Document of
The World Bank
Report No: ICR00001125
IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT
(IDA-34120)
ON A
CREDIT
IN THE AMOUNT OF {SDR 16.2 MILLION
(US$ 21.3 MILLION EQUIVALENT)
TO THE
REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
FOR AN
IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
June 25, 2009
Sustainable Development Department
Middle East and North Africa Region
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(Exchange Rate Effective December 31, 2008)
Currency Unit = YRial
= US$1
US$1.55663= SDR 1
US$1 = 200 YRial
FISCAL YEAR
January 1 � December 31
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADP agriculture Demonstration Program
APL A daptable Program Loan
CAS Country Assistance Strategy
DCA D evelopment Credit Agreement
EMP Environmental Management Plan
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FM Fin ancial Management
GDI General Directorate of Irrigation
GOY Government of Yemen
IC I rrigation Council
ICR Implementation Completion Report
IDA I nternational Development Association
IIP Irrigation Improvement Project
IMT Irrigation Management Transfer
LWCP Land and Water Conservation Project
MAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MIS Management Information System
MOF M inistry of Finance
MOPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
MWE Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA National Water Resources Authority
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PDO Project Development Objectives
PIM Participatory Irrigation Management
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PMU Project Management Unit
PPU P roject Preparation Unit
SA So cial Assessment
SC Ste ering Committee
TDA T ihama Development Authority
WSSP Water Sector Support Project
WUA Water User Association
WUG Water User Group
Vice President: Daniela Gressani
Country Director: Emmanuel Mbi
Sector Director: Laszlo Lovei
Country Manager: Benson Ateng
Sector Manager: Vijay Jagannathan
Task Team Leader: Ahmed Shawky
REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
CONTENTS
Data Sheet
A. Basic Information
B. Key Dates
C. Ratings Summary
D. Sector and Theme Codes
E. Bank Staff
F. Results Framework Analysis
G. Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs
H. Restructuring
I. Disbursement Graph
1. Project Context, Development Objectives and Design...............................................1
2. Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes...............................................7
3. Assessment of Outcomes ..........................................................................................15
4. Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome.........................................................24
5. Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance......................................................25
6. Lessons Learned........................................................................................................27
7. Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower/Implementing Agencies/Partners...........31
ANNEX 1: Project Costs and Financing......................................................................32
ANNEX 2: Outputs by Component ..............................................................................34
ANNEX 3: Economic and Financial Analysis.............................................................55
ANNEX 4: Bank Lending and Implementation Support/Supervision Processes ........62
ANNEX 5: Beneficiary Survey Results........................................................................64
ANNEX 6: Stakeholder Workshop Report and Results ..............................................72
ANNEX 7: Summary of Borrower's ICR and/or Comments on Draft ICR..................74
ANNEX 8:. Comments of Co-financiers and Other Partners/Stakeholders .................74
No comments were received.........................................................................................74
ANNEX 9: List of Supporting Documents...................................................................75
MAP : IBRD 36937
A. Basic Information
IRRIGATION
Country: Yemen, Republic of Project Name: IMPROVEMENT
PROJECT
Project ID: P062714 L/C/TF Number(s): IDA-34120
ICR Date: 06/25/2009 ICR Type: Core ICR
GOVERNMENT OF
Lending Instrument: APL Borrower:
YEMEN
Original Total
XDR 16.2M Disbursed Amount: XDR 15.9M
Commitment:
Environmental Category: B
Implementing Agencies:
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
Cofinanciers and Other External Partners:
B. Key Dates
Process Date Process Original Date Revised / Actual
Date(s)
Concept Review: 06/24/1999 Effectiveness: 01/18/2001
Appraisal: 06/05/2000 Restructuring(s):
Approval: 09/07/2000 Mid-term Review: 10/25/2004
Closing: 06/30/2006 12/31/2008
C. Ratings Summary
C.1 Performance Rating by ICR
Outcomes: Moderately Satisfactory
Risk to Development Outcome: Substantial
Bank Performance: Moderately Satisfactory
Borrower Performance: Moderately Satisfactory
C.2 Detailed Ratings of Bank and Borrower Performance (by ICR)
Bank Ratings Borrower Ratings
Quality at Entry: Moderately Satisfactory Government: Moderately Satisfactory
Quality of Supervision: Satisfactory Implementing
Agency/Agencies: Satisfactory
Overall Bank Overall Borrower
Performance: Moderately Satisfactory Performance: Moderately Satisfactory
i
C.3 Quality at Entry and Implementation Performance Indicators
Implementation QAG Assessments
Performance Indicators (if any) Rating
Potential Problem Project No Quality at Entry
Satisfactory
at any time (Yes/No): (QEA):
Problem Project at any Quality of
Yes None
time (Yes/No): Supervision (QSA):
DO rating before
Satisfactory
Closing/Inactive status:
D. Sector and Theme Codes
Original Actual
Sector Code (as % of total Bank financing)
Agricultural extension and research 2 3
Flood protection 16 9
General public administration sector 17 21
Irrigation and drainage 49 57
Roads and highways 16 10
Theme Code (as % of total Bank financing)
Decentralization 13 13
Environmental policies and institutions 25 25
Law reform 13 13
Rural policies and institutions 24 24
Water resource management 25 25
E. Bank Staff
Positions At ICR At Approval
Vice President: Daniela Gressani Jean-Louis Sarbib
Country Director: Emmanuel Mbi Inder K. Sud
Sector Manager: Narasimham Vijay Jagannathan Doris Koehn
Project Team Leader: Ahmed Shawky M. Abdel Ghany Usaid I. El-Hanbali
ICR Team Leader: Ahmed Shawky M. Abdel Ghany
ICR Primary Author: Ahmed Shawky M. Abdel Ghany
ii
F. Results Framework Analysis
Project Development Objectives (from Project Appraisal Document)
The project is the first phase of an adaptable program lending (APL). The main
objectives of the Phase I project would be to ensure: (i) sustainable water use in two spate
irrigation project area of Tuban and Zabid, covering 26,000 ha, through (a) rehabilitation
and modernization of infrastructure, and (b) participatory irrigation management (PIM);
and (ii) increase in agricultural productivity and rural incomes through implementation of
an intensive demonstration program.
Revised Project Development Objectives (as approved by original approving authority)
(a) PDO Indicator(s)
Original Target Formally Actual Value
Indicator Baseline Value Values (from Revised Achieved at
approval Target Completion or
documents) Values Target Years
Sustainable water use through: (a) rehabilitate off-farm rural infrastructure (%
Indicator 1 : value of works); (b) improve PIM (% of target number of water-user
organizations formed and empowered)
Water
management
improvement
Water targets met by
Value at least 80%
quantitative or 0.00 management per the Target already met
Qualitative) improvement by at least 80%.
targets 100% met. (amended)
DCA
milestones to
move to
APL2.
Date achieved 01/08/2001 12/31/2008 12/31/2008 12/31/2008
Comments
(incl. %
achievement)
Indicator 2 : Areas covered by the Agricultural Demonstration Program (hectares).
Value
quantitative or 0.00 5,000 hecatres per 4,005 hectares
Qualitative) the PAD
Date achieved 01/08/2001 12/31/2008 12/31/2008
Comments
(incl. %
achievement)
iii
(b) Intermediate Outcome Indicator(s)
Original Target Formally Actual Value
Indicator Baseline Value Values (from Achieved at
approval Revised Completion or
documents) Target Values Target Years
Indicator 1 : Number of established/empowered WUAs and ICs
Value Target 444 WUAs,
(quantitative 0.00 32 WUAs and 2 Target fully met.
or Qualitative) ICs are formed and
empowered.
Date achieved 01/08/2001 12/31/2008 12/31/2008
Comments
(incl. %
achievement)
Indicator 2 : %Value of rehabilitation civil works completed (spate irrigation; flood
protection; feeder roods; and urgent water supply).
80% to 100%
completion of
Value schemes; per
(quantitative 0.00 Full completion of the (amended) Target 100% met.
or Qualitative) spate schemes. DCA
milestones to
move to APL
2.
Date achieved 01/08/2001 12/31/2008 12/31/2008 12/31/2008
Comments
(incl. %
achievement)
G. Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs
Actual
No. Date ISR
Archived DO IP Disbursements
(USD millions)
1 12/27/2000 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.00
2 03/08/2001 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.00
3 10/25/2001 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.53
4 03/12/2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.67
5 08/15/2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.53
6 10/11/2002 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.74
7 04/09/2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.42
8 10/02/2003 Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.72
9 12/17/2003 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory 2.72
10 05/04/2004 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory 2.99
11 06/18/2004 Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory 3.09
12 12/16/2004 Satisfactory Satisfactory 3.76
iv
13 04/27/2005 Satisfactory Satisfactory 5.07
14 10/31/2005 Satisfactory Satisfactory 7.48
15 12/22/2005 Satisfactory Satisfactory 8.12
16 06/13/2006 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 11.06
17 06/29/2006 Moderately Moderately
Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory 11.20
18 12/28/2006 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 14.24
19 06/21/2007 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 16.58
20 12/05/2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory 18.39
21 06/17/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 19.40
22 12/19/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory 21.31
H. Restructuring (if any)
Not Applicable
I. Disbursement Profile
v
1. Project Context, Development Objectives and Design
1.1 Context at Appraisal
According to several archeological and historical evidences, Yemen is the first country in the
world where spate irrigation was practiced. This unique system witnessed its zenith during the
Shebean period in the first millennium BC. The intense development of trade after the Islamic
period may have promoted the spread of spate irrigation from Yemen to other arid and semi-arid
regions. By the late 1990s, use of Yemen's water resources was deemed to be unsustainable, due
not onl y to the overexploitation of the non-renewable groundwater resources but also to the
neglect of traditional irrigation systems fed by the (relatively renewable) spate waters. To help
address this issue, the Government of Yemen (GOY) through the Ministry of Agriculture and
Irrigation (MAI) undertook to prepare an Irrigation Improvement Project (IIP) and to implement
it with assistance from the International Development Association (IDA) under an Adaptable
Program Lending (APL) credit. The project was planned to be prepared and implemented in two
phases, namely (i) Phase I, covering schemes in two wadis (Zabid in Hodeidah governorate and
Tuban in Lahej governorate) with a total command area of about 26,000 ha, and (ii) Phase II,
covering schemes in five other main wadis (Bana, Hassan, Mawr, Rima'a and Siham) with a total
command area of about 64,000 ha, and/or smaller schemes in other wadis (Hijr, Ahwar, Meifa'a,
Surdud, Harad and Raysan) that would meet the selection criteria.
IIP Phase I preparation studies were themselves undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 comprised an
inventory s urvey, c haracterization a nd pr eliminary s tudy of s pate i rrigation s chemes i n f ive
wadis (Mawr, Zabid, Tuban, Bana and Hassan). Through a ranking analysis, two of these wadi
schemes (Tuban and Zabid) were selected for more detailed study in Phase II. The rationale was
that the two selected schemes would provide the best opportunity to serve as models or pilots for
developing a nd de monstrating t he pa rticipatory i rrigation m anagement ( PIM) approach t o
decentralization and transfer of irrigation scheme management responsibilities to appropriate
local i nstitutions. T o execute t he pr eparation s tudies f or t he s elected W adi Zabid a nd W adi
Tuban schemes, a Project Preparation Unit (PPU) was formed within the MAI. National and
international c onsultants w ere engaged b y t he PPU t o unde rtake t he studies i n Y emen. A
Japanese grant m anaged t hrough t he W orld Bank provided t he principal funding for project
preparation. GOY, the World Bank, IFAD and FAO/IC contributed additional funding and/or
resources.
Following on from project preparation, the IIP Phase I Project Appraisal Document (PAD) was
finalized and issued on August 9, 2000. Financing of the total project cost of US$25.60 million
was pl anned t o be pr ovided b y: ( i) a n IDA c redit of S DR 16.2 m illion ( US$21.3 m illion
equivalent, 83.2%); (ii) direct contributions from beneficiaries totaling US$1.2 million (4.7%),
and (iii) GOY contributions from its own resources amounting to US$3.10 million (12.1%). The
project implementation period was planned to be 5 years.
Government-level in stitutional a rrangements f or p roject imp lementation, a s e nvisaged a t
appraisal, included: (i) the MAI as the agency to assume overall authority and responsibility on
behalf of the GOY, (ii) a Steering Committee (SC) to oversee implementation, comprising the
1
Minister of the MAI as chairman and five further key persons including the project director; (iii)
a central Project Management Unit (PMU) in Sana'a for coordination and general supervision,
led by the project director and staffed by technical, procurement, financial, administrative and
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) personnel; and (iv) two Project Implementation Units (PIUs),
one in Zabid and one in Tuban, for supervising implementation activities at the project sites,
each staffed by a director, an en gineer, an ag riculturalist, an i nstitutional s pecialist an d an
accountant. The PIUs were to work closely with the relevant regional agencies, the Tihama
Development Authority (TDA) in W adi Z abid a nd t he L ahej R egional A gricultural O ffice
(RAO) in Wadi Tuban.
The p roject co mmencement d ate w as J anuary 1 , 2 001 an d t he cr edit ef fectiveness d ate w as
January 18, 2001. Earlier, in July 2000, the PMU in Sana'a was established with a director and
staff including specialists (civil servants or consultants) in the fields of irrigation, agronomy,
institutional development, publicity, pr ocurement, f inancial m anagement a nd M &E. P IUs i n
Zabid and Tuban were formed at the same time. The PMU and PIUs remained fully operational
during t he e xecution of t he pr oject. A lso, i n J uly 2000, t he S C w as established under the
chairmanship of the Minister of the MAI and included the Deputy Minister of the MAI, the
Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC), the Deputy
Minister of the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the Director General of the General Directorate of
Irrigation (GDI), the Director General of Planning & Monitoring MAI, and the PMU director
member/secretary. Project implementation was eventually carried out over a total period of 8
years with essentially no change in total project cost. The project closure date was December 31,
2008.
1.2 Original Project Development Objectives (PDO) and Key Indicators
The P DOs o f t he A PL P hase I p roject w ere t o en sure: ( i) s ustainable an d efficient w ater
conveyance, distribution and use in the two spate irrigation schemes of wadis Tuban and Zabid,
through rehabilitation and PIM; and (ii) increase in agricultural productivity and rural incomes,
through i mplementation of a n i ntensive a griculture de monstration pr ogram ( ADP). T he ke y
indicators are as follows:
Key Indicators PAD Targets
Indicators for both PDOs (i) and (ii):
Number of established and empowered water user 443 WUGs (230 Tuban and 213
organizations (attributed mainly to Component B (PIM), as Zabid); 32 WUAs (16 Tuban
explained below). and 16 Zabid); 2 ICs (1 Tuban
and 1 Zabid).
Incremental rural areas benefiting from the spate Improved irrigation and flood
rehabilitation / modernization and flood protection works control on 26,000 ha (11,000 ha
(attributed mainly to Component A but also to Components Tuban and 15,000 ha Zabid).
B, C and D, as explained below in Section 3.2).
Indicator for PDO (ii) only:
Increased productivity per hectare and farmer income Increased productivity and
(attributed mainly to Component C (ADP) but also to incomes from 5,000 ha of
Components B and D, as explained below in Section 3.2). demonstration farms.
2
1.3 Revised PDO (as approved by original approving authority) and Key Indicators, and
Reasons/Justification.
There has been no considerable revision as to the key PDOs and respective indicators. However,
some of t he i ndicators were r ephrased or s implified pe r t he a pproved D evelopment C redit
Agreement (DCA) amendments that have taken place during the project lifetime. Sections 1.7
and 2.3 b elow elaborate on t hese DCA a mendments a nd on t he associated revision of t he
indicators, respectively.
1.4 Main Beneficiaries
The direct project beneficiaries identified in the PAD are the farmers, farm workers and families
whose livelihoods will have been improved by the project interventions. T hese beneficiaries
were estimated t o t otal 150,000 pe ople i n 27,000 hous eholds. O ther i dentified be neficiaries
include:
a) The MAI including regional agencies;
b) Water user organizations established and empowered by the project, including canal-level
water u ser groups (WUGs) an d w ater u ser associations ( WUAs) and two w adi-level
Irrigation Councils (ICs); and
c) Non-irrigation ( domestic) w ater s upply us ers, m ostly i n t he s urrounding r ural a reas,
benefiting from the reduced over-extraction of groundwater resulting from the project.
1.5 Original Components
The project's original components, all relating to interventions in the Wadi Tuban and Wadi
Zabid areas, were:
a) Rehabilitation, Improvement and Protection of Spate Irrigation Infrastructure (Component
A), including r ehabilitation a nd i mprovement w orks f or i rrigation s ystems, f lood
protection works and roads, together with associated surveys, hydraulic modeling, detail
design and construction supervision;
b) Irrigation a nd E nvironment M anagement a nd P articipatory Irrigation M anagement
(Component B), covering: (i) establishment of and support for P IM organizations, (ii)
development o f s pate irrigation ma nagement systems in cluding w ater ma nagement
information s ystems ( MIS), f lood w arning s ystems, s pate m anagement m odel a nd
hydrological monitoring, (iii) provision of operation and maintenance (O&M) equipment,
and (iv) environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, including groundwater and
hydraulic m onitoring, u pper w atersheds s tudy, and W adi T uban s oil s alinity/sodicity
study/mapping;
3
c) Intensive A griculture Demonstration P rogram ( Component C ), covering l arge s cale
demonstrations f or a griculture i mprovements a nd a ssociated extension s ervices
development and support including technical assistance (TA); and
d) Institutional S trengthening a nd C apacity Building ( Component D ), covering ir rigation
sector i nstitutional a nd l egal f ramework de velopment s upport, P hase II pr oject
preparation, and establishment of and support to the PMU and PIUs.
1.6 Revised Components
None, but there were changes within components as explained in Section 1.7 below.
1.7 Other Significant Changes
A number of amendments to the DCA) were made during the course of the project.
Firstly, in August 2003, the DCA w as amended t o allow for C omponent A i mprovements
covering:
a) Rehabilitation (including asphalting) of existing service roads for improved canals and
access roads connecting the project-served villages and market centers within the project
area;
b) Community participation works, through permitting civil works of less than US$10,000
per contract and up to an aggregate amount not exceeding US$1,200,000 to be executed
directly through the concerned WUAs; and
c) Shopping for small works, through permitting works of less than US$30,000 per contract
and up to an aggregate not exceeding US$500,000 to be procured under lump-sum fixed-
price domestic contracts awarded on the basis of shopping for three quotations.
About t wo years l ater, in O ctober 2005 , the D CA w as am ended and t he cl osing d ate w as
extended f rom J une 30, 2006 t o June 30, 2007 . T hen, i n June 2007 , the D CA w as f urther
amended and the closing date was extended from June 30, 2007 t o December 31, 2008. T he
extensions were to allow for: (i) completion of civil works; and (ii) applying some project design
changes ai med at i mproving p roject i mpact, as ex plained b elow. T he ch anges w ere ef fected
through DCA amendments only (rather than through first-order project "restructuring" involving
changes to the PDOs or substantial project design changes). These DCA amendments were as
follows:
a) October 2005 (as a result of the "Mid Term Review" undertaken in late 2004). To help
expedite t he t hen-lagging c ivil w orks ( Component A ), t he a mendment a llowed f or
increased f armer ow nership vi a a dministration/execution of c ommunity-level s pate
irrigation works at the community level, through clarification of the 2003 amendment
relating t o W UA c ontract w orks. T he c larification de fined t he a rrangements f or c ost
sharing (in c ash and i n ki nd). Details a re p rovided i n Annex 2. T he amendment also
simplified the disbursement condition included in the original DCA which specified that
4
civil works could start only after WUA establishment. Scheme headworks and main canals
were deemed to be public infrastructure, and the disbursement condition was amended to
be a pplicable onl y i n t he c ase o f t he ( quasi-private) s econdary and community-level
tertiary canals. This allowed for headworks and main canal works to be started in advance
of establishment of WUAs for the lower-order canals; and
b) June 2007 ( to make use of project cost savings). It was decided that available unused
project funding should be directed towards applying lessons learned and piloting fresh
development ideas in a third wadi (Wadi Ahwar in Abyan Governorate). W adi Ahwar
was shown to enjoy more favorable enabling conditions than either Wadi Zabid or Wadi
Tuban. Activities introduced into the project included: (i) completion of feasibility study
and designs for rehabilitation of the wadi's spate diversion system and flood protection
works (including application of fresh ideas for developing the potential for "conjunctive
use" involving also groundwater usage to help to improve the socio-economic viability of
spate irrigation), all to be implemented under the recently-approved Water Sector Support
Project (WSSP); and (ii) execution of small urgent works for protection of villages from
flooding and for rural water supply. Details are provided in Annex 2.
Why/how were the funds allocated to Component B significantly decreased, and those
allocated to Component A significantly increased, without compromising the PDOs?
Per the ICR review meeting, the IDA task team was requested to elaborate on w hy/how the
IDA/GOY funds allocated to Component B were significantly decreased, while those allocated
to Component A were significantly increased, without affecting the PDOs. The sections below
provide elaborations. Throughout the project lifetime (FY2000 to FY09) there have been three
main causes which inevitably changed the funds allocated to Components A and B, as follows.
(1) Cost reductions under Component B and cost increases under Component A:
Project c ost s avings in IDA c ommitments w ere e stimated a t U S$3.5 millio n in F Y07/FY08
(comparing cost estimates between FY2000 and FY2007). These savings helped to reallocate
funds across project components, particularly from Component B to Component A. The origins
of the cost savings were:
a) Savings in goods and equipment, due to GOY/MAI obtaining water gates from a parallel
Japan-funded grant rather than from IIP. T his reduced the IDA allocation intended for
funding the Goods/Equipment under Component A and also helped reduce corresponding
IDA funds allocated to Component B(iii) ("provision of O&M equipment", which would
have c ost U S$3.8 m illion pe r t he P AD). T o e ffect t hese s avings, IDA di sbursement
Category 1 on Goods/Equipment was officially revised from SDR 2.4 million (per original
DCA) to SDR 0.9 million; and
b) Other technical savings (in consultancy services), particularly due to resorting selectively1
to hi ring na tional r ather t han i nternational c onsultants a cross IIP c omponents. A t
1During implementation the Borrower and implementing agency have been reticent as to using "Borrowed funds"
to recruit international consultants.
5
appraisal, in hindsight the appraisal teams envisaged a sizable number of international
consultants ( man/days) particularly und er C omponent B . G radually, as t he pr oject
progressed (and particularly after the Social Mobilization Teams achieved progress under
Component B), the MAI and IDA teams reworked the consultancy plans by FY04, in
order to make use of the on-the-job knowledge/skills accruing to the national consultants
and to MAI/PMU/PIUs. For instance, GDI executed the "upper watersheds" study (under
Component B(iv)), which would have otherwise cost US$0.3 million (per the PAD) if
executed by international consultants. The same applies to the groundwater and hydraulic
monitoring activities and the "soil salinity/sodicity" study in Tuban (which per the PAD
would have cost US$0.6 million and US$0.2 million respectively), both under Component
B(iv).
While the above are deemed positive (efficiency-caused) cost savings, on the negative side the
following issues have also resulted in reducing the cost of Component B while increasing the
cost of Component A (as explained further in Section 2.2 below):
a) Subcomponent B(ii) on "improving spate water management" (US$0.9 million per the
PDA) was not duly implemented (particularly in Wadi Tuban), due to the lack of capacity
at NWRA and MAI/GDI needed for the two agencies to cooperate toward executing the
activities, and
b) Funds allocated to Category 2 on c ivil works (for Component A) were increased due to
escalated p rice/physical co ntingencies, o ften associated w ith t he d elay i n co ntract
execution (which attributes to lack of capacity of national contractors as noted below in
Section 2.2).
(2) Community contribution to capital and O&M costs:
Also, starting FY05, the community contributions (which thanks to the 2003 a nd 2005 D CA
amendments w ere m ade "t argeted", t o s ustain the f eeder s ubsystem) helped t o r educe t he
respective IDA allocation to Components A and B (subcomponent B(iii) on "provision of O&M
equipment"). These contributions amounted to a total of US$0.3 million in FY09. Empowering
the c ommunities t hrough t hese t wo D CA a mendments a lso he lped a chieve
(procurement/efficiency related) cost savings across project components.
(3) Lately added GOY funds and utilization of the unallocated IDA category:
Corresponding t o t he aforementioned s avings from IDA, i n F Y07 t he G OY a dditionally
allocated US$0.30 million to support Component A (particularly for Wadi Ahwar). Also the
project utilized the unallocated category, by reducing it from SDR 1.6 million to SDR 200,000 in
FY08 in order to top up Category 2 on civil works (Component A).
The above cost savings/reductions considerably helped in funding the new activities in Wadi
Ahwar, per the 2007 DCA amendment as explained above.
6
The changes to the M&E indicators associated with the above design changes are presented
below in Section 2.3.
Justification for not undergoing a first-order project restructuring:
Had the above changes, reallocations and simplifications been made all at once at some point in
time, GOY and IDA teams might have considered a first-order project restructuring2. Since
much of these changes occurred sporadically throughout the project lifetime, the GOY and IDA
teams effected them by resorting to amending the DCA and the respective project documents
(including ISRs during FY04 to FY09), per the following.
The D CA a mendments a nd c ategory r eallocations ( August 2003 a nd O ctober 2005) w ere
effected in consistence with the following guidelines:
"Minor c hanges a re a pproved b y C ountry Directors (CDs). Such c hanges m ay i nclude
modifications limited to changes in executing units or denominations, implementation plans and
schedule c hanges, ne w a ction pl ans t o br ing t he pr oject ba ck on track, ne w r eporting
requirements ( or ot her a djustments t o i mprove i mplementation), l oan c losing da tes,
implementation dates that under the terms of the legal agreement may be put into effect by
notice, or a reallocation of l oan pr oceeds t hat do not a ffect t he pr oject's d esign, s cope, o r
expected outcome. Minor changes are proposed, approved and documented through the routine
ISR upda ting p rocess and c an be c ounted t owards p ro-activity f or pur poses o f pr oject
"upgrading" in the Region's judgment, but not for labeling as restructuring. These cases may
also require legal amendments".
However, the DCA amendment made in June FY07 was effected through the Regional Vice-
President's (RVP's) approval, which is consistent with the following recent guidelines (2006):
"Second-order restructurings ar e t hose w here t he p roject d esign o r i mplementation
arrangements are significantly modified (e.g., including reallocations of inputs and/or changes in
outputs) but t here i s no c hange i n P DOs or associated out come t argets. U nder t he n ew
procedures, second-order restructurings are approved by Regional vice presidents (RVPs)".
2. Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes
2.1 Project Preparation, Design and Quality at Entry
a) Conformity w ith c ountry and s ector pol icies a nd s trategies. The pr oject f ormulation
conformed well to the Bank's Country Assistance Strategy (CAS), primarily through its
strong p rovisions f or: (i) i mproved water m anagement a nd i rrigation i nfrastructure
2 First-order restructurings are those which involve modifications in project development objectives or associated
outcome targets (including a ny underlying related changes). Such restructurings require approval by E xecutive
Directors under the absence-of-objection procedures.
7
sustainability; and (ii) enhanced agricultural productivity for poverty reduction. It also
addressed w ell k ey government ir rigation s ector p riorities r elating t o s ustainability
improvements for spate irrigation systems and corresponding institutional decentralization
and user participation.
b) Relevance a nd a ppropriateness of pr oject obj ectives, c omponents a nd de sign. The
project's two PDOs, presented at Section 1.2 above, reflect well and succinctly the priority
development a reas i ndicated a bove. T he f our pr oject c omponents l ikewise e xplicitly
address the priorities of physical and operational water management improvements and
sustainability coupled with i ncreased agricultural pr oduction f or e nhanced r ural
community incomes. With regard to the two wadi spate irrigation schemes selected for
project i nterventions, t here w as a t t he t ime of project pr eparation a f ull a wareness of
highly s ignificant a nd he avily e ntrenched s ocio-economic i nequities pr evailing i n t he
Wadi Zabid area. It was also clear from the various interactions with system users and
prospective beneficiaries at that time that the potential for achieving a successful project
outcome f rom t he poi nt of vi ew of s ustainable a nd e quitable w ater m anagement
arrangements in that wadi area could be considered rather limited. It might have been
better to select a less problematic pilot scheme for the Phase I project. On the other hand,
there was a strong desire to proceed with interventions in this otherwise high priority
scheme and to thereby ameliorate to the extent possible the unfavorable situation of the
disadvantaged downstream scheme users.
c) Soundness of institutional and implementation arrangements. The formulated institutional
arrangements for project implementation, covering a central PMU and two wadi-based
PIUs overseen by a SC chaired by the Minister of MAI, as described at Section 1.1 above,
would seem to have been both simple and effective. Also, seemingly most appropriate
were the principles formulated for establishment of water user organizations, particularly
WUAs at secondary canal level, and of joint system management entities, namely the ICs
at wadi level, all aimed at helping to secure the long-term sustainability of the improved
schemes. T he r equirement t hat W UAs be e stablished pr ior t o di sbursements f or
corresponding civil works, which was set as a credit condition, became an important issue
during i mplementation. T he c ondition w as a imed a t e nsuring t hat t here w ould be
participation, c onsensus a nd c ommitment on t he pa rt of t he us ers r elating t o pl anned
scheme improvements and subsequent systems O&M before the making of heavy physical
infrastructure i nvestments, a nd i t a rose l argely as a c onsequence of t he pe rceived
problematic inequitable socio-economic situation in the Wadi Zabid area. An intensive
user mobilization and WUA formation program was formulated and planned for execution
during the first year of the project, in parallel with participatory planning and design of
scheme improvements, and a substantial budget provision was made to cover this and
subsequent P IM de velopments. In t he e vent i t a ppears t hat t he ove rall pr ogram a nd
process was not given t he e xpected pr ioritization a nd i mportance, a nd t hat t he
corresponding bud get pr ovision w as r eallocated l argely t o ph ysical w orks i tems. T his
comment extends also to most of the various other formulated non-works interventions
(e.g. f or w ater r esource m onitoring a nd m anagement i mprovements, O &M e quipment
provisions, environment-oriented operations, and institutional strengthening). A notable
exception seems to have been the ADP, which is reported to have been fully implemented
8
and to have led to significant positive agricultural productivity impacts. It may be that the
generally poorer-than-expected implementation performance on institutional development
aspects, a nd t he de lays i n di sbursements f or c ivil w orks, r esulted l argely f rom
implementation period constraints, as outlined in Section 2.2 be low. On the other hand,
some may consider that, during project preparation, a greater degree of subtlety, flexibility
and/or pragmatism in this area could perhaps have been applied, as it seemingly was later
on, f ollowing t he m id-term r eview, w hen t he W UAs e stablishment c ondition f or
disbursements f or c ivil works w as m odified t o a llow w orks f or he adworks a nd m ain
canals to proceed in advance.
d) Application of previous lessons learned. The comprehensive nature and relatively large
scope of t he de signed PIM and i nstitutional de velopment c omponents of t he pr oject
resulted from previous lessons learned about the need for beneficiary participation and
joint management in the development and usage of irrigation systems in order to achieve
sustainability over the long term. It remains to be seen whether the reduced importance
given to this in terms of priority and scope of interventions during implementation will
still lead to the desired long-term sustainability of the physical infrastructure investments
and of the related enhanced agricultural productivity.
e) Identification and mitigation of risks. Risks relating to potential farmer and government
agency shortfalls in terms of capacities and contributions were identified and addressed as
part of pr oject f ormulation. A t t he m ore fundamental l evel of und erlying government
commitment t o i rrigation s ector i nstitutional r eform a nd s upport of c orresponding
improvement measures, it was established that these were indeed generally in place. What
was pe rhaps i nsufficiently addressed w as t he r isk t hat s uch commitment a nd s upport
would not continue into implementation at the same high level and would not translate
into timely and effective program implementation actions.
f) Choice of lending instrument: After considering the water management "Log-Frame", the
preparation/appraisal teams considered the APL as the most relevant instrument because
IIP's phase 1 (APL1) needed to test fresh ideas which were not tested before in Yemen's
coastal wades. These included concepts such as the PIM concept (Component B) and the
"more-crop-per-water-drop" concept (Component C). P roven successful, APL2 would
then replicate these ideas on other wades which use spate water.
2.2 Implementation
From its commencement in 2 000, p roject imp lementation w as constrained b y d esign-related
difficulties (particularly the pre-requisite condition of establishing the WUAs prior to design and
execution of the civil works) and/or by other major externalities. T hese either slowed down
implementation progress or made it d ifficult for the impacts of conventional irrigation system
improvements to "trickle down" to a large number of end use beneficiaries. These difficulties
and externalities included:
a) Abnormal unpredictable droughts (particularly in Wadi Tuban, which was deemed to have
suffered a 1-in-50 year drought several times in the last decade);
9
b) Frequent social unrest in the south (Wadi Ahwar);
c) Sluggish national contractors (particularly those who had other larger and more lucrative
contracts with the GOY and hence lacked incentives to expedite their IIP contracts);
d) Chronically i nequitable upland-lowland w ater rights i ssues i n t he w est ( Wadi Zabid,
associated l argely w ith the r egressive s ocial a nd l and di stribution s ituation pr evailing
there);
e) The in herent d ifficulties o f s pate water ma nagement, s temming f rom t he in ability to
readily s tore s pate water, due t o t he a brupt a nd e rratic n ature of flash f loods, a nd t o
therefore pr event l arge losses of w ater t o t he s ea or t o de sert f ringes, l eading t o t he
situation w hereby in cremental a gricultural b enefits c annot o ften o ffset th e la rge
investments needed to improve the physical systems; and
f) The insufficient capacity at NWRA (the water regulator) and MAI/GDI (the water user),
particularly af fected t he i mplementation of S ubcomponent B (ii) on "Improving S pate
Water Management". T his issue has been insurmountable in the medium term, but has
been addressed per the design of the recently-approved WSSP (2009-2014).
In response to the challenges presented by these constraints, and to try to raise the return on
project investments, efforts to re-focus and diversify the IIP components began in 2003. A heavy
focus on t he irrigation subsector and on costly conventional rehabilitation of spate irrigation
infrastructure w as m odified t o de velop a nd f ollow a m ore c omprehensive c ross-sectoral
approach (mostly through the 3 DCA amendments explained at Section 1.7 above). Decisions
and actions taken on this covered:
a) Rehabilitation and asphalting of key service roads for canals as well as farm-to-market
roads, t o r aise t he r eturn on i nvestments a nd t o i mprove t he w ell-being o f t he r ural
inhabitants;
b) Improvement of community engagement through the indicated DCA amendments;
c) Rehabilitation of flash flood and environment protection works;
d) Revisiting the ADP component with a view to increasing crop yield per cubic meter of
water (rather than only increasing yield per hectare);
e) Empowering the ICs and WUAs to apply the GOY-enacted Water Law;
f) Preparation ( through a n i nternational Q CBS bi d) of a m aster pl an f or s urface-
/groundwater conjunctive use in a third "more promising" wadi (Wadi Ahwar), aiming at
low-cost harvesting of the spate water and increasing the inter-seasonal subsurface storage
volumes (useful for non-irrigation uses and for counteracting sea water intrusion). The
master plan is to be executed under the recently-approved WSSP; and
10
g) Addressing the capacity and inter-agency cooperation issues between NWRA and MAI as
part of the design of the recently-approved WSSP.
Consequently, b y t he m id of F Y2008, IDA's Implementation S tatus a nd R esults ( ISR)
Implementation Performance (IP) and PDO ratings had been raised from "MS" to "S" because
there had been major progress in all of the aforementioned undertakings and components and in
meeting most of the target outcomes or DCA milestones. The only exception to the latter used to
correspond t o t he s pate i rrigation i nfrastructure c omponent ( Component A ). T he m ixed
performance on t his component (due to the above-listed difficulties and externalities including
tardiness o f n ational co ntractors) h ad b een t he main r eason f or "MU" and "M S" r atings o n
previous ISRs (from late FY06 to late FY07). H owever, even with this component there was
good progress gradually achieved during FY2007 and FY2008 because :(i) 70% of the lands
targeted i n t he P AD w ere i rrigated ( due l argely t o hi gh s pate f loods i n t he 2007 s eason,
especially in Wadi Zabid); (ii) most of the main civil works were complete, and (iii) ICs and
WUAs helped to address the water rights issue, particularly in Wadi Tuban. Further details are
given in Annex 2.
2.3 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Design, Implementation and Utilization
In the first 5 years of IIP implementation, the PMU employed an M&E officer who assisted the
MAI and the IDA ISR teams with M&E. In the last 3 years however, the PIUs in Zabid and
Tuban became the main direct sources of M&E data flow to the PMU, while the PMU's M&E
officer gradually phased out due to health reasons.
The M&E activities were supposed to be supported by MIS and Geographic Information System
(GIS) applications. These, together with flood warning systems, spate management models and
hydrological mo nitoring s ystems, ma de u p th e s pate ir rigation ma nagement imp rovement
package pr ovided f or u nder t he pr oject's C omponent B , a nd w ere e stablished a nd t ested.
However, the project was unable to make these high-technology systems function as intended.
The needed h ydrological data could not be obtained, and the generated results could not be
applied, because of a lack of cooperation between the MAI/IIP and the Ministry of Water and
Environment ( MWE)'s National W ater R esources A uthority ( NWRA), particularly i n W adi
Tuban. The NWRA, as the water resources regulation agency, is mandated to monitor and assess
water r esources av ailability. M easures t o r esolve t his information f low an d i nteragency
cooperation issue have been formulated as part of the design of the recently-approved WSSP.
In Wadi Zabid, the IIP executed a civil-works contract for drilling four groundwater monitoring
wells. T he d ata f rom t hese w ells, t ogether w ith f urther n eeded w ater r esources i nformation
obtained b y t he W adi Zabid P IU w ith he lp f rom t he T DA, w ere us eful f or m onitoring of
groundwater drawdowns over the life of the project. The groundwater drawdown is an important
indicator for the project's Component B Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and when
reduced it would indirectly reflect IIP success in improving the management and use of surface
water. The good cooperation with t he TDA i n Wadi Zabid was i n contrast t o t hat with t he
NWRA branch in Aden which is mandated to address Wadi Tuban, and lacked the capacity and
the incentive to cooperate with the Wadi Tuban PIU in the provision and collection of water
11
information. It is noted that the rainwater and flood flow gauges in Wadi Tuban, for which
NWRA was responsible, were sabotaged several times during the project's lifetime.
Also under the project's Component B EMP, a water resources assessment was undertaken as
part of an upper watershed study executed by the GDI with TA from IDA and FAO/CP. T he
results of the assessment were helpful in the M&E exercises undertaken by the PMU and IDA,
particularly for Wadi Zabid.
To help secure sustainability of IIP interventions, the project provided assistance to the two ICs
to c losely m onitor t he pe rformance o f t he e stablished W UAs. T hree br oad pe rformance
indicators were established, namely (i) institutional, (ii) financial, and (iii) technical. Details of
the adopted community-based M&E approach are given in Annex 2.
Commensurate with the design changes presented above in Section 1.7, MAI and IDA teams
started by 2005 to revisit and simplify the M&E results framework as per the PAD. P er the
PAD Annex 1 (dating back to 2000):
a) The APL and PDO indicators became no l onger consistent with the APL milestones per
the (amended) legal DCA; and
b) Some of the key indicators stated in Annex 1 (main-system spate schemes completed, cost
sharing completed) became no l onger directly attributed with the indicators listed in the
PAD main text (on page 4: increased water availability, adequate financing of O&M of
spate schemes, decentralization of government service).
The following Table 1 presents the revised and simplified M&E indicators.
Table 1: Revisited/Simplified Indicators
(comparing the PAD with the ISRs of FY05 to FY09)
APL and PDO indicators per the PAD of 2000 Revisions and simplifications associated with
(Annex 1 Results Framework) the design changes, per the DCA
amendments. Reflected in MAI progress
reports and in IDA ISRs starting FY05.
APL purpose 1: Sustainable spate water
management:
APL purpose 1 indicators: PAD i ndicators no l onger pr ecise, as p er t he
� GOY budget contribution reduced to zero DCA a mendment in 200 5 GOY would s till
� Farmer organizations manage the schemes shoulder the O&M for the main system, while
WUAs gradually t akeover t he su bsystem.
PDO leading to APL purpose 1: Hence, I SR PDO i ndicator w as s implified to
� Effective spate water control and conveyance reflect the corresponding DCA milestones, thus:
structures, and "Spate water management improvements by at
� Effective PIM least 80%" (inferred by the PMU reports on the
% increase in on-farm water availability across
the wadi).
12
Indicators reflecting the PDO: Indicators no longer precise, as the 2003 DCA
� Head-works and main canals of spate schemes amendment a dded the r ehabilitation o f r oads
rehabilitated, and and community/subsystem works, and after the
� WUAs an d I Cs est ablished an d ag reed co st 2005 DCA amendment re cost sharing. H ence
sharing paid the I SR in termediate i ndicator w as s implified
accordingly. Targets were set at:
� A range 80% t o 100% completion of a ll
project-introduced i nfrastructure as
consistent with the DCA, and
� 100% formation a nd empowerment of the
agreed number of W UAs a nd I Cs ( 32
WUAs and 2 ICs 2).
APL purpose 2: Improve agricultural
productivity:
APL purpose 2 indicator: PAD i ndicators no t precise du e t o unclear
Increased crop yield and cropped area cause-and-effect a ttribution (increased
productivity helps t o i ncrease r ural i ncomes).
PDO leading to APL purpose 2: Thus, the ISR PDO indicator was simplified to
Improved rural incomes reflect the number of hectares improved due to
ADP (for which yield has increased by at least
Indicator r eflecting the P DO: i ncreased 30%), as compared to the PAD target of 5,000
agricultural productivity of spate schemes hectares.
2.4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance
Safeguard policies. The only safeguard policy triggered was Environmental Assessment (OP
4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01). The E nvironmental C ategory w as: B, Partial Environmental
Assessment and EMP Requirements. At appraisal there were no m ajor environmental issues
arising from the partial EA completed for the IIP. The project was to have beneficial impacts on
the e nvironment, s ince it w ould in crease th e reliability o f s pate ir rigation w ater a nd r educe
overdraft of groundwater aquifers. However, due to changes in the pattern of water distribution
as a result of rehabilitation of spate irrigation infrastructure, it w as thought that reduction of
recharge t o certain a reas c ould oc cur. O n t he other ha nd, i mproved water di stribution w as
expected to result in a reduction of groundwater use in those areas. These benefits were deemed
to outweigh any minor adverse environmental impacts (soil quality, waterlogging, water quality)
resulting from agricultural activities in the improved areas.
Results from implementation of the EMP: The project has been satisfactory in the area of EMP
execution. W ith r egard t o "hardware", al l o f t he v illage/wadi p rotection ( or s o called
"environmental protection") civil works have been completed. On the "software" side, progress
has been satisfactory on the main items addressed by the EMP: (i) groundwater monitoring; (ii)
environmental awareness and participatory management; and (iii) building the knowledge base
13
on soil salinity/sodicity in Wadi Tuban. However, the cooperation between NWRA-Aden and
Lahej RAO, the Wadi Tuban scheme operating agency, needs to be improved to allow for easy
and timely provision of and access to the NWRA-Aden spate data, especially from the wadi's
Dukaim station. The upper watershed management study activity progressed well and included a
remarkably good contribution from GDI. The study and mapping of soil salinity and sodicity in
Wadi Tuban, including formulation of mitigation alternatives, was finalized, and study results
were presented at a participatory workshop. The major finding of this study was that irrational
groundwater us e s hould be pha sed out a nd s hould be r eplaced b y s pate w ater us age a nd
conjunctive use, since otherwise the over-drafting of groundwater beyond the safe yield level
will result in further intrusion of seawater and hence further salinization of the wadi's fertile soil.
The T uban IC h as attempted t o r espond t o t his f inding t hrough p rioritizing s pate i rrigation
diversions to the saline land areas, in order to ensure the needed flushing of salts. Details on
environmental and social monitoring and related capacity building issues are given in Annex 2.
Procurement. Per the last two ISR missions and the ICR mission the procurement rating has
been "Satisfactory".
Procurement performance: The procurement performance has been rated satisfactory in the last
four years. The PMU has complied with the DCA. The post-review reports reflected the capacity
of the PMU/PIUs to undertake procurement per WB guidelines. Also, Yemen IPR (Independent
Procurement Review) reflected a satisfactory performance. The lessons learned are documented
in Section 6 below.
Financial management (FM) and disbursement. Per the last two ISR missions and the ICR
mission the FM rating has been "Moderately Satisfactory".
FM and disbursement performance: The FM performance was initially rated satisfactory until
December 2006, when the rating was downgraded to moderately unsatisfactory. Afterwards, the
PMU complied with the DCA, particularly the financial covenant related to submission of annual
audit reports and audited quarterly interim financial reports. The audit reports were unqualified.
The A udit R eport C ompliance S ystem reported no a ccountability i ssues f rom a ll t he a udit
reports. T he m anagement l etters i ncluded s ome r ecommendations t o e nhance t he F M a nd
accounting of inventory, asset register, advances, etc., which the PMU satisfactorily applied to its
practices. The lessons learned are documented in Section 6.
2.5 Post-Completion Operation/Next Phase
As mentioned above, interventions in a third wadi, Wadi Ahwar in Abyan Governorate (7,000
ha), w ere a dded t o t he IIP dur ing t he l ater pe riod of t he pr oject t o s erve a s a n advance
introduction to the recently-approved WSSP (2009-2014). The IIP closing date extension from
June 2007 to December 2008 was perceived by GOY and IDA to be a "bridging phase" between
IIP a nd W SSP, ra ther t han a fu lly-fledged A PLII. T he IIP's A PL P hase II will defacto be
incorporated into the WSSP. During the bridging phase, uncommitted IDA funds resulting from
Phase I cost savings were used to pilot fresh ideas relating to cross-sectoral conjunctive use of
surface- and groundwater in the Yemeni coastal plains. Based on an extensive comparative study
14
of 5 c andidate w adis3, Wadi A hwar w as s elected f or us e o f t hese funds f or ur gent flood
protection, c anal c leaning a nd vi llage w ater s upply works, a nd f or e xecution of a m ajor
feasibility study for wadi-wide interventions to be implemented under WSSP.
3. Assessment of Outcomes
3.1 Relevance of Objectives, Design and Implementation
The project development objectives continued to have a high relevance throughout the duration
of the project, and the urgency of meeting these objectives was confirmed by the episodes of
severe w ater s tress t hat w ere ex perienced i n t he p roject ar eas. D esign an d i mplementation
aspects were also kept highly relevant through modifications as needed in response to emerging
constraints to progress and to achievement of objectives (examples being the arrangements for
community-effected contracts and the shift in water management focus towards conjunctive use
of water resources).
3.2 Achievement of Project Development Objectives
Despite t he p reviously mentioned di fficulties and e xternalities, a nd d ue t o t he i ntroduced
remedies and amendments discussed in Section 2.2 above, there started to be improved progress
towards meeting the PDOs from 2005. By the end of 2008, 70% to 100% of the intended outputs
of all four project components had been achieved (see Annex 2). This progress helped also
towards meeting the APL's milestones/outcomes specified in the DCA (see Section 3.4 below).
In addition, as per the 2007 DCA amendment, the feasibility study for Wadi Ahwar (including a
"conjunctive use" study) was completed, with results to be applied under the recently-approved
WSSP. H ence, b y t he closing da te, t he pr oject w as de emed s atisfactory. P DOs/outcomes
attributed to component outputs are summarized in Table 2 (2a and 2b) below.
Because Component B ha s unde rgone m ajor c ost s avings ( which helped t o i ncrease t he
allocation to Component A as explained above in Section 1.7), Table 2(b) separately provides
further details on the PDO-to-outputs attribution for Component B.
3The comparative study was undertaken under IIP to identify a priority wadi on the basis of the highest scores
achieved against the following criteria: (i) annual flood water availability; (ii) readiness of farmers to be organized
and to form WUAs; (iii) poverty and lack of development projects; and (iv) absence of chronic upland/lowland
water rights/allocation issues.
15
Table 2(a): Attributing the PDOs/Outcomes to Component Outputs
PDO/outcome: Sustainable water resources management Improved rural income and
livelihood
Main outputs
(by principal IIP
Components)
(a) PIM �Target number of WUGs, WUAs and ICs formed and empowered. � Administration of
(Component B) �An egalitarian electoral process instituted for WUA leaders and key members community contracts
(and partially for the 2 ICs, since the IC chairman has been the regional transferred to WUAs,
governor). helping to improve
�Major responsibilities/tasks devolved to WUAs/ICs as listed in Annex 2. production and incomes.
(b) Spate irrigation, �Flood protection works provided (expressed in cost per capita and/or area � Runoff harvesting
flood protection protected). improved by spate
and farm-to- �Groundwater overexploitation in Zabid reduced. infrastructure works
market road works �Soil sodicity/salinity study in Tuban completed and applied. (expressed in ERR
(Component A) �Hydro-meteorological monitoring and annual water balance carried out. exceeding 10% or proxy
�MIS/GIS established. C/O ratio less than 10).
�Upper watershed plan prepared. � Service and access roads
�Legal study on upland-lowland water rights (Al-Gabarty rules etc) and on improved, helping to
irrigation sector reform executed increase farm revenues
�O&M manual produced for IIP works and for handover to TDA (Zabid) and (expressed in increased
Lahej RAO (Tuban). number of vehicles passing
�Wadi Ahwar feasibility and conjunctive use studies completed. per month).
�Wadi Ahwar urgent civil works (flood protection, potable water supply and
canal cleaning) carried out.
(c) Agricultural �Two soil moisture kits purchased and used. � Yields improved and
demonstration; �Reduced water use per hectare, or at least increased yield per hectare without incomes increased
more "crop per increased water use per hectare. (validated by the ex-post
drop"; on-farm �Self adoption of successful ADP techniques has occurred in 20% to 30% of Independent Assessment
water monitoring non-ADP command areas (depending on the type of introduced ADP of ADP (2008) and the
(Component C) technique). Self adoption of the improved maize variety has occurred in almost end-user Rapid Appraisal
100% of the Zabid command area. Survey (2005)).
16
Table 2(b): Attributing the PDOs/Outcomes to Outputs from Component #B (Irrigation and environmental management and PIM):
Project Components Outcome/Impact indicators Outcome achieved Impact
Component B: Establishment of WUGs and WUAs: 32 legally recognized community level water About 23,00 are now using their WUAs to
A total of 230 WUGs were established in organizations were established and became make their voices heard ,
Participatory Tuban operational, Water users were able to contribute to
Irrigation A total of 213 WUGs were established in About 23,000 framers are now members of WUAs, participatory community works and O&M
Management (PIM) Zabid Water users participation in to the overall project costs of the project,
A total of 16 WUAs were established and planning and implementation work was attained, Created sense of program ownership among
became operational in Tuban Women participation in WUAs was achieved. beneficiaries,
A total of 16 WUAs were established and Created sense of accountabilities and
became operational in Zabid information sharing among water users.
Allowed 20% women to be member of
WUAs and are now able to participate in
decision making processes.
Establishment of IC for scheme level The ICs have adopting the new Water Law, ICs are now regulating and enforcing:
management: Developed their Bylaws and adapting them to the Water right,
Two Irrigation councils (ICs) composed of local conditions, Over irrigation,
WUAs members and local government have Developed their respective Regional Executive Waterways pollutions.
been established and became operational. Legislations.
O&M cost shares paid: Of the total of 23 million YR of O&M costs the WUAs were able to effectively maintain
Tuban WUAs shared 71% of the O&M two wads WUAs have contributed about 19 million irrigation infrastructures for the last five
costs YR. year.
Zabid WUAs shared 82% of the O&M costs Farmers had committed to make regular WUAs demonstrated some degree of self
contributions towards routine O&M works. reliance and the prospect for program
sustainability.
Community level participatory contacts: A total of 151 community work contracts were Poor farmers were able to benefit from the
In Turban 75 community work contracts completed by Tuban and Zabid WUAs, participatory contracts by making in kind
were signed between WUAs and the Tuban WUAs had fully completed all community contribution in place of cash,
project, work contracts while Zabid WUAs completed 75% The nature of the contract provided for
In Zabid 96 community work contracts of their contracts, farmers opportunities to have hands on
were signed between WUAs and the Each framer had contributed 30%, in cash or in experience on some the irrigation work
project, kind, toward the total cost of the participatory thereby transferring skills and knowledge,
contracts. WUAs' gained more experience how to
engage their members into small community
work contracts.
17
3.3 Efficiency
a) P roject-level economic analysis. The e x-post ( ICR r eport) a nalysis f indings t ake i nto
account only the incremental crop production benefits attributed to IIP, which was the
case at t he ex -ante appraisal ( PAD). T he ex -post e conomic IRR from t he pr oject's
incremental impact has been estimated at 16.6%, which compares favorably to the ex-ante
estimate of 11.2%. The regional economic IRR for Tuban and Zabid are estimated at
14.2% and 18.4 respectively, compared to the corresponding PAD estimates of 9.6% and
12.9%. See Annex 3 for further details; and
b) Farm-level f inancial an alysis. The ex -post ( ICR r eport) f arm-level f inancial an alysis
indicates that, due to the IIP, farmer income has improved by 45% to 89% (depending on
farm size and on upland-versus-lowland location). See Annex 3 for details.
The two main causes of the good economic and profitability results are:
a) Improved crop production, firstly as a result of the ADP (Component C) and of the self-
adoption of the ADP's most successful techniques on non-ADP areas, and secondly as a
result of the spate system rehabilitation works (Component A); and
b) Diversification by farmers of their cropping pattern to include more higher-value crops
(particularly in Wadi Zabid), ascribed to the increased water delivery resulting from the
spate system works and also to the advisory service provided through the ADP.
With the spate system works only (i.e. without the ADP), the IRR would drop from 16.6% to
13.3% (NPV would drop from YR 1,432 million to YR 647.5 million). With the on-farm ADP
only (i.e. without the off-farm spate system works), the IRR would drop only to 14.3% (NPV
would drop to YR 784 million). These results show the importance of the ADP relative to the
spate s ystem w orks, a nd t hat of f-farm s ystem w orks s hould b e c omplemented b y ot her
interventions to enhance socioeconomic viability. Further results of attribution of benefits to
interventions are shown in Table 3 below.
Additional (non-crop related) benefits have been considered as follows:
a) After adding increased livestock production resulting from increased fodder production
attributed to the IIP, the economic IRR increased from 16.6% to 20.7% (NPV becomes
YR 2,302 million). The added present value of benefits due to livestock would be around
US$4 million;
b) The f lood p rotection w orks a dd b enefits of at l east U S$10 m illion ( avoided da mage,
estimated at 2% of the value of household properties, assuming occurrence of at least two
abnormally-high floods during 20 years);
18
c) The p resent v alue o f b enefits f rom r ehabilitating t he access r oads i s at l east US$2.4
million (the present value of saved costs, estimated using a reduced cost of transportation
of farm produce, assumed at US$3 for transport of 1 ton along 100 km of roads); and
d) The present value of benefits from increasing groundwater recharge is US$5 million (the
recharge increment due to increased spate diversions is estimated at a 3 million m3/year
minimum and is valued at an inter-sectoral shadow price of water of at least US$0.3/m3).
A relationship of subproject costs to subproject benefits is given in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Attributing Benefits to Type of Intervention
Cross-cutting Separable Cost of Benefits (from cross-cutting
components and subcomponents separable plus separable activities)
their costs subcomponents
PIM Spate systems US$14 million US$30 million (US$26 million
(Component B) rehabilitation from added crop production
US$1.3 million plus US$4 million from added
livestock)
Institutional Access roads (benefits US$2.3 million US$2.4 million minimum
Development estimate here is the (reduced cost of transporting
(Component D): minimum benchmark, farm produce)
US$0.3 million excluding increased
production)
PMU (Component Flood protection US$2.4 million US$10 million minimum
E): US$4.3 million (avoided property damage)
Groundwater recharge 0 US$5 million
ADP US$1.0 million US$5 million
3.4 Justification of Overall Outcome Rating
Rating: Moderately Satisfactory
The basis of this rating is as follows:
a) The aforementioned project-level ERRs as well as farm-level Financial Rate of Returns
(Section 3.3 above and Annex 3);
b) P roject unit r ates (US$2,000 t o U S$3,000/hectare) which c ompare favorably w ith
MNA/IDA norms for irrigation rehabilitation and management projects; and
c) T he "intermediate outcomes" (which lead to achievement of the two PDOs) as expressed
by project's scores against the DCA-predefined milestones. The DCA milestones aimed
at verifying that there h ad been satisfactory successes with implementation of the IIP
Phase I APL, to serve as a trigger for moving ahead with a Phase II APL. The percentage
achievement for each of these milestones is shown in Table 4 below. The achievements
have come at the expense of extending the IIP's closing date twice, but the overall cost of
the project was not increased (although the incremental operation costs for project staff
19
and IDA supervision were inevitably increased). F urthermore, there were cost savings
(explained a bove a nd in A nnex 2) w hich e nabled t he a dding o f new i rrigation
improvement activities (through a DCA amendment in 2007).
Table 4: Scores on the IIP DCA Milestones (or Intermediate Outcomes)
DCA milestone to be achieved towards the end of IIP Phase I Accomplishment
WUAs corresponding to the main canal, all of the secondary 100%
canals and all of the tertiary canals in the Wadi Tuban and Wadi
Zabid scheme areas created and fully operational.
Transfer of irrigation management responsibilities for all of the Mixed (70% to 100%).
secondary and tertiary canals in the Wadi Tuban command area
completed.
The process of transferring irrigation management 100%
responsibilities for all of the secondary and tertiary canals in the
Wadi Zabid area commenced.
Farmers commenced paying their share of O&M costs of 100%
irrigation schemes in the Wadi Tuban and Wadi Zabid areas.
The Borrower paid its share of O&M costs of irrigation schemes 100%. However, post-IIP
in the project area. sustainability of GOY financing of
the recurrent costs is questionable
due to GOY budget constraints.
This warrants a follow up under the
recently-approve WSSP.
An IC in the Wadi Tuban area established and fully operational. 100%. But post-IIP sustainability is
debatable.
The process of establishing an IC in the Wadi Zabid area 100%
commenced.
60% of the rehabilitation works under Part A(i) of the project 100%
(Zabid command area) completed and 80% of the rehabilitation
works under Part A(ii) of the project (Tuban command area)
completed.
80% of the rehabilitation and improvement works under Part 100%
A(iv) (Wadi Ahwar command area, added through a DCA
amendment in 2007) completed.
However, given the challenges and shortcomings discussed above in Section 1.7, S ection 2,2,
and Section 2.3, the indicated outcomes rating of moderately satisfactory is deemed relevant.
This rating is fairly consistent with the PDO and Implementation Progress (IP) rating of the ISRs
of the last two years (presented below in Table 5).
Table 5: ISR Ratings in the Last Two Years Before Project Closure
ISR date PDO rating Implementation Progress rating
12/28/2006 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory
06/21/2007 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory
12/05/2007 Satisfactory Satisfactory
06/17/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory
12/19/2008 Satisfactory Satisfactory
20
3.5 Overarching Themes, Other Outcomes and Impacts
(a) Poverty Impacts, Gender Aspects, and Social Development
Social assessment at appraisal. As indicated in the PAD (2000), the SA at appraisal found that
the following social conditions applied:
i) P overty. More than 28% (Tuban) and 35% (Zabid) of families lived below the poverty
line (US$203). Many people suffered visibly from extremely poor hygiene, the absence
of sanitation facilities, and inappropriate knowledge of hygienic measures for handling
and consuming food and water. The rural population also suffered from limited access to
food, and malnutrition and anemia were widespread;
ii) Farmer o rganizations a s th e k ey to s ustainability. Water us ers ha d a long-standing
tradition of self-reliance, but current dependence on government for O&M was at the root
of t he p resent poor p rospects f or s ustainability of t he s chemes. T here w ere pos itive
farmer attitudes towards overcoming this dependence b y forming autonomous WUAs
with responsibility for O&M, ultimately up to the level of ICs for scheme management;
and
iii) Reconciling different interests within user organizations. It would be necessary to ensure
in developing the water user organizations that poor farmers had a voice and that they
would not be captured and dominated by large landholding interests. The challenge was
to facilitate the cooperation of rich and poor members under what might, at times, be
difficult circumstances. Continued consultation with water users, and in particular with
downstream farmers, at every stage of the scheme improvement process, was considered
crucial.
Social development assessed for the ICR report. The project approach to PIM, including the
establishment and support of water user organizations and joint scheme management entities,
and the setting up and application of physical and financial arrangements for schemes O&M, as
detailed in Annex 2 in the section entitled "IIP as a "Process" Project", was an important agent
for social development, along with the physical infrastructure and agricultural demonstration
interventions. The ICR mission's social assessment results are summarized below and presented
in more detail in Annex 5.
i) Poverty and income impact. The preliminary economic return analysis and discussions
with farmers suggested that there had been a 50% to 80% increase in farm products
which i n t urn ha s i ncreased farmer i ncomes a t t he l evels of bot h ow ners a nd
sharecroppers. If distributed equitably, farmer income increases might lead to reduced
poverty in th e project a rea. However it is important to note that net farm income is
distributed a ccording t o t he s hareholding of e ach f armer. In pr inciple, i n T uban t he
21
distribution is 2/3 to sharecroppers and 1/3 to landlord, while in Zabid it is 2/3 to landlord
and 1/3 to sharecroppers4;
ii) G ender Impact. The IIP used the PIM concept and component to incorporate the voice of
women into project design and implementation processes, thus creating the opportunity
for women to participate in project operation and benefits. The project accomplishments
in a dvancing gender e quality i ncluded s ignificant pa rticipation b y w omen bot h a s
beneficiaries a nd a s de velopment a nd m anagement a ctors bot h on- and of f-farm,
primarily and more directly in Wadi Tuban and less directly in Wadi Zabid; and
iii) Social development outcomes. The concepts of user participation and empowerment were
the ke y ope rational pr inciples g uiding da y-to-day IIP i mplementation pr actices a nd
fostering equity considerations. Water users and their representatives have revealed that
the project beneficiaries feel a strong sense of program ownership and common purpose.
The spate irrigation infrastructure improvements and agricultural demonstration programs
have led to marked crop area, production and income increases. Road improvements have
provided and enabled m uch easier and greater a ccess t o m arkets, t o gainful off-farm
employment, and to basic public services including electricity, communications, health
and education, and have also led to higher land values.
(b) Institutional Change/Strengthening
The IIP was able to create capacity at individual, community and institutional levels. The project
succeeded in stimulating a desire for institutional improvement, assisting with the realization of
the corresponding institutional changes, and providing means for helping to secure a long-term
sustainability for t hese changes. Accomplishments i n t his regard are s ummarized below and
described more fully in Annex 2.
i) Initiation and development of institutional changes. Social surveys, awareness programs
and i nstitutional a ssessments unde rtaken unde r t he pr oject s erved t o introduce a nd
generate acceptance of the concepts of PIM, water users cooperation and organization,
sustainable O&M, suitable legal frameworks for water management, water distribution
equity, and gender equality. Institutionalization of these concepts was advanced through
establishment of water user and joint system management entities (WUAs and ICs), and
through i nstitutional s trengthening and c apacity building for t hese and hi gher l evel
irrigation sector agencies (e.g. GDI); and
ii) Provision of support for ensuring institutional sustainability. A capacity for perpetuating
support to the WUAs was provided through the training of trainers for imparting of all of
the skills needed for WUA functioning, including not only technical water management
4The cost distribution in both Wadis is 2/3 to landlord who shoulders the irrigation/farming costs (diesel, spare
parts, etc.) and 1/3 to farmer. This can be reversed if the farmer shoulders the irrigation/farming cost, thus sharing
the 2/3.
22
and O &M but a lso pl anning, bud geting, f inancial m anagement, a dministrative,
information management and communication capabilities. Also imparted to water users,
through t he e stablishment a nd ope ration of F armer D esign C ommittees ( FMCs), w as
knowledge and experience in: (a) identifying and prioritizing of community irrigation and
infrastructure pr oblems; ( b) f ormulating of technical a nd financial m odes a nd
arrangements for implementation of solutions; (c) interacting with the responsible GOY
regional a gencies f or d esign and cost e stimate pr eparations; a nd (d) implementing
projects t hrough contracts. W UA O &M m anuals a nd cost c ontribution l evels a nd
procedures have been prepared and applied, and community-based M&E systems run by
the ICs have been set up and made operational. Informational and financial discontinuity
in th e ma nagement tr ansition f rom P MU/PIUs to M AI/regional a gencies a t p roject
closure, whereby key staff involved in the transition may not be contributing adequately
due to non-payment of salaries, has been identified as an important potential deficiency.
(c) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts (positive or negative)
On the agricultural production side, one important identified project benefit that was unforeseen
(or at least unquantified) at the time of appraisal is the increase in livestock production resulting
from increased fodder production. Other important non-crop benefits quantified at Section 3.3
above (avoided damages due to flood protection works, reduced costs of transportation due to
access roads rehabilitation, and incremental volume and value of stored water resulting from
increased groundwater recharge) were at appraisal either explicitly or implicitly recognized as
potential benefits but were not quantified separately. The increased focus on road improvements
certainly seems to have led to important and most welcome improved access to and availability
of public services for the project area communities. Finally, the initial interventions towards a
rational surface/groundwater conjunctive use policy and mode for water resources management
in spate irrigation areas are most significant, but it was unfortunate that this agenda could not be
advanced i n t he W adi Tuban and W adi Zabid areas, du e t o t he unf avorable s ocial or ot her
conditions in those areas.
Impact on surface/groundwater conjunctive use and relevance of climate change:
Per the ICR review meeting the task team was requested to make a statement as to IIP overall
impact on s urface/groundwater c onjunctive us e, a nd t he l essons l earned a s t o t he impact of
climate c hange o n je opardizing P DOs o f s imilar ir rigation p rojects. T he f ollowing p oints
respond to this, and build on the details given in respective sections above and in Annex 2.
a) Groundwater in the IIP three command areas (as in most coastal areas) is renewable, as it
is seasonally being replenished by the infiltrated spate water. Thus, it does not represent
the di re r esource de pletion s ituation of t he highlands where groundwater i s non-
renewable;
b) Although IIP di d not i ntroduce g roundwater-recharge w orks, t he s pate-related
interventions under components A and B have enhanced the recharge to groundwater (as
the latter proved to be almost a constant fraction of the spate runoff diverted into the wadi
23
through IIP, without which this runoff would have been lost to the sea, wadi fringes, or to
evaporation);
c) In the three command areas, IIP increased the usable recharge to groundwater by at least 3
million m3/year, of which the benefits (from using this groundwater in the low/off spate
season) is assessed at about US$5 million/year;
d) For Wadi Ahwar, IIP studies indicated that it can be more socio-economically viable to
further enhance the recharge to groundwater if small low-cost recharge/sub-surface dams
are executed (under the recently-approved WSSP) upstream the spate diversion structures
(where the sediments flushed from the upper watersheds is not as dense as those sediments
accumulating in the downstream). H owever, the project-formed WUAs and IC should
ensure that these structures introduced in the uplands will leave enough water for the
lowland farmers;
e) IIP ha s not dul y qua ntified t he e nhanced c onjunctive us e i n W adi T uban, due t o t he
challenges discussed above in Section 2 ( particularly as to implementing subcomponent
B(ii) on improving water monitoring). In Zabid, the PIU managed to establish a better IT-
based M IS a nd m onitoring s ystem, a nd t he r esults i ndicated t hat I IP i mproved t he
conjunctive use in Zabid (as verified by reducing the groundwater table drawdown during
the spate season); and
f) The impact of climate change on IIP command area in Tuban was significant, as the wadi
has been encountering recurrent (1:50 year) drought spills. This signals the importance of
"climate-proofing" the irrigation projects in Yemen at the outset (preparation/appraisal
stages). It also s ignifies t he i mportance of t he current AAA work undertaken by the
World Bank-MENA region on the cross-sectoral adaptation to climate change in Yemen.
3.6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and/or Stakeholder Workshops
The ICR mission undertook three independent beneficiary surveys, of which the objectives were
to: (i) help with the project-level economic analysis and the farm-level financial profitability
analysis; ( ii) l earn how f armers h ad s pent t he i ncreased i ncome a ttributed t o t he pr oject
interventions and how this had improved their well-being; and (iii) help determine the project's
impact on g ender. Findings and details of these surveys are presented in conjunction with the
discussions on economic and financial analyses (Section 3.3 above and Annex 3) and on social
assessments and developments (Section 3.5 above and Annex 5). Also summarized in Annex 5
are the other beneficiary surveys undertaken during the course of the project, the results of which
also helped in the preparation of this ICR report.
4. Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome
Rating: Significant
24
Table 6: Assessment of Risks to Intended Development Outcomes
Risk deterring the PDO 1 - Sustainable water resources management PDO 2 -
(component) outputs Increased
from reaching the productivity and
two PDOs rural income
Component A - High risk, due to abnormal/unpredictable droughts in None.
Rehabilitation and southern Yemen (Tuban).
modernization of rural Mitigation. IIP undertook the diversification remedies
infrastructure (canals, discussed under Section 2.2 above.
access roads, flood
protection works).
Components B and D - Medium risk, due to chronic inequitable upland-lowland None.
Advancing the PIM water/land distribution status in western Yemen (Zabid).
process and MAI Mitigation. (i) The Tuban IC helped towards resolving this
agencies institutional issue (as explained in Annex 2), and (ii) the recently-
development. approved WSSP aims to tackle social and water/land
rights issues in key basins/wadis.
Component C - ADP Medium risk, due to increased productivity per ha None.
pilot farms. (meeting PDO 2) resulting from increased water use per
ha (compromising achievement of PDO 1); see details in
Annex 2.
Mitigation. (i) Following advice from IDA/FAO teams,
IIP purchased and applied two soil moisture kits in
monitoring water use associated with the ADP; results
indicated that, with careful irrigation advisory service,
productivity can increase without increased water use, and
(ii) The recently-approved WSSP aims to address this
issue widely through an intensive "Irrigation Advisory"
subcomponent.
5. Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance
5.1 Bank Performance
(a) Bank Performance in Ensuring Quality at Entry
Rating: Moderately Satisfactory (has been discussed at the ICR review meeting)
The Borrower teams h ave indicated satisfaction on t he whole with IDA performance during
project preparation and appraisal. For instance, in the Borrower's ICR report the implementing
agency cited full involvement and competence on the part of the appointed Task Team Leader
(TTL) at that time. However, per IDA's latest assessment, the ICR review comments at Section
2.1 above imply some reservations with respect to the selection of a project wadi (Wadi Zabid),
the practicality of the formulated civil works disbursement condition, and the identification and
mitigation of risks associated with continuing GOY commitment and support. Much of these
design-related i ssues do not relate exclusively t o Bank p erformance prior t o i mplementation
(particularly those caused by unforeseeable externalities, or those attributed to governance or
GOY capacity). Nevertheless, per the discussion at the ICR review meeting, and due to the three
25
DCA amendments effected during implementation (which could have been partly avoidable if
factored in at entry), the rating of Moderately Satisfactory is deemed relevant.
(b) Quality of Supervision
Rating: Satisfactory
The IDA and Borrower t eams have also i ndicated hi gh s atisfaction on t he whole with IDA
performance during project implementation, citing TTL competencies and supervision teams'
effectiveness and constructiveness, and highlighting the DCA amendments, fund reallocations
and time e xtensions a s a ssisting g reatly with p roject imp lementation a nd c ompletion.
Reservations emerging from the ICR review could relate to issues of timeliness, firmness and
pressure with regard to early interactions with GOY in attempting to secure proper commitment
and attention to implementation of PIM and other non-works items, perhaps through engagement
of separate specialist consultants (as originally envisaged) and greater use of the corresponding
allocated funds. The rating of Satisfactory could again be considered conservative.
(c) Justification of Rating for Overall Bank Performance
Rating: Moderately Satisfactory (has been discussed at the ICR review meeting)
Combining the previous two performance ratings leads to the indicated rating of Moderately
Satisfactory for overall Bank performance.
5.2 Borrower Performance
(a) Government Performance
Rating: Moderately Satisfactory (has been discussed at the ICR review meeting)
In the Borrower's ICR report it is indicated that early critical PIM activities including WUAs
formation w ere de layed due t o a d ecision t o engage a s ingle l arge consulting f irm w ith
international leadership to undertake all major implementation activities. Preparations for this
and the subsequent procurement took 1� years. Planned prior preparatory activities, including
topographical and social surveys, public awareness campaigns, initial social mobilization, and
formulation of c ost-sharing f rameworks ( particularly f or l andowner/sharecropper di visions),
were all pos tponed a lso, pe nding commencement of t he m ain c onsultancy contract. C auses
outside of project control are cited for all of this, the most direct one being non-release of the
needed local funds. It was understood that the release of local funds was made dependent on
parallel use of international credit funds, and it was supposed, as noted below, that during the
course of the project, the PMU was pressured by GOY to minimize the use of international credit
funds for PIM, EMP, institutional strengthening and other non-works items. As mentioned in
26
Section 2.1(d) above, i t remains t o be s een whether t his s hortfall i n GOY commitment and
support5 will impact on the long-term sustainability of the project interventions.
(b) Implementing Agency or Agencies Performance
Rating: Satisfactory
Within a framework of limitations set perhaps largely by external agencies and factors, the PMU
and t wo P IUs ha ve s uccessfully m anaged t he i mplementation of a s izeable i nternationally-
funded project within the MAI's irrigation department. Direct implementation through the MAI's
regional agencies was also seemingly successful (perhaps more so through the TDA than through
the Lahej RAO). It was noted in the Borrower's ICR report that the granted project extensions
essentially covered the initial implementation delay only; implementation proper could be said to
have been effected within both schedule and budget. The scope of the project infrastructure
works was expanded both within the original project area (additional road improvement works)
and to a new project wadi (covering urgent water supply network extensions, flood protection
works a nd c anal c learing). C onversely, a s mentioned a bove, P IM, E MP, i nstitutional
strengthening and other non-works items aimed at securing long-term sustainability would seem
to have been given reduced importance and lowered cost allocations, perhaps largely but not
necessarily exclusively due to external GOY pressures. Sustainability may still be achievable,
but pe rhaps not w ith t he s ame c ertainty or t imeliness t hat w ould ha ve be en d esired. T he
Borrower's report mentions the large number of various types of contract let and completed
satisfactorily and to requirements. It also credits the international consulting firm's effectiveness
in ensuring quality and in training local personnel, and highlights the active cooperation provided
during IDA and other technical and supervision missions. Certainly it seems that a good project
management capability has been created and institutionalized within the MAI, which bodes well
for future similar project initiatives and interventions.
(c) Justification of Rating for Overall Borrower Performance
Rating: Moderately Satisfactory (has been discussed at the ICR review meeting)
In spite of the perceived satisfactory performance of the implementing agency, combining the
two pe rformance r atings a bove l eads t o t he i ndicated r ating o f M oderately S atisfactory for
overall Borrower performance.
6. Lessons Learned
The project provided a number of lessons that should prove relevant in the preparation and
implementation of future similar projects in Yemen, as follows:
5The Borrower did not provide adequate funds to the PMU between appraisal and effectiveness, as needed to enable
the PMU to prepare for the bidding process particularly for the TA consulting firm. This substantially contributed to
the delay in contracting the firm and hence the delay in implementation.
27
Lesson 1: Improvement of spate irrigation management needs not only hardware interventions
(rehabilitation a nd m odernization of i nfrastructure) but a lso i nstitutional de velopment a nd
information m anagement m easures. Also, due t o t he absence of i nter-seasonal s urface water
storage, spate diversion and conveyance improvement works cannot (at unit costs as high as
US$3,000 t o U S$4,000/hectare) be economic u nless t hey are complemented b y: (i) on- farm
agronomic a nd i rrigation e nhancement t echniques a nd a dvisory s ervices t o he lp r aise w ater
productivity, (ii) flood protections works, and (iii) conjunctive use works (low-cost sub-surface
dams or recharge dams at appropriately defined upstream and downstream wadi locations), to
help increase the availability of groundwater for rural non-irrigation uses and to counteract sea
water intrusion.
Lesson 2: Th e project's P IM and ADP components have resulted i n very t angible progress
towards achieving sustainable and efficient spate irrigation management (PDO 1) and increasing
agricultural productivity and rural incomes (PDO 2). To further develop and greatly extend these
successes, they should be enhanced and replicated in other promising wadis under the recently-
approved W SSP. S ome c onclusions de riving f rom t he pr oject's a nd t he c ountry's i rrigation
subsector P IM and c ost-sharing experiences t hat m ay he lp i n t he f ormulation of f urther
developments in this area are as follows:
a) WUAs and ICs could play important roles in: (i) providing services that are responsive to
farmers' ne eds, (ii) f acilitating e xpansion of i rrigation c overage, a nd ( iii) s cheduling
water deliveries that are timelier and match crop water requirements better;
b) Farmers pa rticipation a nd c ost s haring c reates a s ense of i ncreased ow nership of
irrigation schemes, since through this farmers: (i) become more proactive in dealing with
emerging problems, and in resolving long-standing social and technical problems that
GOY agencies previously failed to resolve, and (ii) start to speak openly on controversial
issues s uch a s w ater r ights t hat no l onger p rovide e quity be tween ups tream a nd
downstream users;
c) In t he absence of s ound w ater r ights, r ehabilitation a nd i mprovement of i rrigation
infrastructure would not contribute substantially to improved equity of water distribution
between upstream and downstream users. In addition, the relationships between landlords
and sharecropper/tenant farmers should be better defined and standardized with regard to
assignment of O&M responsibilities and distribution of costs and benefits, with a view to
preventing exploitation of poor farmers;
d) GOY can provide farmers with three key incentives to participate in cost sharing and to
organize themselves into WUAs, namely: (i) complete and transparent notification in
advance of t he expected c osts a nd be nefits t o f armers opt ing i nto t he P IM pr ocess;
through publ ic a wareness a nd s ocial m obilization a ctivities pr ior t o any physical
intervention; (ii) entrusting farmers with meaningful participation in the planning, design,
implementation, supervision and O&M of secondary (distribution-level) as opposed to
primary ( conveyance-level) ir rigation s ystems; a nd ( iii) s imilarly complete a nd
transparent publ ic c ommunications on r esulting ne t pr oduction a nd r evenues after
completion of the physical interventions; and
28
e) Beneficiary contributions to capital and O&M costs can relieve pressure on government
budget obligations and contingent liabilities.
Lesson 3: Basin committees established by MWE/NWRA cannot be deemed as equivalent to or
fungible w ith t he ICs established b y M AI/IIP. T he f ormer f unction as t op-down (mostly
appointed) "normative regulators" whereas the latter function as bottom-up (democratic) scheme
management overview entities largely comprising representatives of wadi WUAs. The MAI's
ICs have proved that they can develop needed water "bylaws" (subsequent to enactment of the
MWE/NWRA Water Law in 2003) by tailoring the Water Law to local needs. The ICs can also
assist NWRA in applying these bylaws in progressing towards better basin-level integrated water
resources management (IWRM).
Lesson 4: Resulting from lessons learned from the ADP, the IDA team cautioned MAI against
increasing crop yield per hectare at the expense of unfavorable increases in water use per hectare.
If the "more-crop-per-drop" goal cannot be achieved in conjunction with increased crop yield per
hectare, then the increase of land productivity and farmer income sought by the ADP should be
achieved at least with a "same-drop-per-crop" approach. Preliminary water quantity monitoring
results (from both groundwater-fed and spatewater-fed ADP farms) suggested that the ADP has
increased productivity and farmer income without increasing water usage per hectare. For ADP
activities planned for Wadi Ahwar in 2009 und er WSSP, IDA and MAI have agreed on t he
importance of adding an "Irrigation Advisory" ("less-drop-per-crop") subcomponent to the ADP
("more-crop-per-drop") component. T he IDA t eam a ssisted t he P MU i n pr eparing T erms of
Reference ( TOR) f or A DP act ivities i n W adi Ahwar, an d agreed w ith G OY/MAI t hat an
advanced follow-up version of the ADP that includes the "Irrigation Advisory" subcomponent
would be implemented in Wadi Ahwar under the WSSP.
Lesson 5:. For future comparable projects including the WSSP, IDA, other donors and GOY
should specifically assure the financial sustainability of, and the modalities needed for, adequate
O&M of provided works and procured equipment. Such projects should include a subcomponent
that w ould e nsure: ( i) s ufficient b udget f or r ecurrent c osts d uring p roject lif etime a nd after
project closure to sustain the headworks, primary system and related equipment, through a clear
and p recise a greement to b e r eached b etween MAI, M OF an d M OPIC; an d ( ii) s ufficient
revolving f unds " ring f enced" b y t he pe rtinent IC t o s ustain the s econdary and c ommunity
systems, raised through O&M fees collected from users with the help of the WUAs, and with
provisions for partially bailing out the poorer farmers (tenants/sharecroppers) as needed through
application of an increasing-block fee structure whereby richer farmers/landowners effectively
cross s ubsidize poor er ones. A rrangements f or t his s hould be doc umented i n t he pr oject's
Operational Manual and reflected in the legal DCA before project initiation. At project closure,
or at t he t ime of handover from P MU/PIUs t o t he l ine m inistry of t he provided works and
equipment, t he r elated O&M r esponsibilities a nd budg eting a rrangements s hould be c learly
documented i n a " Handover O perational M anual". T he m anual s hould di stinguish t he
responsibilities of the line ministry (MAI) for the headworks and primary system (and related
GOY recurrent costs budgeting) from the responsibilities of the operators and users (ICs and
WUAs) for the secondary and community systems (and the related O&M self financing). While
ownership of bot h t he pr imary a nd t he s econdary/community s ystem a ssets ( works and
29
equipment) may remain with MAI, the ICs and WUAs can be assigned the responsibility for
undertaking and self-financing O&M of the secondary/community system assets.
Lesson 6: Procurement-related lessons. Procurement performance of MAI could have been
further i mproved ha d IDA t ask t eam r ecommended a w ell-developed, c omprehensive
Operational and Procurement Manual, with all the details and requirements at the outset for
smooth project implementation. The Procurement Manual should have included more detailed
TORs and job descriptions for the Procurement Specialist, PMU and PIU staff and taken into
account role of GOY's High Tender Board. A lso, it should have included clear procurement
procedures. Considering the lack of experience of the PMU in implementing IDA projects, the
Procurement Manual should have provided step-by-step procurement procedures, preparation of
the bi dding doc uments, R FPs a nd e ssential doc ument f low, r eview, clearance a nd approval
process, procurement plans, and organizational structure for the PMU and PIUs. Furthermore,
the P MU s taff s hould have been provided extensive t raining and coaching on t he foregoing
needs. On the other hand, IDA should have strictly enforced the initial requirements/covenants
on staffing, Procurement Manual, staff training, prior to project effectiveness and disbursements.
Lesson 7: FM-related lessons:
a) The FM performance could have been better rated had the IDA task team recommended a
well-developed, c omprehensive ope rational a nd F M m anual, with a ll de tails a nd
requirements a t t he out set f or s mooth i mplementation. T he F M M anual s hould ha ve
included more detailed TORs and job descriptions for the Finance Manager, PMU and
PIU staff and taken into account role of the MOF Representative to minimize any delays
in implementation. It should have also included detailed procedures for accounting of
contributions in kind;
b) Considering the lack of experience of the PMU staff in implementing IDA projects, the
FM M anual s hould ha ve pr ovided m ore de tails, s tep-by-step di sbursement pr ocess,
preparation of f inancial c hart c overing e ssential doc ument f low, c ash f low, r eview,
clearance and ap proval p rocess, w arehouse/store s ystem, as sets m ovement co ntrols,
Disbursement and Procurement Plans, and organizational structure for the PMU and PIUs.
Furthermore, the PMU staff should have been provided extensive training and coaching on
the foregoing needs. On t he ot her h and, IDA s hould have s trictly enforced t he i nitial
requirements/covenants on staffing, financial and accounting system, FM Manual, staff
training, prior to project effectiveness and disbursements. This could have been effected
also during/post the mid-term review; and
c) During project implementation, IDA (FM) supervision team should have recognized the
difficulties (inaccurate IFRs, inventory system, and clearing of advances) of the PMU and
PIU financial staff and provided options, i.e., allocating funds for consultants to provide
help for inventory system, PIU coordination and accounting procedures, advances, and
other financial related challenges faced. The IDA FM team should have listened to any
requests from the financial and accounting staff or probed into the cause of the issues,
which c ould ha ve b een di scussed a nd resolved dur ing s upervision or at t he m id-term
review. The task team should have reallocated funds for a consultant to assist the PMU in
30
resolving t he c hallenges i t f aced. In a ddition, t here s hould ha ve been c lose FM
monitoring to provide guidance to the PIU FM staff and accountants by the Country FMS
and his staff.
7. Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower/Implementing Agencies/Partners
(a) Borrower/implementing agencies
IDA received no comments from the Borrower or from the implementing agency on the draft
version of this ICR (dated May 20, 2009). H owever, the views which they shared with IDA
earlier during the ICR missions (January 2009 and April 2009) were reflected in the Borrower's
ICR report, and thereof, are covered by the discussions in previous sections above.
(b) Cofinanciers
None.
(c) Other partners and stakeholders
The involvement of and collaboration between all stakeholders including end beneficiaries, the
line ministry, regional and local authorities, and professionals from a wide range of disciplines,
both male and female, has represented real partnership. It has helped to engage the entire civil
society i n pa rticipatory pl anning, de sign, e xecution a nd O &M of i mproved i nfrastructure
systems, i ncluding t hrough a s haring o f bot h i nvestment a nd r ecurrent c osts, a nd i n t he
realization of significant production and financial benefits to all parties.
31
ANNEX 1: Project Costs and Financing
(a) Project Cost by Component (in USS Million equivalent, including IDA and GOY contributions up to March 2009).
Original DCA Cost Mid-Term Cost
Final/Actual Cost (Dec08/April09)
Components/Subcomponents Estimate Estimate
(USD M) (% of tot.) (USD M) (% of tot.) (USD M) (% of tot.) (% of org.)
A. Rehabilitation and Improvement of Spate Irrigation Infrastructures
1. Wadi Tuban 6.70 26 6.57 28 8.10 31 121
2. Wadi Zabid 5.60 22 7.61 33 10.10 38 180
3. Wadi Ahw ar 0.00 0 0.00 0 1.15 4
Subtotal Rehabilitation and Improvement of Spate Irrigation Infrastructures 12.30 48 14.18 61 19.35 75 157
B. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)
1. Formation of PIM Organizations (WUAs and SMUs) 3.00 12 2.71 12 0.20 1 7
2. Improvement in Spate Irrigation Management 0.90 4 0.86 4 0.10 0 11
3. Improved O&M on Irrigation Infrastructures 3.90 15 1.72 7 0.90 3 23
4. Environment Oriented Operations 1.10 4 0.18 1 0.10 0 9
Subtotal Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) 8.90 35 5.47 24 1.30 5 15
C. Institutional Strengthening
1. Improved Legal Framew ork 0.30 1 0.05 0 0.10 0 33
2. Support to Government Irrigation Related Institutions (MAI, GDI, TDA ... ) 0.50 2 0.19 1 0.10 0 20
3. Other Wadis Preparation Studies 0.50 2 0.50 2 0.10 0 20
Subtotal Institutional Strengthening 1.30 5 0.74 3 0.30 1 23
D. Intensive Agricultural Demonstration Program 0.54 2 0.84 4 1.00 4 185
E. Project Management Unit (PMU) 2.54 10 1.87 8 4.30 15 169
Total Project Cost 25.58 100 23.09 100 26.25 100 103
Notes
1. Component/subcomponent numbering and structure, and all cost values in USD M, are taken from the Borrower's ICR report.
2. Component/subcomponent numbering and structure, and original DCA cost estimate values, correspond closely to the PAD.
32
(b) Financing
Appraisal Estimate Actual/Latest Estimate Percentage of
Source of Funds Type of Cofinancing
(USD millions) (USD millions) Appraisal
Borrower 3.10 4.00 per GOY estimate
March 09 %129
22.00 per GOY estimate
March 09
International Development Association (IDA) 21.30 %114
24.79 per IDA-FM
ICR report of May 09
Local Farmer Organizations 1.20 0.30 GOY report %25
33
ANNEX 2: Outputs by Component
Component A: Rehab of spate irrigation and flood protection infrastructure in wadi
Tuban and Zabid, including rehab of key farm-to-market roads; and urgent rehab of
village protection and rural water supply works in Wadi Ahwar. This component involved
civil works, goods/equipment (only for Wadi Tuban), and consultancy services (the latter
included a topographical survey, detailed designs and construction supervision).
Until 2005 t his c omponent w as r elatively l agging be hind s chedule due t o t he di sbursement
condition e ntailing t hat t he w orks c an onl y s tart a fter t he W UAs a nd t wo I Cs ha ve be en
established (under Component B) in Tuban and Zabid.
For the irrigation 2007 season (ending November 2008), the total incremental areas irrigated
through this component have been about 17,700 hectares due to the good rates of spate base
flow and flood flow experienced this year, and due to the project's interventions. Irrigated areas
amounted to 13,106 hectares (90% of command area) and 4,600 hectares (50% of command
area) in Zabid and Tuban respectively.
By the closing date (December 31, 2008), regarding the development impacts, for the 2008 flood
seasons, t he i ncremental a reas i rrigated t hrough t his c omponent a mounted t o 5,205 he ctares
(25% of c ommand area) a nd 1,075 he ctares (10% of command a rea) in Z abid a nd T uban
respectively. This is attributed to the project's interventions. The total base flow cum flood flow
has been 81 MCM/annum in Zabid, while this total has been quite low in Tuban (hence, the low
incremental area in Tuban). For the flood of 100 MCM/annum that occurred in Zabid in 2007,
the project's interventions helped irrigate an incremental area of about 10,000 hectares, and the
unit cost of the interventions amounted to US$2,000/hectare, which is well within the MNA
norms for comparable projects. By the closing date, the disbursement on civil works reached:
a) 93% and 81% of the planned sums for Zabid and Tuban respectively. Much of this gap
between di sbursed and planned s ums a scribes t o c ost s avings rather t han t o de lay i n
physical progress. The physical progress is actually higher than 95% in the two wadis;
b) 94% of the planned sums for the farm-to-market roads (also the gap is due to cost savings,
as the physical progress is 100%);
c) 84% for the WUA contracts; and
d) 100% for the urgent civil works in Wadi Ahwar, including four contracts for water supply,
flood protection, and cutting of "Masqeet" trees in the main canals.
Component B: Irrigation and Environmental Management and the PIM. This component
involved consultancy services, training and procurement of goods.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Social Measures:
34
Safeguard policies triggered:
Policy Triggered
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Yes
Environmental Category: B, Partial Environmental Assessment and EMP requirements:
There are no major environmental issues per the partial EA completed for IIP. The project has
beneficial impacts on the environment as it increases the reliability of spate irrigation water, and
reduces overdraft of the groundwater aquifers. However, due to changes in the pattern of water
distribution as a result of rehabilitation of spate irrigation infrastructure, reduction of recharge to
certain areas was sought to occur. On the other hand, improved water distribution should result
in reduction of groundwater use in those areas. These benefits have been expected to outweigh
any minor adverse environmental impacts (soil quality, water logging, water quality) arising as a
result of the agricultural activities in the improved areas.
Provisions made by the project to ensure compliance with applicable safeguard policies:
The proposed project followed the World Bank guidelines OP 4.01 on environmental assessment
and adhered to the requirements of the GOY for such projects, as outlined in the Environmental
Protection Law, N o. 26 e nacted b y t he P arliament i n 1995 a nd t he N ational E nvironmental
Action Plan (NEAP) prepared by the Environmental Protection Council (EPC) in 1996.
Environmental and Social Monitoring and the related Capacity Building:
The EMP aimed at establishing the conditions required for sound environmental management in
the project area. It incorporated three main components.
a) Environmental Awareness and PIM. This covers: (i) promoting (through participation and
capacity building) l ocal k nowledge an d aw areness o f t he m ajor i ssues t hreatening t he
well-being of wadi populations, particularly in terms of sustained water availability; and
(ii) e ncouraging p articipatory m anagement o f n atural r esources b y the in stitutions
established under the project. The project included a major subcomponent on P IM, as
explained below. This approach was meant to be supported by systematic monitoring of
water characteristics, information campaigns, training and support to the fledgling water
management institutions;
b) Groundwater. In order to minimize groundwater depletion (which although barely to be
linked to the project is nonetheless the most significant environmental problem in the
Zabid area), the EMP supports a groundwater management system which would rely on
data collected from the monitoring of water levels and quality in the project area. In order
to monitor any changes to quality or quantity of groundwater in the Zabid area, where
there is currently over-pumping, detailed analysis and modeling of water resources and
water quality monitoring are to be carried out. An awareness campaign would also be
included to inform the users about the impact of groundwater use, and measures to sustain
that use. These actions have been included in project costs. Most of the problems can be
mitigated th rough t echnically s imple m easures that c an b e imp lemented th rough th e
35
involvement of t he W UAs a nd ICs onc e t hey are a ware of t he l imits t o t he us e of
groundwater resources. Involvement of the water users and studies in monitoring the
impact during the project would help improve water resources management in the project
areas; and
c) Building the Knowledge Base. The EMP incorporates three studies (of which numbers (i)
and ( ii) a re a lready pr ogrammed unde r ot her c omponents of t he pr oject): ( i) s oil
salinity/sodicity mapping study to avoid soil sodicity occurrence and advise farmers on
irrigation pr actices w ill be unde rtaken for t he T uban area; ( ii) up per w atershed
management study will be carried out to assess the status and trends of erosion, review
experience of watershed management so far and formulate a s trategy and a p rogram to
reduce erosion in the catchment areas of the wadis; and (iii) sand dune fixation study, if is
not implemented through the Land and Water Conservation Project (LWCP), to assess the
need for further action to arrest sand dune movement and protect project farming areas.
Results from implementation of the EMP:
Environmental Management Plan:
Thus f ar, t here ha s be en a s atisfactory pr ogress a s t o e xecuting t he E MP. I n t erms of
"hardware", all of t he village/wadi pr otection (or s o called: environmental pr otection) c ivil
works have been completed. In terms of "software", progress has been satisfactory as to the
main s ubcomponents of t he E MP: g roundwater m onitoring; e nvironmental a wareness a nd
participatory management; and building the knowledge base regarding the soil salinity/sodicity
in Tuban. However, NWRA-Aden and IIP-PIU-Lahj needed to improve their cooperation so that
IIP could easily/timely obtain the spate data from NWRA-Aden, especially regarding Dukaim
station in Tuban. The Upper Watershed Management study progressed well, with remarkably
good contribution from GDI. The study on t he Soil Sodicity/Salinity Mapping (including the
mitigation alternatives) in Wadi Tuban has been finalized. Its results have been presented at a
participatory workshop, and the IC in Tuban has applied its findings in the field.
Environmental and Social Monitoring and the related Capacity Building:
Environmental Awareness and Participatory Management
Systematic monitoring of water resources characteristics and training of pertinent institutions and
fledgling entities (e.g., WUAs and ICs) have been fairly progressing. This has been inferred by
the PMU quarterly and annual reports and by the field visits.
Surface-water and groundwater monitoring
The PMU has obtained the required metallic staff gauges from the water monitoring unit at GDI
by t he e x-LWCP a nd w ere s ent t o t he t wo P IUs for i nstallation. T hese a re t o be i nstalled
upstream and downstream of all wadi weirs and downstream of main off-takes and scour sluices
at weirs. In Wadi Tuban the staff gauges were installed in Al-Arais, Ras Al-wadi Beizag and
Faleg Iyadh diversion weirs. In Wadi Zabid eleven sites for installation of staff gauges were
36
specified by the PIU in coordination with the O&M specialist of the TA consultants (five sites at
the five diversion structures and six at canal bifurcation structures). Installation has started in
weirs # 3 and 4 and installation at the remaining sites awaits completion of the rehabilitation
works at diversion structures # 1 and 3.
Groundwater monitoring has been undertaken through TDA in Zabid and NWRA/GDI in Tuban.
Data for drawdown, Electric Conductivity (EC), and pH are available for Tuban; and data for
drawdown and EC are available for Zabid; both on a monthly/quarterly basis. However, for this
data to be functional there is a need to stream it into the MIS of the project.
Compared to previous years, there has been an obvious increase in groundwater recharge due to
completion of the spate works particularly in Zabid. H owever, due to cultivation of water-
intensive cash crops under the ADP component, it is reported that there has been a significant net
increase in groundwater discharge in some of the ADP areas. The Bank's task team requested the
ADP consultants to meter water usage for the ADP farms, toward increasing productivity per
unit of water (as opposed to merely increasing productivity per unit of land). This has recently
been done, and the results (particularly in Zabid) showed that crop productivity per hectare has
been increased without increasing water use per hectare.
This s ubcomponent B 1 a lso e stablished a nd t ested A G eographic Information S ystems a nd
Management Information System (GIS and MIS), flood warning and hydrological monitoring
system, a nd s pate m anagement m odels. H owever, due t o t he l ack of c ooperation be tween
MAI/IIP a nd N WRA ( being unde r M WA, a nd e ntrusted t o m onitor t he w ater r esources
availability), particularly in Tuban, the project could not obtain the hydrological data needed to
make these high-tech systems function as intended. Add to this the fact that, to act on the results
of these systems, the regulator (NWRA) and the water-user agency (MAI) needed to cooperate
much better. All these information and inter-ministerial issues have been dealt with as part of
the design of the recently-approved WSSP.
37
Figure 1: Groundwater Monitoring under IIP
Building the knowledge base: the soil salinity/sodicity study and the upper watershed
management study
The study on the Soil Sodicity/Salinity Mapping (including the mitigation alternatives) in wadi
Tuban has been finalized and its results have been presented at a participatory workshop. The
consultant carried out random field sampling and laboratory analysis of soil and water samples
taken from the study area. Based on the results, the consultant prepared a working paper in
Arabic and English which was presented and discussed at the workshop, with participation of the
beneficiaries and stakeholders of wadi Tuban (the study area).
The U pper W atershed M anagement S tudy h as a lso pr ogressed w ell, w ith a ve ry good
contribution from the GDI. T he study utilized the resources in GDI and the lessons from the
Land and Water Conservation Project (LWCP).
By f actoring i n t he e xisting l essons a nd t he r esults of t he s tudies obt ained f rom r elated
closed/ongoing pr ojects, t he S cope of W ork a nd ( accordingly) t he budg et of t he t wo
aforementioned studies have been rationalized (thus favorably saving time/resources).
Through holding a wadi-wide workshop, the Tuban Irrigation Council (IC) acted on effectuating
the r ecommendations of t he " Salinity a nd S odicity" s tudy pr epared un der IIP. T he s tudy's
results have been presented at a participatory workshop, and the IC in Tuban has attempted to
apply its findings in the field. The major finding is that irrational groundwater use should be
phased out and should be replaced by utilization of spate water and conjunctive use, otherwise
over-drafting the groundwater beyond the safe yield will result in further intrusion of seawater
38
and hence further salinization of the wadi's fertile soil. The Tuban IC attempted to respond to
this through prioritizing the irrigation diversions onto the saline lands, in order to safeguard the
needed flushing of salts.
Figure 2: Application of the Soil Sodicity/Salinity Study
Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM):
Implementation of the PIM component, including formation and empowerment of ICs and Water
WUAs has progressed as planned. The project met all target 443 WUGs (230 in Tuban and 213
in Zabid), 32 WUAs (16 in Tuban and 16 in Zabid) and two ICs in Wadi Zabid and Tuban.
The IC has been very active in Wadi Tuban.
For t he i nvestment/rehabilitation w orks, t he IIP-PIM i ntroduced (by 20 05) a n i n-kind c ost-
sharing approach via WUA-administered contracts. To enable low-income farmers to share the
capital costs of the project, the project divided civil works into two categories:
a) P riority works to be fully financed by the project (government funds and loans). These
works include feeder roads and flood/environmental protection works, which are deemed
public goods outside the canal system and thus require no earmarked user fees; and
b) P articipatory works, requiring 10 p ercent of farmers' c ontribution t o r ehabilitation/
improvement capital costs. This percentage was agreed between the project government
team an d f armer r epresentatives ( initially t he W UGs; ev entually t he WUAs). F armers
were allowed to contribute this percentage in kind: labor and material. In this arrangement,
each W UA would i mplement 1�2 s mall c ommunity c ontract(s) up t o US$10,000 pe r
contract t o a n a ggregate U S$1.4 m illion pe r pr oject. T o p ersuade i rrigation e nd-
beneficiaries to contribute 10 percent in kind, the project guaranteed that the unit rates of
the contracts awarded to WUAs would be 30 percent cheaper than those implemented by
39
the national/regional contractors. (These rates otherwise would have embodied significant
profit m argins f or t he WUA-contractors.) T his pe rcentage t hereby r epresents t he t otal
contribution from end-beneficiaries and, intrinsically, from the WUA-contractors.
This PIM subcomponent also provided O&M equipment and spare parts for O&M of the IIP
spate s chemes, w hich were l eased ( by t he P IUs) on a gr adually-phasing-out ba sis t o t he
implementing agencies (TDA in Zabid and MAI regional office in Tuban) during IIP's initial
periods, then were eventually leased to the WUAs.
The legal study for water rights in Zabid was finalized through active contributions from Zabid
IC and WUAs. In Zabid, the upstream-downstream water rights issue persisted and the IC could
not significantly contribute to resolving it. The IC has been more or less in a "dormant" stage
and IDA requested H. E. the Governor of Hodeidah (being the Chair of the IC) to make the IC
proactive by holding regular meetings and coming up w ith solutions that ensure fairness and
equity in water distribution between upstream and downstream users.
Comparably, the IC in Tuban has achieved a remarkable accomplishment by adopting the new
Water Law, developing its Bylaws for Wadi Tuban, and adapting them to the local conditions
(through developing the respective Regional Executive Legislations). The IC thereafter acted on
the Water Law by taking a number of enforcement and corrective measures in the field against:
a) The violators of water rights (by closing down the upland diversions that blocked water
from flowing downstream);
b) Polluters of waterways, and
c) O ver-irrigators.
Also, the IC in Tuban applied in 2008 the recommendations of the "Salinity and Sodicity" Study
(completed by the project), through prioritizing the irrigation diversions onto the saline lands, in
order to safeguard the needed flushing of salts.
The P IU in Wadi Ahwar was established in 2008 w ith essential staff, office equipment and
furniture as w ell as t ransport m eans. T he A hwar's P IU m ade an excellent ach ievement b y
completing the formation of the WUGs on Foad-Weir main canal in a record time (6 months).
This was faster than the process of forming the WUGs in Zabid and Tuban, thus confirming the
findings of the assessment study which ranked Wadi Ahwar the first amongst 7 wadis, in terms
of readiness of the communities to get together toward addressing their water issues. Also, the
PIU in A hwar h as s tarted f orming A hwar's IC a nd f ormal W UAs, yet th is w ill b e f ully
completed under the recently-approved WSSP phase.
Cost-sharing achievements under the PIM
a) For capital investments, the WUAs have shared the cost of the participatory works and the
WUAs contracts by 10% and 30% respectively, in cash or in kind; and
40
b) For the O&M, the WUAs shared the costs by an average 73% (70.78% in Tuban and
76.40% in Zabid) of the cost of O&M of the works and equipments introduced by IIP.
However, challenges remained high as to increasing the membership of the WUAs and as to
enhancing the water rights system in Zabid, as explained below.
Challenges remaining as to the PIM
WUA formation vis a vis membership
Although the target number of WUAs has been formed, the membership percentage has been
relatively modest, but gradually increased particularly after completion of the participatory and
community civil works (as this encouraged the farmers to subscribe to the WUAs). Membership
in Tuban and Zabid has ranged from 10-49% a nd 10-63% respectively. The reason for t his
modest membership in Tuban is the lack of spate water and also the fact that most farmers are
civil servants where farming is not necessarily the mainstay of the households. The reason for the
modest membership in Zabid is that the current water rights system often avails mainly a few,
big landlords especially in the upstream.
However, even when the percentage of subscribing farmers (i.e., membership percentage)
is low, with all of the formed WUAs the minimum "quorum" has always been met, as the
subscribing always own more than 50% of the WUA's command area.
The WUA rulings do apply to the members as well as to the non-members, and the non-members
do not benefit from the rebates offered on the members on the O&M user fees.
Water rights in Wadi Zabid and the legal study
In mid-2006, violations in the upstream deprived 2400 hectares in the downstream from water,
only to the advantage of 540 hectares in the upstream, which are owned by a few families. It has
been agreed that the IC (in cooperation of the pertinent WUAs) should work on rectifying this
situation by revisiting the "Gabarty rule" (customary rights based on seasonal water rotations
between upstream and downstream agricultural areas). This system used to work in the past
because: (i) the water control structures used to be earth works (whereon water could breach or
overtop, t hus r eaching t he dow nstream) a s opp osed t o t he c urrent c oncrete w orks; a nd ( ii)
currently farmers have been shifting to water-intensive cash crops like Mangos and Bananas as
opposed to subsistence crops that used to be grown in the past. This upstream-downstream effect
is particularly problematic at times of small floods as opposed to big floods which can usually
meet the demands downstream.
A legal consultant w as hired t o h elp t he IC i n addressing t his i ssue, t hrough undertaking a
comprehensive s tudy o f t he G abarty s ystem vi s-a-vis t he ne eded a mendments. T he s tudy
(completed in end-2006) suggested various remedies to deter upstream users from overusing
water, including applying punitive ascending over-usage fees. T he study warranted follow up
and implementation by TDA (from the technical stance) and by the Zabid IC and the governor
(from the regulatory and enforcement stance). However, it is becoming clear that reversing the
past/present u pland-lowland w ater allocations may be to o d ifficult, as th is s imply me ans
41
expropriating part of the land ownership for the upstream landowners. Nevertheless, the findings
of this legal study remained useful to help in arresting any further misuse of water rights.
Component C: Agricultural Demonstration Program (ADP): This component involved
consultancy services and procurement of goods.
The ADP has been satisfactory despite an inevitable 2-year delay at the start of IIP, as by mid-
2008 i t w as s uccessfully completed on 4,005 hectares (out of the PAD's target 5,000
hectares), and with a unit cost of about US$260/hectare. To assess the impact of introduced
technologies on pr oductivity, di ssemination, a daptation, a nd f armers' i ncome a nd f amily
livelihood, t he PMU e ngaged a t eam of Independent C onsultants t o c arry out a n e x-post
assessment, w hich h as been d ocumented b y t he p roject. In general, t he o utcomes ar e v ery
positive. For example, the average productivity of cotton has increased by about 50%, sorghum
by 49% for grain and 34% for fodder, sesame by 53%, tomatoes by 62%, and onion by 73%. The
outcomes of the study also revealed that the number of farm animals increased by 40% (largely
due to the increased productivity of sorghum fodder). These outcomes have directly or indirectly
improved farmers income and the well-being of their families.
Table 2.1: Yield and Farm Revenue Increases Due to Improved Farming Practices:
Planned Project Estimates vs. Actual Measurements (%)
Measured yield
Crop Planned yield increase (%) increase (end
2005) (%)
13 Zabid
Cotton 45�100
15 Tuban
Sorghum grain 5 Up to 98
Sorghum fodder 4 Zabid � 8 Tuban Up to 44
Sesame 1 0 Up to 55
Maize 18 Zabid 62�97 Zabid
Cucurbits 3 Tuban Up to 200
Tomatoes 20 87
Onions 20 12 to 25
Eggplant 20 Tuban 44
Red chilies 20 Tuban NA
Banana 10�1 5 NA
42
Measured yield
Crop Planned yield increase (%) increase (end
2005) (%)
Mango 10 NA
Okra 15 25
Water melon NA 28 Zabid
Self adaptation of the successful ADP techniques in the non-ADP farms
The self adaptation of the ADP has occurred on an average of 20% to 30% of the non-ADP
command area (depending on the type of the introduced ADP technique). In Zabid, the self
adaptation of the improved Maize variety has occurred almost on 100% of the command area. A
high a daptation r ate i s a lso r eported f or t he A DP-introduced ne w va rieties of m angoes a nd
cotton.
Ensuring that ADP does not increase productivity at the expense of increasing water use
A fast-tracked follow-up study addressed the water consumption associated with the improved
techniques. The project procured and utilized two Soil Moisture Kits for monitoring the water
use associated with the ADP techniques in Tuban and Zabid. This responded to a request from
the IDA ISR m issions, which cautioned IIP a gainst i ncreasing c rop yield per he ctare at t he
expense o f i ncreasing w ater u se p er h ectare. If t he "more-crop-per-drop" g oal i nevitably
cannot go on pars with increasing crop yield per hectare, then, the increase of land productivity
and farmer income sought by the ADP should at least be achieved in line with a "same-drop-
per-crop" approach. The preliminary water monitoring results (both on ADP's groundwater-fed
and spate water-fed farms) suggested that ADP has increased productivity and farmer income
without increasing water usage per hectare.
For the ADP activities planned in Wadi Ahwar in CY2009 (under WSSP), IDA and MAI agreed
on the importance of adding an "Irrigation Advisory" (less drop per crop) subcomponent to ADP
(more crop per drop). The IDA Task Team assisted the PMU in preparing the related ToRs for
the ADP activities in Ahwar. IDA agreed with MAI that the ADP will be replicated in Wadi
Ahwar under the WSSP as follows:
a) on at least 100 hectares during CY2009;
b) targeting the spate season peaking in July 2009 (since March to September 2009 would
mainly involve irrigation on spate water; September to March mostly on groundwater);
c) including at least two or three farm plots irrigated by groundwater;
43
d) by bui lding on ADP's doc umented e xperiences f rom Zabid a nd T uban, a nd b y
introducing the Irrigation Advisory activities;
e) for unit costs up to US$500/hectare (Irrigation Advisory will be added to ADP under the
recently-approved WSSP); and
f) by utilizing the two Soil Moisture Kits for monitoring water usage (rather than using the
common/current auger hole method).
Component D: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building. This component
involved consultancy services, training and procurement of goods.
This component achieved the following outputs:
a) Supported Y emen's Irrigation S ector: b y pr oviding a n i nstitutional a ssessment of t he
irrigation institutions, including the GDI; and providing technical assistance to the GDI
preparing guidelines for the PIM program in Yemen. This technical assistance included
on-the-job training to GDI and to other pertinent agencies based on t he results of the
sector assessment;
b) An inventory and assessment of the dams and of the bulk water resources in the upper
watershed of Tuban and Zabid, which affect the performance of the spate systems. This
study was undertaken by GDI with TA from IDA and FAO/CP;
c) A Legal F ramework D evelopment S upport: i ncluding T A t o G OY i n pr eparing t he
irrigation l aw/bylaws, as ne eded t oward t he i ntended f ar-reaching s ector r eform,
including scaling up the PIM all over the country. This work also comprised completing
a legal study (which included conducting questionnaires to the wadi's inhabitants) on the
chronic upland-lowland water rights issues in Wadi Zabid6;
d) Staff of the TDA being the partner agency co-executing the project in Zabid with the help
of Zabid's PIU) were trained on t he job on m aintaining the hydro-metrological MIS in
Zabid;
e) Preparing and implementing the O&M manual for IIP's spate irrigation works, including
developing the related MIS and GIS for the two wadis;
f) A comparative assessment of the socio-economic viability of spate interventions in seven
candidate wadis (which resulted in electing Wadi Ahwar as explained above); and
6The Al-Jabarty system in western Yemen, including in Zabid, has been adopted by farmer groups as a defacto
rubric for m anaging t he upland-lowland spate-water r ights. V ery s urprisingly, a s p art o f t his l egal study, t he
Yemeni and IDA teams could not find any official documentation or any anecdotal evidence of the Al-Jabarty
rulings. However, to date, his rulings are still successfully practiced in western Yemen.
44
g) Support to the PMU and the three PIUs in Wadi Zabid, Wadi Tuban and Wadi Ahwar.
Institutional Change/Strengthening
The IIP was able to create capacity at individual, community and institutional levels. The project
succeeded in stimulating a desire for institutional improvement. Accomplishments in this regard
are described below.
Major r esponsibilities/tasks d evolved to W UAs/ICs in clude: (i) c onsultations w ith f armers
(WUGs/WUAs) on prioritization and design of most project interventions; (ii) WUA-executed
community contracts of up t o US$10,000 in value; (iii) WUA cost sharing of the participatory
works (10%) and of the WUA works (30%) in cash or in kind; (iv) cost sharing by farmers
(through WUAs) of the O&M costs of the works and equipments introduced by IIP (around
74%); (v) efforts by Tuban IC in developing and enforcing the water bylaw (water rights etc.);
(vi) attempts by Zabid IC to advance implementation of all 4 c omponents; (vii) contributions
from t he W UAs and ICs t o M &E as out lined f urther be low; and ( viii) a dvances w ith
development of gender awareness and equity.
The project cultivated the ground for institutional transformation. While preparing the ground for
change, IIP:
Conducted B asic S ocial S urvey. The survey h as pr ovided a s olid b ase f or
introducing the concept of PIM among project beneficiary, government agencies,
regional and local institutions.
Conducted awareness programs and created water users organizations. A total of
228 c omprehensive m ulti-stakeholders c ommunity a wareness c ampaigns w ere
conducted in project areas in both wadis and this has:
o Created 443 Water Users Group (WUGs).
o Formed 32 Water Users Associations (WUAs).
o Created sense of awareness among women.
o Brought greater understanding among farmers about the importance of the
rehabilitation, maintenance and sustainability of their infrastructures.
Supported capacity building programs to strengthen the Irrigation Sector. Under its
institutional strengthening and capacity building support the project assisted in:
o assessing the capacity of irrigation institution including General Directorate of
Irrigation (GDI).
o enhancing GDI's capacity in developing, planning and preparing guide lines
for the PIM program.
o conducting the upper water shed study in two wadis.
o conducting the soil and salinity study for Zabid area.
o preparing the water law and its execution procedures.
o conducting the legal study for modification of water rights in Wadi Zabid.
o undertaking rapid assessment study of phase II wadi.
o providing consultancy work for the water resources assessment and for the
preparation of detailed design for major works of Wadi Ahwar.
45
Irrigation Councils. ICs are the highest authority of water users' organizations and
acts as the Executive and Administrative Authorities in each wadi (riverbed).
Strengthening water users' institutions and cultivating the enabling environment for change was
seen a s an i mportant i mperative t o W UAs s ustainability. A pproximately 20 pe rcent of t otal
project co sts w ere d irected t owards b uilding t he cap acities an d cap abilities o f W ater U sers
Organizations. This has led to:
Capacity enhancement interventions t ailored t o W UAs ne eds. A total of 3200
trainees were provided 8053 training days in technical, financial administrative skills
such as:
o finance, administration and O&M.
o planning and budgeting for their operations.
o building their own data-base.
o communication.
Farmers Design Committee. Farmers were given the opportunity to co-design and co-
implement contracts. The FDC served to transfer skills and know-how to water users.
The approach has contributed to:
o Creating and operationalizing 32 farmers design committees.
o Implementing 1 89 c ommunities' p rojects for t otal c ontracts a mounting to
US$1,366,320. This includes 10% of farmers' contribution to the projects'
total civil work cost.
o Identifying irrigation problem and prioritizing those problems.
o Designing, implementing mode and cost-sharing arrangements with the WUA
Board of Directors.
o Collaborating with PIU in preparing detailed designs and cost estimates for
completion of total canals within the working area of the WUA.
Operation & M aintenance w ork. Irrigation s takeholders i n t he t wo wadis ha ve
participated in the IIP design, cost-sharing, and implementation stages. As a result:
o Wadi Zabid and Wadi Tuban WUAs have been working closely with the
project implantation units (PIUs).
o Zabid WUAs have contributed YR9,503,000 towards O&M total costs.
This amount represents 71% of the last five years O&M total costs.
o Tuban WUAs have contributed YR10, 358.891 towards O&M total costs.
This amount represents 76% of the last five years O&M total cost.
o The IIP prepared an O&M manual to assist the principal users in order to
operate the irrigation system effectively.
o The principal users have also benefited from extensive training on how to
use this manual and how to implement it.
Community-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System. To maintain sustainability, the
IIP ensured that ICs closely monitor the performance of the WUAs. The project has
established three broad performance indicators: (i) institutional, (ii) financial, and (iii)
technical.
46
Challenges:
In absence of advance planning and adequate transitional arrangements upon project
completion, pr oject s taffs, W UAs a nd ICs w ill pa y hu ge c osts s uch as: pr oject
professional and support staffs working without salary for more than three months.
This seems to have been the case upon IIP operation termination.
Planning ahead on time on how to sustain the best of the project staff and institutional
memory is c ritical a nd s hould n ot b e u ndermined a s it ma y r esult to lo ss o f
experienced and passionate staff.
The tendency of different organizations with potential to protect their turf and cause
transitional difficulties must be discussed and prevented a head of time.
Lesson Learned:
The advancement of the PIM concept into the IIP project process prompted the GOY
to create enabling legal and institutional environments.
If appropriate training is given and organizational capacity is built community level
organizations can serve as reliable and natural development partners.
Cost-sharing a rrangement i s i mportant f or i ncreasing be neficiary ow nership a nd
accountability.
PMU and PIU staffs with deep understanding of local needs and culture can cement
trust and collaboration between project and project beneficiaries.
DCA Amendments and closing date extensions
In August 2003, the DCA was amended to permit the following improvements under
Component A:
a) Rehabilitation of existing service and access roads connecting the project-served villages
and market places within the project area;
b) Community participation: Permitting civil works less than US$10,000 per contract, and up
to an aggregate amount not exceeding US$1,200,000, to be executed directly through the
respective WUAs; and
c) Shopping of small works: Permitting works costing less than US$30,000 per contract, up
to an aggregate not exceeding US$500,000, to be procured under lump-sum, fixed-price
contracts a warded on t he ba sis of quot ations obt ained f rom t hree qu alified dom estic
contractors in response to a written invitation.
47
In November 2005, the DCA was amended and the closing date extended from June 30,
2006 to June 30, 2007.
Part of the DCA/PAD APL1 milestones were amended to tackle the delays encountered due to
previously-unforeseen externalities (e.g., abnormal droughts in Tuban), as follows:
a) Permitting that civil works (under Component A) to be done on s econdary and tertiary
canals (thus in addition to primary-canal and headwork levels per the original DCA);
b) Clarifying the aforementioned community contracts (% expenditures to be financed is:
60% by IDA, 30% by beneficiary farmers in cash or in kind, and 10% by the GOY); and
c) The milestones for moving to APL II were amended to stipulate that the transfer of O&M
(being a disbursement condition in the original DCA) is only needed at the secondary and
tertiary canals rather than also at the main canals (per the original DCA: Section 4.07).
The r eason i s t hat t he main can als ( as o pposed t o t ertiary and s econdary canals) a re
deemed public infrastructure, hence warranting much less engagement or cost sharing by
the end users.
These a mendments he lped i ncrease ow nership at t he c ommunity l evel a nd he lped expedite
completing the civil works in the spate component and the progress of ADP Component, by
allowing the WUAs established by the project to administer executing small contracts (less than
US$10,000, with an aggregate sum not exceeding US$1.2 million).
In June 2007, the DCA was re-amended and the closing date was re-extended from June
30, 2007 to December 2008 in order to:
a) Ensure completing the civil works; and
b) Utilize the uncommitted IDA funds (due to project cost savings) in piloting fresh ideas for
cross-sectoral conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in Yemen coastal plains. Based
on an extensive comparative study a third wadi, "Wadi Ahwar" in southern Yemen was
elected for utilizing these funds in executing urgent flood-protection and water-supply
works and in undertaking a major feasibility study for wadi-wide interventions.
In anticipation of i ntroducing t he r ecently-approved W SSP ( 2009-2014), t he a forementioned
second extension of IIP was perceived by GOY and IDA as a "b ridging phase", rather than a
full-fledged APL II. The IIP's full-fledged APL II phase will defacto be subsumed under the
recently-approved WSSP.
Identification of the origins of the cost savings as estimated by MAI at mid-2007:
As of t he IIP-APL1 e ffectiveness i n J anuary 2 001, t here ha s be en pr oject s avings i n IDA
commitments, which are estimated to reach about US$3.5 million by the current closing date
(end June FY07). The origins of the savings have been as follows:
48
a) Savings in goods and equipments due to obtaining gates from a Japanese grant rather than
from the IIP credit, and due to technical efficiency savings as well as savings obtained
from local (as opposed to international) procurement. To effect these savings, Category 1
of the credit proceeds has been revised from SDR 2.4 million (at original DCA) to SDR
0.9 million;
b) Savings i n P roject m anagement C osts7 (Category 4): f rom S DR 1 .5 m illion to S DR
400,000; and
c) Utilization of the unallocated category: reduced from SDR 1.6 million to SDR 200,000.
Corresponding to the aforementioned IDA savings, the GoY additionally contributed US$0.34
million (e.g., about 9% of the total).
Additions to project description per the DCA amendment 2007:
The IDA savings (plus GOY co-financing) have been utilized through a 18-month extension
phase, to jumpstart irrigation modernization and cross-sectoral conjunctive use facilities of water
resources management in Wadi Ahwar. This addition did not involve any changes to the PDOs
nor to the associated outcome targets. On basis of a comparative, multi-criteria feasibility study
(performed under Yemen IIP APL1), "Wadi Ahwar" has been elected for utilizing the funds
saved from the current APL1. According to the study, around US$3.5 million out of the APL1-
IDA saved funds, in addition to GOY co-financing of US$0.34 million (9% of total), were to be
utilized through the 18-month extension phase. An extension to the closing date from June 30,
2007 to December 31, 2008 deemed necessary to utilize the IDA savings and also to completed a
few of the pending civil work contracts.
Table 2.2: Number of Contracts Executed by the IIP from 2001 to 2008
Type of Contract Prior-Review Contracts Post-Review Contracts Total
Goods (all Components A to
C) 6 18 24
Consultancy Services
(all Components A to C) 14 12 26
Works (Component A) 23 8 31
Total 43 38 81
IIP as a "Process" Project (the non-infrastructural outputs)
Formulation of Water-User Organizations toward Cost Sharing
The IIP w as ar ticulated ar ound t he P articipatory Irrigation M anagement ( PIM) co ncept. T he
project prompted the GOY to create enabling legal and institutional environments to establish
7 Expenditures incurred by PMU and the PIUs on account of utility charges, rent for office space, maintenance of
vehicles, fuel, office supplies, banking charges, communication services, audit costs, travel costs, salaries and labor
costs and other consumables but excluding salaries of officials of the Borrower.
49
two main irrigation-user organizations: WUAs and ICs. Each WUA is in charge of implementing
PIM in its respective irrigation command area.
The W UA w ould: ( i) pr ovide r eliable a nd s ustainable i rrigation s ervices, ( ii) pe rform
maintenance a nd r ehabilitation; ( iii) c ollect f ees f rom b eneficiaries; and ( iv) d evelop th e
capability for self-reliant O&M. At later, more advanced stages, ICs were established in both
Wadi Zabid and Wadi Tuban with potent representation from the WUAs. The ICs act as the High
Executive and Administrative Authorities in each wadi (riverbed). The ICs are responsible for:
(i) applying th e IC's b y-laws a nd imp lementing its e xecutive p rocedures; ( ii) c oordinating
activities be tween government a uthorities t hat c ontinue t o be i n c harge o f O &M of he ad
works/primary canals and the WUAs in charge of O&M of the secondary and tertiary systems;
(iii) protecting water-user rights and resolving conflicts and pending issues; and (iv) monitoring
the s ocial, f inancial, a nd t echnical p erformance o f W UAs. T he ICs r epresent t he l ocal
government, W UAs, and t he M AI (through i ts R egional D evelopment A uthority/Agriculture
Office).
The project initiated the PIM approach through undertaking a comprehensive awareness program
to inculcate the concept of PIM in farmers' minds and to clarify the roles and responsibilities of
irrigation beneficiaries within their representative user groups. The program targeted all relevant
stakeholders, including farmers (owners, sharecroppers, and tenants), government officials, and
local councils. As a result of the program, informal WUGs were formulated at the onset, which
later metamorphosed into formal WUAs. ICs were formed at an advanced stage of IIP. The
project th en d eveloped v arious tr aining activities to b uild th e ma nagerial a nd te chnical
capabilities of the WUAs and ICs.
PIM called for farmers' participation in overall project activities starting from decision-making
to completion of the rehabilitation and improvement works, as well as farmers' contribution of
10 percent of investment costs in kind. Thereafter, farmers would take over responsibility and
financing for the O&M of secondary and tertiary canals.
IIP's Approach to Community Cost-Sharing of Off-Farm Investments
For the investment/rehabilitation works, as mentioned earlier, the IIP introduced an in-kind cost-
sharing approach through community-implemented contracts. To enable low-income farmers to
share the capital costs of the project, IIP divided civil works into two categories:
a) Priority works to be fully financed by the project (government funds and loans). These
works include feeder roads and flood/environmental protection works, which are deemed
public goods outside the canal system and thus require no earmarked user fees; and
b) Participatory works, r equiring 10 p ercent of farmers' c ontribution t o r ehabilitation/
improvement capital costs. This percentage was agreed between the project government
team an d f armer r epresentatives ( initially t he W UGs; ev entually t he WUAs). F armers
were allowed to contribute this percentage in kind: labor and material. In this arrangement,
each W UA would i mplement 1�2 s mall c ommunity c ontract(s) up t o US$10,000 pe r
contract t o a n a ggregate U S$1.4 m illion pe r pr oject. T o p ersuade i rrigation e nd-
beneficiaries to contribute 10 percent in kind, the project guaranteed that the unit rates of
50
the contracts awarded to WUAs would be 30 percent cheaper than those implemented by
the national/regional contractors. (These rates otherwise would have embodied significant
profit m argins f or t he WUA-contractors.) T his pe rcentage t hereby r epresents t he t otal
contribution from end-beneficiaries and, intrinsically, from the WUA-contractors.
Farmers' Response to Joining WUAs and Sharing Capital Costs
One major incentive for farmers to join WUAs was to vest the farmers with the authority to co-
design and c o-implement s pate s ubprojects. D ue t o pa st, pe rsistent c entralized s ubsidies of
irrigation in Yemen, farmers at first felt little incentive to buy in to the idea of forming WUAs
under the project, especially since spate irrigation depends on erratic floodwater that is becoming
ever more scarce and less predictable.
However, through IIP's public awareness program, many farmers have come forward and joined
the WUAs. The farmers pay subscription and annual fees and play an active role in selecting the
types of irrigation structures needed and contributing to subsequent implementation/supervision
of civil works contracts.
Farmers became more interested after they were vested with the right to participate in decision-
making and (as explained above) to directly implement small contracts in which they would cost-
share t he r ehabilitation and i mprovement works. The project's C redit Agreement i ncluded a
prerequisite that civil works could not start before establishing the respective WUAs.
Farmers also exhibited willingness to share costs of on-farm improvements after the project
evidenced i mproved yields a nd pr ofits. T he A DP de monstrated t he i mproved i rrigation a nd
agronomic practices at the on-farm level. The demonstrations were conducted with 360 farmers
and 590 f armers at W adis Zabid and Tuban, r espectively. An additional 1500 f armers were
involved in the associated awareness campaigns. As a result of the various on-farm interventions,
some crop yields increased up to 100 percent. In a "Rapid Appraisal Survey" conducted by IIP in
March 2005, farmers rated the overall outcome of ADP as highly satisfactory. They expressed
willingness to share 25 percent and 50 percent of the on-farm costs of improved technologies for
the spate and tube-well demonstrations, respectively.
Backstopping the WUAs and Tackling PIM Implementation Difficulties
The project provided the needed training and necessary administrative, financial, and technical
backstopping to WUAs. Primarily due to their weak legal and financial status at start-up, WUAs
experienced v arious obstacles in actualizing their roles. These difficulties called for cr eating
options to empower the WUAs in carrying out the community contracts. For instance, it proved
difficult f or th e W UAs to is sue b ank/commercial g uarantees f or th e community contracts.
Alternatively, they were permitted to issue guarantee letters endorsed by the governors.
Backstopping the WUAs included the following activities:
a) A training program has been carried out for each WUA Board of Directors and for their
Auditing a nd Inspection C ommittees t o e nable t hem t o unde rstand t he l egal s tatus,
51
objectives, and administration/financial management of O&M activities. The emphasis has
been sustainable O&M;
b) Irrigation Management Transfer ( IMT) Agreements were prepared in Arabic and were
endorsed by the governors;
c) The project team has trained the WUAs' construction managers on contracting procedures
as well as procedures covered in the Project Operations Manual;
d) The W UA r epresentatives ha ve p articipated i n t hree w orkshops at t he r egional and
national levels on institutional assessment of the irrigation sector; and
e) The dr aft b ylaws f or e stablishing t he ICs ha ve be en a pproved b y t he project's i nter-
ministerial Steering Committee, thus hastening the establishment of an IC for each of the
two wadis.
Approximately 30 working papers and operational manuals have been prepared by the training
consultants for the project's PIM component.
The cost of training and WUA-backstopping in the IIP has been considerable, amounting to
approximately 20 percent of total project costs. The GOY could seek to scale up the PIM concept
after the completion of Bank-supported projects. If so, the GOY would need to secure financing
for such software-type investments from the sovereign resources allocated to rural extension and
research. From i nternational e xperience, t his i s de emed on e of t he examples f or "virtuous"
subsidies t hat a " lean-and-mean" g overnment ( as oppos ed t o t he p rivate s ector or e nd-
beneficiaries) could shoulder.
Status and O&M Roles of WUAs/ICs, and Expected Progress
Promising r esults ha ve be en obs erved t hus f ar a s i rrigation s takeholders i n t he t wo w adis
participated in the IIP design, cost-sharing, and implementation stages.
All WUAs in Wadi Zabid and Wadi Tuban have been established and become fully operational
with a ctive boa rds of di rectors, pr oper bookke eping, a nd ba nk accounts. T he W UAs ha ve
worked closely with the PMUs and the project consultants during the design and implementation
of t he r ehabilitation a nd i mprovement a ctivities. A s pa rt of t he W UAs, F armer D esign
Committees (FDCs) have been elected (with the facilitation of existing Farmers' Organizations,
or FOs) to determine priority ranking of rehabilitation needs and to participate in their design.
The W UAs ha ve e fficiently be en i mplementing t he pa rticipatory contracts ( section 2.2 ) a nd
signing IMT Agreements for all secondary and tertiary canals. More importantly, they started to
contribute to O&M costs of the secondary/tertiary system (as it has been agreed that the O&M
costs of the main system be shouldered by the GOY). The IIP has prepared an O&M manual
including a detailed inventory of required O&M items and a description of how WUAs could
prepare O &M p lans/budgets and co llect O &M f ees. T he W UAs h ave b een at tending an
extensive training program on how to use this manual and how to implement it. Thus far, WUAs
52
have been collecting user fees for heavy-equipment rentals to carry out immediate O&M of the
secondary/tertiary c anals. T he f ees c ollected are de posited i n W UAs'ba nk a ccounts a nd
disbursed out of these accounts. Thus far, O&M fees are collected ad hoc since O&M of the IIP-
introduced w orks ha ve not be en f ully h anded over t o t he t wo ICs a nd t o t he r egional l ine
agencies. H owever, i t i s r eported t hat f armers a re pa ying t heir c ontributions a nd t hat t he
collection process is transparent.
The ICs also have started to hold regular meetings and discuss issues related to water rights and
water di stribution. T he r ole of t he W UAs a nd t he ICs w ill be come m ore obvi ous a fter
completion of the rehabilitation/improvement works. One sign of WUAs' effectiveness in Wadi
Zabid was that they managed to persuade powerful farmers to restore canal cross-sections and
to remove the control works that they had unilaterally, subjectively placed in the canals to extend
their irrigated areas.
To summarize, thus far, IIP has been deemed a successful "process" project, in testing and
scaling up the PIM concept. The beneficiaries formed grassroots-level WUAs and wadi-level ICs
that have been successfully:
a) Participating in decision-making and in selecting design options;
b) Contributing to capital investment costs and to implementation of civil-work contracts;
and
c) Gradually t aking ove r responsibilities f or t he r ecurrent f inancing a nd O &M of t he
secondary and tertiary systems.
The viability of this "process" project is to be assessed based on its far-reaching impacts. They
include f inancial s ustainability; na tural-resource-base s ustainability; r eduction of avoidable
transaction and overhead costs; and piloting, transferring, and scaling up best practices. Most of
the off-farm rehabilitation and improvement activities are in progress. Thus, it is too early to
draw conclusions on t he quality of irrigation services provided by ICs/WUAs, as opposed to
those previously provided by corresponding government entities.
Community-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System
To m aintain s ustainability, t he IIP e nsured t hat ICs c losely m onitor t he pe rformance of t he
WUAs. T he pr oject ha s e stablished t hree br oad pe rformance i ndicators: ( a) i nstitutional, ( b)
financial, and (c) technical.
a) Institutional performance indicators include: ( i) r epresentation ( percentage o f f armers
subscribing for membership of each WUA); (ii) transparency and accountability (whether
the chair and members of the WUA executive body were properly elected; whether the
executive body meets and produces minutes of meetings; whether WUAs members are
being timely informed of the executive body decisions; whether WUAs adopted proper
Internal Rules and Regulations and bookkeeping concerning managerial, financial, and
53
technical as pects); an d (iii) au thority ( the d egree t o w hich W UAs h ave t he p ower t o
execute their decisions);
b) Financial performance indicators m onitor w hether W UAs a re w illing and a ble t o
collect/receive adequate funds to cover O&M and whether WUAs maintain proper bank
accounts and accounting records; and
c) Technical performance indicators monitor whether WUA members master the O&M and
supervision plans and are well informed of their foreseen costs.
However, WUAs and ICs needed to be further empowered to fully undertake the M&E, and ICs
may need to be bottom-up rather than top-down entities. This can be done under the recently-
approved WSSP.
The Water Law enacted in 2003 enunciated that WUAs and ICs need to be established and need
to contribute to the Wadi Integrated Water Management Plans, which are adopted by the GOY.
With t echnical ba ckstopping f rom t he r egional l ine a gencies and l ocal a uthorities/councils,
WUAs a nd ICs ne ed t o g radually t ake ove r t he r ole of ove rseeing s ervice pr ovision a nd
facilitating the application of water-related incentives and regulations. They also can be entrusted
with more monitoring/benchmarking roles in coordination with the regional line agencies, and
with more enforcement roles in coordination with local authorities.
Nonetheless, the best alternative for a monitoring/benchmarking/planning body would be the
technical secretariat of a basin committee. The basin committee would be based on hydrological
boundaries. Its bo ard would be composed of water-user groups/federations, local authorities,
local line agencies, and NGOs. This composition would reduce the immense forgone resource-
economic costs posed by the administrative boundaries; and would limit the transaction costs
posed by assigning monitoring/benchmarking roles to mono-user water groups.
54
ANNEX 3: Economic and Financial Analysis
Table 3.1: Summary of Benefits and Costs
Activities Financial Analysis Economic Analysis
(Million YR) (Million US$) (Million YR) (Million US$)
PAD - Net Present Value * n/a n/a 234 1.2
PAD - Internal Rate of Return n/a 11.2%
ICR - Net Present Value * 823 4.1 1,432 7.2
ICR - Internal Rate of Return 12.6% 16.6%
* At 10% discount Rate.
A. Background
The IIP was designed for ensuring sustainable water resource management in both Wadi Tuban
(in Lahej Governorate) and Wadi Zabid (in Hodeidah Governorate), contributing to increase
agricultural production, household incomes and food security in the project areas. Sustainable
and efficient water conveyance, distribution and use in the two irrigation schemes would be
achieved t hrough t he rehabilitation, i mprovement a nd pr otection of t he s pate i rrigation
infrastructure, covering an area of 26,000 ha, and institutional changes based on the concept of
participative ir rigation management (PIM). In p arallel, a n in tensive on-farm d emonstration
program w ould e nhance t he e conomic vi ability of t he p roposed w orks, i mproving t he
sustainability of agriculture by increasing the capacity of farmers to self-finance and manage the
O&M of the system. Beneficiaries were expected to be 27,000 mostly poor households (150,000
people) of farmers, farm workers and their families whose livelihood depend on the 26,000 ha of
net command areas in both wadis.
The PAD estimated the Economic Rate of Return (ERR) of the IIP at 11.2% and the Net Present
Value (NPV) at US$ 1.17 million considering 10% as the discount rate. The analysis was carried
out for both Tuban and Zabid wadis showing ERRs of 9.6% and 12.9% respectively. Estimations
were based on flows calculated for both the "with" and "without" project scenarios. Conversion
Factors (CF) were used for correcting financial prices for the economic evaluation. Financial
impact on farmers was also analyzed based on crop budgets and farm models prepared for both
wadis. Farmers incomes would increase as a result of an intensification of agricultural production
(increase in both yields and cropping intensity) and the average incremental incomes per ha of
net command area was expected to reach about US$50 and US$56 in Tuban and Zabid areas,
respectively.
The impact of the project in some of its dimensions (environmental, social, and institutional) is
difficult to me asure p roperly at th is e arly s tage, when imp lementation is ju st c ompleted.
However, the adopted methodology for this ICR assessment, as in the PAD, was to conduct a
cost-benefit analysis based mainly on the direct increased agricultural production resulting from
the project investments, mainly from: (i) the expansion of the irrigated area as a result of the
rehabilitation of the spate irrigation structures to reach areas were water was not available, and
the s upporting i nfrastructure ( mainly r ehabilitation a nd pa vement of r oads) w hich he lped t o
55
create a n enhanced e nvironment f or de velopment; a nd ( ii) t he a doption of ne w p roduction
technologies through the IPP financed on-farm Agricultural Development Program (ADP). Non-
quantified expected benefits expected and mentioned in the PAD included: (i) production shifts
to higher value crops; (ii) increased value of land; (iii) increases of groundwater recharge; (iv)
improved equity in water distribution and hence, in income; (v) prevention of rural emigration
through creation of job opportunities for the landless; (vi) improved food security in poor areas
suffering from malnutrition; and (vii) savings in transportation costs (improved roads)
B. The ICR new assessment
Sources of production data. In order to characterize and calibrate the productive situation in
both project areas, an assessment of the impact of the ADP was conducted in October 2007 by an
external consultant, in collaboration with the Agricultural Research Authority (ARA) and the
Public Corporation for Agricultural Services (PCAS)8. The findings of this study were updated
during the ICR mission with a rapid follow-up of a sub-sample of 28 farmers selected from the
177 originally cases sampled in the Zabid valley. The mission also conducted a two-day field
visit to the Zabid project area.
Prices. World Bank commodity price forecasts from March 2009 w ere used to estimate 2008
constant economic prices of traded inputs and outputs. Given that the Yemen Rial is determined
in the open market, and trade restrictions are not significant, it was assumed that domestic prices
in general tend to correspond to border economic values. The only case in which a significant
distortion was perceived in the market prices with respect to border prices was with sorghum
grain, for which a CF of 0.6 was applied for the economic analysis. Shadow prices for rural labor
were estimated at 70% of the prevailing market wage rate, while for skilled labor, the market rate
was assumed to reflect its opportunity cost. While the project would increase on-farm and off-
farm employment in the project areas, unemployment and under-employment are not expected to
vary significantly. Financial prices were equated to economic prices in the case of other tradable
and all non-tradable goods and a standard conversion factor of unity was applied toward the
project's economic costs and benefits.
Analysis Framework. The financial viability of the IIP investments was analyzed within the
framework of the most common production systems in the project areas and considering small
and medium size family households in the highlands, midlands and lowlands. Financial prices at
the farm gate were used in calculation of costs and revenues, as perceived in the survey and field
visits. Input and output prices were set at 2008 constant values, as was the real exchange rate,
throughout the 20 year time horizon used in the analysis (2001 � 2020). The financial discount
rate was assumed to be 10%.
Yields. The following Table 3.2 shows the average yields obtained in the main cultivated crops
in t he pr oject a reas, b oth b y A DP a nd c ontrol f armers, a s s een i n t he f ield s urveys a nd
observations. From the surveys it appeared that between 20 and 30% of the farmers had adopted
the m ost r elevant i nnovations di sseminated b y t he A DP. A lthough i t i s e xpected t hat t he
8Assessment Study of the Impact of Agricultural Demonstrations Program on Production and Income in Zabid and
Tuban Valleys (Final Report), Dr. Khaled Qasim Qaid, October 2007.
56
adoption rate will continue in the next years, for the sake of a conservative estimation of project
benefits, it was assumed that only about 30% of the farms would increase yields by adopting the
project promoted technologies.
Table 3.2: Observed Crop Yields With and Without ADP (2007 � Survey)
Zabid Tuban
Crops Control ADP farms Control ADP farms
farms farms
Cotton 1, 160 1,750 1,265 1,860
Sorghum Grain 600 820 630 840
Sorghum Fodder 7,400 9,150 6,550 8,480
Maize 800 1,350 770 1220
Sesame 625 985 540 800
Watermelon 10, 000 15,500 8,120 11,320
Okra 5, 800 8,500 6,260 10,220
Tomato 11,200 18,800 11, 200 17, 450
Onion 14,100 27,050 15, 780 24, 700
Mango 12,700 22,300 14, 460 27, 170
Banana 22, 250 33,600 - -
Crop Budgets. The financial impact on farmers'income was analyzed with the help of detailed
crop budgets and farm models illustrative of typical farming situations in both wadis. Models
and budge ts w ere de veloped us ing FARMOD software. C rop bud gets w ere bui lt w ith t he
information obtained in the original and updating surveys, and through field observations (Tables
1- 12 in project files). They detail the representative partial budgets involved in each major crop,
including: (i) crop yields and inputs used per ha, both in the pre-existing technology (without the
project) and when the new technologies and spate irrigation conditions were introduced (with the
project); and (ii) t he financial bud get resulting from t he ph ysical quantities of products and
inputs, and the market (financial) prices received by farmers for their production, or paid by
them for the required inputs and services.
Average crop budget for the two project wadis show the "with" and "without" project scenarios
based on t he results obt ained f rom t he 2007 and 2009 upda ting S urveys. Twenty four crop
models (12 for each wadi) and 3 farm models were constructed to estimate the financial impact
of t he pr oject a t t he b eneficiaries' l evel. T he f ollowing T able 3.3 s how t he m ain r esults
indicators derived from the Wadi Zabid crop models detailed in Tables 1 t o 12 i n the project
files.
57
Table 3.3: Main Indicators for Crop Model Results in Wadi Zabid
Crop Gross Revenue Input Costs Labor Costs Net Income
2003 2007 2003 2007 2003 2007 2003 2007
Cotton 125.6 181.1 75.9 91. 2 30. 8 36.4 18.9 53.5
Sorghum Grain 156.0 220.4 38.6 49. 3 28. 7 30.8 88.7 140.3
Sorghum Fodder 131.4 163.8 28.5 49. 5 35. 1 39.2 67.8 75.1
Maize 103.0 160.0 22.1 22. 2 29. 4 26.6 51.5 111.2
Sesame 100.0 157.6 19.4 22. 8 23. 1 23.1 57.5 111.7
Tomato 784.0 1,316.0 286.4 344. 8 116. 2 138.6 381.4 832.6
Watermelon 400. 0 620.0 160.3 194.3 28.0 35.7 211.7 390.0
Okra 348. 0 510.0 170.3 163.7 93.9 90.3 83.8 256.0
Mango 762. 0 1,098.0 563.4 736.3 93.5 108.1 105.1 253.7
Banana 667. 5 1,008.0 492.4 688.0 67.2 176.4 107.9 143.6
Land use. Due to the long deferred maintenance of the flood control and spate irrigation systems
in Zabid and Tuban, most of the structures were not operating and water rarely reached the farms
outside the highlands. In 2003 l ess than 12,000 ha were irrigating with spate water (in Tuban
7,720 ha and in Zabid 4,234 ha). Land use intensity was only about 40% of the agricultural land
in the command areas. With the rehabilitation of the systems and the participatory irrigation
management (PIM) approach induced by the IIP, the spate irrigation system is now serving two
times the land irrigated before rehabilitation. The physical improvements, as well as the WUAs
induced management, are now resulting in more evenly distributed spate water, reducing the
concentration o f t he r esource i n w ell l ocated ar eas o f w ealthier f armers. N ow, w ater f lows
downstream were the poor are concentrated. Improvements are also preventing bursting of flood
water when the existing earthen ogmas were destroyed. As shown in the following Table 3.4, in
Zabid, besides an increase of irrigated area from 4,271 ha to 10,852 ha, there is a significant
increase in higher value crops (banana and mango) which mean that now, as water is secured,
there is more value produced per drop of water. In Tuban, the expansion of irrigated area went
almost entirely to a low value crop as sorghum fodder or grain.
Table 3.4: Spate Irrigated Areas in the Project Areas in 2003 and 2007
Wadi Zabid Wadi Tuban
Crops Before IIP After IIP Before IIP After IIP
2003 2007 2003 2007
Cotton 250 200 559 743
Sorghum Grain 1,300 3,100 250 1,000
Sorghum Fodder 500 2,006 6,564 10,806
Maize 170 600 - -
Sesame 170 700 267 439
Watermelon 174 100 - 6
Okra 200 200 - 19
Tomato 31 36 70 102
Onion 6 10 50 60
Mango 700 1,300 80 137
Banana 770 2,600 - -
TOTAL 4, 271 10,852 7,840 13,312
58
Aggregate Benefits. T he r esulting i ncremental a gricultural pr oduction c osts a nd be nefits
obtained at the wadi l evel were aggregated in both scenarios: "with" and "without" project,
according to the evolving importance of each production activity. It was conservatory assumed
that no f urther significant changes in yields, planted areas and/or cropping patterns will occur
until 2020. In addition, as was done in the original PAD's economic and financial analysis, other
non-agricultural evident benefits were not quantified, as those benefits mentioned in paragraph 3
above. The aggregation of the agricultural incremental production and related costs, provide a
very conservative ove rall e stimate of t he pr oject ne t be nefits t o be c ompared w ith t he IIP
investment costs.
Project cost9 has been about US$28.4 million, of which beneficiaries' contribution was US$0.3
million, the GOY contributing with US$4.2 million and the IDA credit financing about US$23,9
million. The costs (US$ 1.5 m illion) and benefits of the IIP investments in Wadi Ahwar � not
included in the original IIP design - were excluded from the ICR economic and financial analysis
because there was no time for: (i) the preliminary results to begin to show up as the works was
concluded at the end of the implementation period; and (ii) the ICR team to process the scarce
information available.
C. Economic and Financial Results
Financial Results. At the farm level, benefits and costs were analyzed in both scenarios in order
to measure the financial impact of the project at the beneficiaries' level, based on the incremental
net family revenue of these household models. Table 3.5 s hows the main indicators for Wadi
Zabid and the details are presented in Tables 13 to 15 in the project files. Typical small and
medium size farms have increased their income in about 45 to 89% depending on the farm size
and l ocation ( lowlands, m idlands or hi ghlands). T he i ncreased i ncome r esulted f rom a
combination of vertical and horizontal expansion of the farm, due to spate water being made
available more frequently and to a 30 t o 40% adoption rate of the technological innovations
disseminated by the IIP ADP as verified by the impact assessment study.
Table 3.5: IIP Impact over the Beneficiaries' Income in Wadi Zabid
Farm Model Household Benefits
Without IIP With IIP Income Increase
Small Farm in Lowlands 243,000 459,000 89%
Small Farm in Midlands 323,000 467,000 45%
Medium Farm in Highlands 344,000 628,000 83%
9
Goods cost: US$1.1 million. Civil-work costs: US$7.12 million, US$5.45 million, US$1.6 million, and US$1.3
million for Zabid, Tuban, Ahwar, and WUA contracts respectively. Flood control costs: US$1.15 million, US$0.26
million and US$1.0 million for Zabid, Tuban and Ahwar, respectively. Roads rehab costs: US$1.5 million and
US$0.8 million for Zabid and Tuban, respectively.
59
From investment in rehabilitation of existing spate structures and works in the wadis, benefits
expected originally from a modest crop yield increase (2%) due to the rapid speed with which
spate flows would be able to move from one part of the scheme to the next after rehabilitation;
and from moderate expansion (10 percent in Zabid and 35 percent in Tuban) in irrigated areas
based on improved management of surface water. According to the PAD, beneficiaries' incomes
would be i ncreased b y onl y U S$50 t o U S$5 per ha i n T uban a nd Z abid c ommand a reas,
respectively. E stimations de rived f rom t he f arm m odels pr esented a bove s how t hat i ncome
increases per ha reached more than US$460 per ha in all models indicating that the impact has
exceeded several times what was originally expected.
Project Economic Analysis. As can be seen in Table 6 the overall economic rate of return of the
project was estimated by the ICR team at 16.6%. Using a discount rate of 10 percent, the project
NPV is YR 1,432 million (US$7.2 million). In calculating the ERR for the project about 5% of
project costs diverted to improvements in Wadi Ahwar were excluded as it is early to quantify
benefits. Economic benefits for 95% of the IIP investments were mainly obtained from: (i) the
significant expansion of the irrigated areas in both wadis that were increased from 12,000 ha to
24,000 ha (100% far more than expected at appraisal); (ii) the increased diversification towards
higher value fruit crops (mainly mango and banana) in the Wadi Zabid, from about 1,500 ha to
4,000 ha; and (iii) the significant increase in crop productivity coming from the adoption of new
production t echnologies i nduced b y t he pr oject A DP de monstration f ields. In s um, m ore
adequate and secure water delivery and improved technology.
Regional Economic Analysis. From the analysis of the separated valley analysis, the results
shown by both wadis are similar but not the same. They are both positive but in a different
degree: Zabid reaches an ERR of 18.4% while Tuban shows only 14.2%. What determines the
difference in the economic results is mainly the strong crop diversification process observed after
rehabilitation in Wadi Zabid towards higher value fruit crops (mango and banana area grew from
1,470 ha to 3,900 ha) which are more intensive crops in the use of capital and labor than the
traditional sorghum that still occupies about ninety percent of the Wadi Tuban command area.
.
Sustainability of project benefits is expected to be high, given that the increase in spade water
availability and use efficiencies, together with the PIM approach introduced by the project. The
strong dynamic attitude shown by WUAs assuming the O&M of the system infrastructure is
already having a significant effect on the spate water service delivery and as a consequence on
farmers' incomes. It is expected that with the formal transfer of O&M responsibilities to the
WUAs, t he m ore e fficient a nd r esponsive m anagement of t he s pate w ater di version a nd
distribution i nfrastructure w ould a lso a llow f or a m ore s ustainable us e a nd l ife of t he
groundwater resources in both valleys, since the IIP monitoring wells are beginning to show
significant recuperation of the water table.
60
Table 3.6: Project Summary
ECONOMIC BUDGET (AGGREGATED) Without
(In YR Million) Project
1 to 20 1 5 10 15 18 to 20
Main Production
Grains 150 150 232 471 471 471
Mango 603 603 627 764 1,278 1,743
Banana 514 514 567 2,359 2,359 2,359
Other 107 107 118 139 139 139
Vegetables 138 138 134 145 145 145
Forage 924 924 1,196 1,914 1,914 1,914
Sub-total Main Production 2,435 2,435 2,874 5,793 6,306 6,771
Production Cost
Investment - - 24 152 - -
Operating 1,745 1,745 1,977 4,057 4,444 4,614
Sub-Total Production Cost 1,745 1,745 2,002 4,209 4,444 4,614
Other Costs
Improvement of Spate Irrigation Infrastructure 2 90 985 6 6 6
OUTFLOWS 1,747 1,835 2,986 4,215 4,450 4,620
Cash Flow 688 600 -112 1,577 1,856 2,151
IRR = 16.6%, NPV = 1,432.28
PRODUCTION AND INPUTS (Aggregated)
(In Units Million)
Main Production (In 000 Tons)
Grains 1 1 2 4 4 4
Mango 10 10 10 13 21 29
Banana 17 17 19 79 79 79
Other 23 23 26 29 29 29
Vegetables 3 3 3 3 3 3
Forage 51 51 67 107 107 107
Water Use
Irrigation Pumping (In million m3) 32 32 35 66 70 70
Spate Water (In million m3) 34 34 44 88 88 88
Labor (In million days) 0.687 0.687 0.839 1.616 1.679 1.710
Water Productivity (In YR/m3) 10.3 9.0 -1.4 10.2 11.8 13.6
61
ANNEX 4: Bank Lending and Implementation Support/Supervision Processes
(a) Task Team Members
Responsibility/
Names Title Unit
Specialty
Lending
Supervision/ICR
Ahmed Shawky M. Abdel
Ghany Senior Water Resources Specialist MNSSD
Jamal Abdulla Abdulaziz Senior Procurement Specialist AFTPC
Naji Abu-Hatim Senior Rural Development
Specialist MNSSD
Nabila Ali Al-Mutawakel Program Assistant MNCYE
Josephine Salang Senior Program Assistant MNSSD
Moad M. Alrubaidi Financial Management Specialis MNAFM
Ayman Ibrahim El-Guindy Procurement Specialist MNAPR
Akram Abd El-Aziz Hussein Senior Financial Management
El-Shorbagi Specialist MNAFM
Safa'a Abdulkareem Rawiah Program Assistant MNCYE
Trayambkeshwar P. N. Sinha Lead Operations Officer MNSSD
Wendy E. Wakeman Lead Social Development Specialist MNSSD
Seifu Mehari Social Development Specialist MNSSD ICR only
Juan Morreli Economist (FAO/CP) MNSSD ICR only
Michael Sandoz Irrigation and Drainage Specialist
(FAO/CP) MNSSD ICR only
(b) Staff Time and Cost
Staff Time and Cost (Bank Budget Only)
Stage of Project Cycle US$ Thousands (including
No. of staff weeks
travel and consultant costs)
Lending
FY99 107.40
FY00 60 376.97
FY01 17 49.25
FY02 8 10.12
FY03 1 12.78
FY04 0.00
FY05 0.00
FY06 0.00
FY07 0.00
FY08 0.00
Total: 86 556.52
62
Supervision/ICR
FY99 0.00
FY00 0.11
FY01 6 35.70
FY02 14 73.49
FY03 18 61.92
FY04 28 109.64
FY05 21 101.14
FY06 22 66.25
FY07 29 133.98
FY08 22 96.39
FY09 9 0.00
Total: 169 678.62
63
ANNEX 5: Beneficiary Survey Results
The ICR mission has undertaken three independent beneficiary surveys as follows:
a) A survey to help in working out the project-level economic analysis and the farm-
level financial profitability analysis (i.e., Section 3.3 in the main text and Annex
3);
b) A survey to help figure out the project's impact on gender (Section 3.5(a) in the
main text and Table A5.1 below); and
c) A survey to learn how farmers spent the increased income attributed to the project
and how this improved their wellbeing (Section 3.5(a) in the main text and Table
A5.2 below).
The findings of these surveys are presented in the economic and social assessments under
Sections 3.3 and 3.5(a) respectively and in the below Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
The f ollowing p aragraphs a lso s ummarize t he ot her b eneficiary surveys unde rtaken
throughout the project, of which the results have helped in completing this ICR.
Table 5.1: Independent Quantitative Assessment of the ICR Mission on Role of
Gender
Degree to which women benefited from IIP
No. Farmers names Benefited degree
1 Ali husin Alhendi Fair
2 Fauz Abdu Haroon High
3 Mohamed Saleh Qadib very high
4 Solyman Yahya Mohamed High
5 Saieed Alkonyni Fair
6 Abduallah Mohamed bacheer very high
7 Mahmod Alaidaroos High
8 Mohamed Hamid Saiev High
9 Ahmed Obid Agaach very high
10 Mohamed Salem Mahraqi Fair
11 Mohamed Farag Dawah Poor
12 M ansor Mahraqi High
13 Hasan Mohamed Mahraqi High
14 Naser Galeb Mahrus High
15 M ohamed Khayri Poor
16 S olyman Agach High
17 Hosyin Esa Qadib very high
18 Ahmed Ali Sayaah Fair
19 Eyach Saeid afifi Fair
20 S alem Abdu Mogahed High
64
Degree No. (%)
very high 4 20
High 9 45
Fair 5 25
Poor 2 10
Total 20 100
65
Table 5.2: Independent quantitative assessment of the ICR mission on how the farmers
have spent the increased income attributed to IIP
Send
Buy a new
Buy/rent Build/add Buy a new daughters
house Go for hajj
No Farmer's Name a new land a new house pump/car and sons to
equipment
school
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
1 Ali Husin Alhendi Yes no no yes no yes yes no yes no yes no
2 Fauz Abdu Haroon No yes yes no yes yes yes no yes yes yes no
3 Mohamed Saleh Qadib No no no yes yes yes no no no no no no
4 Solyman yahya Mohamed yes yes no yes no no yes no no no yes yes
5 Saieed Alkonyni no no no yes no yes no no no no no yes
6 Abduallah Mohamed Bacheer no yes yes yes no yes no no no no no no
7 Mahmod Alaidaroos no no yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no yes
8 Mohamed Hamid Saiev yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no yes
9 Ahmed Obid agaach no no no yes no yes no no no no no yes
10 Mohamed Salem Mahraqi no no no yes no yes no no no no no no
11 Mohamed Farag Dawah no no no no no no no yes no no no no
12 Mansor Mahraqi no no no yes no yes no no no yes no no
13 Hasan Mohamed Mahraqi yes no no no no yes no no no no yes no
14 Naser Galeb Mahrus no no no no no yes no no no no no yes
15 Mohamed Khayri no yes no yes no yes yes yes no yes no no
16 Solyman Agach no no no no yes yes no no no no no no
17 Hosyin Esa Qadib no no no yes no yes no no no yes no yes
18 Ahmed Ali Sayaah no no no yes no yes no no no no no no
19 Eyach Saeid Afifi no no no no no yes no no no no no no
20 Salem Abdu Mogahed no no yes no yes yes no no no no no no
66
Basic Social Survey at the beginning of IIP:
A Basic Social Survey was conducted after IPP commencement in order to prioritize farmers
problems and interests, understand the social aspects of spate irrigation, and identify local needs,
which have all informed the design of IIP components, especially the PIM.
Rapid Appraisal Survey conducted in March 2005
Farmers rated the overall outcome of ADP as highly satisfactory. They expressed willingness to
share 25 percent and 50 percent of the on-farm costs of improved technologies for the spate and
tube-well demonstrations, respectively.
Beneficiary Survey on the results of ADP at the end of the project:
To assess the impact of introduced technologies on productivity, dissemination, adaptation, and
farmers' income and family livelihood, the PMU engaged a team of independent consultants to
carry out this assessment, including a b eneficiary survey. T he study validated the incremental
outcomes achieved by the ADP, directly or indirectly, on farmer income and well-being.
Poverty Impacts, Gender Aspects, and Social Development
ICR mission social assessment results are as follows:
Poverty and income impact: The preliminary economic return analysis and discussions with
farmers suggested that there is 50% - 80% increase in farm products which in turn increases
farmers' income at all levels � owner and sharecroppers. If distributed equitably, the increase in
farmers' income might lead to reducing poverty in project area. However, it is important to note
that, farm net income is distributed according to the share holding of each farmer: In Zabid, 2/3
is given to the landlord, 1/3 to the sharecropper. In Tuban, 2/3 is given to sharecroppers and 1/3
to the landlord.
Agricultural Demonstration Program (ADP) component has caused 20,293 farmers to shift from
traditional farming methods to more sustainable and productive farming techniques. So far the
ADP component has:
Enhanced farm productivity, increased farmers' income, expanded their asset bases,
enabled each farmer to make new investments and provided surplus cash that allows
saving for future use.
Increased farm animal production by 40% resulting in increasing farm income to
an average of 96,000 YR per annum.
Increased net income from cotton by an average of 244% in Zabid and 35% in Tuban.
Increased the maize net income by 189% in Zabid.
Increased sorghum crop by substantial amount: an increase of 387% and 300% in
grain in Zabid and Tuban respectively as well as an increase of 468% and 200% in
fodder in Zabid and Tuban respectively.
Increased sesame net income by 28% in Zabid and by 47% in Tuban.
Increased watermelon net income 106% in Zabid.
67
Increased mango crop by 43% in Zabid and 312% in Tuban.
Enabled farmers to invest in housing and building improvements as well as undertake
farm upgrading activities.
Enhanced farmers' ability to acquire new assets such as: a) motorcycles, televisions
sets, furniture, radios, video players and cell phones.
Enabled farmers to plan for investment opportunities, unforeseen emergency matters
� such as family illness, unexpected farm infrastructure repair as well as maintenance
of equipment and house improvements.
Increased education expenditure for school going children as farmers are now able to
buy more text books and other educational material for their children.
Increased m edication s pending a s farmers no w c an a fford t o pur chase m odern
medicines rather than the use of traditional cure approach.
Improved v arieties and quality of f ood a vailable f or hous ehold consumption a nd
thereby enhancing family nutritional intakes.
Gender Impact: The I IP ha s us ed t he P articipatory Irrigation M anagement c oncept t o
incorporate the voice of women in its project design and implementation processes. This has
opened t he oppor tunity for w omen t o pa rticipate i n t he p roject op eration a nd be nefits. T he
project accomplishment in advancing gender equality can be summarized as follows:
Women participation in IIP:
A significant representation of gender amongst beneficiaries is observed particularly
in W adi T uban ( e.g., pa rticipation a s s harecroppers, ha rvesters, a nd l abor w ho
alleviate cropping over-density).
In Tuban, 1,671 women are participating in farming activities and in elections process
of WUAs leaders. Women beneficiaries represent 20% of the total farmers.
Wadi-Tuban WUAs have hosted gender awareness programs for the general public
particularly targeting women and children within their WUAs. This has significantly
shaped women's role participation in farm activities.
Women are now occupying management position in WUAs.
Women are given the role of training specialists which mirrors the multifaceted roles
of gender in the project.
The project has also partnered with the Rural Women Development Department of
MAI in Wadi Tuban and encouraged and fostered WUAs women engagement into
various agricultural activities including: animal husbandry and wide range of micro-
finance programs.
Women f rom t he T uban pr oject's W UAs w ere honor ed at a t ribute on t he
International Food Day for their distinguished participation in agricultural activities
and for their active role in forming women groups.
The Gender Unit in Tuban has been taking leading roles as to raising awareness of
women and children especially within t he W UAs. The Unit coordinated with t he
other donors the development of Small-Income projects, regarding: (i) preparation of
action pl an on l ocal e ducation; ( ii) pr eparation of a n a ction pl an on developing
livestock production (with cost sharing by 40%) in cooperation with the Agricultural
and Fisheries Development Fund; (iii) obtaining finance from the French Embassy for
supporting a nd s caling up t he hi gh-quality l ivestock pr oduction a nd di stribution
68
amongst greater number of women; and (iv) coordinating with the Groundwater and
Soil Conservation Project to obtain a drip-irrigation network for small farms operated
by women.
Extent of Benefits to women:
During the ICR mission, a quick sample survey was conducted in Zabid. The purpose was to
determine to what extent women have benefited from the increased agricultural income which
would make possible an increase in the household's ability to acquire new assets and make new
investments. (The quick sample survey was done in Wadi-Zabid areas covering framers who
have be nefited f rom t he IIP i ntervention) T he s urvey out come s uggested t hat 66 pe rcent of
women have reasonably benefited from the increased agriculture income, have acquired new
assets and made investments in their respective households (see Annex 5, Table 5.1 and Table
5.2).
Social Development Outcomes: The concepts of users' participation and empowerment were
the key operational principles of IIP's day-to-day practices. Discussions with water users and
their r epresentatives r evealed t hat t he p roject b eneficiaries f eel s trong s ense o f p rogram
ownership and common purpose. Furthermore they have benefited from greater access to basic
public s ervices a s a r esult of a r oad c onstructed unde r t he p roject's s ub c omponent. T he
following describes the key social development accomplishments of the project.
Community engagement and benefits:
Secured t he active p articipation o f b eneficiaries i n t he p roject d esign an d
implementation phases from its inception stage. This has led beneficiaries to view the
project as a joint development effort between their community and IIP.
Increased spate irrigated land due to IIP intervention in Zabid from 4,234 ha to 10,
806 ha r epresenting a 72% i ncrease i n t he command a rea. T his w as a r esult of
regular spate flow which increases farm output and income despite the share holding
of sharecroppers is less in Zabid than Tuban.
Provided the opportunity for water users to form their water users associations, elect
their associations' leaders and hold those they have elected accountable.
Used the PIM concept to engage water users in irrigation infrastructure operations &
maintenance activities.
Cultivated an d cr eated t he n eeded cap acity for ad vancing an d i mplementing
Participatory Irrigation Management concept. This has cemented cordial relationships
and openness among WUAs, PIU, PMU, ICs as well as farmers.
Instilled a s ense of obl igation among b eneficiaries t o abide b y and enforce t hose
WUAs rules which they were involved in crafting.
Provided opportunity to 44% and 24% sharecroppers (low-income farmers) in Zabid
and Tuban respectively to participate in the project. This has opened the opportunity
for low-income farmers to participate in community work contracts by allowing them
to m ake i n-kind c ontributions i n s ituations w here t hey a re un able t o make c ash
contributions.
Modified the role of women in project areas as many women are now involved in
farm activities which allow men to undertake additional off-farm activities.
69
Community Empowerment
Irrigation M anagement Transfer ( IMT) [ The i mportant agenda of t he GOY under P IM i s t o
promote t he de velopment of W ater U sers' Associations ( WUAs) a nd t o t ransfer t he
responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M) of irrigation facilities to these (WUAs). To
facilitate this, the "Transfer and Support Agreement" were drawn with the WUAs. ] approach
was u sed t o em power water u sers b y t ransferring s econdary an d t ertiary i rrigation can als
management responsibilities to WUAs . This has led to:
Thirty-two agreements signed and implemented successfully in the two wadis.
Enhanced the association's ability in undertaking and sustaining O&M of irrigation
infrastructures.
Governors' endorsement of the IMTs that have been agreed and signed by WUAs.
Creating an Operational Manual on how to handle O&M works.
Community Partnership
The project crafted innovative community cost sharing arrangements. A total of 151 off-farm
investments were carried-out through community-implemented contracts of which:
Wadi Tuban farmers have implemented 75 community projects contracted for the
total value of US$590,659.
Wadi Zabid farmers have implemented 76 community projects contracted for the
total value of US$678,663.
For those WUAs who are unable to cover 30% of their cash contribution toward
community contracts, a dditional w orks w ere a dded t o m ake up f or t he c ash
shortfall. This was done via self execution (in-kind contributions) and has led the
two wadis completed 18 works for the total amount of US$77,227.
Under the 30% cash contribution arrangements the two wadis WUAs were able to
contribute total US$19,771. This amount represents additional contributions in
situations where the project original contract estimation becomes inadequate to
cover the initial total cost.
Access to road, education, health, electricity and information:
The Rehabilitation work of irrigation infrastructures along with Road Construction
have provided IIP's direct and indirect beneficiaries with access to wide range of
basic services.
It has linked farmers to local and regional markets. This has led to less travel time and
fuel c onsumption, l ower t ransportation c osts, q uicker d elivery of pe rishable f arm
products to market; the products are still fresh and receive higher prices.
It has opened greater access to educational opportunity, health services to girls and
boys and the community as a whole.
The r oad h as at tracted el ectricity connection into t he p roject ar ea a nd t hereby
providing the community as whole to have access to electricity and communication.
It h as c reated o ff-farm in come generating activities a s w ell as employment
opportunities to about 27,000 households' who are living within the vicinity of the
project in the two wadis.
70
Land price increased in areas where road was constructed and spate is made available
while land price decreased where spate flow was diverted and road access was not
improved.
Challenges:
Water right remains problematic in Zabid. This may pose many challenges to Zabid's
WUAs and IC.
Expanding women role and responsibilities will continue to be a challenge.
Operation and maintenance may prove a bit difficult in the future if the ICs are not
given full control over equipment needed to execute WUAs requests.
Sharecroppers share is very low in Zabid and there may be a need to revisit and
reconsider the issue. In the absence of such an adjustment poor farmers may not be
able to get the larger share of their benefits.
Lessons Learned:
Beneficiary participation from the inception of the project is essential if the project is
to bear fruit.
Putting b eneficiaries in th e d river's s eat w hile d esigning and imp lementing th e
project is essential to win community support and collaboration.
While s upporting f armers w ith ne w f arming t echniques pr oved t o be paramount,
equally important to consider are other complementary activities such as road as key
input t o e nhancing a gricultural pr oject s uccess a nd i ts c ontribution to pove rty
reduction efforts.
In the case of Tuban where sharecroppers share is higher drought is affecting their
agricultural yield. T herefore, f uture i ntervention s hould c onsider t he
regularity/availability of s pate in all w adis. T his c riteria h as b een applied w hen
qualifying Ahwar for project intervention and it would be useful to adapt similar
practice in the future as it will lead to better investment and intervention.
The role of women in agricultural activities and in the process of allocating income
gains from farm product into asset, investment and saving is essential.
71
ANNEX 6: Stakeholder Workshop Report and Results
Workshop on selecting a "promising" wadi to replicate the IIP's successful interventions in the
follow-up phase (under WSSP):
In mid-2007 a stakeholder workshop was organized by IIP to seek stakeholders' feedback for
finalizing the comparative study that was undertaken in the same year. The study aimed to elect
the promising wadi in which IIP (in its 2nd follow-up phase) can build on the successful lessons
from Zabid and Tuban. The study compared 5 candidate wadis, to prioritize the wadi that scores
highest at the following criteria: (i) availability of flood water/annum; (ii) readiness of farmers to
get organized and form WUAs, (iii) poverty and lack of donor projects; and (iv) no presence of
chronic lowland-upland water rights/allocation issues. At the workshop the stakeholders agreed
to the selection of Wadi Ahwar (see Table below).
.
72
TABLEA6.1:PREVAILINGCONDITIONS IN SELECTED WADIS WITH REGARD TO DIFFERENT PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION OFPHASEII WADIS
PARAMETERS WADI BANA WADI AHWAR WADI MAWR WADI RIMA WADI SIHAM
I. Water Resources Related & Irrigation Engineering Aspects
- Command Area (km2) 33600 7000 26000 14520 9980
- Averge Annual Surface Flow (Mm2) 120 55 191.35 75.8 70.05
Total Score (Out of 30 points) 15 25 25 15 25
II. Socio-Economic Aspects
- Average Household Living Condition Index (Housing, Drinking 4 2 2 3 1
Water & Sanitation, Electricity, Cooking Medium, Durable Assets) 4 2 2 3 1
- Access to Education & Health Services
Total Score(Out of 10 points) 8 4 4 6 2
III. Agriculture Aspects
- Cropping Intensity (%) 3 2 2 3 2
- Average Crop Inputs Use Index 2 1 2 2 1
- Average Crop Productivity Index 2 1 2 3 1
Total Score(Out of 10 points) 7 4 6 8 4
IV. Agro-Economic Aspects
- Crop Budgets 4 5 3 5 3
Total Score(Out of 10 points) 4 5 3 5 3
V. Legal and Institutional Aspects
- Appropriateness of prevailing Water Rights (Max. 15 points) 12 10 5 5 5
- Soundness of Land Tenure Systems (Max. 20 points) 17 18 8 8 10
- Prospects for Organizing WUAs and Promoting PIM(Max. 5 points) 4 3 1 2 4
Total Score(Out of 40 points) 33 31 14 15 19
Grand Total Score(Out of 100 points) 67 69 52 49 53
Overall Ranking of Wadis 2 1 4 5 3
73
ANNEX 7: Summary of Borrower's ICR and/or Comments on Draft ICR
No comments were received.
ANNEX 8:. Comments of Co-financiers and Other Partners/Stakeholders
No comments were received.
74
ANNEX 9: List of Supporting Documents
�ICR Detailed Economic Analysis.
�Staff Appraisal Report No. 20720-YEM
�Development Credit Agreement (Cr. 3412-YEM)
75
76