4. An embankment will be constructed to avoid leachate and waste being spread out in the sea and into the UNESCO World Heritage area. The embankment should be constructed of rock, stones and impermeable soil e.g. clay. The top level of the embankment will be 1.5 m above the high sea level. The embankment will be about 200 m long and 3 m wide with a height of 3 m. The slope of the bank will be towards the sea. The total area of the dump will be 1.4 ha. The top cover will consist of a three-layer confinement structure with which rainwater can be prevented from infiltrate into the closed dump. Landfill gas restricts the use of the area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Sites 18 2 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND POLICIES 2.1 Vietnamese Environimental Legislation and Standards 2.1.1 General Environmental legislation and standards are very new in Vietnam. The Ministry of Scicnce, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) was formed from the former State Committee for Science and Technology in October 1992. MOSTE's main role is to assist the Govemnieiit in the strategies and policy-planning issues related to science, technology and environment. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment is the top decision-making bodv with overall responsibility within the environmental sector. Besides the Ministry, there arc several other agencies involved in the management and protection of the environment. Within the Ministry, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) is the environmental ami, whose main task is to act as co-ordinating body for other Ministries with environmcntal responsibilities. It is also charged with developing legislation and regulations, programs, controls and monitoring systems to enforce the protection of the environment throughout the country. Depending on the local People's Committee, the local environmental authorities have an important role in environmental management and enforcement of regulations. In Vietnam, the basic national environmental policy is based on the Law on Organisation of the Government (September 30, 1992), the Law on Environmental Protection (December, 27, 1993) and the Decree No. 175-CP (Octobcr 18, 1994). 2.1.2 Laws And Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment According to the Law on Environmental Protection, Article 18: "Organisations, individuals when construction, renovating production areas, population centres or economic, scientific, technical, health, cultural, social, security and defence facilities, owners of foreign investment or joint venture projects, and owners of other socio- economic development projects, must submit EIA repqrts to the State Management Agency for enviromnental protection for appraisal. The result of the appraisal of EIA reports shall constitute one of the bases for competent authorities to approve the projects or authorise their implementation. The Govermnent shall stipulate in detail the formats for the preparation and appraisal of EIA reports and shaDl issue specific regulations with regard to special security and defence establishlnents mentioned in Article. 17 and in this article. The National Assembly shall consider and make decision on projects with major environmcntal impacts. A schedule of such types of projects shall be determined by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. In October I8 , 1994, the Govemment of Vietnam issued a decree providing Guidance for the Implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection, which includes assessment of environmental impacts. This decree, together with other documents needed for an EIA, was published in 1995 by MOSTE as a separate guideline document. Guidance for Envuromental Impact Assessment for Technical-economic Projects was proposed by MOSTE in September 1993 (No 1485/Mtg). The guidance does not directly December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - ETA for Proposed Landfill Sites 19 require an ETA for municipal landfills, composting plants or other waste treatment plants. The Law on Environmental Protection, Articles 18 and 26, are considered, as they require an EIA-study before the approval of the landfill site. 2.1.3 Approval Procedure of EIA The Ministry of Science, Technology and Envirolment is the responsible authority of thc approval of the Environmental Impact Assessments. The ETA can, however, be appraised by the local DOSTE and further be delivered to Halong People's Comnnittee for approval. The ETA of the Sanitation Project/Landfill Component will be appraised by the EIA Council as a category: New Project, and further submitted to MOSTE for approval. The period of time for appraising an EIA-report can not be longer than 2 months from the date all related documents are received. If the local DOSTE approves the ETA, there will be not any additional 2 months approval time for MOSTE. The EIA will be, in general, approved in the next appraisal meeting of the council of MOSTE. 2.1.4 Law on Environmental Protection The National Assembly ratified the Law on Environmental Protection on December 27, 1993, and the decree has been issued on October 18, 1994. In the Law, there are very clear articles to prevent environmental pollution in general, and also articles conceming solid waste managernent. The general provisions of the law are described in Chapter 1, wvhich defines the meaning of the terms (Law on Enviromnental Protection, 1993). The articles from the Law and Decree concerning solid waste are presented in Annex 5. Article 2 defines waste, pollutants and enivironmental pollution as follows: Wastes mean substances discharged from daily life, production processes or other activities. Wastes may be in a solid, gaseous, liquid or other fonns. Article 26: The choice of sites for collecting, dumping and treating refusq or pollutants and their transportation must comply with regulations by the State Management Agency for environmental protection and by local authorities concerned. Waste water, refuse containing toxic substances, pathogenic agents, inflammable or explosive substances, non-degradable wastes, must be properly teated before discharge. The State Management Agency for environmental protection shall stipulate a schedule of wastewater and refuse mentioned in this Article and supervise their treatment process before discharge. Article 29, point 2, mainly concerns air emissions, which can also occur from landfills, composting and other waste treatment plants. It is strictly prohibited: Discharge of smoke, dust, noxious gas, bad odours causing harm to the atmosphere; emissions of- radiation, radioactivity exceeding permissible limits into the surrounding environment. Several activities are also strictly prohibited in Article 29: 3. Discharge of grease or oil toxic chemicals, radioactive substances exceeding permissible limits, waste, dead animals or plants, harmful and infectious bacteria and virus into water sources. 4. Burial, discharge of toxic substances exceeding permissible limits into the soil. Decmber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 20 6. lImportationl of tcclhniology anid cquipmcnit not mceting cnvironiiciital standards: importation, exportation of wastes. 2.1.5 Ilygieniic Regulations Affecting Solid Waste Management The Council of Ministers promulgated the Hygienic Regulations and Administrativc Penalty in Health Service in July 1991 (No: 23/HDBT); these are based on1 the Organisation Law and the People Health Protection Law. The content of the regulations is good, but many of these regulations are not monitored or followed. Chapter IV concerns hygienic regulations for industrial and domestic waste. In Article 15 there are regulations goveming industrial waste: Wheli planning overall improvement of cities and towns, People's Committees in different levels, Ministry of Construction and other conceming authorities should co-operate during the planning of land use, so that factories and enterprises are gathered in industrial zonIcs, which are separated from living areas to protect people's health. State owned and private factories, enterprises and production establishments must dispose their waste, smoke, dust, toxic gas, oil and noise so that pollution of environment is avoided. The wastewater containing toxic chemicals from factories and enterprises, and disease causing bacteria from hospitals must be treated according to standards before discharging into common sewer system in the city or town. It is forbidden to let wastewater from factories, enterprises and hospitals to contaminate water resources and living environment. Ministry for Public Health regulates the monitoring of waste treatment in state ownved and private production establishments. In Article 16 there are regulations governing domestic waste: Excreta disposal: Different kind of latrines should be made for use according to specific condition, and thev must ensure the hygiene. It is forbidden to build latrines near water resources. Each family must use own latrine or public latrine. Even for children it is forbidden to stool freelv. Excreta has to be transported by special equipment, which must be tight to avoid dropping of excreta into streets. Refuse disposal: Refuse from households, offices, schools, streets and public places must be sw%ept, collected and carried away every day. There must be waterproof and tightly closed litter boxes in bus stops, stations, and markets. It is forbidden to throw refuse in the streets and other public places. Wastewater disposal: Wastewater disposal must ensure the hygienic standards, and wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes and other places only when the regulations allow. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 21 Sewerage systems must be regularly improved, repaired and dredged to keep up good hygienic level. It is forbidden to throw soil and waste into sewers, which can clog the sewers. In Chapter X there are hygienic regulations for public places, including regulations for public sanitation. Article 34 concerns the streets: It is forbidden to throw refuse, dead animals or excreta on streets, pavements, lawns, parks, lakes, ponds and other public places. Refuse, coal, lime sand anid bricks, whicli are transported must be covered so that the content does not drop onto the streets. It is forbidden to dig streets or roads wvithout permission. The streets must be cleaned after the construction work. The blocking of sewers must be prevented. Sewers must be frequently cleaned and dredged. It is not allo*ed to sweep streets during rush hours. Article 35 conceriis public places: There must be enough clean water, .clean latrines and tightly closed litter boxes in public places. It is necessary to build clean toilets in densely populated areas and along the streets with heavy traffic. Money can be collected for maintenance. It is not allowed to wash and bath at public water taps. Article 37 governs nightsoil utilisatio.: Nightsoil has to be kept carefully for fermentation before it is used. Excreta cannot be transported on streets during rush hours. Excreta must be transported in tightly closed tanks to avoid dropping into streets. 2.1.6 Environmental Standards Besides the laws, there are environmental and water quality standards, which have becn issued in recent years to encourage environmental protection and prevent pollution. In cases where the applicable standard is inadequate, not regulated, or not applicable, project agencies must obtain MOSTE's approval for the use of equivalent standards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment to Vietnam, or apply equivalent standard from a third country. Environmental standards are coliected to Annex 5. The Provisional Environmental Criteria from 1993, which has been published by MOSTE is the only document which specify the minimum sanitary protective distance for various categories of enterprises and plants (factories) and also for sanitary engineering works and public utilities: Grade I - The protective interval of 1000 m 1. Disposal and places sorting out of rubbish (solid and liquid), decomposed and spoiled by-products. Also 1000 m should be applied for heaps for deodorising spoiled substances and heaps for decomposing dirty waste. Grade iH - The protetive interval of 500 m 1. Centralised plants for solid wast recycling and incineration. 2. Disposal of filly treated solid wastes. - Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 22 Grade III - The protective interval of 300 m 1. Heaps and grounds of solid wastes. 2. Grounds for composing poisonous solid wastes for producing fertilisers. 3. Parking areas for solid waste and dirty residue transport means. 4. Tanks for collecting waste water from town drains. 5. Cemeteries. 6. Storage for houselhold solid waste for treatment and reuse. 7. Stations of sterilisation by heat. Grade IV- The protective interval of 100 m 1. Storage for temporarily non-treated rubbish raw materials. The Government shall stipulate the nomenclature of environmental standards and delegate the authority at different levels for promulgating and supervising the implementation of such standards. MOSTE has published 1995 Vietnamese Environmental Standards, and standardisation work is in progress. In cases, where the applicable Vietnamese standard is inadequate, not regulated or applicable, project agencies must obtain MOSTE's approval for the use of equivalent standards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment to Vietnam, or apply equivalent standard firom a third country. I At least the following environmental standards are related to wastewater discharge and use of sludge as fertiliser (Table 2.1). Water quality limits according to the Vietnamese standard have been sumnuarised in Table .2.2. Besides water related standards there are several standards concerning air quality, noise and soil quality. TCVN 5302-1995 is the General Requirements for Soil Reclamation. Table 2.1 Vietnamese enviromnental standards (MOSTE 1995) Number of Name of standard standard TCVN 5298-1995 Requirements to the use of wastewaters and their sludge for watering and fertilising purpose TCVN 5524-1995 General requirements for protecting surface water against pollution TCVN 5525-1995 General requirements for protection of underground water TCVN 5942-1995 Surface water quality standard TCVN 5943-1995 Coastal water quality standard TCVN 5944-1995 Groundwater quality standard TCVN 5945-1995 Industrial wastewater discharge standards TCVN 5998-1995 Guidance on sampling on marine waters (ISO 5667-9:1992) TCVN 5999-1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10: 1992) The standard TCVN 5298-1995 defines the requirements for use of wastewater and sludge for watering and fertilising purposes. According to the requirements in the standard, the wastewater and sludge should not content any harmful and toxic matters and the sludge can only be used for fertilising purposes after treatment of toxic matters. The wastewater and sludge should be tested before use and under control of environmental managemnent December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 23 authority. In this standard there is also requirements for use of wastewater and sludge. However, there is no required parametcrs and therefore no maximum allowablc concentrations for parameters in the standard. Therefore international standards is recommended to be used. Table 2.2 Water quality limits according to the Vietnamese stanidards Parameter Industrial Coastal Coastal Surface Ground wastewater water water water water TCVN 5945 TCVN 5943 TCVN 5943 TCVN 5942 TCVN 5944 mgn Category A Swimming Aguacult. Category B BOD 20 <20 <10 <25_ COD 50 - - <35- Ammonia (N) 0.1 0.1 0.5 1 CorfMorm 5,000 1,000 1,000 10,000 3 MPN/l00ml_ . As i 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.05 Cd 0.01 0.005 0.05 0.02 0.01 Cr°+ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 Cr 0.2 0.1 0.1 1 - Pb 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 HNg 0.005 0.005 0.05 0.002 0.001 *Ni 0.2 1 - I - 1 I __ __ _ Zn 1 0.1 0.01 2 S 5 2.1.7 Municipal Solid Waste Legislation Municipal legislation is generally limited in the solid waste sector. The Sanitation Companies propose regulations for approval by the People's Committee. Upon approval, the regulations become law. there are 21, municipal by-laws associat&l Awith the street hygiene in the solid waste sector. Legislation and municipal by-laws are inadequate to guide good practice in design, operation and maintenance of solid waste landfill. The companies enforce the law by punitive fines applied to transgressors. The level of enforcement is constrained by limited resources available for policing the law. 2.2 International Standards There is no Vietnamese standard for hospital waste. Therefore, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission (40 CFR Part 60)/Guidelines for Existing Sources: Hospital/Medical/lnfectious Waste Incinerators, has been followed in this EIA-report. It is recommended in the assessment of the quality of sewage sludge to use the Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines (Dutch Ministy of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment 1995). Deemnber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 24 Table 2.3 Sludge quality limits according to international standards NL 1) NL 1) Utilisation in Utilisation for mg/kg D.W. Target value 2) Interventioi' value 3) Agriculture Landscaping 5) EU limits 4) As 29 55 Cd 0.8 12 3.0 10 Cr6+ 300 600 Cr 100 380 Co 20 240 Pb 85 530 150 300 Hg 0.3 10 1.0 5.0 Ni 35 210 100 250 Zn 140 720 1500 1) Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines, (Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and EnviromnentL 4995). Standard soil 25 % clay and 10 % organic matter. Average value. 2) Soils demanding use exceeding Target Value should be cleaned up. 3) Soils exceeding Intervention Value should be cleaned up. 4) European Union limits (Commission of the European Communities, 1997) 5) Finmishi Enviromnental Ministry Guidelines (Finnish Ministry of Environnent, 1998) 2.3 World Bank Guidelines The impact assessment studies for this project commenced in late 1997. The EA study and process for the sanitation project were.designed to evaluate its status witl respect to all applicable World Bank environmental and social policies and guidelines. During the EA process for this project, a review of World Bank environmental and social policies was carried out with respect to their relevance to this project. In sufftmary, thc policies directly relevant to this project include: - Envirowmental Assessment (OD 4.01); - Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30). The specific World Bank guidelines that were identified as being applicable to this project are: - Water Supply and Sanitation Guidelines Project (GLO06) on Environmental Impact (World Bank, AusAid and Ministry of Construction, June 1997); - Pollution Abatement Handbook 1997; - Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I and 11 (1991); and - Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria by Sandra Cointreau-Levine (1995). Decmbr 99 December 1998- HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites . 25 3 BASELINE DATA OF PROJECT AREA 3.1 Location and Acessibility The Quang Ninh province is located about 160 km Northeast from Hanoi in the Northeni Mountains Region of Vietnam (Figure 1/1). It is bordering China in the North, the City of Haiphong and the province of Hai Hung in the Southeast, and the provinces of Ha Bac and Lang Son in the West. The province consists of two urban districts, which are Halong City and Cam Pha, and seven rural districts. The total area of province is 5,93 8 km2. The average population of Quang Ninh province was about 874,000 people (1992), with a population growth rate of 3.09% per year. The population density is 143 persons / km2, which is lower than the national population density of 209 persons / km2. Quang Nil.h is a province with high urbanisation rate the urban population is 43.1% of the whole provincial popurition. Bai Chay is located on a former island, which has now become part of the mainland through land reclamation. Bai Chay is the tourist centre with numerous hotels and restaurants. The brick factories are concentrated in Bai Chay area. B12 oil port is located in the northern part of Bai Chay. Hon Gai is the mains residential, commnercial and industrial centre and major market area. In Cam Pha the main industrial activities are coal mining and coal industries, and a mechanical factory. The project area is long and narrow stretching from Bai Chay in the West to Cam Pha in the East. The distance from the Western side of the project area to the Eastern side (Cua Ong area) is about 45 kan. A narrow Cua Luc strait divides the area and the road traffic between Bai Chay and ferryboats connect Hon Gai. Cam Pha is located about 30 km east of Hon Gai. 3.2 Atmospheric Environment 3.2.1 Climatic conditions The climate in North Vietnam is dominated by the monsoons. Cold and dry North-eastem winds blow over the North-eastern parts of South-Asia and bring rather cold air to northern Vietnam during wintertime, with temperatures dropping to +6 to +80C. In February and March the high pressure through Asia weakens gradually and the velocity of North-easterly winds decreases. As the process continues, a transition to the southem monsoons begins and precipitation increases rapidly. 3.2.2 Temperature The average annual temperature during the winter period Novenber-February is 20tC (minimum daily) and 15°C (absolute minimum). During the summer period the maximum daily average of 25 °C aud with an absolute maximum of 38°C. 3.2.3 Precipitation, Evaporation and Humidity Due to the influence of the sea, Halong City has a high level of rainfall. The rainy season is between June-September, which accounts for 80-90% of the annual rainfall. The long-erm (1960-94) average annual rainfall is 1,917 mm. The maximum daily rainfalls can be very December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 26 high during the summer, e.g. in August 1995 during three days it rained over 700 mm. The variation between the years can be remarkably and not possible to forecast. Table 3.1 The monthly average tnlinfall, monthly rainy days and daily maximum rainfall at Hon Gai station in 1960-1994 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dcc Month Montlhly Average 23.2 26.7 40.5 88.5 169.3 312.5 329.3 431.5 283.1 163.4' 36.3 18.3 rainifall (nul) moithly 5 8 10.6 9 10.4 13.5 15.5 16.8 13.3 7.5 4.6 4.7 rainy days daily maX. 130 55.5 84.3 106 189.0 206.6 350.4 270.4 208.5 260.9 117 46.5 rainifall (nun) Evaporation is 545 mnmyear (any monthly evaporation data was not possible to get into use of this project). Humidity averages 77 to 88 % most of the year. The monthly minimum is 75 % during winter and maximum is 90 % during the summner. 3.2.4 Winds There are two main wind directions in North Vietnam: the main direction during ivinter is from north - north-east, while the prevailing direction during summer is from South - South-cast. The typical direction of trade wind in North Vietnam is east and South-east. During the winter the trade wind is much warmer than the monsoon, while in the summer it is hardly different from the monsoon. The average wind velocity during the rainy season is 3 to 3.4 m/s with a maximum velocity of 20-40 nms. During dry season the average velocity is 3 to 3.4 m/s and maximum velocity is 20 nils. The strongest winds occur during typhoons with velocities 30-40 m/s. The typhoons are a common occurrence in the Bac Bo Bay area and they usually occur in West - North-west direction. Aonually Halong City is impacted by 5 to 6 storms or typhoons. 3.2.5 Ambient Air Quality Air emissions originate mainly from coal mining, industry, traffic and burned coal bricks used in households for cookig and illegal buring of waste. Cam Pha township is one of the most polluted areas in Vietnam based on the air quality. The open cut mining produces coal dust, which is collected and settled, all over by rainwater. Improper cover on difirent coal transportation systems causes spreading of coal dust along transportation routes. Moreover, there are continuous construction activities especially in the townships. The fine construction waste settles on the strets and traffic spreads it all over. There is no monitoring of air emissions in Halong yet, although quite strict Vietnamese ambient air quality standards exists. No real action has been taken to reduce air pollution. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 27 UNDP has drafted a proposal for a three year study "Environmental Protection inn Open- Pit Mining in Quang Ninh Province", which was planned to start in 1995. 3.3 Aquatic Environment 3.3.1 Ha Long Bay Ha Long Bay is characterised by over 3,000 limestone outcrops and islands along the coastline for over 100 km from Quang Ninh to the Northem border of China. The bay is very sliallow, typically only a few mctres in depth near Hon Gai and Cam Pha. The depth is only 1-1.5 m adjacent to the coastline. However, there are narrow deep depressions up to 20 m on the sea bed, which allow the deep vessels as coal transport ships to approach the coastline. The sea adjacent to Ha Long Bay has strong currents, but due to the numerous outcrops and islands, the fiow in the bay reduces to an average current of 0.1 mIs. The Ha Long Bay area is influenced by tidal water. Average tidal amplitude is about two meters, but maximum amplitude is 4.70 m. At high tide, sea water intrudes the rivers and drainage channels upstream. The tides are strongest in December-January and June-July. They are weakest in March-April and August-September. During strong tides, the average tidal height is 2.8 - 3.6 m. The weak tides are only 0.2 to 0.5 m in height. 3.3.2 River Catthment The Halong City area has several rivers flowing to the Cua Luc, the most significant being Troi, Mau, Vuoai and Dien Vong Rivers. Dien Vong river is used as a raw wvater source of domestic and industrial water supply for Hon Gal, Ha Tu, Cam Pha, Coc 6 and Cua Ong. The present resource is Da Bac dam with actual capacity of about 15,000 m3/day, which is all the time decreasing due to the siltation caused by soil deconposition, deforestation and coal mining. New Cao Van dam is constructed four kilometres to the North of Da Dac dam where the geoimorphological location is better. The maximum design capacity of Cao Van dam is 120,000 e31day and area more than 1 km2. The waters of Troi River are utilised mainly for domestic and industrial use as well as agricultural use in Dong Dang, Bai Chay and Gieng Day. The surface water used for watetr supply in Bai Chay area comes from the Dong Ho dam, about 10 km from Bai Chay. The production capacity of this source is 20,000 m3/d. The amount of surface water quality analyses for the needs of water supply is very limited, but accordmg to that fexv data quality is reasonable. There are a number of minor surface water resources in Bai Chay and Hon Gai areas. These are mainly small ponds and lakes and numerous small streams with small catchment areas. None of these are of any interest for public water supply due to the small and changing flow. The coal mining and other human activities pollute obviously many of these ponds and rivers. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IlIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 28 3.4 Ter riestrial Environment 3.4.1 Geomorphology anid Geology Ha Long Bay area is characterised by steep hills of weathered limestone running from cast to west of 100 to 300 meters height. The lowlands between the steep hills and the bay consist of alluvial and marine sediments, with an average height of 4 to 5 meters. All coal mining is perforned in the Lower and Middle Triassic stratigraphic areas. North of these regions there are the Ordovician layers, where no coal mining is performed. Rates of erosion are associated with climate, particularly the amount and intensity of rainfall, and can be modified by vegetative cover. Deforestation, mining activities or increased intensive agriculture and other human activity like housing in the hill slopcs results in large increases in erosion in the Halong and Carn Pha areas. 3.4.2 Flora and Fauna Ha Long Bay is an area with spectacular scenery. The coast is characterised by hills and thousands of domelike limestone outcrops and islands. The hills are covered by tropical vegetation. Mangroves are growing on the coastline and in the bays. The larger mangrove arcas are protected, but most of the mangrove forests have been cut down due to land reclamation. Important areas from an environmental protection point of view, are the coral reef areas. The coral reefs have been withdrawn from the coastal area mainly due to the high concentration of suspended material in the bay waters. The coral reefs mainly exist in the archipelago. . The Ha Long Bay area has many natural ecosystems and high biodiversity both in terrestrial and aquatic habitats (Figure 3/1): - Natural forests developed in the limnestone mountains for examnple; Bai Tho, Giap Khau, Ha Tu mountains; - Secondary forests or savanas developed on the "soil" mountains or hills for example Bai Chay, Ghenh Tau mountains. The secondary forests compose of plant species Pinus spp., Ez!calyptus spp., and Acacia spp.; - Sea shorelines are composed of different sub-ecosystems as sand beaches, mudflat beaches, mangrove forests and braclish lagoons and lakes; - Cua Luc estuary. The aquatic Ha Long Bay has a total surface area of 1,566 km2 with 1969 small isles. Of these 788 isles witha surface area of 434 km2 are protected by UNESCO as a part of World Natural Heritage. Tropical rain forests developed on limestone mountains and Ha Long Bay isles have been degraded by human activities. There are some hundreds of Phanerogame plants, which have developed in these mountains. There are 19 mammals in the forests and jundred of bird species. Decembq 1998 HALONG CrTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME ILA - ETA for Proposed Landfill Sites 29 Mangrove forests of the coastaI zones of Halong City can be divided into three types of coastal geomorphology: shoreline of Hon Gai; shoreline of Bai Chay; and mudflat beaches of Cua Luc. The mangrove forests in the shoreline of Hon Gai coast have not been developed very well, because there are very few rivers and little alluvium deposits. The mangrove forests form only narrow bands near the seashore. The mangrove forests in the shoreline of Bai Chay and in the Cua Luc area are better developed than in Hong Gai, particularly in the mudflat beaches in the Cai Dam area. Mangroves grow in the Ha Long Bay area along the coastline and in the bays. The larger mangrove areas are protected, but most of the mangrove forests have been cut down due to land reclamation. There are 34 species of mangroves found in the Northern Vietnam. Cua Luc has less with 13 species of mangroves, of which 6 species distribute broadly over the entire saline swamps, and 4 of these have high densities and large quantities. Corai reefs in Ha Long Bay. There are 117 species belonging to the 40 genera and 12 families of hard corals (Scieractinian). Living corals cover about 15 % of the near shore area and up to 50 % of the offshore areas. The corals occur normally in a depth of 0 to 7 m, most of them live in a water depth of 2 to 4 m. According to the survey done by Haiphong Institute of Oceanology for the Halong Bay Environmental Pollution Study there are no hard corals around the mainland due to the muddy bottom and high turbidity. The distribution of number of taxon and species of living coral cover increased from seashore to the sea direction. The amount of living coral varied from 15-55 %, the most of the reefs belong to rare and poor, only the reers at Dau Be and Hang Trai belong to the good reef. No excellent reefs were found in the region. Species, whiic caW toloratc turbidity of seawater, werc thc most common. Tho biggest tlhrats to coral reefs besides the turbidity is fishing with dynamite and collection for souvenir business. There are two natural reserves in the Quang Ninh province: Yen Tu mountain and Ba Mun island (Figure 3/1). Both sites are located far away from the Halong City. Deoetar 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 30 Figure 311 Landscapes of Quang Ninh Province and World Heritage Area V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V l X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l C s @' * * m °:0 *5MR .~ Wc . .. .~~ ~ . I . . 2:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A CD December 1998 HALONG CIIY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 31 3.5 Eavironmental Setting UNESCO proclaimed the Ha Long Bay area World Heritage in 1995 (Figure 1/1 and 3/1). The environimental protection of this area has a high priority. There are three environmentally sensitive areas in the project area; raw wazter sources, sewerage and drainage discharge area in the llalong Bay and coal mining activities in Cam Pha. The coal mining activities in Cam Pha have a significant environmental impact on the environment. According to the Can Pha Sanitation Company, Cam Pha township is one of the most polluted areas in Vietnam due to the degraded air quality. The open cut mining produces coal dust and tailings. These are generally tipped over the mountain cliffs, whliich are facing the township. There is no buffer zone between the mining site and the township and tlie coal dust is collected by rainwater downwards the township. The coal dust settles all over, blocks the drains and channels. The enviromnental deterioration will continue, causing air and water pollution, if no mitigative measures are adopited. The mining activities have also a remarkable decreasing on the land use and aesthetic values. Discharge of untreated wastewater and solid waste into the channels, natural streams and into sea causes deterioration of the bay water quality and affects the fishing and tourism activities. Deterioration of bay water quality is a health risk both for bathers and to seafood consumers. 3.6 Human Environment 3.6.1 Population and Socio-Economic Environment in Quang Ninh Province Halong City had in 1996 a population of 148,830 inhabitants in about 35,000 households. Population in Bai Chay area was 33,695 and in Hon Gai 115,175. Cam Pha had a total population of 141,813 of which 124,917 were living in the project area diftributed at about 26,000 households. The population density in Halong City is 1,159 persons per km', and in Cam Pha 1,030 persons periale. The population has mainly occupied the low-lying coastal areas, which are maximum 2-3 Ian wide, but domestic quarters can be found along hill slopes with narrow and steep roads and passways. Table 3.2 Population distribution and growth estimates in Quang Ninh Province Arm POP POP POP POP POP POP C3owth% 1989 1994 1995 1996 2003 2015 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Halong City 127,964 140,734 145,420 148,830 187,947 301,199 1.9 3.3 2.3 3.0 4.0 Cam Phan 6) 111,077 118,525 120,625 124,917 ,137,885 229.852 1.3 1.8 3.6 3.0 4.0 Growth rates: 1) 1989 - 1994, 2) 1994 - 1995,3) 1995 - 1996, 4) 1996 - 2000, 5) 2000 - 2015, 6) Cam Pha population in the project area December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 32 3.6.2 Economy While coal mining is still the leading industry (65 % of the labour force), especially in Cam Pha, brick making, quarrying, shipping, export of seafood and tourism are important and rapidly growing trade sectors. The construction industry is expanding. Cam Pha is the centre of coal mining. Processing and shipping of coal will gradually be moved to Cam Pha and Bai Chay will be continuously developed as a tourist attraction rcsort. Around 200,000 tourists visitcd thlc Halong Bay area in 1994. 3.6.3 Household Economy Each family has an average of two members contributing to the income. Monthly houseTiold expenditures averaged 854,000 VND, but households in Halong City spent 24 % more an fatnilies in Cam Pha. The proportion spent on food is a commnon indicator of ability to pay for other items. Thie national average in Vietnam is 56 %, while the Halong citizens spent 62 % and Cani Pha citizens 72 %. This indicates a strained economy. According to the Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project's Feasibility Study (1995), the poverty line calculated for a typical average household of 4.5 members would be 432,000 VND in 1995 figures. Grouping of the households according to their monthly household expenditure show that 11% were living below the poverty line. The proportion of households, which could be considered'having a low income of up to 500,000 VND was 21 % in Halong and only 12 % in Cam Pha. Households, which could be considered rich, are 16 % in Halong City and 6 % in Cam Pha. Halong City is characterised by: - higher monthly household expenditures, - lower proportion fimilies having monthly expenditures over 500,000 VND, - lower proportion of monthly expenditures spent on food, and - higher proportion owning latrines, water tanks, TVs or bicycles. 3.6.4 Education and Health The educational level m the project areas in Halong and Cam Pha is high, 10 % had a higher education, 29 %-had completed class 10 - 12 and only 1 % was illiterate. According to the Feasibility Study of 1995 morbidity records from Halong and Cam Pha show that about 74 % of the diseases were water and sanitation related. Trachoma, skin diseases and diarrhoea diseases alone accounted for 69 %. Diarrhoea and dysentery wcre about three times more common in Cam Pha than in Halong City. Health education including hygiene and sanitation has been included in the primary school curriculum, but some components like hand washing has not been sufficiently emphasised. Based on information from interviews carried out during the feasibility study, it vas suspected that the insufficient hand washing and/or poor food storage caused the frequent diarrhoea diseases. December 1998 HIALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 33 3.6.5 Socio-economic survey A socio-economic survey was arranged in November-December 1997 in all proposed landfill sites Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh. The survey consisted of questioninlg of households and local authorities of their opinions concerning the siting of the landfills in the proposed areas (Photographi 29 in Annex 3). Moreover, in addition to the questions about the main opinions of thc siting of thc sanitary landlill in their ncigiibourlhood, also some questions concerning household's present socio-economic characteristics were askcd. The households were mainly chosen within a I km radii from the proposed landfill site. All households, whicli were considered to be rclocated, were also questioned. The opinions of the respondents are presented in Chapter 12 aiid in Annex 6 and a separate Summarv of Results of Household Survey in the Surroundings of the Proposed Quang Hanh - Ha Khau - Deo Sen Landfills. 3.6.6 Characteristics on Population and Socio-economic Status in Ha Khau The proposed landfill site Ha Khau is located in the Ha Khau phuong in Bai Clav. Tle population in the phuong is 7,924 persons and the household number is 2,052. In Ha Khau, there are two military units, two schools and a private kindergarten. The general living standards in Ha Khau are the following: - % rich households (mainly construction employers, advertisers, enterprisc dircctors, etc.), - 15 % well-off households (income of 20 kg rice/person/month), - 65 % average households (income 15-20 kg rice/person/month), - 15 % poor households (income <15 kg rice/person/month). 65 % of households in Ha Khau have electricity and 2 % use piped water. There are 4 drilled wells in the Phuong. The remaining households use shallow groundwater. 75 % of households dispose the waste by themselves. According to Vice Chairman of Ha Khau phuong the drainage system has been degraded during recent years due to the urban growth. The interview of the Vice Chairman is presented in Annex 6. The proposed landfill's influence area will cover 3 residential areas within 1 km radius. The total amount of households of the 3 residential areas is 525 households. Altogether 65 households were interviewed from these areas, of which 24 households were close to the proposed landfill area. The main part (53.8 %/o) of respondents were males and in the age between 31 to 60 (78 %). The respondents have mainly only one income source (53.8 %). The remainig part of the respondents has two income sources; the majority of these are farmers but use the free time to another work to increase their income (7.7 %). The distribution of different occupations are listed in the table below: - Retired 24.7 % - Staff of Government 7.7% - Business, services 16.8 % - Worker 24.6% - Gadening, farmer 30.8 % - Lump sum 13.8 % - Others (hired-labour, street vendors, etc.) 26.1 % December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 34 General Information of the Households in Ha Khau Mainly there is only one houselhold (hhl) living in the house (95,4 %/o). The household size is in average 4 people/hh. Over 50 % of the respondents had moved to thTeir house before 1985. Most of the respondents had moved from another area. The houses of the respondents were 100 % privately owned. Main part of the housc's building structure was a flat with tiled roof, the majority only with one floor. The average size of the floor area is 53 m2 and the average size of the plot is 100 to 300 ni. The majority of the houses were constructed after 1985 (>60%) and 98,5 % had electricity. The houses had separate kitchens and private toilets, of which about 50 % were bucket latrines and about 37 % double vault composting toilets. About 87% of the households used water from shallow wells, but they also collected. rainWater mainly for irrigation. About 9 % had piped water. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the water quality, but during dry winter there is not enough %vater in the wells. The mean income of males is about 457,000 VND/month, the maximum is 1,000,000 VND/month and minimum income 150,000 VND/month. I % of males have only one income source and 32 % have two income sources. The maximum income of female earners is 800,000 VND/month and the minimum income is 60,000,VND/month. The average total expenditure of the households is about 303,000 VND/month, which is much less than the average people of Halong City. The main part of the income is spent for food and electricity. 3.6.7 Characteristics on Population and Socio-economic Status in Deo Sen The Deo Sen landfill is located in Ha Khanh phuong. The total area of the phuong is 31. 5 km2 including 34.6 ha of residential areas. The household size of the Ha Khanh phuong is 5,150 persons. There are 1,215 households in Ha Khau. 40 % of the households are coal miners and 10 % are farmers. The rest are state cadres or cultivate forests. There are 14 state-owned coal enterprises of Vietnam General Corporation for Coal Mining of the Province. There is a secondary school in Ha Khanh phuong. The general living standards in Ha Khanh phuong are the following: - 15 rich households, - 145 poor households, - 37 miserable households, - rest part average households. According to the interview with Chairman of Ha Khanh phuong PC (Annex 6) all households in the phuong have electricity. Some households use electric generator. There is no piped water in the phuong. The residents use groundwater and surface vater (rainwater). About 200 households get flooded during 4 to 5 hours time during heavy rainfall. The residents dispose and treat the waste by themselves (bumning, sea disposal, etc). There is-no waste collection system in the area The landfill has been in operation since 1991. There are three residential areas with a total of 452 households within 1 km radius from the landfill. A total of 70 households were Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Siles 35 interviewed from these areas, 16 houscholds in the immediate vicinity of the landfill, 29 households along the present access road and the rest part from the other sections. Most of the respondents were male (80 %). Over 50 % of the respondents were over 50 years old. 84.3 % of the respondents had only one income source, 15.7 % have two inconle sources. The distribution of different occupations are listed in the table belowv: - Retired 62.9 % - Housekeeper 7.1 % - Worker J Officer in state sector 18.6 % - Trade / Service 7.2 % - Unemployed 2.9 % - Porter / Labour 5.7 % - Agriculture 11.4 % General Information of the Households in Deo Sen Mainly, there is only one household (hh) living in the house (98.6 °). The household size is in average 4.4 people/hh. Over 58 % of the respondents had moved to their house before 1985. Most of the respondents had moved from another area. The houses of the respondents were 100 % privately owned, but the majority paid a land tax between 2,500 to 25,000 VND/month. Main part of the house's building structure vas a flat with tiled roof, the majority with one floor. The average size of the floor area is 45 m2 and the average size of the plot is 520 m2. Main part of the houses wvere constructed before 1985 (54.3°%) and 98.6 % had electricity. The houses had separate kitchens and private toilets, of which about 74.3 % were bucket latrines and about 14.3 % double vault composting toilets. 11.4 % of the toilets were either WC, pour flush or flush toilets with holding tank. Main part of the respondents discharged the waste water into the garden (74.3 %), about 20 % directly into the rivers. 85.5 %/o of the households use water from only one source, 14.5 % use vater from tvo sources. About 76 % of the households used water from shallow wells, but they also collected rainwater mainly for irrigation. Only 1.4 % of households had piped water. Most of the respondents were not satisfied with the water quality, because it is muddy or polluted. During dry winter there is not enough water in the wells (95.7 I%.), but also 38.6 % of the households have not enough water during summer. The income level and living standard in Deo Sen is according to the interviews higher than in Ha Khau. This can be due to that one of the biggest income sources for Ha Khau households is farming. However, although the majority of the respondents in Deo Sen claim that they are retired, they still can have some income sources from farming, gardening, etc. Over 60 % of the interviewed households have an income between 500,000 to 1,000,000 VND/month. The mean income of males is about 528,492 VND/month, the maximum is 1,200,000 VNDlmonth and minimum income 216,000 VND/month. 41.4 % of males have two income sources. The mean income for female earners is 347,826 VND/month, the maximum inrcome is 1,000,000 VND/month and the minimum income is 100,000 VND/month respectively. Some of the households near the landfill have fish farms in the ponds nearby, and get from farming an additional monthly income. Also 12 households of 17 interviewed households nearby the landfill, get income from selling garden products. Decemnber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 36 The average total expenditure of the households is about 852,000 VND/month. The main part of the income is spcnt for food and elcctricity. Interviews witli Deo Sen Landfill Scavengers During site visits normally 2 to 3 scavengers were found to pick waste from tlic dump. When the excavator works, there are usually more scavengers at the site. The exact amount of scavengers at Deo Sen landfill is not known, they are estimated to be less than 20. Ten scavengers were interviewed in November 1997 to gather some data of their income from scavenging and eventual health problems due to scavenging. The scavengers do not live nearby the landfill, therefore they were interviewed in situ when the excavator was working on site. All ten respondents were female and of age from 27 to 39 years old. They all came from. another province, 7 people came from Hung Yen and 3 came from Haiphong. They moved to Hon Gai during 1996-1997. The average number of members in their households is 5.9. The respondents were the main earners of the family. T-he scavengers do not normally work every day at the landfill. They usually work when the excavator and the trucks from the Sanitation Company are at the site. Scavengers normally work 6 to 8 hours at the landfill. The scavengers collect mainly the following items: - paper (200-300 VND/kg); - plastic (400-500 VND/kg); - glass (100 VND/bottle); - can (100 VND). They sell the items to private enterprises in Haiphong and Hong Gai. The mean income from scavenging is about 8,100 VND per day, the maximum income is 10,000 VND per day. The respondents had also another income source. The scavengers have not had anv accidents or injuries at the landfill. Moreover, they didn't complain of any health problems. 3.6.8 Characteristics on Population and Soco-economic Status in Quang Hanh The proposed landfill site is located at section No 7 of Quang Hanh commune. The population size of the Quang Hanh commune is 13,000 inhabitants in 2,675 households. 50% of the inhabitants are civil servants and the rest have different kind of works. There is a kindergarten and primary, secondary and high schools in the Quang Hanh commune. The general living standards in Quang Hanh commune are the following (1996): - 6,4 % rich households, - 33,2 % average income households, - 53,4 % poor households - 7 % miserable households. According to the interview with the representative of Quang Hanh commune (Annex 6) all households in the commnune have electricity. Some households use electric generator. lO % of households use piped water, 1 % have UNICEF wells. The remaining use shallow groundwater and surface water (rainwater). DDember 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Fcasibility Study VOLUME IllA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 37 The residents dispose and treat the waste by themselves (burning, sea disposal, etc.). There is no waste collection system in the area, yet, but there are plans to establish a sanitation group witl funds from the conummune budget. There are four residential areas within 1 km radius from the proposed sitc. Seven to liiCe households should be relocaLed. There arc 1,090 houselholds in these four hallmlets. A total of 70 households were interviewed from these areas, 8 households in the immediate vicinity of the proposed landfill, 14 households along the present access road and the rest part from the four sections. Most of the respondents were male (65.6 °/O). Over 70 % of the respondents vere in an age between 31 to 60. 90 % of the rcspondcnts have only one incomc sourcc, 10 % have l two income sources. The distribution of different occupations is listed in the table below. - Retired .38.9 % - 'klousekeeper 5.6 % - Worker / Officer in state sector 20.0 % - Trade / Service 24.4 % - Unemployed 1.1 % - Porter / Labour 12.2% - Agriculture 7.8 % General Information of the Households in Quang Hanh Mainly there is only one household (hh) living in the house (98.9 %). The household size is in average 4.3 people/hh. Over 53 % of the respondents had moved to their house before 1985 and the majority of the respondents had moved from another area. The houses of the respondents were 93.3 % privately owned the rest part where either Governmental rented or represented another form of ownership. Main part of the house's building structure was a flat with tiled roof, the majority only with one floor. The average size of the floor area is 49.7 m2 and the average size of the plot is 305 m2. A big part of the houses were constructed during 1995 and 1997 (43.9%/6) and 95.6 % had electricity. 40 % of the households had some commercial activities in their house, they had mainly small restaurants or tea shops or karaoke bars. The houses had separate kitchens and private toilets, of which about 53.3 % were bucket latrines and about 25.6 % double vault composting toilets. 17.8 % ofthe toilets were either WC, pour flush or flush toilets with holding tank. Main part of the respondents discharged the waste water into the garden (69.0 %), about 20 % directly into the channels. 76.7 % of the households use water from only one source, 23.3 % use water from two sources. Only 6.6 % of respondents had piped water. About 80 % of the households used water from shallow wells (<10 m), but they also collected rain water mainly for irrigation. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the water quality. Some complained that the water is muddy. Main part of the respondents (>80%) had enough water during winter. All respondents had enough water during summer. The income level in Quang Hanh is according to the interviews at almost same level as in Deo Sen. Over 60 % of the interviewed households have an income between 500,000 to 1,000,000 VND/month and about 32 % had an income level between 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 VNDlmonth. The mean income of males is about 547,191 VND/month, the Decetber 1998 HALONG CITY WVATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposcd Landfill Sites 38 .41 maximiium is 1,500,000 VND/month and minimum income 100,000 VND/montli. 16.9 %0 of males have two inconic sources. The mean income of female earners is 351,123 VND/montil, the maximutm illcomiic is 1,000,000 VND/month and thc minimum incomc is 100,000 VND/montlh. The average total expenditure of the households is about 862,300 VND/month, wliichl is at thc samlc level as in Deo Sen. The main part of the income is spent for food and electricitv. 3.7 N'aster Plan for Halong City 1993 - 2010 Preparation of the Master Plan followed Prime Minister letter No 82/TB dated 24 March 1993, declaring. that this area should be called Halong City and that it would bc necessary to prepare such a Master Plan for the area. Quang Ninh province is part of thc northl Vietniam economic triangle; the other areas of the triangle are Hanoi and Haiphonig. The Master Plan identifies coal mining anid processing, harbour and tourism as the most important economic activities. Cam Pha Draft Master Plan has not approved, vet. The Master Plan presents a description of the existing situation and some background information is given. Little is provided, however, concerning potential developments and improvement apart from general principles and sketchy ideas. T-he Master Plan deals very little with solid waste management except in stating that prevention of further such degradation will can only be expected following sustainablc environmental development. It further notes that wastes produced by all kind of human activities need comprehensive treatment. The Planning Office of Quang Ninh Construction Department has fonnulatcd five proposals for new landfill sites These proposals reflect the Master Plan observations on the current planning situation in Quang Ninh. In Bai Chay the proposed sites were Ha Khau and Viet Hung, in Hon Gai C2 and Lo Phong, and in Cam Pha Quang Hanh. Decebcr 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 39 4. PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS 4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management 4.1.1 Halong City Municipal solid waste management in Halong City is organised by the Halong City Environmental Sanitation Company (HCESC). The company is under thc control of thle Municipal People's Committee. The public services, which the company produces, are funded through the state budget and their assets belong to the state. The role as a public service company includes the following services: - solid waste collection and disposal - cleaning of streets - fiaintenance of public parks - maintenance of drainage system - maintenance of sewerage system - management of the streets lighting system - maintenance of cemetery - maintenance of public toilets Nightsoil collection is not provided by the HCESC. From 14 quarters and 2 villages of Halong city solid waste collection is arranged in 13 quarters, of which 3 are covcred almost 100 %. Total coverage of services is nearly 50 % with a population of 75,000. Outside the urban area the local phuongs (in 1998, 9 phuongs) have the responsibility to collect and remove solid waste into collection points. In some phuongs in the urban area, the sanitation company provide full service and the households carry the solid waste to the bins or hand carts. HCSEC has the responsibility to collect the waste from the transfer points and trnsport it to the landfill. The estimated annual solid waste generation in project area in the Halong City (Hon Gai and Bai Chay) is totally 88.8 tonnes/day in 1997 that is 32,399 tonnes per year (80,998 m3/a). The estimated annual increase is 3 %. The households have different options for waste disposal; they will either bring wvaste to the transfer points located in the main streets or bring the waste to the hand carts operating the door-to-door collection in the aftemoon, or simply through or sweep the waste into streets, streams or channels. In the HCESC, there are a total of 79 cleaners operating with 60 carts in 3-shifts. Some of the cleaners only sweep the streets. Each household is supposed to pay a waste collection fee of 2,000 to 5,000 VND/household per month. Business household fee is 15,000 VND/month, the restaurants pay maximum 50,000 VND/month. The institutions' fee level is 200,000 to 300,000 VND/month. Local phuongs collect the waste collection fee. The institutional clients outside phuongs pay directly to the MPC. 4.1.2 Csm Pha Municipal solid waste management in Cam Pha is organised by the Cam Pha Environmental Sanitation Company (CPESC) including waste collection, transportation and disposal. The company does not provide night soil collection. December 1998 Deawlbcr 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IlIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 40 In the last few years the company has increased the service area. In 1996 its services covered 2 communes, in 1997 4 communes and in the plan of 1998, 7 communes of total 16 coimmunies of city will be covercd. The estimate coverage of the company's serviccs is about 30 to 40 % of popuiation. Total population in the collection quarters are about 68,500, with an average household size of about 4.7. In near future the company has a plan to expand the services to 13 cormnunes. The total population of 16 communes is about 140,000 and the area is 486 km2. The services of Company are mainly sinmilar like the HCESC. In the CPESC, there are a total of 92 cleaners operating with 64 carts and 28 loading trucks in 2-shifts. Some of the cleaners (24) only sweep the streets. The CPESC takes also care of lightening of thle city, cemeteries and clean the public toilets. In Cam Pha, there are some 40 people scavenging around the city, only a few of thcsc can be found scavenging at the landfill. Present tariffs for solid waste collection of the households are between 2,000 to 3,000 VND per month. Local Community People's Committee has the responsibility to collect the waste collection fee. 4.2 Solid Waste Generation 4.2.1 Total Solid Waste Generation Current solid waste disposal practices create a major environmental problem in Halong. Wastes are in many places outside the collection areas simply dumped in heaps on the street or thrown into ground in the back yards or hill slopes or thrown into channels and sea from where they get partly scattered around (Photographs I and 2 in Annex 3). The waste is often burned in situ. The main streets of Halong City are mostly free from solid wastes, but the back streets and open areas inside the blocks are often covered by garbage. The Halong City Enviromnental Sanitation Company (HCESC) collect waste in the Halong City and the Camn Pha Environmental Sanitation Company in Cam Pha. The two sanitation companies collect household waste, perform street sweeping, and collect waste from different sources such as markets, industries and hospitals. Total amounts of waste collected in Bai Chay (Table 4.1), Hon Gai (Table 4.2) and Cam Pha (Table 4.3) is estimated as follows: Table 4.1 Development in amounts of collected waste in Bai Chay .ear ____ 0007 2005::. . .: 00..... Household waste generation, m3/year 20665 25011 36002 49395 64561 Recycled amounts, m3/year 3100 4126 6404 8546 9986 Collected amounts from households, m3/year 7331 9224 14271 24493 39133 Street sweepings, m3/year 3650 3988 4624 5360 6214 Hospital waste collection, m3/year 37 40 46 5 1 14 Market and industry waste collection m3/year 4380 4786 5548 6432 . 7457 Total waste collection, m3/year 15398 18038 24489 36366 52857 Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 41 Table 4.2 Development in amounts of collected waste in Hon Gai Year - :. -997 :20:0:0: - - 2 - ° i -9-005 2010 - 1. 2015 Household waste generationi, m3/year 70275 83457 116780 155833 198211 Recycled amounts, m3/year 10541 13988 21455 28283 32749 Collected amounts from households, m3/year 30997 40666 66361 96756 135844 Street sweepings, m3/year 12045 12200 15258 14688 20506 Hospital waste collection, m3/year 1168 1276 1479 1633 1716 Market aind industry waste collection m3/year 10950 11965 13871 16080 18642 Total waste collection, m3/year 55160 66107 96969 132158 176707 Table 4.3 Development in amounts of collected waste in Cam Pha Year . 1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 Household waste generation, m3/year 66014 77681 104397 136229 174197 Recycled amounts, m3/year 9902 13120 19898 25884 29801 Collected amounts from households, m3/year 16833 24211 42250 66207 101077 Street sweepings, m3/year 7300 7977 9247 10720 12428 Hospital waste collection, m3/year 38 40 46 51 54 Market and industry waste collection m3/year 6716 7339 8508 9863 11434 Total waste collection, m3/year 30886 39566 60051 86841 124992 The daily waste generation from households is estimated at 0.55 kgtperson per day. The average size of the households in Halong and Cam Pha was calculated to be 4.5 corresponding to a waste generation per household at 2.5 kg / day. The household size in Halong City is however 4.2, which could indicate a lower waste generation per household. The waste generation in Halong can be higher than in Cam Pha, because Halong City is wealthier than Cam Pha. According to the pilot study of market waste in.Cam Pha, the waste distribution is similar than in the households, except that the amount of undersize fraction and organic waste is higher and the amount of ceramics/concret/stones and textiles is less than: the houselholds. The total waste collected is estimated to be 200 mn3 /d in Halong City and 55 m3 /d in Cam Pha. The following average amounts of waste/d have been collected during the nine weeks of the pilot project Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Waste collected per household during pilot study in 1997 ___ Rs/',.'znrk .;.~....:.;......;...:......... ,,',, ........ Bai Chay 1.4 Average household size 3.7 persons Hon Gai 3.2 Average household size 4.3 persons. The waste amount most probably not correct, because households outside the pilot area brought waste. Cam Pha 2.6 Average household size 4.6 persons After short-term (overlapping 9 weeks) pilot project in Bai Chay, Hon Gai (Tran Hung Dao) and Cam Pha (Cam Dong), the following data of household waste generation was available (Table 4.5). December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Fcasibility Study VOLUME IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 42 Table 4.5 Houseliold waste generation according to pilot study in 1997 itlWst Ba ral.nGa2 a 3Pa Fine fraction 29,0 39,1 37,5 Paper and board 3,7 2,6 2,0 Plastics 4,7 5,4 2,0 Textiles/leather/rubber 0,5 1,5 1,4 Wood/straw 0,0 0,0 1,8 Organic waste 39,9 20,1 37,5 Glass 0,6 0,5 1,3 Ceramics/concrete/stones 0,2 6,9 8,1 Metals 0,4 0,9 0,3 Otl¢rwaste 21,1 23,0 8,1 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 'The distribution is a result of test sorting of 115,8 kg of waste 2 The distribution is a result of test sorting of 205,5 kg of waste 3 The distribution is a result of test sorting of 103,5 kg of waste The average densities of household waste vary between 25 to 444 kg/m3, while the average density of market waste is 428 kg/rn3. 4.2.2 Hospital Waste Generation In Report Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in Feasibility Study Main Report Annexes has been calculated the amount of health care waste (HCW) to be collected by the sanitation companies to be about 1,200 m3, corresponding to about 500 tonnes. Of this only about 40 tonnes per year is calculated to be health care risk waste (HCRW) generated at hospitals, and another 10 tonnes per year is most probably generated from other sources, such as out-patient clinics, public health centres, dental clinics, blood centres and medical aid posts. Totally about 10 % of the HCW produced it considered to be HCRW. The amount of hospital waste or health care waste (HCW) collected is only a very feWv m3 per day. Three of nine hospitals in Halong and Cam Pha were interviewed of amount of hospital waste generated per bed-day. Only one of the three hospitals rcleased some information. The HCRW generation was calculated at 0.24 kg per bed-day, but this figure represents only one hospital of nine. -This figure corresponds with figures from Sri Lanka 0.1 - 0.4 kg HWRW per bed-day according to the WB presentation Hospital Waste Management (1998). In Hong Kong the amount is 0.1 - 1.1 kg per bed-day and in Europe and USA 0.25 - 1.5 kg per bed-day. According to the Feasibility Study the figure seemed rather high, but the variation betvecn different hospitals can be quite big. HCWR is also generated from other sources such as public health centres, dental clinics, blood centres. The total amount of HCRW gencrated in Halong and Cam Phamay be somewhat higher than the calculated 41 tonnes per year. 4.2.3 Hazardous Waste Generation During the feasibility study a few companies were interviewed about their production of hazardous waste in addition to information gathered through. an industrial survey December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 43 perfoniicd during the water supply part of the project. Results of the survey arc prcscntcd in Report Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in Feasibility Study Main Rcport Anncxcs. The survey showed an industrial structure basically dominated by coal mining and rclated industries, counting for 51,9% of the employees in the 130 enterprises surveyed, and production industries, 20,3 %, consisting almost only by mechanical factorics and brick works or ceramnic production. Only 1,3 % were employed in food processing industries and the balance 26,5 % of the employees were basically employed at offices. in service companies, schools, military, trading, health care, transportation companies and hotels/restaurants. A food processing factory informed that they generate 3,300 m3'of hazardous waste per year, which is discharged into the sea diluted 10 to 20 times withl ordinary wastewater. A mechanical factory inforrned that they produce 1,5 tonnes of inorganic chemical waste per year out of a total waste production at 240 tonnes per year. No chemical, pharmaceutical or other factories normnally considered to be heavy producers of hazardous waste were registered amongst the 130 surveyed enterprises. The interviewed companies didn't inform of hazardous waste disposed of together with the ordinary waste, but one company (a brewery) informed that they flushed hazardous waste containing waste water into the sea diluted into the ordinary waste water. The survey and the interviews lead us to the conclusion, that at present hazardous wastc is not a major problem in the solid waste management sector. 4.3 Collection and Transport System of Waste The narrow Cua Luc strait divides the solid waste system in two in the Halong City. The waste transportation trucks are considered as special transports similar to transportation of gasoline, chemicals, etc. and the price of each crossing would be 125,000 VND. Ferry transportation belongs to Transportation Department of Quang Ninh People's Committee. There are no laws or regulations to prohibit the transportation, but DOSTE is against to start the solid waste transportation over the Cua Luc strait. In Cam Pha by the end of the day, .23 collection points are filled with waste. The wvaste is collected by open tip trucks. 4 trucks with a capacity of 4.5 n3 each, are occupied by the collection. Each truck will carry 3 to 4 loads to the Vung Duc landfill per day. The vaste from Cam Pha is transported to Vung Duc along a narrow access road, the same road is used for transportation of coal to a harbour. The staffs of the two sanitaton companies collect the waste from markets and industries. The staff consists of drivers and scoopers, which collect the market and industrial waste from collecting points from where it is scooped onto the lorries. The sanitation companies do not distinguish between collected amounts of market waste and industrial waste. According to Solid Waste Collection and Disposal in Feasibility Study Main Report Annex 4, very little industrial waste is collected and it is actually ordinaLy waste from cantinas and offices. In general, industrial companies transport their waste to landfills by their own transportation vehicles. The magnitude of industrial waste, which is not collected and transported by the sanitation companies, is not surveyed. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME HIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 44 4.4 Existing Landfill Sites The existing landfill sites in Bai Chla, Hon Gai and Cam Pha (Figures I / 2 and 5/1) have been screened, and noticed that the waste disposal situation at the existing dumps is environmentally critical. The dump in Bai Chay has been officially closed in spring 1997. The disposal site at Hon Gai in Deo Sen can be used at the same time when it is upgmded. From an environmentally point of view, thc existing landfill in Vung Duc in Cain Plia should be closed and the disposed garbage should be transported to a new site. Howevcr, there is no new site constructed yet, and the only solution for temporary disposal in Cam Pha is to improve the existing landfill and use it until a new site at Quang Hanh has been constructed. There is another dump site called C9, some 18 kilometres cast of thc Cam Pha town, but from an environmentally point of view the site cannot be used as a temporary landfill without appropriate mitigative measures. Moreover, it is located too far from the main waste generation areas. Mitigative measures are recommended for temporary disposal- at Cii Lan and Vung Duc, so they can operate until new landfill sites are constructed. 4.5 Landfill Surveys for Preliminary Design 4.5.1 Leachate in Deo Sen In Deo Sen leachate ponds have been formed in front of the landfill and the leachate has been lead, after complains from the fish farmers, downstream in a channel (small stream) constructed by the Sanitation Company. Further on, the leachate is discharged to a river. However, some of the leachate is still flpwing as surface run-off down the valley to the residential areas in north-west. On the way downstreaun to west, there are two small and shallow regular ponds, where the people from neighbouring house have fish farns. The leachate may still infiltrate into the ponds. The leachate has a strong reddish-brown colour during dry periods, during rainy seasons the colour of diluted leachate is quite clear. The leachate from the landfill was sampled November 11, 1997, from two different points: - one leachate sample was taken from the stream, which flows downstream to the residential area and from here on to the mangrove bay, - one leachate sample was taken from water, which possibly leaks from the landfill to a dug well, which is located in the east of the landfill. The leachate is mixed with run- off. The water flow velocity in the strearn was 3 I/s during the sampling. The sampling took place the next day after a rainy day. Additional samples should be taken during various climatic conditions. The results of chemical and microbiological compositions are presented in the Table 4.6. Because there are no specific Vietnamese standards for leachate discharges, the Vietnamese allowed limitation value of parameters and concentration for industrial waste waters have been applied in the assessment of the leachate analysis results. Based on the analysis results in general, the quality of the leachate in both the stream and the dug well is not seriously polluted. However, the leachate was somewhat diluted due to the rain the previous day. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 45 '1Table 4.6 Analysis of leacliate samples froni the Deo Sell landfill Bw,. ..'.-.S.100.,,,,.i'............ .. sample ~~~~~~~~~~sample:~ Outlook Turbid Turbid BOD5, mg/l TCVN 6001-95 2,864 1,984 COD, mg 02/1 TCVN 4565-88 25,6 5,2 Oxygen, mg/I DO meter 4,6 4,7 PH pH meter 6,2 5,5 Conductivity mV pH meter 59,0 97,4 Colour as Cobalt TCVN 2653-78 49,0 34,8 Chloride, mg/I TCVN 6194-96 63,72 3,85 Sulphate, mg/l TCVN 6200-96 24,89 15,84 Totaj Phosphorus, mg/l TCVN 6202-96 0,512 0,225 Total Nitrogen, mg/i TCVN 5987-95 8,05 1,4 Arnmonium, mg/A TCVN 4563-88 (m) 7,93 0,643 Total solids, mg/l TCVN 4560-88 190,0 30,0 Iron,mg/l NFT90-112(m) 1,327 0,516 Manganese, mg/l NF T 90-112 (m) 0,134 0,017 Kalium, mg/I ISO 9964/3-93 23,70 2,25 Natrium, mg/l ISO 9964/3-93 27,31 5,92 AOX, mgll TCVN 9568-89 0,022 0,019 Zinc, mg/I TCVN 6193-96 (m) 0,051 0,034 Copper, mgA TCVN 6193-96 (m) 0,003 0,001 Mercury, mg/l TCVN 5989-95 (m) < 0,001 < 0,001 Cadmium, mgA TCVN 6193-96 (m) <0,001 < 0,001 Chromium, mg/i TCVN 6193-96 (m) 0,004 0,004 Lead, mg/J TCVN 6193-96 (m) 0,003 0,004 Nickel, mgA TCVN 6193-96 (m) 0,015 0,009 Arsenic, mg/ Section 303-321 0,006 0,004 Mineral oils, mg/l TCVN 5070-95 0,042 0,027 Faecal coliform, MPN/ ISO 9308-2/90 4,8 x 101 1,1 x 13 100ml The sampled leachate water mainly fulfils the Vietnamese standards for industrial wastewater (TCVN 5945 -1995, Annex 5), except the values of sulphur, ammonium and mineral oils in both sample points. The sulphur concentrations are extremely high for all applied categories of standard and should not discharged to the surroundings. The value of ammnonium is high in the stream for categories A (raw water source for domestic use) and B (navigation, irrigation, bathing, aquaculture) and in the dug well for category A. The amount of faecal bacteria is high for the dug well. This can be due to that pcople from the neighbouring residents use the bushes as toilets and the run-off flowing from thc surrounding hill slopes to the well is contaminated with bacteria. The value of mineral oils-in both samples is low, but the water cannot be used as raw water for water supply. The values of total solids and iron are quite high in the stream. The high value of total solids can be due to the rain the previous day (soil erosion from the surface). The value of iron is high due to the landfill and the weathering of the surrounding rocks. The values of heavy metals in the leachate are very low. Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites . 46 Gcnerally, the water from the stream and the dug wcll cannot be used as raw, watcr for donicstic watcr supply and the valuc of total solids, amronium and sulphatc in thc stream water is so high that the water should be treated before use for aquaculture and irrigation purposes. 4.5.2 Streams in Quang Hanh The catchment area is big and the rainwater is led into two streams. The rivers connect each other in south before vanishing into a limestone cave. The streams werc in Octobcr- November 1997 almost dry (Photograph 22 in Amnex 3). The Quang Hanh site is not located in a flooding area. One water sample was taken from the bigger stream during the soil and groundwater investigations to gather any stream water quality baseline data for future monitoring of leachate and to assess the importance of the water for irrigation purposes (Table 4.7). The analysis results are presented in the table below: The analysed strea'm water at Quang Hanh fulfils the Vietnamese standard of pollutants in surface water, which can be used for domestic use. The value of total solids and the amount of coliform bacteria are too high. Otherwise the watcr would be of good quality. Table 4.7 Analysis of Quang Hanh stream water ....t r e am. Appearance colorless Color Cobolt 13 BOD5 Mg/I 2,8 COD mg/l 8,3 Oxygen . mg/I 6,8 PH 7,9 Chloride mg/I 9,0 Total P mg/I 0.395 Total N mg/I 7,8 Anmmonia (NH4) mg/I <0,01 Total solids mg/I 75 Iron mg/I 0,25 Manganese mg/l 0,01 Coliforn bacterias MNP 10 AOX mg/i 0 Zinc mg/I 0.042 Copper mg/I 0,007 Mercury mg/l <0,001 Chromium . mg/I 0,003 Lead mg/I - 0,001 Nickel mg/I <0,01 Mineral Oils mgll 0,05 4.5.3 Topographic and Soil Investigations Since no detailed information of the soil composition or groundwater level or quality on each site was available, the Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project carried out preliminary soil investigations in November 1997. Due to the time, numerous sites and financial limits it was not possible to extend the investigations. Decmber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME I1LA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 47 Due to lack of proper maps from each site for design planning purposes, a topographic survey was carried out on each site (Figures 1, 5 and 8 in Annex 7). The Hydrogeological Association of Vietnam was responsible for the soil anid groundwatcr invcstigations and topographic surveys. Results have been published in Report on Soil and Groundwatcr Investigations in Sen Mountain Pass, Quang Hanh and Ha Khlau of Halong City for Establishing of Landfill. Table 4.8 Composition of soil and groundwater investigations in Quang Hanli, Deo Sen and Ha Khau g~~~~~~i > De Sen; HaKi Drilling of engineering well 4 3 3 georogy m 80 47 60 Soil sampling and analyzing sample 8 7 12 Drilling for observation well well - 1 I m - 20 17 Construction for observation well - I I wells Consolidation for observation well - 1 I point Flushing for observation well well - I I Analysis of water samples sample 1 3 1 No monitoring well was installed in Quang Hanh, because the Hydrogeological Association of Vietnam estimated that the main aquifer is in a depth of 100 to 400 m. The site investigations included borings, soil sampling and analysis, as well as groundwater sarnpling and analysis from monitoring wells, and one surface water sampling from the Quang Hanh stream (Photographs 26-27 in Annex 3). Ground elevation The planning area lies in a valley between hills. According to the topographic survey at the Ha Khau planning area the ground elevation is in the valley between about +10 to +15 above sea level (a.s.l.) and in the neighbouring hills little less than +40 a.s.l. (Figure I in Annex 7). The valley in Deo Sen planning area is between about +4.0 (waste water treatment ponds) to +12 a.s.l., while the neighbouring hills rise up to +30 to +50 a.s.l. (Figure 5 in Annex 7). The ground elevation at the Quang Hanh planning area is between +14 to +30 -a.s.l., the nearby hills rise from about +56 to over 150 m a.s.l. (Figure 8 in Annex 7). Soil Characteristics at the Proposed Landfil Sites The drill holes and monitoring wells are marked on the Figures 1, 5 and 8 in Annex 7. The conclusion and the detailed results in Annex 7. The soil characteristics are based on borings on each proposed site: Deccniber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 48 In Ha Khau the top layer consist of medium plastic clayey silt layer 0 to 1.5 m thick, bclowv this is an unconsolidated deluvium layer, 5 ni thick, including sand mixed gravel and deeper medium plastic clay (Figures 2-4 in Annex 7). In Deo Sen the investigated area is a narrow valley between low and small lhills. The borings were locatcd in a line northeast - southwest. The top layer of 1.5 m is claycvish and only mct in drill hole 3 ncarby the landfill. Below this is a I to 4 ni thiick unconsolidated sand mixed with gravel. Below this, there is clay and silty clay and in places clayey silt mixed with coal particles estimated to be waste deposit from coal mining activities. The total thickness of these deposits is from 4.5 to 9.0 m. The sixtlh layer is a hard consolidated rock, which compose of Triassic claystone and siltstone (Figures 6 -7 in Annex 7). In Quang Hanh the lithology of the soil is described from the top level dowvnwards: The upper soil layers which are deposited all over the area, consists of unconsolidated soil of sand mixed with spme gravel and clayey silt. The thickness of these layers is from 8.4 ni to 15.0 m, and they lay on gravel and weathered Carbon-Pennian limestone la}ycrs (Figures 9 -10 in Annex 7). Summary of Analysed Results of Soil Samples The geoteclnical properties of the soil samples were deternined by soil laboratory tcsts (Table 4.9). The detailed results are presented in Table 1 (Ha Khau), Table 2 (Deo Sen) and Table 3 (Quang Hanh) in Annex 7. Table 4.9 Measured geotechnical parameters of soil samples .....s',:' water content, w (%) Consolidation strength C, Kg/cm2 density, y, Td, y (gcm3) Internal friction angle, 0 void ratio, e0 permeability, k (cm/s) (in text k mfs) Atterberg limits, WL,WV, IP (°/0) Also ion exchange capacity and grain size compositions were determined. The natural density of the soil deposits is from 1.78 to 1.98 g/cm3 and wvater content between 23.4 to 32.3 in Ha Khau. The samne values for Deo Sen samples are 1.76 to 1.99 g/cm3 and 25.3 to 38.1 % (water content) and 1.81 to 1.92 g/cM3 and 20.6 to 26.8 % in Quang Hanh. The measured strength paraneters are presented in Table 4.10. Table 4.10 Strength parameters of soil samples from proposed landfill sites Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh _ S " " , > H ,'. an~- De~ e~~ inHan internal friction angle, 0 12 to 210 8 to 170 15 to 190 cohesion Kg/cm2 0. 145 to 0.567 0.146 to 0.346 0.234 to U.552 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 49 The compressibility of the soils has not been measured. Measured permeability for the Ha Khau top soil is K = I x 1i07 to 3.6 x I O mi/s and 1.1 x 10-5 to 9.7 x 106 rn/s. In silty clay, the perneability is between 1.4 x 107 and 4.2 x 10-9 rnls. The measured perrneability for Deo Sen is K = 8.4 x 10-5 to 5.3 x 104 rn/s for thc top layer of the drill holes 1 (monitoring well) and 2. Deeper in the drill hole 2, which is closer to thc landfill, the K value is 0.6 x 10-9 m/s. The drill hole 3 has a low permeability to a depth of 5.2 m from ground surface (K = 4.6 x 10-8 to 1.1 x 10-7 m/s (deeper). The permeability, K value, for the Quang Hanh site varies between 1.1 to 4.9 x 1 0- mn/s in the top level to 1.0 to 7.5 x 10- m/s deeper to a level between 3 and 7 m below ground surface. The measured permeability of soils are mainly higher in all sites than the recommended for the bottom of a sanitary landfill (K =1.Ox < 10- m/s). Permeability measures made in situ may be lower than the laboratory values. The more detailed design of the bottom structures and need of impermeable bottom liner can be assessed on the basis of situ-tests. Summarised: The top layers of the Deo Sen landfill area have higher permeability (K = 8.4 x 10-5 to 1. I x 10- m/s) than recommended. The top layers of the Ha Khau landfill have also higher permeability (K 1.1 x I 0 5 to 3.6 x IO- m/s) than recommended. The top layers in Quang Hanh have also higher permeability (K =1.1 x 10-- to 3.6 x I0" mis) than recommended. Ion exchange capacity has been measured separately for Ca2e, Mg2+, Al3+, H, NH+. and total Fe. On the basis of analysis results (0.05 to 13.5 mg/100 ml) the ion exchange capacity is very low. The highest capacity is for NH.4+ in all sites (about 2 to 13.5 mgl100 ml) and for Fe in Ha Khau (.075 to 28.0 mg/lOO ml). Based on the preliminary geotechnical calculations and analysis, the height of the Deo Sen landfill may be about 15 m above the existing ground surface when slopes are 1:3 or less. In Ha Khau the height of landfill can be about 10 to 12 m above present ground surface. In Quang Hanh the height of the landfill can be about 7 to 8 m above ground surface. The preliminary design request much higher levels than the geotechnical conclusion. However, the final design can be nade after additional detailed site investigations have been carried out in each site. The cross sections, log profiles, detailed soil analysis results and the conclusions of geotechnical conditions are presented in Annex 7. According to EU-reconmendation and World Bank reconunedation - Sanitawy Landfill Design and Siting Criteria by Sandra Cointreau-Levine, 1995. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Sites 50 4.5.4 Hydrogeological Investigations The groundwater resources are found in three different groundwater reservoirs scparatcd from each other by faults: These reservoirs are the Permian limestone and the Lowver and the Middle Triassic coal-bearing layers. The groundwater in Halong City and Cam Pha can be found both in the upper and lowvcr aquifers (shallow and deep ground-water). The upper aquifer is unconfined. The shallow groundwater is exploited by dug wells. The lower aquifer fron the three diffcrcnt grouiidwatcr rcscrvoirs is cxploitcd by deep wells. Tlec present public walcr supply in ttlu project area includes 12 deep wells. Comparison of past and prcscnt observations of thc conductivity in thc Permian aquifer indicates increasing salinity in the wells, which might be indication of possiblc overeiploitation of the aquifer. According to the Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project's design report, there is also indication of possible lowering of the groundwatcr table combined with the content of chloride, which indicates that overpumping of the Triassic groundwater reservoir is in progress. The safe yield in Hong Gai and Cam Pha is estimated by the project as 25,000 to 33,000 m3 /day. The estimate performed by the Vietnamese Hydrogeological experts is about 29,000 m/day (1990). Thc total abstraction from thc wells is cstimatcd to about 36,000 m3/day, which is above the safe yield of the reservoir. Shallow wells are the most common water sources used by 52 % in the Halong - Carn Pha area, except Cam Pha where 65 % of the. households use shallow wells. Piped vatcr is mainly available in Halong, used by 36 %/c, but only by 9 % in Cam Pha. Access to pipcd water between the different communes varies from 0 to 92 %. The shallow wells are becoming increasing saline and contaminated. Bai Chay Area The groundwater can be found in Bai Chay mainly in one groundwater reservoir in the Lower Triassic coal-bearing layer. The groundwater is pumped from one well witl a daily production of about 500 m3/day. The expected safe yield from the groundwvater reservoir under the Bai Chay peninsular is estimated to about 1,700 m3/d, provided that the water will be pumped from a number of wells than overexploiting one well. However, in this case there is risk of salinisation of the groundwater. The water quality in Bai Chay well is relatively good and indicate similar water quality as in Hon Gai and Cam Pha. However, there are indications of that the coal bearing layers might influence the water quality. There are a number of minor surface water resources in Bai Chay area. These are mainly small ponds and lakes and numerous small streams. None of these are of any interest for public water supply. The surface water used for water supply in Bai Chay area comes from the Dong Ho dam, about 10 kan from Bai Chay. The production capacity of this source is 20,000 m3/d. Decmiber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 51 Landrill Site in Ha Kliau The water table under natural conditions in the shallow dug wells in the Ha Khau site is mainly at shallow depth 2 to 4 meters below the ground surface. The upper aquifer is recharged by rainfall and from surface water bodies in the area. The uppcr aquifcr is vulnerable to contamination and seasonal climatic changes. During dry periods the local people have to save water. There are some ponds in the valley for irrigation purposes. Previously, people had wvells also on the southern side of the valley, but duc to tihe risk of contamination of water from the cemeteries on that side, people dug new wells on the other side of the valley where the houses are located. Soil and groundwater investigations were carried out in the proposed site. One groundwater monitoring well was installed downstream from the landfill and onc samplc was taken for analysis. If the landfill will be developed on this site, the well can be used as a groundwater monitoring well to assess possible leachate contamination from the future landfill. The family who lives nearby the well asked to use the well for irrigation purposcs during dry seasons before the landfill construction. This was agreed with the HCWSSP, otherwise the well may be destroyed. The groundwater level in the monitoring well was measured during the soil investigations in November 1997 to 3.0 m below ground surface. The results from the groundwater analysis both for Ha Khau and Deo Sen are presented in Table 4.11. Table 4.11 Analysis of groundwater samples from monitoring wells in Ha KlAtU and Deo Sen E. .... .. M. * . ..: * .*'. Appearance Turbid, light yellow turbid, foam, light yellow Color Cobolt 21 BOD5 mg/i 3,8 6,72 COD mg/ 10,40 21,32 Oxygen mg/I 6,0 4,3 PH 6,0 7,1 Thermo conductivity °C 6,0 20-30 Chloride mg/I 12.5 49,5 Total P mg/I 0,256 0,287 Total N mg/l 6,5 8,7 Ammonia (NH4) mg/I 0,5 4,5 Total solids mg/l 260 960 Iron mg/l 1,7 10,05 Manganese mg/I 0,08 0,12 Coliform bacterias MPN 5 40 AOX mg/I 0 0 Zinc m/i 0,055 0,015 Copper mgl 0,007 0,008 Mercuiy . mgtI <0,001 <0,001 Chromium mg/i 0.005 0,012 Lead mg/I 0,002 0,004 Nickel mgI <0,01 <0,01 Mineral Oils mg/I 0,3 0,50 Sn mg/i 0,002 0,005 Dccber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 52 The groundwater quality in Ha Khau monitoring well fulfils in many analysis thc limits of the Vietnamese standards of pollutants in surface water for domestic use, except for the values for COD, total solids, iron and coliform bacteria, which are a littlc bit cxcccding thc limit values. Also the pH value is a little bit too low. The high value of total solids can be due to the drilling of the monitoring well. There should not be any microbiological bactcria in the potable water. The value of mineral oils in the monitoring well most probably originates from the drillinlg equipment or sampler. According to the Vietnamese standards, there should not be any traces of mineral oils in drinking water. The World Health Organisation's limit is 0.05 mg/I, which is six times less than the analysed result. According to the analysis results of the groundwater in the monitoring well, the ivater is not recommended for drinking purposes mainly due to the value of microbiological bacteria, but can be used for irrigation. Deo Sen There is no detailed groundwater data available from the Deo Sen landfill area, except one sampling from the monitoring well and one measurement of groundwater level data from the installed monitoring well (Table 4.11). The groundwater has been met on absolute level of about 4.0 m below ground surface. The results of analysis from one groundwater sample taken from the installed monitoring well downstream from the present landfill give, however, some baseline data of the water quality. Accordinig to the results, there is influence of leachate in the analysed watcr. The watcr quality in Deo Sen monitoring well fulfils in many analysis the limits of the Vietnamese stanidards of pollutants in surface water for domestic use, except for the values of BOD5, COD, total solids, iron and coliformn bacteria which are too high and exceeding many times the limit values. The high value of total solids can be due to the drilling of the monitoring well. The amount of microbiological bacteria is also high. The value of mineral oils exceeds a little bit the limits for water used for other purposes than domestic water supply. The values of analysed metals are below the standard limits. According to the analysis results of the groundwater in the monitoring well, the water is not recommended for drinking purposes or to be used in aquaculture on ponds or discharged into the river without treatment. Quang Hanh The water table of the upper aquifer in Quang Hanh is difficult to define. According to the investigations carried out by the Hydrogeological Division of Geological Survey of Vietnam, the groundwater table in Quang Hanh area is generally very deep. The Hydrogeological Association of Vietnam estimates the groundwater level near the proposed landfill site at Quang Hanh between 100 to up to about 400 m depending on the geological formation. Tfherefore, no groundwater monitoring well was installed on this site and no groundwater quality data is hence available. According to Dr. Nguyen Van Dan from the Hydrogeological Division No K2, the Quang Hanh region is important area for mineral water resources and mitigative measures should be carried out to protect this area from pollution. The exact area for mineral water resources has not been defined. Decemnber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites . 53 4.5.5 Biological and Ecological Studies An expert team from the Faculty of Biology of Hanoi National University carried out in November 1997 a biological/ecological study at the proposed landfill sites Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh. The study consisted of both desk studies and site visits. Thc objective of the study was to study the flora and fauna on each site and assess the impacts from construction and operation of the landfills on the local flora and fauna. The mcmbers of the team are presented in Annex 1 and in Photograph 28 in Annex 3. The following information is based on the report A Biological / Ecological Study for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Three Landfills and Three Wastewater Treatment Plant Sites of Halong City. Presejgt Landfill Site Ha Khau: There are four types of ecosystems in the Ha Khau landfill site: 1. Savana with shrubs and bushes; 2. Forest plantations with Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp (Photograph 13 in Annex 3); 3. Narrow valley with small stream and rice fields; 4. Separate households with gardens. The natural forests at the Ha Khau site are degraded. Beside the wild species, there arc also garden species. The soil erosion is here severe and affects also on the growth of the plants. All plants in the Ha Khau area are common, and no rare or endangered species were found during the biological/ecological site survey. Present Landfill Site Deo Sen: There are three natural ecosystems in the present Deo Sen landfill site (Photograph 5 in Annex 3): 1. Savana with shrubs and bushes; 2. Forest plantations with Eucalyptus spp., Acacia spp., and Pinus merklasii; 3. "Sen" valley with a small stream and ponds downstream. There are 105 plant species in the Deo Sen landfill area. Natural forests have been destroyed due to human activities. They have been replaced by a savana-type vegetation. There are many houses near the landfill, which have gardens and ponds for aquaculture. In this ecosystem, there are many vertebrate species. All plant and animnal species are common, no species of rare or endangered were found during the site survey. Proposed New Landfill Site Quang Hanh: There are four types of ecosystems in the proposed Quang Hanh landfill area: 1. Tropical forests developed on limestone mountain (Giap Khau mountain); 2. Savana with shrubs and bushes; 3. Forest plantations with Eucalyptus esxerta or Acacia mangium or mixed forest with both of the species (Photograph 20 in Annex 3); 4. Drying stream. The natural forests have been degraded. All of plant species are common. There are no rare or endangered species on the proposed landfill site. There are numerous Yertebrate animal species including frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 54 5. ALTERNATIVES OF LANDFILL LOCATION AND DESIGN 5.1 Alternative 0 Alternative 0 is to leave the project unimplemented for all proposed landfill sitcs or implement only one new proposed landfill site and upgrade Deo Sen, whiichi is necded as long as the ncw joinlt landfill sitc is constructed. If the project will be unimplemented, there is still acute need of disposal sites for waste both in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha. If the project will not be implemented, the present custom will be most probably the reality for new landfills, which arc highly needcd. The implementation of old dumping and operation system has already started in Ha Khau, due to the urgent need of disposal site. Theirc is also a risk of that somc of the prcscnt dumps will bc used continuously duc to lack of funds and hereby the pollution load to the cnvironment would increase. Appropriate institutional strcngthening, training and public awareness in cnvironmcntal issues is essential to avoid the present custom to create waste dumps in sites wllerc it is most convenient to dump and burn. 5.2 Disposal Alternatives Bai Chay Option 1: In the first phase, waste collected from Bai Chay would be disposed of in an o,vn landfill Ha Khau. This waste disposal has already started without almost any appropriate measures as proposed in the Feasibility Study. Option 2: Transport the waste with normal waste trucks with higher fee on the ferry to thc present landfill Deo Sen in Hon Gai. This options should need negotiations with the Provincial Department of Communication (owner of the ferries) to transport the wvaste with a fee of a normal truck load. Another possibility is to have a separate ferry for -waste transportation and use closed containers. The bridge could be used in the future. The reason for refusing waste transportation on present ferries by local authorities is that it would be too expensive to transport, because the waste transportation is comparable to fuel transportation and would therefore require own ferries. Only one waste truck per ferry would be allowed. Option 3: Construction of a transfer station in Bai Chay and transport the compacted waste on the ferry to the present landfill Deo Sen in Hon Gai. The disposal site in the last two options could later be the possible joint landfill Quang Hanh in Cam Pha. However, Option I is already in use in Bai Chay, and it is proposed to be implemented. Hon Gai Option 1: The existing landfill Deo Sen will be upgraded to meet the intemational and local requirements by building fence, planting trees between the landfill and cemetery, December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 55 construction of a new access road, and treatment of leachate and improvement of other landfill operations. Option 2: The joint landfill between Hon Gai and Cam Pha will be used by expandinig its area in Phase 2 of the project. Option 1 will be used in Hon Gai in the first phase of the project. Cam Pha Option 1: A new sanitary landfill site will be constructed to the Quang Hanh area. In Phase 1 of the project, the site is only intended for waste disposal from Cam Pha. Vung Duc would be used until the Quang Hanh site has been constructed. Opti6h 2: The Quang Hanh site could be used for waste disposal both for Hon Gai and Cam Pha, after the present landfill in Deo Sen has been closed. Option 1 will be used in Cam Pha during the first phase of the project. 5.3 Principles to Select Location of Landfill Site The recomnendations for the location of the sanitary landfill are as follows: Keep the development area for the landfill project limited to the proposed site and phase progress proposed in the preliminary design. The reservation for a landfill area should to provide capacity for at least 10 years of filling for all proposed landfill sites. In Quang Hanh the operation can possibly extended for a 10 more additional years. The following should to be avoided: - deforestation areas, which are in good condition; - areas of unstable ground; - private or public water supply areas within the distance of 500 meters down gradient; - irrigation channels; - fresh water streams and ponds; - environmentally rare or endangered species of flora or fauna; - major electrical transmission lines; - residential areas within 250 metres *; - visibility from residential areas; - siting within 1 km from historical and memorial sites, schools etc. *Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria, 1995 (Sandra Cointreau-Levine, Consultant for the World Bank). There is no Vietnamese standard of the distance of a landfill location to residential areas. If there is any doubt about the identification of flora and fauna in the landfili development area, advice should be sought from the University of Hanoi, Faculty of Biology. Siting should to provide enough land for a buffer zone to minimise the visibility from residential areas. Fast growing trees, bushes and grasses, which are typical to the local conditions, are recommended to plant are already in the preliminary design. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 56 5.4 Alternative Location of Landfill Sites Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project asked Halong City and Cam Plia authorities to make proposals for new landfill sites in consideration of the projcct's guidclinics prcscntcd in May 1997. A total of five uiew proposals were presented to the consultants in the beginning of Scptcmbcr 1997; 1) -la Khau and 2) Vict Hung in Bai Chay, 3) C2 and 4) Lo llhonig in Hon Gai and 5) Quang Hanh in Cam Pha. Requested by local authorities in Cam Pha. an additional site visit was made in November 1997 to 6) C9 in Cam Plia (Figure 5/1). In thiis alternative assessment Ha Khau has been considered as new site because the dumping has started after the assessment has been made Existing dump sites and disposal site were visited as follows: 7) Cai Lan in Bai Chay has been closed in spring 1997. Existing disposal site at 8) Deo Sen in Hon Gai can be upgraded, but existing dump site at 9) Vung Duc should be closed (Figure 511). The preliminary assessments of the alternative future landfill sites for Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Can Pha is based on desk studies, interviews and site visits. A total of nine sites, five new sites and three existing sites, were preliminary assessed as follows: T'he alternative sites for Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha have been preliminary assessed in September 1997 by the solid waste management expert Mr. Esa Ekltolm. This assessment was mainly based on technical and financial basis. The Ha Khau and Quang Hanh sites were chosen as the best alternatives for the development of new landfill sitcs. Viet Hung in Bai Chay may be developed for future long-termn solution (Photograph 15 in Annex 15). An independent Environmental Adviser has assessed all the present and proposed sites in October 1997. The whole waste management team visited and evaluated Quang Hanh, C9, C2 (Photographs 30 and 31 in Annex 3) and Lo Phong sites in Novemnber 1997. Decembcr 1998 0T1 C~) o!>--;: r :X w22sca, Xy take nv C . HALONG WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT LEEN -: . ' 1 + ANXARY ANDNLS TE -t W iC il TA; SHALOCTONG WATE SUPPFLYS AND SNTATIO PROJECTAE 2) * SITE TO BE CLOSED VJ TRi CAC BAI THAI TRONG KHU VUC DL .AN U, 3) X PROPO" 9TE ci te-H t n 4) Q PROJECT AREA - KHU Vl,C 01/iN _O_|. ¶98 Ki'pa kitentb ./s h~ ogcitb utth gala water D m tuii Waie Ovo., Ouitd, Water Suppi mid _ ebtfl_iiWS@ Ca~mitImiti -~ Vt,... mid Hodecam Lai- RALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlIA - ElA for Proposed Laiidfill Sites 58 A sununary of the preliminary teclmical and economical assessment of the proposcd alternative new landfill sites is presentcd in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 Preliminary technical and economical assessment of the new sites in September - November 1997 lKhau --Victlung intended waste Hon Gai Hon Gai Hon Gai Cam Pita Bai Chay Bai Clhay collection area in Cam Pha Cam Pha Cam Pha loing period distance from city + +++ + ++ ++ main road -+4+ ++-H- +-H-+ -4++++-+++ +4+ coniection access road - --I + ++ ++ ++++ +.+ u.k. present /previous ,. No no no yes no no disposal present use No . agric. No temporary agric. no landfill previous use ind.plant agric. Ind.plant no agric. minting milit. Area planned use No no no landfill no no water treatment + I I +I ++++ + + i i u.k. aspects geological aspects u.s. u.k. u.k. u.k. u.s. u.k. clay available u.s. u.k. probably u.k. u.s. u.k. soil available Some some some some some u.k. disposal capacity Enough for very big for enough for enough for big for BC u.k. HC&CP HC&CP HC&CP CP very suitable positive ,H-I-- lsuitable quite positive quite good mean ++ bad quite negative + poor negative U.S. under survey u.k. unknown HC Halong City (Hong Gai & Bay Chay) CP Cam Pha BC Bay Chay A preliminary environmental assessment of the proposed alternative new landfill sites has been made and the summary results are presented in Table. 5.2. - Dccwmbcr 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 59 Table 5.2 Preliminary environmental assessment of the new sites v. .. L .Vict hlung Present access road l+ + + +++ ++ ++ Residential area ++-+ + ++ l l +++ Rclocation needed Some yes yes yes some no Groundwater area No no no u.k. no ? Flooding No yes yes yes no no River or stream Yes yes yes yes no n1o Discharge to sea Yes yes yes yes yes yes Geological aspects + + l + +l+ 7 Historical sites No no no no yes ? Winds Some yes yes yes no somc Flora and fauna u.s. u.k. u.k. u.k. u.s. u.k. Landscape +++++ +4+4+ +4+ l+4 +4+l+ +4+++ very suitable positive suitable quite positive i+4+ | quite good mean ++ bad quite negative + poor negative u.s. under survey u.k. unknown HC Halong City (Hong Gai & Bay Chay) CP Cam Pha BC Bay Chay The preliminary technical anld environmental assessment of the proposed new landfill sites concluded that Ha Khau in Bai Chay and Quang Hanh in Can Pha are from the above assessed sites the most suitable for new sanitary landfills from an environmentally point of view. Appropriate construction and operation of the new sanitary landfills will also minimise the discharge of leachate to the important Halong Bay area. At present, there is no control of the leachate discharges from the present landfill to the bay. The present Deo Sen landfill in Hon Gai can be -extended and technically and environmentally upgraded for additional 10 years disposal. According to the sanitar) landfill design, construction and operation criteria the discharge of treated leachate from the upgraded Deo Sen landfill to the bay can be controlled more efficiently than at present. The C2, C9 and Lo Phong sites are not suitable as landfill sites without tremendous investments. A total of nine alternatives for landfill sites have been assessed. According to the situation in November 1998 from these the most suitable from technical, economical and environmental point of view are the following for future development: 1. upgrading of present landfill site at Ha Khau in Bai Chay 2. upgrading of present landfill site Deo Sen in Hon Gai 3. new landfill site at Quang Hanh in Cam Pha 4. closing Cai Lan dump site in Bai Chay 5. closing Vung Duc dump site in Cam Pha Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Saiiitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 60 5.5 Alternative Design Levels The preliminary design has been donc for upgrading or new sites at Ha khau (Bai Chav), Deo Sen (Hon Gai), Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) and for closing Cai Lan (Bai Chay) and Vung Duc (Cam Pha). Because of institutional matters, Quang Hanh is designed only for Cain Pha's waste in the first phase. It is located in Cam Pha's area and is at the moment difficult to gct thc permission to dispose waste collected from Halong City. However, Quang Hanh site could be in the future a joint landfill for the waste collected from both of the towns. Thic Dco Sen site should be used during the transition period for Hon Gai's waste and thic proposed Ila Khau site, whiclh is already in operation, should be upgraded for Bai Chay's wvastc. In the first phase the design and investment costs of the sites have been considered in the following three different levels: - Level A: improvement of local practices (mitigate the acute matters) The level A is from an environmentally point of view unacceptable, but without any loan from the World Bank or support from other agencies, this option will most probably be the reality for most of the future landfill sites. - Level B: low cost sanitary landfill that does not include all support facilities, which arc included in the level C, but fulfils the main environmental requirements. - Level C: sanitary landfill is the most expensive one to be developed and it fulfils thc highest environmental requirements. According to the experiences in Haiphong level B was used in the prcliminary design and cost analysis for Halong as well. In Walong City and Cam Pha the design of earthworks, drainage and leachate treatment was the same in B and C level. The biggest differcnce -was that the level C included weigh bridges for each site, which were not considered necessarilv needed for the development of waste management due to among others the high investment costs for three weigh bridges. The' waste truckloads could be recorded as amounts and volumes. The waste is currently transported to three landfills and the investments for three weigh bridges would therefore be quite costly per waste tonne. Moreover, the weigh bridges require an operator and electricity on each landfill. However, during the discussions in November 1998 it was decided that also the wveigh bridges are including to the project, same as some additional landscaping around the, existing cemeteries. The other design will be the same as proposed in the preliminary design. 5.6 Hospital Waste and HCWR Hospital Waste Management The hospital and health care risk waste (I-HCRW) and hazardous waste problems are not included in the Terms-of Reference of this project and therefore there is little data concerning the nature and amount of hospital waste and HCWR generated. However, it is briefly discussed as an alternative, which could be implemented as long-term basis. Before any disposal to landfills the'exact amount and type of hospital waste in Halong City and Cam Pha should be investigated. According to Implementing Hospital Waste Management the following subjects should be surveyed: differentiate the type of waste; December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 61 quantity the waste generated; determine the points of generation and the type of waste generated at each point; determine the level of segregation and disinfection needed and the point at which it should be carried out in waste stream; and use the information in hospital -specific training. Segregation is the key to any waste management scheme. Through segregation diffecrent categories of wastes are sorted and placed in different containers or bags. Segregation should be conducted at the point of generation, as early as possible to keep general wastes from becoming infectious. If the infectious waste, which forms a small part of hospital waste, is mixed with the other hospital waste the entire waste will have to bc treated as infectious waste. This is an expensive option and is also a dangerous practice especially if the waste is being dumped without any prior treatment. With segregation hospitals can reduce the total treatment costs, reduce the impacts of this waste on the community and reduce the chances of infecting workers. The overall strategy for hospital waste is as follows according to Hospital Wastc Management (1998): - Segregation at source - no separation after placement in primary packaging - Packaging and labelling - fundamental that hospital waste is clearly identified - Store safely and hygienically - Dedicate non-compaction and unique storage facilities and transport veliicles DOSTE is the controlling environmental authority and they should give instructions to hospitals concerning segregation and treatmnent of hospital waste. Some activities are already proposed but not implemented, yet: Hospital waste management is not including to the project but should be arranged as own. project. Hospital Waste Disposal Current methods of hospital/medical waste incineration cause the release of a wide array of air pollutants, including several pollutants of particular public health concern. Emissions from hospital/medical waste incinerator contain organics (dioxins/furans), particulates (PM), metals (Cd, Pb and Hg), acid gases (HCI and SO2), and NO,. These pollutants can have adverse effects on public health. Pollutants of principal concem to public health include dioxins/furans, PM, Pb, Cd and Hg. The amounts of emissions can be reduced to acceptable level by good combustion control and expensive add-on air pollution control systems for example dry injection/fabric filter and high efficiency wet scrubbing. Initial and repeat stack testing would be necessary to show compliance with emission requiremnents. Advantages of hospital/waste incineration compared to other waste management systcms are for example elimination of health risks, waste is not recognisable, incineration fiully destroys micro-organisms, incineration reduces volumelmass of waste, incineration destroys all tpes of organic wastes (liquids, pharnaceuticals and other solids), heat recovery is possible and high quantities of waste can be treated by incineration. Disadvantages of hospital/medical waste incineration are for example high investment costs, complicated to operate, continuous monitoring is required, high maintenance, relatively high operation costs and costs rise with the level of sophistication of the Dcember 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposcd Landfill Sites 62 cmiiission. Inicincration also emits toxic flue gases and gcneratcs rcsidues that nccd safe disposal. Incincrationi is not rccomrncnded as trcatment mcthod. In Halong where thc generated amount of hospital waste is preliminary tstimatcd to bc rather small, the ordinary hospital wvaste and HCWR canl be buried under strict control in restricted areas in the landfills. Segregation should be done in hospitals before any disposal to landfills. Hospital and health carc wastc will bc collccted- separately from hospitals ctc. and transported to the landfill. The hospital wastc will be disposed of in a trench excavated in other waste in segregate area from the ordinary tip front in the landfill. There Nould alwvays be ani cxcavated trench waiting for the next hospital waste load. The hospital wvaste will be buried immediately and covered with 0,5 m thick soil layer. The trench will be covered with the soil and waste from the new excavated trench. Location of hospital waste will be marked on a map to avoid opening of previous trench. 5.7 Hazardous Waste Tnhe present amount of hazardous waste is very small. Disposal of hazardous waste is not including to the project during the first phase. The disposal needs detailed investigations concerning the type and amount of hazardous waste. There will be no storagc of hazardous wastes in landfills until local authorities have made the decision of appropriate storage and treatment of hazardous wastes. The collection and treatment of hazardous wvastc needs detailed investigations before any implementation. Before that it can be recommended that factories separate the possible hazardous waste and have a proper storage in their own area. In the long-term solution the following alternatives could be considered. Altemative 1 Liquid waste will only be accepted in containers. The condition of the containers will be checked before disposal. Dilapidated containers will be replaced with new. The containcrs will be stored in an excavation, which will be lined with clay and plastic. The bottom of the excavation will be drained and possible liquids will be lead in a pipe to a covered well. The well will be continuously checked for eventual liquids. The liquids will be pumped to a sucking truck and transported for treatnent. The excavation pit must be covered withi a removable roof. If the liquids cannot be treated they will be infiltrated into a suitable material and disposcd of in the excavation. The open space between the containers will be filled with sand. A plastic membrane, soil layers, impermeable clay and plastic will cover the top of sand. A separate excavation will be reserved for dusty and sludgy hazardous waste. Alternative 2 Another alternative is to construct a centralised hazardous waste storage in Quang Hanh. There is a suitable even surface for a hazardius waste storage. This storage could be common for Halong City and Cam Pha. Each hazardous waste basin should be equipped with own sewer pipe, so that possiblc leak can easily be detected. A chemist should be responsible for disposal of hazardous leaks to avoid risks of mixed substances. Dcctnber 1998 1IALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 63 5.8 Composting In Ha Khau as in Deo Scn it is difficult to construct a composting arca, due to thlc decp valley, In Quang Hanh reservation for possible future composting area will -be arrangcd. A windrow composting area can be easily constructed in the Quang Hanh site, becausc tllc site is flat. The primary purpose to compost waste is to produce fertilising material to bc used for the final cover of the lanidfill to enablc growing of grass, etc. Another target can be to produce fertiliser for the farmers in the area. The compost is produced from the waste loads, which have rich putrescible waste such as market waste and sludge. The residuaIs (paper, plastic, rubber, etc.) are separated after composting with screen. This method would be sufficient for landfill cover. For the farmers a more improved system e.g. the residuals should be separated better, should be applied. In the,beginning of the landfill operation only a small amount of compost is needed and therefore composting can be started later than other activities at the site. Decenber 1998 HiALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME HIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 64 6. INIPACTS OF THE PROJECT 6.1 Approach and Methodology All kind of construction works as well as activities related to tlhese, will lead to certain cause and effects on the environment. In this EIA-study, we will analyse and specify environmcntal cause and cffccts on the physical, biological and hluman environmenlt caused by the location, construction and operation of sanitary landfills in Quang Hanh and upgrading of present landfills in Ha Khau and in Deo Sen and necessary facilities related to these. The effects of these activities can be positive, negative or both. Some of them can bc negligible. The probability of the realisation and the seriousness of effects, as wvell as the duration, if it can be estimated, will be discussed. The background for the estimation of impacts have been obtained by: - desk studies,. - several site visits to the site and surroundings by experts representing diffcrcnt expertise, - preliminary geotechnical ground investigations, - installation of one groundwater monitoring well and water quality analyscs in Ha Khau and Deo Sen, - flora and fauna field surveys, - interviews with local people in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh, - interviews with local authorities. Local people's and authorities main opinions have been recorded by informing of the proposed project and interviewing them. The opinions are mainly summarised in the Chapter 12. The impacts of the access roads to the landfill sites are also discussed, although it will be implemented by local allocations. The roads will not be included in the World Bank loan consideration, but according to World Bank principlcs roads are part of the project and have to be included in the EIA. The impacts of the road will be discussed in more general terms. The need for mitigative measures and plans for all adverse effects are presented in Chapter 7. The cause and effect relationships of different activities are discussed below in dctail. A summary (Table 6.3) of cause and effect conclusions including the estimation of magnitude as well as need for mitigative is given in the end of this section. The environment has been divided into the following subgroups: - Atmospheric enviromnent -. Aquatic environment - Terrestrial environment - Human environment The most common method of disposal of solid municipal waste is by deposition in landfills. Sanitary landfills are planned, located and designed and constructed according to engineering and environmental specifications to minimise the impacts to the environment, including the groundwater quality. Dwcnber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME II1A - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 65 ThC principal threat to groundwater comes from leachate, which is generatcd from the landfill. Thc dcsign of thc sanitary landfills aims to niinimisc leachate developmclnt bv covering the fill from rainfall, run-off and adjacent groundwater. The leachatc will bc properly treated in such a manner that the facilities are easy to operate and applied to the local customs. 6.2 Location of the Sanitary Landfill In the text are described the impacts common to all proposed landfill sitcs. Dctailcd impacts on each proposed site are presented in the Table 6.1. Location a landfill does not itself cause any essential negative impacts on thc atmospheric environment. There is a risk of surface water contamnination if strict mitigative measures are not adopted. Locatiton of the landfill at the proposed sites will not cause any serious negative impacts on natural flora and fauna, because there is no endangered or rare flora and fauna species either in Ha Khau, Deo Sen or Quang Hanh. Groundwater resources are not considered important for general water supply in Ha Khau or Deo Sen. However, local people use shallow dug wells in Ha Khau, which usually run dry during dry season. Therefore, care should be taken into consideration not to endanger the drinking water source in the area. It is very difficult to find a large isolated area for landfill development in densely populated areas as in Vietnam and still close to the main waste generation sites. Thore is a typical attitude against landfills: "Nobody wants the landfill in the neighbourhood, because it is polluting." The locals realise the landfills as typical dumps with fires, flies, rats, odour, etc. They have no experience of an appropriate sanitary landfill and cannot therefore imagine how the landfill will be constructed or operated. December 1998 As @t* s s sv -_s s s A, L,oAL ril>l c AA.iiA 1,{UJA-k i \JJ Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME HIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 66 Table 6.1. Impacts of Location of Sanitary Landfill Issue Ha Khau (Bai Chay) Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) Aquatic There are small ponds downstream from the present landfill. Two streams are located in Quang Hanh, Environment . These are now used for aquacultivation i.e. fish farming. The '%vhere one will cross the landfill area, if the leachate may have contact with the pond water and the route is not changed. The stream is narrow aquacultivation in the present ponds is not recommended. In the and dry during dry season. The change of preliminary design, the ponds will be constructed to leachate route will not have any minor negative collection and treatment ponds, where no fish farming is impacts. because it will be reconnected with allowed. the stream downstream until it vanishes into a The present discharge of untreated leachate is to river, which is limestone cave. used both for aquaculture and irrigation, and finally flowing to the mud beaches of Cua Luc estuary. The present quality of leachate does not fulfil the Vietnamese standard for aquaculture. The quality of leachate will be improved atler the upgrading of the present landfill. Terrestrial Minor rice fields are located in According to the analysis from grounvater monitoring well there Giap Khau limestone mountain is protected. Environment narrow valley, but these fields seem traces of leachate and the water cannot be used in households or and the area reservation does not reach to this to be in a very poor condition and for aquaculture. mountain. Important mineral water resources during dry season there is lack of have been found northeast of the proposed water. landfill site. Careful mitigative measures should be adopted to present these resources from contamination. This has been taken inot account in the preliminary design for all levels. Human Proposed area is located in sparsely People close by Deo Sen landfill complain about pollution they The ground in the proposed area has been Environment populated area. There were 7 are suffering from landfill and cemeterv (odour, flies, already excavated and residents have got their households inside the area but these mosquitos). The drinking water is polluted. There are 5 houses compensation and removed due to the have been located. 7 old graves on inside the direct influence area. and totally 18 houses according previous cement factory. There are still 7 the hill slope must be relocated. to the local authorities. Twentv one houses have previously been houses to be relocated and compensated. The Siting vill not cause any serious relocated and compensated. There is one household, which has military camp should be relocated in a few negative social and cultural impacts. got compensation. but has not moved. years time. December 1998 I" Is I , s A. AW A,.,s AA '%IA AoAs1iiJJi IsM i II, AIQLX PIWJ A,. I Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME llLA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 67 Table 6.2. Impacts of Construction and Operation of Sanitary Landfill Issue Ha Khau (Bai Chay) Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quang Hanh (Cain Pha) Aquatic The river downstream from the site is used for irrigation, and There is a risk of surface water There is a risk of stream water Environment is discharging to the sea. There are small rainwater collection contamination if appropriate mitigative contamnination if strict mitigative measures ponds downstream from the proposed site. There is a risk of measures are not adopted. are not adopted. The stream discharges into contamination of surface waetr if necessary treatment of a limestone cave with unknown connections leachate and nitigtive measures and monitoring are not with streams for surface and groundwater. adopted. ________________________________ Terrestrial Due to the use of shallotv groundwater there is a risk of Although groundwater, surface waer and The top layers of the soils have a little Environment contamination of groundwater. The measured permeability of aquaculture ponds are already higher permeability than recommended. soils arm higher than recommended for the bottom of a contaminated additional filtration of There is a severe risk of contamination of sanitary landfill. leachaete into the groundwater and important mineral groundwater resources if surface water has to be prevented. strict mitigative measures are not adopted in Iall design levels. December I WQ HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT SanitaLioni Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 68 6.3 Coiistl-uctionI anid Operation of the Lanidrill In the text are described the impacts corrmnon to all proposed landfill sitcs. Dctailcd impacts on each proposed site are presented in the Table 6.2. Atmospheric environment Poorly guardcd landfills are often set on fire by accident (e.g., burning matcrials broughlt to the landfill) or purposely (e.g., scavengers fires). This can lead to toxic gas emissions as well as the risk of more serious fires and even explosions. Various gases will be generated witlin the landfill during the decomposition proccss. Tlcsc are usually highly flammable, and so they need to be collected and discharged safely to avoid any risk of fires or explosions. They also are a souruc of odours, and toxic to anv vegetation on the landfill, and contribute to the greenhouse effect. Landfill gas can also migrate within the landfill along paths of least resistancc, ancd if it accumulates, it can cause a risk of explosions. Moreover, uncollected gas is wvaste of potential source of energy. Poorly maintained collection vehicles or landfill equipment may emit exlaust filmes containing carbon monoxide, and sulphur dioxide, diesel fumes and other noxious gascs. There will be no incineration plant designed for the proposed sites. Thcrcfore, severc air emissions from burning of waste are not expected. Terrestrial environment The geotechnical laboratory analysis show, in general, that the measured permeabilit) of top layers of the soil are mainly higher than recommendcd for sanitary landfills (K = > 10 9 m/s) and the shallow groundwater is close to the ground surface. Permeability measured in situ may be lower than the laboratory values. The ion exchange capacity is low in all sites and does not bind harmful ions. The groundwater level in all sites except in Quang Hanh is quite near the surfacc. Therefore, there is a serious risk of contamination of groundwater if care is not taken into consideration when planning levelling of the landfill and in all excavation and construction operations. Soil subsidence due to fill cannot be estimated due to lack of compressibility properties of the soil strata. The stability of landfill at the sites have been calculated very preliminary. The-uscd valuc of natural density for sanitary waste has been y = 18.0 kN/M3 and safety factor has been F = 1.3. Additional studies are needed for accurate determination of the stability and fill height. Based on the preliminary soil investigations, the fill height should be less than designed in all sites. Proper placement and compaction of wastes is essential to avoid instability and soil subsidence. Dccember 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 69 For the construction of the laindfill, there will be need of excavated inatcrial for construction of embankments, daily covers and temporary roads. There will also be a necd of material for drainage layers and filters. In the preliminary design, it is proposed to use material which is excavated from the downwards levelling of the landfill whenever possiblc or material for example from brick factories, etc. Careful planning of the excavation operation must be carried out to avoid possible negative impacts to groundwvatcr and scars to landscape. Due to the insufficient permeability values a I meter thick clay liner is proposed in the preliminary design as bottom liner. Care should be taken to keep the moisture content in the clay high enough to prevent the clay from cracking and make the leachate possible to infiltrate into subsoil. The leachate is in nmany landfills one of the main environmental problems. The problem can be severe in landfill areas which are located close by residential and agricultural areas and areas important for groundwater supply. To assess the possible impacts of infiltrationl of leachate into ground, data of the amount and composition of the leachate are necessary as well as the permeability and ion exchange capacity of the soil. More in-situ soil investigations (especially permeability measurements) are needed. Untreated leachate and runoff from the landfill will cause a risk of contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. The leachate will periodically be diluted, depending on the amount of rainfall. In the preliminary design it is proposed to collect the leachate into a wastewater treatment system i.e. stabilisation ponds, aquatic treatment, land treatment and recirculation, which will treat and dilute the leachate before discharge into irrigation channels. Discharge to rivers and sea or irrigation channels requires strict control of the water quality. Chemical spills, due to lack of caution whcn doing regular service or repair or refuelling equipment may cause local contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. Road damages will increase on local roads if heavy equipment is transported on unstable and unpaved roads, especially during the rainy seasons, if necessary road improvements are not carried out. The bridge on coast road to Deo Sen will need improvements to carry the heavy loads of transportation trucks. Construction and operation of the sanitary landfill will have minor impacts on flora and fauna. No known endangered species of flora and fauna where found within the project boundaries. There is a risk of severe littering due to winds blowing over the sites if weekly, preferably daily, soil cover material is not used. The sites will be located in an open area downhills in Ha Khau and Deo Sen and in an open area in Quang Hanh, where winds are often blowing. The risk of littering is especially remarkable during storms. Human environment Key impacts will relate to the loss of land areas and restriction in land use, when the proposed area is converted into the landfill and when the new access road is constructed. Moreover, it will cause loss of income for farmers and local authorities due to siting of the landfill in an agriculture area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Fcasibility Study VOLUME 1ILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 70 Ncw access road construction works will cause temporary nuisance. Construction of the landfills plus facilities will give for many locals short-term job opportunities. Operation of the landfills will give employment to totally about I - 2 persons/site. The operation of landfills will attract scavengers who will pick recyclable matcrial from the landfills. The conflict of interest between landfill safety on one hanid and illcomile opportunities for scavengers on the other hand, may lead to trouble betwveen the interest groups. The landfill will probably need to be operated in such a way as to accommodate scavengers, since it is usually impossible to exclude them. Scavengers will be allowed to use washing facilities for cleaning themselves. Scavengers have usually moved from one landfill to another after the operation has changed to another site. Normally scavengers live close to the landfill, but this is not the case in the present landfill sites. It is also assumed that some of the local people w'ill start scavenging at the -new sites. There will be loss of income for scavengers if they are not allowed to come to pick recyclable waste at the landfill. If the landfill (including waste water treatment, etc.) is not properly operated, there is a risk that irritating odours, dust and possible smoke from fires from the landfill and odour from waste water treatment ponds under suitable wind conditions, reach the residential areas and cause a public nuisance. The risk is high because the residential areas are close by the proposed sites. Therefore, minimum weekly cover and leachate treatment is extremely important. During construction work construction vehicles will also use the narrow village roads and may therefore increase the risk of accidents. Irritating dust, noise and fumes from construction vehicles using the narrow village roads will cause some public nuisance. This will be a short-term disturbance. However, the operation of the landfills will cause a long- term increase of traffic, because the transport trucks will some part cross minor residential areas. Disposal of solid waste into the bay in Vung Duc contaminates the water and may lead to inconsistencies with future uses of the receiving waters that is tourism, aquaculture and aesthetics unless appropriate mitigative measures are adopted. According to the Camn Pha authorities the area is planned to a tourist area after closing the coal harbour. Deccmber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 71 6.4 Cause anid Effect Conclusion Table 6.3 Cause and Effect Conclusion Table6.3 Cause and Efpect Noncedsnfor 4-4 Ma ntu Mit 2tion Atmosplieric environment Toxic gas emissions from fire snoulders - Minor/major ycs Gas migration in limestone in Quang Hanh - Minor yes Accidcntal explosions due to lack of gas collection - Major yes or ventilation Air emissions from landfill operation - Minor ycs Aquatic environment Risk of flooding in Quang Hanhi Minor yes Risk of contamination of surface water (ponds, river, sea, etc.) in all sites _ Minor/major yes Unknown Ter riestrial environment ? before detailed ? Risk of subsidence due to low bearing strcngth investigations Erosion processes in the hill slopes for Ha Khau & Minor yes Deo Sen Risk of infiltration of leachate into subsoil and grotundwatcr . Minor/major ycs Risk of groundwater infiltration into landfill (Ha Klmau ?) Minor/major yes Ion exchange capacity in the oil + ,- Minor yes Risk of chemical spills during regular service or repair - Minor yes Risk of road damages by heavy transport of - Minor/major Yes equipment or collection vehicles Risk of negative impacts on local flora and fauna Minor Yes Risk of littering from landfill operation - Minor Yes Human environment - Minor Yes Loss of land areas Increase of local economic activities during construction and operation of the landfill _ + Major/minor No Loss of income for farmers at Ha Khau site - major Yes Creation of noise, dust and odours, etc. - minorlmajor yes Increased risk of accidents and injury minor/major yes Improvement of road conditions and other modemisation + minor/maior no Improvement of local environmental conditions due to appropriate waste disposal + major yes Dcember 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Sites 72 7. MITIGATION MEASURES 7.1 General Separate Environmental Management Plan has been prepared during the dcsign phasc of the Project. The EMP include identification of adverse environmental impacts, description of and technical details for each mitigation measure; institutional arrangements; implementation schedule; monitoring and reporting procedures and integration to the total project costs. 7.2 Detailed Design of the Sanitary Landfill Environmental matters have to be integrated to all the design work and planning of the project. The designing has to be done in such a way that the adverse impacts on1 environment ate minimised as much as possible by using existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and existing structurcs is the smallest. Whcrc possiblc cxisting rights-of-way arc to be uscd rather than create new ones. The key mitigation measures are noted in the Feasibility Study Main Report and Project Implementation Plan. According to the Vietnamese Construction Regulation Standard Article 3.3 Protection of Natural Resources and Enviromnent construction projects should: - Not cause adverse effect to the enviromnent, and technical regulations on scenery and environment protection should be observed; - Protect the natural preservation areas, and historical, cultural and architectural places; - Extraction. of natural resources must be done in a rational manner and cause no obstacle to the next exploitation; - Respect traditional customs, practices, religions of people living in and around the construction area. Proper engineering design according to Vietnamese and international standards and criteria should be provided during the design to minimise adverse on environnent. 7.3 Construction of Sanitary Landfill To keep the damages and polluting effects to the environment as small as possible the following requirements and recommendations are given: - Uncovering soil layers with high permeability should be avoided. This should be checked by additional in-situ soil investigations. - There should be strict supervision and control of the construction of the landfill bottom layers to minimise leachate from infiltating into subsoil and groundwater. - Carefil planning of all soil excavation operations should be carried out to avoid possible negative impacts to the groundwater or aesthetic view (scars in the landscape).. - Surface water and runoff from unused sections entering into the active landfill area should be prevented to minimise the amount of leachate. Separation of different sections is done by building dikes and ditches (drainage) to the different areas. - The landfill bottom lining and the leachate collection system under the refuse should be properly sloped to enable gravity flow of the leachate to treatment ponds. Bottom lining of 1 0 m.impermeable clay should be used. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 73 Discharge of the contaminated water directly to surface waters (river, pond, stream, irrigation channel) is not acceptable, unless the effluent can be treated and/or diluted to a level where the impacts on the surface water quality are minimal and the quality still follows the set standards. The quantity of the leachate by land treatment and recirculation should be minimised - Trees and bushes should be planted to act as buffer zone, especially in Ha Klhau and Deo Sen towards the cemetery areas and along the cemetery road in Deo Sen. - Gates have to be operated by a guard to control the incoming and outgoilng peoplc and vehicles. - Repair and wash bays for landfill equipment should be constructed. - Disturbance to natural vegetation, soils, hydrological regimes and topography should be minimised. - All waters violating pH-limits (<6 and >9) should be neutralised (construction of neutalisation basins). - Regular inspection and good maintenance practice should be arranged to reduce the spill risks from vehicles and equipment. Separation of oil and grease from wvater in wash and repair bays before the discharge should be organised. - There should be regular maintenance of should be collected and properly ventilated to avoid the potential risk of explosion. Flaring of gas can be considered if the composition of emissions from flaring is within the Vietnamese standards for air emissions. Composting is recommended as a long-term option to receive compost for landscaping of the landfill. Reservation for composting area is suggested in the preliminary design of the Quang Hanh landfill. 7.4 Improvement and Extension of the Access Road Local funding should be allocated to the improvement and extension of access roads to Ha Khau and Quang Hanh and to the new access road to Deo Sen from the main roads. In road improvements, the following are recommended: - hnvoluntary resettlement should be minimised whenever it is possible. If necessary to resettle, provide the people displaced by the access road with the means to improve or at least restore their former living standards, earning capacity and production levels (The World Bank Operational Manual, Operational Directive 4.30). - Where displacement is unavoidable, resettlement action plans should be prepared. - Construction noise and dust should be minimised. - Working at night and using lights should be avoided. - Where possible, existing rights-of-ways should be used rather than create new ones, except narrow roads in densely populated areas. - Because there will be loss of land areas (agriculture land) due to the construction of the new access road for the rest part of the connection to the landfill areas careful negotiations of compensation (new land areas, cash, etc.) should be started as soon as possible. - Public awareness campaign should be organised for local people and inform them of the landfill project and improvenent of the access road. December 1998 HiALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 74 7.5 Operation of Sanitary Landfill Provision of weekly, preferable daily, cover of soil material for fresh refuse should to be organised. Weekly cover of 0.1 m is already proposed in the preliminary design. Refuse should be compacted with compactors or other suitable landfill operating equipment. Each waste layer should be allowed to settle after compaction before thic next layer of waste is added. Every dcposit of wastc should bc kept tidy. No waste is allowed to be tipped into water. Suitable screens or altemative measures should be provided to collect the windblowvn refuse and papers. Contact of the surface runoff and percolating rainwater with the refuse should be minimised. Accurate and complete records should be kept of all inspections, accidental discharges, unusual events, accidents and safety measures taken. Strict regime of monitoring groundwater, surface water and air emissions should be imposed. Reliable and workable scheme for dealing with the emergencies (accidents, fires, risk of explosion etc should be established. Regular safety checks for staff and their familiarity with the safety procedures and equipment should be ensured. - Clear rules for maintenance operations should be given. All personnel should have appropriate training in their tasks. - Ear protectors should be provided and used when noise level exceeds 85 dB. - Fire fighting facilities (firewater pumps, C02-systems and portable fire extinguishers) should be installed. Operators responsible for fire fighting should be clearly identified. - Adequate telecommunication systemns should be installed for the communication within the landfill area, and the relevant agencies as well as for the use in emergency situations. - Regular safety inspections in all parts of the system should be arranged. - Protective clothing for all workers should be provided. - Sanitary and washing facilities should be provided. Dining room should be separated from the working areas. All the support facilities (office, dining room etc.) should be constructed upwards from the prevailing wind to prevent odour, dust and noise nuisances to employees. The quality of potable water should -be analysed frequently. This is important especially when the water will be transported in water tank vehicles and stored in a reservoir. Leachate recirculation is recommended to keep the refuse moist, so that the anaerobic biological activity can be maximised. Moreover, it will prevent the clay liner under the refuse from cracking and hereby the leachate.infiltration into the subsoil. Operation noise should be minimised. EEmployees should be encouraged to wash theemselves frequently. Recovery of recyclable materials is recommended to minimise the amount of waste at the landfill and to get the usable material into circulation. Wheel cleaners should be installed to prevent mud and refuse to be picked up on the wheels of collection vehicles and carried back onto roads. 7.6 Risk Analysis One of the major risks of the operation of the landfills is the possibility of fires and explosions caused by landfill gas migrtion, if no proper gas collection and ventilation is December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 75 established on the landfill sites. Fires and explosions may lead to injury of human life, pollution of the environment and danmages to the constructions. Toxic gas emissions can result from fire smoulders. There is also risk of infiltration of leachate into subsoil and groundwater unless the bottom liner is not adequately constructed of impermeable clay. Appropriate collection, treatment and recirculation of leachate is required to minimise the amount of leachate and purify, it before discharge into the surface water. The proposed landfills will be properly designed, constructed and operated responding to a sanitary landfill level, and the risks of gas migration and accidental leachate escaped and fill collapse, etc. will be minimised. Although the landfills would be properly designed and constructed, there is a risk of bad management and operation of landfills. Therefore, the institutional development, monitoring and appropriate training are essential. These are discussed in more detailed on other chapters. Additional soil investigations are needed on each site before detailed design due the risk of soil subsidence, fill collapse and damage to landfill construction due to the high height fill in all landfill sites. 7.7 After-use of Sanitary Landfill The rehabilitation of a landfill is an important aspect of landfill technology. The rehabilitation of a landfill is part of the landfill design. At the planning stage, a decision of 'the after-use of the landfill must be taken: The requirements and recommendations for after-use of a landfill are as follows: - Landscape, which will be visually acceptable and fits into the surrounding landscape should be designed.- - The after-use of landfill should be in line with the master plan of land use. Potential uses are grenw area or recreational use. All construction of industrial plants or residents should be prohibited. - The slope stability of the landfill should be ensured. Steep slopes should be protected from infiltration and from build-up of pore water. - Agreeable habitat for flora and fauna in a balanced ecosystem should be provided. - Final cover on landfill should have a minimum thickness of 60 cm. The topmost layer should have a composition, which allows seeding and stimulate growth of vegetation. - An economic return from the after-use should be arranged. Some specific recommendations for each landfill are as follows. Ha Khau landfill is quite well protected in the narrow valley, but trees :will be planted around the landfill area at the elevation of the road. Deo Sen landfill must be protected from view from the cemeteries by planting trees along the cemetery road and the cemetery hill slope in Northwest of the landfill. Quang Hanh landfill will have a maximum height of +38 towards the mountains. It will easily merge into the surrounding mountainous landscape. Moreover, it will have a green buffer zone (plantations) which will cover the landfill. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Fcasibility Study VOLUME mA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 76 8. NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS During the base line data collection for the EL4A-Study and the preliminary design of the sanitary landfill, several objects were identified as important to be studied in- more detail to eliminate the risks that are possibly related to certain activities at the landfill. Thesc arc recommended to be investigated before or in the beginning of the detailed design starts. Detailed eeotechnical soil investisations Additional geotechnical will be need on each site. The more detailed design pf bottom structures and the need of impermeable liner can be resolved on the basis of in-situ tests. At least the following additional investigations are needed: soil subsidence properties; ion exchange capacity of soil ; and permeability of soil, in-situ investigations. The detailed geotechnical soil investigations should cover the whole project area. Minimum amount of drillings with sampling should be 2 to 3 boreholes in Ha Khau, 3 to 4 boreholes in Deo Sen (especially layer 4 should be investigated) and 4 to 5 boreholes in Quang Hanhi. The planning and the supervision of the geotechnical investigations should be carried out by a geotechnician. Additional hvdrogeological investigations - installation of additional groundwater wells, - estimation of groundwater flow, - identification and positioning of groundwater wells within 500 m from the site, - measurements of ground elevation, top level and groundwater level as well as bottom level of chosen wells, - groundwater sampling and analyses from chosen wells. The detailed groundwater investigations will give important base line data for the detailed design. The additional groundwater wells should be used, after the construction of the landfill, for monitoring of the groundwater quality and for possible leachate control. The calculation of groundwater flow requires installation of numerous wells and data modelling, but a rough estimation can be carried out by a more simply analysis. It is important to assess the groundwater flow before the detailed design and to assess the flowv of possible contamination. The groundwater together with surface water is important for local people for water supply and should not be endangered. Therefore preventive measures and monitoring should be taken into account to minimise the amount of leachate and contamination of the groundwater. The groundwater sampling and analyses should follow the monitoring program presented in the Chapter 9. A hydrogeologist should carry out the planning and the supervision of the hydrogeological investigations. Detailed surfice water investianions - sampling and analyses of the water quality in the surrounding ponds and rivers, - sampling and analyses of the streams, both upstream and downstream from the landfill sites, - measurenent of the-surface water levels. The detailed surface water investigations should be finalised before thc detailed design starts. The surface water analyses give a good base inrmation. The monitoring of the surfice water should continue during the operational time of the landfill and after some years after the closure. Deomber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 77 9. MONITORING 9.1 Monitoring of Landfill Impacts The monitoring system for the sanitary landfill is mainly based on the- environmental standards of Vietnam (1995). No specific stanidards exist for landfill disclharges anid emissions. The main environmental standards whichi should be folloaved during the construction and operation of the sanitary landfill are, in addition to thc drinking watcr quality standards, those conceming noise, dust emissions, wastewater dischargcs and health and safety regulations.There are not yet specific standards for the contamination of soil, except the limits for maximum concentration of pesticides and fertilisers. Because there are no specific standards for leachate discharges we recommend that following standards will be used: allowed limitation values of some parameters and concentration of polluting substances in coastal areas and allowed limitation values of parameters and concentration of chemical compounds in industrial waste water presented in the Table 2.2 and in Annex 5. TABLE 9.1 Monitoring program and parameters to be analysed from the landfill . water samples Desig Operat After Desig Operat After Desig Operat Aftcr n ion care n ion care n ion carc Groundwater level 1 4 4 Volume of surface 1 4 4 water flow Outlook 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Tenperature . 4 4 4 4 4 4 BOD5 1 4 4 COD 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Oxygen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 pH 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Conductivity 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Color 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Chloride I 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sulfate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Phospliate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Nitrogen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Solids 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sodium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Potassium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Calcium I 1 4 4 1 4 4 Iron 1 4 4 1 4 4 Manganese 1 4 4 Fecal Colifornn 1 4 4 1 4 4 I 4 4 AOX 1 4 4 l 2 .2 Zinc l 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 Copper 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mercury I 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Cadmium 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Lead 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Nickdl 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Phenols 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mineral oils . 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME hIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 78 The groundwater monitoring programme as well as the surface water programme, should be initiated before the tipping begins and continue for up to 30 years after the closure of the site. The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination is doubted. Thc programme presented in Table 9.1, including the analyses and frequency for monitoring the groundwater and surface water, is recommended. The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination is suspected. 9.2 Monitoring of the Soil Subsidence and Landfill Structure Soil subsidence can be observed with installing some observation plates at the landfill sitcs before the filling starts. At least two observation plates should be located along existing streams (Quang Hanh), two on the opposite side of the landfill area and 4 to 5 pieces at the landfill area. The first observations (levelling) should be carried out before starting the filling-and observations should continue in every two months. When there are enough results available (e.g. after one year), the levels should be checked and compared against the fixed bench mark. The possible risk of collapsing (land slide) can be observed with measuring horizontal movements of the settlement plates, and if possible, with installing 4 to 5 in clinometers around and at the landfill area. One reliable way to follow up the possible settlements and risks of collapsing or slides is also to measure the pore pressures with electric piezometers, but it may be a too expensive and sophisticated method to these circumstances. 9.3 Other Monitoring and Supervision An annual analysis of the heavy metals in fishes 'and crustaceas in local ponds is recommended in order to assess the possible impacts of the landfill operation. These studies are recommended to be startd before the construction of the landfill to eliminate other possible contaminant sources. In order to control the contractor in following the requirements Sanitation Companies need to establish a monitoring programme as described above. It will make the contractor to follow the environmental requirements required and recommended in this EIA-study and in the detailed design. The frequency of monitoring will be about 2 - 4 times per year. Members who will join monitoring group are from the following authorities: Department of Science Technology and Environment (DOSTE) of Quang Ninh Province; Sanitation Companies; Consultant of the landfill project, if possible; and People's Committee of the project area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 79 10. COST ESTIMATES 10.1 Project Costs The total value of the proposed project investmcnt is 37.25 million USD. ThC cost estimatc includes provisions for inflation (price contingency) and cost overruns (physical contingency). Duties and taxes are included in the project base cost. Duty rates vary substantially, but in the cost estimate an average rate of 10 % has been applied for duties and taxes. The total base cost is 28.95 million USD. Table 10.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998 Project Component Total Cost rmillion USD A Subtotal for Drainage Component 6.73 B Subtotal for Sewerage Component 4.77 C Subtotal for Solid Waste Component 7.30 D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 3.38 E Subtotal for Technical Assistance 5.27 F Credit Facility for Septic Tanks 1.50 Total Base Cost 28.95 Physical Contingencies 3.59 Price Contingencies 4.71 Total Cost (Ind. Contingencies) .37.25 Most of the costs for mitigation measures created by environmental demands are already mncluded in the investment costs of the proposed project, or they should be part of normal operation and maintenance procedures. Table 10.2 Estimated Project Costs of Solid Waste Component in December 1998 Project Component . Total Cost Engineering Mitigation B+D+E cost cost _________________________ Million USD million USD Million USD A Subtotal for Drainage Component _ __-- _____ B Subtotal for Sewerage Component _ C Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 7.30 5.25 2.05 Sanitary Landfills 6.56 5.25 1.31 Land acquisition and compensation 0.74 0 0.74 D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 2.51 2.38 0.13 E Subtotal for Technical Assistance (50 %) 2.63 1.96 0.67 = Total Base Cost of C+D+E 12.44 9.59 2.85 _ = Total Base Cost of the Project 28.95 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 80 Total costs concerning the solid waste component are presented in Table 11.2. Some changes inside and betveen the components are possible during the design phase. Division for engineering cost and mitigation cost is preliminary and will be clarified during design phase of the project. The estimated total cost for solid waste, including 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of which estimated mitigation cost is roughly 23 %. Cost of public awareness campaigns are including to Technical Assistance component. Some simple laboratory equipment is needed for the on-site monitoring mcasuremcnts of wastewater treatment plant operation. The same portable analysing kit is recommended for on-site analysing both in wastewater and landfills. It is proposed to have two set of analysing kits, one for Bai Chay and Hon Gai. The cost estimation is about 10,000 USD including reagents for three years. The needed equipment is including in the lump sum of the project equipment. 10.2 Investigation Costs The cost of the additional investigations and campaigns created by the environmental demands, which are also important for detailed design are as follows: - Recommended detailed geotechnical investigations carried out by a local company, cost estimation about USD 8,000 - 10,000/site. - Reconmnended hydrogeological investigations, cost estimation USD 10,000 - 20,000/site. - Reconmmended detailed surface water investigations, cost estimation USD 10,000/site. - Recommended installation of observation plates to monitor soil subsidence and installation of inclinometers to monitor the possible risk of collapsing (landslide). The estimated cost is roughly USD 20,000/site. Decenber 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 81 I. INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS 11.1 Sanitation Companiies 11.1.1 Pi-esent Situation In the project area there are two different sanitation companies. Halong Environmental Sanitation Company (HCESC) operates in Bai Chay and Hon Gai and Cam Pha Environmental Sanitation Company (CPESC) in Cam Pha. The following infonratioll is according to the report Institutional Development, HRD and Community Participation. The following services are including to the duties of the companies, some of the services have no direct connection to sanitation: solid waste collection; management of landfills; cleaning of streets; maintenance of public parks; maintenance of drainage system; maintenance of sewerage system; management of street lightning system; maintenance of cemeteries; maintenance of public toilets. The total staff of HCESC is 292, the number of sanitation production workers is 277 and the rest are administrative or other public service employees. The total staff of CPESC is 181, the number of sanitation production workers is 145 and 36 are administrative employees. At present HCESC has little customer orientation due to the involvement of the Phuongs in providing the first level of services. In fact urban phuongs have their own organisation to carry out the solid waste collection to the collection points. HCESC's role hIas been assistance, support and preparing operational plans for local communes, but HCESC and the phuongs have until now no mutual agreement on responsibilities and duties. Workers in the phuongs are not included in the personnel of HCESC. Phuongs have also had financial responsibility though HCESC has some revenue collection from emptying of septic tanks of households and institutional clients who order the work from HCESC. This is now changing and HCESC has taken over waste collection and revenue collection responsibilities from the Phuongs in the central urban areas. HCESC's total service coverage of solid waste collection is nearly 50 % and the population served is 75,000. Maintenance of drainage channels and sewers is also included in the Companies responsibilities. CPESC has also increased its waste collection service area rapidly. In 1996 services covered 2 phuongs, in 1997, 4 phuongs and according to the plan in 1998, 7 phuongs will be covered from a total of 16 phuongs in the town. The actual estimated coverage is now 30 - 40 % of the total population. The services are mainly similar to HCESCs. In the Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report there are listed numerous weaknesses and problems of the companies, which have an impact also on environmental matters. The present status reflects a wide range of operational and financial problems of which most are related to the subsidised systems lacking autonomy and their own budget. The most important issues concerning drainage are as folloNvs: lack of operational budget; lack of equipment and tools; poor condition of channels; negative attitude to sanitation business; residents' "Company is responsible" thinking; roles and responsibilities are mixed and overlapping between the city authorities; poor management system; and customers are not satisfied witlh the quality of services. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 82 11.1.2 Strengtlhening of Solid Waste Management System The institutional strengtlening programme will focus on preparing and supporting the local organisations to build up management capability and to be able to carry out the sanitation services with existing and rehabilitated facilities. Quang Ninhl People's Committee have approved the transition of HCESC and CPESC from public administrative units to be state-owned business enterprises for public services and this process is now ongoing Mandates of the company are proposed to be: - Management of the environment and sanitation in urban areas including; cleaniing pavements and roads; collecting, transporting and treatment of different kinds of waste; cleaning drainage and sewerage channels, ensuring urban drainage and watering the main roads to prevent dust; - Management andmaintenance of public areas as: public lighting system; parks and trees; public hygiene; cemeteries; monuments and other public facilities whichi are assigned under the company's management; - Arranging funeral services and other specialised services; - Repairing, maintenance and upgrading of the public facilities in areas assigned for the company's management. Short-term Solid Waste Management Plan On the short-term, the immediate objective will be according to the Feasibility Study as follows: - avoid waste being disposed of in sewerageldrainage channels, natural streams, etc., - raise the coverage of waste collection systems to 80 %/o, - increase the general awareness among the population of proper solid waste handling. The present system of disposing the waste outside the collection' areas, causes risk of contamination and hereby risk to public health. Moreover, the waste blocks the drains and sewerage channels. The capacity of the present landfills in Hon Gai and Cam Pha is sufficient for continued disposal of waste on the short term. However, they have to be imnproved to meet minimum environmental requirements. Long-term Solid Waste Management On the long-term, the solid waste collection system must be upgraded to cover all types of waste ensuring the right handling and transport to the final treatment or disposal site. According to the long-term plan of solid waste management presented in the Inception Report of the Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation project, June 1997, the following issues should be set as goals: - all waste streams must be regulated and controlled by the authorities; - appropriate separation of different waste streams to difierent treatment facilities; - equipment must be suited for actual waste type; - maintenance and replacement programmes must be upgraded; - introduction of proper waste treatrnent facilities for diff;rent kind of wastes; - solid waste composting should be considered; Demober 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME ILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 83 - controlled landfilling include leacliate collection and treatment. gas ventilation/utilisation, daily coverage of waste and environmental monitoring. 11.1.3 Training Needs General Training philosophy, needs and facilities are described in details in Volume 11 linstitutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report. The training philosophy is to provide support to assist the companies in reaching their public service goals. This is done by comparing company objectives with the activities of the company staff and this comparison will lead to the creation of a comprehensive upgrading programmne. This programme will ensure that the staff has the necessary skills to guide and to manage the company in a manner that allows it to achieve its objectives. Training has to be given to all levels, including provincial and city management, and from all possible subjects from management skills to on-the-job training. Training the trainers is a very essential part of the training programme. The following requirements should be met to achieve the objectives: set up an integrated training programme; involvement of experienced trainers; good training curricula; provide supporting training material and facilities and a suitable environment for training. Both foreign and local specialists will be given the training. The training programme will be planned and implemented as part of the.Technical Assistance Component of the project. Environmental Awareness The enviromnental awareness improvement bas to be started from training the staff of both companies to understand the relation between the prevailing unsanitary practises and the resulting poor environmental quality of the surrounding area. The training has to cover all staff of the companies from managers to street sweepers. Separate training will be given such as: - environmental management, - environmental health including water related disease and occupational health - impacts of solid waste collection, impacts of landfills, - relation between improved sewerage and drainage and solid waste management - etc. On-the-job training On-the-job training is one of the most important items of the training programme for successful implementation and effective O&M activities. This requires the involvement of not only teachers and trainers, but also consultants and contractors. The company field werkers must adapt new technical work practices and Icani how to operate existing facilities and also new facilities and equipment, such as the operation of sanitary landfill and landfill equipment. This will be done through skills training, up- grading programmes, theoretical training, specific courses and training modules for identified groups and on-the-job training. Dcccmbcr 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 84 The workers of the landfills should be trained to u'e the equipment used for the on-sitc monitoring of leachate treatment ponds. The recording and reporting of results should bc trained, too, to help the utilisation of analysed data. Community Participation Public awareness campaigns are proposed in the HRD report. It has been proposed that awareness raising materials will be produced for solid waste, sewerage and drainage and for general environmental and health issues. Organisation, implementation and supervision of the campaigns will be done in co-operation with representatives of phuongs, local project staff, representatives of the involved company and the Women Union. It is clear that an important part of the approach of the project relates to fostering the participation of the community in the development process promulgated by the project activity. To address this issue a comprehensive community participation programme had been recommended. This process will have three main thrusts: 1. Public campaigns that concentrate on Information, Education and Communication of the health linkages; 2. Bottom up community involvement in micro activities; 3. Primary school education initiatives Other Training The training needs of basic enviromnental information and environmental management can be fulfilled through the training programme proposed in Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study. That training is proposed to be started in 1998 and continue until 2015. This sanitation project will be implemented 2000 - 2004. It is strongly recommnended that the staff of HCESC and CPESC should join this training. 11.2 Training Need of Quanh Ninh DOSTE Department of Science, Technology and Environment, DOSTE, is the lead environmental agency for the Government at the provincial level in Quang Ninh and has been designated by the provincial People's Committee to co-ordinate environmental management activities at the provincial level. DOSTE is therefore both a key agency to focus institutional activities on, as well as a key agency in the co-ordination of the strengthening of the environmental management and protection capabilities of other provincial agencies. The environmental training to DOSTE will be given through the other environment related projects, which area in progress in Halong Bay area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitationi Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 85 12 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 12.1 General The World Bank's Operational Directive (OD 4.01) on Environmental Impact Assessmncnt requires that affected groups and local NGOs to be informed and consulted as a part of the EIA preparation. Proper consultation is a requirement for EIA category A projects. Participation is required during project preparation under certain conditions and is generally recommended as part of implementation. The Operational Directive 4.01 requires consultation with affected groups and local NGO's during at least two stages of the ElA-process: - shortly after the EA category has been assigned, and - after the draft ELA-report has been prepared. Projects that require involuntary resettlement (OD 4.30), consultation on social issues should be included. The method chosen for the consultation with the affected groups was household surveys and consultation with the local authorities. Especially, groups that are directly affected by the landfill development project i.e. people who should be relocated from the landfill site, were all included in an early stage in the consultation. 12.2 Household Survey and Main Opinion of the Respondents To obtain the opinions of local people and the authorities concerning the siting of the proposed new landfill sites Ha Khau (Bai Chay), where the dumping has not started during the survey in November 1997, and Quang Hanh (Cam Pha) and upgrading, and extension of the present landfill Deo Sen (Hon Gai), the HCWSSP arranged a small scale socio- economic survey in the influence area of the sites. The socio-economic survey included interviews with the households in 1 kilometres distance from the sites as well as in the households beside the access roads which would be used for the transportation of waste. When new access roads were considered, also people from these areas were involved in the survey. The interviewed households were chosen by sampling system representing different kind of residents, except in the landfill sites where almost all households were interviewed in a distance of 250 m. Moreover, local authorities in each phuong were informed and interviewed of the opinions of the project. The questionnaires were similar to each other except for a few questions, where local conditions were taken into account i.e. questions concerning present landfill disposal at Deo Sen and issues concerning the cemeteries. A total of 205 households in all hree areas were interviewed (Ha Khau 65 hh, Deo Sen 70hh and Quang Hanh 70 hh). Moreover, 10 scavengers from the Deo Sen landfill were interviewed. The Chairmen or Vice Chairmen of each Phuong were also interviewed. Vice Chairman of Cam Pha People's Committee was interviewed of the main opinions of the siting of the landfill in Quang Hanh. Discussions were also carried out of the present situation of waste disposal and future disposal sites and methods with Director from DOSTE. Moreover, the representatives of the mnilitary school and military camp at Quang Hanh site were interviewed (Annex 6). December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME lIlA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 86 The main part of the households did not know anything of the plans of thc siting of thle sanitary landfill in their neiglibourhood or the upgrading of present Deo Sen landfill. Many of the respondents were afraid of environmental pollution due to tle- siting of the landfill. There is a typical attitude against landfills: "Nobody wants the landfill in thc neighbourhood, because it is polluting." The locals realise the landfills as typical dumps with fires, flics, rats, odour, etc. They have no experience of an appropriate sanitary landfill and cannot therefore imagine how the landfill will be constructed or operated. The respondents in the surrounding of the Quang Hanh site were highly against the landfill construction on the site, but the households who lived inside the influence area and should be resettled, were not against the landfill. The households only expressed that they %Nmnt appropriate compensation. Also the households, which are considered to be resettled in Ha Khau and Deo Sen agreed on the siting of landfill on their area, if they get compensation and a similar new area where they can move. Some of the respondents feared that they will not get sufficient compensation if they need to resettle. The respondents mainly wanted compensation in cash, some also expressed their need for job opportunities. The general opinion of the respondents was, that if the landfill is located in their neighbourhood, necessary mitigative measures and monitoring should be carried out to prevent environmental pollution and public nuisance. 12.3 Public Hearing A public hearing procedure is very new in Vietnam. Generally, the authorities make the decisions and start the implementation of different kind of development projects without any detailed informing or discussions with affected people. However, when land acquisition and resettlement is necessary, compensation discussions will be carried out as discussed in separate Resettlement Action Plan. The household survey involved a form of direct public hearing, where the respondents could directly discuss and answer the interviewer of their main opinions of the landfill. The main issues, which are reconmmended to be discussed during the public hearing are as follows: - informing of the solid waste managernent and landflling in Hon Gai and'Cam Pha, - informing of the new sanitary landfill project (including design), - informing of the EIA-procedure and the results related to the EIA - future actions and titne schedule. The target group should be the local authorities in all sites, households which must be resettled and farmers, which are dependent of the income from agriculture as well as the households located close to the proposed landfill site. The households beside the access road should also be invited to this meeting. Loss of job opportunities as well as creation of new job opportunities should be discussed during the meeting. The compensation procedure should be carefully explained and discussed. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 87 All opinions should be recorded. Sanitation companies should be responsible of the necessary preparations of the meeting. The landfill designer as well as the environmental expert should explain the main consequences of the project implementation. A contact person for discussions of the plan with local people should nominated in the sanitation companies. Public hearings were arranged at the end of April and in the beginning of May 1998 in Ha Khanh phuong in Hon Gai for Deo Sen landfill and in Cam Pha for Quang Hanhi landfill. HCSEC organised a separate meeting in Ha Khau commune for Ha Khau landfill (A/mcx 8). In Ha Khau the representatives of affected households were not against the location of the landfill, but wanted that the full compensation of houses, land and trees and other plants accorling to the government regulations and decision of Compensation Committee to be established. Minutes of the meeting is in Annex 8. In the meeting in Ha Khanh phuong there were representatives of households affected by landfill and cemetery in Deo Sen (Annex 8). The representatives informed that there are totally 18 households in the influence area of both existing landfill and cemetery. The representatives of affected households did not separate the effects of existing landfill and cemnetery from each other, but wanted the improvement for both nuisance. The people complained about the existing negative effects of both landfill and cemetery, the problems are especially odour and surface water contamination. The people told that they have made several proposals for local authorities to improve the situation, but nothiing has happened. People wanted also improvement of water supply in the area. The representative of affected people informed that they are willing to move, and they want that government will arrange resettlement and compensations. The participants of the meeting supported the planting of trees between landfill and cemetery to minimise the problems. Can Pha the participants agreed the content of the project, but wanted to locate the landfill somewhere else. Especially representatives of Army oppose the planned landfill site. The second round of the public hearing will be arranged during the design phase in 1999 and the third round during the construction 2000 - 2004. December 1998 HALONG crY WATER SUPPLY AND SANlTATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME MA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.¶ HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites EIA-TEAM Ms. Karita Aker, Team Leader, Senior Environmental Expert Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project/Soil and Water Ltd. Mr. Hannu Koponen, Geotechnical Expert, Geotechnician Soil and Water Ltd. Mr. Nguyen Dinh Ruong, Sanitary Engineer Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project Biological Study Group: Prof. Mai Dinh Yen, Team Leader, Ecologist Vietnam National University of Hanoi, Faculty of Biology Dr. Tran Ngoc Ninh, Botanist Dr. Nguyen Xuan Quynh, Invertebrate Zoologist M.Sc. Nguyen Huu Sam, Vertebrate Zoologist M.Sc. Doan Huong Mai, Ecologist Hydrogeological Assiociation of Vietnam: Director, eng. Tong Ba Lan and his field team Socio-Economic Study Group: Ms. Nguyen Linh Chi, Researcher Vietnam National Center for Human and Social Sciences/Institute of Sociology/Department of Urban and Community Studies Interviewers December 1998 4s -~~~~~1 41,? HALONG CrTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME MIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites LIST OF THE CONTACTS Cam Pha Town People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province Vice Chairman, Mr. Nguyen Huu Hung Department of Science Technology and Environment (DOSTE) of Quang Ninh Province Director, Eng. Vu Van Thanh Geological & Mineral Resources Survey of Vietnam, Hydrogeological Division No 2 Vice General Director, Dr. Nguyen Van Dan Deo Sen Phuong Vice Chairman of Ha Khau Phoung PC, Mr. Ho Cong Kien Ha Khau Phuong Vice Chairman, Mr. Vu Hong Son Planning Department of Quang Ninh Province Chief Architect, Mr. Cu Quang Ranh Commune Chairman, Mr. Dang Van Dinh Others: Household Survey - 70 households at Ha Khau - 65 households at Deo Sen - 10 scavengers at Deo Sen landfill - 70 households at Quang Hanh December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANiTATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IRA - EIA for Proposed Indfill Sites - .TOGRAPIISG I ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~r Ri . .. Fig. 1. Waste is thrown into ground at the market place in Vuon Dao. Fig. 2. Waste is scattered around although the bin. -e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 Fig. 3. Waste is dumped on a steep hill slope beside road nr. 18 in Cai Lan. ! x _ Fig. 4. Fires at the Cai ~~ (~~~~- - ~~Lan landfill has burned 4. ~~~the surroundings. dshre -. 1->2z intothe sea. . . ., - _ - - , A : "-. I. Fig. 5 Present Deo Sen landfill In Hon Gal. Fig. 6. Underground coal mining activities beside the Deo Sen landfill. Fig. 7. The landfill has collapsed in the front, due to lack of compaction. Fig. 9. The access road to the Vung Duc landfill is dirty of dust and garbage. Fig. 10. Dunng high water the Vung Duc dump has direct contact with the sea. A'- = fi\-\ & S -t- Fig. 1 1. The present narrow access road to the Ha Khau site passes a brick factory. *e5 .-. J s~~ - n-.-~~ . Fig. 12. There is a rail road and power line parallel to each other in southwest of the Ha Kau valley. Fig. 13. The Ha Khau is an idyllic valley with rice fields and small gardens. Fig. 14. A typical shallow dug well in the Ha Khau 777~~~~~~~~~~C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :~ Fig. 15. Future long term landfill site Viet Hung in Bay Chay. Fig. 16. The present access road No 1 8A to the Quang Hanh site is wide. Fig. 17. The access road to the Quang hanh site from the main road crosses a small residential area. Fig. 18. The last part of the access road to the Quang Hanh site is in poor condition. A military school is located beside the road. IT~ ~ ~~~~~ A,* Fig. 19. There is technical school beside the present access road. Fig. 20. The Quang Hanh site is flat large area with is surrounded by mountains. Fig. 21. Typical one floor house at the Quang Hanh site. j ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~jt - -- Fig. 22. The streams were almost dry during the winter season. gations at Quang Hanh. Fig. 27. Monitoring well _ at Deo Sen landfill.L Fig. 28. The biological/ ecolocigal expert team. .2 Fig. 29. Sociologist Ms. Chi interviewing the Vice Chairman of Ha Khau Mr. Vu Hong Son. Fig. 30. The proposed altemative landfill C2 for Cam Pha is a river bed surrounded by mountains and a large catchment area. Fig. 31. Another altemative area for Cam Pha C9 is located in a valley. waste has already been dumped at the hill slopes. HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANrTATION PROJECr Samtation Feasibility Study VOLUME iA - EIA for Prposed Landfill Sites ANNEX 4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF LANDFILLS HA EHAU IN BAY CHAY DEO SEN IN HON GAI ,QUANGJHANH IN CAM PHA 998 VUNG HA KHAU - QUANG NINHHA KHIAU LANDFILL VUNG HA KHAU - QUANG NINH ~~~DRAWING 1.1I 13 ~~~~~~~~~~Legend - Chu' thich: hOnl~ r~ di k 4n AREA CONTAINING WASTE WYvtIJER iOOS 6n lip rac dg kidn l(HNU DON LXP a*T liNK RXN Ti THANG II/INS AME FOR PROPOSED TREATMENT PlMT KHU DVJ KItN 04T iR4M Xli i~ GROUNO WATER MONITORIN WELL 43 ) ~~~~~GitN KI6M IRA NLIdC NGAM Li SURF'ACE WATER MOtTORINO POINT 4~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 VUNG DEOSEN - QUNG NINHDEO SEN LANDFILL AREA VUNG DEO SEN QUANG NINH D~~~~tRAWING 1.2 26AN50 60S Legend - Chil thich: PRESENT ArtEA W0H WASTE (SkJRFACE WATER MONITORING POINT DiUKIfM TRA NLIdC M4T ___NEW ACCESS ROAD OtIdNG LAM Md POW.ER LINE ------- /-------------- ~~~~~~~~~oposed Landfill Area 0, .. ............ ~~~~~~~hu chon I4p dii ki6n X43j~ 3&406J01 36.40&M2 3N.40IL4" X&40N6W 4 \tlnU q UA1Ni 11AIN11 - QUANG NINH X4vttsJu £imi i rituruaLU LAM4DAiL .i'b- DRAWING 1.3 l I r.az3 + 4- + +- t -+- I . 0 00' H._ A1 /1/i 1sx';.0>1,--X^* 40 -I as a 3awe0 ;-410200 3614044440 SECTION 1-1I .. 1 ''- + \ \ / RESERVATON FOR COLLECTION DITCH i'U: . tOR WASTE WATER ' lSCOLLECTION DITC O 2-2 HAONR SUFCITEAE UPYIQAGII DATE: 5 .IAN 1998 SCALE: 1/REA0 J DESICNER: TEIJA TONMO APP RESERVAT ON jOR I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f FUUR LAFL AREA 2T 2T AREARESEOVA2IO AND SANI ECTION PRJC2CNTRCINADPAS-2FTEDIPSLOFU DATE. S JAN 1ggB I SCALE: 1/5000 |DESICNER: TEWA TOHMO APPROVE: ESA EKH0LM PREPARED FOR KAMPSAX INTERNATIONAL A/S BY SOIL AND WATER LTD + : + + _l 0~~~~~~ jL,' ------------. - h" t _ X 21 1 1.l' , ,/ "> " - .. . 4t~~~~~~~~~~~~- l~~~ I . -, . ,E ,I I. ., , . . .{.j.i I-/i> _~~~~~~ DRAWING HALONG CITY WATER -SUPPLY HA KHAU NUMBER AND SANITATION PROJECT LANDSCAPED SITE IlAu DATE:.5 JAN 1998 |ISCALE: 1/5000 DESIGNER: TEIJA TOHIAO |APPROVED: ESA EKHOLM = PERFD OR KAMPSAX INTERNATONAL A/S BY SOIL AND WATER LTD 0 '06 lT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l HALONG CIlY WATER SUPPLY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C AND SANITA~~~~tIO RJC ADCPDST CATE: 5 JAN 1998 SCALE: 1/5000~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ . E. GE.....TO .APRVD:.S KHL PREARD ORKAPSX ITENAIOALA/ 8YSOL NDWAERLT ± + ~~~~+ + SE N 22SECTION 1-1 HCOLLECTION WTCH W S Q HANRIER IFOR WASTEATIO N P LA NDSCAPED SIT R R F AE X I S B T SECTION 2-2 HAILONG CITY WATER SUPPLY QUANG HANH NME AND SANITATION PROJECT LANDSCAPED SITE ,MIW DATE: S JAN i998 ISCALE: 1/5000 OESICNER: TEWA TOHMO |APPROVE: ESA EKHOLM PREPARED FOR KAMPSAX INTERNATIONAL A/S BY SOIL AND WATER LTD L l VI~~~~~~~ z~~ Li'L U, _~< Li la eI Iii V) jI j1 ALONG CIlY WATER SUPPLY VUNG DUC DUPWIN AND SANITATION PROJECT PHASES OF THE DISPOSAL BjGut TE: 5 JAN 1990 | AL. DESIGNER: TEIA TOHMO APPROVED: ESA E|CHOLM .EPARED FOR KAIPSAX INTERNAIOL A/S BY SOIL AND WATER LTD SB I *~~~ 1I - ' ' -J > \ ~~~~~EMBANKMENT jt I$) A , > \ w I v SAGE IN 2001 PRESENT STAGE:, , \ 0 I ii WATER~~~~~~~~~~~~UME ! I 3 \ \ I, I w\v \ V9 .,' 3Z/ S * a | -*-----. HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY; VUNGDUC |UME AND SANITATION PROJECT POST FILLING AND LANDSCAPING DATE: 3 JAN 1998 | SCALE: DESIGNER: TEIJA TOHMO |APPROVED: ESA EKHOLM PREPARED FOR KAMPSAX INTERNATIONAL A/S BY SOIL AND WATER LTD HALONG crIW WATERSUPPLYAND SANriTlAON PROJECr Sanitation Feasibility Study - . VOLUME MA - EIAfor Proposed Tandfill Sites . - . . - ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ - ANNEXS -,ENVIRONME N-TAL LEGISTIATION 'RX, ZVEI . - . . .5. LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION The Law on Environmental Protection was ratified by the National Assembly on December 27. 1993. and the decree has issued on October 18, 1994 In the Law, there are very clear articles to prevent environmental pollution in general, and also articles concerning wastewater management The general provisions of the law are described in Chapter 1. tvhich defines the meaning of the terms Article 2 defines waste pollutants and environmental pollution as fullows Wastes mean substances discharzed from daily life, production processes or other activities Wastes may be in a solid. gaseous, liquid or other forms Pollutants mean factors that render the environment noxious Environmental pollution means alteration in the properties of thie environment, violating environmental standards In Article 9. in Chapter 1. it is said "All acts causing environmental desradation, environmental pollution or environmental incidents, are strictly prohibited" Clhapter II handles "Prevention and combat against environmental degradation, environmental pollution and environmental incidents" Article 15 is mainly concenied with the protection of water resources and the observation of public hygiene regulations, as follows- Organisations and individuals must protect water sources, water supply and drainage systems, vegetation, sanitation facilities, and observe the regulations on public hygiene in cities, urban areas, countryside, population centres, tourism centres and production areas In Article 16, there are stipulations concerning business activities. In carrying out production, business and other activities, all organisations and individuals must implement measures for environmental sanitation and have appropriate waste treatment equipment to ensure compliance with environmental standards and to prevent and combat environmental degradation. environmental pollution and environmental incidents The Governnent shall stipulate the nomenclature of environmental standards and delegate the authority at different levels for promulgating and supervising the implementation of such standat ds. Article 23 handles harmful substances as follows: Organisations. individuals producing, transporting, trading, using, storing or disposing of toxic substances, inflammable or explosive substances, must comply with regulations on safety for human and other living beings and most avoid causing environmental degradation, pollution and incidents The Goverurnent shall stipulate a list of toxic, inflamunable or explosive substances mentioned in this article The choice of sites for collecting, dumping and treating refuse or pollutants and thleir transportation must comply vAitfi Fegulations by the State management ageucy foi environmental protection and by local authonties concerned Wastewvater, refuse containing toxic substances. pathogenic agents, inflammable or explosive substances, non-degradable wastes, must be properly treated before discharge. The State Management Agency for environmental protection shall stipulate a schedule of wastewater and refuse mentioned in this Article and supervise their treatment process before discharge (Article 26) Article 29, point 2, mainly concerns air emissions. which can also occur from wastewater treatment plants It is strictly prohibited Discharge of smoke, dust, noxious gas, bad odours causing harm to the atmosphere; emissions of radiation, radioactivity exceeding permissible limits into the surrounding environmnent Several activities are also strictly prohibited in Article 29- 3. Discharge of grease or oil, toxic chemicals, radioactive substances exceeding permissible limits, wastes, dead animals or plants, harmful and infectious bacteria and virus into water sources 4. Burial, discharge of toxic substances exceeding permissible limits into the soil 6. Importation of technology and equipment not meeting environmental standards; importation, exportation of wastes Article 34: The chairman of the People's Committee of the locality where the environmental incidents occurs in empowered to order an emergen,cy mobilisation of man power, materials and other means for remedial actions if the environmental incident occurs in an area covering several localities, the Chairmen of the respective local People's Committees shall co-operate to take remedial actions. in case the incident is beyond local remedy capability, the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment in conjunction with the heads of i the agencies concemed shall determiine the application of remedial measures and report to the Prime Minister. Chapter M1 handles remedies for environmental degradation, environmental pollution and environmental incidents. The chapter defines the responsibilities for remediation actions: Organisations, individuals engaged in production, business and other activities that cause environmental degradation, environmental pollutiorL environmental incidents must implement remedial measures as specified by the . local People's Committees and by the State Management Agency for environmental protection and shall be liable for damnages according to regulations by the law. Moreover, it defines the responsible authority for management, and the procedure for emergency mobilisation, and the remedial measures needed. The *esponsibiities for -environmental -management are defined -in Article 38: The Goverunent shalL pursuant to its power and responsibility, exercise unified State management of environmental protection throughout the country. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Enviromnent shall be responsible to the Govermment for exercising the function of-State management of environmental protection. All ministries, ministry-level agencies and other Governent bodies shall, witbin the scope of their respective functions, powers and responsibilities, bo-operate with the nistry of Science, Technology and Enviromnent in canying out environmental protection at the local level. The Departments of Science, Technology and Environment shall 'bo responsible to the People's Committees of provinces and cities directly under the Central Government, for envirownental protection in their localities. Chapter m also provides details of inspection procedures and the powers of the responsible agencies Chapter IV define the state management of environmental protection as follows: Article 44, point 2: For iro incidents, environmental pollution or environmental degadation ocaurring in two or more provinces, or citiesdirecdly under the Centrl Govenament, the responsible paides shall be determined by the specialised environmental protection inspector of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment for consideration and decision. If one or more parties disagree with the decision of the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment, they shall be entitled to appeal to the Prime Minister for decision Chapter V handles intemational relations with respect to environmental protection Article 45 The Government of Vietnam shall implement all international treaties and conventions relating to the environment that has signed or participated in, honour all international treaties and conventions on environmental protection on the basis of mutual respect for each other's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and interests Article 46 The Government of Vietnam adopts priority policies towards countries, international organisations, foreign organisations and individuals with respect to environmental manpower training, environmental scientific research, clean technology application, development and implementation of projects for environmental improvernent incidents, environrental pollution, environmental degradation, and projects for waste treatment in Vietnam. Article 47- Organisations, individuals and owners of transportation means which, in transit through the Vietnamese territory, carry potential sources of environmental incidents or enviromnental pollution must apply for permission, declare and submit to the control and supervision by the State management agency for environmental protection of Vietnam Any breach of Vietnamese environmental protection legislation shall, depending on the extent of the infringement, be dealt with according to Vietnamese law. GOVERNMENT DECREE OF LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECIION The Government Decree provides the guidance for implementation of the law on enviromnental protection Chapter I describes the general provisions Article !- This Decree shall makle detailed stipulations for the implememation of Law on Environmental Protection passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on December 27, 1993, and announced by Decision No 29L/CTN dated January 10, 1994, of the President of State Chapter II describes the distribution of responsibility of State Management on environmental protection; the responsibility of organisations and individuals for environmental protection Chapter IV describes preventing , resisting, and overcoming environmental deterioration, pollution and incidents. Article 21: The utilisation and exploitation of national gardens, natural preservation areas, areas of historical and cultural value relics, natural scenery, etc., must be permitted by the management body of the concemed branch Before issuing licenses, the management body of the concerned branch has to obtain agreement (in writing) from the state management office for environmental protection. After receiving documents permnitting utilisation and exploitation, the organisations or individuals whose names are recorded in the licenses, have to conduct registration procedures with the local authorities who directly control the above-mentioned preservation areas. In a license, the following contents must be clearly recorded: The object and scope being granted for utilisation, the purpose and duration of exploitation, the precautions and measures for environmental protection during exploitation According to Article 22, those organisations and individuals conducting operations relating to the enviroranent have to cornply with environmental standards. The kinds of Vietnamese environmental standards include e.g.: 1) Environmental standards for land protection 2) Enviromnental standards for water protection 3) Environmental standards for air protection 4) Environmental standards to regulate noise pollution 5) Environmental standards in the field of radiation and ionisation 6) Environmental standards for environmental protection in residential areas 7) Environmental standards for environmental protection in production areas 8) The standards for environmental assessment in the field of forestry protection 9) The standards for environmental assessment in the field of biological systems 10) The standards for environmental assessment in the field of protection of ecological systems I 1) Environmental standards for protection of the sea and oceans 12) Environmental standards for the protection of natural preservation areas and natural landscapes 13) Environmental standards in the field of planning for industrial, urban and civil constructions 14) Environmental standards concerning the transportation, storage and utilisation of toxic and radioactive materials 15) Environmental standards for enviromnental protection of tourist areas 16) Environmental standards for motorised transportation 17) Environmental standards for establishlnents using micro- organisms 18) Environmental standards for environmental protection of tourist areas 19) Environmental standards in the field of export and import 20) Environmental standards for hospitals and special illness treatment areas The Ministry of Science. Technology and Environment shall co- ordinate with the related ministries and branches in preparing and issuing standards on the above list. Article 26: 1. All transportation means operating on land, xailway and water surface are not allowed to emrit smoke, dust, oil and gas containing toxin surpassing the defined standards in the surrounding environment. For the above mentioned transportation means, if they are imported into requirements of waste standards before being operated. Article 27 1. All production and business establishments, hotels, restaurants, etc., having the discharged substances in forms of solid, liquid and gas have to organise the treatment so as to reach environmental standards before discharging out of the management scope of their establishments, the technologies for treatment of the above mentioned discharged substances have to be approved by the authoritative body of state management 2. Everyday discharged substances in urban and industrial areas have to be collected, transported and treated in accordance with regulations on management of discharged substances 3. Discharged substances containing toxic chemicals which are hard to dissolve have to be treated by a separate technology instead of being discharged into the areas for daily life discharged substances. TCVN 5942- 1995 Table 1 - Parameter limits and maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in surface water NO Parameter and substance Unit Limitation value A B 1 IpH value 6 - 8.5 5.5 - 9 2 BOD5 (200C) mg/i < 4 < 25 3 ICOD mg/ < 10 c 35 4 Dissolved oxygen mgA > 6 > 2 5 Suspended solids mg/l 20 80 6 Arsen -mg/i 0.05 0.1 7 Barium mg/I 1 4 8 Cadimium mgAI 0.01 0.02 9 Lead mgA 0.05 0.1 10 Chromium, Hexavalent mgA 05 0,05 11 Chromium, Tnvalent mgA u 1 1 12 Copper mg/A 0,1 1 13 Zinc mg/A 1 2 14 Manganese mg/A 0,1 0.8 15 Nickel mg/A 0,1 1 16 Iron mg/A 1 2 17 Mercury mg/I 0.001 0,002 18 Tin mgAI 1 2 19 Ammonia (as N) mgA 0.05 1 20 Fluoride mgA I 1.5 21 Nitrate (as N) mg/A 10 15 22 Nitrite (as N) mgA 0.01 0.05 23 Cyanide mg/I 0.01 0,05 24 Phenol compounds mg/ 0.001 0.02 8 TCVN 5942 - 1995 Table I (concluded) NO Parameter and substance Unit Limitation value A B 25 Oil and grease mgA not detectable 0.3 26 Detergent mg/A 0.5 0.5 27 | Coliform MPN/I OOmI 1 5000 10000 28 Total pesticides mg/ 0,15 0.15 (except DDT) 29 DDT mg/A 0.01 0.01 30 Gross alpha activity BqA 0.1 0.1 31 Gross beta activity Bq_ 1,0 1.0 NOTE Values in die colubm A are applied to the sface water for somwc of dxneRic water wpply with Values in the CDOIn B am applied to dte sUFfac water usmg for the pumposes otber tham dmeic water supply. Quality criteria of water for aquafic life are specfied in a sepate tandand 49 rCVN 5943 - 1995 Tablel - Parametr lImit and alloW" concentrations of pollutants In coastal water Limtation value s NO Parametr and Unit Bathing Aquatic Oth substance .and cultivation rereatin ae 1 ' Temperature DC 30 2 Odor unobjection- -able 3 pH value 6.5, 8,5 6,5:8.5 6.5 : 8,5 4 | Disolved solid mg/i > 4 > 5 > 4 5 BODs (200C) mgIl <20 <10 <20 6 |Suspended solid mgA 25 50 200 7 Arsen fL fTfgf 0,05 0.01 0,05 8 Ammonia (as N) mgI 0,1 0,5 0.5 9 Cadmium mg/ 0,005 0,005 0,01 10 Lead mg/ 0,1 0,05 0,1 11 Chromium (Vl) mgI 0.05 0,05 0,05 12 Chromium (IIQ mgA 0,1 0,1 0.2 13 Chloride mn VA 0,01 14 Copper mgAI 0.02 0,01 0.02 15 Fluoride mg/I 1.5 1,5 1.5 16 Zinc mg/ 0.1 -0.01 0.1 17 Manganese mgA 0.1 0,1 0,1 18 Iron mfgA 0,1 0.1 0,3 19 Mercury mg/ 0.005 0.005 0,01 20 Sulfide - mg 0.01 0,005 0.01 21 Cyanide mg/I 0.01 Q,01 0,02 22 Phenol compounds mg 0.001 0,001 0.002 23 Oil and fatfilm mg/ none none 0.3 24 Oil and fat suspension mgA 2 1 5 25 Total pstcIdes mgJI 0,05 0,01 0.05 26 Colform MPN/lOOrl 1000 1000 1000 TCVN 5944 - 1995 Table 1 - Parmetr limits and maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in ground water [s | Parametr and pollutant UnIt Limiation value 1 pH value 6,5 * 8,5 2 Colour Pt-Co 5+ 50 3 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg 300 . 5 4 Total solids mg/ 750+ 1500 5 Arsenic mgA 0.05 6 Cadmium mg/i 0,01 7 Chloride mg/ 200 +600 8 Lead mgA 0,05 9 Chromium (VI) mg/I 0.05 10 Cyanide mgA 0.01 11 Copper mf1 1,0 12 Flwride .mgn 1,0 13 Zmnk mgn 5.0 14 Manganese mg/I D.1 + 0,5 15 Nitrate mg/ 45 16 Phenol compound mg/I A,01 17 Iron mg/i 1+ 5 18 Sulphate Mgn 200+400 19 Mercury mg/ 0,001 20 Selenium mgA 0,01 21 Fecal coil MPN/100 ml Not detectable 22 Coliform MPN1100 ml 3 58 TCVN ,5945 - 1995 Table i - Industrial waste water Limit values of parameter and maximum allowable concentration of pollutants NO Parameters and Unit Limitation values substances A B C I Temperature 0C 40 40 45 2 pH value 6 + 9 5.5+ 9 5 9 9 3 BOD5 (200C) mgll 20 50 100 4 COD mgA 50 100 400 5 Suspended solids mga 50 100 200 6 Arsenic mg/ 0,05 0.1 0,5 7 Cadmium mg/A 0,01 0.02 0,5 8 Lead -itgA 0,1 0,5 1 9 Residual Chlorine mg/I 1 2 2 10 Chromium (VI) mgA 0.05 0.1 - 0,5 11 Chromium (Ill) mgI 0.2 1 2 12 Mineral oil and tat mgA Not 1 5 detectable 13 Animal-vegetable it and oil mg/ 5 10 30 14 Copper mg/ 0,2 1 5 15 Zinc mrgA 1 2 5 16 Manganese mg/ 0,2 1 5 17 Nickel mg/ 0,2 1 2 18 Organic phosphorous mgn 0,2 05 1 19 Total phosphorous mg/ 4 6 a 20 Iron .mg.. I 5 , 10 21 Tetrachlorethylene mgIA 0.02 0,1 . 0,1 22 Tin mfg/ 0.2 1 6 23 Mercury mg/A 0,005 0,005 0,01 24 Total ntrogen mg/ . 30 60 60 25 Trichiorethylene mg/A 0.05 0.3 0.3 26 Ammonia (as N) mg/ 0.1 1 10 27 Fluoride mg/I 1 2 5 28 Phenol mO 0,001 0,05 1 29 Sulfide mgA 0.2 a'5 1 30 Cyanide mg/ 0,05 0.1 0.2 31 CoUlform MPN/1OOml 5000 10000 32 Gross activity 3gA- 0,1 0.1 1 33 Gross aciva'ity Bqfi 1.0 1,0 _ .. . ._~~~~~~~~~~~~~S VIETNAM STANDARD TCVN 5948 - 199 ACOUSTICS ROAD MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE MAXIMUM PERMITTED NOISE LEVEL ;I Scope ,1 .1 This standard specfies maximum permitted noise level emitled by motor vehicle when operating o road. In this standard" motor vehicle " means any description of vehicle propelled by means of nmechaniwn contained wvthin Itself and constructed or adapted so as to be capable of being used on roads. 1.2 This standard is appled to control of noise level emitted by motor vehicls. .I .,.. *2 Limitation values The maximum level of noise emntted by motor vehicles shall not be exceeded the noise level prescribec the table. ..~ TCVN 5948- 1995 fN° Category of vehicles Maximum noisa level permitted (dBA) 1 Motorcycles, cylinder capacity (CC) of the 80 I engine does not exceed 125 cm3 2 Motorcycles, CC of the engine exceeds 85 125 cm3 I. 3 1 Motorized tricycles 85 4 1Cars, taxi, passenger vehicle for the 80 carriage of not more than 12 passengers 5 Passenger vehicle constructed for the 85 i carriage of more than 12 passengers 6 Truck, permitted maximum weight does 85 not exceed 3.5 tonnes | 7 Truck, permitted maximum weight exceed 87 3,5 tonnes |8 Truck, engine is more than 150 kW 88 9 Tractor, or any other truck not elsewhere 90 classified or described in this column of the table Note - Noise level test for motor vehicles i specfW in relevant current TCVNs. 268 IIETNAM STANDARD TCVN 5949 - 1995 ACOUSTICS NOISE IN PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS MAXIMUM PERMITTED NOISE LEVEL Scope 1 This standard specifies maximum permitted-noise level in environment of public and residential ,reas , X this standard. "noise" means unpleasant or physiological harmful sound that is emitted or caused by ny source resulting from man's activities .2 This standard is applied to control of noise level of any source or activity that emitted noise into ie environmental of public and residential areas. Limitation values .1 In the public and residential area. no activities of production, trade or of service or entertainment ic. shall emit or cause noise level exceeded the noise level prescribed in the table 271 TCVN 5949 - 1995 Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential areas - dB (A) Period of time , NO | Area From 6h AM From 18h to 22h From zh to 18h to 6h AM 1 Quiet areas, Hospitals I I Libraries 50 45 40 jSanatonia Kindergartens. schools - I.-I 2 Residential area: Hotels, administration offices 60 55 45 Houses, apartment houses, etc. I _ ____._ _ _ 3 Commercial and service areas and mix 70 70 50 4 Small industrial factories intermingling in 75 70 50 residential areas 2.2 Noise measurement method for determination of noise level is specified In current TCVNs. 272 ---HALONGtlTY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECr ->SanitationTFeasibility -Study VOLUME MA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites iYo, EIA- Sociologiv AN iNTERVIEW GIVEN TO THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF HA KHAU PHUONG Date of inteview 11/6/1997 Location. Ha Khau Phuong PC Responder Mr Vu Hong Son - Vice Chaiman of Ha Khau Phuong PC I) General information on socio-economy * Total area 840,33 ha, incl + Agricultivation, rice plant 34,63 ha + Aquacultivation . 35,20 ha + Forest plant: 26 ha * aeographic: - Ha Khau Phuong is far from the city . - Located along High way No.18 with 5 km long - The north is closed to Le Loi Commune, sea side and Hoanh Bo - The East is closed to Gieng Day Phuong - The West and South is closed to Hoanh Bo and Hung Thang Comunes * Population: - Population size: 7924 persons - Households size 2052 * 8 residential areas have been separated in Phuong. incl. 92 community groups - 8 departments are being located in Phuong Incl. 2 central departments - 2 military units are being located in Phuong (Armed battalion and Missile battallon No 184) - There are 2 schools ( 1 primary school and 1 secondary school ), and a private kindergarten with 3 class rooms. * Occupation: Majority of residents are state cadres. 15% households are doing agricultivation . The remaining residents are doing small business and some other occupations . There has not been any hotels and restaurants with big standards in Phuong. * Works- Youths' works are irregular, unfixed . About 20% youths have no jobs. 30% sometimes have jobs and sometimes jobless 50% youths have fixed jobs * Living standards: - Well-off households: 15% ( get income over 20 kg rice/ personl month) - Average households. 65% ( get income 15-20 kg rice/ person/ month) EIA- Sociolopv - Poor households 15% (get income under 15 kg rice/ person/ month) - Rich households: 5% (They are mainly construction employers, drawing the advertisements or are leaders of enterprises and organs, some are grape traders) * Housing: - House of bamboo with thatched palm roof 5% - House of two storeys 18,2% - House of one storey 76,8% * Socio- culture - There's no cultural heritage in Phuong - Percentage of addicted heroin is increasing rapidly ( 30 cases have been found out and 40 .cases are doubtful). Objects of addicted heroin are mainly children of poor and medium families I. electricity, water and sanitation Electricity - 635 households have electricity connected with the main electnc system - 5% households haven't got electricity - The remaining households use electricity by connecting through the working units and the enterprises in phuong - The main cause of having no electricity is that the authority hasn't met the residents demands . Majority of residents want their houses to be connected with electricity . Phuong is now carrying out to connect electricity for Section 1 . - The electricity quality of 365 households is very good . The households that connec electricity through the enterprises and working units is irregular Water: - 2% households are using piped water. This water source belongs to oil-petrol department to be used for anti-fire and fire-prevention - The remaining households are using ground water 4 drilled wells are now available in Phuong ( drilled by the residents) - Water qualiy: 70% water quality are good . 30% water quality are sour and yellowish EIA- Sociologv forest and rice plants will be affected If the municipal landfill is located at Phuong The areas of fruit tree plant, forest, growing fish, rice, agricultural products will be also affected 26 households must be removed if the land is used as a landfill site. Phuong's residents have known nothing about the project It is needed to dispose of waste environmentally if the landfill is located here, we should draw experience from the pollution reality of the existing landfill Deo Sen Flies, mosquitoes, rats, insects and bad odour emit over 1 km Therefore the improved methodologies should be needed . If the landfill is located nearby the cemetery it will affect-to the people who come to attend the funeral . Water use of 26 households in this site will also be affected by the landfill The residents are willing to remove but the compensations should be satisfied . Cadres do not want the residents in Phuong to work as waste collectors and they ma' also dislike this kind of work as they could find better works EIA- Sociologv AN INTERVIEW GIVEN TO THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF HA KHANH PHUONG Date of inteview 11/ 8/1997 Location Ha Khau Phuong PC Responder Mr Ho Cong Kien Chaiman of Ha Khanh Phuong PC I) General information on socio-economy -Total area 31,5 km2 incl + Living land 34,63 ha + Rice plant :35,20 ha + Forest plant - The remaining area Geographic: - The West is closed to Cao Xanh - The South is closed to Cao Thang Phuong - The East is closed to Quang Hanh Commune *Population - Population size 5150' persons - Households size 1215 There are 5 sections and 1 agricultural village and 43 community groups * Economic activities and occupations: Coal-miner households 40% Agricultural households- 10% The remaining s are households doing forest plant and are state cadres - There are 14 state-owned coal enterprise of Viet Nam General Corporation for coal mining and of the Province - Living standard: + Rich households: 15 +Average households: the remaining households +Poor households: 145 +Miserable households: 37 - Housing- - House of bamboo with thatched palm roof: 5% - House of two storeys. 5 houses - The remaining are houses of one storey Social evil - There are 35 addicted-heroin objects and 3 heroin trading points . School - There is a secondary school and there have been around 5-6 students qualified for university entrance yearly EIA- Sociologv I. electricity, water and sanitation Electricity -100% households have electricity 28 households use electric generator, the remaining use electric network Electric price 500VNDlnumber 200 households use industrial electric connected through the enterprises with costs 800VND/number Water: - There's no piped water in phuong, the residents have to use ground water and water in ponds water is infected with iron, leachate Phuong wants to use piped water but their demands haven't been met . The water pipe lines leading to the phuong has not yet been installed. Water drainage: About 200 households get flooded during 4-5 hours after rainfalls Toilet Almost households have their owned toilets, they are mainly two pit latrine Waste collection and disposal - The residents dispose of waste by themselves without any disciplines . There's no waste to be collected by Halong sanitation company Enterprises and organs also dispose by themselves, such as: burning and discharging to the sea. Ill. Problems related to the landfill - The former landfill Deo Sen was located nearby the residential area in 1991 . The new one was also extended nearby the Cemetery Deo Sen with 20 ha wider. - The landfill have affected to the residents' living ,such as: bad odour, flies and mosquitoes caused diarrhoea . Water was polluted and affected by the landfill . The scavengers are mainly coming from other provinces . There are about 20 scavengers - Waste is disposed by powdered lime but not regularly . The residents are here provided with insecticide The residents' opinions : They complain about pollution of the landfill and the cemetery . They recommended that sanitary conditions in this area should be improved because many households are using water that has been seriously polluted, especially, wells of households living nearby the landfill. -It is impossible to extend the landfill and is also surrounded by mountain -The extended landfill will not affect to the land of the residents but it will affect to the environment, water source. 30 households will have to remove due to the polluted environment ElA' Sociologv -State will have to compensate for the residents' removals. The compensation should be cash and land as regulated by the state and Jobs condition should be also created for them in order to guarantee for their daily living in the new area . -Sections . 2, 3 and 4 are mostly being affected by the landfill . Section 2 40 households Section 3 170 households Section 4 242 households Total : 452 households INTERVIEWING THE CHAIRMAN OF QUANG 1-LAINLI L-UlVillUiNlt Date of interviex 1 1/6/1997 Location Quang Hanh Commune PC responder Mr Dang Van Dinh I) General information on socio-economy-culture * total area 5350 ha, mcl + Agricultivation 32 ha + Residential area 68 ha + Forest plant 5250 ha - Located along High way No 18 A with 9 km long - Total population 13 000 Households 2675 mcl 1O hamlets, 124 community gioups - Economic activities 50% are state civil servants and the rest of households have different kind of works - Occupations Agricultivation 8%. Transport services: 3% ( 100 cars) Forest plants. 3% The remaining are doing businesses, services and are state cadres...38% - Living standard Well-off and nch households: 35% Medium households 60%. Poor households 5% The households have become rich mainly because of coal mimng during past several years (40 9 S - f44-~ t %LtMS ) Housing - House of bamboo with thatched palm roof :1% - House of two storeys: 20% - House of one storey: 79% -Road: People are encouraging each other to contribute money for road rehabilitation. -School. Kindergarten, Primary, secondary and high schools are available. Since 1994 so far, on average. there have been around 50 students qualified for umversity entrance yearly. * aeoaranhic: - The west is closed to Halong city - The East is closed to Cam Thach Phuong - The north is Khe Tam coal-mine - The south is Bai Tu Long and Halong Bays. II. electricity, water and sanitation Electriciht - Electricity. 100% households have electricity . according to the demands 9 electnc stations should be available, but so far there have been only 6 electric stations to serve people in 8 hamlets 80% use rural electricity, 20% have to connect through tne enterpriseb dina wOining units Electricity fee is about 500-600 VND/number - Water 10% use piped water, vwater quality is not guarantied 1% uses well of UNICEP Tht remaining s use digging wells - Water drainage this problem is still questionable because this is a valley, whole water usually discharge to the residential area and to the highway Nol8A some parts of road are flooded after the rainfalls There must be a drainage system installed along the limestone mountain to the Bay entrance at km 6 so that the problem will be settled down The drainage place Hang Luon is being filled up by the waste flowing down after the rainfalls Toilets The majonties are septic tanks or two pit latrines There are also public toilets at two markets - Collection and disposal of waste There's no collection of Cam Pha MAC . The commune intends to establish a sanitation group. The waste collection will be monthly funded from the budget by the commune . People now dispose waste on their own The commune is looking fo a dump site and so far it has been nowhere to be found . It is possible to dispose waste at the second-cross ascent but it is too far ( 2 km away from the road) III. Problems related to the landfill. The proposed landfill site belongs to hamlet No.7, but 4 hamlets nearby will be affected . Those hamlets No.6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are located along the highway No 18A Hamlet No.7 270 households HamletNo.8 210households Hamlet No.9 280 households Hamlet No. 10: 330 households . This hamlet is located away from the landfill but if the landfill is located at the proposed site, when raining this hamlet will be affected by the waste flowing down with water. - Phuong has got the information of landfill expansion. The ground of landfill site has already been excavated and the residents have been compensated and removed by the Cement Factorv before. This project was signed between General Corporation of Mechanic - Energy and Mine and Foreign Counterpart (Thailand) - The landfill expansion will not affect the accommodations and forest plants, it only affects the agricultivation and livestock breeding. - The residents s%ant to do nothing at the landfill therefore job creations will not be effective - The compensation should be implemented as state regulations. there must be a Compensation Committee of the Town . The local authority disagree with the location of the landfill at this point . They request to relocate the landfill at the second-cross ascent because it is a large valle3 and is surrounded by mountains and far away from the residential area . If we have to compensate for the removal of the residents it will be insignificant Moreover the environmental pollution will be reduced if the waste is dumped at the second-cross ascent. Living standard: (1996) Number of Households t Rich households 157 6.4 Average households 813 33.2 Poor households 1307 53.4 Miserable households 137 7 Total 2451 - - -' HALONG CITY WAKIR SUPPLYAND SANrTATION PROJECT -SanitationFeasibility Study - VOLUMSE MA - EIA for Proposed T ndfill Sites - ~ ~ ~ ~ 4'4 i =, -~ ~ ~474-~ ~&EUGF~CHN1CALINVESTIOATIONS,,~,; w s *s >- - - OP CMMVEY - -~~ - 42~ - - ! 4.11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -' ~ 4 4 A R.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4~*'~ MON 11.1~~~~~~~~~~ MAP OF STADY AREA Figure 1 HA KHAU - QUANG NtNH AREA Fgr 36 394 600 Jz 1S1 to 2 322 ink- -. --2 322 4! 21 2 +22 2 2 322 "s i I 1",-~~~~ 1g."~ 0i'l} rn -, t; A ': 1. 0 I a tl < i At"'~~~~~~~~~~~~~so a' Ws I I; .~1 t#|.+ ' \~~~~~~1,2' ' v , is Li, - ./t ' lir l ''LEGEND * Englneerlnwen I ,*X>sw * Observaton Well A _ B CCm-sectlon lnem 2 321 4 --- - 2 321 is is4 600 34 t o00 341.39 000 34 390 200 3 395 400 3I 395 600 WELL LOG Figure 2 Descndpthon N-o.1-HK 1~1~`Drilling to Study Engineering Geology for Landfill Location Ha Khau - Ha Long - Quang Ninh DnUmngMethod Rotory Drilling D 20-21/11/97 x IY IZ Meas Pt Eev WatLevel (ft MSL) 3.00 Level-Date Vertcal Honzontal Depth Hole Site Sampling Cang Screen Lithology Elk. ; 8. . Clywdy gf1M , XyDowbrown, ndbn,4n 2 @ bX;dg,Uwb--2 ... . 25 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: Clymiredgmwl,yglowb Uwa 2oa 3.2 ~a i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 8.aS 8. 8. .Ciey med gmwd, slom, oW br Al: .* 10 -90 J0.2 60soF -10 6.^ s: Ch y &^dS,ddhew, wh& y 12 w5 . C4wr- ous, wh v .12 14 .X:. W S ^ ' - " -... .4 . -.. CJayej mLxed simul, uIw,rilw g mwy .,.. .- @ .'~~~~~~~~~~~8 ., 8d.g 16 .'' *6 18~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cp MU" r .akof, wdt pay_,*1 *sC 8.* .w1wd,8g 20 I20 20 < Designed byT ong Ngoc Cmbh I WELL LOG Figure 3 [Wall IdentDesenption N_O.2-1-11< Drilling to Study Engineering Geology for Landfill Location Ha Khau - Ha Long - Quang Snh| Dniling Method Rotory Drilling Dnlling Date 22-23/11/97 X | Y | Z Meas Pt Elev |Water Level (ft MSL) Level-Date Vercalntal Deptb Role Site Sampling Cing Sreen Lithbology [ _ @ 0.7 _j&ciymie _gh1d. yix.dmad, bnwn gry,black gM 2 @ __ SSadymiedx w g l, ygowbmwn 2 Sandy _uxsd sowl and mad, yellw brown Sandy Amxed grwl, yelow bown* U8 .ay ,,izetd gunwi, ylow brwn, nd br @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~. . 8,, ."n bx . 8. .8._ 4~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~* *t _dye __xe geawel,eow bwn, redbr *wn 6.16.78__. _-.8.v,"y .t 10 90 L4111ldayeymikedgrasel .10 12 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 t8 _-. 8. COW d,#Yw -12 12|Lmy yeddgnpa .1. 17. 8 .8.. .8.hw, hi V .8.. .8.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 13.7 :~~~~~c: hod8. 20 I: heeued,ve.d aon oo 1 Demvtedby.TonSNgocThanh8.I 8 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CROSS-SECTIONS, LINE A - B HA KHAU AREA Scale: Horizontal : 1/2000 Vertical : 1/400 AB .11_ . ^ . _ _ _LK2 _. _3 _ _._ _*_ - _- - ._.__._._ ~~~~~LI ._.w~_________ ~ _ ._ ._._ ._. ._ S,~ ~ --__ g .____ ___ .~._w_~_8 TABLE: ANALYZED RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES HA KHAU AREA Sampled Grain sIize cpmpoultlons ()Ion exchange capactl N...o Well Layer depth Grain diameter _ _ __ __mge/looml - wloonil (in) ___Grvel Sand fraction ___ Silt Guay pH Total >10 10-5 5-2 2-1 140.5 0.5. 1025- 01- 0 05- 001- 0 005 H2C) Ce2 mg2 AL"+ H NH4+ Fe - - 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.0! 0005 1______ 11 LX1 3 3.0-3.2 13.6 8.4 10.3 5.5 6.6 10.8 12.2 12.7 16.0 13 9 6 0 1.0 1.3 07.5 3 78i 13 5 28.0 2 LK1 3 10.0-10.2 ______ 2.4 4.5 8.4 10.2 9.6 8.7 14.6 20.5 21.1 6.5 5.8 1.1 3 0 2 635 3 2 0.59 3 IKi 5 15.0-15.2 ___3.3 30.5 15.7 28.5 11.3 54 2.2 13.1 6.75 0.15 0.05 0.6 011Oi 1.85 -0.075 4 Lx1 3 18.0-18.2 ___1.5 2.9 1.23 I. 6.6 12.1 IIA 19.0 15.7 118.6 7.0 4.2 4.7 1.5 011O 2 8 10.25 T LI.X 1 0.5-0.7 - 2.7 4.2 3.8 14.4 16.6 23.6 21.1 13.6 6.9 0.25 0.05 0.6 10.594 3 2 10.16 6 LX2 2 4.0-4.2 ___6.3 15.9 18.9 25.5 25.4 1.3 2.2 4.5 _______ 7 1 t2 3 13.5-13.7 I__ 2.1 4.2 3.4 7.8 I14.5 20.3 22.6 25.1 - 1_ i'~ LK2 4 16.5-16.7 _ 1.2 6.5 12.5 24.6 21.5 33 7 6.8 3 4 2.2 0.7 0422 2 6 0 18 9 LK3 I 1 1.2-1.4 1 1_ 1.6 9.5 12.8 14.6 17.3 19.8 24.4 6 15 0.15 0.05 0.75 1263 2.2 15 0 10 LK 2 5.5-5.7 ___ 7.0 I24.0 I24.5 25.8 9.5 5.8 2.2 1.2 6.6 1 0 1.1 1.5 1263 0.32 3.0 1 1 I.K3 3 12.0-12.2 __ - - 2.4 10.2 22.3 126.4 38.7 6.2 1 3 0.5 1 0 2 47 2.2 17 0 12 LK4 4 17.5-17.7 1 I 1 5.6 11.6 12.5 18.7 126.6 125.0 -I__ _____ I I __ Physicpropeties ____ Mechanic properties N_o Well Layer Sampled Water Natural Dry Specific Proulty SaLtuta Liquit Plastic Plasti Thick Pemiea- Consolid Angle of depth content densilty daisty gravity coefrici Rtulty -tion limit limit index conte bilty ation iner -eat degree -nt strength friction W e n Wi WP Ip B K C I - - ~~~~~(M (M gl=3 % %3 % ___ __ coh/a Kgc2 dge I tLK 3 3.0-3.2 23.4 1.83 1.48I 2.71 0.821 45 77 37 24.4 12.6 I-0.08 1.4010-5 0.437 21o10' 2 -& 3 10.0-10.2 24.5 1.84 1.48 2.71 084 45 80 36.3 19.7 16.6 0.29 3 2*10-7 0.368 l6o25' 3 5 15.0-15.2 2.63 ___ 3.6*10.3 ____ 4 - 3 18.0-18.2 5.8 1.88 1.49 2.72 0.821 45 86 34.8 20.1 14.7 0.39 7A4*10.6 0 312 16o000' 3 X 1 -0.5-0.7 32.3 1.9 1.44 2.69 0.873 47 99 36.8 24.6 12.2 0.63 1*10-S 0.347 MMo0' 6 .JAL- 2 4.0-4.2 28.6 1.95 1.52 2.64 0.741 43 102 30.8 26.0 4.8 0 54 9.7*10-4 0.145 18o000' 7 4t. 3 13.5-13.7 28.0 1.88 1.4 2.71 0.84 46 90 34.6 23.3 11.3 0.42 3.4*10-6 0.394 15045' 8 Lv.' 54 16.5-16.7 28.0 1.84 1.44 2.72 0.892 47 85 37.8 22.2 15.6 0 37 4.2*10-7 0.425 13OW0 9 1 1.2-1.4 30.9 1.78 1.36 2.7 0.985 50 85 37.9 23.3 14.6 0.52 3.6*10-6 0.330 140,15' 10 2 5.-5. 31. 1.98 1.51 2.66 - .6 43 109 33.6 26.9 6.7 0.68 1.1*10-3 0.150 18O35 Ii 1K 3 12.0-12.2 31.0 1.84 1.41 2.73 0.943 49 90 44.3 25 5 18.8 0 29 1.2*10-7 0.567 14o20' 12 LK4 1 4 17.5-17.7 27.5 1.9 1.49 2.7 0.812 45 91 38.3 23.7 14.6 0.26 2.8*10-7 10.333 17MOO' MAP OF STADY AREA DEO SEN X QUANG NINH AREA Figure 5 WXTSt~~265,S C646.5 > 5. 0. $'El~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~f 21$1 n.4s.|eo~~~~~~~~~~~~~l 22.3.e 214*. O/16.3 264CX.;2}.t TY LE I :2000 2.: ~ . -, I I Dtung donS mslc h - 2 m WELL LOG Figure 6 Wall dont |Oesciption l N{ o.2WDS Drilling to Study Engineering Geology for Landfill fLocstion Deo Sen - Ha Long - Quang Ninh Ddrfing Method Rotory Drilling DrlSingDate 16-18/11/97 X Y Z Mess. Pt. Elev. |Water Level (ft MSL) Level-Date Vertical Horizortal Hm ole site sampUag Casing Screen Uthoing [ l Sany aixal grovel, 1 m 2. -u -'-1. 2 2~~~~~~~~~~~ .2 Stady, my brown aszed wi* goe- C..i uayJalukod,fiachmd |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b mcsigd ry: Tog go Ton -80 12- .12~~~~~~a. .. %-4~~~~~~~~ Designed by Tmg Ngoc Thanh ~ ~ Cesuasw.dwM arve ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CROSS-SECTIONS, LINE A - B DEO SEN AREA S;cafr: Horizontal: 111000 VAertIad :11400 B t2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L 24 12 ''' s ' - ' w-' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * ~~.4/* TABLE: 2 ANALYZED RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES DEO SEN AREA Saimpled Grain size cptnpoudons (%) Ion exchange capaclt N_o Well Laycr depth Grain diameter =e/-ooml MR/ oom1 (m) _ Gravel Sand fraction Silt Clay Total ..I0 10-5 5-2 2-I 1-0. 0.5- 02- 0.1- 0.05- 0.01- 0.005 pH Ca- ?A ' AL'- H+ NH Fe _____ ___ 0.25~~~~~~~~~O 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 4 F 1 LlK1 2 0.5-0.7 ___ 11.3 14.8 6.6 16.6 11.6 14.9 10.3 7.5 6.4 - - 2 LX2 2 1.5-1.7 3.5 9.6 3.6 2.5 7.5 16.6 15.5 l 8.6 9.9 .3 - - 3 3 * 3 8.0-8.2 6.5 4.9 12.9 12.6 2.1 2.5 -6.5 8.7 13.6 12.0 17.7 6.7 2.1 1.8 0.85 0385i.3 0.19 4 W 1 1.2-1i.4 __ -2.4 6.5 12.2 20.4,29.9 28.6 - .. 5LKW 2 5.0-5.2 ___ ___ 5.5 8.5 99 13.211L8 IS.7 18.8 16.6 6.4 2.4 1.10Q4S52.664 2.S 0.132 Physlc properdes Mechanic properties N...o Well Layer Sampled Water Natural DrY *Spcdfic Prosily Satuta Liquit Plastic Plastic Thick Permea- Consolid Angle of depthi eontent density densty gravity coeffici Pst y -tion limit limit index conte bilty ation iner -eat degree -nt strength friction W e n 0 wi Wp Ip B K C -m) 30. 196 1.51 1 cm % |% |% | % % I Kgfcm2 degree I LKI __0_5_0Q7 30.1 1.96 1.51 12.66 0.766 43 105 32.8 I 26.6 6.2 0.57 5.3*10-4 0.277 14o5S' 2 LK2 2 1.5-1.7 28.5 1.99 1.5 2.65 0.711 42 106 31.1 25.7 5.4 0.51 8.4*10-3 0.254 15o45' 3 LK2 3 8.0-2 27.0 1.86 1.46 2.72 0.88 46 86 3 B.5 23.8 14.7 0.22 5.6*10-7 0.346 1830W 4 LI3 1 1.2-1.4 38.1 1.76 1.27 1 2.68 1.103 52 93 42.5 25.7 16.8 0.74 4.1*10-6 0.146 8o005 5 LK3 2 5.0-5.2 25.3 1.81 1.44 1 2.74 0.896 47 77 32.4 20.9 11.5 0.38 1.1o10-5 0.266 17o00' MAP OF STUDY AREA QUN AS- OUANG MNH ArA Figure 8 21,414 III ,l.4I,.4O,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ISUIN~~~~~~~~~~~~2.,2 "¼- ~~~~~~"'* ~~~~~' 441 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ! lBS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r Ill ~~~~~~E I KI/~~~1. /4 1.111.214~~~~~r. 12 I 'I .v to.~~~~~~~~LGN /&4~ ~ ~~~~1 0 :00* EgiadgWt WJ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~* Phgufc ae apn WELL LOG Figure 9 Well Ident Description Npo.3-QH | Drilling to Study Engineering Geology for Landfill Location Quang Hanh - Quang Ninh Driffing Method Rotory Drilling - TDrllingDte 10/11/97 X |Y IZ IMeas. Pt. Ehv. Water Level (ft MSL) Level-Date Vertical Horizontal Depth Hole Site Samnpling Csing Screen Utbology 1. 7.7 *ight :.Cyy, ybw,ylw bmwn,headoaddry c 2 2 2 _yy .ad_ cobb l, week coxs.ldakd 3b5 64 Clewy mind pawl, .whw b,,w. mixed head p'7~~~~~~~. Clesy mixed gin.el,.wlw bpmw, 10 gO 9010 Clay.,mised gweni,had bigbheld. 12 12 -12 clm jeyhy.adxd Wilk bosIh,s hAwdanu 14 71 16 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WeuWW ed gmwl aifn color, weak ea 18~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 WeAemid gm,enA ,k anaieer Designed by Tong Ngoc Thank- ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CROSS-SECTIONS, LINE A - B QIJANG HANH AREA Scale: Horizontal: 112000 Vcrtical : 11400 A 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K 4 32 tKt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tp P = t - = =' r= _Kr I~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~ TABLE :3 ANALYZED RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES QUANG HANH AREA Sampled Grain size cpmpositions (%) Ion exchange cap a ty N-o Well Layer depth Grain diameter m eI1OOml m/lOOml (m) _Gravel Sand fraction Silt Clay Total >0o 10-5. 5-2 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- 0.05- 0.01- 0.005 pH mg" PM4 Fe - - _____ _ - - - 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 - I LKI 1.0-1.2 9.8 8.7 5.4 2.9 10.9 12.8 13.8 6.7 9.5 8.4 11.1 6.9 0.24 0.06 0.75 0.436 4.1 0.17 2 LJKl I 2.5-2.7_ 3. 15.7 12.0 6.1 5 5.4 7.0 6.9 15.7 12.0 15.8 - _ _ ....L. A.SX... 1 0.5-0.7 __3.7 4.5 11.3 25.7 14.4 3.7 10.2 16.6 9.9 -- 4 LK2 1 3.0-3.2 _ 3.3 2.6 10.5 7.9 18.8 4.1 10.3 8.7 15.5 18.3 6.8 0.19 0.08 0.55 0.712 3.3 0.2 S LX3 I 1.0-1.2 12.2 8.7 6.6 M 12.3 6.7 9.5 3.7 11.6 10.9 15.4 - - _ 6 LKC3 2 7.5-7.7 3.6 9.4 4.5 6.6 12.1 24.5 18.6 20.7 6.6 0.2 0.07 0.53 0.622 2.6 0.1IS 7 tii 1 1.2-1.4 - 5 21.3 8.7 11.2 9.9 1 1.6 8.5 12.7 11.6 6.8 1.1 0.07 0.58 0.588 3.1 0.138 8 LIC4 2 5.0-5.21 = 4.1 13.6 9.8 1 1.3 18.1 23.6 19.5 __ ____ _ I_____ I_____ Physic properties I Mechanic properties N-o Well Layer Sampled Water Natural Dry Specific |Pmsiry Satuta Liquit Plastic Plastic Thick |mPerna- Consolid Angle of depth conteat density, ddty Sravily, coeftlci P"itI -tion f limit limit index conte bility -ation iner -eat degmre -nt strength fniction W e |n Wi Wp Ip B K C + - Z (m) | (%6) | g 3|8m3 | 8/cm3 % |% % |% - 6 cm/s Kg/cm' degree -1 JLA I t.0-12. 26.8 1.86 1.47 2.71 I~.L 0.847 46 86 31.4 22.7 I8.7 0.47 4.9*10-6 0.269 17o20' 2 LKI 2.5-2.7 26.1 1.89 1.50 2.72 0.815 45 87 31.3 20.2 11.1 0.53 2.3*10-6 0a37s 14o35' 3 LK2 I 05-0.7 20. 1.81 1.50 2.72 0.813 45 69 3.9 21. 14.4 -0.06 1.1*10.6 0.421 18o00' 4 [.12 1 3.0-3.2 23.5 1.92 J.3. 2L.7 0.756 43.... j5 33.1 23.4 9.7 0.01 5.9*10-6 0.552 16015' 5 [.1(3 1 1.0-1.2 24.1 1.87 1.51 2.72 0.806 45 81 36.3 23.5 12.8 0.05 3.8*10-6 0.302 M17M0' 6 [.1(3 2 7.5-7.7 23.8 1.89 1.53 2.71 0.776 44 83 36.6 22.1 14.5 0.12 1.0*10-6 0.466 15M10' I [.(4 I.. 1.2-114 2i.0 11.81 11.50 .2.73 045 . 70 i 20.6 6.4 0.07 2.5*10-6 0.234 M1920' 8 [.(4 2 15.0-5.2 22.8 1 1.82 1IA8 2.72 0.835 45 74 31.2 21.6 1 .9.6 0.12 7.5*10-6 0.301 M16O0' ILKLONG CIIY WATERLUPLY AND SANlTA71ON PROJ1 Sanitation Feasibility Study' VOLI)ME MAL - EIA for Proposed LandRil Sites ~~~~~~~~~~4 . M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ .w - .~~~~~~~~; SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness MINUTES (on handling the complaints made by 6 households, community group 6, Section 7- Ha Khau, that are affected by negative impacts of environment caused by the dumping point of BESCO.) Today, at 8.30 am of 6/41998, at the headquarters of Ha Khau commune is conducted, a meeting to resolve the above complaints. Participants: A. Ha Khau commune representatives: 1. Mr Nguyen Van Thanh, Chairman. B. HESCO representatives 1. Mr Tran Xuan Mien 2. Mr Nguen Van To. 3. Mrs To Thi Vinh 4. Doan Quynh C. Representatives of 7 households that are all present. CONTENTS OF THE MEETING Mr Nguyen Van Thanh, the chairman, states the reason why the meeting is held. Mr Tran Xuan Mien overviews the handling methods regarding the complaints made by households, especially those affected by environmental contamination caused by the dumping point will be removed through 2 forns, either they will move on their own will or be removed by arrangements of the authorities. Mrs To Thi Vinh states the current compensation policies for land ( arable, residential and commercial) crops and trees, public facilities, structures and other assets, and payment methods of compensation, which are issued by the govemment. Mr Nguyen Van Yen convinces the affected families to feel easy about the governmental decisions to be implemented and fully provides support for the location of the landfill of HESCO . He only wants the govenmment to apply payment methods of compensation to the affected persons and remove them from negative impacts of the landfill. Mr Pham Van Mac fully supports the strategic guidelines of the govemment in the hope that payment of compensation will be made accordingly as quickly as possible so that families can stabilise their lives. Mr Nguyen Van Chinh and Mrs Cam claim that for residential area, payment of compensation should be made to their existing residential area as well as trees planted around their houses by them. in addition to the compensated area in accordance with regulations, it is proposed that the government should issue addition compensation measures accordingly. Mr nguyen Van Yen states that payment of compensation should be made to all trees planted around his house. It is proposed that the government should grant both rational and harmonious policy. Mr Tran Nhan claims that his family decides to live here for ages, but now the govemment is in need of this area we are willing to comply with their guidelines. In fact we only suggest the govemment make payment of compensation accordingly so that my family can be soon stabilised. Mr Nguyen Van To states that all affected families in the area are now living in poverty. and their ideas are very sound. it is proposed that the government should make payment of compensation according to current policies applied by both the party and the state. Mr Tran Xuan Mien concludes that a compensation committee should be established to implement payment of compensation. For the affected persons who should prepare documents required for compensation payment that will be make according stipulated square meter and structures, crops and trees available in the area stipulated for use of housing construction by the state. the area which does not fall within the governmental regulations will not be paid compensation. The residents suggest the government give a grant to removal by a separate document. whenever compensation method is approved, compensation should be paid in cash to the affected residents at the headquarters of Ha Khau commune. Mr Thanh, the chairman, fully agrees to Mr Mien's conclusion, but he notes that the residents in the community group should have a close co-operation with the compensation comminee to make an exact list of compensation volume so that losses can be avoided - if the number of crops and trees which do not fall within the stipulated area by the state are proposed to be given a grant, a list should be made as well. During the removal period if any family does not find accommodation they should inform the commune authorities so that settlement measures can be soon found. The meeting draws to an end at 11 a.m . All participants fully agree to the contents written in the minutes. Representatives of 7 households: 1. Mai Thi Chieu 2. Nguyen Thi Loan 3. Phan Thi Dinh 4. Nguyen Thi Thoan 5. Pham Van Mac 6. Vu Van Chinh 7. Tran Nhan. - SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness MINUTES OF PUBLIC HEARING Public hearing on Locations of the Proposed WWTP and Landfill. Date: April 24th 1998. Tirne: 9 a.m Finish time: 10.30 a.m Avenue : Headquarters of Ha Khanh PC - Ha Long City. Contents : Constructive ideas of the public community on location of the proposed WWTP located on the seaside near bridge 3, Deo Sen and Deo sen landfill Chairnan of the meeting: Mr Ho Cong Kien.. Position: .... PC chairman Participants A. Local authorities 1. Mr: Ho Cong Kien. PC Chairman 2. Mr: Nguyen Tien Toan, chairman of the people's council of the commune. 3. Mr/Mrs:. B. Residential representatives: 1. Mr/Mrs 2. Mr/Mrs (total of 13 participants) 3. Mr/Mrs C. HESCO representatives: 1. Mr: Tran Van Tuan, chief of Planning and Technical Dept. 2. Mr/Mrs: 3. Mr/Mrs D. Kampsax Representatives: I. Mr. Svend Aage Bang Nielsen, Project Manager 2. Mrs. Helena Ahola, Senior Environmental Expert. 3. Mr. Nguyen Dinh Ruong - Sanitation Engineer. Presentation of the public hearing: The chairman states the reason why the public hearing is held and introduces the representative participants. Mr. Nguyen Dinh Ruong will on behalf of the consultant team present: - Existing situation of drainage and sanitation system in Ha Long City and Bai Chay. - Contents of the project in progress. - Problems of EIA and RAP. - Time Schedule of the project. Mrs. Helena gives more details about the four above objectives. Constructive ideas given by: 1, Mr/Mrs : Toan, He welcomes the sanitation project of both government and international organisations. it is proposed that a good solution should be made to upgrade the existing landfill, investment progress should be done more quickly. A fence should be constructed to screen from the cemetery. He hopes the RAP needs to be studied and implemented soon. 2. Mr: Khoi whose house is close to the landfill proposes that clean water supply should be provided for residents surrounding the area. 3. Mr: Le Kim Nhi states that the cemetery and landfill should be separated 4. Mr: Pham Van Lam claims that the location of the existing landfill is OK, but improvements and extension are too slight. 5. Mrs: Mac lThi Nhung, representative of 18 households next to the landfill, states that this area is now seriously contaminated, they made a lot of proposals not once or twice, but no improvements and progress have been made. 6. Mr: Nguyen Quoc Bao agrees to the construction of a new access road, it is proposed to handle negative impacts caused by the landfill for 3 community groups in this area. For the location of proposed WWTP, he and participants agree to the master plan it is proposed that a range of trees should be planted to stop the wind blowing from the main road. and the WWTP does not influence the drainage of the upper area. Conclusions: Participants fully agree. to the contents of the public hearing, construction plans by the government, province and municipality and propose the follow-up steps such as compensation and resettlement should be well implemented according to the policy set by the government. Requirements of Technical standards, as described in the project, should be guaranteed properly. Chairman of the public hearing SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence - Freedom - Happiness MINUTES OF PUBLIC HEARING Public hearing on Locations of the Proposed WWTP and Landfill. Date: May6t 1998. Time starting: 14h am Time ending : 15h.30 am Avenue : Headquarters of Quang Hanh Village PC - Cam Pha Town. Contents : Constructive ideas of the public community on location of the proposed sanitary landfill, Quang Hanh, Cam Pha. C(hairman of the meeting: Mr Dang Van Dinh. Position: .... PC chairman Participants A. Local authorities 1. Mr: Dang Van Dinh. PC Chairman 2. Mr/Mrs: 3. Mr/Mrs: B. Residential representatives: 1. Mr/Mrs 2. Mr/Mrs (a total of 37 participants) 3. M/Mrs C Cam Pha EMCO representatives: 1. Mr, Pham Ky, Vice-Director of Cam Pha EMCX. 2. Mr/Mrs: 3. Mr/Mrs D. Kampsax Representatives: 1. Mrs : Helena, EIA expert 2. Mrk Nguyen Dinh Ruong - sanitation Engineer 3. Mr. Hai ( interpreter ) Presentation of the pubUc hearing: The chairman staltes the reason why the public hearing is held and introduces the representative participants. Mr Nguyen Dinh Ruong will on behalf of the consultant team present: - Existing situation of drainage and sanitation system in Ha Long Cty and Bai Chay. - Contents of the project in progress. - Problems of EIA and RAP. - Time Schedule of the project. Mrs Helena gives more details about the four above objectives. Constructive ideas given by: 1. Mr. Dinh does not agree to the location of proposed landfill here and he said that our local community is ready to co-operate to find another better location. He welcomes objectives of the project. 2. Mr: Dao Xuan Ky welcomes the project. He stated that environmental sanitation is a very important problem and he fully supports the construction of proposed landfill here, but the location should be suitable for residential area. In fact, hamlet 9 is downstream from the landfill, so it will certainly be affected by the landfill. Furthermore, there is a military camp nearby and it should be separated. 3. Mr: Dinh Khac Coc, living in hamlet 7, said that waste water from the landfill will flow down hamlets: 7,8,9 and will cause "negative effects". It is suggested that it should be moved to C2 area 2km away from this location. 4. Mr- Ninh stated that the landfill will influence hamlets: 8, 9. It is suggested to be moved to another place. 5. Mr: Nam ( representative of 706 military camp nearby) said that at present we are going to construct a storehouse, therefore, we need a protection surounding. He completely disagrees to the location of proposed landfill here. 6. Mr. Ha stated that the location is located upsteam, so water from upstream flowing through the landfill will affect downstem. 7. Mr: Tich ( Representative of Quang Hanh Sanatorium) welcomes the project, but he said that its location is not suitable. It should be moved to the south of Road 18A. 8. Mr Loc ( Representative of a military camp nearby) welcomes objectives of the project and he stated that they need to get ideas from their supeiors because this location is near 2 military camps. It is suggested to be relocated. 9. Mr: Tninh disagrees to the location of proposed landfill here as it will affect water resources of residential areas downstram Conclusions: Participants fully agree to the contents of the public hearing, construction plans by the government, province and municipality, but they do nor fully agree with the location of proposed lsndfill here because it will cause "negative impacts" to residents downstem and 2 military camps nearby. It is suggested it is better to find another place ( to the south of Road no 18A between mineral stream area and Deo But area) Chairman of the public hearing HIALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECr Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLU1 MIA -EIA for Proposed Landfll Sites . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z .4 ip *,-. - . . . . . . . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 . K ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~P I 4 i ;>5, ~'' 'RFRNE .....--f-- ; 7 ; ' ; < ,o ,r. e ; {rv #t - > '-' -roo ~ ;Ut ';' S'i-. ''' ; IE~' ew-* * HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME ILA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites REFERENCES 1. Chu Van Phuoc: Phytoplankton in Tien Yen, Nam Trieu, Red River mouths. Marine Resources and Environment, Volume m. Science and Technics Publishing House, 1996 2. Cointreau-Levine, S. Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria. World Bank, 1995. 3. Commission of the European Communities: Draft Directive on the Landfill Waste, 1997. 4. Dang Huy Huynh et aL: Checklist of mammals in Vietnam. Science and Technology Publishing House, 1994. 5. Department of Science, Technology and Environment: Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. Interim Report, October 1997. 6. -"-: Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study. Quang Nmh Province. Final Report. February 1998. 7. Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical planning and Environment: Soil Protection Guidelines, 1995. 8. 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