REGION MAP The world by region East Asia and Pacific Germany* Grenada Maldives American Samoa Greece* Guatemala Nepal Australia Greenland Guyana Pakistan Brunei Darussalam Hungary Haiti Sri Lanka Cambodia Iceland Honduras China Ireland* Jamaica Sub-Saharan Africa Fiji Isle of Man Mexico Angola French Polynesia Italy* Nicaragua Benin Guam Kazakhstan Panama Botswana Hong Kong SAR, China Kosovo Paraguay Burkina Faso Indonesia Kyrgyz Republic Peru Burundi Japan Latvia* Puerto Rico Cabo Verde Kiribati Liechtenstein Sint Maarten Cameroon Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Lithuania* St. Kitts and Nevis Central African Republic Korea, Rep. Luxembourg* St. Lucia Chad Lao PDR Macedonia, FYR St. Martin Comoros Macao SAR, China Moldova St. Vincent and the Congo, Dem. Rep. Malaysia Monaco Grenadines Congo, Rep. Marshall Islands Montenegro Suriname Côte d’Ivoire Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Netherlands* Trinidad and Tobago Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Norway Turks and Caicos Islands Eritrea Myanmar Poland Uruguay Ethiopia New Caledonia Portugal* Venezuela, RB Gabon New Zealand Romania Virgin Islands (U.S.) Gambia, The Northern Mariana Islands Russian Federation Ghana Palau San Marino Middle East and Guinea Papua New Guinea Serbia North Africa Guinea-Bissau Philippines Slovak Republic* Algeria Kenya Samoa Slovenia* Bahrain Lesotho Singapore Spain* Djibouti Liberia Solomon Islands Sweden Egypt, Arab Rep. Madagascar Thailand Switzerland Iran, Islamic Rep. Malawi Timor-Leste Tajikistan Iraq Mali Tonga Turkey Israel Mauritania Tuvalu Turkmenistan Jordan Mauritius Vanuatu Ukraine Kuwait Mozambique Vietnam United Kingdom Lebanon Namibia Uzbekistan Libya Niger Europe and Malta* Nigeria Central Asia Latin America and Morocco Rwanda Albania the Caribbean Oman São Tomé and Príncipe Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Qatar Senegal Armenia Argentina Saudi Arabia Seychelles Austria* Aruba Syrian Arab Republic Sierra Leone Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Tunisia Somalia Belarus Barbados United Arab Emirates South Africa Belgium* Belize West Bank and Gaza South Sudan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Yemen, Rep. Sudan Bulgaria Brazil Swaziland Channel Islands Cayman Islands North America Tanzania Croatia Chile Bermuda Togo Cyprus* Colombia Canada Uganda Czech Republic Costa Rica United States Zambia Denmark Cuba Zimbabwe Estonia* Curaçao South Asia Faroe Islands Dominica Afghanistan Finland* Dominican Republic Bangladesh France* Ecuador Bhutan Georgia El Salvador India *Member of the Euro area Classified according to The world by region World Bank analytical East Asia and Pacific Middle East and North Africa grouping Europe and Central Asia North America Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia No data Greenland (Den.) Norway Faroe Iceland Islands (Den.) Russian Federation Finland Sweden Canada Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U. K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan France Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland D. P. R. Bulgaria Georgia Kyrgyz of Korea Andorra Azer- Uzbekistan Rep. United States Spain Portugal Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep. of Japan Turkey Tajikistan Monaco Korea Greece China Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Malta Syrian Tunisia A. R. Afghanistan Lebanon Islamic Rep. Israel Iraq of Iran Bermuda Morocco West Bank and Gaza Bhutan (U.K.) Jordan Pakistan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Arab Rep. Bahrain The Bahamas Libya Western of Egypt Qatar United Cayman Is. (U.K.) Saudi Sahara Arabia Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Emirates India Myanmar Mexico Lao Macao SAR, China Haiti Cabo Oman PDR Jamaica Verde Mauritania N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Belize Bangladesh Mali Niger Vietnam Guatemala Honduras Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Senegal Yemen Guam (U.S.) El Salvador Nicaragua Chad Cambodia The Gambia Burkina Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Faso Djibouti Marshall Panama Guinea-Bissau Guinea Islands Costa Rica Benin R.B. de Guyana Côte Ghana Nigeria Sri Brunei Venezuela Sierra Leone Central South Ethiopia Lanka Suriname d’Ivoire Darussalam Sudan French Guiana (Fr.) Liberia Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Colombia Togo Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Singapore São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kiribati Gabon Congo Kenya Nauru Ecuador Rwanda Seychelles Kiribati Dem. Rep. Burundi of Congo Papua Tanzania Indonesia New Solomon Guinea Islands Peru Tuvalu Tokelau (N.Z.) Brazil Comoros Timor-Leste French Angola Polynesia Malawi Wallis and Zambia Mayotte Futuna (Fr.) (Fr.) (Fr.) Cook Samoa Islands Bolivia (N.Z.) Zimbabwe Mozambique Vanuatu Fiji American American Samoa (U.S.) Madagascar Mauritius Samoa (U.S.) Namibia Botswana La Réunion Niue Paraguay (Fr.) New (N.Z.) Caledonia U.S. Virgin Islands British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Swaziland Germany Tonga Poland (Fr.) (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) St. Martin (Fr.) South Australia Pitcairn Dominican Africa Lesotho Puerto Rico Czech Republic Ukraine Islands Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.K.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Slovak Republic Saba (Neth.) Uruguay Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Austria Montserrat (U.K.) Hungary St. Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Argentina Slovenia Chile Croatia Romania Dominica Aruba (Neth.) Martinique (Fr.) Bosnia & St. Lucia Herzegovina Serbia Curaçao (Neth.) San New St. Vincent and Barbados Marino Zealand Bonaire Kosovo Bulgaria (Neth.) the Grenadines Montenegro FYR Grenada Italy Albania Macedonia Vatican Trinidad and Tobago City Greece R.B. de Venezuela IBRD 41313 | FEBRUARY 2016 2016 World Development Indicators © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the govern- ments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202–522–2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0683-4 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0684-1 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0683-4 Cover design: Communications Development Incorporated. Cover photo: © Simone D. McCourtie/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Other photos: page xvi, © Visual News Associates/World Bank; page 66, © Sofie Tesson/Taimani Films/World Bank; page 82, © Almin Zrno/World Bank; page 96, © Gerhard Jörén/World Bank; page 110, © Grant Ellis/World Bank; page 124, Trevor Samson/ World Bank. Used with permission; further permission required for reuse. Preface In September 2015, leaders of 193 countries agreed targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, but on a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to the structure of the book remains the same as in guide global action over the next 15 years. Set out previous editions: World view, People, Environment, in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Economy, States and markets, and Global links. Each the Sustainable Development Goals take over where section includes a brief introduction, a global map of the Millennium Development Goals before them left a key indicator, a table, a section about the data, and off—and in many cases aim to finish the job. Eradi- an index of other indicators accessible online. World cating poverty, an objective shared by the World Bank view retains the two tables showing progress toward Group, is a key element of this unfinished business. the World Bank Group’s goals of eradicating poverty It remains the world’s greatest challenge. and promoting shared prosperity. World Development Indicators will report on prog- Motivated by the universal agenda of the Sustain- ress toward the Sustainable Development Goals, as able Development Goals, this edition of World Develop- it did with the Millennium Development Goals. The ment Indicators also introduces a change in the way Sustainable Development Goals cover a broader range that global and regional aggregates are presented in of issues, and this edition expands coverage in the tables and figures. Unless otherwise noted, there is World view section. For each of the 17 goals, key indi- no longer a distinction between developing countries cators have been selected to identify important trends (defined in previous editions as low- and middle-income and challenges and elicit discussion on measurement countries) and developed countries (defined in previous issues. An accompanying set of dashboards, showing editions as high-income countries). Regional groupings trends by country, region, and income level, are avail- are based on geographical coverage rather than a sub- able at http://data.worldbank.org/sdgs. set of countries that were previously referred to as Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals developing. Two implications of this change are that a and measuring and monitoring progress toward them new aggregate for North America has been included will require much more data than are currently avail- in tables, and aggregates for Europe and Central Asia able, with more accuracy, better timeliness, greater include countries of the European Union. Aggregates disaggregation, and higher frequency. The institu- restricted to low- and middle-income countries are still tions fundamental to this effort should be supported available in the World Development Indicators data- through strong and renewed global partnerships. A base at http://databank.worldbank.org/wdi. new Global Partnership for Sustainable Development World Development Indicators is the result of a Data was launched alongside Agenda 2030 in Sep- collaborative partnership of international agencies, tember 2015 (see http://data4sdgs.org). A key aim statistical offices of more than 200 economies, and is to bring different groups together to ignite a data many more. I want to acknowledge their efforts and revolution for development. thank them for their tireless work, which is at the heart Where possible, this edition of World Development of development and the fight to eradicate poverty and Indicators includes new indicators to reflect the 169 promote shared prosperity. Haishan Fu Director Development Economics Data Group World Development Indicators 2016 iii Acknowledgments This book was prepared by a team led by Bala Bhas- contributions from staff in the World Bank’s vari- kar Naidu Kalimili under the management of Neil ous Global Practices, Cross-Cutting Solution Areas, Fantom and comprising Parul Agarwal, Azita Amjadi, and other units: Agriculture; Business and the Law; Peter Bourke, Maja Bresslauer, Tamirat Yacob Chulta, Climate Change; Education; Energy and Extrac- Liu Cui, Biokou Mathieu Djayeola, Mahyar Eshragh- tives; Enterprise Surveys; Environment and Natural Tabary, Juan Feng, Saulo Teodoro Ferreira, Timothy Resources; Finance and Markets; Fragility, Conflict, Herzog, Masako Hiraga, Haruna Kashiwase, Buy- and Violence; Gender; Global Facility for Disaster ant Erdene Khaltarkhuu, Tariq Khokhar, Elysee Kiti, Reduction and Recovery; Governance; Health, Nutri- Hiroko Maeda, Cynthia Nyanchama Nyakeri, Ana Flo- tion, and Population; Jobs; Macroeconomics and rina Pirlea, Malvina Pollock, William Prince, Elizabeth Fiscal Management; Poverty; Public-Private Partner- Purdie, Leila Rafei, Evis Rucaj, Umar Serajuddin, Sun ships; Social Protection and Labor; Social, Urban, Hwa Song, Rubena Sukaj, Emi Suzuki, Jomo Tariku, Rural, and Resilience; Trade and Competitiveness; Dereje Wolde, and Junhe Yang, working closely with Transport and Information and Communication other teams in the Development Economics Vice Presi- Technologies; and Water; in addition to staff of the dency’s Development Data Group. International Finance Corporation and the Multilat- World Development Indicators electronic products eral Investment Guarantee Agency. The team also were prepared by a team led by Soong Sup Lee and received substantial help, guidance, and data from comprising Prasanth Alluri, Ying Chi, Rajesh Danda, external partners. For individual acknowledgments Jean-Pierre Djomalieu, Ramgopal Erabelly, Shelley of contributions to the book’s content, see Credits. Fu, Omar Hadi, Gytis Kanchas, Siddhesh Kaushik, For a listing of key partners, see Partners. Karthik Krishnamoorthy, Ugendran Machakkalai, Communications Development Incorporated pro- Nacer Megherbi, Parastoo Oloumi, Atsushi Shimo, vided overall design direction, editing, and layout, and Malarvizhi Veerappan. led by Bruce Ross-Larson and Christopher Trott. All work was carried out under the direction of Elaine  Wilson created the cover and graphics and Haishan Fu. Valuable advice was provided by Carter typeset the book. Peter Grundy, of Peter Grundy Art Brandon, Poonam Gupta, David Rosenblatt, and Jos & Design, and Diane Broadley, of Broadley Design, Verbeek. designed the report. Jewel McFadden, Nora Ridolfi, The choice of indicators and writeups on Sus- and Janice Tuten from the World Bank’s Publishing and tainable Development Goals content was shaped Knowledge Division oversaw printing and dissemina- through close consultation with and substantial tion of the book. iv World Development Indicators 2016 Table of contents Preface iii Introduction 1 Sustainable Development Goals NEW! Acknowledgments iv SDG 1 No poverty 2 SDG 2 Zero hunger 4 Partners vi SDG 3 Good health and well-being 6 SDG 4 Quality education 8 User guide xii SDG 5 Gender equality 10 SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation 12 SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy 14 SDG 8 Productive employment and economic growth 16 1. World view 1 SDG 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 20 SDG 10 Reduced inequalities 22 2. People 67 SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities 24 SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production 26 3. Environment 83 SDG 13 Climate action 28 SDG 14 Life below water 30 SDG 15 Life on land 32 4. Economy 97 SDG 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions 34 SDG 17 Partnership for global development 36 5. States and markets 111 Cross-cutting issues 38 Sustainable Development Goals and targets 41 Map 46 6. Global links 125 World view indicators 48 About the data 53 Online tables and indicators 55 Poverty rates 56 About the data 60 Sources and methods 139 Shared prosperity indicators 62 About the data 64 Credits 153 Introduction Map Table of indicators About the data Online tables and indicators World Development Indicators 2016 v Partners Defining, gathering, and disseminating international and interpretation of statistical indicators. All these statistics is a collective effort of many people and contributors have a strong belief that available, accu- organizations. The indicators presented in World rate data will improve the quality of public and private Development Indicators are the fruit of decades of decision making. work at many levels, from the field workers who The organizations listed here have made World administer censuses and household surveys to the Development Indicators possible by sharing their data committees and working parties of the national and and their expertise with us. More important, their col- international statistical agencies that develop the laboration contributes to the World Bank’s efforts, and nomenclature, classifications, and standards funda- to those of many others, to improve the quality of life mental to an international statistical system. Non- of the world’s people. We acknowledge our debt and governmental organizations and the private sector gratitude to all who have helped to build a base of have also made important contributions, both in gath- comprehensive, quantitative information about the ering primary data and in organizing and publishing world and its people. their results. And academic researchers have played For easy reference, web addresses are included for a crucial role in developing statistical methods and each listed organization. The addresses shown were carrying on a continuing dialogue about the quality active on March 1, 2016. vi World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment International and government agencies Carbon Dioxide Information Eurostat Analysis Center http://cdiac.ornl.gov http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Centre for Research on the Food and Agriculture Epidemiology of Disasters Organization www.emdat.be www.fao.org Deutsche Gesellschaft für Institute for Health Metrics Internationale Zusammenarbeit and Evaluation www.giz.de www.healthdata.org The DHS Program Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre www.dhsprogram.com www.internal-displacement.org Emission Database for Global International Civil Atmospheric Research Aviation Organization http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ www.icao.int Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 vii Partners International Joint United Nations Diabetes Federation Programme on HIV/AIDS www.idf.org www.unaids.org International National Science Energy Agency Foundation www.iea.org www.nsf.gov International The Office of U.S. Foreign Labour Organization Disaster Assistance www.ilo.org www.usaid.gov International Organisation for Economic Monetary Fund Co-operation and Development www.imf.org www.oecd.org International Telecommunication Stockholm International Union Peace Research Institute www.itu.int www.sipri.org viii World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Understanding United Nations Department of Children’s Work Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division www.ucw-project.org www.un.org/esa/population United Nations United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations www.un.org www.un.org/en/peacekeeping United Nations Centre for Human United Nations Educational, Scientific Settlements, Global Urban Observatory and Cultural Organization, Institute for Statistics www.unhabitat.org www.uis.unesco.org United Nations United Nations Children’s Fund Environment Programme www.unicef.org www.unep.org United Nations Conference on United Nations High Trade and Development Commissioner for Refugees www.unhcr.org www.unctad.org Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 ix Partners United Nations Industrial World Bank Development Organization www.unido.org http://data.worldbank.org United Nations World Health Organization International Strategy for Disaster Reduction www.unisdr.org www.who.int United Nations Office on World Intellectual Drugs and Crime Property Organization www.unodc.org www.wipo.int United Nations World Tourism Population Fund Organization www.unfpa.org www.unwto.org United Nations Statistics Division World Trade Organization http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ www.wto.org Upsalla Conflict Data Program www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP x World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Private and nongovernmental organizations Center for International Earth Standard & Science Information Network Poor’s www.ciesin.org www.standardandpoors.com DHL World Conservation Monitoring Centre www.dhl.com www.unep-wcmc.org International Institute for World Economic Strategic Studies Forum www.iiss.org www.weforum.org Lloyd’s List World Federation of Exchanges www.lloydslist.com/ll /sector/containers/ www.world-exchanges.org Netcraft World Resources Institute http://news.netcraft.com www.wri.org PwC www.pwc.com Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 xi User guide to tables World Development Indicators is the World Bank’s premier compilation of cross-country comparable data on develop- ment. The database contains more than 1,300 time series indicators for 214 economies and more than 30 country groups, with data for many indicators going back more 3 Environment than 50 years. Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- The 2016 edition of World Development Indicators marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 offers a condensed presentation of the principal indica- Afghanistan 0.00 0.5 1,491 55 32 4.6 22 12.3 .. .. Albania –0.03 1.9 9,294 95 93 1.7 16 4.7 800 7.0 Algeria –1.59 7.5 289 84 88 2.8 19 121.8 1,246 59.9 tors, arranged in their traditional sections, along with American Samoa 0.00 8.6 .. 100 63 0.2 .. .. .. .. Andorra 0.00 19.5 4,336 100 100 –4.8 10 0.5 .. .. Angola 0.21 5.0 6,109 49 52 5.1 14 29.7 655 6.0 regional and topical highlights and maps. Antigua and Barbuda 0.00 0.2 572 98 .. –0.8 16 0.5 .. .. Argentina 0.99 5.4 6,794 99 96 1.2 9 190.0 1,895 139.2 Armenia 0.02 24.8 2,282 100 90 0.2 18 5.0 969 7.7 Aruba 0.00 0.5 .. 98 98 –0.2 .. 2.4 .. .. Australia 0.21 29.0 20,963 100 100 1.7 6 369.0 5,586 249.0 Austria –0.05 28.4 6,436 100 100 0.8 15 65.2 3,918 64.5 Azerbaijan –2.04 14.0 851 87 89 1.7 21 33.5 1,474 23.4 World view People Environment Bahamas, The Bahrain 0.00 0.00 0.5 4.4 1,827 3 98 100 92 99 1.5 1.0 11 44 1.9 23.4 10,172 .. 25.9 .. Bangladesh 0.18 3.4 660 87 61 3.5 48 57.1 216 53.0 Barbados 0.00 0.0 282 100 96 0.0 16 1.6 .. .. Belarus –0.29 8.6 3,590 100 94 0.6 14 63.3 2,882 31.5 Belgium –0.16 24.3 1,068 100 100 0.5 19 97.8 5,039 82.1 Economy States and markets Global links Belize Benin 0.42 0.99 18.6 22.3 43,389 972 100 78 91 20 1.8 3.6 6 27 0.6 5.0 393 .. .. 0.2 Bermuda 0.00 5.1 .. .. .. 0.3 .. 0.4 .. .. Bhutan –0.38 47.3 101,960 100 50 3.4 28 0.6 .. .. Bolivia 0.59 24.8 28,735 90 50 2.2 11 16.1 786 8.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 1.3 9,299 100 95 0.2 14 23.7 1,688 17.5 Botswana 0.90 29.2 1,081 96 63 2.4 10 4.9 1,098 0.9 Brazil 0.35 20.4 27,470 98 83 1.2 16 439.4 1,438 570.3 Tables Brunei Darussalam 0.29 29.7 20,364 .. .. 1.8 9 9.7 7,393 4.4 Bulgaria –0.88 31.5 2,907 99 86 –0.1 16 49.3 2,327 43.1 Burkina Faso 0.96 15.5 711 82 20 5.8 29 1.9 .. .. Burundi –2.63 6.9 930 76 48 5.8 17 0.2 .. .. The tables include all World Bank member countries (188), Cabo Verde Cambodia –0.65 1.21 0.0 20.6 584 7,868 92 76 72 42 2.4 2.6 43 20 0.4 4.5 396 .. .. 1.8 Cameroon 0.99 10.7 11,988 76 46 3.6 21 5.7 331 6.8 and all other economies with populations of more than Canada Cayman Islands 0.01 0.00 6.2 1.5 80,183 .. 100 97 100 96 1.3 1.4 12 .. 485.5 0.6 7,202 .. 651.8 .. Central African Republic 0.07 18.1 29,349 69 22 2.6 19 0.3 .. .. 30,000 (214 total). Countries and economies are listed Chad Channel Islands 1.53 .. 17.8 .. 1,104 .. 51 .. 12 .. 3.8 0.8 31 .. 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. Chile –0.80 6.9 49,824 99 99 1.3 18 79.4 2,201 73.1 alphabetically (except for Hong Kong SAR, China, and China Hong Kong SAR, China –1.18 .. 15.6 41.8 2,062 .. 96 .. 77 .. 2.8 0.8 54 .. 9,019.5 40.3 2,226 1,938 5,422.2 39.2 Macao SAR, China .. 0.0 .. .. .. 1.7 .. 1.2 .. .. Macao SAR, China, which appear after China). Colombia Comoros 0.36 1.19 17.4 2.4 44,883 1,558 91 90 81 36 1.3 2.7 13 7 72.4 0.2 669 .. 64.7 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.20 12.1 12,020 52 29 4.4 18 3.4 292 8.6 The term country, used interchangeably with economy, Congo, Rep. 0.07 31.8 49,279 77 15 3.1 14 2.2 556 1.8 does not imply political independence but refers to any 86 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. When available, aggregate measures for income and regional groups appear at the end of each table. Aggregate measures for income groups Aggregate measures for income groups include the 214 economies listed in the tables, plus Taiwan, China, when- ever data are available. To maintain consistency in the aggregate measures over time and between tables, miss- Data presentation conventions ing data are imputed where possible. • A blank means not applicable or, for an aggregate, not analytically meaningful. Aggregate measures for regions • A billion is 1,000 million. The aggregate measures for regions cover economies at • A trillion is 1,000 billion. all income levels, unless otherwise noted. • Figures in green italics refer to years or periods other The country composition of regions may differ from than those specified or to growth rates calculated for common geographic usage. For regional classifications, less than the full period specified. see the map on the inside back cover and the list on the • Data for years that are more than three years from the back cover flap. For further discussion of aggregation range shown are footnoted. methods, see Sources and methods. • The cutoff date for data is February 1, 2016. xii World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Classification of economies For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita (converted into U.S. dollars using Environment 3 the World Bank Atlas method). Because GNI per capita changes over time, the country composition of income Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- groups may change from one edition of World Development marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Indicators to the next. Once the classification is fixed for Costa Rica –1.07 3.1 23,751 98 95 2.4 9 7.8 1,029 10.2 Côte d’Ivoire –0.05 14.9 3,468 82 23 3.8 20 6.4 605 7.6 Croatia –0.13 23.7 8,895 100 97 0.1 14 20.6 1,814 13.3 an edition, based on GNI per capita in the most recent Cuba –2.09 5.0 3,350 95 93 0.3 11 35.9 1,031 19.1 Curaçao .. .. .. .. .. 1.2 .. .. 11,801 0.9 Cyprus –0.04 2.0 676 100 100 0.9 16 7.5 1,691 4.3 year for which data are available (2014 in this edition), all Czech Republic –0.08 21.1 1,249 100 99 0.0 17 109.5 3,990 86.2 Denmark –0.30 18.0 1,064 100 100 0.6 11 40.4 3,107 34.7 Djibouti 0.00 1.1 342 90 47 1.4 28 0.5 .. .. historical data presented are based on the same country Dominica 0.57 0.6 2,765 .. .. 0.9 15 0.1 .. .. Dominican Republic –2.23 11.2 2,258 85 84 2.5 12 21.9 731 17.7 Ecuador 0.57 15.4 27,819 87 85 1.9 14 35.7 980 23.3 grouping. Egypt, Arab Rep. –1.58 9.6 20 99 95 2.3 36 220.8 885 167.8 El Salvador 1.35 2.1 2,559 94 75 1.0 13 6.7 693 5.8 Equatorial Guinea 0.67 2.1 31,673 48 75 3.3 11 6.7 .. .. Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita Eritrea 0.28 3.1 548 58 16 4.2 25 0.5 164 0.4 Estonia 0.03 19.9 9,669 100 97 –0.4 9 18.7 4,623 13.3 Ethiopia 0.59 18.4 1,258 57 28 4.8 18 7.5 507 8.7 of $1,045 or less in 2014. Lower middle-income econo- Faroe Islands 0.00 0.0 .. .. .. 0.4 .. 0.6 .. .. Fiji –0.25 1.0 32,207 96 91 1.4 7 1.2 .. .. Finland 0.07 14.1 19,592 100 98 0.6 7 54.8 6,075 71.3 mies are those with a GNI per capita of $1,046–$4,125. France –0.74 25.7 3,020 100 99 0.7 14 338.8 3,843 567.4 French Polynesia –3.17 0.0 .. 100 99 0.9 .. 0.9 .. .. Gabon –0.30 12.3 97,175 93 42 2.5 11 2.2 1,435 2.4 Gambia, The –0.39 1.4 1,556 90 59 4.3 35 0.4 .. .. Georgia Germany –0.15 –0.04 6.5 38.5 15,597 1,321 100 100 86 99 –1.0 –1.2 16 15 7.9 729.5 1,032 3,868 10.1 627.4 Upper middle-income economies are those with a GNI per Ghana –0.32 7.8 1,131 89 15 3.6 27 10.1 344 12.9 Greece Greenland –0.84 0.00 8.6 22.4 5,336 .. 100 100 100 99 –0.4 0.1 15 .. 84.0 0.7 2,134 .. 57.1 .. capita of $4,126–$12,735. High-income economies are Grenada 0.00 0.1 1,881 97 98 0.4 17 0.3 .. .. Guam Guatemala 0.00 1.06 5.2 15.7 6,818 .. 100 93 90 64 1.5 2.9 .. 12 .. 11.3 768 .. .. 9.9 those with a GNI per capita of $12,736 or more. Guinea 0.52 20.3 18,411 77 20 4.0 27 2.6 .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0.47 10.4 8,886 79 21 4.1 30 0.2 .. .. Guyana 0.04 5.3 315,489 98 84 0.6 9 1.8 .. .. Statistics Haiti 0.73 0.1 1,231 58 28 3.6 13 2.2 393 1.1 Honduras 1.88 7.8 11,387 91 83 2.5 9 8.4 662 8.1 Hungary –0.53 22.6 608 100 98 0.4 16 48.5 2,280 30.3 Iceland –4.60 2.3 519,265 100 99 1.2 7 1.9 18,177 18.1 India Indonesia –0.54 0.56 3.1 6.0 1,116 7,935 94 87 40 61 2.4 2.7 47 15 2,074.3 564.0 606 850 1,193.5 215.6 Data are shown for economies as they were constituted Iran, Islamic Rep. –0.98 6.7 1,644 96 90 2.0 32 586.6 2,960 270.4 Iraq Ireland –0.06 –1.25 0.4 3.5 1,011 10,616 87 98 86 91 3.1 0.8 33 8 133.7 36.1 1,481 2,840 73.6 25.8 in 2014, and historical data have been revised to reflect Isle of Man 0.00 .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. .. .. .. Israel –0.52 8.6 91 100 100 2.0 26 69.5 2,971 59.9 current political arrangements. Exceptions are noted in the Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 87 tables. Additional information about the data is provided in Sources and methods, which summarizes national and international efforts to improve basic data collection and gives country-level information on primary sources, census years, fiscal years, statistical concepts used, and other background information. Sources and methods also pro- vides technical information on calculations used through- Symbols out the book. .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data in the Country notes years shown. • Data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, 0 or means zero or small enough that the number would China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China. 0.0 round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. • Data for Serbia do not include data for Kosovo or Montenegro. / in dates, as in 2013/14, means that the period of • Data for Sudan exclude South Sudan unless otherwise time, usually 12 months, straddles two calendar years noted. and refers to a crop year, a survey year, or a fiscal year. $ means current U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. < means less than. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 xiii User guide to WDI online resources Visit http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi to see the online. These reference tables are consistently updated many resources available for World Development Indica- based on revisions to the World Development Indicators tors, including the time series database, online tables, database. mobile app, and interactive dashboard for the Sustainable To access the WDI online tables, go to http://wdi Development Goals. .worldbank.org/tables. To access a specific WDI online table directly, use the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ How to access WDI online tables and the table number (for example, http://wdi.worldbank Statistical tables that were previously available in the .org/table/1.1 to view the first table in the World view sec- World Development Indicators print edition are available tion). Each section of this book also lists the indicators xiv World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment included by table and by code. To view a specific indicator How to download DataFinder online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ DataFinder is a free mobile app that accesses the full set and the indicator code (for example, http://data.world of data from the World Development Indicators database. bank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL to view a page for total Data can be displayed, compared, and saved in a table, population). chart, or map and shared via email, Facebook, and Twitter. DataFinder works on mobile devices (smartphone or tab- How to use DataBank let computer) in both offline (no Internet connection) and DataBank (http://databank.worldbank.org) is a web online (Wi-Fi or 3G/4G connection to the Internet) modes. resource that provides simple and quick access to the To download DataFinder, go to http://data.worldbank.org World Development Indicators database and other col- /apps. lections of time series data. It has advanced functions for selecting and displaying data, performing customized How to monitor the Sustainable Development Goals queries, downloading data, and creating charts and maps. The World Development Indicators database provides Users can create dynamic custom reports based on their data on trends in Sustainable Development Goals indica- selection of countries, indicators, and years. All these tors for countries and country groups. An interactive pre- reports can be easily edited, saved, shared, and embed- sentation of key indicators for assessing the Sustainable ded as widgets on websites or blogs. For more information, Development Goals is available at http://data.worldbank see http://databank.worldbank.org/help. .org/sdgs. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 xv WORLD VIEW xvi World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 1 On September 25, 2015, the United Nations been used from published studies or reports. General Assembly formally adopted the 2030 An interactive presentation of key indicators for Agenda for Sustainable Development, which assessing the Sustainable Development Goals is sets out a new set of global goals, known as available at http://data.worldbank.org/sdgs. the Sustainable Development Goals. This is the As in previous editions, World view also pres- first edition of World Development Indicators to ents indicators that measure progress toward include a discussion of the Sustainable Devel- the World Bank Group’s twin goals of ending opment Goals, which replaces the assessment extreme poverty by 2030 and enhancing shared of progress toward the Millennium Development prosperity in every country, which are also cen- Goals in previous editions. tral elements of Sustainable Development Goals The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 1 (end poverty in all its forms everywhere) and 169 associated targets build on the 8 goals and 10 (reduce inequality within and among coun- 18 targets of the Millennium Development Goals tries). A major change is that the estimates of but are far wider in scope and far more ambi- global and national extreme poverty rates have tious. They focus on five themes: people, planet, been updated to the international poverty line prosperity, peace, and partnership. Countries of $1.90 a day per person, in 2011 purchasing have resolved to end poverty and hunger and power parity terms. Estimates of indicators of ensure that all people can fulfill their potential shared prosperity for 94 countries, including the in dignity and equality and in a healthy environ- growth rates of the average income of the bot- ment; to protect the planet from degradation and tom 40 percent, are also included. take urgent action on climate change; to ensure Measuring and monitoring progress against that all people can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling the Millennium Development Goals were major lives and that progress takes place in harmony challenges and required substantial efforts on with nature; to foster peaceful, just, and inclu- the part of national statistical agencies and oth- sive societies free from fear and violence; and to ers to improve the quality, frequency, and avail- mobilize the means to implement Agenda 2030, ability of relevant statistics. With a new, broader focused on the poorest and most vulnerable, set of goals, targets, and indicators, the data through strong global partnership. requirements are even greater. Baselines and Along with the goals and targets, a global mon- progress for few Sustainable Development Goal itoring framework with more than 200 indicators targets can be measured completely. Both gov- is being developed by UN member states, working ernments and development partners will need to closely with UN agencies and other stakeholders. continue investing in national statistical systems For each goal, World view presents recent trends and other relevant public institutions, where and baselines against key targets, largely using much of the data will continue to originate. At indicators available in the World Development the same time, the statistical community needs Indicators database and drawing on the specialist to strengthen partnerships with the private sec- knowledge of World Bank staff. Some indicators tor and other emerging actors for advancing new have been added, and in some cases data have techniques of data collection, analysis, and use. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 1 SDG 1 No poverty In 2012, 13 percent of the world’s population lived below the international poverty line of $1.90 a day, down from 37 percent in 1990. Declines in all regions contributed to the early success of meeting the Millennium Development Goal target of halving extreme poverty globally. Sustain- able Development Goal 1 builds on this and proposes ending poverty in End poverty in all forms by 2030. It also aims to ensure social protection for poor and all its forms vulnerable people, to increase access to basic services, and to support everywhere people harmed by conflict and climate-related disasters. Eradicating extreme poverty If national growth rates for the past 10 years Many countries have made dramatic progress prevail for the next 15 years, the global extreme in reducing extreme poverty, though the global poverty rate will fall to 4  percent by 2030, totals tend to be dominated by reductions in with variations across regions (figure 1b), and the two largest countries, China and India. In if national growth rates for the past 20 years East Asia and Pacific the extreme poverty rate prevail, it will be around 6 percent.1 Eliminating fell from 61  percent in 1990 to 7  percent in extreme poverty will require a step change from 2012, and in South Asia it fell from 51 percent historical growth rates. to 19  percent (figure 1a). In contrast, Sub- Saharan Africa’s extreme poverty rate did not Reducing poverty in all its dimensions fall below its 1990 level until 2002. Based on according to national definitions national growth rates over the past 10 years, Like the Millennium Development Goals, the the global extreme poverty rate is estimated to Sustainable Development Goals recognize that be below 10 percent in 2015, a drop of more poverty is defined differently by national authori- than two-thirds since 1990. ties. Sustainable Development Goal 1 aims to The Sustainable Development Goal tar- halve poverty rates based on these national defi- get of eliminating extreme poverty in all its nitions (target 1.2). Some countries define pov- forms everywhere by 2030 is very ambitious. erty rates using benchmarks based on income; The share of the population living in extreme Eradicating extreme poverty by 2030 1a 1b poverty fell between 1990 and 2012 will be challenging Share of population living on less than 2011 PPP $1.90 a day Share of population living on less than 2011 PPP $1.90 a day if (%) national growth rates for the last 10 years prevail (%) 75 50 Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 40 50 30 East Asia & Paci c South Asia World 20 25 South Asia Latin America & Caribbean World Middle East & North Africa a 10 East Asia & Paci c Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2012 2030 Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Data for the a. Estimates for 2009 onward are not shown because survey coverage is Middle East and North Africa are unavailable due to low survey coverage. too low. Source: Ferreira, F. H. G., and others, 2015, “A Global Count of the Source: World Bank PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/. Extreme Poor in 2012: Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results,” PovcalNet/); World Development Indicators database (SI.POV.DDAY). Policy Research Working Paper 7432, World Bank, Washington, DC. 2 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment while  current data are sparse, in the last 15 systems, especially in low-income countries. years both Indonesia and Sri Lanka have halved Only one out of five people receives one or their income based poverty rate. More recently, more types of social protection benefit in low- some countries—such as Colombia and Mexico income countries, compared with two out of — have adopted measures that aim to cap- three in upper middle-income countries (figure ture the multidimensional nature of poverty by 1c). The coverage gap is particularly acute in assessing the extent to which households are Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia, where deprived in different ways (such as health, edu- most of the world’s extremely poor people live. cation, housing, and labor market opportunities). In Sub-Saharan Africa only 15 percent of people in the bottom income quintile have access to a Increasing social protection for those most social protection benefit (figure 1d). in need Average social assistance cash benefits Social protection programs include social account for only 10  percent of poor people’s assistance, such as cash transfers, school consumption in low-income countries, 21 per- feeding, and targeted food assistance, and cent in lower middle-income countries, and social insurance and labor market programs, 37 percent in upper middle-income countries. such as old-age pensions, disability pensions, Overall, social assistance transfers are not unemployment insurance, skills training, and large enough to close the poverty gap in the wage subsidies. Improving coverage of social poorest countries. protection programs and targeting appropriate schemes to the poor and most vulnerable can Note further reduce poverty (target 1.3). 1. Ferreira, F. H. G., and others, 2015, “A Global Count of the Extreme Poor Despite progress over the past decade, most in 2012: Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results,” Policy Research poor people remain outside social protection Working Paper 7432, World Bank, Washington, DC. Coverage of social protection is lowest The coverage gap for social protection is 1c 1d in the poorest countries acute in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Share of population receiving social protection bene ts, Share of population in the bottom income quintile receiving social most recent year available during 2000–14 (%) protection bene ts, most recent year available during 2000–14 (%) 80 100 Labor market Social insurance Social assistance 60 75 50 40 25 20 0 Sub-Saharan South Middle East Latin East Asia Europe 0 Africa Asia & North America & & Paci c & Central Africa Caribbean Asia Low Lower middle Upper middle income income income More than one social protection bene t Only social assistance programs Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience Only social insurance programs No transfer and Equity (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); World Development Indicators database (PER_SA_ALLSA.COV_POP_TOT, PER_SI_ALLSI. Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and COV_POP_TOT, PER_LM_ALLLM.COV_POP_TOT). Equity (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 3 SDG 2 Zero hunger Over the past 25 years the share of the world’s population suffering from hunger has fallen. The prevalence of undernourishment, where food intake does not meet continuous dietary energy requirements, has been almost halved globally, from 19 percent to 11 percent, but remains far higher in low-income countries than elsewhere (figure 2a). Efforts to end End hunger, hunger by 2030 (target 2.1) will not be successful if current trends con- achieve food tinue. Improvements in food security and sustainable agriculture, espe- security and cially in cereal yields, can help. improved Improving nutrition (target 2.2). In countries where the number of nutrition, Consistent with the World Health Assembly’s children under age 5 is likely to grow, achieving and promote Global Nutrition Targets 2025,1 Sustainable this involves both reducing the number and the sustainable Development Goal 2 focuses on both child- hood malnutrition and the nutritional needs of prevalence of stunted children. agriculture adolescent girls and pregnant women, along Supporting food security and sustainable with older people (target 2.2). Anthropomet- agriculture ric indices, including stunting (low height for Raising the agricultural productivity of poor age), wasting (low weight for height), and over- households will be central to ending hunger by weight (high weight for height) in children under 2030 (targets 2.3 and 2.4). In low-income coun- age 5, are common indicators of nutrition. The tries changes in poverty and undernourishment prevalence of child stunting has declined in all have been closely related to changes in agricul- income groups since 1990 but remains close to tural productivity — and in particular to changes 40 percent in low-income countries and above in cereal yields. In periods of stagnant agricul- 30  percent in lower middle-income countries tural productivity growth, as experienced by (figure 2b). Sustainable Development Goal 2 low-income countries from 1990 to 1999, poor aims to reduce the number of children under people saw little improvement in wealth and age 5 who are stunted by 40 percent by 2025 nutritional health. But they have seen benefits Undernourishment has declined globally Prevalence of child stunting is falling but is 2a 2b but remains high in low-income countries close to 40 percent in low-income countries Prevalence of undernourishment Prevalence of child stunting (% of population) (% of children under age 5) 50 60 Low income 40 Low income Lower middle income 40 30 World Lower middle income 20 World 20 Upper middle income 10 Upper middle income High income 0 0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Note: Data refer to the middle year of three-year intervals. For example, data for 2005 are the estimate for 2004–06. Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, and Source: Food and Agriculture Organization Food Security Indicators World Bank, 2015, Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition, New York; World database; World Development Indicators database (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS). Development Indicators database (SH.STA.STNT.ZS). 4 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment during more productive periods. Between 2000 the regions where agricultural productivity is and 2012 the average annual growth rate lowest (figure 2d) and where vulnerability to of cereal yields in low-income countries was climate change is high. Further gains in agri- 2.6 percent; over the same period both poverty cultural productivity and climate resilience are and undernourishment fell 2.7  percent a year needed, particularly in low-income countries, to (figure 2c). A similar directional pattern exists raise poor people’s incomes and feed growing for lower and upper middle-income countries, populations. though the proportional impacts vary. By 2030, population growth, and hence food Note demand, is projected to increase the most in 1.  World Health Organization Global Targets 2025 (www.who.int/nutrition the poorest parts of the world. These are also /global-target-2025/). Increased agricultural productivity correlated 2c with a decline in poverty and undernourishment Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income Average annual growth rate, 2000–12 (%) 5 5 5 0 0 0 –5 –5 –5 –10 –10 –10 –15 –15 –15 Agricultural value added per worker Poverty headcount ratio at 2011 PPP $1.90 a day Cereal yields Prevalence of undernourishment Source: World Bank national accounts files; Food and Agriculture Organization Production Yearbook and data files; World Bank PovcalNet database (www .worldbank.org/PovcalNet/); World Development Indicators database (EA.PRD.AGRI.KD, AG.YLD.CREL.KG, SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS, SI.POV.DDAY). Population growth is projected to be highest 2d where agricultural productivity is lowest Projected population change, 2015–30 Cereal yields, 2013 (%) (kilograms per hectare) 40 5,000 4,000 30 3,000 20 2,000 10 1,000 0 0 Low Lower Upper Low Lower Upper income middle income middle income income middle income middle income Source: United Nations Population Division (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F05-Total_Population.xls); Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators database (AG.YLD.CREL.KG, SP.POP.TOTL). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 5 SDG 3 Good health and well-being In low-income countries more than half the population dies from commu- nicable diseases or maternal, prenatal, or nutrition conditions. In middle- and high-income countries the pattern is different: More than two-thirds die from noncommunicable diseases. Sustainable Development Goal 3 focuses on improving well-being, especially at the most vulnerable stages Ensure healthy of life, providing health services, and improving imbalances between lives and promote poorer and richer countries. well-being for all at all ages Targeting a range of health impacts accelerate considerably for the global maternal The Millennium Development Goals focused on mortality ratio to fall below 70 per 100,000 live improving health conditions in low- and middle- births by 2030 (target 3.1). income countries, covering maternal mortality, Providing mothers with skilled attendants child mortality, infectious diseases, and sexual at delivery and access to hospital treatments and reproductive health. Sustainable Develop- is key to treating life-threatening emergencies. ment Goal 3 introduces additional targets for Worldwide, the proportion of births attended noncommunicable diseases, mental health, by skilled health staff increased from 60 per- substance abuse, injuries, universal health cov- cent in 2000 to 68 percent in 2011. However erage, and pollution.1 only half of births are attended in low-income countries. Reducing maternal mortality The global maternal mortality ratio declined dra- Providing universal access to sexual and matically between 1990 and 2015, from 385 reproductive health care maternal deaths per 100,000 live births to 216 Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to (figure 3a). Despite this 44  percent decline, ensure universal access to sexual and repro- the Millennium Development Goal target of ductive health care services (target 3.7). One reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three- indicator for this is the fertility rate of adoles- quarters was not met. The decline will need to cent women (ages 15–19), as women who give The maternal mortality ratio The adolescent fertility rate 3a 3b has fallen in all regions remains high in low-income countries Maternal mortality ratio Adolescent fertility rate (deaths per 100,000 live births) (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) 1,000 150 750 Low income Sub-Saharan Africa 100 South Asia Lower middle income 500 World World Middle East & North Africa 250 Europe & Central Asia 50 East Asia & Paci c Latin America & Caribbean Upper middle income High income 0 High income 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Source: World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Population Fund, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Source: United Nations Population Division, 2015, World Population Division, 2015, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015, Geneva; World Prospects: The 2015 Revision, New York; World Development Indicators Development Indicators database (SH.STA.MMRT). database (SP.ADO.TFRT). 6 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment birth at an early age are likely to bear more Reducing noncommunicable diseases and children and are at greater risk of death or seri- injuries ous complications from pregnancy. The ado- Sustainable Development Goal 3 also aims to lescent fertility rate has been declining world- reduce deaths and adverse consequences of wide but remains high in low-income countries, noncommunicable diseases and injuries (tar- at 98 births per 1,000 women ages 15–19 get 3.6). Traffic injuries caused 27 deaths per (figure 3b). 100,000 people in low-income countries in 2013, three times more than in high-income Ending preventable childhood deaths countries (figure 3d). In 2015 the global under-five mortality rate in There are challenges for monitoring nearly all 2015 was less than half the rate in 1990, fall- the targets. Gaps exist because the key data ing just short of the Millennium Development sources, such as civil registration and vital Goal target of a two-thirds reduction (figure 3c).2 statistics systems, are weak in many low- and Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to end middle-income countries, as are health informa- preventable deaths of newborns and children tion systems. under age 5 and to reduce the under-five mor- tality rate in every country to below 25 deaths Notes per 1,000 births (target 3.2). For this to hap- 1. World Health Organization, 2015, Health in 2015: From MDGs Millennium Development Goals to SDGs Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva. [www pen, progress needs to accelerate especially .who.int/gho/publications/mdgs-sdgs/]. in many low-income and lower middle-income 2. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2015. [http://childmortality.org/]. countries. New York. In 2015 the global under-five mortality Deaths caused by traffic accidents are 3c 3d rate was less than half the rate in 1990 more likely in low-income countries Under- ve mortality rate Mortality caused by road traf c injury, 2013 (deaths per 1,000 live births) (per 100,000 people) 200 30 Sub-Saharan Africa 150 South Asia 20 100 World Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Paci c 10 50 Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean High income 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Low Lower Upper High World income middle income middle income income Source: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015; World Development Source: World Health Organization, 2015, Global Status Report on Road Indicators database (SH.DYN.MORT). Safety 2015; World Development Indicators database (SH.STA.TRAF.P5). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 7 SDG 4 Quality education Progress has been made toward universal education, with 92 percent of children worldwide completing primary education and 74 percent com- pleting lower secondary education. But the gross tertiary enrollment ratio remains around 30 percent. Increased access to higher education is needed to achieve a productive, talented, and diverse labor force and an Ensure inclusive empowered citizenry. Sustainable Development Goal 4 also focuses on and equitable education quality, proficiency in key subjects at various ages, and access quality education to modern education facilities. and promote Attending and completing school considering the number of primary school– lifelong learning Considerable progress has been made since age children increased 14  percent over the opportunities 1990 as more students enroll and finish pri- same period, which placed further pressure on for all mary school (target 4.1). The primary comple- tion rate increased from 81 percent in 1990 to national education systems. Gross enrollment ratios at all levels of edu- 92 percent in 2013 worldwide, and East Asia cation have risen globally, but wide variations and Pacific and Europe and Central Asia have remain between rich and poor countries. For achieved or are close to achieving universal pri- example, children in high-income countries mary education. Sub- Saharan Africa still lags were almost five times more likely than children behind the rest of the world, despite a substan- in low-income countries to have entered pre- tial increase in the region’s primary completion primary school in 2013 (target 4.2; figure 4c). rate to 69 percent in 2013 (figure 4a). The trend is similar for tertiary gross enrollment While many children enroll in school, some (target 4.3). never attend, attend intermittently, or start but drop out entirely. In 2013, 59  million pri- Assessing the quality of education mary school–age children were not in school, One challenge of Sustainable Development a substantial decrease from the 102 million in Goal 4 is how to measure the quality of educa- 1990 (figure 4b). This reflects great progress tion and assess learning outcomes. Many types A larger share of children are Over half of out-of-school children 4a 4b completing primary school are in Sub-Saharan Africa Primary completion rate Primary school–age children out of school (% of relevant age group) (millions) 125 125 Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Paci c Europe & Central Asia North America 100 100 Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Paci c South Asia Latin America & Caribbean 75 Middle East & North Africa 75 Sub-Saharan Africa 50 50 South Asia 25 25 Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Note: Data for North America are unavailable. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRM. Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRM. CMPT.ZS). UNER). 8 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Not all children have the same 4c opportunities to enroll in school Pre-primary Tertiary Gross enrollment ratio (%) 100 100 75 75 50 50 25 25 2012–13 2012–13 1990 1990 0 0 Low Lower Upper High Low Lower Upper High income middle income middle income income income middle income middle income income Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRE.ENRR, SE.TER.ENRR). of learning assessments are available, but dif- Addressing data challenges ferent methodologies and coverage of ages, While many indicators and proxies exist to mon- subjects, and years make comparisons across itor many of the education targets under Sus- countries difficult. tainable Development Goal 4, more are needed. Students’ understanding of core subjects There is a conceptual challenge in developing is fundamental to well functioning education global indicators for target 4.4, which stipulates systems (targets 4.1 and 4.6), and though “by 2030, substantially increase the number not wholly comparable, regional assessments of youth and adults who have relevant skills, shed light on countries’ achievements in including technical and vocational skills, for these areas. The Programme for the Analysis employment, decent jobs and entrepreneur- of Education Systems assessment in Sub- ship.” Countries will need to define relevant Saharan Africa showed that only half of grade skills suitable for their own job market struc- 5 students achieved the minimum learning ture and economic situation and set up robust goal in mathematics. The Trends in Interna- and timely data collection systems to populate tional Mathematics and Science Study showed these indicators. that around 80 percent of grade 4 students in Different assessments report varying mainly Europe and Central Asia and Middle East 4d basic knowledge in mathematics and North Africa achieved the low international Students achieving basic knowledge benchmarks in mathematics (%) benchmark for mathematics. PASEC (grade 5 above the Assessments of adolescents’ learning out- knowledge base rate), 2006–10 SACMEQ (grade 6 above comes have shown that around 30 percent of basic numeracy), 2007 TIMSS (grade 4 reaching the low students worldwide fail to achieve minimum international benchmark), 2011 PISA (15-year-olds above mathematics proficiency, according to the Pro- level 2), 2012 TIMSS (grade 8 reaching the low international benchmark), 2011 gramme for International Student Assessment 0 25 50 75 100 and the Trends in International Mathematics and TIMSS is Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. PISA is Program for International Student Assessment. SACMEQ is Southern and Science Study for grade 8 students (figure 4d). Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality. PASEC is 2012 2030 Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems. Students who do not achieve the lowest level Source: World Bank EdStats database, Conférence des ministres de l’Éducation des États et gouvernements de la Francophonie (www.confemen of proficiency by age of 14 or 15 are unlikely to .org), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (www.oecd.org /pisa/), Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational master the skills by the end of schooling and Quality (www.sacmeq.org), and TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center (http://timssandpirls.bc.edu). therefore may not be ready for work. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 9 SDG 5 Gender equality Despite much progress toward gender equality in recent years, critical gaps between men and women persist. Half of women are economically active, compared with over three-quarters of men. On top of limited eco- nomic opportunities, women often have restricted agency—their ability to make decisions about their lives and to act on those decisions. While Achieve gender women and girls usually bear the direct costs of inequalities, gender bias equality and has a cost to all, reducing the pace of development. empower all women and girls Identifying obstacles to equality Legal frameworks that protect men and Sustainable Development Goal 5 explicitly recog- women equally are an important first step nizes gender equality and the empowerment of toward gender equality, but discriminatory laws women and girls and sets ambitious targets for persist. Around 60  percent of countries lack ending all forms of discrimination against women legislation that ensures equal opportunities in and girls, eliminating all forms of violence and hiring practices, requires equal remuneration for harmful practices, improving economic empower- work of equal value, or allows women to perform ment and access to productive assets and tech- the same jobs as men. While almost all coun- nologies, and enhancing the female voice and tries mandate maternity leave, almost half do decision-making power beyond the Millennium not guarantee mothers an equivalent position Development Goal’s focus on education. on their return, discriminating against women who become pregnant and want to come back Empowering women’s economic opportunities to work after the birth of a child (figure 5a). Increasing women’s income-earning opportuni- Fewer women than men are economically ties and their access to productive assets pro- active, and women often occupy less secure vides a direct pathway out of poverty. Economic and lower paying jobs than men or choose jobs empowerment can also give women voice and that offer flexible hours, allowing them to bal- agency to manage their own money and make ance work and household responsibilities. And decisions for themselves and their family. more women than men are contributing family Many countries do not guarantee an A larger share of women than of 5a 5b equivalent position after maternity leave men are in unpaid family work Number of countries, 2015 Contributing family workers, most recent year available during Law does not mandate paid 2005–14 (% of employed) or unpaid maternity leave 50 6 40 30 Law mandates paid or unpaid maternity Law mandates paid or unpaid 20 leave but equivalent position is not maternity leave and guaranteed after equivalent position is maternity leave guaranteed after 10 Female 71 maternity leave Male 96 0 Low Lower Upper High incomea middle income middle incomea income a. Covers less than 66 percent of the population. Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Source: World Bank, 2016, Women, Business, and the Law 2016: Getting Market database; World Development Indicators database (SL.FAM.WORK. to Equal, Washington, DC. FE.ZS, SL.FAM.WORK.MA.ZS). 10 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment workers (figure 5b). These jobs are often inse- the hands of a husband, boyfriend, or partner.1 cure, do not provide any contractual security Rates of violence vary widely across countries, or benefits, and offer limited opportunities for but such violence occurs in all regions, regard- career advancement and higher wages. less of income or education level.2 Reliable sta- Firm ownership and management are also tistics are hard to collect, and rates are often dominated by men. Worldwide, 83  percent of underestimated. firms have a man as a top manager, and 66 per- cent of firms have no female participation in Eliminating child, early, and forced marriage their ownership (figure 5c). Eliminating child, early, and forced marriage is a Access to financial services is another vehi- focus of target 5.3. Child marriage pushes girls cle of economic empowerment, allowing women into adulthood before they are mature3: Young to borrow and save to start a business, cope brides often drop out of school, have more chil- with economic shocks, and invest in their fam- dren (figure 5d), face higher health risks during ily’s future. But in many countries women face pregnancy and childbirth, and suffer more bar- more barriers than men do in opening a bank riers to obtaining a higher paid job and gaining account, such as the need for a male family financial independence. All this leads to a lack member’s permission, a lack of documenta- of voice and agency. Although child marriage is tion to prove identity, and lack of information. prohibited by law in the majority of countries, Worldwide, 57 percent of women held their own one in four women ages 20–24 is married by account at a financial institution in 2014, com- age 18.4 pared with 64 percent of men. Notes Ending violence against women and girls 1. World Bank, 2014, “Gender at Work: A Companion to the World Development Report on Jobs,” Washington, DC. Target 5.2 calls for eliminating all forms of 2. United Nations Statistics Division, 2015, World’s Women 2015: Trends and Statistics, New York. violence against women and girls. Worldwide, 3. World Bank, 2014, “Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for an estimated one in three women has expe- Shared Prosperity,” Washington, DC. 4. United Nations Children’s Fund [http://data.unicef.org/child-protection rienced physical or sexual violence or both at /child-marriage.html]. Firm ownership and management Young brides 5c 5d are dominated by men have more children Share of rms, most recent year available during 2010–16 Adolescent fertility rate, 2014 (%) (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) 100 250 Niger 200 Mali 75 Without 150 women Chad Man 100 50 Central African Rep. 50 25 0 With women 0 25 50 75 100 Woman Share of women who were rst married by age 18, most recent year available during 2010–14 (%) 0 Firm ownership Firm top manager Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; United Nations Population by sex by sex Division, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, New York; Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys; World Development Indicators World Development Indicators database (SP.ADO.TFRT); World Bank Gender database (IC.FRM.FEMO.ZS, IC.FRM.FEMM.ZS). Statistics database (SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 11 SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation Despite halving the number of people worldwide without access to an improved water source over the past 25 years, the poorest countries are struggling to sustainably provide safe water and adequate sanita- tion to all. Just over a quarter of people in low-income countries have access to an improved sanitation facility, compared with just over half Ensure availability in lower middle-income countries. Delivery of water supply and sanita- and sustainable tion is not just a challenge of service provision; it is intrinsically linked management with climate change, water resources management, water scarcity, and of water and water quality. sanitation for all Ensuring access to an improved water source and improved sanitation facilities food security, disaster resilience, and ultimately In many countries, economic and population economic growth. growth as well as urbanization have increased water demand while supply has remained Easing access to drinking water unchanged or even decreased due to climate Sustainable Development Goal 6 encompasses change. Although 2.6 billion people have gained a call for drinking water for all (target 6.1). In access to an improved water source since 2015, 91 percent of the world’s population had 1990, dwindling supplies of safe drinking water access to an improved water source, exceed- remain a global problem. More than $250 bil- ing the Millennium Development Goal target lion in GDP is lost every year in low- and middle- of 88  percent. However, more than 660  mil- income countries because of inadequate water lion people still lack access to clean water, the supply and sanitation services.1 majority of them in rural areas, predominantly Sustainable Development Goal 6 recognizes in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 6a). Even for those that sustainably managing water goes beyond who have access to water, service is often inad- simply providing a safe water supply and sanita- equate or unsustainable, and water from an tion to include the environment, human health, improved source can still be unsafe to drink.2 Rural dwellers in Sub-Saharan Africa have the Only 68 percent of the world’s population 6a 6b lowest access to an improved source of water has access to improved sanitation facilities Share of population with access to an improved source of water, Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities 2015 (%) (%) 100 100 High income 75 75 Upper middle income 50 Millennium Development Goal target World for lower middle-income countries 50 Millennium Development Goal target for low-income countries 25 Lower middle income Urban Rural 25 0 Low income Europe East Asia South Middle East Latin Sub-Saharan World & Central & Paci c Asia & North America & Africa Asia Africa Caribbean 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Health Organization–United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Source: World Health Organization–United Nations Children’s Fund Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; World Development Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; World Indicators database (SH.H2O.SAFE.UR.ZS, SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.ZS). Development Indicators database (SH.STA.ACSN). 12 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Improving access to sanitation facilities Climate change is expected to exacerbate the Only 68 percent of the world’s population has situation by raising water stress in arid regions access to improved sanitation facilities, falling and increasing the frequency and magnitude short of the Millennium Development Goal tar- of extreme weather events. In 2030 half the get of 77 percent (figure 6b). Sustainable Devel- world’s population is projected to live in high opment Goal 6 aims to ensure adequate sanita- water-stress regions.4 tion for all and to end open defecation (target Increasing water withdrawals for agriculture 6.2), which contaminates water and spreads and energy generation will exacerbate com- diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysen- petition for water use. The agricultural sector tery. Around 842,000 people a year die from accounts for over 70  percent of global fresh- diarrhea as a result of unsafe drinking water, water withdrawals (figure 6d). By 2050 feeding sanitation, or hygiene.3 Seven out of ten people a planet of 9 billion people will require a 15 per- who lack access to safe and hygienic toilet facil- cent increase in water withdrawals for agricul- ities live in rural areas, mostly in Sub- Saharan ture.5 Similarly, water withdrawals for energy Africa and South Asia. generation are projected to grow 20 percent.6 Balancing water demand with available Notes resources 1. World Health Organization, 2012, Global Costs and Benefits of Drinking- Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions to Reach the MDG Target and Many countries face the threat of water scar- Universal Coverage, Geneva. city, prompting calls for efficient water use (tar- 2.  United Nations Children’s Fund, 2015, “The Millennium Development Goal (MDG 7) Drinking Water Target Has Been Met, But Marked Disparities get 6.4). Demand for water continues to grow, Persist,” UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women. while global per capita freshwater supplies [http://data.unicef.org/water-sanitation/water.html]. 3. World Health Organization, 2015, “Drinking-water”, Fact Sheet 391. have been nearly halved over the past 50 years. [www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en]. Today, the Middle East and North Africa and 4.  United Nations, 2014 “International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005–2015.” [www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml]. South Asia are classified as water stressed- 5.  World Bank, 2013, “Water Resources Management: Sector Results Profile.” [www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/15/water-resources regions, with less than 1,700 cubic meters of -management-results-profile]. water available per year per person (figure 6c). 6.  International Energy Agency, 2012, World Energy Outlook 2012, Paris. Middle East and North Africa and South Agriculture accounts for more than 6c 6d Asia are the most water-stressed regions 70 percent of water use in most countries Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, 2014 Share of freshwater withdrawals, 2014 (thousands of cubic meters) (%) 25 100 20 75 15 50 10 25 Water stress (1,700 cubic meters per capita per year) 5 0 South Middle East Sub-Saharan Latin East Asia Europe 0 Asia & North Africa America & & Paci c & Central Middle East South Sub-Saharan East Asia Europe Latin Africa Caribbean Asia & North Asia Africa & Paci c & Central America & Africa Asia Caribbean Agriculture Industry Domestic Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators database (ER.H2O.INTR.PC). database (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 13 SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy Between 1990 and 2013 worldwide energy use increased about 54 per- cent, more than the 36 percent increase in the global population. Access to energy is fundamental to development, but as economies evolve, rising incomes and growing populations demand more energy. Meeting Sustain- able Development Goal 7 will require increasing access to electricity, the Ensure access take-up of clean fuels and renewable energies, and energy efficiency. to affordable, reliable, Achieving universal access 1.1  billion people are still without. In Sub- sustainable, Universal access to affordable, reliable, and Saharan Africa only 35 percent of the popula- modern energy services is critical to sustain- tion has access to electricity, the lowest among and modern able development (target 7.1). Energy, espe- all regions (figure 7a). Almost 40 percent of the energy for all cially electricity, is crucial to improving the world’s population relies primarily on wood, standard of living for people in low- and middle- coal, charcoal, or animal waste to cook their income countries. It is key to providing reliable food, breathing in toxic smoke that causes lung and efficient lighting, heating, cooking, and disease and kills nearly 4 million people a year, mechanical power; to delivering clean water, most of them women and children.1 sanitation, and healthcare; and to operating well functioning transport and telecommunica- Using renewable energy tions services. Modern energy services are cen- While the share of energy use from alternative, tral to the economic development of a country cleaner sources has increased since 1970 in all and to the welfare of its citizens. Without such income groups, fossil fuels account for around services, businesses stagnate, and the poten- 81 percent of the world’s energy use. Countries tial of people to live healthy, productive lives is need to substantially increase the share of diminished. renewable energy in the global energy mix (tar- Improvements over the past two decades get 7.2) from its current small share of 18 per- led to 85 percent of the world enjoying access cent (figure 7b). The largest share of renewable to electricity in 2012. Nevertheless, around energy comes from traditional uses of biomass Access to electricity Renewable sources of energy account 7a 7b is higher than ever for a small share of global energy use Access to electricity Energy use, 2010 (% of population) (% of total) 100 75 Other Renewable 50 25 50 75 100 0 Solar Geothermal 25 Traditional biomass Modern bioenergy Hydropower 1990 2012 0 Wind North Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- World Other renewables America Central America & East & Asia & Asia Saharan Asia Caribbean North Paci c Africa Africa 0 25 50 75 100 Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; World Development Indicators database (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS). World Development Indicators database (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS). 14 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment (such as wood and charcoal). Modern biomass energy-intensive activities can support this (tar- and hydropower are important modern renew- get 7.3). The energy intensity level of primary able energy sources, each accounting for energy — the ratio of energy supply to GDP in 3–4 percent of total final energy consumption. purchasing power parity terms — indicates Other modern renewables (such as biomass, energy efficiency, or how much energy is used geothermal, wind, and solar) — currently around to produce one unit of economic output. A 1 percent of total consumption — have substan- lower ratio indicates that less energy is used tial potential for growth. The share of renew- to produce one unit of output. Between 1990 able energy varies widely across the globe. It and 2012 the ratio declined 27 percent glob- is falling in lower income regions as they switch ally as energy efficiency improved in all income from traditional biomass to more modern fuels groups (figure 7d), which helped keep total final for cooking and heating. By contrast, higher energy consumption a third lower than it would income regions are gradually shifting toward otherwise have been. The coverage of energy renewable energy sources, albeit from a low efficiency regulations in industry, buildings, and base (figure 7c). transport has nearly doubled, from 14 percent of the world’s energy consumption in 2005 to Increasing energy efficiency 27 percent in 2014. Still much more needs to Sustainable Development Goal 7 calls on be done. countries to collectively double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and Note technological progress and a shift away from 1. Sustainable Energy for All (www.se4all.org). The share of renewable energy All income groups are using energy 7c 7d consumption is uneven across regions more efficiently now than in 1990 Renewable energy consumption Intensity of primary energy (% of nal energy consumption) (megajoules per 2011 PPP $ of GDP) 80 20 60 15 40 10 20 5 1990 2000 2012 1990 2012 0 Sub- South Latin East Europe & North Middle World 0 Saharan Asia America & Asia & Central America East & Low Lower Upper High World Africa Caribbean Paci c Asia North income middle income middle income income Africa Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; World Development Indicators database (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS). World Development Indicators database (EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 15 SDG 8 Productive employment and economic growth Jobs are the bedrock of both economic and social development. And growth drives development. By leveraging labor, individuals and house- holds have a sustainable pathway out of poverty. Yet more than 200 million people were unemployed in 2015, and many more were underemployed in low-productivity informal sector jobs. Some 600 million new jobs need Promote to be created by 2030, just to keep pace with the rising population.1 Sus- sustained, tainable Development Goal 8 aims for higher economic productivity and inclusive, and at least 7 percent annual GDP growth in the least developed countries. sustainable Increasing growth in the least developed countries shifting to sectors that generate higher value economic Of the 48 UN-classified least developed coun- added and that yield benefits to workers, growth, full tries in 2015, 23 are classified as fragile by the employers, and the economy. Variation among and productive World Bank. The fragility of a country impacts its growth: Between 2000 and 2014 GDP growth in sectors is higher in countries with low labor productivity, leading to increased inequality. employment, countries in fragile or conflict situations averaged In many lower income countries a large share and decent a little under 4 percent a year, compared with almost 6 percent in the least developed coun- of working-age adults is not part of the formal labor force, highlighting the importance of the work for all tries as a whole (figures 8a–8c). International informal sector and the challenge of raising efforts to bring peace to countries in fragile or the productivity and quality of such livelihoods. conflict situations and reforms in other least Gender inequalities persist across regions and developed countries are needed to achieve at sectors: Women make up a smaller share of least 7 percent annual GDP growth (target 8.1). employment in all regions and are dispropor- tionately employed in lower productivity sec- Enhancing economic productivity and value tors, including agriculture, and in informal sec- added for labor-intensive sectors tors (figure 8d). Sustained economic growth is achieved through higher productivity, both within sectors and by Creating jobs — led by the private sector Creating high-quality, sustainable jobs (target Increased growth is required to meet 8a 8.3) requires a strong and thriving private sec- the target of 7 percent GDP growth Average annual growth, 2000–14 tor. In low- and middle-income countries the (%) 8 private sector accounts for up to 90  percent of jobs. Micro, small, and medium-size enter- Sustainable Development Goal target 6 prises, especially in services and agriculture, account for the largest share of new jobs. The 4 formal private sector remains underdeveloped and weakly competitive in many low- and mid- 2 dle-income countries, with the number of for- mal wage jobs less than the number of new 0 GDP GDP per capita entrants joining the labor force each year. There Countries in fragile and con ict situations Least Developed Countries is a strong correlation between country income Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG; and the density of new formal firms. After the NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG) 16 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Over 2000–14 the least developed countries … and 3.3 percent 8b 8c averaged 5.8 percent GDP growth … per capita GDP growth Average annual GDP growth, 2000–14 Average annual per capita GDP growth, 2000–14 (%) (%) Central African Rep. Least Developed Countries Eritrea Least Developed Countries Least Developed Countries Least Developed Countries Eritrea that are in fragile, violence, Central African Rep. that are in fragile, violence, Haiti or con ict situations Yemen, Rep. or con ict situations Tuvalu Comoros Kiribati Haiti Comoros Kiribati Yemen, Rep. Madagascar Guinea Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Guinea Madagascar Burundi Togo Liberia Gambia, The Togo Vanuatu Guinea-Bissau Liberia Benin Burundi Niger Senegal Senegal Benin Vanuatu Nepal Tuvalu Lesotho Mali Djibouti Malawi Mali Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Congo, Dem. Rep. Niger Mauritania Malawi Djibouti Mauritania Nepal São Tomé and Príncipe Burkina Faso Sudan São Tomé and Príncipe Least Developed Countries average Least Developed Countries average Congo, Dem. Rep. Lesotho Bangladesh Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Tanzania Burkina Faso Uganda Tanzania Sierra Leone Uganda Sudan Lao PDR Bangladesh Sierra Leone Mozambique Zambia Zambia Mozambique Chad Rwanda Rwanda Cambodia Afghanistan Bhutan Bhutan Chad Lao PDR Afghanistan Cambodia Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Ethiopia 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 17 SDG 8 Productive employment and economic growth decline in business registration across regions 55 percent of men are in wage jobs, compared due to the 2008 global economic crisis, most with 44 percent of women. The share of women regions — particularly East Asia and Pacific — in wage jobs is lowest in Sub- Saharan Africa have seen an uptick in recent years (figure 8e). (14  percent), and the share of men in wage jobs is lowest in South Asia (22 percent). Half Achieving full and productive employment and of low- and middle-income countries in Europe decent work for all and equal pay and Central Asia legally mandate that women The share of people employed in wage jobs receive equal pay for work of equal value (target varies by region and gender (figure 8f). Almost 8.5), compared with a third of low- and middle- two-thirds of people who work in Europe and income countries in other regions and only one Central Asia have wage jobs, compared with country in South Asia (Bangladesh; figure 8g). around a fifth in South Asia, where many jobs are in the informal sector. The Middle East and Empowering young people to work North Africa has the largest gender gap: Nearly Sustainable Development Goal 8 focuses on providing opportunities for all, including young Women are disproportionately 8d people (targets 8.5 and 8.6). Young people not employed in lower productivity sectors Labor force status, most recent year available during 2005–14 in employment, education, or training represent (% of population ages 15 and older) a missed opportunity and a loss of productive Female East Asia & Paci c Male engagement that can have lifelong impacts, Europe & Central Asia Female Male including reduced earnings. The Middle East Latin America & Caribbean Female and North Africa and South Asia have the larg- Male Female est shares of young people not in employment, Middle East & North Africa Male Female education, or training (figure 8h). Young people South Asia Male often face greater challenges in finding employ- Female Sub-Saharan Africa Male ment due to their lack of experience, their lower 0 25 50 75 100 access to credit, and their more limited net- Employed in agriculture Employed in industry Employed in services Unemployed Not in the labor force works that can help identify an employment or Note: Excludes high-income countries. Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour entrepreneurial opportunity. Thus youth unem- Market database. ployment rates can be double those of adults. Most regions have seen an increase in Workers in Sub- Saharan Africa and South 8e 8f business registration since 2008 Asia are the least likely to be in wage work New business registrations Wage and salaried workers as a share of the labor force, most (per 1,000 people ages 15–64) recent year available during 2005–14 (%) 10 80 East Asia & Paci ca 8 60 6 Latin America & Caribbean 40 Sub-Saharan Africaa 4 Europe & Central Asiaa 20 Female Male 2 Middle East & North Africaa 0 South Asia Europe Latin Middle East East Asia Sub-Saharan South 0 & Central America & & North & Paci ca Africaa Asia 2002 2005 2010 2014 Asia Caribbean Africa a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population. a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population. Note: Excludes high-income countries. Note: Excludes high-income countries. Source: World Bank Doing Business database; World Development Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Indicators database (IC.BUS.NDNS.ZS). Market database. 18 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Countries differ considerably in which labor 8g protections and regulations they emphasize Share of countries with legal framework for equal Ratio of minimum wage to value Paid annual leave for a worker with remuneration for work of equal value, 2015 (%) added per worker, 2015 (%) ve years of tenure, 2015 (days) East Asia & Paci c Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 Note: Excludes high-income countries. For Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan data refer to the largest city. Source: World Bank Doing Business database. Where the share of young people not in employ- and secure social protection for vulnerable and ment, education, or training is relatively low, as disadvantaged groups (target 8.8). Good work- in Sub- Saharan Africa, young people may be ing environments are influenced by many fac- engaged in subsistence agriculture and infor- tors. Workers should be able to share in higher mal sector activities by necessity. productivity, and a minimum wage ensures a basic level of income; however, too high a Regulating the labor market minimum wage can discourage the creation of To address the overall goal of productive wage jobs. There are considerable variations in employment and decent work for all, more working conditions and types of benefits across jobs are needed, and they need to be better regions (se figure 8g). — in terms of working conditions, benefits, and productivity— and more inclusive. Labor market Note regulations can help address market failures 1. World Bank, 2012, World Development Report 2013: Jobs, Washington, DC. Labor market challenges for young people 8h are large but uneven across regions Share of young people not in employment, education, or training, most recent year available during 2010–14 (%) 40 30 20 10 0 Middle East South Europe Latin East Asia Sub-Saharan & North Asia & Central America & & Paci ca Africaa Africa Asia Caribbean a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population. Note: Excludes high-income countries. Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; World Development Indicators database (SL.UEM.NEET.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 19 SDG 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure Since 1990 over $2.5 trillion has been invested in private infrastructure projects around the world.1 Investments in telecommunications, electric- ity, and roads form the foundations for industrialization, innovation, and increased productivity. Build resilient Building sustainable and robust infrastructure population distribution and transport infrastruc- infrastructure, Limited access to decent roads can isolate farmers from markets and restrict agricul- ture location and quality. In Mozambique only an estimated 19 percent of the rural population promote inclusive tural production to subsistence levels. It also lives within 2 kilometers of a good road, which and sustainable impacts the ability of rural businesses and means that about 14.5 million rural residents industrialization, enterprises to compete with others in less remote areas. In the short term enhancing rural lack access (figure 9a). In Kenya an estimated 57 percent of the rural population lives within and foster road connectivity reduces transport costs and 2 kilometers of a good road; about 13.5 million innovation improves access to markets and social facili- ties such as schools and hospitals. In the lon- rural residents lack access (figure 9b). ger term it elevates agricultural productivity, Driving economic growth through industrialization business profitability, and employment.2 It also The industrial sector is vital to economic devel- helps strengthen the resilience of rural popula- opment, and manufacturing is key to long-term tions to natural and human-made shocks and structural change, formal job creation, and the disasters by facilitating the movement of peo- technology and innovation needed for productiv- ple and supplies for faster recovery. ity growth. The share of the rural population living Manufacturing value added as a share of within 2 kilometers of a road in good condition GDP captures the role of manufacturing in an is measured through the Rural Access Index3 economy. Worldwide, the share declined from and is a useful indicator for governments plan- 19 percent in 1997 to 16 percent in 2013 (fig- ning their transport infrastructure (target 9.1). ure 9c). East Asia and Pacific has historically Data availability is limited, but advances in had the highest share, though it declined from digital technology allow better assessment of 27  percent in 1990 to 22  percent in 2013, Rural access to good roads … but higher 9a 9b is limited in Mozambique … in Kenya Rural Access Index, 2010 Rural Access Index, 2009 (0, low, to 100, high) (0, low, to 100, high) 0–10 21–29 51–60 0–20 41–60 81–100 11–20 30–50 21–40 61–80 Urban area Primary road Urban area Primary road Source: World Bank estimates based on WorldPop and government road data. Source: World Bank estimates based on WorldPop and government road data. 20 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment with China averaging 32 percent and Thailand expenditure on research and development as averaging 28 percent. In South Asia the share a percentage of GDP. Worldwide, it increased has remained fairly constant since 1990; it was slightly from 1.6 percent in 2007 to 1.7 percent about 17 percent in 2014. Between 1990 and in 2013,4 despite the period’s global financial 2014 the share increased slightly, from 16 per- crisis. Asia was the first to recover; in particu- cent to 17 percent, in India, while Bangladesh lar China’s research and development intensity registered a larger increase, from 13 percent to grew from 1.4 percent in 2007 to 2.0 percent 17 percent. In the Middle East and North Africa in 2013. In other emerging economies the the share was relatively constant between rise was slower—from 1.1 percent in 2007 to 2001 and 2007, averaging 12  percent. Sub- 1.2  percent in 2012 in Brazil — or stagnant— Saharan Africa has the lowest share, which has around 0.8 percent in 2007 and 2011 in India. been declining over the past 25 years, from The Russian Federation maintained research 15  percent in 1990 to 11  percent in 2014. and development intensity at pre-crisis levels, North America had the biggest decline in the averaging around 1.1  percent between 2007 share, from 17 percent in 1997 to 12 percent and 2013. Conversely, South Africa saw a in 2013. The share has also been declining in substantial drop, from 0.9 percent in 2007 to Latin America and the Caribbean, from 22 per- 0.7 percent in 2012. cent in 1991 to 15  percent in 2014, and in Europe and Central Asia, from 21  percent in Notes 1991 to 15 percent in 2014. 1. World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure database (http://ppi .worldbank.org). 2. Iimi, A., and A. Diehl, 2015, “A New Measure of Rural Access to Promoting innovation and research and Transport: Using GIS Data to Inform Decisions and Attainment of the SDGs,” Transport and ICT Connections 23, Washington, DC: World Bank. development 3. www.worldbank.org/transport/transportresults/headline/rural-access. html. One measure of innovation is the intensity 4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2015, of research and development, measured as UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030, Paris. Worldwide, manufacturing value added Expenditure on research and development 9c 9d as a share of GDP is declining is slowly rising in some countries Manufacturing value added Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) (% of GDP) 30 2.5 East Asia & Paci c Latin America & Caribbean 2.0 Europe & Central Asia China 20 South Asia World 1.5 Russian Federation Brazil Sub-Saharan Africa North America 1.0 Middle East & North Africa India 10 South Africa 0.5 0 0.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; World Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Bank national accounts data; World Development Indicators database Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (GB.XPD. (NV.IND.MANF.ZS). RSDV.GD.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 21 SDG 10 Reduced inequalities The targets of Sustainable Development Goal 10 focus on reducing inequality in a variety of contexts: income inequality within a country and inequality by gender, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion, and opportunity. It also tackles inequality among countries in terms of voice, migration, and international aid. Reduce inequality within and among Reducing inequality within countries Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to pro- countries experienced relatively strong growth (above 3 percent) over the same period for both countries gressively achieve, by 2030, sustained income the poorest 40  percent and the total popula- growth among the poorest 40  percent of the tion, but in some cases the growth rate for the population at a rate higher than the national bottom 40 percent was lower than the national average in every country (target 10.1). This average (China and Vietnam; group B in figure echoes the World Bank’s goal of promoting 10a). In these cases the Sustainable Develop- shared prosperity, which does not set a spe- ment Goal target would not have been met, even cific target for each country but aims to foster though people on average were better off. income growth among the poorest 40 percent Among countries with data, a larger propor- in every country. tion of low- and middle-income countries than In 56 out of 94 countries with data for 2007– of high-income countries met the target. Spe- 12 the per capita income of the poorest 40 per- cifically, in around two-thirds of low- and middle- cent is growing faster than the national average income countries the income of the poorest (countries above the diagonal line in figure 10a). 40 percent grew faster than the national aver- Of those 56, 9 still experienced negative growth age, compared with half of high-income coun- (group A in figure 10a), including high-income tries (figure 10b). countries (the United Kingdom and the United States) and middle-income countries (Guate- Reducing inequality across countries mala and the Kyrgyz Republic). Thus, higher International aid. Millennium Development Goal growth among the poorest 40 percent does not 8 focused on the need for high-, middle-, and necessarily lead to prosperity. Another group of low-income countries to work together to create In some countries the poorest 40 percent In low- and middle-income countries growth 10a 10b are achieving faster growth has been faster for the poorest 40 percent Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or Share of countries meeting the shared prosperity target for income, poorest 40 percent, 2007–12 (%) growth over 2007–12 (%) 15 100 10 75 China 5 Vietnam Group B 50 United Kingdom 0 Guatemala Group A 25 –5 Greece –10 0 –10 –5 0 5 10 Low income Lower Upper High income Total Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption (11 countries) middle income middle income (36 countries) (94 countries) (22 countries) (25 countries) or income, national, 2007–12 (%) Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest 40 percent is greater than the national average 40 percent is greater than the national average Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest 40 percent is less than or equal to the national average 40 percent is less than or equal to the national average Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; World Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; World Development Indicators database (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG). Development Indicators database (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG). 22 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment an environment where rapid sustainable devel- between 2013 and 2014, a decline explained opment is possible. The Sustainable Develop- only partially by the sharp drop in debt relief to ment Goals continue this focus, encouraging Myanmar. Bilateral official development assis- official development assistance and financial tance to Sub-Saharan Africa also fell 5 percent flows to countries where the need is greatest in nominal terms from 2013 to 2014. (target 10.b). Over 2009–14, nominal inflows of official Migration. People migrate for many reasons, development assistance grew 27  percent to including better employment opportunities and $161  billion (figure 10c). But meeting target higher wages. Many migrants remit money back 10.b may require a change in current trends. to their country of origin, to care for their fam- Increases in inflows to the poorest countries ily, and the amount of such payments is large have not kept pace with those to middle-income and has been increasing. Worldwide, personal countries. Official development assistance to remittances were estimated at $583  billion Sub- Saharan Africa increased just 4  percent in 2014 — $436  billion (75  percent) of which between 2009 and 2014, and official develop- went to low- and middle-income countries, up ment assistance to the least developed coun- 4.3 percent from 2013. tries increased only 9 percent. The trend was But it is not cheap to send money across driven primarily by a drop in bilateral aid chan- national borders. The cost of sending the equiv- neled directly by donors, which accounts for alent of $200 averaged 8  percent in 2014, around 75 percent of total net official develop- down from 10 percent in 2008 but still above ment assistance. For instance, bilateral aid to the 3 percent called for by 2030 in target 10.c the least developed countries fell 16  percent (figure 10d). Total official development assistance has been The average cost of sending 10c 10d rising—but not where aid is needed most remittances has been declining Net of cial development assistance in ows Average cost to send the equivalent of $200 in remittances ($ billions) (%) 200 10.0 All recipients 150 7.5 100 5.0 Target for 2030 50 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5 Least Developed Countries 0 0.0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development– Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database Development Assistance Committee; World Development Indicators (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org; World Development Indicators database (DT.ODA.ODAT.CD). database (SI.RMT.COST.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 23 SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities An estimated 60 percent of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2030 (figure 11a), and most of the expected 1 billion increase in urban dwellers between 2015 and 2030 will occur in Africa and Asia. This demographic transformation will affect the economic, environmental, social, and political futures of individuals everywhere. Cities are com- Make cities plex systems in which every component affects every other. Sustainable and human Development Goal 11 focuses on making cities and other human settle- settlements ments safe, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable. inclusive, safe, Improving the quality of housing the Central African Republic and Mozambique resilient, and Access to adequate, safe, and affordable hous- have seen the number of slum dwellers rise sustainable ing and basic services, in addition to slum since 1990 (figure 11b). In those countries poor upgrading, is critical to sustainable cities (tar- people move from rural areas to cities in search get 11.1). Although there is no consistent defi- of greater opportunity but often end up even nition of slum areas, the United Nations Human more entrenched in poverty. Settlements Programme estimates take into Other Sub- Saharan countries have made consideration the proportion of urban popula- extraordinary progress in reducing their urban tion living in dwellings that lack access to an slums. Rwanda lowered the proportion of its improved drinking water source, improved sani- urban population living in slums from 96  per- tation facilities, sufficient living area, durable cent in 1990 to 53 percent in 2014. Mali also structure, or security of tenure. saw a large decline, from 94  percent of its In Sub- Saharan Africa more than half the urban population to 56 percent. urban population lives in slum conditions. Coun- tries that have faced civil war report the high- Reducing the environmental impact of cities est rates: In the Central African Republic, South As the world urbanizes, declining air qual- Sudan, and Sudan more than 90 percent of the ity in fast-growing regions is placing a grow- urban population lives in slums. Moreover, both ing burden on people’s health (target 11.6). An estimated 60 percent of the world’s A large share of urban dwellers in 11a 11b population will live in urban areas by 2030 Sub-Saharan Africa live in slum conditions World population Share of urban population living in slums (billions) (%) 10.0 100 Central African Rep. Mozambique 7.5 75 Rwanda Mali Urban Sub-Saharan Africa 5.0 50 2.5 25 Rural 0.0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Source: United Nations Population Division, 2014, World Urbanization Source: United Nations Human Settlements Programme; World Development Prospects: The 2014 Revision, New York. Indicators database (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS) 24 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment According to the 2013 Global Burden of Dis- Measuring the impact of urbanization ease study, exposure to outdoor air pollution Measuring progress toward the Sustainable (as measured by levels of particles less than Development Goal 11 targets in a consistent 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) way across all countries will be a challenge. For is responsible for 2.9 million deaths per year, example, the target on transportation systems about one every 10 seconds.1 Outdoor PM2.5 requires monitoring the proportion of the popu- levels are highest in East Asia and Pacific lation with convenient access to public trans- (40 micrograms per cubic meter in 2013) and port. This requires a much more precise under- South Asia (45 micrograms per cubic meter, standing of where people live than is currently more than four times the guideline value rec- available. Other targets call for monitoring land ommended by the World Health Organization; consumption and open space, which requires figure 11c). In both regions the levels of out- global data on built-up areas. door PM2.5 have increased from their 1990 An even more fundamental challenge is that levels. there is no universal agreement on the defini- Average pollution levels are estimated by tions of “urban” and “city.” Several Sustainable combining satellite observations of airborne Development Goal targets use terms such as particles with models of atmospheric chemis- “urban population” and “cities of over 100,000 try, which are calibrated against ground-level air people.” But how large or dense does a settle- quality monitoring data from nearly 3,400 loca- ment need to be in order to be considered a city? tions and 79 countries. The satellite-based esti- Do certain kinds of economic activity need to mates cover both cities and rural areas. While be present for an area to be considered urban? there is no substitute for ground-level moni- On the outskirts of a city, where precisely does toring, particularly in densely populated urban the urban area end and the rural area begin? areas, large swathes of the globe still do not Each country defines and measures its urban have this monitoring infrastructure, so remote areas differently, making comparison of trends sensing technologies such as those used for in urbanization across countries problematic. the Global Burden of Disease study continue Fortunately, new and innovative forms of data to be a powerful tool for measuring large-scale can help monitor progress toward Sustainable exposure to air pollutants. Development Goal 11, including maps of built- up areas derived from imagery and radar data Outdoor air pollution is increasing in 11c from satellites. While each country’s national East Asia and Pacific and South Asia Mean annual concentration of particles less than 2.5 microns in definition may be well suited to its national con- diameter (micrograms per cubic meter) 50 text, global analysis based on these data can be consistent across countries, yielding objec- 40 tive and comparable measures of urbanization. 30 In turn, this can help provide a global picture of the scope and nature of the urbanization chal- 20 lenge and help make cities inclusive, safe, resil- 10 ient, and sustainable. 1990 2013 0 South Asia East Asia Middle EastSub-Saharan Europe & Paci c & North Africa Latin & Central America & North America Note Africa Asia Caribbean 1. GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, 2015, “Global, Regional, and Source: Brauer, B., and others, 2016, “Ambient Air Pollution Exposure National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioral, Environmental, Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013,” Environmental Science and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188 & Technology 50(1): 79–88; World Development Indicators database Countries, 1990–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3). Disease Study 2013,” Lancet. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 25 SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production A third of the world’s energy is consumed by the food sector, but a third of food that is produced is lost or wasted. Saving a quarter of this lost food would be enough to feed 870 million people.1 Sustainable consumption and production by countries—in essence doing more and better with less — means meeting basic needs of people and promoting a better quality Ensure of life while cutting harmful waste and pollution. sustainable consumption Managing natural resources efficiently resource dependence also tend to have lower and production Adjusted net savings is an indicator of effi- savings rates (figure 12a). cient use of natural resources (target 12.2). patterns It measures the difference between national Reducing food loss and waste production and consumption — the change Meeting the food needs of a growing global pop- in a country’s wealth. Adjusted net savings ulation while reducing food loss and waste (tar- takes into account investment in human capi- get 12.3) poses a serious challenge. Food loss tal, depreciation of fixed capital, depletion of is defined as a decrease in quantity or quality natural resources, and pollution damage. Posi- of food at any stage of the food supply chain, tive savings form the basis for building wealth from the point at which it is harvested or made and future growth. Negative savings rates to the point it is eaten. Food waste occurs when suggest declining wealth and unsustainable edible food reaches the consumer but expires, development. is thrown away, or is otherwise neglected and Adjusted net savings is especially useful not eaten. The extent of food loss varies greatly for gauging whether countries that depend by income group and region. In the high-income heavily on natural resources are balancing the countries of North America and East Asia and depletion of their natural resources by invest- Pacific, the equivalent of more than 1,500 ing rents in other forms of productive capital, calories of food per person per day is lost, such as through education. Low- and lower mid- mostly through food waste. By contrast, in Sub- dle-income countries with the highest level of Saharan Africa the equivalent of 414 calories Countries dependent on natural resources High-income countries generate the 12a 12b tend to have lower savings rates most hazardous waste per capita Average adjusted net savings, 2010–14 Hazardous waste (% of GNI) (kilograms per capita per year) 50 1,000 Philippines China Qatar Nepal Algeria 25 Indonesia 750 Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Saudi Arabia Azerbaijan Mongolia Angola 500 0 Kazakhstan Iraq Trinidad and Tobago Mauritania 1996–2000 Oman 2001–05 2006–11 Congo, Dem. Rep. 250 –25 Liberia Guinea 0 –50 Low Lower Upper OECD Non-OECD 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 income middle income middle incomea high income high income Average resource rents, 2010–14 (% of GNI) a. Excludes Kazakhstan. Low income Upper middle income High income: OECD Source: Basel Convention (www.basel.int/Countries/NationalReporting /StatusCompilations/tabid/1497/), European Commission’s Eurostat database Lower middle income High income: non-OECD (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.ADJ.SVNX.GN.ZS, &pcode=tsdpc250&plugin=1); United Nations Statistics Division Environmental NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GNP.MKTP.CD). Indicators database (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/hazardous.htm). 26 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment per person per day is lost, mostly during the Reforming fossil fuel subsidies process of production, handling, and storage, Sustainable Development Goal 12 calls for before food reaches the market.2 rationalizing inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies (target 12.3) though there is some debate over Minimizing the impact of chemical waste how this should be measured. The International Sustainable Development Goal 12 aims to Monetary Fund provides a comprehensive esti- reduce the release of chemicals and wastes mate of subsidies by including not only the into the environment and to minimize their difference between the final price consumers adverse impacts on human health (target 12.4). pay and international market prices, but also A partial inventory of more than 3,000 toxic the environmental and social costs of local sites around the world found that the health of pollution, road traffic, and climate change (fig- as many as 200 million people living near these ure 12c). Subsidies as a percentage of GDP sites may be affected.3 are highest in upper middle-income countries Per capita generation of hazardous waste (nearly 14  percent), followed by lower middle- nearly doubled worldwide between the late income and non–Organisation for Economic 1990s and the late 2000s. In middle-income Co-operation and Development high-income countries per capita hazardous waste genera- countries (11 percent). tion rose from 17 kilograms between 1996 and 2000 to 42 kilograms between 2006 and Notes 2011.4 However, high-income non–Organisation 1. Food and Agriculture Organization, SAVE FOOD: Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction, Key Findings. [www.fao.org/save-food for Economic Co-operation and Development /resources/keyfindings/en/]. countries continue to generate the most hazard- 2. International Energy Agency, 2015, World Energy Outlook 2015, Paris; Lipinski, B., and others, 2013, “Reducing Food Loss and Waste,” Working ous waste, 981 kilograms per capita between Paper, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 2006 and 2011 (figure 12b). Hazardous waste 3. Global Alliance on Health and Pollution, 2013, The Poisoned Poor: Toxic Chemicals Exposures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, New York. generation by low-income countries was 7 kilo- 4. Excludes Kazakhstan, which reportedly generated 40.7 tons of hazardous grams per capita over the same period. waste per capita in 2010. High-income countries provide 12c the most fossil-fuel subsidies Fossil fuel subsidies, 2013 Fossil fuel subsidies, 2013 ($ per capita) (% of GDP) 3,000 15 2,000 10 1,000 5 0 0 Low Lower middle Upper middle OECD Non-OECD Low Lower middle Upper middle OECD Non-OECD income income income high income high income income income income high income high income Source: Coady, D., I. Parry, L. Sears, and B. Shang, 2015, “How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies?” Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, Washington, DC. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 27 SDG 13 Climate action Globally, 2015 was the hottest year on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization. Climate change is already affecting every country on every continent through changing seasons and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. Changes in temperature and precipitation pose substantial risks for agriculture, Take urgent water supplies, food, ecosystems, energy security, and infrastructure. action to combat climate change Understanding the impacts of climate change Addressing climate change and its impacts* Sustainable Development Goal 13 calls for Countries must take steps to strengthen resil- stronger resilience and capacity to adapt to ience and adaptive capacity to climate-related climate-related hazards and natural disasters; hazards (target 13.1) and take early action to integration of climate change measures into reduce greenhouse gas emissions. national planning; improved climate-related edu- The Hyogo Framework for Action, which pro- cation, awareness-raising, and capacity build- vided a global blueprint for a range of disaster ing; and mobilization of sustained resources to risk reduction efforts for 2005–15, cites climate address the needs of low- and middle-income change as one of the primary factors increasing countries. the severity of future disasters. Under the frame- Since 1980 both the occurrence and eco- work, countries used a 1–5 scale to assess nomic impact of weather-related natural disas- progress on 22 indicators in five areas. Under ters such as floods, droughts, and tropical area 4, which addressed underlying risk factors storms have risen.1 Global climate models indi- (including weather, environment, and climate cate that by 2050 low- and middle-income coun- change), the share of countries reporting a score tries are more likely than high-income countries of 4 or higher rose from 13 percent in 2009–11 to experience higher temperature increases to 27 percent in 2013–15 (figure 13b). because of geographic location (figure 13a), pos- Integrating climate change measures into sibly leading to more extreme weather-related national policies, strategies, and planning is disasters and associated economic losses. critical (target 13.2).2 The December 2015 Paris Temperatures are projected to Overall, countries have shown steady 13a 13b rise significantly by 2050 progress in addressing disaster risk Estimated minimum and maximum temperature increases by Share of countries reporting a given score for priority 4 under the 2050 from average for 1961–2000 (degrees Celsius) Hyogo Framework for Action blueprint for disaster risk reduction (%) 50 Maximum Low income 40 Minimum 30 Middle income 20 2009–11 2011–13 2013–15 10 High income * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Less than 3.0 3.0 to less 4.0 or more on Climate Change is the primary (less progress) than 4.0 (more progress) international, intergovernmental Note: Data are the median estimate of general circulation models. forum for negotiating the global Source: World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal (http://sdwebx.worldbank .org/climateportal/). Source: PreventionWeb (http://preventionweb.net). response to climate change. 28 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Agreement under the United Nations Framework address the needs of low- and middle-income Convention on Climate Change aims to hold countries and mobilizing the Green Climate Fund increases in global average temperature to well (target 13.a). Organisation for Economic Co-oper- below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial ation and Development data show climate financ- levels and to reach peak global greenhouse gas ing from public and private sources, as well as emissions as soon as possible. Global emissions export credits, from high-income to low- and mid- of carbon dioxide —a major greenhouse gas and dle-income countries (adjusting for multilateral primary driver of climate change—increased from sources) to be approximately $61.8  billion in 22.2 billion metric tons in 1990 to 34.6 billion 2014, up from $52.2 billion in 2013 (figure 13d). in 2011 and contributed to an increase of about Development is moving toward climate-resilient 0.8 degree Celsius in mean global temperature and low emission pathways in many low- and above pre-industrial times (figure 13c). middle-income countries,4 which is likely to be As of December 2015, 160 nationally deter- enhanced by multilateral development bank com- mined contributions from 188 countries have mitments to increase support for climate change been submitted to the United Nations Frame- and disaster risk management, especially in low- work Convention on Climate Change. These income countries. For example, the World Bank commitments include measures to reduce includes climate change risks and opportunities emissions (mitigation), better manage the in the country partnership frameworks that spec- impacts of change climate on socioeconomic ify major development challenges in countries systems and ecosystems (adaptation), and sup- and areas of support from partners. port national policies and planning.3 The Paris Agreement calls for these contributions to be Notes reviewed and strengthened every five years. 1. Gitay, H., and others, 2013, Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development: The World Bank Group Experience, Washington, DC: World Bank. Financing the response to climate change 2. Gitay, H., and others, 2013, Building Resilience: Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development: The World Bank Group Experience, Sustainable Development Goal 13 also looks at Washington, DC: World Bank. 3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015, climate finance, in particular the United Nations “Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of the Intended Nationally Framework Convention on Climate Change goal Determined Contributions,” 21st Session, 30 November–11 December, Paris. 4. World Bank, 2015, “2014 Joint Report on Multilateral Development of committing $100  billion a year by 2020 to Banks’ Climate Finance, Washington, DC. Carbon dioxide emissions are Mobilized climate finance increased 13c 13d at unprecedented levels $9.6 billion between 2013 and 2014 Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel Mobilized climate nance (billions of metric tons) ($ billions) 40 80 60 30 High income 40 20 20 10 Upper middle income 0 2013 2014 Lower middle income Bilateral public nance Export credits Low income Multilateral public nance Private co- nance 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; World Development Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Indicators database (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT). Climate Policy Initiative. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 29 SDG 14 Life below water Fish is the main animal protein for more than 1 billion people. Average worldwide fish consumption is about 20 kilograms per person per year. Yields from the planet’s oceans, seas, and marine resources are essen- tial to the food security of much of the world’s population. Monitoring progress toward the sustainability of these resources is paramount but Conserve and creates substantial challenges. sustainably use the oceans, Sustainably capturing and farming seafood fishing practices (target 14.4) can support the seas, and marine Capture fisheries have dominated the seafood sustainability of the fishing industry, aquatic market until recently. Since the 1980s there habitats, and biodiversity. Based on data for resources for has been a rise in aquaculture (fish, shellfish, 54 countries and the high seas, illegal and sustainable and seaweed farming), which now accounts unreported fishers catch 11–26  million tons development for nearly half of seafood production (figure 14a). East Asia and Pacific dominates capture a year, reducing revenues to legal fishers $10–$23.5  billion a year.2 Low- and middle- fisheries and aquaculture production, where it income countries with weak regulatory and accounts for over 90 percent of output. enforcement capacity are most at risk from ille- Capture fisheries have generally stagnated gal fishing. since the early 1990s, and many govern- ments have implemented subsidy schemes to Increasing the economic benefits of fish protect local fish supplies and employment in production the sector. Subsidies to fisheries total approxi- Fish production accounts for a substantial mately $10  billion a year, driving continued share of economic activity in many economies, fishing despite decreasing catch value and including Small Island Developing States and profitability.1 countries in Sub- Saharan Africa.3 Target 14.7 Ensuring the effective regulation of fish looks to increase the economic benefits to harvesting along with stopping overfish- producers from the sustainable use of marine ing  and illegal, unreported, and unregulated resources. The livelihoods of approximately Capture fisheries have stagnated, Marine protected areas increased 14a 14b while aquaculture has increased between 1990 and 2014 Production Marine protected areas (millions of metric tons) (% of territorial waters) 100 20 Capture sheries 15 75 10 50 Aquaculture 5 25 1990 2014 0 South Middle East Sub- Europe & Latin North East 0 Asia & North Saharan Central America & America Asia & 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Africa Africa Asia Caribbean Paci c Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. Source: World Development Indicators database (ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS). 30 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 60  million full- and part-time workers depend with the level of ocean pollution and acidifica- on marine capture fisheries, almost all of them tion. The number of dead zones — areas of in low- and middle-income countries and half of ocean with too little oxygen for most marine them women.4 Fisheries and aquaculture are life — has increased by a third between 1995 dominated by small scale, family operations, and 2007, largely as the result of nutrient pol- most of which employ fewer than 10 people. lution. Dead zones now rank alongside overfish- ing, habitat loss, and harmful algal blooms as Protecting and conserving the oceans key stressors of marine ecosystems. There are Marine protected areas can help rebuild deplet- some 405 dead zones in coastal waters world- ing stocks and act as sanctuaries for biodiver- wide (figure 14c), affecting an area of 95,000 sity. As of 2014, approximately 2  percent of square miles.6 the global oceans are designated as marine protected areas, with various levels of actual Notes control of access.5 Target 14.5 seeks the con- 1. World Bank, 2009, The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform, Washington, DC. servation, by 2020, of at least 10  percent of 2. Agnew, D. J., and others, 2009, “Estimating the Worldwide Extent of coastal and marine areas. According to the Illegal Fishing,” PLoS ONE 4(2): e4570. country-level data available, by 2014 South 3. Kelleher, K., 2008, “World Bank Activities in Fisheries,” Presentation at High-Level Roundtable on International Cooperation for Sustainable, 25–27 Asia had the lowest share of marine protected March, Bridgetown. areas in its territorial waters. But all regions 4. World Bank, 2012, Hidden Harvest: The Global Contribution of Capture Fisheries, Report 66469-GLB, Washington, DC; Food and Agriculture have achieved at least some progress over the Organization, 2014, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome. previous two decades (figure 14b). 5. United Nations Environment Programme–World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The condition of marine biodiversity and of 6. Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg, 2008, “Spreading Dead Zones and the global environment is closely connected Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science 321(5891): 926–29. The distribution of dead zones 14c matches the global human footprint Global distribution of 400-plus systems that have scientifically reported accounts of being eutrophication-associated dead zones Human footprint 80 60 40 20 Hypoxic system IBRD 42222 Note: See http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2008/08/14/321.5891.926.DC1 for supporting material for zone-specific information. Source: Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg, 2008, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science 321(5891): 926–29. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 31 SDG 15 Life on land Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s land but, despite efforts to pro- tect them, around 13 million hectares vanish each year. Between 1990 and 2015 the world lost more than 129 million hectares— over 3 per- cent of its forest area. The impact of human activity on the environment directly affects the world’s poorest communities, and deforestation, de- Protect, restore, sertification, and loss of biodiversity all pose major challenges to future and promote sustainable development. sustainable use of terrestrial Protecting forests urbanization accelerates, and demand for food, Crucial to the health of the planet, to its diverse fiber, energy, and minerals increases. ecosystems, species, and to the livelihoods of a fifth of sustainably the human population,1 forests contribute to Minimizing desertification and land degradation manage long-term economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental stability. Despite numer- The loss of potential and existing agricultural land to drought, floods, and land degradation forests, combat ous international engagements to protect for- affects vast swathes of the world’s poor, many desertification, est areas, national and regional afforestation and reforestation efforts need to accelerate of whom depend on agriculture for their liveli- hoods and nourishment. Restoring land and and halt and in order to ensure the sustainability of forests soil (target 15.3) helps keep land degradation reverse land (target 15.2). While some regions have steadily in check. increased forest coverage, Latin America and Soil degradation affects 52 percent of agri- degradation the Caribbean has lost 97  million hectares cultural land, and arable land is being lost at and halt since 1990, and Sub- Saharan Africa has lost 30–35 times its historical rate. Drought and biodiversity loss 83  million hectares (figure 15a). Over 16  per- cent of Brazil’s original Amazonian forest has desertification have led to losses of 12  mil- lion hectares, 2 on which 20  million tons of disappeared, and the current rate of loss is grain could have been grown, and have further 2 million hectares a year. Pressures on forests impoverished already vulnerable communities. will continue as the world’s population grows, Degradation in the drylands —zones naturally The loss of forest area in two regions Degradation correlates with 15a 15b has been barely offset by gains elsewhere loss in net primary productivity Change in forest area, 1990–2015 Change, 1981–2003 (millions of hectares) (%) 50 20 Area affected by land degradation Net primary productivity lost 25 15 0 10 –25 5 –50 0 Africa, Indo-China, South Australia The Pampas south of Myanmar, and China –75 equator Indonesia Source: Bai, Z., and others, 2008, “Global Assessment of Land Degradation –100 East Asia Europe Latin North Middle East South Sub-Saharan and Improvement. 1. Identification by Remote Sensing,” Report 2008/01, & Paci c & Central America & America & North Asia Africa ISRIC–World Soil Information, Wageningen, Netherlands, as adapted by Asia Caribbean Africa E. Nkonya and others, 2011, “The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought Toward an Integrated Global Assessment,” Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators Discussion Paper on Development Policy 150, Center for Development database (AG.LND.FRST.K2). Research, Bonn, Germany. 32 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment predisposed to high aridity and water scarcity Substantial gains have been made in conserv- — is causing the desertification of 3.6  billion ing biodiversity (figure 15c), with roughly 12 per- hectares.3 Degradation and concurrent loss cent of global forests now designated as pro- of vegetative cover also lead to a loss in net tected areas. primary productivity, the rate at which vegeta- Many species are under threat of extinction tion fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere due to climate change, poaching, overfishing, (figure 15b). Implementing sustainable and pollution, and habitat degradation. Of the 8,300 integrated land and water management prac- animal breeds known to humans, 8  percent tices will help the areas and populations most are extinct, and 22 percent are on the brink of impacted. extinction. Among assessed species, the high- est number of threatened plants are in Latin Safeguarding natural habitats and biodiversity America and Caribbean, the highest number of As forests, drylands, and freshwater ecosys- threatened fish are in Sub-Saharan Africa, and tems disappear, so does the world’s biodiver- the highest number of threatened mammals and sity. Action to protect and prevent the extinc- birds are in East Asia and Pacific (figure 15d). tion of threatened species and their habitats will help reverse this (target 15.5). Plants pro- Notes vide humanity with 80  percent of the human 1. Chao, S., 2012, “Forest Peoples: Numbers across the World.” Moreton- in-Marsh, United Kingdom: Forest Peoples Program. [www.forestpeoples diet, and populations throughout Africa, Asia, .org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2012/05/forest-peoples-numbers-across -world-final_0.pdf]. and Latin America use traditional plant- based 2. www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/. medicine to help meet their healthcare needs. 3. www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-217/002-217.html. The total area of protected land has Threatened species are 15c 15d nearly doubled since 1990 found throughout the world National protected area Number of threatened species, 2015 (% of land area) 25 8,000 Plants Mammals Fish Birds 20 6,000 15 4,000 10 2,000 5 0 1990 2014 Latin Sub- East Europe South Middle East North America & Saharan Asia & & Central Asia & North America 0 Caribbean Africa Paci c Asia Africa Latin East Sub- Europe Middle East North South World America & Asia & Saharan & Central & North America Asia Source: United Nations Environmental Program and World Conservation Caribbean Paci c Africa Asia Africa Monitoring Centre; International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red Source: United Nations Environmental Program and World Conservation List of Threatened Species; Froese, R., and D. Pauly, eds., 2008, FishBase Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute; World database (www.fishbase.org); World Development Indicators database Development Indicators database (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS). (EN.MAM.THRD.NO, EN.BIR.THRD.NO, EN.FSH.THRD.NO, EN.HPT.THRD.NO). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 33 SDG 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions Peaceful nations governed with fairness and transparency provide the optimal platforms for implementing development strategies and pro- grams. However, many states are in fragile situations, with citizens and their daily lives compromised by fear, conflict, unjust laws, and opaque governance. The success of the Sustainable Development Goals in such Promote peaceful areas depends on achieving livable and calm communities supported by and inclusive reliable and accountable institutions. societies for sustainable Reducing violence and related deaths 2014, the most of any country (figure 16b). Protecting the lives of people is one of the In the same year, about 12,250 people were development, most important obligations of states (target killed in Afghanistan, and close to 12,000 were provide access 16.1). Intentional homicide occurs in every killed in Iraq. to justice for country, but homicide rates vary across and within regions. Latin America and the Carib- Promoting justice all, and build bean had the highest homicide rate in 2012, Strong justice and rule of law systems pro- effective, 23 per 100,000 people — almost four times the global average of 6 per 100,000 people (figure vide mechanisms for resolving land and natu- ral resource disputes, keeping governments accountable 16a). Sub-Saharan Africa had 14 homicides per accountable to citizens, and giving businesses and inclusive 100,000 people. East Asia and Pacific had the the confidence to enter into and enforce con- lowest: 2 homicides per 100,000 people. tracts (target 16.3). institutions One measure of peace is the absence of One monitoring tool is the proportion of the at all levels conflict-related deaths. Escalation of several population that has experienced a dispute; conflicts, coupled with the extreme violence accessed a formal, informal, alternative, or in the Syrian Arab Republic, resulted in 2014 traditional dispute resolution mechanism; and having the highest number of battled-related feels the process was just. While global cov- deaths since 1989. More than 54,000 people erage is not yet available, appropriate survey were killed in Syria in battle-related deaths in methodology has been developed over the past Latin America and the Caribbean had The majority of battle-related deaths 16a 16b the highest homicide rate in 2012 occurred in three countries during 2014 Intentional homicides, 2012 Battle-related deaths, 2014 (per 100,000 people) 25 Syrian Arab Rep. 20 Afghanistan Iraq 15 Ukraine Nigeria 10 Pakistan South Sudan 5 Israel Yemen, Rep. 0 Latin Sub-Saharan North South Middle East Europe East Asia Somalia America & Africa America Asia & North & Central & Paci c Caribbean Africa Asia 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; World Development Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; World Development Indicators Indicators database (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5). database (VC.BTL.DETH). 34 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment two decades and has been used by national a crucial tool in a wide range of public policies statistical offices in more than 25 countries and programs in health, education, water and across all regions. sanitation, social protection, food security, and labor and employment. Strengthening institutions Globally, many births go unregistered. In Building stronger institutions requires efficient, 2011 only 72 percent of children under age 5 effective, and accountable public spending. had their births registered, and in Sub-Saharan Comparing actual primary government expendi- Africa fewer than half were registered (figure ture with the original approved budget is one 16d). In contrast, birth registration is nearly uni- way of analyzing how well government budgets versal in Europe and Central Asia. are planned and public financial management is executed. The Public Expenditure and Finan- Securing the right to information cial Accountability Program assesses how close A citizen’s “right to know” reflects a country’s 144 national governments come to meeting commitment to widespread, fair, and transparent their proposed targets. Over the past 10 years sustainable development (target 16.10). Estab- nearly two-thirds of participating countries were lishing legislative guarantees and mechanisms within 10  percentage points of their original for public access to information safeguards budgets, and around half of those were within fundamental freedoms and facilitates public 5 percentage points (figure 16c). However, more input and review. However, implementation and than a tenth of countries deviated by more than enforcement of such guarantees and mecha- 15 percentage points. nisms are difficult to measure. Measuring both the quality of laws and legislative guarantees Providing legal identity for all and their levels of implementation will be neces- Effective civil registration and vital statistics sary to measure progress toward target 16.10.1 systems capture key life events, such as births, marriages, and deaths. In seeking legal iden- Note tity for all, including full birth registration by 1. Trapnell, S. E., and V. L. Lemieux. 2014. “Right to Information: Identifying Drivers of Effectiveness in Implementation.” Right to Information Working 2030 (target 16.9), such systems can provide Paper 2. World Bank, Washington, DC. Public expenditure was within 10 percent In Sub-Saharan Africa fewer 16c 16d of the budget in two-thirds of countries than half of births are registered Share of countries surveyed, most recent year available during Share of children under age 5 whose births were registered, 2011 2006–15 (%) (%) 40 100 30 75 20 50 25 10 0 0 Europe Latin World South Sub-Saharan Less than 5 percent to less 10 percent to less 15 percent & Central America & Asia Africa 5 percent than 10 percent than 15 percent or higher Asia Caribbean Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014, State of the World’s Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Program (www Children 2015: Reimagine the Future, New York; World Development .pefa.org). Indicators database (SP.REG.BRTH.ZS). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 35 SDG 17 Partnership for global development Coordinated global macroeconomic policies, increased aid flows for the poorest countries, effective public-private partnerships, and domestic resource mobilization in low- and middle-income countries are key to achieving development goals. Strengthen Increasing aid flows their home country.1 International remittances, the means of Official development assistance from members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation in the form of personal transfers and compen- sation of employees, have a profound impact implementation and Development’s Development Assistance on economic outcomes. In 2014 international and revitalize the Committee (DAC) have increased 66 percent in remittances totaled $528  billion, 72  percent real terms since 2000, to $137 billion in 2014. ($378 billion) of which went to low- and middle- global partnership Net official development assistance as a share of income countries (figure 17b). This was equiv- for sustainable DAC countries’ combined gross national income alent to 1.7  percent of these countries’ com- development (GNI) was 0.29 percent, on a par with 2013 (fig- ure 17a). Five DAC members exceeded the UN bined GNI and close to two and a half times the level of official development assistance from official development assistance target of 0.7 per- DAC donors. For India, the world’s largest recipi- cent of GNI. The United States was the largest ent, international remittances totaled $70 bil- donor by volume: $32 billion in 2014, or 0.19 per- lion in 2014, or 3.4 percent of GNI, only margin- cent of GNI. Humanitarian aid rose 22 percent in ally less than the net inflows of debt and foreign real terms in 2014 and accounted for 10 percent direct investment combined. of net official development assistance flows. Supporting the most vulnerable countries Enabling development through remittances The world’s 48 least developed countries, home International migration has an important role in to 1 billion people, account for only 3 percent of economic relations between low- and middle- low- and middle-income countries’ export earn- income countries and high-income countries. ings. Exports from the least developed coun- An estimated 232 million people, 3.2 percent tries are highly concentrated: In 2014 Angola, of the world’s population, live and work outside Bangladesh, and Myanmar accounted for Net official development assistance as a share of Development Assistance Committee 17a countries’ combined gross national income was 0.29 percent, on a par with 2013 Net of cial development assistance, 2014 (% of GNI) 1.25 1.00 0.75 United Nations target 0.70 0.50 0.25 0.00 C n en ay rk om ds d d um y d e nd a ia da d es l ly ain Sl a Re a c ce c d g ga an bli bli ur nc a ali re i lan lan lan lan lan Ne l DA Ita a str ec ven rw at ee lan ed Un Jap ala na rtu nm Sp bo gd lgi Ko rm pu pu Fra str St Au Fin Ire Ice Po No er Gr Sw Ca o ta Be er Kin Ze Po em Ge Au Re De itz d To th ite Sw w x Ne h ak d Lu ite ov Cz Un Sl Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development–Development Assistance Committee. 36 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 54 percent (figure 17c). Exports were dominated increased sevenfold from 2005 to 2012, to a by commodities, notably oil, copper, gold, and record $158  billion. Over this period commit- natural gas. Between 2009 and 2013 strong ments rose 414 percent for energy, 166 percent global commodity prices drove the least devel- for transport, and 96 percent for water. Commit- oped countries’ export earnings up 63 percent, ments have been flat since 2012, reflecting a on a par with the 65 percent increase in those slowdown in key emerging markets. In relation of other low- and middle-income countries. But to GDP, investment commitments for public-pri- the least developed countries’ lack of diversified vate partnerships in infrastructure remain low, export base leaves them vulnerable to global at 0.2–0.6 percent, only half the level recorded economic trends. In 2014 least developed coun- prior to the Asian financial crisis. tries’ export earnings fell 13 percent, compared with a 2.6  percent increase in other low- and Note 1. United Nations, 2013, “232 Million International Migrants Living Abroad middle-income countries. Worldwide– New Un Global Migration Statistics Reveal,” Press release, 11 September, New York. [www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/migration/pdf /UN%20press%20release_International%20Migration%20Figures.pdf]. Using public-private partnerships to finance Exports from the Least Developed infrastructure 17c Countries are highly concentrated Public-private partnerships have a crucial role Exports of goods, services, and primary income ($ billions) in improving efficiency in the delivery of public 250 services and helping governments address infra- structure gaps. From 1990 to 2014 low- and 200 middle-income countries received commitments Other Least Developed Countries 150 of $1.44 trillion to finance more than 6,800 infra- Myanmar structure public-private partnership projects. The 100 pattern of commitments has been uneven, with Bangladesh strong growth prior to the 1997 Asian financial 50 crisis followed by sharp declines before struc- Angola 0 tural reforms, favorable macroeconomic poli- 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 cies, and buoyant global economic conditions Source: International Monetary Fund; World Development Indicators database (BX.GSR.TOTL.CD). sparked a recovery (figure 17d). Commitments In 2014, 72 percent of personal remittances Two expansions, one contraction in public- 17b 17d went to low- and middle-income countries private partnership investment since 1990 Personal remittances (personal transfers and compensation of Investment commitments for public-private partnerships in low- and employees) ($ billions) middle-income countries (index, 1990 = 100) 600 1,250 Expansion Expansion 1,000 Absolute total 400 Other low and middle income 750 500 200 India 250 Share of GDP High income 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 a. Predicted based on the first semester of 2015. Source: International Monetary Fund; World Development Indicators Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database database (BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT). (http://ppi.worldbank.org). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 37 Cross-cutting issue Statistical capacity Data and statistics instruments, such as household surveys and civil High-quality data and statistics underpin national and vital registration systems, will be required. decision-making processes, guiding resource The World Bank’s Statistical Capacity Indica- allocation, private sector investment, program tor is one tool for comparing statistical capac- design, and policy formulation. The need for ity across countries and over time. Calculated improvements are explicit in targets 17.18 and since 2004 using publicly available informa- 17.19 and are a foundation for Agenda 2030: tion, it measures low- and middle-income Reliable data are needed to measure progress countries’ ability to collect and disseminate and support implementation of every one of the statistics about their populations, economies, Sustainable Development Goals. and societies. The composite indicator com- For most indicators the best ways to improve bines a variety of different measures to illus- data availability are to invest in national statis- trate general trends, but the components can tical capacity and to develop stronger partner- help identify specific areas where progress is ships among international agencies, govern- being made and where improvements are still ments, and civil society. These investments needed. For example, Ghana has seen a steady work: Data availability has steadily improved increase in its overall average score, from 51 over the last two decades. For instance, the to 66, because of better statistical methodolo- number of countries with enough estimates gies. Notable improvements were a new base of poverty incidence to measure a meaningful year and weights for the consumer price index, trend increased from just 2 in 1991 to 53 in rebased national accounts, and better esti- 2012 (figure SC1). mates of vaccination coverage. Agenda 2030 pledges that no one will be The average of the Statistical Capacity Indi- left behind and that the goals and targets will cator has increased in all regions over the last be met by all countries, people, and segments decade (figure SC2), but Sub- Saharan Africa of society. This pledge places new demands on and the Middle East and North Africa have the data and statistics and means that disaggrega- lowest average. Of the 10 countries with the tion by sex, income group, age, location, and highest overall indicator value for 2015, 3 were other dimensions of development takes on new in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7 were importance. Major investment in appropriate in Europe and Central Asia. The availability of poverty Statistical capacity has SC1 SC2 incidence estimates has improved improved in all regions Number of countries with estimates of poverty headcount ratios Average Statistical Capacity Indicator (0, low, to 100, high) 60 100 75 40 50 20 25 2004 2015 0 Europe Latin East Asia South Middle East Sub-Saharan 0 & Central America & & Paci c Asia & North Africa 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Asia Caribbean Africa Note: Excludes high-income countries. Source: World Development Indicators database (SI.POV.NAHC). Source: World Development Indicators database (IQ.SCI.OVRL). 38 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Cross-cutting issue Financial inclusion Access to financial services enables individu- scarce, though recent efforts are improving the als and firms to manage sudden changes in situation. income, smooth cash flow, accumulate assets, One measure of access to financial ser- and make productive investments. It promotes vices is account ownership. Between 2011 better use of resources and better access to and 2014, 700  million adults became new essential services and enables a higher qual- accountholders, and the share of adults with ity of life. Financial inclusion is an important an account at a financial institution increased enabler of development. Improving access to from 51 percent to 61 percent. Another 1 per- financial services is a cross-cutting target of the cent, while not having an account at a finan- Sustainable Development Goals and is explicitly cial institution, reported using mobile money recognized in Sustainable Development Goals services. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9. In a select group of 10 low- and middle- Financial inclusion means having access to income countries with data for 2014, a large a full range of affordable formal financial prod- share of small and medium-size enterprises ucts and services, delivered responsibly by sus- have an account at a financial institution, but tainable institutions. To manage their financial only a small share obtains financing through lives, adults need access to an account or an loans (figure FI1). electronic instrument to securely store money, The physical infrastructure of the financial send payments, and receive deposits. But system has been improving. While the number around 2 billion adults worldwide do not have of bank branches per adult remained more or such an account, and many small businesses less unchanged worldwide between 2010 and cannot access the financial instruments they 2014, the number of automated teller machines need. Financial inclusion is a complex con- rose quickly (figure FI2). And innovative ways of cept and is difficult to measure. Important accessing financial services are making brick- aspects are access to, use of, and quality of and-mortar branches less relevant in many services. Moreover, relevant data have been cases. Small and medium-size enterprises have Between 2010 and 2014 the number of FI1 FI2 financial accounts but do not obtain loans automated teller machines rose quickly Share of rms with 5–99 employees, 2014 Number (%) (per 100,000 adults) 60 Sudan Automated teller machines Namibia Burundi Mauritania 40 India Malawi Senegal 20 Nigeria Branches Afghanistan Myanmar With a loan or line of credit With an account at a nancial institution 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 20 40 60 80 100 Source: International Monetary Fund Financial Access Survey; World Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Development Indicators database (FB.CBK.BRCH.P5, FB.ATM.TOTL.P5). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 39 Cross-cutting issue Fragility, conflict, and violence While Sustainable Development Goal 16 is dedi- employment and economic growth), and 10 cated to promoting peaceful societies, progress (reduce inequalities) will be directly impacted toward each Sustainable Development Goal will as low- and middle-income countries absorb be severely impacted in regions affected by fra- refugees. Sustainability means that refugees gility, conflict, and violence. Episodes of unrest will need to find decent work, their children will can reverse development efforts and rapidly need to be educated, and the conflicts and dismantle achievements built over a long time, poverty in their home countries will need to be along social, political economy, and physical resolved. dimensions. Overall, around a fifth of the world’s popula- Impacting lives and livelihoods tion is estimated to be in a fragile, conflict, or In fragile, conflict, and violent situations individ- violent situation, spanning the 35 countries on uals and their day-to-day lives are threatened, the World Bank’s Harmonized List of Fragile Sit- and their surroundings become dangerous. uations as well as pockets of violence in other People flee, and the numbers of internally dis- countries. The number of forcibly displaced placed persons and refugees increase. Fragil- persons — which includes internally displaced ity, conflict, and violence damage the social fab- people, refugees, and asylum seekers — is esti- rics and social contract of countries, impacting mated to be 60 million, the highest since World behavioral codes and trust in government and War II. aggravating ethnic or religious friction. Fragil- In 2014 the Middle East and North Africa ity, conflict, and violence often disproportion- was the region of origin for 4.5  million refu- ately affect the health and safety of women and gees, 87 percent of whom came from the Syr- children.1 Combined with the erosion of wom- ian Arab Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa was en’s education and rights (including access to the region of origin for 4.4 million (figure FCV1). reproductive health services), fragility, conflict, The two regions also lead the world in granting and violence often lead to a paradoxical surge asylum to refugees. in birth rates, increasing pressure on already The influx of refugees to host countries strained education and health systems. presents challenges. Sustainable Develop- ment Goals 4 (quality education), 8 (productive Eroding institutions and political economy Governance, rule of law, trust between citizens Most refugees are from the Middle East FCV1 and governments, justice, and human rights fail and North Africa and Sub- Saharan Africa Number of refugees, 2014 when countries become fragile or are affected (millions) 10 by conflict or violence. These failures affect By region of origin By region of asylum the economy by discouraging investments and 8 causing capital flight. In fragile, conflict, and 6 violent situations shadow economies tend to flourish, and the rogue exploitation of mineral 4 and natural resources often finances and fuels conflicts. 2 0 Middle East Sub- South East Europe & Latin North Note & North Saharan Asia Asia & Central America & America Africa Africa Paci c Asia Caribbean 1. UN Women: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-first Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statistical Online Century, Fact Sheet 5, www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/session Population Database; World Development Indicators database (SM.POP. /presskit/fs5.htm. REFG.OR, SM.POP.REFG). 40 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Sustainable Development Goals and targets Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day food price volatility 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages national definitions 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and 100,000 live births measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access as low as 25 per 1,000 live births to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and financial services, including microfinance neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non- extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote and disasters mental health and well-being 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and traffic accidents policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health- 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and care services, including for family planning, information and education, international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty programmes eradication actions 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination nutritious and sufficient food all year round 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under appropriate 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small- developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade- financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to farm employment protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement for all resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation development, training and retention of the health workforce in to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality island developing States 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant and global health risks banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all internationally agreed 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension effective learning outcomes services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are countries, in particular least developed countries ready for primary education 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 41 Sustainable Development Goals and targets (continued) 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for of water and sanitation for all employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure drinking water for all equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the children in vulnerable situations needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, increasing recycling and safe reuse globally among others, through education for sustainable development and 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to from water scarcity sustainable development 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building countries, small island developing States and African countries, for support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, information and communications technology, technical, engineering water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in developing countries improving water and sanitation management 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, including through international cooperation for teacher training in sustainable and modern energy for all developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean exploitation energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology and female genital mutilation 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective family as nationally appropriate programmes of support 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and economic growth, full and productive employment and public life decent work for all 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 percent gross domestic Action of the International Conference on Population and Development product growth per annum in the least developed countries and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, high-value added and labour-intensive sectors as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive accordance with national laws activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women services 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic girls at all levels growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead 42 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including for all women and men, including for young people and persons with by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and employment, education or training progressively achieve greater equality 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms in decision-making in global international economic and financial 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, legitimate institutions and those in precarious employment 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism of people, including through the implementation of planned and well- that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products managed migration policies 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including for Trade-related Technical Assistance to least developed countries foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International with their national plans and programmes Labour Organization 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction costs of migrant Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 5 percent 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and safe, resilient and sustainable equitable access for all 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding least developed countries public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial natural heritage processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of respective capabilities people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing in vulnerable situations the number of research and development workers per 1 million people 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, and public and private research and development spending including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in other waste management developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, technical support to African countries, least developed countries, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older landlocked developing countries and small island developing States persons and persons with disabilities 9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities development planning 9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans Internet in least developed countries by 2020 towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom holistic disaster risk management at all levels 40 percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, utilizing local materials religion or economic or other status Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 43 Sustainable Development Goals and targets (continued) Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas production patterns and marine resources for sustainable development 12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the nutrient pollution development and capabilities of developing countries 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by natural resources strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including including post-harvest losses through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can health and the environment produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to available scientific information adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such accordance with national policies and priorities subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation with nature 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, consumption and production aquaculture and tourism 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic culture and products Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and island developing States and least developed countries phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and markets conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United the affected communities Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their and its impacts* resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want” 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use and natural disasters in all countries of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss planning 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with early warning obligations under international agreements 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive as possible to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change- 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including related planning and management in least developed countries and their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and that are essential for sustainable development local and marginalized communities 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 44 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such multiple sources resources, as internationally agreed 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external wildlife products debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and countries water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, accounts including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources facilitation mechanism to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as incentives to developing countries to advance such management, mutually agreed including for conservation and reforestation 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities information and communications technology Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to institutions at all levels implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, torture of children including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and Development Agenda ensure equal access to justice for all 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime exports by 2020 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision- preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed making at all levels countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all sustainable development countries, in particular developing countries Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of Development partnerships 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, international support to developing countries, to improve domestic including for least developed countries and small island developing capacity for tax and other revenue collection States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income relevant in national contexts for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries countries Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 45 The poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day is the estimates are the latest comprehensive update and share of the population living on less than $1.90 a day draw on more than 2 million randomly sampled house- in 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. It is also holds, representing 87 percent of the population in referred to as the extreme poverty rate. The PPP 2011 131 low- and middle-income countries (as defined in $1.90 a day poverty line is the average poverty line 1990). This map shows the country-level poverty esti- of the 15 poorest countries in the world, estimated mates used to generate the 2012 regional and global from household surveys conducted by national statis- poverty estimates. Because 2011 PPPs for Bangla- tical offices or by private agencies under the supervi- desh, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Jordan sion of government or international agencies. Income require further investigation, estimates for those and consumption data used for estimating poverty countries are based on the 2005 PPP $1.25 a day are also collected from household surveys. The 2012 poverty line. Poverty Greenland Share of population living on less than (Den.) 2011 PPP $1.90 a day, 2012 (%) 50.0 or more 25.0–49.9 Canada 10.0–24.9 2.0–9.9 Less than 2.0 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 41450 46 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment The new poverty line of 2011 PPP $1.90 a day preserves the real The share of people living on less than $1.90 a day in the world fell purchasing power of the previous line (2005 PPP $1.25 a day) in the from 37.0 percent in 1990 to 12.7 percent in 2012. world’s poorest 15 countries. Between 1990 and 2012 the number of people living on less The share of people living in extreme poverty is projected to fall than $1.90 a day was more than halved, from nearly 2 billion to below 10 percent for the first time by 2015. 897 million. Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 47 1 World view Population Surface Population Urban Gross national income Gross domestic area density population product Atlas method Purchasing power parity thousand people % of total Per capita Per capita Per capita millions sq. km per sq. km population $ billions $ $ billions $ % growth % growth 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013–14 2013–14 Afghanistan 31.6 652.9 48 26 21.4 680 63.2a 2,000a 1.3 –1.7 Albania 2.9 28.8 106 56 12.9 4,450 31.8 10,980 2.2 2.3 Algeria 38.9 2,381.7 16 70 213.8 5,490 540.5 13,880 3.8 1.8 American Samoa 0.1 0.2 277 87 .. ..b .. .. .. .. Andorra 0.1 0.5 155 86 3.3 43,270 .. .. –0.1 4.4 Angola 24.2 1,246.7 19 43 .. ..b .. .. .. .. Antigua and Barbuda 0.1 0.4 207 24 1.2 13,300 1.9 21,370 4.8 3.8 Argentina 43.0 2,780.4 16 92 579.2 13,480 ..c ..c 0.5d –0.6d Armenia 3.0 29.7 106 63 12.1 4,020 25.4 8,450 3.5 3.0 Aruba 0.1 0.2 575 42 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Australia 23.5 7,741.2 3 89 1,516.2 64,600 1,049.1 44,700 2.5 1.0 Austria 8.5 83.9 104 66 423.9 49,600 404.9 47,380 0.4 –0.4 Azerbaijan 9.5 86.6 115 54 72.4 7,600 161.3 16,920 2.0 0.7 Bahamas, The 0.4 13.9 38 83 8.0 20,980 8.5 22,290 1.0 –0.4 Bahrain 1.4 0.8 1,769 89 28.4 21,060 50.8 37,680 4.5 3.5 Bangladesh 159.1 148.5 1,222 34 171.3 1,080 529.9 3,330 6.1 4.8 Barbados 0.3 0.4 659 32 4.3 15,310 4.3 15,190 0.2 –0.1 Belarus 9.5 207.6 47 76 69.5 7,340 166.8 17,610 1.6 1.5 Belgium 11.2 30.5 371 98 530.6 47,240 495.2 44,090 1.3 0.9 Belize 0.4 23.0 15 44 1.5 4,350 2.6 7,590 3.6 1.4 Benin 10.6 114.8 94 44 9.5 890 21.4 2,020 6.5 3.8 Bermuda 0.1 0.1 1,304 100 6.9 106,140 4.3 66,560 –2.5 –2.8 Bhutan 0.8 38.4 20 38 1.8 2,370 5.6 7,280 5.5 4.0 Bolivia 10.6 1,098.6 10 68 30.3 2,870 66.4 6,290 5.5 3.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.8 51.2 75 40 18.5 4,840 40.3 10,550 1.1 1.2 Botswana 2.2 581.7 4 57 16.1 7,240 35.6 16,030 4.4 2.4 Brazil 206.1 8,515.8 25 85 2,429.7 11,790 3,209.4 15,570 0.1 –0.8 Brunei Darussalam 0.4 5.8 79 77 15.1 37,320 29.3 72,190 –2.3 –3.7 Bulgaria 7.2 111.0 67 74 55.0 7,620 121.6 16,840 1.6 2.1 Burkina Faso 17.6 274.2 64 29 12.3 700 28.2 1,600 4.0 1.0 Burundi 10.8 27.8 421 12 2.9 270 8.3 770 4.7 1.3 Cabo Verde 0.5 4.0 128 65 1.8 3,450 3.2 6,200 2.8 1.5 Cambodia 15.3 181.0 87 21 15.6 1,020 47.2 3,080 7.1 5.3 Cameroon 22.8 475.4 48 54 30.8 1,350 67.1 2,950 5.9 3.3 Canada 35.5 9,984.7 4 82 1,835.1 51,630 1,576.5 44,350 2.4 1.3 Cayman Islands 0.1 0.3 247 100 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 4.8 623.0 8 40 1.6 320 2.9 600 1.0 –1.0 Chad 13.6 1,284.0 11 22 13.3 980 28.2 2,070 7.3 3.8 Channel Islands 0.2 0.2 857 31 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Chile 17.8 756.1 24 89 264.8 14,910 378.7 21,320 1.9 0.8 China 1,364.3 9,562.9 145 54 10,097.0 7,400 17,966.9 13,170 7.3 6.7 Hong Kong SAR, China 7.2 1.1 6,897 100 292.0 40,320 409.7 56,570 2.5 1.7 Macao SAR, China 0.6 0.0 f 19,073 100 44.1 76,270 69.4 120,140 –0.4 –2.1 Colombia 47.8 1,141.7 43 76 381.0 7,970 616.9 12,910 4.6 3.6 Comoros 0.8 1.9 414 28 0.6 790 1.1 1,430 2.1 –0.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 74.9 2,344.9 33 42 28.7 380 48.8 650 9.0 5.7 Congo, Rep. 4.5 342.0 13 65 12.3 2,720 23.4 5,200 6.8 4.2 48 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment World view 1 Population Surface Population Urban Gross national income Gross domestic area density population product Atlas method Purchasing power parity thousand people % of total Per capita Per capita Per capita millions sq. km per sq. km population $ billions $ $ billions $ % growth % growth 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013–14 2013–14 Costa Rica 4.8 51.1 93 76 48.1 10,120 68.6 14,420 3.5 2.4 Côte d’Ivoire 22.2 322.5 70 53 32.2 1,450 69.4 3,130 8.5 5.9 Croatia 4.2 56.6 76 59 55.0 12,980 88.6 20,910 –0.4 0.0 Cuba 11.4 109.9 107 77 .. ..b .. .. 2.7 2.5 Curaçao 0.2 0.4 351 89 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Cyprus 1.2 9.3 125 67 22.5g 26,370 g 24.9g 29,190 g –2.3g –1.4g Czech Republic 10.5 78.9 136 73 193.1 18,350 302.5 28,740 2.0 1.9 Denmark 5.6 43.1 133 88 345.8 61,330 264.2 46,850 1.1 0.7 Djibouti 0.9 23.2 38 77 .. ..h .. .. 6.0 4.6 Dominica 0.1 0.8 96 69 0.5 6,930 0.8 10,480 3.9 3.4 Dominican Republic 10.4 48.7 215 78 62.9 6,040 131.1 12,600 7.3 6.1 Ecuador 15.9 256.4 64 64 96.8 6,090 178.0 11,190 3.7 2.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 89.6 1,001.5 90 43 287.7 3,210 920.7 10,280 2.2 0.0 El Salvador 6.1 21.0 295 66 23.9 3,920 48.9 8,000 2.0 1.7 Equatorial Guinea 0.8 28.1 29 40 8.4 10,210i 14.5 17,660 –0.3 –3.2 Eritrea 5.1 117.6 51 22 .. ..j .. .. .. .. Estonia 1.3 45.2 31 68 25.0 19,010 36.1 27,490 2.9 3.2 Ethiopia 97.0 1,104.3 97 19 53.6 550 145.0 1,500 10.3 7.5 Faroe Islands 0.0k 1.4 35 42 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Fiji 0.9 18.3 49 53 4.3 4,870 7.5 8,410 6.9 6.2 Finland 5.5 338.4 18 84 264.6 48,440 221.9 40,630 –0.4 –0.8 France 66.2 549.1 121 79 2,844.3 42,950 2,655.5 40,100 0.2 –0.3 French Polynesia 0.3 4.0 76 56 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Gabon 1.7 267.7 7 87 16.4 9,720 29.0 17,200 4.3 2.0 Gambia, The 1.9 11.3 191 59 0.9 460 3.0 1,580 0.9 –2.3 Georgia 3.7l 69.7 79l 53 16.7l 4,490l,m 33.8l 9,080l 4.8l 6.1l Germany 81.0 357.2 232 75 3,853.6 47,590 3,843.2 47,460 1.6 3.1 Ghana 26.8 238.5 118 53 42.7 1,590 104.5 3,900 4.0 1.6 Greece 10.9 132.0 84 78 250.1 22,810 296.6 27,050 0.7 1.5 Greenland 0.1 410.5n 0o 86 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Grenada 0.1 0.3 313 36 0.8 7,910 1.2 11,720 5.7 5.2 Guam 0.2 0.5 310 94 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Guatemala 16.0 108.9 149 51 55.0 3,430 116.1 7,250 4.2 2.1 Guinea 12.3 245.9 50 37 5.8 470 13.9 1,130 0.4 –2.3 Guinea-Bissau 1.8 36.1 64 49 1.0 550 2.5 1,380 2.5 0.1 Guyana 0.8 215.0 4 28 3.0 3,940 5.3a 6,940a 5.2 4.9 Haiti 10.6 27.8 384 57 8.7 820 18.3 1,730 2.7 1.4 Honduras 8.0 112.5 71 54 18.1 2,270 36.4 4,570 3.1 1.6 Hungary 9.9 93.0 109 71 131.6 13,340 236.3 23,960 3.7 4.0 Iceland 0.3 103.0 3 94 15.0 46,350 13.5 41,800 1.8 0.7 India 1,295.3 3,287.3 436 32 2,028.0 1,570 7,292.8 5,630 7.3 6.0 Indonesia 254.5 1,910.9 140 53 923.7 3,630 2,592.3 10,190 5.0 3.7 Iran, Islamic Rep. 78.1 1,745.2 48 73 549.0 7,120 1,280.2 16,590 4.3 3.0 Iraq 34.8 435.2 80 69 227.3 6,530 525.6 15,100 –2.1 –5.0 Ireland 4.6 70.3 67 63 214.7 46,520 197.7 42,830 5.2 4.8 Isle of Man 0.1 0.6 153 52 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Israel 8.2 22.1 380 92 290.2 35,320 273.6 33,300 2.6 0.6 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 49 1 World view Population Surface Population Urban Gross national income Gross domestic area density population product Atlas method Purchasing power parity thousand people % of total Per capita Per capita Per capita millions sq. km per sq. km population $ billions $ $ billions $ % growth % growth 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013–14 2013–14 Italy 60.8 301.3 207 69 2,102.2 34,580 2,155.2 35,450 –0.4 –1.4 Jamaica 2.7 11.0 251 55 14.0 5,150 23.5 8,640 0.7 0.5 Japan 127.1 378.0 349 93 5,339.1 42,000 4,846.7 38,120 –0.1 0.1 Jordan 6.6 89.3 74 83 34.1 5,160 78.7 11,910 3.1 0.8 Kazakhstan 17.3 2,724.9 6 53 204.8 11,850 375.3 21,710 4.4 2.9 Kenya 44.9 580.4 79 25 58.1 1,290 131.8 2,940 5.3 2.6 Kiribati 0.1 0.8 136 44 0.3 2,950 0.4 a 3,340a 3.7 1.9 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 25.0 120.5 208 61 .. ..j .. .. .. .. Korea, Rep. 50.4 100.3 517 82 1,365.8 27,090 1,697.0 33,650 3.3 2.9 Kosovo 1.8 10.9 167 .. 7.3 3,990 17.0a 9,300a 1.2 0.9 Kuwait 3.8 17.8 211 98 185.0 49,300 299.7 79,850 –1.6 –5.8 Kyrgyz Republic 5.8 199.9 30 36 7.3 1,250 18.8 3,220 3.6 1.5 Lao PDR 6.7 236.8 29 38 11.1 1,660 33.8 5,060 7.5 5.8 Latvia 2.0 64.5 32 67 30.4 15,250 46.6 23,360 2.4 3.3 Lebanon 4.5 10.5 444 88 45.6 10,030 80.0a 17,590a 2.0 0.8 Lesotho 2.1 30.4 69 27 2.8 1,330 6.6 3,150 3.6 2.4 Liberia 4.4 111.4 46 49 1.6 370 3.1 700 0.7 –1.7 Libya 6.3 1,759.5 4 78 49.0 7,820 100.1a 16,000a –24.0 –23.9 Liechtenstein 0.0k 0.2 233 14 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Lithuania 2.9 65.3 47 67 45.2 15,410 77.4 26,390 3.0 3.9 Luxembourg 0.6 2.6 215 90 42.3 75,960 36.5 65,570 4.1 1.6 Macedonia, FYR 2.1 25.7 82 57 10.7 5,150 27.3 13,170 3.8 3.6 Madagascar 23.6 587.3 41 34 10.4 440 33.0 1,400 3.3 0.5 Malawi 16.7 118.5 177 16 4.2 250 13.2 790 5.7 2.5 Malaysia 29.9 330.8 91 74 332.5 11,120 740.8 24,770 6.0 4.4 Maldives 0.4 0.3 1,337 44 2.6 6,410 4.4 10,920 6.5 4.4 Mali 17.1 1,240.2 14 39 11.0 650 25.8 1,510 7.2 4.1 Malta 0.4 0.3 1,336 95 8.9 21,000 11.6 27,390 2.9 1.9 Marshall Islands 0.1 0.2 294 72 0.2 4,390 0.2a 4,700a –1.0 –1.2 Mauritania 4.0 1,030.7 4 59 5.0 1,270 14.7 3,710 6.4 3.8 Mauritius 1.3 2.0 621 40 12.1 9,630 22.9 18,150 3.6 3.4 Mexico 125.4 1,964.4 65 79 1,237.5 9,870 2,111.2 16,840 2.2 0.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.1 0.7 149 22 0.3 3,200 0.4 a 3,590a –3.4 –3.7 Moldova 3.6p 33.9 124p 45 9.1p 2,560p 19.6p 5,500p 4.6p 4.7p Monaco 0.0k 0.0 f 18,812 100 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Mongolia 2.9 1,564.1 2 71 12.5 4,280 32.4 11,120 7.8 5.9 Montenegro 0.6 13.8 46 64 4.5 7,320 9.5 15,250 1.8 1.7 Morocco 33.9 446.6 76 60 105.8q 3,070 q 251.5q 7,290 q 2.4q 1.0q Mozambique 27.2 799.4 35 32 16.4 600 30.3 1,120 7.2 4.3 Myanmar 53.4 676.6 82 34 68.1 1,270 .. .. 8.5 7.6 Namibia 2.4 824.3 3 46 13.5 5,630 23.6 9,810 6.4 3.9 Nepal 28.2 147.2 197 18 20.6 730 68.0 2,410 5.4 4.1 Netherlands 16.9 41.5 501 90 874.6 51,860 824.1 48,860 1.0 0.6 New Caledonia 0.3 18.6 15 70 .. ..e .. .. .. .. New Zealand 4.5 267.7 17 86 185.2 41,070 163.3 36,200 3.0 1.5 Nicaragua 6.0 130.4 50 58 11.3 1,870 28.8 4,790 4.7 3.5 Niger 19.1 1,267.0 15 18 7.8 410 17.4 910 6.9 2.7 50 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment World view 1 Population Surface Population Urban Gross national income Gross domestic area density population product Atlas method Purchasing power parity thousand people % of total Per capita Per capita Per capita millions sq. km per sq. km population $ billions $ $ billions $ % growth % growth 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013–14 2013–14 Nigeria 177.5 923.8 195 47 526.5 2,970 1,013.7 5,710 6.3 3.5 Northern Mariana Islands 0.1 0.5 119 89 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Norway 5.1 385.2 14 80 532.3 103,620 344.7 67,100 2.2 1.1 Oman 4.2 309.5 14 77 65.9 16,870 131.6 33,690 2.9 –5.1 Pakistan 185.0 796.1 240 38 258.3 1,400 941.1 5,090 4.7 2.6 Palau 0.0k 0.5 46 86 0.2 11,110 0.3a 14,280a 8.0 7.0 Panama 3.9 75.4 52 66 43.1 11,130 77.1 19,930 6.2 4.5 Papua New Guinea 7.5 462.8 16 13 16.7 2,240 20.8 a 2,790a 8.5 6.3 Paraguay 6.6 406.8 16 59 28.8 4,400 55.5 8,470 4.7 3.3 Peru 31.0 1,285.2 24 78 196.9 6,360 354.2 11,440 2.4 1.0 Philippines 99.1 300.0 332 44 347.5 3,500 837.6 8,450 6.1 4.5 Poland 38.0 312.7 124 61 520.1 13,680 928.4 24,430 3.3 3.4 Portugal 10.4 92.2 114 63 222.1 21,360 295.1 28,370 0.9 1.5 Puerto Rico 3.5 8.9 400 94 69.4 19,310 86.2a 23,960a –0.6 0.7 Qatar 2.2 11.6 187 99 200.3 92,200 292.0 134,420 4.0 0.6 Romania 19.9 238.4 87 54 189.5 9,520 397.1 19,950 2.8 3.2 Russian Federation 143.8 17,098.3 9 74 1,930.6 13,220 3,237.4 22,160 0.6 –1.1 Rwanda 11.3 26.3 460 28 7.9 700 18.5 1,630 7.0 4.5 Samoa 0.2 2.8 68 19 0.8 4,060 1.1a 5,610a 1.2 0.4 San Marino 0.0k 0.1 527 94 .. ..e .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Príncipe 0.2 1.0 194 65 0.3 1,670 0.6 3,140 4.5 2.3 Saudi Arabia 30.9 2,149.7r 14 83 759.3 25,140 1,549.8 51,320 3.6 1.3 Senegal 14.7 196.7 76 43 15.4 1,050 33.8 2,300 4.7 1.5 Serbia 7.1 88.4 82 55 41.5 5,820 93.0 13,040 –1.8 –1.3 Seychelles 0.1 0.5 201 54 1.3 14,120 2.3 24,810 3.3 1.6 Sierra Leone 6.3 72.3 87 40 4.4 700 11.2 1,770 4.6 2.3 Singapore 5.5 0.7 7,737 100 301.6 55,150 439.0 80,270 2.9 1.6 Sint Maarten 0.0k 0.0 f 1,108 100 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Slovak Republic 5.4 49.0 113 54 96.2 17,750 148.5 27,410 2.5 2.4 Slovenia 2.1 20.3 102 50 48.6 23,580 62.6 30,360 3.0 2.9 Solomon Islands 0.6 28.9 20 22 1.0 1,830 1.2a 2,020a 1.5 –0.5 Somalia 10.5 637.7 17 39 .. ..j .. .. .. .. South Africa 54.0 1,219.1 45 64 367.2 6,800 685.7 12,700 1.5 0.0 South Sudan 11.9 644.3 .. 19 11.6 970 21.4a 1,800a 3.4 –0.6 Spain 46.5 505.9 93 79 1,366.0 29,390 1,556.6 33,490 1.4 1.7 Sri Lanka 20.8 65.6 331 18 71.4 3,440 214.0 10,300 4.5 3.5 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.1 0.3 211 32 0.8 14,920 1.2 22,600 6.9 5.6 St. Lucia 0.2 0.6 301 18 1.3 7,260 1.9 10,540 0.5 –0.3 St. Martin 0.0k 0.1 580 .. .. ..e .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.1 0.4 280 50 0.7 6,610 1.2 10,730 0.6 0.6 Sudan 39.4 1,879.4 22s 34 67.3 1,710 154.4 3,920 3.1 0.9 Suriname 0.5 163.8 3 66 5.4 9,950 9.2 17,040 1.8 0.9 Swaziland 1.3 17.4 74 21 4.5 3,550 10.0 7,880 2.5 1.0 Sweden 9.7 447.4 24 86 596.9 61,570 454.4 46,870 2.3 1.3 Switzerland 8.2 41.3 207 74 693.7 84,720 484.4 59,160 1.9 0.7 Syrian Arab Republic 22.2 185.2 121 57 .. ..h .. .. .. .. Tajikistan 8.3 142.6 59 27 8.9 1,080 22.1 2,660 6.7 4.3 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 51 1 World view Population Surface Population Urban Gross national income Gross domestic area density population product Atlas method Purchasing power parity thousand people % of total Per capita Per capita Per capita millions sq. km per sq. km population $ billions $ $ billions $ % growth % growth 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013–14 2013–14 Tanzania 51.8 947.3 59 31 46.4t 920 t 126.3t 2,510 t 7.0 t 3.6t Thailand 67.7 513.1 133 49 391.7 5,780 1,006.9 14,870 0.9 0.5 Timor-Leste 1.2 14.9 82 32 3.2 2,680 6.2a 5,080a 7.0 4.2 Togo 7.1 56.8 131 39 4.0 570 9.2 1,290 5.7 2.9 Tonga 0.1 0.8 147 24 0.4 4,260 0.6a 5,270a 2.1 1.7 Trinidad and Tobago 1.4 5.1 264 9 27.2 20,070 43.3 31,970 0.8 0.4 Tunisia 11.0 163.6 71 67 46.5 4,230 121.2 11,020 2.7 1.7 Turkey 75.9 783.6 99 73 822.4 10,830 1,485.2 19,560 2.9 1.7 Turkmenistan 5.3 488.1 11 50 42.5 8,020 77.1a 14,520a 10.3 8.9 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.0k 1.0 36 92 .. ..e .. .. .. .. Tuvalu 0.0k 0.0 f 330 59 0.1 5,720 0.1a 5,410a 2.0 1.8 Uganda 37.8 241.6 188 16 25.3 670 65.0 1,720 4.8 1.5 Ukraine 45.4 603.6 78 69 152.1 3,560 366.2 8,560 –6.8 –0.8 United Arab Emirates 9.1 83.6 109 85 405.2 44,600 615.3 67,720 4.6 4.0 United Kingdom 64.6 243.6 267 82 2,801.5 43,390 2,550.1 39,500 2.9 2.3 United States 318.9 9,831.5 35 81 17,611.5 55,230 17,823.2 55,900 2.4 1.6 Uruguay 3.4 176.2 20 95 55.9 16,350 69.1 20,220 3.5 3.1 Uzbekistan 30.8 447.4 72 36 64.3 2,090 179.4 a 5,830a 8.1 6.3 Vanuatu 0.3 12.2 21 26 0.8 3,160 0.8 a 3,030a 2.3 0.0 Venezuela, RB 30.7 912.1 35 89 373.3 12,500 i 535.7 17,700 –4.0 –5.3 Vietnam 90.7 331.0 293 33 171.9 1,890 485.2 5,350 6.0 4.9 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.1 0.4 298 95 .. ..e .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza 4.3 6.0 713 75 13.1 3,060 21.5 5,000 –1.5 –4.3 Yemen, Rep. 26.2 528.0 50 34 33.3 1,300 93.3 3,650 4.2 1.5 Zambia 15.7 752.6 21 40 26.4 1,680 57.9 3,690 6.0 2.8 Zimbabwe 15.2 390.8 39 33 12.8 840 25.2 1,650 3.8 1.5 World 7,259.7 s 134,325.3 s 56 w 53 w 78,399.9 t 10,799 w 108,477.1 t 14,942 w 2.5 w 1.3 w East Asia & Pacific 2,264.1 24,825.2 93 56 22,032.5 9,731 33,741.6 14,903 3.6 2.9 Europe & Central Asia 902.0 28,460.4 33 71 22,932.5 25,425 26,001.8 28,827 1.4 1.2 Latin America & Caribbean 626.3 20,425.3 31 80 6,207.5 9,912 9,535.7 15,226 1.3 0.2 Middle East & North Africa 417.5 11,370.8 37 64 3,570.2 8,722 7,267.2 17,754 2.5 0.5 North America 354.5 19,816.2 19 81 19,452.6 54,879 19,406.4 54,748 2.4 1.6 South Asia 1,721.2 5,136.2 361 33 2,575.3 1,496 9,118.9 5,298 6.9 5.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 974.3 24,291.1 41 37 1,603.7 1,646 3,309.3 3,396 4.4 1.6 Low income 622.0 14,455.8 47 30 390.3 628 977.0 1,571 6.3 3.5 Lower middle income 2,878.5 20,523.3 142 39 5,807.5 2,018 17,275.3 6,002 5.7 4.1 Upper middle income 2,360.8 41,620.9 58 62 18,712.6 7,926 33,583.2 14,225 4.5 3.7 High income 1,398.4 57,725.3 25 81 53,561.2 38,301 56,961.0 40,732 1.7 1.3 a. Based on regression; others are extrapolated from the 2011 International Comparison Program benchmark estimates. b. Estimated to be upper middle income ($4,126–$12,735). c. Data series will be calculated once ongoing revisions to official statistics reported by the National Statistics and Censuses Institute of Argentina have been finalized. d. Data are officially reported statistics by the National Statistics and Censuses Institute of Argentina. On February 1, 2013, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued a declaration of censure and in December 2013 called on Argentina to implement specific actions to address the quality of its official GDP data according to a specified timetable. On June 3, 2015, the IMF Executive Board recognized the material progress in remedying the inaccurate provision of data since 2013 but found that some actions called for by the end of February 2015 had not yet been completely implemented. The IMF Executive Board will review this issue again by July 15, 2016. e. Estimated to high income ($12,736 or more). f. Greater than 0 but less than 50. g. Data are for the area controlled by the government of Cyprus. h. Estimated to be lower middle income ($1,046–$4,125). i. Included in the aggregates for high-income economies based on earlier data. j. Estimated to be low income ($1,045 or less). k. Greater than 0 but less than 50,000. l. Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia. m. Included in the aggregates for lower middle-income economies based on earlier data. n. Refers to area free from ice. o. Greater than 0 but less than 0.5. p. Excludes Transnistria. q. Includes Former Spanish Sahara. r. Provisional estimate. s. Includes South Sudan. t. Covers mainland Tanzania only. 52 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment World view 1 About the data Population, land area, income (as measured by gross national activity. Innovations in satellite mapping and computer databases income, GNI), and output (as measured by gross domestic product, have resulted in more precise measurements of land and water GDP) are basic measures of the size of an economy. They also pro- areas. vide a broad indication of actual and potential resources and are therefore used throughout World Development Indicators to normal- Urban population ize other indicators. There is no consistent and universally accepted standard for distin- guishing urban from rural areas, in part because of the wide variety Population of situations across countries. Most countries use an urban clas- Population estimates are usually based on national population cen- sification related to the size or characteristics of settlements. Some suses. Estimates for the years before and after the census are define urban areas based on the presence of certain infrastructure interpolations or extrapolations based on demographic models. and services. And other countries designate urban areas based on Errors and undercounting occur even in high-income countries; in administrative arrangements. Because the estimates in the table some low- and middle- income countries errors may be substan- are based on national definitions of what constitutes a city or met- tial because of limits in the transport, communications, and other ropolitan area, cross-country comparisons should be made with resources required to conduct and analyze a full census. caution. The quality and reliability of official demographic data are also affected by public trust in the government, government commit- Size of the economy ment to full and accurate enumeration, confidentiality and protection GNI measures total domestic and foreign value added claimed by against misuse of census data, and census agencies’ independence residents. GNI comprises GDP plus net receipts of primary income from political influence. Moreover, comparability of population indi- (compensation of employees and property income) from nonresi- cators is limited by differences in the concepts, definitions, collec- dent sources. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident tion procedures, and estimation methods used by national statisti- producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) cal agencies and other organizations that collect the data. not included in the valuation of output. GNI is calculated without More countries conducted a census in the 2010 census round deducting for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and (2005–14) than in previous rounds. As of December 2014 (the end degradation of natural resources. Value added is the net output of of the 2010 census round), about 93 percent of the estimated world an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate population has been enumerated in a census. The currentness of a inputs. The World Bank uses GNI per capita in U.S. dollars to clas- census and the availability of complementary data from surveys or sify countries for analytical purposes and to determine borrowing registration systems are important indicators of demographic data eligibility. For definitions of the income groups in World Development quality. See Sources and methods for the most recent census or Indicators, see User guide. survey year and for the completeness of registration. When calculating GNI in U.S. dollars from GNI reported in national Current population estimates for low- and middle- income coun- currencies, the World Bank follows the World Bank Atlas conversion tries that lack recent census data and pre- and post-census esti- method, using a three-year average of exchange rates to smooth the mates for countries with census data are provided by the United effects of transitory fluctuations in exchange rates. (For further dis- Nations Population Division and other agencies. The cohort com- cussion of the World Bank Atlas method, see Sources and methods.) ponent method—a standard method for estimating and projecting Because exchange rates do not always reflect differences in price population—requires fertility, mortality, and net migration data, levels between countries, the table also converts GNI and GNI per often collected from sample surveys, which can be small or limited capita estimates into international dollars using purchasing power in coverage. Population estimates are derived from demographic parity (PPP) rates. PPP rates provide a standard measure allowing modeling and so are susceptible to biases and errors from short- comparison of real levels of expenditure between countries, just as comings in the model and in the data. In the UN estimates, because conventional price indexes allow comparison of real values over time. the five-year age group is the cohort unit and five-year period data PPP rates are calculated by simultaneously comparing the prices are used, interpolations to obtain annual data or single age struc- of similar goods and services among a large number of countries. ture may not reflect actual events or age composition. In the most recent round of price surveys by the International Com- parison Program (ICP) in 2011, 177 countries and territories fully Surface area participated and 22 partially participated. PPP rates for 47 high- and Surface area includes inland bodies of water and some coastal upper middle-income countries are from Eurostat and the Organ- waterways and thus differs from land area, which excludes bodies isation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); PPP of water, and from gross area, which may include offshore territo- estimates incorporate new price data collected since 2011. For the rial waters. It is particularly important for understanding an econo- remaining 2011 ICP economies PPP rates are extrapolated from my’s agricultural capacity and the environmental effects of human the 2011 ICP benchmark results, which account for relative price Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 53 1 World view changes between each economy and the United States. For coun- Data sources tries that did not participate in the 2011 ICP round, PPP rates are The World Bank’s population estimates are compiled and produced imputed using a statistical model. More information on the results by its Development Data Group in consultation with its Health of the 2011 ICP is available at http://icp.worldbank.org. Global Practice, operational staff, and country offices. The United Growth rates of GDP and GDP per capita are calculated using Nations Population Division (2015) is a source of the demographic constant price data in local currency. Constant price U.S. dollar data for more than half the countries, most of them low- and middle- series are used to calculate regional and income group growth rates. income countries. Other important sources are census reports and Growth rates in the table are annual averages (see Sources and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, Euro- methods). stat’s Population database, the United Nations Statistics Division’s Population and Vital Statistics Report, and the U.S. Bureau of the Definitions Census’s International Data Base. Data on surface and land area • Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which are from the Food and Agriculture Organization, which gathers these counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except data from national agencies through annual questionnaires and for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who by analyzing the results of national agricultural censuses. Data are generally considered part of the population of their country of on urban population shares are from United Nations Population origin. The values shown are midyear estimates. • Surface area is a Division (2014). GNI, GNI per capita, GDP growth, and GDP per country’s total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and capita growth are estimated by World Bank staff based on national some coastal waterways. • Population density is midyear population accounts data collected by World Bank staff during economic mis- divided by land area. • Urban population is the midyear popula- sions or reported by national statistical offices to other interna- tion of areas defined as urban in each country and obtained by the tional organizations such as the OECD. PPP conversion factors are United Nations Population Division. • Gross national income, Atlas estimates by Eurostat/OECD and by World Bank staff based on method, is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any data collected by the ICP. product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees References and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dol- Eurostat. n.d. Population database. [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/]. lars converted using the World Bank Atlas method (see Sources and Luxembourg. methods). • Gross national income, purchasing power parity, is GNI OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). converted to international dollars using PPP rates. An international n.d. OECD.StatExtracts database. [http://stats.oecd.org/]. Paris. dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI that a U.S. dollar United Nations Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Pros- has in the United States. • Gross national income per capita is GNI pects: The 2014 Revision. [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/]. New divided by midyear population. • Gross domestic product is the York. sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes ———. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. [http:// (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. Growth is esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/]. New York. calculated from constant price GDP data in local currency. • Gross United Nations Statistics Division. Various years. Population and Vital domestic product per capita is GDP divided by midyear population. Statistics Report. New York. 54 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment World view 1 Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/1.1). To view a specific /indicator/SP.POP.TOTL). 1.1 Size of the economy Urban population living in slums EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS Population SP.POP.TOTL Ambient PM 2.5 air pollution EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 Surface area AG.SRF.TOTL.K2 Adjusted net savings NY.ADJ.SVNG.GN.ZS Population density EN.POP.DNST Carbon dioxide emissions per capita EN.ATM.CO2E.PC Gross national income, Atlas method NY.GNP.ATLS.CD Nationally protected terrestrial and Gross national income per capita, marine areas ER.PTD.TOTL.ZS Atlas method NY.GNP.PCAP.CD Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) VC.IHR.PSRC.P5 Purchasing power parity gross national Internet users IT.NET.USER.P2 income NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD Purchasing power parity gross national 1.4 Global goals: strengthening partnership income, Per capita NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD This table provides data on net official Gross domestic product NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG development assistance by donor, least Gross domestic product, Per capita NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG developed countries’ access to high-income markets, and the Debt Initiative for Heavily 1.2 Global goals: ending poverty and improving lives Indebted Poor Countries. ..b Share of poorest quintile in national 1.5 Women in development consumption or income SI.DST.FRST.20 Life expectancy at birth, Male SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN Prevalence of stunting SH.STA.STNT.ZS Maternal mortality ratio, Modeled estimate SH.STA.MMRT Life expectancy at birth, Female SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN Women ages 20–24 first married by age 18 SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS Under-five mortality rate SH.DYN.MORT Prevalence of HIV SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS Account at a financial institution, Male WP_time_01.2 Incidence of tuberculosis SH.TBS.INCD Account at a financial institution, Female WP_time_01.3 Mortality caused by road traffic injury SH.STA.TRAF.P5 Wage and salaried workers, Male SL.EMP.WORK.MA.ZS Primary completion rate SE.PRM.CMPT.ZS Wage and salaried workers, Female SL.EMP.WORK.FE.ZS Contributing family workers, Male SL.FAM.WORK.MA.ZS Female part-time employment SL.TLF.PART.TL.FE.ZS Contributing family workers, Female SL.FAM.WORK.FE.ZS Firms with female participation in ownership IC.FRM.FEMO.ZS GDP per person employed, % growth ..a Female legislators, senior officials, and managers SG.GEN.LSOM.ZS 1.3 Global goals: promoting sustainability Women in parliaments SG.GEN.PARL.ZS Access to an improved water source SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS Nondiscrimination clause mentions gender in the constitution SG.NOD.CONS Access to improved sanitation facilities SH.STA.ACSN Access to electricity EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS Renewable energy consumption EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS Data disaggregated by sex are available in the World Development Indicators database. Research and development expenditure GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS a. Derived from data elsewhere in the World Development Indicators database. b. Available online only as part of the table, not as an individual indicator. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 55 Poverty rates International poverty Population below international poverty linesa line in local currency Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 $1.90 a day $3.10 a day Reference a day a day a day a day Reference a day a day a day a day 2011 2011 year b % % % % year b % % % % Albania 110.5 180.3 2008 <2.0 <0.5 6.1 0.9 2012 <2.0 <0.5 6.8 1.4 Angola 140.3 228.9 .. .. .. .. 2008 30.1 9.6 54.5 22.5 Argentina 5.3 8.6 2012c,d <2.0 0.8 3.7 1.5 2013c,d <2.0 1.0 3.6 1.6 Armenia 349.2 569.7 2012 <2.0 <0.5 17.4 3.5 2013 2.4 0.6 17.0 3.7 Azerbaijan 0.6 1.0 2004 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2005 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Bangladesh 31.9e 51.0e 2005 51.6 14.2 81.5 35.5 2010 43.7 11.2 77.6 31.4 Belarus 3,481.6 5,680.5 2011 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Belize 2.2f 3.7f 1998 c 14.4 5.9 32.6 12.7 1999 c 13.9 6.2 26.0 11.5 Benin 427.3 697.2 2003 48.9 16.3 77.2 35.3 2011 53.1 19.0 75.6 37.2 Bhutan 32.2 52.6 2007 8.0 1.6 28.9 8.0 2012 2.2 <0.5 13.5 3.0 Bolivia 5.5 9.0 2012c 9.1 4.9 15.8 7.7 2013c 7.7 3.8 13.4 6.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.6 2.7 2004 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2007 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Botswana 8.4 13.8 2002 29.8 11.4 49.0 22.6 2009 18.2 5.8 35.7 14.0 Brazil 3.2 5.1 2012c 4.6 2.5 9.3 4.1 2013c 4.9 2.8 9.1 4.3 Bulgaria 1.5 2.4 2011c 2.2 0.9 4.7 1.9 2012c 2.0 0.8 4.7 1.7 Burkina Faso 422.3 689.0 2003 57.3 23.7 79.3 41.8 2009 55.3 19.9 80.5 39.3 Burundi 925.9 1,510.7 1998 84.1 44.8 95.0 62.8 2006 77.7 32.9 92.2 53.6 Cabo Verde 97.7e 156.4 e 2001 28.2 9.3 50.8 21.2 2007 17.6 4.7 39.3 14.1 Cambodia 2,019.1e 3,230.6e 2011 8.9 1.5 43.3 10.7 2012 6.2 1.0 37.0 8.8 Cameroon 437.7 714.2 2001 23.1 6.1 50.9 18.4 2007 29.3 8.3 54.3 21.7 Central African Republic 509.0 830.4 2003 64.8 30.3 84.2 48.0 2008 66.3 33.1 82.3 49.5 Chad 477.5 779.0 2003 62.9 26.7 84.6 45.7 2011 38.4 15.3 64.8 29.7 Chile 744.1 1,214.1 2011c <2.0 0.5 2.9 1.1 2013c <2.0 <0.5 2.1 0.8 Chinag 7.0 11.5 2008h 14.7 3.9 33.0 11.6 2010h 11.2 2.7 27.2 9.1 Colombia 2,274.2 3,710.5 2012c 7.1 2.9 16.2 6.2 2013c 6.1 2.5 13.8 5.3 Comoros 419.1 683.8 .. .. .. .. 2004 13.5 3.7 32.3 11.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,021.7 1,667.0 2004 91.2 59.3 96.9 73.0 2012 77.2 39.3 90.7 57.0 Congo, Rep. 563.4 919.2 2005 50.2 19.9 71.8 36.4 2011 28.7 9.6 52.9 21.9 Costa Rica 653.2 f 1,065.7f 2012c <2.0 0.7 4.1 1.5 2013c <2.0 0.6 4.0 1.4 Croatia 8.3 13.5 2010 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2011c <2.0 0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Czech Republic 28.3 46.2 2011c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Côte d’Ivoire 447.8 730.6 2002 23.0 7.1 54.8 19.5 2008 29.0 10.3 55.1 23.2 Djibouti 192.8 314.6 2002 20.6 6.0 46.1 16.7 2012 18.3 7.9 37.0 15.5 Dominican Republic 39.4f 64.3f 2012c 2.6 0.7 10.2 2.8 2013c 2.3 0.6 9.1 2.4 Ecuador 1.0 1.7 2012c 5.9 2.5 14.0 5.2 2013c 4.4 1.7 11.6 4.0 El Salvador 1.0 f 1.6f 2012c 4.2 1.0 13.6 3.8 2013c 3.3 0.7 11.5 3.2 Estonia 1.2 1.9 2011c <2.0 1.2 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 1.2 <2.0 <0.5 Ethiopia 10.3 16.9 2004 36.3 8.3 76.2 27.5 2010 33.5 9.0 71.3 26.5 Fiji 2.3 3.8 2002 5.1 0.9 20.2 5.4 2008 3.6 0.7 17.0 4.1 Gabon 682.5 1,113.6 .. .. .. .. 2005 8.0 1.9 24.4 7.2 Gambia, The 20.6 33.6 1998 73.8 38.2 86.9 55.0 2003 45.3 17.7 68.0 33.4 Georgia 1.6 2.6 2012 15.5 5.0 34.6 12.8 2013 11.5 3.4 28.6 9.8 Ghana 1.5 2.4 1998 33.9 11.3 60.5 25.5 2005 25.2 8.4 49.0 19.6 Guatemala 7.4f 12.0 f 2006c 11.5 3.9 23.7 9.3 2011c 11.5 4.0 26.5 9.8 Guinea 4,887.4 7,974.3 2007 59.7 23.7 81.2 42.4 2012 35.3 10.3 68.7 27.1 Guinea-Bissau 471.6 769.5 2002 53.9 18.6 80.9 38.3 2010 67.1 30.5 83.6 48.5 Guyana 253.2f 413.1f 1992c 33.2 12.5 58.6 25.7 1998 c 14.0 5.0 28.3 11.2 56 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Poverty rates International poverty Population below international poverty linesa line in local currency Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 $1.90 a day $3.10 a day Reference a day a day a day a day Reference a day a day a day a day 2011 2011 year b % % % % year b % % % % Haiti 39.3f 64.2f 2001c 55.6 28.0 73.4 42.5 2012c 53.9 28.9 71.0 42.2 Honduras 19.2f 31.2 f 2012 c 21.4 9.3 37.3 17.1 2013c 18.9 7.7 34.6 15.2 Hungary 262.0 427.4 2011c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Indiag 28.5 46.4 2009h 31.4 7.0 67.9 24.4 2011 21.3 4.3 58.0 18.5 Indonesiag 7,774.7 12,685.0 2008 21.3 4.3 54.5 17.6 2010 15.9 2.9 46.3 14.2 Iran, Islamic Rep. 5,158.2 8,415.9 2009h <2.0 <0.5 3.1 0.5 2013h <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Jamaica 120.4f 196.4f 2002 2.8 0.7 10.6 2.9 2004 <2.0 <0.5 8.2 2.0 Jordan 0.6e 1.0e 2008 <2.0 <0.5 3.0 <0.5 2010 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Kazakhstan 158.9 259.2 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2013 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Kenya 67.3 109.8 1997 21.5 5.6 45.9 16.6 2005 33.6 11.7 58.9 25.5 Kiribati 2.0 f 3.3f .. .. .. .. 2006 14.1 4.6 34.7 12.2 Kosovo 0.7f 1.1f 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2013 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Kyrgyz Republic 33.3 54.4 2011 <2.0 <0.5 19.3 3.5 2012 2.9 0.7 20.0 4.2 Lao PDR 4,677.0e 7,483.2e 2007 36.3 9.5 69.3 27.1 2012 30.0 7.8 63.3 23.3 Latvia 0.8 1.2 2011c <2.0 1.0 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 1.0 <2.0 <0.5 Lesotho 7.3 12.0 2002 61.3 32.0 78.9 47.1 2010 59.7 31.8 77.3 46.6 Liberia 1.1 1.8 .. .. .. .. 2007 68.6 28.1 89.6 48.6 Lithuania 3.4 5.5 2011c <2.0 0.8 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 0.8 <2.0 <0.5 Macedonia, FYR 43.6 71.1 2006 2.7 0.6 8.3 2.4 2008 <2.0 <0.5 8.7 2.0 Madagascar 1,339.3 2,185.2 2005 74.1 31.7 89.9 51.8 2010 81.8 40.3 92.9 59.0 Malawi 148.2 241.9 2004 73.6 31.7 90.1 51.7 2010 70.9 33.3 87.6 51.8 Malaysia 3.0 4.9 2007i <2.0 <0.5 2.7 <0.5 2009c <2.0 <0.5 2.7 <0.5 Maldives 20.3 33.1 2004h 2.4 <0.5 15.0 3.4 2009 5.6 1.1 17.9 5.0 Mali 421.5 687.8 2006 50.6 17.5 76.1 36.0 2009 49.3 15.2 77.7 34.6 Mauritania 214.3 349.7 2004 14.4 3.6 40.3 12.9 2008 10.9 2.9 32.5 10.1 Mauritius 34.7 56.7 2006 <2.0 <0.5 3.0 0.6 2012 <2.0 <0.5 3.0 0.7 Mexico 17.0 27.7 2010 3.8 1.0 11.9 3.5 2012 2.7 0.7 10.3 2.7 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 1.9 f 3.1f .. .. .. .. 2000 c,d 50.4 28.5 66.7 40.4 Moldova 10.4 16.9 2012 <2.0 <0.5 2.9 0.5 2013 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Mongolia 1,121.6 1,830.0 2011 <2.0 <0.5 6.2 1.1 2012 <2.0 <0.5 4.0 0.7 Montenegro 0.9 1.4 2012 <2.0 0.5 2.1 1.0 2013 <2.0 <0.5 3.9 1.4 Morocco 8.0 13.0 2000 6.2 1.3 25.6 6.7 2007 3.1 0.6 15.5 3.7 Mozambique 29.5 48.1 2002 80.4 41.5 92.0 59.3 2008 68.7 31.4 87.5 50.2 Namibia 9.7 15.9 2003 31.5 10.2 54.7 23.4 2009 22.6 6.7 45.7 17.7 Nepal 48.9 79.9 2003 47.1 14.8 74.4 33.2 2010 15.0 3.0 48.4 14.7 Nicaragua 17.4f 28.4f 2005 15.6 3.6 39.4 12.9 2009c 10.8 3.6 25.2 9.1 Niger 434.6 709.1 2007 72.0 28.8 90.1 49.8 2011 50.3 13.9 81.8 35.2 Nigeria 151.1 246.5 2003 53.5 21.9 78.5 39.5 2009 53.5 21.8 76.5 39.1 Pakistan 48.3 78.8 2007 13.3 2.1 53.2 14.3 2010 8.3 1.2 45.0 10.8 Panama 1.1f 1.7f 2012c 4.4 1.4 9.9 3.6 2013c 2.9 0.8 8.0 2.6 Papua New Guinea 4.1f 6.6f 1996 53.2 28.1 70.2 41.4 2009 39.3 15.9 64.7 30.4 Paraguay 4,387.9 7,159.2 2012c 3.7 1.2 9.7 3.3 2013c 2.2 0.9 6.3 2.2 Peru 3.0 4.9 2012c 4.1 1.1 10.8 3.6 2013c 3.7 0.9 9.7 3.1 Philippines 35.9 58.5 2009 12.0 2.4 36.5 11.0 2012 13.1 2.7 37.6 11.7 Poland 3.7 6.0 2011 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Romania 3.8 6.2 2011 <2.0 <0.5 4.5 0.7 2012 <2.0 <0.5 4.1 0.7 Russian Federation 31.9 52.0 2011 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 57 Poverty rates International poverty Population below international poverty linesa line in local currency Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap Population Poverty gap below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 below $1.90  at $1.90 below $3.10  at $3.10 $1.90 a day $3.10 a day Reference a day a day a day a day Reference a day a day a day a day 2011 2011 year b % % % % year b % % % % Rwanda 469.0 765.2 2005 68.0 31.1 84.1 49.1 2010 60.3 23.7 80.7 42.6 Samoa 3.6f 5.9 f .. .. .. .. 2008 <2.0 <0.5 8.4 1.7 São Tomé and Príncipe 19,370.1 31,603.9 2000 29.5 7.7 61.7 22.8 2010 33.9 9.1 69.2 26.4 Senegal 467.6 762.9 2005 37.6 12.4 65.8 28.2 2011 38.0 12.8 66.3 28.4 Serbia 86.2 140.6 2009 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2010 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Seychelles 15.0 f 24.5f 1999 <2.0 <0.5 2.4 0.7 2006 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Sierra Leone 3,357.7 5,478.3 2003 58.6 21.8 80.9 41.1 2011 52.3 16.7 80.0 36.7 Slovak Republic 1.1 1.8 2011c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Slovenia 1.3 2.1 2011c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Solomon Islands 13.5f 22.1f .. .. .. .. 2005 45.6 17.4 69.3 33.6 South Africa 9.6 15.7 2008 15.1 4.2 33.3 12.1 2011 16.6 4.9 34.7 13.1 Sri Lanka 80.2 130.9 2009 2.4 <0.5 16.8 3.5 2012 <2.0 <0.5 14.0 2.8 St. Lucia 4.1f 6.6f .. .. .. .. 1995c 35.8 13.2 61.8 27.3 Sudan 2.8 4.6 .. .. .. .. 2009 14.9 4.0 38.9 12.8 Suriname 3.6f 5.8f .. .. .. .. 1999 c 23.4 16.5 40.2 23.0 Swaziland 7.7 12.6 2000 48.4 17.5 70.2 34.2 2009 42.0 16.6 63.1 31.1 Tajikistan 3.6 5.8 2007 10.4 3.8 32.7 10.1 2009 4.7 0.9 23.4 5.5 Tanzania 1,112.5 1,815.1 2007 52.7 19.0 77.9 37.6 2011 46.6 14.4 76.1 33.6 Thailand 24.4 39.8 2011 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Timor-Leste 1.1f 1.7f 2001 44.2 13.5 72.8 31.4 2007 46.8 12.1 80.1 32.9 Togo 441.2 719.9 2006 55.6 21.1 76.7 39.1 2011 54.2 23.2 74.5 39.5 Tonga 3.1f 5.1f .. .. .. .. 2009 <2.0 <0.5 8.2 1.8 Trinidad and Tobago 8.8f 14.3f 1988i <2.0 <0.5 7.7 1.6 1992i 3.4 0.9 12.2 3.4 Tunisia 1.3 2.2 2005 3.1 0.7 13.3 3.4 2010 <2.0 <0.5 8.4 2.1 Turkey 2.2 3.6 2011 <2.0 <0.5 4.0 0.7 2012 <2.0 <0.5 3.1 0.6 Turkmenistan 2.9 f 4.7f 1993i 80.9 39.5 94.2 58.7 1998h 42.3 14.5 69.1 31.0 Uganda 1,799.1 2,935.4 2009 41.5 13.2 69.4 30.2 2012 33.2 10.1 63.0 25.6 Ukraine 6.3 10.3 2012 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2013 <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Uruguay 31.2 50.9 2012c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 2013c <2.0 <0.5 <2.0 <0.5 Uzbekistan 1,207.8 f 1,970.7 f 2002 65.6 22.4 44.4 25.8 2003 66.8 25.3 87.8 46.4 Vanuatu 220.1f 359.1f .. .. .. .. 2010 15.4 3.7 38.8 12.8 Venezuela, RB 5.5 9.0 2005c 17.0 12.5 24.0 15.5 2006c 9.2 6.8 14.9 8.8 Vietnam 14,487.4 23,637.4 2010 4.8 1.0 18.1 4.9 2012 3.2 0.6 13.9 3.5 West Bank and Gaza 4.8f 7.8f 2007 <2.0 <0.5 7.4 1.9 2009 <2.0 <0.5 2.6 0.5 Zambia 4,760.1 7,766.6 2006 60.5 30.1 76.9 45.4 2010 64.4 31.6 78.9 47.5 a. Based on nominal per capita consumption averages and distributions estimated parametrically from unit-record household survey data, unless otherwise noted. b. Refers to the period of reference of a survey. For surveys in which the period of reference covers multiple years, it is the first year. c. Estimated nonparametrically from nominal income per capita distributions based on unit-record household survey data. d. Covers urban areas only. e. Because the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) estimate needs to be further analyzed, the 2005 estimate is used. Thus data listed for the $1.90 a day poverty line refer to the $1.25 a day poverty line, and data listed for the $3.10 a day poverty line refer to the $2 a day poverty line. f. Based on PPP dollars imputed using regression. g. Based on benchmark national PPP estimate rescaled to account for cost-of-living differences in urban and rural areas. The national estimates are the population-weighted average of urban and rural estimates. h. Estimated nonparametrically from nominal consumption per capita distributions based on grouped household survey data. i. Based on per capita income averages and distribution data estimated parametrically from grouped household survey data. 58 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Poverty rates Global and regional trends in poverty indicators at the poverty line of 2011 PPP $1.90 a day Region 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2012 Trend, 1990–2012 Poverty rate (% of population) Low and middle income 44.4 41.2 35.2 34.3 31.0 24.7 21.9 16.5 14.9 East Asia & Pacific 60.6 52.0 39.3 37.5 29.2 18.6 15.0 8.5 7.2 Europe & Central Asia 1.9 5.2 7.0 7.8 6.2 5.5 3.1 2.4 2.1 Latin America & Caribbean 17.8 15.0 14.1 13.9 13.2 9.9 7.1 5.9 5.6 Middle East & North Africa 6.0 7.0 6.1 4.2 a a a 3.3 2.7 a South Asia 50.6 47.9 42.8 40.8 35.0 32.1 22.2 18.8 Sub- Saharan Africa 56.8 61.1 58.5 58.0 57.1 50.5 47.8 44.4 42.7 World 37.1 34.7 29.7 29.1 26.3 21.6 18.7 14.1 12.7 Number of poor people (millions) Low and middle income 1,959 1,917 1,716 1,751 1,645 1,401 1,254 983 897 East Asia & Pacific 996 891 699 689 553 367 297 173 147 Europe & Central Asia 9 24 33 37 29 26 15 11 10 Latin America & Caribbean 78 69 69 71 70 56 41 35 34 Middle East & North Africa 14 17 16 11 a a a 10 9 a South Asia 575 579 550 583 539 501 362 309 Sub- Saharan Africa 288 336 349 375 399 402 392 394 389 World 1,959 1,917 1,716 1,751 1,645 1,401 1,254 983 897 Share of total poor population living in each region (low- and middle-income countries only, %) East Asia and Pacific 50.8 46.5 40.7 39.4 33.6 26.2 23.7 17.6 16.4 Europe and Central Asia 0.4 1.3 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 Latin America & Caribbean 4.0 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.3 3.6 3.8 a a a Middle East & North Africa 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 a South Asia 29.3 30.2 32.1 35.4 38.5 40.0 36.8 34.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 14.7 17.5 20.4 21.4 24.3 28.7 31.2 40.0 43.4 Survey coverage (% of total population represented by surveys conducted within five years of the reference year) Low and middle income 86.6 89.5 91.7 67.9 87.2 90.2 92.1 88.6 86.8 East Asia & Pacific 92.3 93.1 93.5 93.3 93.3 91.6 93.7 93.6 91.8 Europe & Central Asia 81.5 87.2 97.1 93.9 96.7 97.0 93.2 90.1 90.0 Latin America & Caribbean 94.6 91.6 95.7 97.5 97.3 93.4 95.3 92.1 91.2 Middle East & North Africa 77.3 65.8 82.0 69.8 22.7 82.4 48.2 38.6 37.4 South Asia 97.3 98.7 98.5 19.9 98.5 95.6 98.3 98.2 98.2 Sub- Saharan Africa 45.9 68.8 68.0 53.3 59.9 73.1 81.2 75.2 68.7 Note: Income groups are based on how countries were classified in 1990. a. Estimates not shown due to very low population coverage of available survey data. Source: World Bank PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/). Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 59 Poverty rates About the data The World Bank produced its first global poverty estimates for World timeliness, frequency, accessibility, quality, and comparability of Development Report 1990: Poverty (World Bank 1990) using house- household surveys need to increase substantially, particularly in the hold survey data for 22 countries (Ravallion, Datt, and van de Walle poorest countries. The availability and quality of poverty monitoring 1991). Since then there has been considerable expansion in the data remain low in small states, countries in fragile situations, low- number of countries that field household income and expenditure income countries, and even some middle-income countries. surveys. The World Bank’s Development Research Group maintains The lack of frequent, timely, and comparable data available in a database that updates regional and global aggregates annually. some countries creates uncertainty over the magnitude of poverty The database incorporates country-level updates as soon as new reduction. The table on trends in poverty indicators reports the survey data become available. percentage of the regional and global population represented by The latest comprehensive revision took place in October 2015 household survey samples collected during the reference year or and incorporate many revisions. The two most notable ones were during the two preceding or two subsequent years (in other words, the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors and the within a five-year window centered on the reference year). Data cov- new international poverty line at $1.90 a day. As differences in the erage in Sub- Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa cost of living across the world evolve, the global poverty line has to remains low and variable. The need to improve household survey be periodically updated to reflect changes in prices. The previous programs for monitoring poverty is clearly urgent. But institutional, change was in 2008, when 2005 PPP $1.25 a day was adopted as political, and financial obstacles continue to limit data collection, the global line. The latest revision is based on the national poverty analysis, and public access. lines of the same 15 poorest countries from the 2008 revision and thus preserves the real purchasing power of the previous line in the Data quality world’s poorest countries (World Bank 2016). Other data quality issues arise in measuring household living stan- Based on the new poverty line of 2011 PPP $1.90 a day, the dards. Surveys ask detailed questions on sources of income and World Bank revised the entire series of global poverty, from 1981 how it was spent, which must be carefully recorded by trained per- to 2012, using the latest household income and consumption sur- sonnel. Income is difficult to measure accurately, and consumption vey data. For five countries (Bangladesh, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, comes closer to the notion of living standards. Moreover, income Jordan, and Lao PDR), the poverty estimates are still measured at can vary over time even if living standards do not. But consumption 2005 PPP $1.25 a day because price data (both consumer price data are not always available: the latest estimates reported here indexes and 2011 PPPs) need to be further analyzed before being use consumption for about two-thirds of countries. used to estimate poverty. Similar surveys may not be strictly comparable because of dif- PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet) is an inter- ferences in timing, sampling frames, or the quality and training of active computational tool that allows users to replicate these inter- enumerators. Comparisons of countries at different levels of devel- nationally comparable $1.90 and $3.10 a day poverty estimates for opment also pose problems because of differences in the relative countries, regions, and custom country groupings and for different importance of the consumption of nonmarket goods. The local poverty lines. The Poverty and Equity Data portal (http://poverty market value of all consumption in kind (including own production, data.worldbank.org/poverty/home) provides access to the database particularly important in poor rural economies) should be included and user-friendly dashboards with graphs and interactive maps that in total consumption expenditure, but in practice are often not. Most visualize trends in key poverty and inequality indicators for different survey data now include valuations for consumption or income from regions and countries. The country dashboards display trends in own production, but valuation methods vary. poverty measures based on the national poverty lines (see online The statistics reported here are based on consumption data table 2.7) alongside the internationally comparable estimates in the or, when unavailable, on income data. Analysis of some 20 coun- table produced from PovcalNet. tries for which both consumption and income data were available from the same surveys found income to yield a higher mean than Data availability consumption but also higher inequality. When poverty measures The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring based on consumption and income were compared, the two effects database draws on income or detailed consumption data from more roughly cancelled each other out: there was no significant statisti- than 1,000 household surveys across 131 low- and middle-income cal difference. countries and 21 high-income countries (as defined in 1990). For Invariably some sampled households do not participate in surveys high-income countries, estimates are available for inequality and because they refuse to do so or because nobody is at home during income distribution only. The 2012 estimates use more than 2 mil- the interview visit. This is referred to as “unit nonresponse” and lion randomly sampled households, representing 87 percent of the is distinct from “item nonresponse,” which occurs when some of population in low- and middle-income countries. Despite progress the sampled respondents participate but refuse to answer certain in the last decade, the challenges of measuring poverty remain. The questions, such as those pertaining to income or consumption. To 60 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Poverty rates the extent that survey nonresponse is random, there is no concern international poverty line measures the same degree of need or regarding biases in survey-based inferences; the sample will still be deprivation across countries. So-called poverty PPPs, designed to representative of the population. However, households with different compare the consumption of the poorest people in the world, might incomes may not be equally likely to respond. Richer households provide a better basis for comparison of poverty across countries. may be less likely to participate because of the high opportunity Work on these measures is ongoing. cost of their time or because of privacy concerns. It is conceiv- able that the poorest can likewise be underrepresented; some are Definitions homeless or nomadic and hard to reach in standard household sur- • International poverty line in local currency is the international vey designs, and some may be physically or socially isolated and poverty lines of $1.90 and $3.10 a day in 2011 prices, converted thus less likely to be interviewed. This can bias both poverty and to local currency using the PPP conversion factors estimated by the inequality measurement if not corrected for (Korinek, Mistiaen, and International Comparison Program. • Reference year is the period Ravallion 2007). of reference of a survey. For surveys in which the period of refer- ence covers multiple years, it is the first year. • Population below International poverty lines $1.90 a day and population below $3.10 a day are the percent- International comparisons of poverty estimates entail both concep- ages of the population living on less than $1.90 a day and $3.10 tual and practical problems. Countries have different definitions of a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP poverty, and consistent comparisons across countries can be dif- exchange rates, consumer price indexes, or welfare aggregates, ficult. National poverty lines tend to have higher purchasing power poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with pov- in rich countries, where more generous standards are used, than in erty rates reported in earlier editions. The PovcalNet online data- poor countries. Poverty measures based on an international poverty base and tool (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet) always line attempt to hold the real value of the poverty line constant across contain the most recent full time series of comparable country data. countries, as is done when making comparisons over time. Since • Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line (counting World Development Report 1990 the World Bank has aimed to apply the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage a common standard in measuring extreme poverty, anchored to of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as what poverty means in the world’s poorest countries. The welfare of well as its incidence. people living in different countries can be measured on a common scale by adjusting for differences in the purchasing power of cur- Data sources rencies. The commonly used $1 a day standard, measured in 1985 The poverty measures are prepared by the World Bank’s Develop- international prices and adjusted to local currency using PPPs, was ment Research Group. The international poverty lines are based on chosen for World Development Report 1990 because it was typical nationally representative primary household surveys conducted by of the poverty lines in low-income countries at the time. national statistical offices or by private agencies under the supervi- Early editions of World Development Indicators used PPPs from sion of government or international agencies and obtained from the Penn World Tables to convert values in local currency to equiva- government statistical offices and World Bank Group country depart- lent purchasing power measured in U.S dollars. Later editions used ments. For details on data sources and methods used in deriving 1993 consumption PPP estimates produced by the World Bank. the World Bank’s latest estimates, see http://iresearch.worldbank International poverty lines were revised following the release of PPPs .org/povcalnet. compiled in the 2005 round and the 2011 round of the Interna- tional Comparison Program, along with data from an expanded set References of household income and expenditure surveys. The current extreme Korinek, A., J. A. Mistiaen, and M. Ravallion. 2007. “An Econometric poverty line is set at $1.90 a day in 2011 PPP terms, which repre- Method of Correcting for Unit Nonresponse Bias in Surveys.” Journal sents the mean of the poverty lines found in the poorest 15 coun- of Econometrics 136: 213–35. tries ranked by per capita consumption. This poverty line maintains Ravallion, M., G. Datt, and D. van de Walle. 1991. “Quantifying Abso- the same standard for extreme poverty—the poverty line typical of lute Poverty in the Developing World.” Review of Income and Wealth the poorest countries in the world—but updates it using the latest 37(4): 345–61. information on the cost of living in low- and middle-income countries World Bank. 1990. World Development Report 1990: Poverty. Wash- (World Bank 2015). ington, DC. PPP exchange rates are used to estimate global poverty because ———. 2015. A Measured Approach to Ending Poverty and Boost- they take into account the local prices of goods and services not ing Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and the Twin Goals. Policy traded internationally. But PPP rates were designed for comparing Research Report. Washington, DC. aggregates from national accounts, not for making international ———. 2016. Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016: Development poverty comparisons. As a result, there is no certainty that an Goals in an Era of Demographic Change. Washington, DC: World Bank. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 61 Shared prosperity Period Annualized growth Mean income or consumption per capitaa in mean income or consumption per capita % 2011 PPP $ a day Bottom 40% of Bottom 40% of the population Total population Baseline year Most recent year the population Total population Baseline Most recent Baseline Most recent Albania 2008 2012 –1.2 –1.3 4.3 4.1 7.8 7.4 Argentinab 2007 2012 6.4 3.1 5.6 7.7 18.2 21.2 Armenia 2008 2013 –1.5 –1.1 3.4 3.2 6.3 6.0 Australia 2003 2010 4.4 4.7 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.7 Austria 2007 2012 0.4 0.4 27.8 28.3 52.7 53.7 Bangladesh 2005 2010 1.7 1.4 0.8 c 0.9c 1.6c 1.7c Belarus 2006 2011 9.1 8.1 6.5 10.1 11.7 17.2 Belgium 2007 2012 1.1 0.4 25.8 27.3 46.9 47.9 Bhutan 2007 2012 6.5 6.5 2.6 3.5 5.9 8.0 Bolivia 2007 2012 10.1 4.3 2.3 3.7 9.8 12.1 Brazil 2007 2012 6.9 4.5 3.4 4.8 14.0 17.5 Bulgaria 2007 2012 1.3 1.4 6.8 7.2 14.7 15.7 Cambodia 2007 2012 8.5 4.1 1.1c 1.7c 2.4 c 2.9c Canada 2004 2010 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.7 8.8 10.4 Chile 2006 2011 3.9 2.8 5.5 6.6 18.1 20.9 China 2005 2010 7.2 7.9 3.2 4.2 10.6 14.4 Colombia 2008 2012 6.0 3.6 2.8 3.5 11.6 13.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2004 2012 7.8 7.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.5 Congo, Rep. 2005 2011 7.2 4.3 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.8 Costa Rica 2010 2013 1.3 3.1 6.6 6.9 20.3 22.3 Croatia 2004 2010 1.6 0.3 11.7 12.8 21.9 22.2 Cyprus 2007 2012 –2.8 –1.6 27.1 23.6 50.8 46.9 Czech Republic 2007 2012 0.2 0.4 15.7 15.8 25.8 26.3 Denmark 2007 2012 –0.8 0.3 28.6 27.6 48.3 49.1 Dominican Republic 2007 2012 1.8 –0.2 3.8 4.2 11.9 11.8 Ecuador 2007 2012 5.5 1.0 2.9 3.8 10.7 11.3 El Salvador 2007 2012 0.2 –1.5 3.6 3.6 9.9 9.2 Estonia 2007 2012 –2.1 –1.2 12.8 11.6 24.6 23.1 Ethiopia 2004 2010 –1.5 –0.1 1.5 1.4 2.7 2.7 Finland 2007 2012 1.6 1.1 26.7 28.9 46.8 49.4 France 2007 2012 0.2 0.4 26.6 26.8 51.5 52.5 Georgia 2008 2013 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.5 5.3 6.1 Germany 2006 2011 1.4 0.1 26.5 28.4 52.4 52.8 Greece 2007 2012 –10.0 –8.4 16.3 9.6 34.7 22.4 Guatemala 2006 2011 –1.8 –4.6 2.7 2.5 10.9 8.6 Honduras 2007 2012 –3.2 –2.7 2.1 1.8 8.9 7.8 Hungary 2007 2012 –1.9 –0.7 10.9 9.9 19.3 18.7 Iceland 2007 2012 –3.9 –4.6 33.1 27.2 58.7 46.5 India 2004 2011 3.2 3.7 1.5 1.8 2.8 3.6 Indonesia 2011 2014 3.8 3.4 2.1 4.8 5.4 6.3 Iran, Islamic Rep. 2009 2013 3.1 –1.2 2.6 3.0 17.4 16.6 Iraq 2007 2012 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.5 Ireland 2007 2012 –4.4 –3.9 26.2 20.9 50.0 41.0 Italy 2007 2012 –2.9 –1.8 21.2 18.4 43.5 39.7 Jordan 2006 2010 2.7 2.6 3.2c 3.6c 6.4 c 7c Kazakhstan 2009 2013 8.9 7.6 5.1 7.1 9.0 12.0 Kyrgyz Republic 2008 2012 –0.1 –2.4 3.3 3.3 6.6 6.0 62 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Shared prosperity Period Annualized growth Mean income or consumption per capitaa in mean income or consumption per capita % 2011 PPP $ a day Bottom 40% of Bottom 40% of the population Total population Baseline year Most recent year the population Total population Baseline Most recent Baseline Most recent Lao PDR 2007 2012 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.2 Latvia 2007 2012 –3.0 –4.3 9.7 8.3 22.4 17.9 Lithuania 2007 2012 –1.8 –1.2 10.1 9.3 21.0 19.8 Luxembourg 2007 2012 –2.7 –0.5 38.3 33.4 72.8 70.8 Madagascar 2005 2010 –4.5 –3.5 0.8 0.6 1.7 1.5 Malawi 2004 2010 –1.8 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.8 1.9 Mali 2006 2009 2.2 –1.5 1.1 1.2 2.5 2.4 Mauritania 2008 2014 3.3 1.6 2.4 5.5 1.5 1.7 Mauritius 2006 2012 0.8 0.9 5.3 5.5 11.0 11.6 Mexico 2008 2012 1.1 –0.2 3.4 3.5 11.3 11.2 Moldova 2008 2013 5.0 1.8 4.2 5.4 8.8 9.6 Montenegro 2008 2013 –4.8 –3.6 8.9 6.9 16.4 13.6 Nepal 2003 2010 7.5 4.1 1.2 2.0 3.0 3.9 Netherlands 2007 2012 0.0 –1.0 28.1 28.0 51.7 49.2 Nigeria 2003 2009 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 2.3 2.5 Norway 2007 2012 3.2 2.4 33.4 39.0 58.4 65.8 Pakistan 2004 2010 3.8 2.7 1.8 2.3 3.4 4.0 Panama 2008 2012 4.1 3.6 4.6 5.4 17.2 19.8 Paraguay 2007 2012 7.2 5.2 3.4 4.8 11.8 15.1 Peru 2007 2012 8.6 4.0 3.1 4.6 11.2 13.6 Philippines 2006 2012 1.1 0.4 2.1 2.2 5.6 5.7 Poland 2007 2012 2.0 1.4 7.6 8.4 15.2 16.3 Portugal 2007 2012 –2.0 –2.1 12.9 11.7 28.0 25.1 Romania 2008 2013 0.6 –0.3 4.8 5.0 8.9 8.8 Russian Federation 2007 2012 5.9 5.3 7.6 10.1 19.4 25.1 Rwanda 2005 2010 5.0 3.9 0.7 0.9 2.3 2.8 Senegal 2005 2011 –0.2 0.3 1.3 1.3 3.1 3.2 Serbia 2007 2010 –1.8 –1.3 7.3 6.9 13.4 12.8 Slovak Republic 2007 2012 5.5 6.7 12.5 16.3 20.3 28.0 Slovenia 2007 2012 –0.8 –0.3 20.6 19.8 33.4 33.0 South Africa 2006 2011 4.1 4.4 1.7 2.1 9.5 11.8 Spain 2007 2012 –1.3 0.0 17.1 16.0 36.2 36.3 Sri Lanka 2006 2012 2.2 1.7 3.0 3.4 6.8 7.5 Sweden 2007 2012 2.0 2.3 26.2 29.0 45.1 50.5 Switzerland 2007 2012 2.4 0.9 30.5 34.4 63.2 66.2 Tanzania 2007 2011 3.5 1.6 1.0 1.2 2.4 2.6 Thailand 2008 2012 4.8 3.9 5.2 6.2 12.5 14.5 Togo 2006 2011 –2.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.5 2.6 Tunisia 2005 2010 3.5 2.6 3.7 4.4 8.4 9.6 Turkey 2007 2012 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.7 12.9 16.3 Uganda 2009 2012 3.9 2.9 1.2 1.4 3.1 3.4 Ukraine 2008 2013 3.5 2.3 6.8 8.1 11.6 13.0 United Kingdom 2007 2012 –1.7 –2.8 23.9 22.0 51.1 44.4 United States 2007 2013 –0.2 –0.4 Uruguay 2007 2012 7.9 4.3 6.0 8.8 18.6 23.0 Vietnam 2004 2010 6.2 7.8 2.1 3.1 5.0 7.9 a. For some countries means are not reported because of grouped or confidential data. b. Covers urban areas only. c. Based on 2005 purchasing power parity rates. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 63 Shared prosperity About the data The World Bank Group released the Global Database of Shared In the latest update of the database, survey means of income or Prosperity in October 2014, a year and half after announcing its new consumption are updated with the 2011 purchasing power parity twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosper- (PPP) rates for all countries except Bangladesh, Cambodia, Iraq, ity around the world. The database was updated and expanded in and Lao PDR, for which survey means are presented in 2005 PPP October 2015 to include estimates for 94 countries, including high- terms because price data, both consumer price indexes and 2011 income countries. The period of growth assessed was updated from PPPs, require further investigation. around 2006–11 to around 2007–12 (World Bank 2015b). The World Bank Group is committed to updating the shared pros- Promoting shared prosperity is defined as fostering income growth perity indicators every year. Given that new household surveys are of the bottom 40 percent of the welfare distribution in every coun- not available for every year for most countries, updated estimates try and is measured by calculating the annualized growth of mean will be reported for only a subset of countries each year. per capita real income or consumption of the bottom 40 percent. The choice of the bottom 40 percent as the target population is Calculation of growth rates one of practical compromise. The bottom 40 percent differs across Growth rates are calculated as annualized average growth rates countries depending on the welfare distribution, and it can change over a roughly five-year period. Since many countries do not con- over time within a country. Because boosting shared prosperity is a duct surveys on a precise five-year schedule, the following rules country-specific goal, there is no numerical target defined globally. guide selection of the survey years used to calculate the growth And at the country level the shared prosperity goal is unbounded rates in the 2015 update: the final year of the growth period (T1) is (World Bank 2015a). the most recent year of a survey but no earlier than 2010, and the Improvements in shared prosperity require both a growing econ- initial year (T0) is as close to T1 – 5 as possible, within a two-year omy and a consideration of equity. Shared prosperity explicitly recog- band. Thus the gap between initial and final survey years ranges nizes that while growth is necessary for improving economic welfare from three to seven years. If two surveys are equidistant from in a society, progress is measured by how those gains are shared T1 – 5, other things being equal, the more recent survey year is with its poorest members. Moreover, in an inclusive society, it is not selected as T0. The comparability of welfare aggregates (income sufficient to raise everyone above an absolute minimum standard or consumption) for the years chosen for T0 and T1 is assessed for of living; economic growth must increase prosperity among poor every country. If comparability across the two surveys is a major people over time. concern, the selection criteria are re-applied to select the next The decision to measure shared prosperity based on income or best survey year. consumption was not taken to ignore the many other dimensions Once two surveys are selected for a country, the annualized growth of welfare. It is motivated by the need for an indicator that is easy of mean per capita real income or consumption is computed by first to understand, communicate, and measure—though measurement estimating the mean per capita real income or consumption of the challenges exist. Indeed, shared prosperity comprises many dimen- bottom 40 percent of the welfare distribution in years T0 and T1 and sions of well-being of the less well-off, and when analyzing shared then computing the annual average growth rate between those years prosperity in the context of a country, it is important to consider a using a compound growth formula. Growth of mean per capita real wide range of indicators of welfare. income or consumption of the total population is computed in the To generate measures of shared prosperity that are reasonably same way using data for the total population. comparable across countries, the World Bank Group has a standard- ized approach for choosing time periods, data sources, and other Data availability relevant parameters. The Global Database of Shared Prosperity is This edition of World Development Indicators includes estimates the result of these efforts. Its purpose is to allow for cross-country of shared prosperity for 71 low- and middle-income countries and comparison and benchmarking, but users should consider alter- 23 high-income countries. While all countries are encouraged to native choices for surveys and time periods when cross-country estimate the annualized growth of mean per capita real income comparison is not the primary consideration. or consumption of the bottom 40 percent, the Global Database of World Development Indicators includes the following shared pros- Shared Prosperity includes only a subset of countries that meet perity indicators: survey mean per capita real income or consumption certain criteria. The first important consideration is comparability of the bottom 40 percent, survey mean per capita real income or con- across time and across countries. Household surveys are infrequent sumption of the total population, annualized growth of survey mean in most countries and are rarely aligned across countries in terms per capita real income or consumption of the bottom 40 percent, of timing. Consequently, comparisons across countries or over time and annualized growth of survey mean per capita real income or con- should be made with a high degree of caution. sumption of the total population. Related information, such as survey Lack of household survey data is even more problematic for mon- years defining the growth period and the type of welfare aggregate itoring shared prosperity than for monitoring poverty. To monitor used to calculate the growth rates, are provided in the footnotes. shared prosperity, two surveys of a country have to be conducted 64 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Shared prosperity within five years or so during a chosen period—in this case around household surveys used in calculating the welfare growth rate, 2007–12. They have to be reasonably comparable in both survey expressed in PPP-adjusted dollars per day at 2011 prices. It is cal- design and construction of the welfare aggregates. Thus, not every culated for the bottom 40 percent of a country’s population and for survey that can generate poverty estimates can generate shared the total population of a country. prosperity estimates. The second consideration is the coverage of countries, with data Data sources that are as recent as possible. Since shared prosperity must be The Global Database of Shared Prosperity was prepared by the estimated and used at the country level, there are good reasons Global Poverty Working Group, which comprises poverty measure- for obtaining a wide coverage of countries, regardless of the size ment specialists of different departments of the World Bank Group. of their population. Moreover, for policy purposes it is important to The database’s primary source of data is the World Bank Group’s have indicators for the most recent period possible for each coun- PovcalNet database, an interactive computational tool that allows try. The selection of survey years and countries needs to be made users to replicate the World Bank Group’s official poverty estimates consistently and transparently, achieving a balance among matching measured at international poverty lines ($1.90 or $3.10 per day the time period as closely as possible across all countries, including per capita). The datasets included in PovcalNet are provided and the most recent data, and ensuring the widest possible coverage of reviewed by the members of the Global Poverty Working Group. The countries, across regions and income levels. In practice, this means choice of consumption or income to measure shared prosperity for that time periods will not match perfectly across countries. This is a country is consistent with the welfare aggregate used to estimate a compromise: While it introduces a degree of incomparability, it extreme poverty rates in PovcalNet, unless there are strong argu- also creates a database that includes a larger set of countries than ments for using a different welfare aggregate. The practice adopted would be possible otherwise. by the World Bank Group for estimating global and regional poverty rates is, in principle, to use per capita consumption expenditure Data quality as the welfare measure wherever available and to use income as Like poverty rates, estimates of annualized growth of mean per the welfare measure for countries for which consumption data are capita real income or consumption of the bottom 40 percent are unavailable. However, in some cases data on consumption may be based on income or consumption data collected in household sur- available but are outdated or not shared with the World Bank Group veys, and the same quality issues apply. See the discussion in the for recent survey years. In these cases, if data on income are avail- Poverty rates section. able, income is used for estimating shared prosperity. Definitions References • Period is the period of reference of a survey. For surveys in which World Bank. 2015a. A Measured Approach to Ending Poverty and the period of reference covers multiple years, it is the first year. Boosting Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and the Twin Goals. Policy • Annualized growth in mean income or consumption per capita Research Report. Washington, DC. is the annualized growth in mean per capita real income consump- ———. 2015b. Global Database of Shared Prosperity. [www.worldbank tion from household surveys over a roughly five-year period. It is .org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-database-of-shared-prosperity]. calculated for the bottom 40 percent of a country’s population and Washington, DC. for the total population of a country. • Mean income or consump- ———. Various years. PovcalNet. [http://iresearch.worldbank.org tion per capita is the mean income or consumption per capita from /PovcalNet/]. Washington, DC. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 65 PEOPLE 66 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 2 People presents indicators of education, health, quality at both the national and subnational levels. jobs, social protection, and gender. Together with The Sustainable Development Goals call for dis- the indicators in World view, such as population, aggregated indicators, and some estimates pre- poverty, and shared prosperity, they provide a sented in People are now available by subnational multidimensional portrait of the progress of societ- location, including those for malnutrition, poverty, ies across the world. As with the Millennium Devel- and population (see http://data.worldbank.org opment Goals, people is one of the key themes of /wdi/sub-national). These data highlight dispari- the new Sustainable Development Goals. ties within countries, and World Development Data for estimating the indicators in the Peo- Indicators will continue to expand its subnational ple section have been collected and compiled coverage, wherever data sources permit. by national authorities and various international An important update this year is an adjust- development agencies, including the World Bank. ment to the international poverty line to reflect In many cases, thematic interagency and expert the new update to purchasing power parity rates collaboration helps ensure that estimates are from the 2011 round of the International Com- robust, reliable, and timely. parison Program. The international poverty line For example, estimates of child mortality has been set at $1.90 a day per person in 2011 used to vary by data source and by methodol- purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, replacing ogy, making interpretation for global monitoring the previous line of $1.25 a day per person in difficult. The United Nations Inter-agency Group 2005 PPP terms. The entire series of global for Child Mortality Estimation, established in poverty rates—from 1981 to 2012— has been 2004, has addressed this issue by compiling all revised based on these new data. For more available data, assessing data quality, and fitting information, see the About the data for poverty an appropriate statistical model to generate a rates in World view. Other indicators have also smooth trend curve. This effort has improved been added this year, many of them related to accuracy, transparency, and comparability of the Sustainable Development Goals, including estimates of neonatal, infant, and under-five prevalence of anemia among all women of repro- mortality rates that span more than 50 years. ductive age, contraceptive prevalence (modern Similar interagency efforts have also improved methods), share of deaths that are registered, maternal mortality estimates. For gender statis- demand for family planning satisfied by modern tics the World Bank is helping develop method- methods, share of the population practicing open ologies to collect data on asset ownership and defecation, prevalence of road traffic injuries, risk entrepreneurship. The World Bank also leads of catastrophic expenditure for surgical care, risk data collection efforts in such areas as finan- of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care, cial inclusion and employment law and business size of the specialist surgical workforce, number regulations from a gender perspective. of surgical procedures performed, indicators of Alongside interagency collaboration, a close financial inclusion, prevalence of violence against working relationship with countries and national women, prevalence of child marriage, prevalence statistical offices and investment in improving of female genital mutilation or cutting, women’s national statistical capacity help advance data agency, and a wider range of education indicators. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 67 The primary completion rate is the proportion of new since some students finish school without acquiring entrants in the last grade of primary education among adequate literacy and numeracy skills, it is a good indi- the total population at the entrance age for the last cator of the quality and efficiency of the school sys- grade of primary education. The rate can exceed tem. Worldwide, the primary completion rate reached 100 percent because new entrants may include over- 92 percent in 2013. However, progress has been stag- age and underage children. It reflects both the cov- nant in recent years, and there are large regional dif- erage of the education system and the educational ferences in achievement. Many children drop out of attainment of students. Although the rate does not school before completion because of cost, distance, always ensure that expected learning outcomes occur, physical danger, and failure to advance. Education for all Greenland Primary completion rate, most recent year available (Den.) during 2010–15 (% of relevant age group) 95 or more 85–94 Canada 70–84 50–69 Less than 50 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 42215 68 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment In the Middle East and North Africa the primary completion rate Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest primary completion rate, increased from 76 percent in 1990 to 94 percent in 2013. showed the most rapid progress during the past decade: The primary completion rate increased 15 percent, to 69 percent in 2013. In Latin America and the Caribbean the primary completion rate Over the past two decades three countries have quadrupled their reached 101 percent in 2013, and in East Asia and Pacific it primary completion rate: Benin (19 percent in 1990 to 76 percent reached 105 percent. in 2014), Ethiopia (14 percent in 1994 to 54 percent in 2014), and Bhutan (24 percent in 1993 to 97 percent in 2014). Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 69 2 People Prevalence Under-five Maternal Adolescent Prevalence Primary Youth Labor force Vulnerable Unemployment Female of child mortality mortality fertility of HIV completion literacy participation employment legislators, malnutrition, rate ratio rate rate rate rate senior stunting Modeled officials, Modeled births per % of ILO estimate Modeled and estimate 1,000 % of population % of population ILO estimate managers % of children per 1,000 per 100,000 women ages population % of relevant ages ages 15 % of total % of total under age 5 live births live births 15–19 ages 15–49 age group 15–24 and older employment labor force % of total a 2015 2015 2014 2014 2010–14 a 2005–14a 2014 2010–14a 2014 2010–14a 2008–14 Afghanistan .. 91 396 77 <0.1 .. 47 48 .. 9 .. Albania 23.1 14 29 21 .. 108 99 55 58 16 .. Algeria 11.7 26 140 11 <0.1 109 .. 44 27 10 11 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Andorra .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 157 477 167 2.4 50 73 70 .. 7 .. Antigua and Barbuda .. 8 .. 46 .. 102 .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. 13 52 64 0.5 101 99 61 21 8 .. Armenia 20.8 14 25 24 0.2 .. 100 64 42 17 .. Aruba .. 16 .. 23 .. 95 99 .. 4 .. 43 Australia .. 4 6 14 .. .. .. 65 .. 6 .. Austria .. 4 4 7 .. 99 98 61 9 5 27 Azerbaijan 18.0 32 25 59 0.1 98 100 67 56 5 .. Bahamas, The .. 12 80 31 .. 93 .. 74 .. 15 52 Bahrain .. 6 15 14 .. .. 98 70 2 4 .. Bangladesh 36.1 38 176 83 <0.1 74 81 71 58 4 5 Barbados 7.7 13 27 42 .. 96 .. 71 .. 12 48 Belarus .. 5 4 19 0.5 98 100 56 .. 6 .. Belgium .. 4 7 8 .. 90 .. 53 11 9 30 Belize 19.3 17 28 67 1.2 102 .. 66 .. 12 .. Benin 34.0 100 405 85 1.1 76 .. 73 88 1 .. Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. 79 .. .. 8 .. 44 Bhutan 33.6 33 148 23 .. 97 .. 73 53 3 17 Bolivia 27.2 38 206 71 0.3 96 99 73 54 3 .. Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.9 5 11 9 .. .. 100 45 25 28 .. Botswana .. 44 129 34 25.2 100 98 77 13 18 39 Brazil .. 16 44 67 .. .. 99 70 23 7 37 Brunei Darussalam 19.7 10 23 21 .. 101 99 64 .. 4 34 Bulgaria .. 10 11 39 .. 99 98 53 9 12 37 Burkina Faso 35.1 89 371 110 0.9 61 .. 83 .. 3 .. Burundi 57.5 82 712 29 1.1 67 89 83 94 7 .. Cabo Verde .. 25 42 74 1.1 100 98 68 .. 9 .. Cambodia 32.4 29 161 51 0.6 96 87 83 64 0 .. Cameroon 32.6 88 596 107 4.8 72 81 70 74 4 .. Canada .. 5 7 10 .. .. .. 66 .. 7 36 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. Central African Republic 40.7 130 882 93 4.3 44 36 79 .. 7 .. Chad 38.7 139 856 137 2.5 38 50 72 .. 7 .. Channel Islands .. 9 .. 7 .. .. .. 59 .. .. .. Chile 1.8 8 22 48 0.3 97 99 62 .. 6 .. China 9.4 11 27 7 .. .. 100 71 .. 5 .. Hong Kong SAR, China .. 2 .. 3 .. 99 .. 59 7 3 32 Macao SAR, China .. 4 .. 3 .. .. 100 72 4 2 32 Colombia 12.7 16 64 52 0.4 .. 98 68 48 10 53 Comoros 32.1 74 335 70 .. 74 87 58 .. 7 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. 42.6 98 693 123 1.0 67 84 72 .. 8 .. Congo, Rep. 25.0 45 442 119 2.8 74 81 71 .. 7 .. 70 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 Prevalence Under-five Maternal Adolescent Prevalence Primary Youth Labor force Vulnerable Unemployment Female of child mortality mortality fertility of HIV completion literacy participation employment legislators, malnutrition, rate ratio rate rate rate rate senior stunting Modeled officials, Modeled births per % of ILO estimate Modeled and estimate 1,000 % of population % of population ILO estimate managers % of children per 1,000 per 100,000 women ages population % of relevant ages ages 15 % of total % of total under age 5 live births live births 15–19 ages 15–49 age group 15–24 and older employment labor force % of total a 2015 2015 2014 2014 2010–14 a 2005–14a 2014 2010–14a 2014 2010–14a 2008–14 Costa Rica 5.6 10 25 57 0.3 99 99 63 21 8 35 Côte d’Ivoire 29.6 93 645 135 3.5 57 48 67 79 4 .. Croatia .. 4 8 10 .. 92 100 51 10 17 25 Cuba .. 6 39 46 0.3 98 100 57 .. 3 .. Curaçao .. 11 .. 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cyprus .. 3 7 5 .. 100 100 64 14 16 14 Czech Republic .. 3 4 10 .. 100 .. 60 15 6 26 Denmark .. 4 6 4 0.2 99 .. 62 5 7 28 Djibouti 33.5 65 229 22 1.6 64b .. 52 .. .. .. Dominica .. 21 .. .. .. 107 .. .. .. .. .. Dominican Republic 7.1 31 92 98 1.0 91 97 65 42 15 37 Ecuador 25.2 22 64 76 0.3 113 99 69 39 5 40 Egypt, Arab Rep. 22.3 24 33 52 <0.1 104 92 49 26 13 7 El Salvador 20.6 17 54 66 0.5 107 97 62 38 6 37 Equatorial Guinea 26.2 94 342 110 6.2 51 98 87 .. 8 .. Eritrea 50.3 47 501 56 0.7 37 92 85 .. 7 .. Estonia .. 3 9 14 .. 107 100 62 6 8 36 Ethiopia 40.4 59 353 60 1.2 54 .. 84 89 5 22 Faroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Fiji .. 22 30 44 0.1 103 .. 55 .. 8 .. Finland .. 2 3 7 .. 99 .. 59 10 9 32 France .. 4 8 9 .. .. .. 56 7 10 39 French Polynesia .. 6 .. 36 .. .. .. 56 .. .. .. Gabon 17.5 51 291 102 3.9 .. 89 61 31 20 .. Gambia, The 25.0 69 706 114 1.8 67 71 77 61 7 .. Georgia 11.3 12 36 41 0.3 116 100 65 60 13 .. Germany .. 4 6 7 .. 101 .. 60 6 5 30 Ghana 18.8 62 319 68 1.5 101b 86 70 77 2 .. Greece .. 5 3 8 .. 97 99 53 30 26 23 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Grenada .. 12 27 31 .. 95 .. .. .. .. .. Guam .. 10 .. 49 .. .. .. 63 .. .. .. Guatemala 48.0 29 88 81 0.5 87 92 68 45 3 .. Guinea 35.8 94 679 142 1.6 50 31 72 90 2 .. Guinea-Bissau 27.6 93 549 91 3.7 62 75 73 .. 7 .. Guyana 12.0 39 229 88 1.8 84 93 61 .. 11 .. Haiti 21.9 69 359 40 1.9 108 .. 66 .. 7 .. Honduras 22.7 20 129 66 0.4 91 96 63 53 4 .. Hungary .. 6 17 18 .. 99 99 52 6 8 40 Iceland .. 2 3 6 .. 97 .. 74 9 5 40 India .. 48 174 26 .. 96 86 54 81 4 14 Indonesia 36.4 27 126 50 0.5 101 99 68 33 6 23 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. 16 25 27 0.1 102 98 45 41 13 .. Iraq 22.6 32 50 83 .. .. 82 42 .. 16 .. Ireland .. 4 8 11 0.3 .. .. 60 13 12 33 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel .. 4 5 10 .. 102 .. 63 .. 6 .. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 71 2 People Prevalence Under-five Maternal Adolescent Prevalence Primary Youth Labor force Vulnerable Unemployment Female of child mortality mortality fertility of HIV completion literacy participation employment legislators, malnutrition, rate ratio rate rate rate rate senior stunting Modeled officials, Modeled births per % of ILO estimate Modeled and estimate 1,000 % of population % of population ILO estimate managers % of children per 1,000 per 100,000 women ages population % of relevant ages ages 15 % of total % of total under age 5 live births live births 15–19 ages 15–49 age group 15–24 and older employment labor force % of total a 2015 2015 2014 2014 2010–14 a 2005–14a 2014 2010–14a 2014 2010–14a 2008–14 Italy .. 4 4 6 .. 100 100 49 18 13 25 Jamaica 5.7 16 89 61 1.6 .. 96 63 38 13 .. Japan 7.1 3 5 4 .. 102 .. 59 .. 4 .. Jordan 7.8 18 58 24 .. 86 99 42 10 11 .. Kazakhstan 13.1 14 12 29 0.2 113b 100 73 29 4 .. Kenya 26.0 49 510 92 5.3 104 .. 67 .. 9 .. Kiribati .. 56 90 18 .. 112 .. .. 53 .. 36 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 27.9 25 82 1 .. .. 100 78 .. 4 .. Korea, Rep. 2.5 3 11 2 .. 103 .. 61 .. 4 .. Kosovo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 .. 15 Kuwait 5.8 9 4 10 .. 103 99 69 2 3 .. Kyrgyz Republic 12.9 21 76 40 0.3 105 100 68 42 8 .. Lao PDR 43.8 67 197 65 0.3 100 .. 78 84 1 .. Latvia .. 8 18 14 .. 111 100 61 8 10 45 Lebanon .. 8 15 13 <0.1 78 .. 48 .. 6 .. Lesotho 33.2 90 487 92 23.4 76 83 66 .. 26 .. Liberia 32.1 70 725 111 1.2 59 .. 62 79 4 .. Libya .. 13 9 6 .. .. 100 53 .. 19 .. Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. 102 .. .. .. .. .. Lithuania .. 5 10 12 .. 97 100 61 10 11 38 Luxembourg .. 2 10 6 .. 82 .. 57 6 6 24 Macedonia, FYR 4.9 6 8 18 .. .. 99 55 23 28 28 Madagascar 49.2 50 353 117 0.3 69 65 88 86 4 25 Malawi 42.4 64 634 137 10.0 79 72 83 .. 8 .. Malaysia .. 7 40 13 0.5 103 98 60 21 2 25 Maldives 20.3 9 68 7 .. .. .. 67 19 12 .. Mali .. 115 587 175 1.4 53 47 66 .. 8 .. Malta .. 6 9 17 .. 92 99 52 9 6 23 Marshall Islands .. 36 .. .. .. 100 .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 22.0 85 602 79 0.7 68 .. 54 .. 31 .. Mauritius .. 14 53 29 0.9 97 98 59 17 8 .. Mexico 13.6 13 38 63 0.2 103 99 62 .. 5 .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. 35 100 16 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Moldova 6.4 16 23 23 0.6 93 100 41 32 3 44 Monaco .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia 10.8 22 44 16 .. 110 98 63 51 5 .. Montenegro 9.4 5 7 12 .. 93 b 99 50 .. 19 30 Morocco 14.9 28 121 32 0.1 102 82 51 51 10 .. Mozambique 43.1 79 489 143 10.6 48 67 84 .. 23 .. Myanmar 35.1 50 178 17 0.7 85 96 79 .. 3 .. Namibia 23.1 45 265 77 16.0 86 .. 60 8 19 43 Nepal 40.5 36 258 73 0.2 106b 85 83 .. 3 .. Netherlands .. 4 7 4 .. .. .. 64 13 7 30 New Caledonia .. 13 .. 19 .. .. 100 57 .. .. .. New Zealand .. 6 11 24 .. .. .. 68 .. 6 .. Nicaragua .. 22 150 90 0.3 85 .. 64 47 5 .. Niger 43.0 96 553 204 0.5 59 24 65 .. 5 .. 72 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 Prevalence Under-five Maternal Adolescent Prevalence Primary Youth Labor force Vulnerable Unemployment Female of child mortality mortality fertility of HIV completion literacy participation employment legislators, malnutrition, rate ratio rate rate rate rate senior stunting Modeled officials, Modeled births per % of ILO estimate Modeled and estimate 1,000 % of population % of population ILO estimate managers % of children per 1,000 per 100,000 women ages population % of relevant ages ages 15 % of total % of total under age 5 live births live births 15–19 ages 15–49 age group 15–24 and older employment labor force % of total a 2015 2015 2014 2014 2010–14 a 2005–14a 2014 2010–14a 2014 2010–14a 2008–14 Nigeria 32.9 109 814 112 3.2 76 66 56 .. 8 .. Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway .. 3 5 6 0.2 101 .. 65 5 3 31 Oman 9.8 12 17 9 0.2 109 99 66 .. 7 .. Pakistan 45.0 81 178 39 <0.1 74 73 55 .. 5 .. Palau .. 16 .. .. .. 96 100 .. .. .. .. Panama 19.1 17 94 75 0.6 102 98 66 30 4 46 Papua New Guinea 49.5 57 215 55 0.7 79 72 72 .. 3 .. Paraguay 10.9 21 132 58 0.4 89 99 70 38 5 34 Peru 18.4 17 68 50 0.4 96 99 76 46 4 30 Philippines 33.6 28 114 61 <0.1 101 98 65 38 7 .. Poland .. 5 3 14 <0.1 98 100 57 17 9 38 Portugal .. 4 10 10 .. .. 99 60 15 14 33 Puerto Rico .. 6 14 43 .. .. 99 43 .. 14 .. Qatar .. 8 13 11 .. 94 99 87 0 0 12 Romania .. 11 31 35 .. 94 99 57 31 7 31 Russian Federation .. 10 25 24 .. 101 100 64 6 5 38 Rwanda 44.3 42 290 27 2.8 67 82 86 78 1 .. Samoa .. 18 51 26 .. 100 99 42 31 .. 36 San Marino .. 3 .. .. .. 95 .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Príncipe 31.6 47 156 85 0.8 92b 80 61 .. .. 24 Saudi Arabia .. 15 12 9 .. 111 99 55 .. 6 7 Senegal 19.4 47 315 80 0.5 59 56 77 58 10 .. Serbia 6.0 7 17 19 .. 102 99 53 29 22 33 Seychelles 7.9 14 .. 58 .. 112 99 .. 10 .. .. Sierra Leone 37.9 120 1,360 120 1.4 70 64 67 .. 3 .. Singapore .. 3 10 4 .. .. 100 68 9 3 34 Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Slovak Republic .. 7 6 20 <0.1 96 .. 60 12 13 31 Slovenia .. 3 9 4 <0.1 98 100 58 15 10 38 Solomon Islands .. 28 114 49 .. 87 .. 66 .. 4 .. Somalia 25.3 137 732 105 0.5 .. .. 56 .. 7 .. South Africa 23.9 41 138 47 18.9 .. 99 53 9 25 31 South Sudan 31.1 93 789 68 2.7 37 37 .. .. .. .. Spain .. 4 5 9 .. 100 100 59 13 25 30 Sri Lanka 14.7 10 30 15 <0.1 98 98 55 43 5 28 St. Kitts and Nevis .. 11 .. .. .. 82 .. .. .. .. .. St. Lucia 2.5 14 48 54 .. .. .. 69 .. .. .. St. Martin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines .. 18 45 52 .. 101 .. 67 .. .. .. Sudan 38.2 70 311 76 0.2 56 88 54 .. 15 .. Suriname 8.8 21 155 47 1.0 94 98 55 13 6 36 Swaziland 31.0 61 389 74 27.7 79 94 58 .. 22 .. Sweden .. 3 4 6 0.2 102 .. 64 7 8 35 Switzerland .. 4 5 3 .. 97 .. 68 9 5 33 Syrian Arab Republic 27.5 13 68 40 <0.1 69 96 44 33 11 9 Tajikistan 26.8 45 32 38 0.4 100 b 100 68 .. 11 .. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 73 2 People Prevalence Under-five Maternal Adolescent Prevalence Primary Youth Labor force Vulnerable Unemployment Female of child mortality mortality fertility of HIV completion literacy participation employment legislators, malnutrition, rate ratio rate rate rate rate senior stunting Modeled officials, Modeled births per % of ILO estimate Modeled and estimate 1,000 % of population % of population ILO estimate managers % of children per 1,000 per 100,000 women ages population % of relevant ages ages 15 % of total % of total under age 5 live births live births 15–19 ages 15–49 age group 15–24 and older employment labor force % of total a 2015 2015 2014 2014 2010–14 a 2005–14a 2014 2010–14a 2014 2010–14a 2008–14 Tanzania 34.8 49 398 119 5.3 74 86 89 74 3 .. Thailand 16.3 12 20 45 1.1 .. 97 72 56 1 25 Timor-Leste 57.7 53 215 48 .. 98 80 38 70 5 10 Togo 27.5 78 368 92 2.4 85 80 81 .. 7 .. Tonga 8.1 17 124 15 .. 111 99 64 .. .. .. Trinidad and Tobago .. 20 63 32 .. 95 100 64 16 4 .. Tunisia 10.1 14 62 7 <0.1 97 97 48 22 13 .. Turkey 9.5 14 16 28 .. 100 99 49 29 9 10 Turkmenistan .. 51 42 17 .. .. 100 62 .. 11 .. Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tuvalu .. 27 .. .. .. 93 .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 33.7 55 343 115 7.3 56 84 77 79 4 .. Ukraine .. 9 24 25 1.2 110 100 60 18 8 38 United Arab Emirates .. 7 6 29 .. 103 .. 81 .. 4 .. United Kingdom .. 4 9 15 .. .. .. 62 13 6 34 United States 2.1 7 14 24 .. .. .. 62 .. 6 43 Uruguay 11.7 10 15 57 0.7 104 99 66 23 7 44 Uzbekistan .. 39 36 18 0.2 96 100 62 .. 11 .. Vanuatu 28.5 28 78 43 .. 94 95 71 .. .. .. Venezuela, RB 13.4 15 95 80 0.6 96 98 65 30 9 .. Vietnam 19.4 22 54 38 0.5 106 97 78 63 2 .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. 10 .. 44 .. .. .. 62 .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza 7.4 21 45 59 .. 97 99 41 26 26 .. Yemen, Rep. 46.8 42 385 62 <0.1 69 88 49 30 17 5 Zambia 40.0 64 224 93 12.4 81 .. 79 79 13 .. Zimbabwe 27.6 71 443 110 16.7 89 91 87 66 5 .. World 23.8 w 43 w 216 w 45 w 0.8 w 92 w 91 w 63 w .. w 6w .. East Asia & Pacific 11.3 c 17 59 21 .. 105 99 70 .. 5 .. Europe & Central Asia 10.0 c 11 16 18 .. 98 100 59 14 9 .. Latin America & Caribbean 10.7c 18 67 65 .. 101 98 66 32 7 .. Middle East & North Africa 17.2c 23 81 39 0.1 94 93 49 31 11 .. North America .. 6 13 23 .. .. .. 63 .. 6 .. South Asia 37.2 53 182 35 .. 91 83 56 77 4 .. Sub-Saharan Africa 35.7c 83 547 103 4.5 69 71 70 .. 8 .. Low income 37.6 76 495 98 2.9 71 68 78 .. 6 .. Lower middle income 33.5 53 253 47 .. 91 86 59 66 5 .. Upper middle income 7.5 19 55 31 .. 103 99 67 .. 6 .. High income 3.3 7 17 20 .. 99 100 61 .. 7 .. a. Data are for the most recent year available during the period specified. b. Data are for 2015. c. Excludes high-income countries. 74 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 About the data Though not included in the table due to space limitations, many Mortality Estimation, which comprises UNICEF, the WHO, the United indicators in this section are available disaggregated by sex, place Nations Population Division, the World Bank, and other universities of residence, wealth, and age in the World Development Indicators and research institutes, has developed and adopted a statistical database. method that uses all available information to reconcile differences. Trend lines are obtained by fitting a country-specific regression Child malnutrition model of mortality rates against their reference dates. (For further Good nutrition is the cornerstone for survival, health, and develop- discussion of childhood mortality estimates, see UN Inter-agency ment. Well-nourished children perform better in school, grow into Group for Child Mortality Estimation [2015]; for detailed background healthy adults, and in turn give their children a better start in life. data and for a graphic presentation, see www.childmortality.org). Well-nourished women face fewer risks during pregnancy and child- birth, and their children set off on firmer developmental paths, both Maternal mortality physically and mentally. Undernourished children have lower resis- Measurements of maternal mortality are subject to many types tance to infection and are more likely to die from common childhood of errors. In countries with incomplete vital registration systems, ailments such as diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Fre- deaths of women of reproductive age or their pregnancy status may quent illness saps the nutritional status of those who survive, locking not be reported, or the cause of death may not be known. Even in them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness and faltering growth. high-income countries with reliable vital registration systems, mis- With underweight children (low weight for age) a less prominent classification of maternal deaths has been found to lead to serious problem today than in the Millennium Development Goals era, both underestimation. Surveys and censuses can be used to measure the World Health Assembly’s Global Nutrition Targets 2025 and the maternal mortality by asking respondents about survivorship of sis- Sustainable Development Goals have shifted focus to stunting (low ters. But these estimates are retrospective, referring to a period height for age), wasting (low weight for height), and overweight (high approximately five years before the survey, and may be affected by weight for height) in children under age 5. Estimates of wasting and recall error. Further, they reflect pregnancy-related deaths (deaths severe wasting can show large fluctuations across surveys within while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, irrespec- countries. Better estimates would be based on annual incidence, tive of the cause of death) and need to be adjusted to conform to but such data do not exist at national or regional level. Estimates of the strict definition of maternal death. stunting are more stable, and thus reliable trends can be derived. Maternal mortality ratios in the table are modeled estimates Childhood stunting is a largely irreversible outcome of inadequate based on work by the WHO, UNICEF, the United Nations Population nutrition and repeated bouts of infection during the first 1,000 days Fund (UNFPA), the World Bank, and the United Nations Population of a child’s life. Stunting has long-term effects on individuals and Division, and include country-level time series data. For countries societies, including diminished cognitive and physical development, without complete registration data but with other types of data and reduced productive capacity and poor health, and increased risk of for countries with no data, maternal mortality is estimated with degenerative diseases such as diabetes. a multilevel regression model using available national maternal mortality data and socioeconomic information, including fertility, Under-five mortality birth attendants, and gross domestic product. The methodology dif- Mortality rates for children and others are important indicators of fers from that used for previous estimates, so data presented here health status. When data on the incidence and prevalence of dis- should not be compared across editions (WHO and others 2015). eases are unavailable, mortality rates may be used to identify vulner- able populations. And they are among the indicators most frequently Adolescent fertility used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Reproductive health is a state of physical and mental well-being The main sources of mortality data are vital registration systems in relation to the reproductive system and its functions and pro- and direct or indirect estimates based on sample surveys or cen- cesses. Means of achieving reproductive health include education suses. A complete vital registration system—covering at least and services during pregnancy and childbirth, safe and effective 90 percent of vital events in the population—is the best source of contraception, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted age-specific mortality data. But complete vital registration systems diseases. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading are fairly uncommon in low- and middle- income countries. Thus cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in estimates must be obtained from sample surveys or derived by low- and middle- income countries. applying indirect estimation techniques to registration, census, or Adolescent pregnancies are high risk for both mother and child. survey data (see Sources and methods). Survey data are subject They are more likely to result in premature delivery, low birthweight, to recall error. delivery complications, and death. Many adolescent pregnancies are To make estimates comparable and to ensure consistency across unintended, but young girls may continue their pregnancies, giving estimates by different agencies, the UN Inter-agency Group for Child up opportunities for education and employment, or seek unsafe Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 75 2 People abortions. Estimates of adolescent fertility rates are based on vital education as well as children who entered school early, while the registration systems or, in their absence, censuses or sample sur- denominator is the number of children at the entrance age for the veys and are generally considered reliable measures of fertility in the last grade of primary education. recent past. Where no empirical information on age-specific fertility rates is available, a model is used to estimate the share of births to Youth literacy adolescents. For countries without vital registration systems fertility The youth literacy rate for ages 15–24 is a standard measure of rates are generally based on extrapolations from trends observed recent progress in student achievement. It reflects the accumulated in censuses or surveys from earlier years. outcomes of primary and secondary education by indicating the proportion of the population that has acquired basic literacy and Prevalence of HIV numeracy skills over the previous 10 years or so. HIV prevalence rates reflect the rate of HIV infection in each coun- Conventional literacy statistics that divide the population into try’s population. Low national prevalence rates can be misleading, two groups—literate and illiterate—are widely available and useful however. They often disguise epidemics that are initially concen- for tracking global progress toward universal literacy. In practice, trated in certain localities or population groups and threaten to however, literacy is difficult to measure. Estimating literacy rates spill over into the wider population. In many low- and middle- income requires census or survey measurements under controlled con- countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young ditions. Many countries report the number of literate or illiterate women especially vulnerable. people from self-reported data. Some use educational attainment Data on HIV prevalence are from the Joint United Nations Pro- data as a proxy but apply different lengths of school attendance or gramme on HIV/AIDS. Changes in procedures and assumptions for levels of completion. And there is a trend among recent national estimating the data and better coordination with countries have and international surveys toward using a direct reading test of lit- resulted in improved estimates. The models, which are updated eracy skills. Because definitions and methods of data collection annually, track the course of HIV epidemics and their impacts, mak- differ across countries, data should be used cautiously. Generally, ing full use of information on HIV prevalence trends from surveil- literacy encompasses numeracy, the ability to make simple arith- lance data as well as survey data. The models take into account metic calculations. reduced infectivity among people receiving antiretroviral therapy Data on youth literacy are compiled by the United Nations Educa- (which is having a larger impact on HIV prevalence and allowing HIV- tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for positive people to live longer) and allow for changes in urbanization Statistics based on national censuses and household surveys and, over time in generalized epidemics (important because prevalence is for countries without recent literacy data, using the Global Age- higher in urban areas and because many countries have seen rapid Specific Literacy Projection Model. For detailed information, see urbanization over the past two decades). The estimates include www.uis.unesco.org. plausibility bounds, available at http://data.worldbank.org, which reflect the certainty associated with each of the estimates. Labor force participation The labor force is the supply of labor available for producing goods Primary completion and services in an economy. It includes people who are currently Many governments publish statistics that indicate how their educa- employed, people who are unemployed but seeking work, and first- tion systems are working and developing—statistics on enrollment, time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. graduates, financial and human resources, and efficiency indicators There are variations in the treatment of contributing family workers such as repetition rates, pupil–teacher ratios, and cohort progres- and unemployed and not looking for work by country, and some coun- sion. Primary completion, measured by the gross intake ratio to tries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size last grade of primary education, is a core indicator of an education tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave. system’s performance. It reflects an education system’s coverage Data on the labor force are compiled by the International Labour and the educational attainment of students. Organization (ILO) from labor force surveys, censuses, and estab- The indicator reflects the primary cycle, which typically lasts six lishment censuses and surveys and from administrative records years (with a range of four to seven years), as defined by the Inter- such as employment exchange registers and unemployment insur- national Standard Classification of Education (ISCED2011). It is ance schemes. Labor force surveys are the most comprehensive a proxy that should be taken as an upper estimate of the actual source for internationally comparable labor force data. Labor force primary completion rate, since data limitations preclude adjusting data from population censuses are often based on a limited number for students who drop out during the final year of primary education. of questions on the economic characteristics of individuals, with There are many reasons why the primary completion rate may little scope to probe. Establishment censuses and surveys provide exceed 100 percent. The numerator may include late entrants and data on the employed population only, not unemployed workers, overage children who have repeated one or more grades of primary workers in small establishments, or workers in the informal sector. 76 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 Besides the data sources, there are other important factors high and sustained unemployment indicates serious inefficiencies that affect data comparability, such as census or survey reference in resource allocation. period, definitions, and geographic coverage. The criteria for people considered to be seeking work, and the The labor force participation rates in the table are modeled esti- treatment of people temporarily laid off or seeking work for the first mates from the ILO’s Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 9th edi- time, vary across countries. In many cases it is especially difficult to tion, database. These harmonized estimates use strict data selec- measure employment and unemployment in agriculture. The timing tion criteria and enhanced methods to ensure comparability across of a survey can maximize the effects of seasonal unemployment in countries and over time to avoid the inconsistencies mentioned agriculture. And informal sector employment is difficult to quantify above. Estimates are based mainly on labor force surveys, with other where informal activities are not tracked. sources (population censuses and nationally reported estimates) Data on unemployment are drawn from labor force surveys and used only when no survey data are available. National estimates of general household surveys, censuses, and official estimates. labor force participation rates are available in the World Develop- Administrative records, such as social insurance statistics and ment Indicators online database. employment office statistics, are also included but limited to regis- tered unemployment only. Vulnerable employment Women tend to be excluded from the unemployment count for The proportion of contributing family workers and own-account various reasons. Women suffer more from discrimination and from workers in total employment is derived from information on sta- structural, social, and cultural barriers that impede them from seek- tus in employment. Each group faces different economic risks, and ing work. Also, women are often responsible for the care of children contributing family workers and own-account workers are the most and the elderly and for household affairs. They may not be available vulnerable—and therefore the most likely to fall into poverty. They for work during the short reference period, as they need to make are the least likely to have formal work arrangements, are the least arrangements before starting work. Further, women are considered likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against to be employed when they are working part-time or in temporary economic shocks, and are often incapable of generating enough jobs, despite the instability of these jobs or their active search for savings to offset these shocks. A high proportion of contributing more secure employment. family workers in a country indicates weak development, little job The unemployment rates in the table are modeled estimates growth, and often a large rural economy. from the ILO’s Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 9th edition, Data on vulnerable employment are drawn from labor force and database. National estimates of unemployment are available in the general household surveys, censuses, and official estimates. World Development Indicators online database. Besides the limitation mentioned for calculating labor force par- ticipation rates, there are other reasons to limit comparability. For Female legislators, senior officials, and managers example, covering only civilian employment can result in an under- Despite much progress in recent decades, gender inequalities estimation of “employees” and “workers not classified by status,” remain pervasive in many dimensions of life. While gender inequali- especially in countries with large armed forces. While the categories ties exist throughout the world, they are most prevalent in low- of contributing family workers and own-account workers would not income countries. Inequalities in the allocation of education, health be affected, their relative shares would be. care, nutrition, and political voice matter because of their strong association with well-being, productivity, and economic growth. Unemployment These patterns of inequality begin at an early age, with boys usually The ILO defines the unemployed as members of the working-age receiving a larger share of education and health spending than girls, population who are without work but available for and seeking work, for example. The share of women in high-skilled occupations such as including people who have lost their jobs or who have voluntarily legislators, senior officials, and managers indicates women’s status left work. Some unemployment is unavoidable. At any time some and role in the labor force and society at large. Women are vastly workers are temporarily unemployed—between jobs as employers underrepresented in decision-making positions in government, look for the right workers and workers search for better jobs. Such although there is some evidence of recent improvement. unemployment, often called frictional unemployment, results from Data on female legislators, senior officials, and managers are the normal operation of labor markets. based on the employment by occupation estimates, classified Changes in unemployment over time may reflect changes in the according to the International Standard Classification of Occupa- demand for and supply of labor, but they may also reflect changes tions 1988. Data are drawn mostly from labor force surveys, supple- in reporting practices. In countries without unemployment or wel- mented in limited cases with other household surveys, population fare benefits people eke out a living in the informal economy or in censuses, and official estimates. Countries could apply different informal work arrangements. In countries with well developed safety practice whether or where the armed forces are included. Armed nets workers can afford to wait for suitable or desirable jobs. But forces constitute a separate major group, but in some countries they Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 77 2 People are included in the most closely matching civilian occupation or in Data sources nonclassifiable workers. For country-level information on classifica- Data on prevalence of stunting are from the WHO’s Global Data- tion, source, reference period, or definition, consult the footnotes in base on Child Growth and Malnutrition (www.who.int/nutgrowthdb). the World Development Indicators database or the ILO’s Key Indica- Data on under-five mortality rates are from the UN Inter- agency tors of the Labour Market, 9th edition, database. Group for Child Mortality Estimation (www.childmortality.org) and are based mainly on household surveys, censuses, and vital reg- Definitions istration data. Modeled estimates of maternal mortality ratios • Prevalence of child malnutrition, stunting is the percentage of are from the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter- agency children under age 5 whose height for age is more than two stan- Group (www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring dard deviations below the median for the international reference /maternal-mortality-2015/). Data on adolescent fertility rates are population ages 0–59 months. Data are based on the WHO child from United Nations Population Division (2015), with annual data growth standards released in 2006. • Under-five mortality rate is linearly interpolated by the World Bank’s Development Data Group. the probability of a child born in a specific year dying before reaching Data on HIV prevalence are from UNAIDS (2015). Data on primary age 5, if subject to the age-specific mortality rates of that year. The completion rates and youth literacy rates are from the UNESCO probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births. • Maternal Institute for Statistics (www.uis.unesco.org). Data on labor force mortality ratio, modeled estimate, is the number of women who participation rates, vulnerable employment, unemployment, and die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days female legislators, senior officials, and managers are from the ILO’s of pregnancy termination, per 100,000 live births. • Adolescent Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 9th edition, database. fertility rate is the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15–19. • Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people ages 15–49 who References are infected with HIV. • Primary completion rate, or gross intake ILO (International Labour Organization).Various years. Key Indicators of ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new the Labour Market. Geneva: International Labour Office. entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2015. How AIDS education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the Changed Everything. [www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limita- /2015/MDG6_15years-15lessonsfromtheAIDSresponse]. Geneva. tions preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), WHO (World Health Orga- year of primary education. • Youth literacy rate is the percentage of nization), and the World Bank. 2015. Joint Child Malnutrition Esti- people ages 15–24 who can both read and write with understanding mates—Levels and Trends (2015 Edition). [www.who.int/nutgrowthdb a short simple statement about their everyday life. • Labor force /estimates2014/]. New York: UNICEF. participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015. Levels older that engages actively in the labor market, by either working or and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015. [http://childmortality looking for work during a reference period. Data are modeled ILO .org/files_v20/download/IGME%20report%202015%20child%20 estimates. • Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers mortality%20final.pdf]. New York. and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment. United Nations Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: • Unemployment is the share of the labor force without work but The 2015 Revision. [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/]. New York: available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. and unemployment may differ by country. Data are modeled ILO WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF (United Nations Children’s estimates. • Female legislators, senior officials, and managers Fund), UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), World Bank Group, are the percentage of legislators, senior officials, and managers and the United Nations Population Division. 2015. Trends in Mater- (International Standard Classification of Occupations–88 category nal Mortality: 1990 to 2015. [www.who.int/reproductivehealth 1) who are female. /publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/]. Geneva: WHO. 78 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.1). To view a specific /indicator/SP.POP.TOTL). 2.1 Population dynamics Unemployment by educational attainment, Population SP.POP.TOTL Secondary SL.UEM.SECO.ZS Population growth SP.POP.GROW Unemployment by educational attainment, Population ages 0–14 SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS Tertiary SL.UEM.TERT.ZS Population ages 15–64 SP.POP.1564.TO.ZS 2.6 Children at work Population ages 65+ SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS Children in employment, Total SL.TLF.0714.ZS Dependency ratio, Young SP.POP.DPND.YG Children in employment, Male SL.TLF.0714.MA.ZS Dependency ratio, Old SP.POP.DPND.OL Children in employment, Female SL.TLF.0714.FE.ZS Crude death rate SP.DYN.CDRT.IN Work only SL.TLF.0714.WK.ZS Crude birth rate SP.DYN.CBRT.IN Study and work SL.TLF.0714.SW.ZS 2.2 Labor force structure Employment in agriculture SL.AGR.0714.ZS Labor force participation rate, Male SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS Employment in manufacturing SL.MNF.0714.ZS Labor force participation rate, Female SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS Employment in services SL.SRV.0714.ZS Labor force, Total SL.TLF.TOTL.IN Self-employed SL.SLF.0714.ZS Labor force, Female SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS Wage workers SL.WAG.0714.ZS Labor force, Average annual growth ..a,b Unpaid family workers SL.FAM.0714.ZS 2.3 Employment by sector 2.7 Poverty rates at national poverty lines Agriculture, Male SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS Poverty headcount ratio, Rural SI.POV.RUHC Agriculture, Female SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS Poverty headcount ratio, Urban SI.POV.URHC Industry, Male SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS Poverty headcount ratio, National SI.POV.NAHC Industry, Female SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS Poverty gap, Rural SI.POV.RUGP Services, Male SL.SRV.EMPL.MA.ZS Poverty gap, Urban SI.POV.URGP Poverty gap, National SI.POV.NAGP Services, Female SL.SRV.EMPL.FE.ZS 2.8 Poverty rates at international poverty lines 2.4 Decent work and productive employment Population living below 2011 PPP $1.90 Employment to population ratio, Total SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS a day SI.POV.DDAY Employment to population ratio, Youth SL.EMP.1524.SP.ZS Poverty gap at 2011 PPP $1.90 a day SI.POV.2DAY Vulnerable employment, Male SL.EMP.VULN.MA.ZS Population living below 2011 PPP $3.10 Vulnerable employment, Female SL.EMP.VULN.FE.ZS a day SI.POV.GAPS GDP per person employed,% growth ..a Poverty gap at 2011 PPP $3.10 a day SI.POV.GAP2 2.5 Unemployment 2.9 Distribution of income or consumption Unemployment, Male SL.UEM.TOTL.MA.ZS Gini index SI.POV.GINI Unemployment, Female SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS Share of consumption or income, Lowest 10% of population SI.DST.FRST.10 Youth unemployment, Male SL.UEM.1524.MA.ZS Share of consumption or income, Lowest Youth unemployment, Female SL.UEM.1524.FE.ZS 20% of population SI.DST.FRST.20 Long-term unemployment, Total SL.UEM.LTRM.ZS Share of consumption or income, Second Long-term unemployment, Male SL.UEM.LTRM.MA.ZS 20% of population SI.DST.02ND.20 Long-term unemployment, Female SL.UEM.LTRM.FE.ZS Share of consumption or income, Third 20% of population SI.DST.03RD.20 Unemployment by educational attainment, Primary SL.UEM.PRIM.ZS Share of consumption or income, Fourth 20% of population SI.DST.04TH.20 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 79 2 People Share of consumption or income, Highest Cohort survival rate, Reaching last grade of 20% of population SI.DST.05TH.20 primary education, Male SE.PRM.PRSL.MA.ZS Share of consumption or income, Highest Cohort survival rate, Reaching last grade of 10% of population SI.DST.10TH.10 primary education, Female SE.PRM.PRSL.FE.ZS Repeaters in primary education, Male SE.PRM.REPT.MA.ZS 2.9.2 Shared prosperity Repeaters in primary education, Female SE.PRM.REPT.FE.ZS Annualized growth in mean consumption or Transition rate to secondary education, Male SE.SEC.PROG.MA.ZS income per capita, bottom 40% SI.SPR.PC40.ZG Transition rate to secondary education, Annualized growth in mean consumption or Female SE.SEC.PROG.FE.ZS income per capita, total population SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG Mean consumption or income per capita, 2.13 Education completion and outcomes bottom 40% SI.SPR.PC40 Primary completion rate, Male SE.PRM.CMPT.MA.ZS Mean consumption or income per capita, total population SI.SPR.PCAP Primary completion rate, Female SE.PRM.CMPT.FE.ZS Lower secondary completion rate, Male SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.MA.ZS 2.10 Education inputs Lower secondary completion rate, Female SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.FE.ZS Government expenditure per student, Primary SE.XPD.PRIM.PC.ZS Youth literacy rate, Male SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS Government expenditure per student, Youth literacy rate, Female SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS Secondary SE.XPD.SECO.PC.ZS Government expenditure per student, Tertiary SE.XPD.TERT.PC.ZS Adult literacy rate, Male SE.ADT.LITR.MA.ZS Government expenditure on education, Adult literacy rate, Female SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS % of GDP SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS Students at lowest proficiency on PISA, Government expenditure on education, Mathematics ..b % of total government expenditure SE.XPD.TOTL.GB.ZS Students at lowest proficiency on PISA, Trained teachers in primary education SE.PRM.TCAQ.ZS Reading ..b Students at lowest proficiency on PISA, Trained teachers in secondary education SE.SEC.TCAQ.ZS Science ..b Primary school pupil-teacher ratio SE.PRM.ENRL.TC.ZS Secondary school pupil-teacher ratio SE.SEC.ENRL.TC.ZS 2.14 Education gaps by income, gender, and area This table provides education survey data 2.11 Participation in education for the poorest and richest quintiles. ..b Gross enrollment ratio, Preprimary SE.PRE.ENRR Gross enrollment ratio, Primary SE.PRM.ENRR 2.15 Health systems Gross enrollment ratio, Secondary SE.SEC.ENRR Total health expenditure SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS Gross enrollment ratio, Tertiary SE.TER.ENRR Public health expenditure SH.XPD.PUBL Out-of-pocket health expenditure SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS Net enrollment rate, Primary SE.PRM.NENR External resources for health SH.XPD.EXTR.ZS Net enrollment rate, Secondary SE.SEC.NENR Health expenditure per capita, $ SH.XPD.PCAP Adjusted net enrollment rate, Primary, Male SE.PRM.TENR.MA Health expenditure per capita, PPP $ SH.XPD.PCAP.PP.KD Adjusted net enrollment rate, Primary, Female SE.PRM.TENR.FE Physicians SH.MED.PHYS.ZS Primary school-age children out of school, Male SE.PRM.UNER.MA Nurses and midwives SH.MED.NUMW.P3 Primary school-age children out of school, Hospital beds SH.MED.BEDS.ZS Female SE.PRM.UNER.FE Completeness of birth registration SP.REG.BRTH.ZS Completeness of death registration SP.REG.DTHS.ZS 2.12 Education efficiency Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary 2.16 Disease prevention coverage and quality education, Male SE.PRM.GINT.MA.ZS Access to an improved water source SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary Access to improved sanitation facilities SH.STA.ACSN education, Female SE.PRM.GINT.FE.ZS Child immunization rate, Measles SH.IMM.MEAS Cohort survival rate, Reaching grade 5, Child immunization rate, DTP3 SH.IMM.IDPT Male SE.PRM.PRS5.MA.ZS Children with acute respiratory infection Cohort survival rate, Reaching grade 5, taken to health provider SH.STA.ARIC.ZS Female SE.PRM.PRS5.FE.ZS 80 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment People 2 Children with diarrhea who received oral Prevalence of anemia among pregnant rehydration and continuous feeding SH.STA.ORCF.ZS women SH.PRG.ANEM Children sleeping under treated bed nets SH.MLR.NETS.ZS Prevalence of anemia among nonpregnant Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs SH.MLR.TRET.ZS women SH.ANM.NPRG.ZS Tuberculosis treatment success rate SH.TBS.CURE.ZS 2.20 Health risk factors and future challenges Tuberculosis case detection rate SH.TBS.DTEC.ZS Prevalence of smoking, Male SH.PRV.SMOK.MA 2.17 Reproductive health Prevalence of smoking, Female SH.PRV.SMOK.FE Total fertility rate SP.DYN.TFRT.IN Incidence of tuberculosis SH.TBS.INCD Adolescent fertility rate SP.ADO.TFRT Prevalence of diabetes SH.STA.DIAB.ZS Unmet need for contraception SP.UWT.TFRT Prevalence of HIV, Total SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS Contraceptive prevalence rate SP.DYN.CONU.ZS Women’s share of population ages 15+ living with HIV SH.DYN.AIDS.FE.ZS Pregnant women receiving prenatal care SH.STA.ANVC.ZS Prevalence of HIV, Youth male SH.HIV.1524.MA.ZS Births attended by skilled health staff SH.STA.BRTC.ZS Maternal mortality ratio, National estimate SH.STA.MMRT.NE Prevalence of HIV, Youth female SH.HIV.1524.FE.ZS Maternal mortality ratio, Modeled estimate SH.STA.MMRT Antiretroviral therapy coverage SH.HIV.ARTC.ZS Lifetime risk of maternal mortality SH.MMR.RISK Death from communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal, and nutrition conditions SH.DTH.COMM.ZS 2.18 Nutrition and growth Death from non-communicable diseases SH.DTH.NCOM.ZS Prevalence of undernourishment SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS Death from injuries SH.DTH.INJR.ZS Prevalence of underweight, Male SH.STA.MALN.MA.ZS 2.21 Mortality Prevalence of underweight, Female SH.STA.MALN.FE.ZS Life expectancy at birth SP.DYN.LE00.IN Prevalence of stunting, Male SH.STA.STNT.MA.ZS Neonatal mortality rate SH.DYN.NMRT Prevalence of stunting, Female SH.STA.STNT.FE.ZS Infant mortality rate SP.DYN.IMRT.IN Prevalence of wasting, Male SH.STA.WAST.MA.ZS Under-five mortality rate, Total SH.DYN.MORT Prevalence of wasting, Female SH.STA.WAST.FE.ZS Under-five mortality rate, Male SH.DYN.MORT.MA Prevalence of severe wasting, Male SH.SVR.WAST.MA.ZS Under-five mortality rate, Female SH.DYN.MORT.FE Prevalence of severe wasting, Female SH.SVR.WAST.FE.ZS Adult mortality rate, Male SP.DYN.AMRT.MA Prevalence of overweight children, Male SH.STA.OWGH.MA.ZS Adult mortality rate, Female SP.DYN.AMRT.FE Prevalence of overweight children, Female SH.STA.OWGH.FE.ZS 2.22 Health gaps by income 2.19 Nutrition intake and supplements This table provides health survey data for Low-birthweight babies SH.STA.BRTW.ZS the poorest and richest quintiles. ..b Exclusive breastfeeding SH.STA.BFED.ZS Consumption of iodized salt SN.ITK.SALT.ZS Data disaggregated by sex are available in the World Development Vitamin A supplementation SN.ITK.VITA.ZS Indicators database. a. Derived from data elsewhere in the World Development Indicators database. Prevalence of anemia among children b. Available online only as part of the table, not as an individual indicator. under age 5 SH.ANM.CHLD.ZS Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 81 ENVIRONMENT 82 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 3 The indicators presented in the Environment with disproportionate impacts on the poorest section measure the use of resources and the communities. Recognizing this, the World Bank way human activities affect both the natural and Group has joined the United Nations Sustain- the built environment. They include measures able Energy for All initiative, which calls on gov- of environmental goods (forest, water, cultivable ernments, businesses, and civil societies to land) and of degradation (pollution, deforesta- achieve three goals by 2030: providing universal tion, loss of habitat, and loss of biodiversity). access to electricity and clean cooking fuels, The adoption of the Sustainable Develop- doubling the share of the world’s energy sup- ment Goals in 2015 is recognition that economic ply from renewable sources, and doubling the growth, poverty eradication, and environmental rate of improvement in energy efficiency. New sustainability are intertwined; viable and long- indicators from the Global Tracking Framework lasting development can be ensured only by pro- database cover these three goals and go beyond tecting the environment and using its resources to include primary energy intensity, renewable wisely. These global goals draw attention to a energy consumption, renewable electricity out- wide array of the environmental conditions that put, access to electricity, and access to non- need to be closely monitored. solid fuels. Growing populations and expanding econo- Other indicators in this section cover green- mies have placed greater demands on land, house gas emissions, ambient air pollution, water, forests, minerals, and energy resources. energy (production, use, dependency, efficiency), Efforts to reduce poverty and promote sustain- electricity production and sources, agriculture able economic growth are undermined by the and food production, forests and biodiversity, degradation of soils, the increasing scarcity of threatened species, water resources, climate freshwater, the overexploitation of coastal eco- variability, exposure to impact, resilience, urban- systems and fisheries, the loss of forest cover, ization, and natural resources rents. Where pos- long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, and sible, estimates of the indicators have been the loss of biological diversity. People in extreme drawn from international sources and have poverty —the roughly 700 million living on less been standardized to facilitate comparisons than $1.90 a day in purchasing power parity across countries. But ecosystems span national terms in 2015 — are disproportionately affected boundaries, and access to natural resources by these adverse environmental conditions. may vary within countries. For example, water Economic growth and greater energy use may be abundant in some parts of a country are positively correlated. Access to electric- but scarce in others, and countries often share ity and the use of energy are vital to raising water resources. Greenhouse gas emissions and standards of living. But economic growth often climate change are measured globally, but their has negative environmental consequences, effects are experienced locally. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 83 Global demand for energy is surging. The share of emissions, which, along with the other greenhouse energy production from alternative sources has gases, are believed to be the principal cause of global increased slightly since 1990, but fossil fuels, such as climate change. Producing the energy needed for growth coal, oil, and natural gas, supplied more than 81 per- while mitigating its effects on the world’s climate is a cent of the world’s total energy production in 2013. global challenge. Because commercial energy is widely Fossil fuels are the primary source of carbon dioxide traded, its production and use need to be distinguished. Energy use Greenland Energy use per capita, 2013 (Den.) (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,000 or more 2,500–4,999 Canada 1,000–2,499 500–999 Less than 500 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 42216 84 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Total energy use worldwide increased 54 percent between 1990 and High-income economies used 6.5 billion metric tons of energy in 2013, to 13.2 billion metric tons of oil equivalent. 2013—half the world’s total energy use. North America has the highest energy use per capita, more than Almost 40 percent of the world’s people rely primarily on wood, coal, twice that of Europe and Central Asia, more than 10 times that of charcoal, or animal waste to cook their food, which forces them to Sub-Saharan Africa, and nearly 13 times that of South Asia. breathe in toxic smoke that causes lung diseases and kills nearly 4 million people a year—most of them women and children. Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz RePDRof Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 85 3 Environment Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Afghanistan 0.00 0.5 1,491 55 32 4.6 22 12.3 .. .. Albania –0.03 1.9 9,294 95 93 1.7 16 4.7 800 7.0 Algeria –1.59 7.5 289 84 88 2.8 19 121.8 1,246 59.9 American Samoa 0.00 8.6 .. 100 63 0.2 .. .. .. .. Andorra 0.00 19.5 4,336 100 100 –4.8 10 0.5 .. .. Angola 0.21 5.0 6,109 49 52 5.1 14 29.7 655 6.0 Antigua and Barbuda 0.00 0.2 572 98 .. –0.8 16 0.5 .. .. Argentina 0.99 5.4 6,794 99 96 1.2 9 190.0 1,895 139.2 Armenia 0.02 24.8 2,282 100 90 0.2 18 5.0 969 7.7 Aruba 0.00 0.5 .. 98 98 –0.2 .. 2.4 .. .. Australia 0.21 29.0 20,963 100 100 1.7 6 369.0 5,586 249.0 Austria –0.05 28.4 6,436 100 100 0.8 15 65.2 3,918 64.5 Azerbaijan –2.04 14.0 851 87 89 1.7 21 33.5 1,474 23.4 Bahamas, The 0.00 0.5 1,827 98 92 1.5 11 1.9 .. .. Bahrain 0.00 4.4 3 100 99 1.0 44 23.4 10,172 25.9 Bangladesh 0.18 3.4 660 87 61 3.5 48 57.1 216 53.0 Barbados 0.00 0.0 282 100 96 0.0 16 1.6 .. .. Belarus –0.29 8.6 3,590 100 94 0.6 14 63.3 2,882 31.5 Belgium –0.16 24.3 1,068 100 100 0.5 19 97.8 5,039 82.1 Belize 0.42 18.6 43,389 100 91 1.8 6 0.6 .. .. Benin 0.99 22.3 972 78 20 3.6 27 5.0 393 0.2 Bermuda 0.00 5.1 .. .. .. 0.3 .. 0.4 .. .. Bhutan –0.38 47.3 101,960 100 50 3.4 28 0.6 .. .. Bolivia 0.59 24.8 28,735 90 50 2.2 11 16.1 786 8.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 1.3 9,299 100 95 0.2 14 23.7 1,688 17.5 Botswana 0.90 29.2 1,081 96 63 2.4 10 4.9 1,098 0.9 Brazil 0.35 20.4 27,470 98 83 1.2 16 439.4 1,438 570.3 Brunei Darussalam 0.29 29.7 20,364 .. .. 1.8 9 9.7 7,393 4.4 Bulgaria –0.88 31.5 2,907 99 86 –0.1 16 49.3 2,327 43.1 Burkina Faso 0.96 15.5 711 82 20 5.8 29 1.9 .. .. Burundi –2.63 6.9 930 76 48 5.8 17 0.2 .. .. Cabo Verde –0.65 0.0 584 92 72 2.4 43 0.4 .. .. Cambodia 1.21 20.6 7,868 76 42 2.6 20 4.5 396 1.8 Cameroon 0.99 10.7 11,988 76 46 3.6 21 5.7 331 6.8 Canada 0.01 6.2 80,183 100 100 1.3 12 485.5 7,202 651.8 Cayman Islands 0.00 1.5 .. 97 96 1.4 .. 0.6 .. .. Central African Republic 0.07 18.1 29,349 69 22 2.6 19 0.3 .. .. Chad 1.53 17.8 1,104 51 12 3.8 31 0.5 .. .. Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. 0.8 .. .. .. .. Chile –0.80 6.9 49,824 99 99 1.3 18 79.4 2,201 73.1 China –1.18 15.6 2,062 96 77 2.8 54 9,019.5 2,226 5,422.2 Hong Kong SAR, China .. 41.8 .. .. .. 0.8 .. 40.3 1,938 39.2 Macao SAR, China .. 0.0 .. .. .. 1.7 .. 1.2 .. .. Colombia 0.36 17.4 44,883 91 81 1.3 13 72.4 669 64.7 Comoros 1.19 2.4 1,558 90 36 2.7 7 0.2 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.20 12.1 12,020 52 29 4.4 18 3.4 292 8.6 Congo, Rep. 0.07 31.8 49,279 77 15 3.1 14 2.2 556 1.8 86 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Environment 3 Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Costa Rica –1.07 3.1 23,751 98 95 2.4 9 7.8 1,029 10.2 Côte d’Ivoire –0.05 14.9 3,468 82 23 3.8 20 6.4 605 7.6 Croatia –0.13 23.7 8,895 100 97 0.1 14 20.6 1,814 13.3 Cuba –2.09 5.0 3,350 95 93 0.3 11 35.9 1,031 19.1 Curaçao .. .. .. .. .. 1.2 .. .. 11,801 0.9 Cyprus –0.04 2.0 676 100 100 0.9 16 7.5 1,691 4.3 Czech Republic –0.08 21.1 1,249 100 99 0.0 17 109.5 3,990 86.2 Denmark –0.30 18.0 1,064 100 100 0.6 11 40.4 3,107 34.7 Djibouti 0.00 1.1 342 90 47 1.4 28 0.5 .. .. Dominica 0.57 0.6 2,765 .. .. 0.9 15 0.1 .. .. Dominican Republic –2.23 11.2 2,258 85 84 2.5 12 21.9 731 17.7 Ecuador 0.57 15.4 27,819 87 85 1.9 14 35.7 980 23.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. –1.58 9.6 20 99 95 2.3 36 220.8 885 167.8 El Salvador 1.35 2.1 2,559 94 75 1.0 13 6.7 693 5.8 Equatorial Guinea 0.67 2.1 31,673 48 75 3.3 11 6.7 .. .. Eritrea 0.28 3.1 548 58 16 4.2 25 0.5 164 0.4 Estonia 0.03 19.9 9,669 100 97 –0.4 9 18.7 4,623 13.3 Ethiopia 0.59 18.4 1,258 57 28 4.8 18 7.5 507 8.7 Faroe Islands 0.00 0.0 .. .. .. 0.4 .. 0.6 .. .. Fiji –0.25 1.0 32,207 96 91 1.4 7 1.2 .. .. Finland 0.07 14.1 19,592 100 98 0.6 7 54.8 6,075 71.3 France –0.74 25.7 3,020 100 99 0.7 14 338.8 3,843 567.4 French Polynesia –3.17 0.0 .. 100 99 0.9 .. 0.9 .. .. Gabon –0.30 12.3 97,175 93 42 2.5 11 2.2 1,435 2.4 Gambia, The –0.39 1.4 1,556 90 59 4.3 35 0.4 .. .. Georgia –0.15 6.5 15,597 100 86 –1.0 16 7.9 1,032 10.1 Germany –0.04 38.5 1,321 100 99 –1.2 15 729.5 3,868 627.4 Ghana –0.32 7.8 1,131 89 15 3.6 27 10.1 344 12.9 Greece –0.84 8.6 5,336 100 99 –0.4 15 84.0 2,134 57.1 Greenland 0.00 22.4 .. 100 100 0.1 .. 0.7 .. .. Grenada 0.00 0.1 1,881 97 98 0.4 17 0.3 .. .. Guam 0.00 5.2 .. 100 90 1.5 .. .. .. .. Guatemala 1.06 15.7 6,818 93 64 2.9 12 11.3 768 9.9 Guinea 0.52 20.3 18,411 77 20 4.0 27 2.6 .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0.47 10.4 8,886 79 21 4.1 30 0.2 .. .. Guyana 0.04 5.3 315,489 98 84 0.6 9 1.8 .. .. Haiti 0.73 0.1 1,231 58 28 3.6 13 2.2 393 1.1 Honduras 1.88 7.8 11,387 91 83 2.5 9 8.4 662 8.1 Hungary –0.53 22.6 608 100 98 0.4 16 48.5 2,280 30.3 Iceland –4.60 2.3 519,265 100 99 1.2 7 1.9 18,177 18.1 India –0.54 3.1 1,116 94 40 2.4 47 2,074.3 606 1,193.5 Indonesia 0.56 6.0 7,935 87 61 2.7 15 564.0 850 215.6 Iran, Islamic Rep. –0.98 6.7 1,644 96 90 2.0 32 586.6 2,960 270.4 Iraq –0.06 0.4 1,011 87 86 3.1 33 133.7 1,481 73.6 Ireland –1.25 3.5 10,616 98 91 0.8 8 36.1 2,840 25.8 Isle of Man 0.00 .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. .. .. .. Israel –0.52 8.6 91 100 100 2.0 26 69.5 2,971 59.9 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 87 3 Environment Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Italy –0.74 13.3 3,002 100 100 1.1 18 398.0 2,579 287.9 Jamaica 0.12 1.4 3,977 94 82 0.6 11 7.8 1,084 4.2 Japan –0.02 2.1 3,382 100 100 0.4 16 1,187.7 3,570 1,038.5 Jordan 0.00 2.1 103 97 99 2.5 26 22.3 1,196 17.3 Kazakhstan 0.11 3.3 3,722 93 98 1.3 14 261.8 4,787 95.4 Kenya –1.60 10.6 461 63 30 4.3 11 13.6 492 8.9 Kiribati 0.00 11.8 .. 67 40 2.0 7 0.1 .. .. Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 1.83 1.3 2,677 100 82 0.8 24 73.6 581 19.5 Korea, Rep. 0.11 2.6 1,286 98 100 0.5 29 589.4 5,253 537.9 Kosovo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,297 6.5 Kuwait –1.33 11.0 0 99 100 4.4 49 91.0 9,757 61.0 Kyrgyz Republic 1.72 6.9 8,385 90 93 2.3 18 6.6 690 14.0 Lao PDR –0.90 16.7 28,463 76 71 4.6 27 1.2 .. .. Latvia –0.24 17.8 8,396 99 88 –4.1 12 7.8 2,159 6.2 Lebanon –0.31 0.9 1,056 99 81 1.3 24 20.5 1,573 18.2 Lesotho –1.11 0.5 2,480 82 30 3.2 11 2.2 .. .. Liberia 0.65 0.8 45,490 76 17 3.2 23 0.9 .. .. Libya 0.00 0.3 112 .. 97 0.1 28 39.0 2,711 30.3 Liechtenstein 0.00 44.3 .. .. .. 0.5 .. 0.1 .. .. Lithuania –0.53 16.3 5,272 97 92 –0.9 14 13.7 2,357 4.2 Luxembourg 0.00 34.6 1,798 100 98 2.7 15 10.8 7,310 1.8 Macedonia, FYR –0.28 9.7 2,602 99 91 0.2 17 9.3 1,349 6.1 Madagascar 0.28 2.0 14,297 52 12 4.6 6 2.4 .. .. Malawi 0.78 16.8 967 90 41 4.1 9 1.2 .. .. Malaysia –0.19 8.0 19,397 98 96 2.5 14 225.7 3,020 138.3 Maldives 0.00 0.1 75 99 98 4.5 16 1.1 .. .. Mali 1.34 8.4 3,512 77 25 4.9 36 1.3 .. .. Malta 0.00 0.5 118 100 100 1.1 14 2.5 1,735 2.3 Marshall Islands 0.00 0.2 .. 95 77 0.6 8 0.1 .. .. Mauritania 1.93 1.4 101 58 40 3.5 70 2.3 .. .. Mauritius 0.48 0.0 2,182 100 93 –0.2 10 3.9 1,095 2.9 Mexico 0.18 6.0 3,262 96 85 1.7 12 466.5 1,546 297.1 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.00 0.0 .. 89 57 0.5 4 0.1 .. .. Moldova –1.75 3.8 456 88 76 0.0 17 5.0 863 4.5 Monaco 0.00 99.7 .. 100 100 0.3 .. .. .. .. Mongolia –0.48 17.2 11,959 64 60 3.0 8 19.1 1,826 5.0 Montenegro –2.14 2.7 .. 100 96 0.4 15 2.6 1,651 3.9 Morocco –0.85 20.1 855 85 77 2.2 17 56.5 564 27.9 Mozambique 0.53 10.9 3,685 51 21 3.6 7 3.3 407 14.9 Myanmar 1.11 4.1 18,770 81 80 2.5 29 10.4 313 11.9 Namibia 0.92 23.2 2,564 91 34 4.6 8 2.8 742 1.3 Nepal 0.45 22.9 7,035 92 46 3.2 46 4.3 370 3.6 Netherlands –0.30 18.1 652 100 98 1.1 17 168.0 4,605 100.9 New Caledonia 0.00 91.0 .. 99 100 2.3 .. 3.9 .. .. New Zealand –0.01 29.8 72,510 100 .. 1.5 9 31.2 4,392 43.3 Nicaragua 1.22 22.0 25,973 87 68 1.7 7 4.9 594 4.2 Niger 0.93 17.6 183 58 11 5.4 38 1.4 152 0.4 88 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Environment 3 Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Nigeria 3.12 11.8 1,245 69 29 4.5 30 88.0 773 29.0 Northern Mariana Islands 0.63 26.3 .. 98 80 1.2 .. .. .. .. Norway 0.00 9.1 74,364 100 98 1.5 6 45.5 6,439 133.7 Oman 0.00 4.0 330 93 97 8.7 30 64.9 6,232 26.2 Pakistan 2.03 8.6 297 91 64 3.3 46 163.5 475 97.8 Palau 0.00 0.2 .. .. 100 1.6 .. 0.2 .. .. Panama 0.34 5.2 35,320 95 75 2.1 7 9.7 1,057 9.0 Papua New Guinea 0.01 0.7 107,321 40 19 2.2 6 5.2 .. .. Paraguay 1.39 6.5 17,856 98 89 1.7 14 5.3 764 60.4 Peru 0.19 19.4 52,981 87 76 1.7 13 53.1 708 43.4 Philippines –0.96 2.4 4,832 92 74 1.3 9 82.0 457 75.3 Poland –0.28 29.3 1,410 98 97 –0.2 17 317.3 2,565 164.0 Portugal 0.32 1.9 3,653 100 100 0.4 10 49.7 2,083 50.5 Puerto Rico –0.68 0.6 2,001 .. 99 –1.4 .. .. .. .. Qatar 0.00 1.2 26 100 98 3.4 38 83.9 19,120 34.7 Romania –0.52 22.1 2,129 100 79 –0.1 17 84.8 1,592 58.5 Russian Federation –0.05 8.8 29,989 97 72 0.3 14 1,808.1 5,093 1,057.6 Rwanda –2.64 9.4 838 76 62 5.9 17 0.7 .. .. Samoa 0.00 0.2 .. 99 92 –0.2 7 0.2 .. .. San Marino .. 0.0 .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Príncipe 0.24 0.0 11,699 97 35 3.1 7 0.1 .. .. Saudi Arabia 0.00 28.2 78 97 100 2.5 54 520.3 6,363 284.0 Senegal 0.47 14.5 1,758 79 48 3.9 41 7.9 261 3.7 Serbia –0.70 6.8 1,179 99 96 –0.3 16 49.2 2,078 39.2 Seychelles 0.00 0.1 .. 96 98 2.3 7 0.6 .. .. Sierra Leone –0.28 3.8 25,334 63 13 3.1 24 0.9 .. .. Singapore 0.00 3.4 110 100 100 1.3 17 22.4 4,833 48.0 Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. 2.9 .. .. .. .. Slovak Republic –0.07 36.6 2,325 100 99 –0.3 16 34.4 3,178 28.5 Slovenia –0.08 54.0 9,054 100 99 0.0 14 15.4 3,323 15.8 Solomon Islands 0.24 0.2 78,123 81 30 4.1 5 0.2 .. .. Somalia 1.02 0.3 570 .. .. 3.6 10 0.6 .. .. South Africa 0.00 10.2 830 93 66 2.4 14 477.2 2,658 253.2 South Sudan 0.00 20.8 2,183 59 7 5.0 16 .. 59 0.5 Spain –0.57 10.2 2,393 100 100 0.0 12 270.7 2,504 279.3 Sri Lanka 0.37 2.6 2,542 96 95 1.0 17 15.2 488 12.0 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.00 0.3 437 98 .. 1.4 .. 0.3 .. .. St. Lucia 0.32 0.7 1,634 96 91 0.8 16 0.4 .. .. St. Martin 0.00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines –0.26 0.5 914 95 .. 0.7 14 0.2 .. .. Sudan 0.80 1.7c 102 56 24 2.6 27 16.6c 375 10.3 Suriname 0.03 8.6 183,930 95 79 0.8 11 1.9 .. .. Swaziland –0.88 4.0 2,080 74 58 1.4 10 1.0 .. .. Sweden 0.02 13.0 17,636 100 99 1.2 7 52.1 5,132 153.0 Switzerland –0.34 9.9 4,934 100 100 1.3 18 36.6 3,304 68.8 Syrian Arab Republic –0.91 0.7 322 90 96 2.4 24 57.7 592 25.9 Tajikistan –0.03 21.9 7,650 74 95 2.5 20 2.8 303 17.1 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 89 3 Environment Deforestationa Nationally Internal Access to Access to Urban Ambient Carbon Energy use Electricity protected renewable improved improved population PM2.5 air dioxide production areas freshwater water sanitation pollution emissions b Terrestrial and resources source facilities Population- marine areas weighted exposure Per capita billion average % of total Per capita % of total % of total micrograms per million kilograms of kilowatt annual % territorial area cubic meters population population % growth cubic meter metric tons oil equivalent hours 2000–15 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013–14 2013 2011 2013 2013 Tanzania 0.75 26.1 1,621 56 16 5.5 9 7.3 470 5.6 Thailand 0.24 12.5 3,315 98 93 2.9 22 303.4 1,988 165.7 Timor-Leste 1.31 2.1 6,777 72 41 4.7 6 0.2 .. .. Togo 4.09 19.8 1,616 63 12 3.9 25 2.1 463 0.1 Tonga 0.00 1.5 .. 100 91 0.7 7 0.1 .. .. Trinidad and Tobago 0.00 2.6 2,835 95 92 –0.9 9 49.6 14,538 9.5 Tunisia –1.62 3.7 381 98 92 1.3 16 25.6 956 18.4 Turkey –1.00 0.2 2,990 100 95 1.9 17 320.8 1,553 240.2 Turkmenistan 0.00 3.2 265 .. .. 2.0 42 62.2 5,012 18.9 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.00 3.6 .. .. .. 2.3 .. 0.2 .. .. Tuvalu 0.00 0.0 .. 98 83 1.8 .. .. .. .. Uganda 3.09 16.0 1,032 79 19 5.4 18 3.8 .. .. Ukraine –0.10 3.9 1,215 96 96 0.0 15 286.2 2,553 193.7 United Arab Emirates –0.28 16.1 17 100 98 0.8 41 178.5 7,691 106.2 United Kingdom –0.43 13.8 2,246 100 99 1.0 11 448.2 2,978 356.3 United States –0.14 14.8 8,838 99 100 1.0 11 5,305.6 6,914 4,286.9 Uruguay –2.31 1.7 26,963 100 96 0.5 7 7.8 1,351 11.7 Uzbekistan –0.02 3.4 531 87 100 1.9 26 114.9 1,419 54.2 Vanuatu 0.00 2.3 .. 95 58 3.4 7 0.1 .. .. Venezuela, RB 0.33 36.7 26,227 93 94 1.4 13 188.8 2,271 123.2 Vietnam –1.73 2.5 3,961 98 78 3.0 25 173.2 668 127.0 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.67 2.8 .. 100 96 –0.4 .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza 0.00 .. 189 58 92 3.3 26 2.2 .. .. Yemen, Rep. 0.00 0.6 80 55 53 4.2 36 22.3 324 8.5 Zambia 0.33 37.9 5,101 65 44 4.2 12 3.0 631 13.3 Zimbabwe 1.70 26.6 804 77 37 1.8 9 9.9 758 9.5 World 0.09 w 12.8 w 5,925 s 91 w 68 w 2.1 w 32 w 34,649.5d w 1,894 w 23,342.6 w East Asia & Pacific –0.17 18.0 4,525 94 77 2.4 40 13,002.8 2,073 8,424.5 Europe & Central Asia –0.10 9.6 7,866 98 93 0.5 15 6,735.1 3,216 5,305.3 Latin America & Caribbean 0.36 16.1 22,162 95 83 1.4 14 1,776.6 1,373 1,565.6 Middle East & North Africa –0.88 10.0 554 93 91 2.5 32 2,343.4 2,190 1,323.4 North America –0.06 10.5 15,993 99 100 1.0 11 5,791.4 6,943 4,940.8 South Asia –0.37 4.5 1,152 92 45 2.7 46 2,328.4 550 1,370.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.48 13.5 3,987 68 30 4.2 21 746.2 671 453.8 Low income 0.44 14.0 4,777 66 28 4.2 20 155.4 .. .. Lower middle income 0.38 8.7 3,065 90 52 2.7 36 4,153.0 636 2,482.8 Upper middle income 0.03 12.9 6,594 95 80 2.3 39 13,166.2 2,015 8,203.9 High income –0.03 13.9 11,319 99 96 0.7 15 15,233.6 4,656 12,556.2 a. Negative values indicate an increase in forest area. b. River flows from other countries are not included because of data unreliability. c. Includes South Sudan. d. Includes emissions not allocated to specific countries. 90 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Environment 3 About the data Environmental resources are needed to promote economic growth collected intermittently and may hide substantial year-to-year varia- and reduce poverty, but growth can create new stresses on the tions in total renewable water resources. Data do not distinguish environment. Deforestation, loss of biologically diverse habitat, between seasonal and geographic variations in water availability depletion of water resources, pollution, urbanization, and increas- within countries. Data for small countries and countries in arid and ing demand for energy production are some of the factors that must semiarid zones are less reliable than data for larger countries and be considered when shaping development strategies. countries with greater rainfall. Loss of forests Water and sanitation Forests provide habitat for many species and act as carbon sinks. A reliable supply of safe drinking water and sanitary disposal of If properly managed they also provide a livelihood for people who excreta are two of the most important means of improving human manage and use forest resources. FAO (2015) provides informa- health and protecting the environment. Improved sanitation facilities tion on forest cover in 2015 and adjusted estimates of forest prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. cover in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Data presented here do not Data on access to an improved water source measure the per- distinguish natural forests from plantations, a breakdown the FAO centage of the population with ready access to water for domestic provides only for low- and middle- income countries. Thus, data purposes and are estimated by the World Health Organization may underestimate the rate at which natural forest is disappear- (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring ing in some countries. Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation based on surveys and censuses. The coverage rates are based on information from Habitat protection and biodiversity service users on household use rather than on information from Deforestation is a major cause of loss of biodiversity, and habitat service providers, which may include nonfunctioning systems. conservation is vital for stemming this loss. Conservation efforts Access to drinking water from an improved source does not ensure have focused on protecting areas of high biodiversity. The World that the water is safe or adequate, as these characteristics are Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and the United Nations not tested at the time of survey. While information on access to an Environment Programme (UNEP) compile data on protected areas. improved water source is widely used, it is extremely subjective; Differences in definitions, reporting practices, and reporting peri- terms such as “safe,” “improved,” “adequate,” and “reasonable” ods limit cross-country comparability. Nationally protected areas may have different meanings in different countries despite offi- are defined using the six International Union for Conservation of cial WHO definitions (see Definitions). Even in high-income coun- Nature (IUCN) categories for areas of at least 1,000 hectares— tries treated water may not always be safe to drink. Access to an scientific reserves and strict nature reserves with limited public improved water source is equated with connection to a supply access, national parks of national or international significance and system; it does not account for variations in the quality and cost not materially affected by human activity, natural monuments and of the service. natural landscapes with unique aspects, managed nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes (which may include Urbanization cultural landscapes), and areas managed mainly for the sustainable There is no consistent and universally accepted standard for distin- use of natural systems to ensure long-term protection and mainte- guishing urban from rural areas and, by extension, calculating their nance of biological diversity—as well as terrestrial protected areas populations. Most countries use a classification related to the size not assigned to an IUCN category. Designating an area as protected or characteristics of settlements. Some define areas based on the does not mean that protection is in force. For small countries with presence of certain infrastructure and services. Others designate protected areas smaller than 1,000 hectares, the size limit in the areas based on administrative arrangements. Because data are definition leads to underestimation of protected areas. Due to varia- based on national definitions, cross-country comparisons should tions in consistency and methods of collection, data quality is highly be made with caution. variable across countries. Some countries update their information more frequently than others, some have more accurate data on the Air pollution extent of coverage, and many underreport the number or extent of Air pollution places a major burden on world health. Almost 40 per- protected areas. cent of the world’s people rely on wood, charcoal, dung, crop waste, or coal to meet basic energy needs. In both cities and rural areas Freshwater resources exposure to air pollution is the main environmental threat to health, The data on freshwater resources are derived from estimates of responsible for 5.5 million deaths per year, about one every 2 sec- runoff into rivers and recharge of groundwater. These estimates onds. Cooking with solid fuels creates harmful smoke and particu- are derived from different sources and refer to different years, so lates that fill homes and the surrounding environment. Long-term cross-country comparisons should be made with caution. Data are exposure to high levels of fine particulates in the air contributes Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 91 3 Environment to a range of health effects, including respiratory diseases, lung Energy use cancer, and heart disease. Not only does exposure to air pollution In most economies growth in energy use is closely related to growth endanger people’s health, it also carries huge economic costs and in the modern sectors—industry, motorized transport, and urban represents a drag on development, particularly for low- and middle- areas—but also reflects climatic, geographic, and economic fac- income countries and vulnerable segments of the population such tors. Energy use has been growing rapidly in low- and middle-income as children and the elderly. economies, but high-income economies still use more than four Data on exposure to ambient air pollution are derived from esti- times as much energy per capita. mates of annual concentrations of very fine particulates produced Total energy use refers to the use of primary energy before transfor- for the Global Burden of Disease study, an international scientific mation to other end-use fuels (such as electricity and refined petro- effort led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the leum products). It includes energy from combustible renewables University of Washington. Estimates of annual concentrations are and waste—solid biomass and animal products, gas and liquid from generated by combining data from atmospheric chemistry transport biomass, and industrial and municipal waste. Biomass is any plant models and satellite observations of aerosols in the atmosphere. matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuel, heat, or electricity. Modeled concentrations are calibrated against observations from Data for combustible renewables and waste are often based on small ground-level monitoring of particulates at some 3,400 locations in surveys or other incomplete information and thus give only a broad 79 countries. Exposure to concentrations of particulates in both impression of developments and are not strictly comparable across urban and rural areas is weighted by population and is aggregated countries. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports include coun- at the national level. try notes that explain some of these differences (see Data sources). Pollutant concentrations are sensitive to local conditions, and All forms of energy—primary energy and primary electricity—are con- even monitoring sites in the same city may register different levels. verted into oil equivalents. A notional thermal efficiency of 33 percent Direct monitoring of ambient PM2.5 is still rare in many parts of the is assumed for converting nuclear electricity into oil equivalents and world, and measurement protocols and standards are not the same 100 percent efficiency for converting hydroelectric power. for all countries. These data should be considered only a general indication of air quality, intended for cross-country comparisons of Electricity production the relative risk of particulate matter pollution. Use of energy is important in improving people’s standard of liv- ing. But electricity generation also can damage the environment. Carbon dioxide emissions Whether such damage occurs depends largely on how electricity Carbon dioxide emissions are the primary source of greenhouse is generated. For example, burning coal releases twice as much gases, which contribute to global warming, threatening human carbon dioxide—a major contributor to global warming—as does and natural habitats. Fossil fuel combustion and cement manu- burning an equivalent amount of natural gas. Nuclear energy does facturing are the primary sources of anthropogenic carbon diox- not generate carbon dioxide emissions, but it produces other dan- ide emissions, which the U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon gerous waste products. Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) calculates using data The IEA compiles data on energy inputs used to generate electric- from the United Nations Statistics Division’s World Energy Data ity. Data for countries that are not members of the Organisation Set and the U.S. Bureau of Mines’s Cement Manufacturing Data for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are based on Set. Carbon dioxide emissions, often calculated and reported as national energy data adjusted to conform to annual questionnaires elemental carbon, were converted to actual carbon dioxide mass completed by OECD member governments. In addition, estimates by multiplying them by 3.667 (the ratio of the mass of carbon are sometimes made to complete major aggregates from which key to that of carbon dioxide). Although estimates of global carbon data are missing, and adjustments are made to compensate for dif- dioxide emissions are probably accurate within 10 percent (as ferences in definitions. The IEA makes these estimates in consulta- calculated from global average fuel chemistry and use), country tion with national statistical offices, oil companies, electric utilities, estimates may have larger error bounds. Trends estimated from and national energy experts. It occasionally revises its time series a consistent time series tend to be more accurate than individual to reflect political changes. For example, the IEA has constructed values. Each year the CDIAC recalculates the entire time series historical energy statistics for countries of the former Soviet Union. since 1949, incorporating recent findings and corrections. Esti- In addition, energy statistics for other countries have undergone mates exclude fuels supplied to ships and aircraft in international continuous changes in coverage or methodology in recent years as transport because of the difficulty of apportioning the fuels among more detailed energy accounts have become available. Breaks in benefiting countries. series are therefore unavoidable. 92 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Environment 3 Definitions Data sources • Deforestation is the permanent conversion of natural forest area Data on deforestation are from FAO (2015) and the FAO’s website. to other uses, including agriculture, ranching, settlements, and Data on protected areas, derived from the UNEP and WCMC online infrastructure. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but databases, are based on data from national authorities, national leg- intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gather- islation, and international agreements. Data on freshwater resources ing, acid precipitation, or forest fires. • Nationally protected areas are from the FAO’s AQUASTAT database. Data on access to water and are terrestrial and marine protected areas as a percentage of total sanitation are from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for territorial area and include all nationally designated protected Water Supply and Sanitation. Data on urban population are from the areas with known location and extent. All overlaps between dif- United Nations Population Division (2014). Data on particulate matter ferent designations and categories, buffered points, and polygons concentrations are from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study are removed, and all undated protected areas are dated. • Internal (www.healthdata.org/gbd/data) by the Institute for Health Metrics renewable freshwater resources are the average annual flows of and Evaluation (see GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators 2015). See rivers and groundwater from rainfall in the country. Natural incom- Brauer and others (2016) for the data and methods used to estimate ing flows originating outside a country’s borders and overlapping ambient PM2.5 exposure. Data on carbon dioxide emissions are from water resources between surface runoff and groundwater recharge CDIAC online databases. Data on energy use and electricity produc- are excluded. • Access to an improved water source is the per- tion are from IEA online databases and its annual Energy Statistics of centage of the population using an improved drinking water source. Non-OECD Countries, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, Energy An improved drinking water source includes piped water on prem- Statistics of OECD Countries, and Energy Balances of OECD Countries. ises (piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot, or yard), public taps or standpipes, tube wells, or References boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater Brauer, M., G. Freedman, J. Frostad, A. van Donkelaar, R. V. Martin, collection. • Access to improved sanitation facilities is the percent- et al. 2016. “Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the age of the population using improved sanitation facilities. Improved Global Burden of Disease 2013.” Environmental Science & Technol- sanitation facilities are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human ogy 50(1): 79–88. excreta from human contact. They include flush/pour flush toilets (to CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center). n.d. Online data- piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine), ventilated improved base. [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/home.html]. Oak Ridge National Labo- pit latrines, pit latrines with slab, and composting toilets. • Urban ratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN. population growth is the annual rate of change of urban population FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2015. assuming exponential change. Urban population is the proportion Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome. of midyear population of areas defined as urban in each country, ———. n.d. AQUASTAT. Online database. [www.fao.org/nr/water which is obtained by the United Nations, multiplied by the World /aquastat/data/query/index.html]. Rome. Bank estimate of total population. • Ambient PM2.5 air pollution is GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators. 2015. “Global, Regional, and defined as exposure to fine suspended particulates of less than 2.5 National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioral, Environ- microns in aerodynamic diameter that are capable of penetrating mental, and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. in 188 Countries, 1990–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Data are aggregated at the national level and include both rural Burden of Disease Study 2013.” Lancet. and urban areas. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual IEA (International Energy Agency). Various years. Energy Balances of concentrations of PM2.5 by population. • Carbon dioxide emissions Non-OECD Countries. Paris. are emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture ———.Various years. Energy Balances of OECD Countries. Paris. of cement and include carbon dioxide produced during consumption ———. Various years. Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Paris. of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. • Energy use refers to ———.Various years. Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Paris. the use of primary energy before transformation to other end use UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and WCMC (World fuels, which equals indigenous production plus imports and stock Conservation Monitoring Centre). 2013. Online databases. [www changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft .unep-wcmc.org/datasets-tools--reports_15.html?&types=Data,We engaged in international transport. • Electricity production is mea- bsite,Tool&ctops=]. Cambridge, UK. sured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition United Nations Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Pros- to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers pects: The 2014 Revision. [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/]. New generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy as York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production WHO (World Health Organization)–UNICEF (United Nations Children’s includes the output of electric plants designed to produce electricity Fund) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. only, as well as that of combined heat and power plants. 2015. Online databases. [www.wssinfo.org]. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 93 3 Environment Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.1). To view a specific /indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS). 3.1 Rural environment and land use Annual freshwater withdrawals, % for Rural population SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS agriculture ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS Rural population growth SP.RUR.TOTL.ZG Annual freshwater withdrawals, % for Land area AG.LND.TOTL.K2 industry ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS Forest area AG.LND.FRST.ZS Annual freshwater withdrawals, % of domestic ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS Permanent cropland AG.LND.CROP.ZS Water productivity, GDP/water use ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD Arable land, % of land area AG.LND.ARBL.ZS Access to an improved water source, % of Arable land, hectares per person AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC rural population SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.ZS Access to an improved water source, % of 3.2 Agricultural inputs urban population SH.H2O.SAFE.UR.ZS Agricultural land, % of land area AG.LND.AGRI.ZS Agricultural land, % irrigated AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS 3.6 Energy production and use Average annual precipitation AG.LND.PRCP.MM Energy production EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE Land under cereal production AG.LND.CREL.HA Energy use EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE Fertilizer consumption, % of fertilizer Energy use, Average annual growth ..a,b production AG.CON.FERT.PT.ZS Energy use, Per capita EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE Fertilizer consumption, kilograms per Fossil fuel EG.USE.COMM.FO.ZS hectare of arable land AG.CON.FERT.ZS Combustible renewable and waste EG.USE.CRNW.ZS Agricultural employment SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS Alternative and nuclear energy production EG.USE.COMM.CL.ZS Tractors AG.LND.TRAC.ZS 3.7 Electricity production, sources, and access 3.3 Agricultural output and productivity Electricity production EG.ELC.PROD.KH Crop production index AG.PRD.CROP.XD Coal sources EG.ELC.COAL.ZS Food production index AG.PRD.FOOD.XD Natural gas sources EG.ELC.NGAS.ZS Livestock production index AG.PRD.LVSK.XD Oil sources EG.ELC.PETR.ZS Cereal yield AG.YLD.CREL.KG Hydropower sources EG.ELC.HYRO.ZS Agriculture value added per worker EA.PRD.AGRI.KD Renewable sources EG.ELC.RNWX.ZS 3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity Nuclear power sources EG.ELC.NUCL.ZS Forest area AG.LND.FRST.K2 Access to electricity EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS Average annual deforestation ..a,b 3.8 Energy dependency, efficiency and carbon dioxide Threatened species, Mammals EN.MAM.THRD.NO emissions Threatened species, Birds EN.BIR.THRD.NO Net energy imports EG.IMP.CONS.ZS Threatened species, Fishes EN.FSH.THRD.NO GDP per unit of energy use EG.GDP.PUSE.KO.PP.KD Threatened species, Higher plants EN.HPT.THRD.NO Carbon dioxide emissions, Total EN.ATM.CO2E.KT Terrestrial protected areas ER.LND.PTLD.ZS Carbon dioxide emissions, Carbon intensity EN.ATM.CO2E.EG.ZS Marine protected areas ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS Carbon dioxide emissions, Per capita EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 3.5 Freshwater Carbon dioxide emissions, kilograms per 2011 PPP $ of GDP EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD.KD Internal renewable freshwater resources ER.H2O.INTR.K3 Internal renewable freshwater resources, 3.9 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions Per capita ER.H2O.INTR.PC Greenhouse gas emissions, Total EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE Annual freshwater withdrawals, cu. m ER.H2O.FWTL.K3 Greenhouse gas emissions, % change EN.ATM.GHGT.ZG Annual freshwater withdrawals, % of internal resources ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS Methane emissions, Total EN.ATM.METH.KT.CE Methane emissions, % change EN.ATM.METH.ZG 94 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Environment 3 Methane emissions, From energy processes EN.ATM.METH.EG.ZS 3.12 Urbanization Urban population SP.URB.TOTL Methane emissions, Agricultural EN.ATM.METH.AG.ZS Urban population, % of total population SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS Nitrous oxide emissions, Total EN.ATM.NOXE.KT.CE Urban population, Average annual growth SP.URB.GROW Nitrous oxide emissions, % change EN.ATM.NOXE.ZG Population in urban agglomerations of Nitrous oxide emissions, From energy more than 1 million EN.URB.MCTY.TL.ZS processes EN.ATM.NOXE.EG.ZS Population in the largest city EN.URB.LCTY.UR.ZS Nitrous oxide emissions, Agricultural EN.ATM.NOXE.AG.ZS Access to improved sanitation facilities, Other greenhouse gas emissions, Total EN.ATM.GHGO.KT.CE % of urban population SH.STA.ACSN.UR Other greenhouse gas emissions, % change EN.ATM.GHGO.ZG Access to improved sanitation facilities, % of rural population SH.STA.ACSN.RU 3.10 Carbon dioxide emissions by sector Electricity and heat production EN.CO2.ETOT.ZS 3.13 Sustainable energy for all Manufacturing industries and construction EN.CO2.MANF.ZS Access to electricity, % of population EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS Residential buildings and commercial and Access to electricity, % of urban population EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS public services EN.CO2.BLDG.ZS Access to electricity, % of rural population EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS Transport EN.CO2.TRAN.ZS Access to non-solid fuel, % of population EG.NSF.ACCS.ZS Other sectors EN.CO2.OTHX.ZS Access to non-solid fuel, % of urban population EG.NSF.ACCS.UR.ZS 3.11 Climate variability, exposure to impact, and Access to non-solid fuel, % of rural resilience population EG.NSF.ACCS.RU.ZS Land area where elevation is below 5 meters AG.LND.EL5M.ZS Energy intensity level of primary energy EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD Urban land area where elevation is below Renewable energy consumption EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS 5 meters AG.LND.EL5M.UR.ZS Renewable electricity output EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS Rural land area where elevation is below 5 meters AG.LND.EL5M.RU.ZS 3.14 Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters EN.POP.EL5M.ZS product Total natural resources rents NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS Urban population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters EN.POP.EL5M.UR.ZS Oil rents NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS Rural population living in areas where Natural gas rents NY.GDP.NGAS.RT.ZS elevation is below 5 meters EN.POP.EL5M.RU.ZS Coal rents NY.GDP.COAL.RT.ZS Population affected by droughts, floods, Mineral rents NY.GDP.MINR.RT.ZS and extreme temperatures EN.CLC.MDAT.ZS Forest rents NY.GDP.FRST.RT.ZS Disaster risk reduction progress score EN.CLC.DRSK.XQ a. Derived from data elsewhere in the World Development Indicators database. b. Available online only as part of the table, not as an individual indicator. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 95 ECONOMY 96 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 4 The Economy section provides a picture of GFSM 2014 provides comprehensive fiscal the global economy and the economic activity data through accrual reporting and allows data of more than 200 countries and territories. It inconsistencies to be detected and fiscal trans- includes measures of macroeconomic perfor- parency to be improved. In turn, fiscal analyses mance and stability as well as broader measures by end-users will be more detailed and robust. of income and savings adjusted for pollution, The new framework emphasizes economically depreciation, and resource depletion. meaningful fiscal indicators and allows for the Global real gross domestic product grew phased implementation of accrual account- 2.4 percent in 2015, to about $74 trillion in cur- ing while supporting needed improvements in rent prices, and is projected to grow 2.9 percent the compilation of cash-based fiscal statistics in 2016. Low- and middle-income economies for the public and general government sectors accounted for 33 percent of the global economy and subsectors. It also harmonizes the system in 2015, an increase of 1 percentage point. They used to report fiscal statistics with other macro- grew an estimated 4.3 percent in 2015 and are economic statistical systems— most notably the projected to grow 4.8 percent in 2016. Expected System of National Accounts and the European growth in high-income economies has been System of Accounts. revised from earlier forecasts to 1.6 percent in A key feature of GFSM 2014 is its distinc- 2015 and 2.1 percent in 2016. tion between transactions and other economic The adjusted net savings indicator has been flows. Transactions cover all exchanges or trans- updated this year with new data on the health fers that take place by mutual agreement and the impacts of air pollution from the Global Burden of consumption of fixed capital (the economic equiv- Disease 2013, an international scientific effort alent of “depreciation”). Mutual agreement does led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evalu- not mean that transactions have to be entered ation at the University of Washington, Seattle. into voluntarily (the payment of taxes is treated Damages include the costs of premature mortal- as a transaction despite being compulsory). Addi- ity due to exposure to ambient particulate mat- tionally, transactions cover monetary exchanges ter, household air pollution due to cooking with and in-kind activity (such as the receipt of com- solid fuels, and ambient ozone pollution. modity grants and noncash remuneration). Other In August 2015 the International Monetary economic flows are the result of events that Fund began using the Government Finance Sta- affect the value of nonfinancial assets, financial tistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 framework for its assets, and liabilities but that are not exchanges Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and or transfers. These flows can reflect either price database. Affected series have been adjusted changes (including exchange rate movements) or from 1990 onward. Historical series based on volume changes due to one-off events (such as the previous (2001) framework, with data up to mineral discoveries or natural disasters). 2012, can be accessed through the World Devel- For more information, see http://www.imf.org opment Indicators archives (http://databank /external/Pubs/FT/GFS/Manual/2014/gfsfinal .worldbank.org/data/source/WDI-Archives). .pdf. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 97 Economic growth reduces poverty. As a result, fast- slowed from 5 percent over 2000–09 (the pre-crisis growing middle-income economies are closing the period) to 4.3 percent over 2009–14 (the post-crisis income gap with high-income economies. But growth period), which was still faster than in high-income must be sustained over the long term, and gains countries. High-income countries grew an average must be shared to make lasting improvements to of 1.2  percent a year after the crisis, down from the well-being of all people. The 2007 financial crisis 1.5 percent before the crisis. The low- and middle- spread from high-income to low-income economies in income countries in Middle East and North Africa 2008. A year later it became the most severe global saw the largest drop: Average annual per capita GDP recession in 50 years and affected sustained devel- growth fell 3.4 percentage points, from 3.1 percent opment around the world. Average annual per cap- in the pre-crisis period to –0.3 percent in the post- ita GDP growth in low- and middle-income countries crisis period. Economic growth Greenland Average annual growth of (Den.) per capita GDP, 2009–14 (%) 6.0 or more 4.0–5.9 Canada 2.0–3.9 0.0–1.9 Less than 0.0 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 41453 98 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Turkmenistan saw the highest average per capita GDP growth over Sri Lanka is the fastest growing country in South Asia, with average 2009–14 among low- and middle-income countries: 9.9 percent. annual per capita GDP growth of 6.7 percent in the post-crisis period, This rapid growth was driven by the well planned development of thanks to the end of three decades of civil conflict in 2009. The whole the hydrocarbon sector and considerable government spending on economy has been rejuvenated, with its main sectors encompassing infrastructure. tourism, tea export, apparel, textile, and rice production. China’s economy has been slowing down: Average annual per capita After a decade of civil war, Sierra Leone has been steadily growing. GDP growth dropped from 10.2 percent pre-crisis to 7.9 percent Average annual per capita GDP growth reached 8.5 percent over post-crisis. This is attributable to the slowdown in property 2009–14, compared with 3.3 percent before the crisis, supported by investment and shrinking exports from the manufacturing industry. mineral exploration and diamond exports. Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 99 4 Economy Gross domestic product Gross Adjusted Current Central Central Consumer Broad savings net savings account government government price index money balance cash surplus debt or deficit average annual % growth % of GDP % of GNI % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % of GDP 1990–2000 2000–09 2009–14 2014 2014a 2014 2013 2013 2014 2014 Afghanistan .. 8.5 6.8 –4.8 –18.3 –20.1 –0.6 .. 4.6 34.9 Albania 3.6 5.7 2.0 11.8 –1.6 –12.9 .. .. 1.6 85.8 Algeria 1.9 4.2 3.2 43.5 26.9 –4.5 –0.3 .. 2.9 79.4 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Andorra 3.2 4.3 –3.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 29.5 .. 6.0 6.1 .. 7.3 32.9 Antigua and Barbuda 3.5 4.9 0.1 9.1 .. –17.0 –1.3 .. 1.1 97.9 Argentina 4.3 4.9 b 4.1b 17.7 10.1 –1.1 .. .. .. 26.6 Armenia –1.9 10.6 4.5 13.8 0.4 –7.3 –1.3 .. 3.0 34.6 Aruba 3.9 –0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.4 .. Australia 3.6 3.3 2.7 23.9 8.5 –3.0 –1.5 38.3 2.5 109.5 Austriac 2.5 1.9 1.2 24.9 11.8 1.9 –1.4 83.4 1.6 .. Azerbaijan –6.3 17.9 2.9 39.3 17.8 13.6 6.1 .. .. 36.6 Bahamas, The 2.6 1.0 1.1 6.3 2.3 –18.0 .. .. 1.5 74.4 Bahrain 5.0 6.0 3.9 24.7 –2.0 3.3 –0.5 35.6 2.8 76.6 Bangladesh 4.7 5.7 6.2 37.7 25.2 –1.0 –0.8 .. 7.0 63.2 Barbados 1.7 1.9 0.3 –1.0 –0.3 –5.8 –12.2 131.6 1.9 .. Belarus –1.6 8.2 3.3 26.5 17.3 –6.8 0.1 25.2 .. 30.8 Belgiumc 2.2 1.9 1.0 23.8 9.8 –0.2 –2.4 101.5 0.3 .. Belize 4.5 4.2 2.8 9.9 –5.5 –8.0 –0.2 74.5 0.9 78.6 Benin 4.6 4.0 4.7 16.2 12.3 –7.4 2.7 .. –1.1 42.7 Bermuda 2.9 2.3 –3.4 54.2 .. 15.1 .. .. .. .. Bhutan 5.2 8.4 6.0 34.8 14.7 –24.7 .. .. 8.2 62.7 Bolivia 4.0 4.0 5.4 20.8 8.3 0.0 .. .. 5.8 84.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 28.5 5.3 0.8 10.9 .. –7.8 –1.7 46.0 –0.9 63.2 Botswana 4.9 4.7 6.6 47.7 34.8 15.8 1.4 18.7 4.4 39.3 Brazil 2.8 3.7 3.1 16.2 7.3 –4.3 –1.8 .. 6.3 89.2 Brunei Darussalam 2.1 1.4 0.6 58.3 25.8 27.8 .. .. –0.2 67.5 Bulgaria –0.4 5.8 0.9 22.3 10.7 1.2 –0.8 17.2 –1.4 81.3 Burkina Faso 5.5 6.2 5.7 .. .. .. –3.9 .. –0.2 32.8 Burundi –2.9 3.3 4.2 17.8 –8.6 –9.3 .. .. 4.4 21.8 Cabo Verde 12.1 7.3 2.0 .. .. –8.6 .. .. –0.2 95.0 Cambodia 7.0 9.2 7.1 15.5 3.1 –9.9 –3.1 .. 3.9 63.0 Cameroon 1.8 3.3 4.7 10.2 –2.3 –3.8 .. .. 1.9 21.9 Canada 3.1 2.1 2.5 21.4 7.0 –2.1 –0.6 48.8 1.9 .. Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 1.8 2.3 –7.6 .. .. .. 0.7 .. 1.5 28.7 Chad 2.2 11.4 6.5 .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 15.7 Channel Islands .. 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile 6.6 4.2 4.8 20.2 4.0 –1.2 –0.6 .. 4.4 83.3 China 10.6 10.9 8.5 49.3 34.5 2.1 .. .. 2.0 193.1 Hong Kong SAR, China 3.6 4.8 3.5 25.9 .. 1.2 .. .. 4.4 362.0 Macao SAR, China 2.2 11.9 13.2 57.3 .. 38.0 24.1 .. 6.0 110.0 Colombia 2.8 4.6 4.9 18.4 3.3 –5.2 –5.5 58.6 2.9 46.8 Comoros 1.6 2.0 2.8 10.9 –2.2 –7.5 .. .. .. 42.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. –4.9 5.1 7.7 10.0 –26.6 –9.2 .. .. 1.6 12.9 Congo, Rep. 1.0 4.0 4.7 .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 36.1 100 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Economy 4 Gross domestic product Gross Adjusted Current Central Central Consumer Broad savings net savings account government government price index money balance cash surplus debt or deficit average annual % growth % of GDP % of GNI % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % of GDP 1990–2000 2000–09 2009–14 2014 2014a 2014 2013 2013 2014 2014 Costa Rica 5.3 5.1 4.4 14.3 14.7 –4.4 –5.2 .. 4.5 52.1 Côte d’Ivoire 3.1 1.0 5.2 15.8 13.0 –2.0 –2.3 .. 0.5 37.5 Croatia 3.1 3.7 –1.2 18.9 3.0 0.7 –3.4 .. –0.2 69.9 Cuba –0.7 6.4 2.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Curaçao .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cyprusc,d 4.2 3.6 –1.9 8.8 0.3 –4.5 –4.6 145.8 –1.4 .. Czech Republic 1.4 4.1 0.7 23.9 5.7 0.7 –2.3 40.8 0.3 78.2 Denmark 2.8 1.2 0.4 25.8 14.5 6.3 –1.2 46.6 0.6 65.2 Djibouti –2.0 4.0 4.8 .. .. –21.2 .. .. 2.9 83.1 Dominica 2.0 3.1 0.5 0.5 .. –14.2 –11.8 .. 0.8 96.4 Dominican Republic 6.3 5.1 4.6 18.4 14.6 –3.2 –3.2 .. 3.0 35.0 Ecuador 2.2 4.5 5.3 27.8 11.2 –0.6 .. .. 3.6 42.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4.4 4.9 2.5 12.0 2.4 –2.0 –10.1 .. 10.1 76.5 El Salvador 4.8 2.4 1.9 8.8 0.5 –4.8 –1.4 55.9 1.1 43.3 Equatorial Guinea 36.7 17.7 –0.3 .. .. .. .. .. 6.4 20.3 Eritrea 6.5 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Estoniac 5.7 5.2 4.2 29.1 16.5 1.0 0.0 0.6 –0.1 .. Ethiopia 3.8 8.5 10.5 31.1 14.5 –6.9 –1.3 .. 7.4 .. Faroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Fiji 2.7 1.6 2.3 .. .. –13.4 .. .. 0.5 73.9 Finlandc 2.9 2.4 0.3 19.0 6.3 –0.9 –2.6 53.7 1.0 .. Francec 2.0 1.5 1.0 20.0 6.6 –1.0 –3.2 88.5 0.5 .. French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 2.3 1.0 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. 4.7 23.5 Gambia, The 3.0 3.2 2.6 27.9 8.3 6.4 .. .. 5.9 54.9 Georgia –7.1e 7.4 e 5.6e 20.0e 9.4 e –10.5 –0.5 32.5 3.1 38.3 Germanyc 1.7 1.0 1.8 26.9 13.3 7.2 –0.2 52.3 0.9 .. Ghana 4.3 5.7 8.9 18.5 1.6 –9.6 –3.9 .. 15.5 33.1 Greecec 2.4 3.1 –5.4 10.8 –5.8 –2.1 –14.6 181.9 –1.3 .. Greenland 1.9 1.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Grenada 3.2 3.1 1.1 –6.1 .. –25.3 –5.5 .. –0.9 88.4 Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guatemala 4.2 3.7 3.6 11.6 2.6 –2.1 –2.3 24.3 3.4 47.2 Guinea 4.2 2.7 2.8 –17.1 –47.8 –18.6 .. .. 9.7 .. Guinea-Bissau 0.6 2.4 2.5 3.8 –19.3 –5.5 .. .. –1.5 48.3 Guyana 5.4 2.3 5.0 3.3 –10.4 –12.4 .. .. 1.8 66.8 Haiti .. 0.7 2.5 23.2 16.6 –6.9 .. .. 4.6 44.9 Honduras 3.2 4.9 3.5 14.8 10.4 –7.5 –6.1 .. 6.1 55.2 Hungary 1.9 2.8 1.0 24.3 10.9 2.2 –5.4 94.5 –0.2 58.3 Iceland 2.8 4.3 1.4 20.1 11.2 3.2 –1.6 103.2 2.0 84.3 India 6.0 7.6 6.9 31.3 19.0 –1.3 –3.8 50.3 6.4 77.4 Indonesia 4.2 5.3 5.8 31.4 26.3 –3.1 –1.8 25.0 6.4 39.6 Iran, Islamic Rep. 2.4 5.5 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. 17.2 .. Iraq 10.3 3.9 7.3 27.0 –2.6 13.6 .. .. 2.2 35.5 Ireland c 7.7 4.0 1.7 23.9 16.1 3.6 –5.7 133.0 0.2 .. Isle of Man 6.4 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel 5.7 3.5 3.8 23.7 15.3 4.2 –4.6 .. 0.5 85.4 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 101 4 Economy Gross domestic product Gross Adjusted Current Central Central Consumer Broad savings net savings account government government price index money balance cash surplus debt or deficit average annual % growth % of GDP % of GNI % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % of GDP 1990–2000 2000–09 2009–14 2014 2014a 2014 2013 2013 2014 2014 Italyc 1.6 0.6 –0.8 18.3 3.5 1.9 –3.0 134.7 0.2 .. Jamaica 1.6 1.3 0.2 14.1 10.9 –7.8 0.8 .. 8.3 56.5 Japan 1.0 0.9 1.4 22.4 3.4 0.5 –7.2 201.1 2.7 251.3 Jordan 5.0 7.1 2.7 21.2 15.7 –6.8 –8.3 66.8 2.8 125.3 Kazakhstan –4.1 8.8 6.0 26.3 3.0 2.1 .. .. 6.7 32.8 Kenya 2.2 4.3 5.8 9.6 4.0 –10.4 –3.8 .. 6.9 42.9 Kiribati 4.0 1.5 2.5 .. .. 26.8 .. .. .. .. Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Korea, Rep. 6.2 4.4 3.5 34.9 18.7 6.0 1.7 .. 1.3 139.9 Kosovo .. 5.3 3.2 18.1 .. –7.6 .. .. 0.4 .. Kuwait 4.9 7.2 3.5 48.8 18.7 33.0 .. .. 2.9 72.2 Kyrgyz Republic –4.1 4.6 4.2 9.9 –5.8 –24.2 –6.5 .. 7.5 32.7 Lao PDR 6.4 7.0 8.1 16.7 –4.1 –3.4 –0.8 .. 4.1 .. Latvia c 5.4 6.6 2.9 20.8 0.2 –2.0 0.5 41.6 0.6 .. Lebanon 5.3 5.3 2.6 4.1 –7.7 –26.7 –10.6 .. 0.7 256.9 Lesotho 3.8 3.6 4.9 39.1 29.2 –10.5 .. .. 5.3 38.0 Liberia 4.2 0.3 6.9 4.4 –27.9 –60.2 .. .. 9.8 37.3 Libya .. 5.8 –9.8 .. .. –0.2 .. .. 2.6 127.5 Liechtenstein 6.2 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lithuaniac 4.8 6.2 3.8 18.7 20.1 3.5 –1.3 43.8 0.1 .. Luxembourgc 4.4 3.2 2.7 19.2 12.5 5.6 –0.6 20.1 0.6 .. Macedonia, FYR –0.8 3.7 2.0 29.3 13.5 –0.9 –3.9 .. –0.3 59.4 Madagascar 2.0 3.6 2.1 5.4 –5.3 –5.9 –1.7 .. 6.1 24.4 Malawi 3.7 4.5 4.4 15.2 1.8 –25.3 .. .. 24.4 34.1 Malaysia 7.0 5.1 5.6 29.3 12.0 4.3 –4.4 51.6 3.1 137.1 Maldives .. 8.4 5.5 .. .. –4.1 –7.7 64.9 2.1 57.6 Mali 3.9 5.3 2.8 29.5 14.8 –3.4 –1.4 .. 0.9 33.0 Maltac 5.2 1.8 2.2 .. .. 3.8 –2.6 88.3 0.3 .. Marshall Islands 0.4 1.4 1.7 .. .. –10.7 .. .. .. .. Mauritania 2.9 6.1 5.4 18.0 –16.4 –29.1 .. .. 3.5 28.9 Mauritius 5.2 3.8 3.5 7.6 2.7 –5.5 –4.1 50.1 3.2 102.8 Mexico 3.3 2.2 3.3 19.5 7.9 –1.9 .. .. 4.0 51.8 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 1.8 –0.3 –0.4 .. .. –10.0 .. .. .. .. Moldova –9.6f 5.6f 5.0 f 19.4f 13.8f –7.1 –2.0 24.3 5.1 59.0 Monaco 1.9 4.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia 1.0 7.5 11.7 23.8 7.2 –11.7 –7.1 .. 13.0 48.7 Montenegro .. 4.7 1.4 5.0 .. –15.2 .. .. –0.7 .. Morocco 2.9g 5.0 g 3.9g 25.8g 16.6 g –7.3 –7.4 58.2 0.4 118.0 Mozambique 8.6 8.2 7.1 15.4 8.5 –36.4 –2.6 .. 2.6 49.4 Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. –2.6 .. .. 5.5 39.3 Namibia 3.3 5.3 5.5 19.4 16.9 –10.6 –11.9 35.5 5.4 52.7 Nepal 4.9 3.7 4.4 41.3 32.7 2.5 1.5 .. 8.4 86.7 Netherlandsc 3.3 1.7 0.3 29.0 16.9 10.6 –0.8 68.3 1.0 .. New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand 3.4 2.9 2.3 21.2 13.8 –3.2 –0.6 60.2 0.9 .. Nicaragua 3.7 3.4 4.9 19.4 11.7 –7.1 0.5 .. 6.0 37.1 Niger 2.4 4.1 6.7 21.3 5.7 –15.0 .. .. –0.8 27.4 102 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Economy 4 Gross domestic product Gross Adjusted Current Central Central Consumer Broad savings net savings account government government price index money balance cash surplus debt or deficit average annual % growth % of GDP % of GNI % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % of GDP 1990–2000 2000–09 2009–14 2014 2014a 2014 2013 2013 2014 2014 Nigeria 1.9 10.0 5.5 22.2 11.0 0.2 –1.3 10.4 8.1 20.2 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway 3.9 2.0 1.5 37.9 21.0 9.4 11.6 21.0 2.0 .. Oman 4.5 2.8 3.5 20.5 –20.1 5.0 –0.4 .. 1.0 42.2 Pakistan 3.8 5.1 3.4 22.8 14.1 –1.5 –5.2 .. 7.2 52.0 Palau 2.0 0.4 3.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Panama 4.7 6.8 8.7 25.2 24.3 –11.4 .. .. 2.6 .. Papua New Guinea 3.8 3.8 8.1 .. .. 14.1 .. .. 5.2 44.9 Paraguay 3.0 3.2 6.3 17.0 10.0 –0.4 –1.0 .. 5.0 50.6 Peru 4.5 5.9 5.9 22.2 13.2 –4.0 2.0 19.2 3.2 43.0 Philippines 3.3 4.9 6.1 46.3 28.7 3.8 –1.9 51.5 4.1 71.6 Poland 4.7 4.3 2.8 18.1 10.0 –2.0 –3.5 55.6 0.1 61.6 Portugal c 2.8 0.8 –1.3 14.9 2.4 0.5 –5.4 138.0 –0.3 .. Puerto Rico 3.6 0.3 –2.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Qatar .. 13.5 8.6 58.3 29.6 23.6 .. .. 3.1 65.9 Romania 0.0 5.8 1.5 22.3 21.6 –0.5 –2.8 41.5 1.1 39.3 Russian Federation –4.7 6.0 2.9 23.4 11.9 3.1 0.7 13.6 7.8 60.3 Rwanda –0.2 7.7 7.2 15.5 4.8 –13.3 –3.0 .. 1.3 .. Samoa 2.6 3.6 1.2 .. .. –6.1 0.0 .. –0.4 43.9 San Marino 5.8 3.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1 .. São Tomé and Príncipe .. 5.6 4.5 .. .. –30.7 –12.1 .. 7.0 40.3 Saudi Arabia 2.1 5.9 5.4 44.1 20.0 10.2 .. .. 2.7 61.8 Senegal 3.0 4.3 3.6 .. .. .. –5.3 .. –1.1 45.0 Serbia 0.7 5.5 0.5 10.7 .. –6.0 –6.1 .. 2.1 48.1 Seychelles 4.4 2.4 6.2 16.3 .. –21.8 4.8 73.0 1.4 64.8 Sierra Leone –3.0 7.2 11.0 .. .. –18.8 .. .. 7.3 20.9 Singapore 7.2 6.0 5.8 46.7 36.9 19.1 8.6 109.7 1.0 131.4 Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Slovak Republic c 4.5 5.8 2.4 19.8 1.3 0.2 –2.3 63.2 –0.1 .. Sloveniac 4.3 3.7 –0.2 26.8 10.8 7.0 –3.5 .. 0.2 .. Solomon Islands 3.4 3.9 6.0 .. .. –4.3 .. .. 5.2 42.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 2.1 4.0 2.5 14.9 2.1 –5.5 –4.3 .. 6.4 71.0 South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Spainc 2.7 2.9 –1.1 20.7 6.6 0.9 –4.8 96.5 –0.1 .. Sri Lanka 5.3 5.5 6.8 .. .. –2.6 –5.3 68.7 3.3 37.7 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.6 3.4 1.9 23.7 .. –8.0 11.2 .. 0.8 155.7 St. Lucia 3.5 3.0 –0.3 11.6 .. –7.5 –6.5 .. 3.5 89.5 St. Martin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 3.3 4.1 0.2 –4.7 .. –29.2 .. .. 0.2 77.8 Sudan 5.5h 7.5h 0.6i 9.8 6.1 –6.6 .. .. 36.9 18.4 Suriname 0.8 5.2 3.6 .. .. –7.4 –1.2 .. 3.3 55.4 Swaziland 3.2 2.5 2.3 .. .. 3.3 .. .. 5.7 24.3 Sweden 2.3 2.4 2.0 29.2 18.8 5.7 –1.2 42.0 –0.2 66.9 Switzerland 1.2 2.2 1.8 31.5 15.0 7.3 0.1 24.2 0.0 188.6 Syrian Arab Republic 5.1 5.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 36.7 .. Tajikistan –10.4 8.5 7.2 17.2 14.3 –3.8 .. .. .. 19.9 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 103 4 Economy Gross domestic product Gross Adjusted Current Central Central Consumer Broad savings net savings account government government price index money balance cash surplus debt or deficit average annual % growth % of GDP % of GNI % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % of GDP 1990–2000 2000–09 2009–14 2014 2014a 2014 2013 2013 2014 2014 Tanzaniaj 3.0 6.9 6.7 20.5 15.1 –10.4 –5.3 .. 6.1 23.4 Thailand 4.1 4.8 3.9 27.4 12.0 3.8 –0.8 29.2 1.9 127.8 Timor-Leste .. 3.4 6.8 195.7 .. 78.1 .. .. 0.4 42.3 Togo 3.5 2.2 5.2 –5.8 –19.5 –13.1 –4.6 .. 0.2 49.0 Tonga 2.6 0.7 0.9 29.4 .. –7.5 .. .. 2.5 48.3 Trinidad and Tobago 4.6 7.4 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 55.4 Tunisia 4.7 4.6 2.1 12.3 –2.7 –8.8 –5.1 44.6 4.9 66.6 Turkey 3.9 4.9 5.2 14.7 10.7 –5.8 –0.8 38.0 8.9 60.6 Turkmenistan –3.2 8.0 11.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tuvalu 3.2 1.2 2.1 .. .. 17.8 .. .. .. .. Uganda 7.0 7.8 5.5 19.0 3.1 –9.9 –2.1 33.2 4.3 22.3 Ukraine –9.3 5.7 0.8 10.0 –2.7 –3.5 –4.1 33.7 12.2 61.1 United Arab Emirates 4.8 5.3 4.8 .. .. .. 0.2 1.9 2.3 77.8 United Kingdom 3.0 2.1 1.9 12.4 3.6 –5.1 –5.5 98.3 1.5 138.7 United States 3.6 2.1 2.2 18.4 6.4 –2.2 –1.4 96.2 1.6 89.8 Uruguay 3.9 3.2 4.8 16.3 8.1 –4.4 –2.0 43.3 8.9 47.1 Uzbekistan –0.2 6.9 8.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu 3.4 3.9 1.7 28.9 .. 2.4 –2.3 .. 0.8 73.8 Venezuela, RB 1.6 5.1 1.9 25.6 14.4 2.9 .. .. 62.2 52.9 Vietnam 7.9 6.8 5.8 30.3 14.9 5.1 .. .. 4.1 127.5 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza 14.3 2.7 4.4 7.8 .. –10.9 0.3 .. 1.7 17.6 Yemen, Rep. 5.6 4.0 –2.7 .. .. –4.3 .. .. .. 39.1 Zambia 1.6 7.2 7.0 .. .. –1.4 4.1 .. 7.8 21.0 Zimbabwe 2.5 –7.2 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. World 2.9 w 2.9 w 2.7 w 22.8 w 12.7 w East Asia & Pacific 3.3 4.2 4.5 30.9 22.7 Europe & Central Asia 1.9 2.2 1.2 21.5 9.5 Latin America & Caribbean 3.2 3.5 3.5 18.1 7.7 Middle East & North Africa 3.8 5.4 3.6 36.4 16.3 North America 3.6 2.1 2.2 18.7 6.5 South Asia 5.6 7.1 6.5 30.6 18.9 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4 5.4 4.3 16.8 5.6 Low income 2.3 5.4 6.4 17.0 0.8 Lower middle income 3.5 6.4 5.7 28.1 17.2 Upper middle income 4.7 6.5 5.7 31.6 23.7 High income 2.6 2.1 1.8 21.3 8.4 a. Includes data on pollution damage for 2010, the most recent year available. b. Data are officially reported statistics from the National Statistics and Censuses Institute of Argentina. On February 1, 2013, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued a declaration of censure and in December 2013 called on Argentina to implement specific actions to address the quality of its official GDP data on a specified timetable. On June 3, 2015, the IMF Executive Board recognized the material progress in remedying the inaccurate provision of data since 2013 but found that some actions called for by the end of February 2015 had not been completely implemented. The IMF Executive Board will review this issue again by July 15, 2016. c. As members of the European Monetary Union, these countries share a single currency, the euro. d. Refers to the area controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. e. Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia. f. Excludes Transnistria. g. Includes Former Spanish Sahara. h. Includes South Sudan. i. Includes South Sudan until July 9, 2011. j. Covers mainland Tanzania only. 104 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Economy 4 About the data Economic data are organized by several different accounting conven- Adjusted net savings tions: the system of national accounts, the balance of payments, Adjusted net savings measure the change in a country’s real wealth government finance statistics, and international finance statistics. after accounting for the depreciation and depletion of a full range of There has been progress in unifying the concepts in the system of assets in the economy. If a country’s adjusted net savings are posi- national accounts, balance of payments, and government finance tive and the accounting includes a sufficiently broad range of assets, statistics, but there are many national variations in the implemen- economic theory suggests that the present value of social welfare is tation of these standards. For example, even though the United increasing. Conversely, persistently negative adjusted net savings Nations recommends using the 2008 System of National Accounts indicate that the present value of social welfare is decreasing, sug- (2008 SNA) methodology in compiling national accounts, many are gesting that an economy is on an unsustainable path. still using earlier versions, some as old as 1968. The International Adjusted net savings are derived from standard national account- Monetary Fund (IMF) has recently published a new balance of pay- ing measures of gross savings by making four adjustments. First, ments methodology (BPM6), but many countries are still using the estimates of fixed capital consumption of produced assets are previous version. Similarly, the standards and definitions for govern- deducted to obtain net savings. Second, current public expenditures ment finance statistics were updated in 2014, but several countries on education are added to net savings (in standard national account- still report using the 1986 or 2001 version. For individual country ing these expenditures are treated as consumption). Third, esti- information about methodology used, refer to Sources and methods. mates of the depletion of a variety of natural resources are deducted to reflect the decline in asset values associated with their extraction Economic growth and harvest. And fourth, deductions are made for damages from An economy’s growth is measured by the change in the volume of its carbon dioxide emissions and local air pollution. Damages from output or in the real incomes of its residents. The 2008 SNA offers local air pollution include damages from exposure to household air three plausible indicators for calculating growth: the volume of gross pollution from cooking with solid fuels, ambient concentrations of domestic product (GDP), real gross domestic income, and real gross very fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less national income. Only growth in GDP is reported here. than 2.5 microns, and ambient ozone pollution. By accounting for Growth rates of GDP and its components are calculated using the the depletion of natural resources and the degradation of the envi- least squares method and constant price data in the local currency ronment, adjusted net savings go beyond the definition of savings for countries and using constant price U.S. dollar series for regional or net savings in the SNA. and income groups. Local currency series are converted to con- stant U.S. dollars using an exchange rate in the common reference Balance of payments year. The growth rates are average annual and compound growth The balance of payments records an economy’s transactions with rates. Methods of computing growth are described in Sources and the rest of the world. Balance of payments accounts are divided methods. Forecasts of growth rates come from World Bank (2016). into two groups: the current account, which records transactions in goods, services, primary income, and secondary income, and the Rebasing national accounts capital and financial account, which records capital transfers, acqui- Rebasing of national accounts can alter the measured growth rate of sition or disposal of nonproduced, nonfinancial assets, and transac- an economy and lead to breaks in series that affect the consistency tions in financial assets and liabilities. The current account balance of data over time. When countries rebase their national accounts, is a more analytically useful indicator of an external imbalance. they update the weights assigned to various components to better Where to draw the line for analytical purposes requires a judgment reflect current patterns of production or uses of output. The new concerning the imbalance that best indicates the need for adjust- base year should represent normal operation of the economy—it ment. There are a number of definitions in common use for this and should be a year without major shocks or distortions. Some coun- related analytical purposes. The trade balance is the difference tries have not rebased their national accounts for many years. Using between exports and imports of goods. From an analytical view it an old base year can be misleading because implicit price and vol- is arbitrary to distinguish goods from services. For example, a unit ume weights become progressively less relevant and useful. of foreign exchange earned by a freight company strengthens the To obtain comparable series of constant price data for comput- balance of payments to the same extent as the foreign exchange ing aggregates, the World Bank rescales GDP and value added by earned by a goods exporter. Even so, the trade balance is useful industrial origin to a common reference year. because it is often the most timely indicator of trends in the current Rescaling may result in a discrepancy between the rescaled GDP account balance. Customs authorities are typically able to provide and the sum of the rescaled components. To avoid distortions in the data on trade in goods long before data on trade in services are growth rates, the discrepancy is left unallocated. As a result, the available. weighted average of the growth rates of the components generally Beginning in August 2012, the International Monetary Fund imple- does not equal the GDP growth rate. mented the Balance of Payments Manual 6 (BPM6) framework in its Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 105 4 Economy major statistical publications. The World Bank implemented BPM6 in In federal states the central government accounts provide an incom- its online databases and publications in April 2013. Balance of pay- plete view of total public finance. ments data for 2005 onward are presented in accord with the BPM6. Data on government revenue and expense are collected by the IMF The historical BPM5 data series will end with data for 2008, which through questionnaires to member countries and by the Organisa- can be accessed through the World Development Indicators archives tion for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Despite (http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/WDI-Archives). IMF efforts to standardize data collection, statistics are often incom- The complete balance of payments methodology can be accessed plete, untimely, and not comparable across countries. at www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/bop.htm. Government finance statistics are reported in local currency. The indicators here are shown as percentages of GDP. Many countries Government finance report government finance data by fiscal year; see Sources and meth- In August 2015 the International Monetary Fund began using the ods for information on fiscal year end by country. Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 framework for its Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and database. The 2014 Financial accounts framework will be implemented in World Development Indicators Money and the financial accounts that record the supply of money from April 2016 onward; affected series will be adjusted from 1990 lie at the heart of a country’s financial system. There are several onward. Historical series based on the previous (2001) framework, commonly used definitions of the money supply. The narrowest, M1, with data up to 2012, can be accessed through the World Develop- encompasses currency held by the public and demand deposits with ment Indicators archives. banks. M2 includes M1 plus time and savings deposits with banks The GFSM 2014 framework addresses the measurement of that require prior notice for withdrawal. M3 includes M2 as well as important international economic developments that have taken various money market instruments, such as certificates of deposit place in recent years, including through improved recording and issued by banks, bank deposits denominated in foreign currency, methodological treatment of various types of events. The changes and deposits with financial institutions other than banks. However include methodological changes in the 2008 SNA, clarifications of defined, money is a liability of the banking system, distinguished existing methodological guidelines, presentational changes, and from other bank liabilities by the special role it plays as a medium editorial changes. It aims to harmonize, to the extent possible, the of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. guidelines with the 2008 SNA, the BPM6, and the Monetary and A general and continuing increase in an economy’s price level is Financial Statistics Manual. For debt-related issues GFSM 2014 called inflation. The increase in the average prices of goods and is supplemented with the Public Sector Debt Statistics: Guide for services in the economy should be distinguished from a change Compilers and Users. Furthermore, efforts to harmonize statis- in the relative prices of individual goods and services. Generally tical reporting and financial reporting, and new developments in accompanying an overall increase in the price level is a change in the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, have led to the structure of relative prices, but it is only the average increase, additional changes. not the relative price changes, that constitutes inflation. A commonly Some differences remain between GFSM 2014 and the SNA, used measure of inflation is the consumer price index, which mea- particularly in how some government production activities are sures the prices of a representative basket of goods and services treated, because they serve different analytic purposes. GFSM purchased by a typical household. The consumer price index is usu- 2014 measures the impact of economic events such as taxing, ally calculated on the basis of periodic surveys of consumer prices. spending, borrowing, and lending on government finances and on Other price indices are derived implicitly from indexes of current and the remainder of the economy. The SNA measures production and constant price series. consumption of goods and services and the savings and invest- Consumer price indexes are produced more frequently and so ment created in doing so. As a result, the treatment of some are more current. They are constructed explicitly, using surveys government production activities differs in GFSM 2014 from the of the cost of a defined basket of consumer goods and services. treatment of those activities in the 2008 SNA. The complete GFSM Nevertheless, consumer price indexes should be interpreted with 2014 can be accessed at www.imf.org/external/Pubs/FT/GFS caution. The definition of a household, the basket of goods, and the /Manual/2014/gfsfinal.pdf. geographic (urban or rural) and income group coverage of consumer For most countries central government finance data have been price surveys can vary widely by country. In addition, weights are consolidated into one account, but for others only budgetary cen- derived from household expenditure surveys, which, for budgetary tral government accounts are available. Countries reporting bud- reasons, tend to be conducted infrequently in the poorest countries, getary data are noted in Sources and methods. Because budgetary impairing comparability over time. Although useful for measuring accounts may not include all central government units (such as consumer price inflation within a country, consumer price indexes social security funds), they usually provide an incomplete picture. are of less value in comparing countries. 106 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Economy 4 Definitions staff. Data on forest, energy, and mineral depletion are based on the • Gross domestic product (GDP) at purchaser prices is the sum of sources and methods described in World Bank (2011). Additional data gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any on energy commodity production and reserves are from the United product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. States Energy Information Administration. Estimates of damages from It is calculated without deducting for depreciation of fabricated capital carbon dioxide emissions follow the method of Fankhauser (1994) assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Value using data from the International Energy Agency’s CO2 Emissions from added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and Fuel Combustion Statistics database. Data on exposure to household subtracting intermediate inputs. • Gross savings are the difference air pollution, ambient particulate matter pollution, and ambient ozone between gross national income and public and private consump- are from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Bur- tion, plus net current transfers. • Adjusted net savings measure the den of Disease 2013 study. Data on current account balances are from change in value of a specified set of assets, excluding capital gains. the IMF’s Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and International They are net savings plus education expenditure minus energy deple- Financial Statistics. Data on central government finances are from the tion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and IMF’s Government Finance Statistics database. Data on the consumer local air pollution damage. • Current account balance is the sum price index are from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Data of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net on broad money are from the IMF’s monthly International Financial secondary income. • Central government cash surplus or deficit is Statistics and annual International Financial Statistics Yearbook. revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets. This cash surplus or deficit is close to the earlier References overall budget balance (still missing is lending minus repayments, De la Torre, A., E. L. Yeyati, and S. Pienknagura. 2013. Latin America’s which are included as a financing item under net acquisition of finan- Deceleration and the Exchange Rate Buffer. Semiannual Report, cial assets). • Central government debt is the entire stock of direct Office of the Chief Economist. Washington, DC: World Bank. government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding Fankhauser, S. 1994. “The Social Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emis- on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such sions: An Expected Value Approach.” Energy Journal 15 (2): 157–84. as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and Feenstra, R. C., R. Inklaar, and M. P. Timmer. 2013. “The Next Gen- loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the eration of the Penn World Table.” [www.ggdc.net/pwt]. amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Hamilton, K., and M. Clemens. 1999. “Genuine Savings Rates in Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given Developing Countries.” World Bank Economic Review 13 (2): 333–56. date, usually the last day of the fiscal year. • Consumer price index IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2014. Government Finance Statis- reflects changes in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring tics Manual. Washington, DC. a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or may change at ———. Various issues. International Financial Statistics. Washington, DC. specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally ———. Various years. Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. Parts used. • Broad money (IFS line 35L..ZK) is the sum of currency outside 1 and 2. Washington, DC. banks; demand deposits other than those of the central government; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2016. Global Burden of Dis- the time, savings, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors ease 2013 data. University of Washington, Seattle. [www.healthdata other than the central government; bank and traveler’s checks; and .org/gbd/data]. other securities such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper. International Energy Agency. Various years. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics database. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1787 Data sources /co2-data-en]. Paris. Data on GDP for most countries are collected from national statisti- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Vari- cal organizations and central banks by visiting and resident World ous years. National Accounts Statistics database. [http://dx.doi Bank missions; data for selected high-income economies are from the .org/10.1787/na-data-en]. Paris. OECD. Data on gross savings are from World Bank national accounts United Nations Statistics Division. Various years. National Accounts data files. Data on adjusted net savings are based on a conceptual Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables. Parts 1 and 2. New underpinning by Hamilton and Clemens (1999). Data on consump- York: United Nations. tion of fixed capital are from the United Nations Statistics Division’s United States Energy Information Administration. Various years. National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, International Energy Statistics database. [www.eia.gov/cfapps the OECD’s National Accounts Statistics database, and the Penn World /ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm]. Washington, DC. Table (Feenstra, Inklaar, and Timmler 2013), with missing data esti- World Bank. 2011. The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustain- mated by World Bank staff. Data on education expenditure are from able Development for the New Millennium. Washington, DC. the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ———. 2016. Global Economic Prospects: Spillovers and Weak Growth. Institute for Statistics, with missing data estimated by World Bank Washington, DC. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 107 4 Economy Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.1). To view a specific /indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). 4.1 Growth of output 4.7 Structure of service imports Gross domestic product NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG Commercial service imports TM.VAL.SERV.CD.WT Agriculture NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG Transport TM.VAL.TRAN.ZS.WT Industry NV.IND.TOTL.KD.ZG Travel TM.VAL.TRVL.ZS.WT Manufacturing NV.IND.MANF.KD.ZG Insurance and financial services TM.VAL.INSF.ZS.WT Services NV.SRV.TETC.KD.ZG Computer, information, communications, and other commercial services TM.VAL.OTHR.ZS.WT 4.2 Structure of output Gross domestic product NY.GDP.MKTP.CD 4.8 Structure of demand Agriculture NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS Household final consumption expenditure NE.CON.PETC.ZS Industry NV.IND.TOTL.ZS General government final consumption expenditure NE.CON.GOVT.ZS Manufacturing NV.IND.MANF.ZS Gross capital formation NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS Services NV.SRV.TETC.ZS Exports of goods and services NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS 4.3 Structure of manufacturing Imports of goods and services NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS Manufacturing value added NV.IND.MANF.CD Gross savings NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS Food, beverages and tobacco NV.MNF.FBTO.ZS.UN 4.9 Growth of consumption and investment Textiles and clothing NV.MNF.TXTL.ZS.UN Household final consumption expenditure NE.CON.PRVT.KD.ZG Machinery and transport equipment NV.MNF.MTRN.ZS.UN Household final consumption expenditure, Chemicals NV.MNF.CHEM.ZS.UN Per capita NE.CON.PRVT.PC.KD.ZG Other manufacturing NV.MNF.OTHR.ZS.UN General government final consumption expenditure NE.CON.GOVT.KD.ZG 4.4 Structure of merchandise exports Gross capital formation NE.GDI.TOTL.KD.ZG Merchandise exports TX.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT Exports of goods and services NE.EXP.GNFS.KD.ZG Food TX.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN Imports of goods and services NE.IMP.GNFS.KD.ZG Agricultural raw materials TX.VAL.AGRI.ZS.UN Fuels TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN 4.10 Toward a broader measure of national income Ores and metals TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN Gross domestic product, $ NY.GDP.MKTP.CD Manufactures TX.VAL.MANF.ZS.UN Gross domestic product, % growth NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG Gross national income, $ NY.GNP.MKTP.CD 4.5 Structure of merchandise imports Gross national income, % growth NY.GNP.MKTP.KD.ZG Merchandise imports TM.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT Consumption of fixed capital NY.ADJ.DKAP.GN.ZS Food TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN Natural resource depletion NY.ADJ.DRES.GN.ZS Agricultural raw materials TM.VAL.AGRI.ZS.UN Adjusted net national income, $ NY.ADJ.NNTY.CD Fuels TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN Adjusted net national income, % growth NY.ADJ.NNTY.KD.ZG Ores and metals TM.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN Manufactures TM.VAL.MANF.ZS.UN 4.11 Toward a broader measure of savings Gross savings NY.ADJ.ICTR.GN.ZS 4.6 Structure of service exports Consumption of fixed capital NY.ADJ.DKAP.GN.ZS Commercial service exports TX.VAL.SERV.CD.WT Education expenditure NY.ADJ.AEDU.GN.ZS Transport TX.VAL.TRAN.ZS.WT Net forest depletion NY.ADJ.DFOR.GN.ZS Travel TX.VAL.TRVL.ZS.WT Energy depletion NY.ADJ.DNGY.GN.ZS Insurance and financial services TX.VAL.INSF.ZS.WT Mineral depletion NY.ADJ.DMIN.GN.ZS Computer, information, communications, Carbon dioxide damage NY.ADJ.DCO2.GN.ZS and other commercial services TX.VAL.OTHR.ZS.WT Local pollution damage NY.ADJ.DPEM.GN.ZS Adjusted net savings NY.ADJ.SVNG.GN.ZS 108 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Economy 4 4.12 Central government finances 4.15 Monetary indicators Revenue GC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS Broad money FM.LBL.BMNY.ZG Expense GC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS Claims on domestic economy FM.AST.DOMO.ZG.M3 Cash surplus or deficit GC.BAL.CASH.GD.ZS Claims on central governments FM.AST.CGOV.ZG.M3 Net incurrence of liabilities, Domestic GC.FIN.DOMS.GD.ZS Interest rate, Deposit FR.INR.DPST Net incurrence of liabilities, Foreign GC.FIN.FRGN.GD.ZS Interest rate, Lending FR.INR.LEND Debt and interest payments, Total debt GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS Interest rate, Real FR.INR.RINR Debt and interest payments, Interest GC.XPN.INTP.RV.ZS 4.16 Exchange rates and price 4.13 Central government expenditure Official exchange rate PA.NUS.FCRF Goods and services GC.XPN.GSRV.ZS Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion Compensation of employees GC.XPN.COMP.ZS factor PA.NUS.PPP Interest payments GC.XPN.INTP.ZS Ratio of PPP conversion factor to market exchange rate PA.NUS.PPPC.RF Subsidies and other transfers GC.XPN.TRFT.ZS Real effective exchange rate PX.REX.REER Other expense GC.XPN.OTHR.ZS GDP implicit deflator NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG 4.14 Central government revenues Consumer price index FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG Taxes on income, profits and capital gains GC.TAX.YPKG.RV.ZS Wholesale price index FP.WPI.TOTL Taxes on goods and services GC.TAX.GSRV.RV.ZS 4.17 Balance of payments current account Taxes on international trade GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS Goods and services, Exports BX.GSR.GNFS.CD Other taxes GC.TAX.OTHR.RV.ZS Goods and services, Imports BM.GSR.GNFS.CD Social contributions GC.REV.SOCL.ZS Balance on primary income BN.GSR.FCTY.CD Grants and other revenue GC.REV.GOTR.ZS Balance on secondary income BN.TRF.CURR.CD Current account balance BN.CAB.XOKA.CD Total reserves FI.RES.TOTL.CD Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 109 STATES AND MARKETS 110 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 5 States and markets indicators encompass private two approaches to calculate country-level esti- investment and performance, the public sector’s mates. When there is only one reported exchange role in nurturing investment and growth, and the in a country, its data was used to represent that quality and availability of infrastructure essential country. When there are several exchanges in a for growth. These indicators measure the business country, care was taken to avoid double-counting; environment, government functions, financial sys- for example, where companies are listed on more tem development, infrastructure, information and than one exchange in the country, the exchange communication technology, science and technol- that provided the most comprehensive data set ogy, government and policy performance, and con- was used. When different companies are listed on ditions in fragile countries with weak institutions. the exchanges, the data for number of listed com- This year, stock market data from the World panies and domestic market capitalization have Federation of Exchanges replaces estimates been aggregated to obtain country-level figures. from Standard and Poor’s, which discontinued States and markets also includes the latest the Global Stock Markets Factbook in 2013, for updates to data on business regulations and the indicators of listed companies, market capitaliza- business environment, from the Doing Business tion, the value of shares traded, and the turn- initiative and Enterprise Surveys. This year, there over ratio. Time series go back to 1975 where are new measures of regulatory quality in register- available; additional data, including indicators ing property, dealing with construction permits, on fixed income and derivatives and equity mar- obtaining electricity, and enforcing contracts. kets can be found on the World Federation of A new indicator of public-private partnerships Exchanges website (www.world-exchanges.org). has also been added to complement existing Stock market size can be measured in vari- data on private participation in telecommunica- ous ways, and each produces a different ranking tions, energy, transport, and water and sanitation of countries. Both number of listed companies infrastructure projects. Public-private partnership and market capitalization measure market size projects refer to brownfield concessions, green- and are positively correlated with the ability to field projects, and management and leases but mobilize capital and diversify risk. Market liquid- excludes merchants where private parties assume ity is measured by the value of shares traded, the risks without government guarantee. Public- which represents the transfer of ownership private partnership projects help determine the effected automatically through the exchange’s gap between infrastructure demand and available electronic order book. Finally, turnover velocity resources, thus making important contributions is the ratio between the electronic order book to improving the efficiency of public services in turnover of domestic shares, and their market infrastructure and extending delivery to poor peo- capitalization; only domestic shares are used in ple. As in previous editions, the latest trend data order to be consistent between exchanges. on various indicators related to information and The data for market capitalization and listed communications technology are also presented, domestic companies are provided for each including goods trade, telecommunications rev- exchange, and World Development Indicators uses enue, mobile subscriptions, and Internet use. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 111 The digital and information revolution has changed and private services, and increases productivity and the way the world learns, communicates, does busi- participation. Through mobile phones, Internet access ness, and treats illnesses. Information and communi- is expanding in low- and middle-income countries. The cation technologies offer vast opportunities for prog- mobility, ease of use, flexible deployment, and declin- ress in all walks of life in all countries — opportunities ing rollout costs of wireless technologies enable mobile for economic growth, improved health, better service communications to reach rural populations. According delivery, learning through distance education, and to the International Telecommunication Union, by the social and cultural advances. The Internet delivers end of 2015 the number of Internet users worldwide information to schools and hospitals, improves public reached 3.2 billion. Internet users Greenland Individuals using the Internet, (Den.) 2014 (% of population) 80 or more 60–79 Canada 40–59 20–39 Less than 20 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 41454 112 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment The worldwide Internet penetration rate has increased almost In South Asia 17 percent of the population was online at the end of sixfold, from 7 percent in 2000 to 41 percent in 2014. 2014, the lowest Internet penetration rate among all regions. In 2014 more than 680 million people were using the Internet in The Internet penetration rate nearly quadrupled in the Middle East China, followed by 282 million in the United States and 228 million in and North Africa, from 10 percent in 2005 to 38 percent in 2014. India. But the Internet penetration rate shows disparity—49 percent in China, 87 percent in the United States, and 18 percent in India. Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 113 5 States and markets Business Time Stock Domestic Tax revenue Military Mobile Individuals High- Overall entry required market credit collected expenditures cellular using the technology statistical density to start a capitalization provided by by central subscriptionsa Interneta exports capacity per 1,000 business financial government people sector % of ages per % of manufactured (0, low, to 15–64 days % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP 100 people population exports 100, high) 2014 June 2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Afghanistan 0.15 7 .. –2.3 7.5 1.3 75 6 .. 51.1 Albania 1.11 6 .. 68.1 .. 1.0 105 60 0.1 72.2 Algeria 0.58 20 .. 18.0 37.2 5.6 93 18 0.2 53.3 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 96 .. .. Angola .. 36 .. 16.9 17.3 4.4 63 21 .. 47.8 Antigua and Barbuda 3.53 21 .. 84.6 18.6 .. 132 64 0.0 57.8 Argentina 0.43 25 11.2 35.6 .. 0.8 159 65 6.7 95.6 Armenia 1.52 3 1.2 51.3 17.5 4.0 116 46 2.7 93.3 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. 135 84 5.4 .. Australia 14.91 3 88.6 165.9 22.2 1.8 131 85 13.6 .. Austria 0.73 22 22.2 126.9 26.2 0.7 152 81 13.9 .. Azerbaijan 0.99 3 .. 33.8 13.0 4.8 111 61 7.0 67.8 Bahamas, The .. 29 .. 102.6 .. .. 82 77 0.0 .. Bahrain .. 9 65.6 75.1 1.1 4.2 173 91 1.5 .. Bangladesh 0.09 20 20.1 58.6 8.7 1.2 80 10 .. 76.7 Barbados .. 18 61.6 .. 25.2 .. 129 77 16.4 .. Belarus 1.05 3 .. 42.8 15.1 1.3 123 59 3.9 87.8 Belgium 2.05 4 71.2 116.0 25.5 1.0 114 85 12.8 .. Belize 3.08 43 .. 57.7 22.6 1.0 51 39 0.0 54.4 Benin .. 12 .. 20.4 15.5 1.0 100 5 4.1 66.7 Bermuda .. .. 26.3 .. .. .. 91 97 27.8 .. Bhutan 0.06 15 .. 47.3 .. .. 82 34 0.0 68.9 Bolivia 0.57 50 16.4 55.2 .. 1.5 96 39 8.1 78.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.83 67 .. 60.3 19.8 1.1 91 61 2.4 67.8 Botswana 13.11 48 .. 8.5 26.7 1.9 167 19 0.2 45.6 Brazil 2.88 83 34.9 105.1 14.1 1.3 139 58 10.6 65.6 Brunei Darussalam .. 14 .. 25.5 .. 3.1 110 69 7.8 .. Bulgaria 8.86 18 9.7 62.5 18.6 1.5 138 55 6.9 84.4 Burkina Faso 0.15 13 .. 28.8 16.6 1.3 72 9 10.6 67.8 Burundi .. 4 .. 23.4 .. 2.0 30 1 1.3 55.6 Cabo Verde .. 10 .. 84.6 .. 0.6 122 40 0.0 66.7 Cambodia .. 87 .. 47.2 11.9 1.7 133 9 0.2 76.7 Cameroon .. 15 .. 16.3 .. 1.3 76 11 4.9 55.6 Canada 1.28 2 117.3 .. 11.7 1.0 81 87 14.8 .. Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 154 74 .. .. Central African Republic .. 22 .. 33.6 9.5 .. 25 4 0.0 52.2 Chad .. 60 .. 11.0 .. .. 40 3 .. 65.6 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chile 8.03 6 90.4 120.3 17.5 2.0 133 72 6.2 95.6 China .. 31 58.0 169.3 10.4 2.1 b 92 49 25.4 70.0 Hong Kong SAR, China 31.30 2 1,111.4 236.5 .. .. 234 75 42.9 .. Macao SAR, China .. .. .. –4.1 37.0 .. 323 70 0.2 .. Colombia 2.00 11 38.8 71.1 13.4 3.5 113 53 7.7 84.4 Comoros .. 15 .. 29.2 .. .. 51 7 0.1 42.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.05 11 .. 8.6 .. 1.4 53 3 .. 57.8 Congo, Rep. .. 53 .. 0.8 .. 5.0 108 7 2.0 50.0 114 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment States and markets 5 Business Time Stock Domestic Tax revenue Military Mobile Individuals High- Overall entry required market credit collected expenditures cellular using the technology statistical density to start a capitalization provided by by central subscriptionsa Interneta exports capacity per 1,000 business financial government people sector % of ages per % of manufactured (0, low, to 15–64 days % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP 100 people population exports 100, high) 2014 June 2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Costa Rica 1.10 24 .. 63.0 13.9 .. 144 49 43.3 84.4 Côte d’Ivoire .. 7 34.1 29.2 14.5 1.5 106 15 3.7 58.9 Croatia 4.63 12 38.6 90.8 19.6 1.5 104 69 8.4 80.0 Cuba .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 22 30 .. .. Curaçao .. .. .. .. .. .. 122 .. .. .. Cyprus 13.70 8 17.4 307.8 23.5 1.8 96 69 6.2 .. Czech Republic 3.42 15 .. 73.5 13.5 1.0 130 80 14.9 .. Denmark 4.36 3 .. 224.9 35.1 1.3 126 96 14.4 .. Djibouti .. 14 .. 33.2 .. .. 32 11 .. 46.7 Dominica .. 12 .. 60.1 23.1 .. 127 63 8.8 52.2 Dominican Republic 1.20 15 .. 50.4 13.8 0.6 79 50 3.7 78.9 Ecuador .. 51 .. 31.7 .. 2.7 104 43 4.8 72.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 8 23.2 88.2 12.5 1.7 114 32 1.3 91.1 El Salvador 0.52 17 45.1 73.4 15.4 1.0 144 30 4.8 91.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 135 .. 4.7 .. 1.1 66 19 .. 42.2 Eritrea .. 84 .. .. .. .. 6 1 .. 27.8 Estonia 16.05 4 10.1 4.5 1.0 1.9 161 84 11.5 .. Ethiopia .. 19 .. .. 9.2 0.7 32 3 8.1 68.9 Faroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 124 95 .. .. Fiji .. 58 11.4 113.1 .. 1.1 99 42 2.1 61.1 Finland 3.43 14 .. 164.7 20.8 1.3 140 92 7.9 .. France 2.26 4 73.7 148.0 15.6 2.2 101 84 26.1 .. French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 61 14.8 .. Gabon .. 50 .. 13.8 .. 1.4 171 10 .. 40.0 Gambia, The .. 25 .. 53.7 .. 1.7 120 16 0.0 65.6 Georgia 5.65 2 6.0 48.5 24.1 2.3 125 49 3.0 88.9 Germany 1.29 11 44.9 140.6 11.6 1.2 120 86 16.0 .. Ghana 0.90 14 10.3 38.2 14.9 0.5 115 19 4.9 65.6 Greece .. 13 23.4 138.6 22.8 2.3 110 63 10.3 .. Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 67 4.4 .. Grenada 2.03 15 .. 68.4 18.7 .. 110 37 .. 51.1 Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 .. .. Guatemala 0.52 19 .. 41.7 10.8 0.4 107 23 5.0 72.2 Guinea 0.13 8 .. .. .. 3.8 72 2 4.9 53.3 Guinea-Bissau .. 9 .. 17.1 .. 1.7 63 3 .. 44.4 Guyana .. 18 21.4 60.4 .. 1.2 71 37 0.2 56.7 Haiti 0.06 97 .. 29.2 .. .. 65 11 .. 47.8 Honduras .. 14 .. 60.3 15.1 1.3 94 19 2.4 76.7 Hungary 3.66 5 10.5 61.1 22.5 0.8 118 76 13.7 85.6 Iceland 9.48 4 19.9 116.1 22.9 0.1 111 98 16.9 .. India 0.12 29 76.1 75.5 10.8 2.4 74 18 8.6 77.8 Indonesia 0.29 48 47.5 43.5 11.4 0.8 129 17 7.0 84.4 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. 15 27.4 .. .. 2.2 88 39 .. 73.3 Iraq 0.13 29 .. 0.4 .. 4.3 95 11 .. 52.2 Ireland 5.78 6 57.2 165.7 22.8 0.5 105 80 21.3 .. Isle of Man 45.27 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel 3.11 13 65.6 85.1 22.9 5.2 121 71 16.0 .. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 115 5 States and markets Business Time Stock Domestic Tax revenue Military Mobile Individuals High- Overall entry required market credit collected expenditures cellular using the technology statistical density to start a capitalization provided by by central subscriptionsa Interneta exports capacity per 1,000 business financial government people sector % of ages per % of manufactured (0, low, to 15–64 days % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP 100 people population exports 100, high) 2014 June 2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Italy 2.32 6 .. 173.0 23.6 1.4 154 62 7.2 .. Jamaica 1.00 3 21.1 52.4 26.6 0.9 107 41 0.6 77.8 Japan 0.15 10 95.1 373.8 10.9 1.0 120 91 16.7 .. Jordan 0.99 12 71.3 106.2 15.3 3.5 148 44 1.6 74.4 Kazakhstan 1.71 5 10.5 36.6 .. 1.1 172 55 37.2 90.0 Kenya 1.80 26 40.5 44.6 15.9 1.3 74 43 3.8 54.4 Kiribati .. 31 .. .. .. .. 17 12 0.7 34.4 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 0 .. .. Korea, Rep. 2.30 4 86.0 162.4 14.4 2.6 116 84 26.9 .. Kosovo 4.27 11 .. 26.7 .. .. .. .. .. 40.0 Kuwait .. 31 .. 60.7 .. 3.3 218 79 0.1 .. Kyrgyz Republic 1.08 10 2.5 15.9 18.1 3.4 134 28 5.3 82.2 Lao PDR .. 73 .. .. 14.8 0.2 67 14 .. 71.1 Latvia 10.61 6 4.0 76.8 14.0 1.0 117 76 15.0 .. Lebanon .. 15 24.4 194.9 14.9 4.6 88 75 2.1 65.6 Lesotho 1.55 29 .. 0.7 .. 2.2 85 11 0.0 65.6 Liberia .. 5 .. 37.8 .. 0.8 73 5 .. 51.1 Libya .. 35 .. –42.0 .. 8.0 161 18 .. 22.2 Liechtenstein 1.17 .. .. .. .. .. 109 95 .. .. Lithuania 4.19 4 9.2 13.2 13.6 2.7 147 72 10.1 .. Luxembourg 6.10 19 97.4 194.5 25.7 0.5 149 95 5.7 .. Macedonia, FYR 3.70 1 5.7 54.6 16.4 1.2 106 68 3.1 83.3 Madagascar 0.70 13 .. 16.8 10.1 0.7 41 4 0.6 58.9 Malawi .. 38 17.8 21.5 .. 1.2 33 6 2.5 75.6 Malaysia 2.37 4 135.8 140.5 15.6 1.5 149 68 43.9 74.4 Maldives .. 9 .. 70.7 13.7 .. 189 49 .. 55.6 Mali .. 9 .. 23.1 15.8 1.4 149 7 1.2 65.6 Malta 17.26 28 44.1 151.5 28.1 0.6 127 73 34.4 .. Marshall Islands .. 17 .. .. .. .. 29 17 .. 37.8 Mauritania .. 8 .. 31.9 .. 2.9 94 11 .. 66.7 Mauritius 5.14 6 69.3 115.5 18.7 0.3 132 41 0.0 93.3 Mexico 0.94 6 37.1 50.2 .. 0.7 82 44 16.0 92.2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. 16 .. .. .. .. 30 30 .. 35.6 Moldova .. 4 .. 38.9 18.6 0.3 108 47 4.8 95.6 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 92 .. .. Mongolia 6.31 6 10.5 67.2 15.3 0.9 105 27 19.5 74.4 Montenegro 6.85 10 92.6 .. .. 1.7 163 61 .. 72.2 Morocco 1.54 10 47.9 112.4 23.9 3.7 132 57 5.3 81.1 Mozambique .. 19 .. 34.7 20.4 1.0 70 6 5.6 72.2 Myanmar .. 13 .. 28.3 .. 3.7 54 2 .. 55.6 Namibia 0.85 66 14.8 54.6 23.1 4.2 114 15 2.7 47.8 Nepal 0.69 17 22.1 71.5 15.3 1.5 82 15 0.2 72.2 Netherlands 5.34 4 89.5 230.5 20.0 1.1 116 93 19.9 .. New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 70 13.1 .. New Zealand 16.63 1 37.2 .. 27.2 1.2 112 86 9.1 .. Nicaragua .. 13 .. 47.2 15.1 0.7 115 18 0.4 70.0 Niger .. 15 .. 12.3 .. 1.0 44 2 57.1 71.1 116 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment States and markets 5 Business Time Stock Domestic Tax revenue Military Mobile Individuals High- Overall entry required market credit collected expenditures cellular using the technology statistical density to start a capitalization provided by by central subscriptionsa Interneta exports capacity per 1,000 business financial government people sector % of ages per % of manufactured (0, low, to 15–64 days % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP 100 people population exports 100, high) 2014 June 2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Nigeria 0.76 31 11.2 21.8 1.6 0.4 78 43 2.1 71.1 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Norway 7.72 4 43.9 .. 25.2 1.4 116 96 20.7 .. Oman 1.02 7 46.2 41.2 2.6 11.8 158 70 4.3 .. Pakistan 0.04 19 .. 47.5 11.2 3.4 73 14 1.4 75.6 Palau .. 28 .. .. .. .. 91 .. 20.2 42.2 Panama 14.10 6 29.8 83.7 .. .. 158 45 0.2 78.9 Papua New Guinea .. 53 18.6 51.0 .. 0.6 45 9 3.5 45.6 Paraguay .. 35 .. 40.8 12.8 1.5 106 43 6.1 72.2 Peru 2.44 26 38.9 24.8 16.5 1.4 104 40 3.8 93.3 Philippines 0.27 29 91.9 55.8 12.9 1.2 111 40 49.0 82.2 Poland .. 30 31.0 71.0 15.5 1.9 149 67 8.7 85.6 Portugal 4.62 3 25.1 173.3 22.1 1.8 112 65 4.4 .. Puerto Rico .. 6 .. .. .. .. 87 79 .. .. Qatar 1.70 9 88.5 80.4 .. .. 146 91 0.0 .. Romania 4.07 8 11.2 38.0 17.4 1.3 106 54 6.4 82.2 Russian Federation 4.20 11 20.7 52.4 14.3 4.5 155 71 11.5 .. Rwanda 1.49 6 .. .. 13.4 1.1 64 11 11.9 73.3 Samoa 1.04 9 .. 77.4 0.0 .. 56 21 1.7 53.3 San Marino .. 17 .. .. .. .. 119 .. .. .. São Tomé and Príncipe 3.04 5 .. 26.2 13.9 .. 65 24 0.8 65.6 Saudi Arabia .. 19 64.1 1.8 .. 10.7 180 64 0.7 .. Senegal 0.30 6 .. 34.1 19.2 1.5 99 18 3.6 75.6 Serbia 1.62 12 .. 52.8 19.7 2.2 122 54 .. 90.0 Seychelles .. 32 .. 33.1 28.4 1.1 162 54 .. 65.6 Sierra Leone 0.32 10 .. 14.8 .. 0.8 77 2 0.0 63.3 Singapore 9.51 3 244.5 126.3 13.8 3.2 147 82 47.2 .. Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Slovak Republic 3.10 12 4.9 65.7 13.2 1.0 117 80 10.2 86.7 Slovenia 4.44 6 15.2 68.7 17.6 1.0 112 72 5.8 .. Solomon Islands .. 9 .. 22.2 .. .. 66 9 0.0 48.9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 51 2 .. 20.0 South Africa 6.54 46 266.7 185.6 25.5 1.1 149 49 5.9 81.1 South Sudan 0.33 14 .. .. .. 8.2 25 16 .. 34.4 Spain 2.97 14 71.9 210.6 13.9 0.9 108 76 7.0 .. Sri Lanka 0.51 10 30.0 43.0 10.4 2.3 103 26 0.9 73.3 St. Kitts and Nevis .. 19 .. 81.1 20.2 .. 119 65 .. 56.7 St. Lucia 0.56 11 .. 108.2 22.9 .. 103 51 5.2 61.1 St. Martin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 1.37 10 .. 57.9 .. .. 105 56 0.1 55.6 Sudan .. 36 .. 20.9 .. .. 72 25 .. 51.1 Suriname 1.36 84 .. 38.9 19.5 .. 171 40 20.7 62.2 Swaziland .. 30 .. 16.5 .. 1.8 72 27 .. 58.9 Sweden 6.87 7 .. 157.5 26.3 1.2 128 93 13.9 .. Switzerland 2.53 10 213.3 176.0 9.5 0.7 137 87 26.4 .. Syrian Arab Republic .. 13 .. .. .. .. 64 28 .. 47.8 Tajikistan 0.26 11 .. 19.5 .. 1.1 95 17 .. 81.1 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 117 5 States and markets Business Time Stock Domestic Tax revenue Military Mobile Individuals High- Overall entry required market credit collected expenditures cellular using the technology statistical density to start a capitalization provided by by central subscriptionsa Interneta exports capacity per 1,000 business financial government people sector % of ages per % of manufactured (0, low, to 15–64 days % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP 100 people population exports 100, high) 2014 June 2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 Tanzania .. 26 .. 20.2 11.7 1.0 63 5 2.7 75.6 Thailand 0.90 28 106.3 168.6 17.3 1.4 144 35 20.4 85.6 Timor-Leste 4.63 9 .. –1.1 .. 2.1 119 1 9.8 62.2 Togo 0.26 10 .. 39.7 18.8 .. 65 6 0.2 65.6 Tonga 1.91 16 .. 29.5 .. .. 64 40 2.4 47.8 Trinidad and Tobago .. 12 .. 29.1 .. 0.8 147 65 .. 56.7 Tunisia 1.52 11 19.2 84.6 21.1 1.9 128 46 4.9 76.7 Turkey 1.13 8 27.5 88.1 21.4 2.2 95 51 1.9 82.2 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 12 .. 33.3 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 .. Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 37 .. 37.8 Uganda 1.17 27 31.4 16.8 11.0 1.2 52 18 2.4 72.2 Ukraine 0.92 7 11.8 109.9 18.3 3.1 144 43 6.5 91.1 United Arab Emirates 1.38 8 50.5 83.0 0.4 5.7 178 90 .. .. United Kingdom 12.90 5 106.5 168.8 25.4 2.0 124 92 20.6 .. United States .. 6 151.2 253.5 10.5 3.5 110 87 18.2 .. Uruguay 2.49 7 .. 35.5 18.8 1.6 161 61 7.9 88.9 Uzbekistan 0.64 7 .. .. .. .. 78 44 .. 51.1 Vanuatu .. 35 .. 72.1 16.0 .. 60 19 .. 45.6 Venezuela, RB .. 144 .. 61.9 .. 1.4 99 57 1.1 82.2 Vietnam .. 20 24.7 113.8 .. 2.3 147 48 26.9 82.2 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. 44 25.0 9.8 4.8 .. 72 54 .. 80.0 Yemen, Rep. .. 40 .. 33.9 .. 4.6 68 23 1.2 55.6 Zambia 1.33 8 .. 25.9 16.0 1.6 67 17 1.7 60.0 Zimbabwe .. 90 .. .. .. 2.6 81 20 1.7 62.2 World 4.01 u 20 u 94.3 w 173.6 w 14.0 w 2.3 w 97 w 41 w 18.4 w .. u East Asia & Pacific 8.28 23 91.8 205.6 11.7 1.8 103 47 27.4 72.0 c,d Europe & Central Asia 4.63 10 64.3 142.6 18.8 1.8 126 69 15.5 77.1c,d Latin America & Caribbean 1.98 29 36.2 75.8 .. 1.3 115 50 10.9 77.3c,d Middle East & North Africa 4.20 19 51.4 50.8 .. 6.5 110 38 .. 64.4 c,d North America 1.28 4 148.0 253.5 10.6 3.3 107 87 17.6 .. South Asia 0.23 16 70.3 70.1 10.7 2.4 75 17 8.1 71.1c,d Sub-Saharan Africa 2.28 27 .. 61.4 13.5 1.0 71 19 4.0 59.9c,d Low income 0.55 27 .. 23.4 .. 1.5 57 6 5.3 59.8d Lower middle income 1.69 20 65.1 61.3 11.0 1.8 88 23 11.5 70.4 d Upper middle income 2.89 24 55.7 132.8 13.5 1.9 101 48 20.6 71.5d High income 6.41 15 111.2 202.2 14.6 2.5 126 81 18.5 .. a. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. Please cite ITU for third party use of these data. b. Differs from the official value published by the government of China (1.3 percent; see National Bureau of Statistics of China, www.stats.gov.cn). c. Excludes high-income countries. d. Excludes countries with a population below 1 million. 118 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment States and markets 5 About the data Entrepreneurial activity refer to businesses in the economy’s largest business city and The rate new businesses are added to an economy is a measure of may not represent regulations in other locations of the economy. To its dynamism and entrepreneurial activity. Data on business entry address this limitation, subnational indicators are being collected density are from the World Bank’s 2015 Entrepreneurship Database, for selected economies, and coverage has been extended to the which includes indicators for more than 150 countries for 2004–14. second largest business city in economies with a population of Survey data are used to analyze firm creation, its relationship to eco- more than 100 million. Subnational indicators point to substantial nomic growth and poverty reduction, and the impact of regulatory and differences in the speed of reform and the ease of doing business institutional reforms. Data on total registered businesses were col- across cities in the same economy. Second, the data often focus lected from national registrars of companies. For cross-country com- on a specific business form—generally a limited liability company of parability, only limited liability corporations that operate in the formal a specified size—and may not represent regulation for other types sector are included. For additional information on sources, methodol- of businesses such as sole proprietorships. Third, transactions ogy, calculation of entrepreneurship rates, and data limitations see described in a standardized business case refer to a specific set of www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship. issues and may not represent all the issues a business encounters. Data on time required to start a business are from the Doing Busi- Fourth, the time measures involve an element of judgment by the ness database, whose indicators measure business regulation, gauge expert respondents. When sources indicate different estimates, regulatory outcomes, and measure the extent of legal protection of the Doing Business time indicators represent the median values property, the flexibility of employment regulation, and the tax burden of several responses given under the assumptions of the standard- on businesses. The fundamental premise is that economic activity ized case. Fifth, the methodology assumes that a business has full requires good rules and regulations that are efficient, accessible, information on what is required and does not waste time in complet- and easy to implement. Some indicators give a higher score for more ing procedures. In constructing the indicators, it is assumed that regulation, such as stricter disclosure requirements in related-party entrepreneurs know about all regulations and comply with them. In transactions, and others give a higher score for simplified regulations, practice, entrepreneurs may not be aware of all required procedures such as a one-stop shop for completing business startup formalities. or may avoid legally required procedures altogether. There are 11 sets of indicators covering starting a business, register- ing property, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, Financial systems enforcing contracts, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, The development of an economy’s financial markets is closely related trading across borders, resolving insolvency, and employing workers. to its overall development. Well functioning financial systems provide The indicators are available at www.doingbusiness.org. good and easily accessible information. That lowers transaction costs, Doing Business data are collected with a standardized survey which in turn improves resource allocation and boosts economic growth that uses a simple business case to ensure comparability across (Beck and Levine 2001). At low levels of economic development com- economies and over time—with assumptions about the legal form mercial banks tend to dominate the financial system, while at higher of the business, its size, its location, and nature of its operation. levels domestic stock markets become more active and efficient. Surveys in 189 countries are administered through more than 10,700 Open economies with sound macroeconomic policies, good legal local experts, including lawyers, business consultants, accountants, systems, and shareholder protection attract capital and thus have freight forwarders, government officials, and other professionals who larger financial markets (Claessens, Klingebiel, and Schmukler routinely administer or advise on legal and regulatory requirements. 2002). The table includes market capitalization as a share of GDP Over the past two years Doing Business has introduced important as a measure of stock market size. Market size can be measured in improvements in 8 of the 10 sets of Doing Business indicators other ways that may produce a different ranking of countries. Recent to provide a new conceptual framework in which the emphasis on research on stock market development shows that modern communi- efficiency of regulation is complemented by increased emphasis on cations technology and increased financial integration have resulted quality of regulation. Moreover, Doing Business has changed the in more cross-border capital flows, a stronger presence of financial basis for the ease of doing business ranking, from the percentile firms around the world, and the migration of trading activities to rank to the distance to frontier score. The distance to frontier score international exchanges. Many firms in emerging markets now cross- benchmarks economies with respect to a measure of regulatory best list on international exchanges, which provides them with lower cost practice—showing the gap between each economy’s performance capital and more liquidity-traded shares. However, this also means and the best performance on each indicator. This measure captures that exchanges in emerging markets may not have enough financial more information than the simple rankings previously used as the activity to sustain them. Comparability across countries may be lim- basis because it shows not only how economies are ordered on ited by conceptual and statistical weaknesses, such as inaccurate their performance on the indicators, but also how far apart they are. reporting and differences in accounting standards. The Doing Business methodology has limitations that should be Domestic credit provided by the financial sector as a share of GDP considered when interpreting the data. First, the data collected measures banking sector depth and financial sector development in Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 119 5 States and markets terms of size. Data are taken from the financial corporation survey of Economist Intelligence Unit, country reports by IMF staff, and spe- the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) International Financial Sta- cialist journals and newspapers. tistics or, when unavailable, from its depository corporation survey. In the many cases where SIPRI cannot make independent estimates, The financial corporation survey includes monetary authorities (the it uses country-provided data. Because of differences in definitions central bank), deposit money banks, and other banking institutions, and the difficulty of verifying the accuracy and completeness of data, such as finance companies, development banks, and savings and data are not always comparable across countries. However, SIPRI puts loan institutions. In a few countries governments may hold inter- a high priority on ensuring that the data series for each country is com- national reserves as deposits in the banking system rather than parable over time. More information on SIPRI’s military expenditure in the central bank. Claims on the central government are a net project can be found at www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex. item (claims on the central government minus central government deposits) and thus may be negative, resulting in a negative value Infrastructure for domestic credit provided by the financial sector. The quality of an economy’s infrastructure, including information and communications technology, is an important element in investment Tax revenues decisions and economic development. Taxes are the main source of revenue for most governments. Tax The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that revenue as a share of GDP provides a quick overview of the fiscal there were 7 billion mobile subscriptions globally in 2015. No tech- obligations and incentives facing the private sector across coun- nology has ever spread faster around the world. Mobile communica- tries. The table shows only central government data, which may tions have a particularly important impact in rural areas. The mobil- significantly understate the total tax burden, particularly in countries ity, ease of use, flexible deployment, and relatively low and declining where provincial and municipal governments are large or have con- rollout costs of wireless technologies enable them to reach rural siderable tax authority. Data are based on the IMF’s Government populations with low levels of income and literacy. The next billion Finance Statistics Manual 2014. mobile subscribers will consist mainly of the rural poor. Low ratios of tax revenue to GDP may reflect weak administration Operating companies have traditionally been the main source of and large-scale tax avoidance or evasion. Low ratios may also reflect telecommunications data, so information on subscriptions has been a sizable parallel economy with unrecorded and undisclosed incomes. widely available for most countries. This gives a general idea of access, Tax revenue ratios tend to rise with income, with higher income coun- but a more precise measure is the penetration rate—the share of tries relying on taxes to finance a much broader range of social ser- households with access to telecommunications. During the past few vices and social security than lower income countries are able to. years more information on information and communication technology use has become available from household and business surveys. Also Military expenditures important are data on actual use of telecommunications services. The Although national defense is an important function of government, quality of data varies among reporting countries as a result of differ- high expenditures for defense or civil conflicts burden the economy ences in regulations covering data provision and availability. and may impede growth. Military expenditures as a share of GDP are a rough indicator of the portion of national resources used for High-technology exports military activities. As an “input” measure, military expenditures are The method for determining high-technology exports was developed not directly related to the “output” of military activities, capabilities, by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in or security. Comparisons across countries should take into account collaboration with Eurostat. It takes a “product approach” (rather than many factors, including historical and cultural traditions, the length a “sectoral approach”) based on research and development intensity of borders that need defending, the quality of relations with neigh- (expenditure divided by total sales) for groups of products from Ger- bors, and the role of the armed forces in the body politic. many, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. Data are from the Stockholm International Peace Research Insti- Because industrial sectors specializing in a few high-technology prod- tute (SIPRI), whose primary source of military expenditure data is ucts may also produce low-technology products, the product approach official data provided by national governments. These data are is more appropriate for international trade. The method takes only derived from budget documents, defense white papers, and other research and development intensity into account, but other characteris- public documents from official government agencies, including tics of high technology are also important, such as knowhow, scientific government responses to questionnaires sent by SIPRI, the United personnel, and technology embodied in patents. Considering these Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, or the Organization for characteristics would yield a different list (see Hatzichronoglou 1997). Security and Co-operation in Europe. Secondary sources include international statistics, such as those of the North Atlantic Treaty Statistical capacity Organization (NATO) and the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics Statistical capacity is a country’s ability to collect, analyze, and Yearbook. Other secondary sources include country reports of the disseminate high-quality data about its population and economy. 120 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment States and markets 5 When statistical capacity improves and policy makers use accurate subscriptions and active prepaid accounts (that is, accounts that have statistics to inform their decisions, this results in better develop- been used during the last three months) are included. The indicator ment policy design and outcomes. The Statistical Capacity Indica- applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communica- tor is an essential tool for monitoring and tracking the statistical tions and excludes subscriptions for data cards or USB modems, sub- capacity of low- and middle- income countries and helps national scriptions to public mobile data services, private-trunked mobile radio, statistics offices worldwide identify gaps in their capabilities to col- telepoint, radio paging, and telemetry services. • Individuals using the lect, produce, and use data. Internet are the percentage of individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 12 months. Internet can be used via a Definitions computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, • Business entry density is the number of newly registered limited digital television, or similar device. • High-technology exports are liability corporations per 1,000 people ages 15–64. • Time required products with high research and development intensity, such as in to start a business is the number of calendar days to complete the aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and procedures for legally operating a business using the fastest proce- electrical machinery. • Overall statistical capacity is the composite dure, independent of cost. • Stock market capitalization is the share score assessing the capacity of a country’s statistical system. It is price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several based on a diagnostic framework that assesses methodology, data classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, sources, and periodicity and timeliness. Countries are scored against and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other 25 criteria in these areas, using publicly available information and listed companies are excluded. • Domestic credit provided by finan- country input. The overall statistical capacity score is then calculated cial sector is all credit to various sectors on a gross basis, except to as simple average of all three area scores on a scale of 0–100. the central government, which is net. The financial sector includes monetary authorities, deposit money banks, and other banking institu- Data sources tions for which data are available. • Tax revenue collected by central Data on business entry density are from the World Bank’s Entre- government is compulsory transfers to the central government for preneurship Database (www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penal- /entrepreneurship). Data on time required to start a business are ties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds from the World Bank’s Doing Business project (www.doingbusiness and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as .org). Data on market capitalization are from the World Federation negative revenue. The analytic framework of the IMF’s Government of Exchanges. Data on domestic credit are from the IMF’s Inter- Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001) is based on accrual national Financial Statistics. Data on central government tax rev- accounting and balance sheets. For countries still reporting govern- enue are from the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics. Data on ment finance data on a cash basis, the IMF adjusts reported data to military expenditures are from SIPRI’s Military Expenditure Database the GFSM 2001 accrual framework. These countries are footnoted in (www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database/milex the table. • Military expenditures are SIPRI data derived from NATO’s _database). Data on mobile cellular phone subscriptions and indi- former definition (in use until 2002), which includes all current and viduals using the Internet are from the ITU’s World Telecommunica- capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping tion/ICT Indicators database. Data on high-technology exports are forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged from the United Nations Statistics Division’s Commodity Trade (Com- in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if judged to be trained and trade) database. Data on Statistical Capacity Indicator are from the equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such World Bank’s Bulletin Board on Statistical Capacity (http://bbsc expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement .worldbank.org). pensions and social services for military personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and References military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). Excluded Beck, T., and R. Levine. 2001. “Stock Markets, Banks, and Growth: are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activi- Correlation or Causality?” Policy Research Working Paper 2670. ties, such as for veterans benefits, demobilization, and weapons con- World Bank, Washington, DC. version and destruction. This definition cannot be applied for all coun- Claessens, S., D. Klingebiel, and S. L. Schmukler. 2002. “Explaining tries, however, since that would require more detailed information than the Migration of Stocks from Exchanges in Emerging Economies to is available about military budgets and off-budget military expenditures International Centers.” Policy Research Working Paper 2816, World (for example, whether military budgets cover civil defense, reserves Bank, Washington, DC. and auxiliary forces, police and paramilitary forces, and military pen- Hatzichronoglou, T. 1997. “Revision of the High-Technology Sector and sions). • Mobile cellular subscriptions are the number of subscrip- Product Classification.” STI Working Paper 1997/2. Organisation for tions to a public mobile telephone service that provides access to the Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Science, public switched telephone network using cellular technology. Postpaid Technology, and Industry, Paris. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 121 5 States and markets Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.1). To view a specific /indicator/IE.PPI.TELE.CD). 5.1 Private sector in the economy 5.5 Financial access, stability, and efficiency Telecommunications investment IE.PPI.TELE.CD Strength of legal rights index IC.LGL.CRED.XQ Energy investment IE.PPI.ENGY.CD Depth of credit information index IC.CRD.INFO.XQ Transport investment IE.PPI.TRAN.CD Depositors with commercial banks FB.CBK.DPTR.P3 Water and sanitation investment IE.PPI.WATR.CD Borrowers from commercial banks FB.CBK.BRWR.P3 Domestic credit to private sector FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS Commercial bank branches FB.CBK.BRCH.P5 Businesses registered, New IC.BUS.NREG Automated teller machines FB.ATM.TOTL.P5 Businesses registered, Entry density IC.BUS.NDNS.ZS Bank capital to assets ratio FB.BNK.CAPA.ZS Ratio of bank nonperforming loans to total 5.2 Business environment: enterprise surveys gross loans FB.AST.NPER.ZS Time dealing with government regulations IC.GOV.DURS.ZS Domestic credit to private sector by banks FD.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS Average number of times meeting with tax Interest rate spread FR.INR.LNDP officials IC.TAX.METG Risk premium on lending FR.INR.RISK Time required to obtain operating license IC.FRM.DURS Bribery incidence IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS 5.6 Tax policies Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, Tax revenue collected by central government GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS and arson IC.FRM.CRIM.ZS Number of tax payments by businesses IC.TAX.PAYM Firms competing against unregistered firms IC.FRM.CMPU.ZS Time for businesses to prepare, file and Firms with female top manager IC.FRM.FEMM.ZS pay taxes IC.TAX.DURS Firms using banks to finance working capital IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS Business profit tax IC.TAX.PRFT.CP.ZS Value lost due to electrical outages IC.FRM.OUTG.ZS Business labor tax and contributions IC.TAX.LABR.CP.ZS Internationally recognized quality Other business taxes IC.TAX.OTHR.CP.ZS certification ownership IC.FRM.ISOC.ZS Total business tax rate IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS Average time to clear exports through customs IC.CUS.DURS.EX 5.7 Military expenditures and arms transfers Firms offering formal training IC.FRM.TRNG.ZS Military expenditure, % of GDP MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS Military expenditure, % of central 5.3 Business environment: Doing Business indicators government expenditure MS.MIL.XPND.ZS Number of procedures to start a business IC.REG.PROC Arm forces personnel MS.MIL.TOTL.P1 Time required to start a business IC.REG.DURS Arm forces personnel, % of total labor force MS.MIL.TOTL.TF.ZS Cost to start a business IC.REG.COST.PC.ZS Arms transfers, Exports MS.MIL.XPRT.KD Number of procedures to register property IC.PRP.PROC Arms transfers, Imports MS.MIL.MPRT.KD Time required to register property IC.PRP.DURS Number of procedures to build a warehouse IC.WRH.PROC 5.8 Fragile situations Time required to build a warehouse IC.WRH.DURS International Development Association Resource Allocation Index IQ.CPA.IRAI.XQ Time required to get electricity IC.ELC.TIME Peacekeeping troops, police, and military Time required to enforce a contract IC.LGL.DURS observers VC.PKP.TOTL.UN Business disclosure index IC.BUS.DISC.XQ Battle related deaths VC.BTL.DETH Time required to resolve insolvency IC.ISV.DURS Intentional homicides VC.IHR.PSRC.P5 5.4 Stock markets Military expenditures MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS Market capitalization, $ CM.MKT.LCAP.CD Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson IC.FRM.CRIM.ZS Market capitalization, % of GDP CM.MKT.LCAP.GD.ZS Firms formally registered when operations Value of shares traded CM.MKT.TRAD.GD.ZS started IC.FRM.FREG.ZS Turnover ratio CM.MKT.TRNR Children in employment SL.TLF.0714.ZS Listed domestic companies CM.MKT.LDOM.NO Refugees, By country of origin SM.POP.REFG.OR S&P/Global Equity Indices CM.MKT.INDX.ZG Refugees, By country of asylum SM.POP.REFG 122 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment States and markets 5 Internally displaced persons VC.IDP.TOTL.HE Fixed telephone international voice traffic ..a Access to an improved water source SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS Mobile cellular network international voice traffic ..a Access to improved sanitation facilities SH.STA.ACSN Population covered by mobile cellular network ..a Maternal mortality ratio, National estimate SH.STA.MMRT.NE Fixed telephone sub-basket ..a Maternal mortality ratio, Modeled estimate SH.STA.MMRT Mobile cellular sub-basket ..a Under-five mortality rate SH.DYN.MORT Telecommunications revenue ..a Depth of food deficit SN.ITK.DFCT Mobile cellular and fixed-line subscribers Primary gross enrollment ratio SE.PRM.ENRR per employee ..a 5.9 Public policies and institutions 5.12 The information age International Development Association Households with television ..a Resource Allocation Index IQ.CPA.IRAI.XQ Households with a computer ..a Macroeconomic management IQ.CPA.MACR.XQ Fiscal policy IQ.CPA.FISP.XQ Individuals using the Internet ..a Debt policy IQ.CPA.DEBT.XQ Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions IT.NET.BBND.P2 Economic management, Average IQ.CPA.ECON.XQ International Internet bandwidth ..a Trade IQ.CPA.TRAD.XQ Fixed broadband sub-basket ..a Financial sector IQ.CPA.FINS.XQ Secure Internet servers IT.NET.SECR.P6 Business regulatory environment IQ.CPA.BREG.XQ Information and communications Structural policies, Average IQ.CPA.STRC.XQ technology goods, Exports TX.VAL.ICTG.ZS.UN Gender equality IQ.CPA.GNDR.XQ Information and communications Equity of public resource use IQ.CPA.PRES.XQ technology goods, Imports TM.VAL.ICTG.ZS.UN Building human resources IQ.CPA.HRES.XQ Information and communications Social protection and labor IQ.CPA.PROT.XQ technology services, Exports BX.GSR.CCIS.ZS Policies and institutions for environmental sustainability IQ.CPA.ENVR.XQ 5.13 Science and technology Policies for social inclusion and equity, Average IQ.CPA.SOCI.XQ Research and development (R&D), Researchers SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6 Property rights and rule-based governance IQ.CPA.PROP.XQ Research and development (R&D), Technicians SP.POP.TECH.RD.P6 Quality of budgetary and financial management IQ.CPA.FINQ.XQ Scientific and technical journal articles IP.JRN.ARTC.SC Efficiency of revenue mobilization IQ.CPA.REVN.XQ Expenditures for R&D GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS Quality of public administration IQ.CPA.PADM.XQ High-technology exports, $ TX.VAL.TECH.CD Transparency, accountability, and High-technology exports, % of manufactured corruption in the public sector IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ exports TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS Public sector management and institutions, Charges for the use of intellectual property, Average IQ.CPA.PUBS.XQ Receipts BX.GSR.ROYL.CD Charges for the use of intellectual property, 5.10 Transport services Payments BM.GSR.ROYL.CD Rail lines IS.RRS.TOTL.KM Patent applications filed, Residents IP.PAT.RESD Railway passengers carried IS.RRS.PASG.KM Patent applications filed, Nonresidents IP.PAT.NRES Railway goods hauled IS.RRS.GOOD.MT.K6 Port container traffic IS.SHP.GOOD.TU Trademark applications filed, Total IP.TMK.TOTL Registered air carrier departures worldwide IS.AIR.DPRT 5.14 Statistical capacity Air passengers carried IS.AIR.PSGR Overall level of statistical capacity IQ.SCI.OVRL Air freight IS.AIR.GOOD.MT.K1 Methodology assessment IQ.SCI.MTHD 5.11 Power and communications Source data assessment IQ.SCI.SRCE Electric power consumption per capita EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC Periodicity and timeliness assessment IQ.SCI.PRDC Electric power transmission and distribution losses EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS Data disaggregated by sex are available in the World Development Fixed telephone subscriptions Indicators database. IT.MLT.MAIN.P2 a. Available online only as part of the table, not as an individual indicator. Mobile cellular subscriptions IT.CEL.SETS.P2 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 123 GLOBAL LINKS 124 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment 6 The world economy is bound together by trade more resilient and were about 4 percent higher in goods and services, financial flows, and than 2013 levels, accounting for more than movements of people. As national economies 40 percent of global FDI. Investors continue to develop, their links expand and grow more com- be attracted by improved business and regula- plex. The indicators in Global links measure the tory environments, growth prospects, and buoy- size and direction of these flows and document ant and expanding domestic markets. Although the effects of policy interventions, such as tar- many economies receive FDI, flows remain highly iffs, trade facilitation, and aid flows, on the devel- concentrated: Brazil, China, and India account opment of the world economy. for more than half. The accommodative monetary policy imple- Global portfolio equity flows rebounded sub- mented by the major central banks in 2014 stantially, with an overall annual increase of through unchanged interest rates lowered risk 41 percent at the end of 2014. Equity flows to premiums, improved liquidity in financial markets, high-income economies increased 42 percent, and supported economic growth. However, global and equity flows to middle-income economies markets remain surrounded by uncertainties increased 27 percent. Investors sought emerg- related to geopolitical tension in some regions. ing markets perceived as offering high returns, International lending to low- and middle-income leading to some diversification in the destination economies fell 18 percent in 2014, driven by a of portfolio equity flows, but in general portfo- sharp 60 percent contraction in short-term debt, lio equity flows remained highly concentrated in reflecting fresh turbulence and uncertainty in the only a handful of middle-income countries. China global economy. Just over half of long-term debt recorded a 58 percent increase in net portfo- inflows went to nonguaranteed private sector bor- lio equity flows, to $52 billion; India recorded a rowers, compared with 62 percent in 2013. Bond 40 percent decline, to $12 billion; and Brazil’s issuance by public and private entities remained net inflows remained unchanged, at $12 billion. an important source of external financing, totaling In 2014 inflows of international personal $242 billion in 2014. There was also an impor- remittances totaled $528 billion, a 6 percent tant shift in borrower composition: bond issu- increase over 2013. Personal remittances are ance by public sector borrowers rose 32 percent calculated in balance of payments statistics to $146 billion, equivalent to 60 percent of total as the sum of personal transfers (payments bond issuance in 2014 (compared with 46 percent between resident and nonresident individuals) in 2013). A principal driver was the purchase of and compensation of employees (the income of domestically issued bonds by nonresidents. short-term nonresident workers and of residents Global inflows of foreign direct investment employed by nonresident entities). Some 72 per- (FDI) declined 20 percent in 2014, due mainly cent ($378 billion) of personal remittances were to a 30  percent decrease into high-income received by low- and middle-income economies. economies. FDI inflows to these economies High-income economies received $150 billion, amounted to $899 billion, only 36 percent of mostly as compensation of employees; the three the levels prior to the financial crisis. FDI inflows top receivers, with about 37 percent, were Bel- into low- and middle-income countries proved gium, France, and Germany. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 125 Over the past decade flows of foreign direct invest- are the preferred source of capital for financing a cur- ment (FDI) to low- and middle-income economies have rent account deficit because FDI is non-debt- creating. increased substantially. It has long been recognized Global inflows of FDI declined 20  percent in 2014, that FDI flows can carry the benefits of knowledge and to $1.6 trillion, due mainly to a 30 percent decrease technology transfer to domestic firms and the labor into high-income economies. Low- and middle- income force, productivity spillover, enhanced competition, and economies continued to prove more resilient, with FDI improved access for exports abroad. Moreover, they inflows decreasing only 1.4 percent. Foreign direct investment Greenland Foreign direct investment (Den.) net inflows, 2014 (% of GDP) 6.0 or more 4.0–5.9 Canada 2.0–3.9 1.0–1.9 Less than 1.0 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Mexico The Bahamas Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa French Caribbean Inset Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Puerto Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji Dominican Rico, U.S. Sint Maarten (Neth.) Paraguay Tonga Republic St. Martin (Fr.) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Islands (U.S.) Barbuda Chile St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr.) and Nevis Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia Argentina Uruguay (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago IBRD 41455 126 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment A large share of the Republic of Congo’s GDP—39 percent in 2014— China was the top overall recipient of FDI in 2014, with $289 billion. is from FDI inflows. FDI inflows in the United States dropped 54 percent in 2014. Brazil is the top receiver of foreign direct investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, with $97 billion. Greenland (Den.) Russian Federation Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Netherlands Estonia United Latvia Kingdom Denmark Lithuania Ireland Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Luxembourg Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Liechtenstein Moldova France Romania Switzerland Dem.People’s Uzbekistan Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Rep. Japan Spain Monaco Greece Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Portugal Andorra Korea Cyprus Syrian China Malta Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Libya Bahrain Pakistan Arab Rep. Qatar Western of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Gambia Cambodia Philippines Faso Djibouti Islands Guinea- Guinea Benin Federated States Bissau Sri Brunei of Micronesia Sierra Leone CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Darussalam d’Ivoire African Sudan Lanka Palau Liberia Togo Cameroon Republic Somalia Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Tanzania In d o n esi a Papua Solomon Comoros New Guinea Seychelles Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Fiji Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 127 6 Global links Merchandise Net barter Inbound Net official Net Personal Foreign Portfolio Total Total debt trade terms of tourism development migration remittances, direct equity external service trade index expenditure assistance received investment debt stock % of exports of goods, services, Net inflow Net inflow and primary % of GDP 2000 = 100 % of exports % of GNI thousands $ millions $ millions $ millions $ millions income 2014 2014 2014 2014 2010–15 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Afghanistan 41.4 138.5 4.9 23.3 473 268 49 .. 2,555 1.8 Albania 58.0 89.8 49.5 2.1 –92 1,142 1,149 34 8,000 8.6 Algeria 56.8 264.5 0.5 0.1 –143 304 1,505 .. 5,453 0.4 American Samoa .. 137.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 239.8 2.6 .. 102 0 1,922 .. 28,450 11.9 Antigua and Barbuda 45.5 57.0 .. 0.2 0 21 167 .. .. .. Argentina 25.5 170.3 6.1 0.0 30 502 6,055 –688 .. .. Armenia 50.8 112.7 29.9 2.2 –10 2,079 404 1 8,551 31.7 Aruba .. 133.5 70.8 .. 1 7 248 .. .. .. Australia 32.9 165.1 11.6 .. 1,023 2,332 46,333 10,887 .. .. Austria 82.4 87.7 9.0 .. 147 3,315 8,202 1,206 .. .. Azerbaijan 50.0 184.2 8.3 0.3 –16 1,846 4,430 10 11,693 5.2 Bahamas, The 48.4 81.0 66.1 .. 10 .. 266 .. .. .. Bahrain 101.6 125.4 7.9 .. 30 .. 958 –7,689 .. .. Bangladesh 42.0 59.3 0.5 1.3 –2,226 14,983 2,497 358 34,925 5.2 Barbados 49.9 113.6 .. .. 2 87 275 .. .. .. Belarus 101.4 116.9 2.8 0.2 121 1,231 1,862 5 40,014 12.1 Belgium 173.8 95.4 3.4 .. 270 11,453 –20,097 3,232 .. .. Belize 93.8 100.3 35.1 .. 8 80 141 .. 1,288 8.4 Benin 46.9 115.0 .. 6.3 –10 217 377 .. 1,984 .. Bermuda .. 112.6 .. .. .. 1,290 –17 –57 .. .. Bhutan 69.7 122.7 19.0 7.1 10 14 8 .. 1,840 12.2 Bolivia 68.8 202.5 5.5 2.1 –62 1,184 73 .. 8,781 7.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91.2 98.2 12.4 3.4 –3 2,086 497 .. 10,591 11.8 Botswana 98.3 84.5 .. 0.6 20 48 393 0 2,384 0.6 Brazil 19.2 130.2 2.8 0.0 16 2,645 96,895 11,773 556,871 21.6 Brunei Darussalam 82.5 200.7 .. .. 2 .. 568 .. .. .. Bulgaria 113.0 107.8 12.4 .. –50 1,684 1,971 –77 48,742 15.2 Burkina Faso 49.6 114.4 .. 9.0 –125 121 342 66 2,544 2.7 Burundi 28.9 137.8 .. 16.2 40 51 .. .. 690 .. Cabo Verde 45.4 101.3 53.1 12.9 –11 191 132 .. 1,537 4.9 Cambodia 144.8 68.6 28.6 5.1 –150 377 1,730 .. 6,811 1.4 Cameroon 36.9 156.4 .. 2.7 –60 251 501 .. 5,289 .. Canada 53.2 125.4 3.1 .. 1,176 1,184 57,168 23,127 .. .. Cayman Islands .. 61.6 .. .. .. .. 18,553 .. .. .. Central African Republic 20.0 73.7 .. 35.3 10 .. 3 .. 657 .. Chad 56.7 196.6 .. 2.9 100 .. 761 .. 2,857 .. Channel Islands .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. Chile 57.3 135.5 3.6 0.1 201 136 22,002 2,321 .. .. China 41.5 84.0 2.3 0.0 –1,800 29,911 289,097 51,916 959,510 1.9 Hong Kong SAR, China 386.6 64.6 7.4 .. 150 372 115,980 17,648 .. .. Macao SAR, China 22.8 86.7 93.7 .. 35 50 2,550 .. .. .. Colombia 31.5 145.9 7.7 0.3 –145 4,166 16,151 3,833 102,345 19.5 Comoros 48.1 94.2 .. 11.9 –10 121 14 .. 145 0.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. 40.8 122.6 0.0 8.3 –96 22 –344 –14 5,508 3.3 Congo, Rep. 102.0 215.0 .. 0.9 –60 .. 5,502 .. 3,901 .. 128 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Global links 6 Merchandise Net barter Inbound Net official Net Personal Foreign Portfolio Total Total debt trade terms of tourism development migration remittances, direct equity external service trade index expenditure assistance received investment debt stock % of exports of goods, services, Net inflow Net inflow and primary % of GDP 2000 = 100 % of exports % of GNI thousands $ millions $ millions $ millions $ millions income 2014 2014 2014 2014 2010–15 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Costa Rica 57.4 62.8 18.5 0.1 20 594 2,578 .. 20,974 21.1 Côte d’Ivoire 69.0 158.8 .. 2.8 50 378 462 .. 10,857 11.6 Croatia 64.2 99.3 37.9 .. –20 2,149 3,937 –21 .. .. Cuba .. 112.0 .. .. –80 .. .. .. .. .. Curaçao .. 98.9 .. .. 6 143 69 .. .. .. Cyprus 36.8 92.2 .. .. 35 260 861 1,178 .. .. Czech Republic 159.0 103.4 4.4 .. 30 1,893 4,871 270 .. .. Denmark 61.4 99.0 3.8 .. 97 1,377 –677 11,167 .. .. Djibouti 69.8 84.1 .. .. –16 36 153 .. 957 6.1 Dominica 46.5 97.4 .. 3.1 .. 24 41 .. 291 10.5 Dominican Republic 42.4 67.4 33.2 0.3 –153 4,810 2,385 .. 26,708 18.5 Ecuador 53.0 181.7 5.1 0.2 –38 2,472 773 1 26,333 13.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 31.4 149.6 16.9 1.2 –216 19,570 4,783 485 39,624 12.7 El Salvador 62.7 81.2 19.8 0.4 –240 4,235 475 .. 14,536 19.0 Equatorial Guinea 123.0 219.3 .. 0.0 20 .. 1,933 .. .. .. Eritrea .. 83.5 .. .. –160 .. 47 .. 908 .. Estonia 129.6 94.2 10.0 .. –12 544 1,571 –58 .. .. Ethiopia 42.1 136.9 .. 6.5 –60 646 1,200 .. 16,585 .. Faroe Islands .. 98.4 .. .. .. 161 .. .. .. .. Fiji 102.0 106.7 .. 2.1 –29 209 279 .. 864 .. Finland 55.5 88.7 3.5 .. 107 974 14,812 3,966 .. .. France 44.5 89.1 7.8 .. 332 25,195 7,957 15,287 .. .. French Polynesia .. 80.7 .. .. –1 669 129 .. .. .. Gabon 65.6 214.2 .. 0.7 5 .. 973 .. 4,326 .. Gambia, The 56.2 103.4 .. 12.1 –13 191 28 .. 500 .. Georgia 69.3 130.6 28.0 3.4 –296 1,986 1,647 210 13,912 23.2 Germany 70.4 96.7 3.2 .. 1,250 17,629 8,390 3,764 .. .. Ghana 71.9 178.6 6.7 3.1 –50 2,008 3,363 .. 17,612 5.1 Greece 42.3 86.9 25.4 .. –136 735 1,683 11,267 .. .. Greenland .. 80.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Grenada 41.3 87.5 .. 4.6 –4 31 40 .. 651 10.4 Guam .. 100.6 .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. Guatemala 49.5 100.2 11.3 0.5 –120 5,837 1,205 .. 18,761 14.3 Guinea 51.8 96.2 .. 9.1 –10 95 566 .. 1,407 .. Guinea-Bissau 38.1 81.0 .. 10.6 –10 47 21 .. 271 .. Guyana 95.1 107.0 5.9 5.2 –27 330 238 .. 2,379 4.7 Haiti 51.8 88.3 34.9 12.4 –150 1,977 99 .. 1,937 1.4 Honduras 98.7 50.8 9.7 3.3 –80 3,370 1,294 .. 7,331 10.6 Hungary 155.9 99.8 6.0 .. 30 4,656 12,400 –341 .. .. Iceland 61.2 86.3 15.0 .. 0 206 746 –61 .. .. India 38.3 134.9 4.3 0.1 –2,598 70,389 33,871 12,369 463,230 18.6 Indonesia 39.9 121.5 5.8 0.0 –700 8,551 26,349 3,259 293,397 23.1 Iran, Islamic Rep. 32.9 183.0 .. .. –300 .. 2,105 .. 5,495 0.5 Iraq 64.3 209.1 .. 0.6 549 271 4,782 .. .. .. Ireland 75.2 89.4 3.9 .. –140 719 86,766 230,003 .. .. Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel 47.0 101.4 6.5 .. 19 859 6,738 3,600 .. .. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 129 6 Global links Merchandise Net barter Inbound Net official Net Personal Foreign Portfolio Total Total debt trade terms of tourism development migration remittances, direct equity external service trade index expenditure assistance received investment debt stock % of exports of goods, services, Net inflow Net inflow and primary % of GDP 2000 = 100 % of exports % of GNI thousands $ millions $ millions $ millions $ millions income 2014 2014 2014 2014 2010–15 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Italy 46.7 100.3 7.2 .. 528 9,982 13,727 26,676 .. .. Jamaica 52.5 84.8 51.8 0.7 –97 2,269 595 140 14,046 32.7 Japan 32.7 58.4 2.4 .. 350 3,733 9,070 32,997 .. .. Jordan 86.8 71.1 35.7 7.6 230 3,737 1,760 –31 24,256 8.5 Kazakhstan 54.8 215.6 1.8 0.0 160 229 7,598 –135 157,595 35.6 Kenya 40.2 88.1 16.5 4.4 –50 1,441 944 954 16,179 11.0 Kiribati 60.2 94.1 16.9 25.7 –2 16 8 .. .. .. Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 67.0 .. .. 0 .. 134 .. .. .. Korea, Rep. 77.9 52.7 3.2 .. 300 6,481 9,899 6,753 .. .. Kosovo .. .. .. 7.7 .. 1,192 200 .. 2,242 8.8 Kuwait 83.0 211.9 0.6 .. 518 4 486 586 .. .. Kyrgyz Republic 99.7 105.4 16.8 8.7 –114 2,243 211 6 7,257 14.2 Lao PDR 49.6 105.8 .. 4.1 –118 60 721 .. 10,724 .. Latvia 103.1 104.1 6.7 .. –73 1,774 878 58 .. .. Lebanon 56.2 99.7 36.8 1.8 1,250 7,404 2,954 496 30,608 16.4 Lesotho 143.6 74.8 2.0 4.0 –20 380 47 0 876 3.1 Liberia 80.9 127.8 10.6 44.3 –20 495 363 .. 633 1.9 Libya 97.2 221.8 .. 0.5 –502 .. 50 .. .. .. Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lithuania 139.9 94.4 3.5 .. –170 2,113 351 16 .. .. Luxembourg 70.8 74.1 4.4 .. 49 1,784 7,087 385,524 .. .. Macedonia, FYR 107.8 90.7 5.5 1.9 –5 367 61 –4 7,241 17.5 Madagascar 50.8 84.3 .. 5.7 –5 432 351 .. 2,853 .. Malawi 102.1 99.9 2.2 22.8 –30 38 716 0 1,637 4.0 Malaysia 131.0 96.2 9.0 0.0 450 1,573 10,609 .. 210,820 4.9 Maldives 75.7 91.2 79.5 0.9 0 3 363 –1 1,026 2.3 Mali 50.5 138.9 .. 10.9 –302 923 199 .. 3,416 .. Malta .. 126.5 9.9 .. 6 196 –13 –139 .. .. Marshall Islands 131.2 107.7 .. 24.2 .. 26 9 .. .. .. Mauritania 91.1 140.5 1.9 5.4 –20 .. 502 .. 3,522 9.9 Mauritius 69.0 75.8 27.3 0.4 0 1 418 801 11,288 26.9 Mexico 62.5 97.2 4.0 0.1 –524 24,462 24,154 4,833 432,602 12.2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 78.9 75.2 .. 33.9 –8 22 1 .. .. .. Moldova 96.2 70.7 10.7 5.9 –10 2,084 350 10 6,463 14.6 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia 91.6 172.2 3.4 2.8 –15 255 384 –1 20,826 21.2 Montenegro 61.2 .. 52.1 2.2 –2 431 497 16 2,454 12.6 Morocco 63.2 125.2 .. 2.1 –311 6,962 3,582 .. 42,772 15.1 Mozambique 84.5 94.6 4.8 13.4 –25 155 4,999 .. 7,793 3.7 Myanmar 42.4 115.3 12.1 2.2 –474 3,103 1,398 .. 6,351 0.5 Namibia 92.6 123.0 9.1 1.8 –1 10 493 15 .. .. Nepal 42.7 77.3 21.2 4.4 –372 5,770 6 .. 4,010 8.2 Netherlands 143.3 92.1 2.0 .. 110 1,540 48,225 4,732 .. .. New Caledonia .. 182.1 .. .. 6 479 2,288 .. .. .. New Zealand 42.1 138.9 .. .. 7 462 4,454 2,247 .. .. Nicaragua 102.3 87.7 8.9 3.7 –135 1,140 884 .. 10,216 14.8 Niger 45.9 157.8 .. 11.6 –28 157 769 .. 2,585 .. 130 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Global links 6 Merchandise Net barter Inbound Net official Net Personal Foreign Portfolio Total Total debt trade terms of tourism development migration remittances, direct equity external service trade index expenditure assistance received investment debt stock % of exports of goods, services, Net inflow Net inflow and primary % of GDP 2000 = 100 % of exports % of GNI thousands $ millions $ millions $ millions $ millions income 2014 2014 2014 2014 2010–15 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Nigeria 27.6 210.7 0.7 0.5 –300 20,829 4,656 1,037 26,858 0.8 Northern Mariana Islands .. 81.5 .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. .. Norway 46.6 157.1 3.4 .. 236 761 10,586 –414 .. .. Oman 102.2 239.1 3.5 .. 1,211 39 739 910 .. .. Pakistan 29.7 58.8 3.2 1.4 –1,082 17,066 1,778 772 62,184 19.1 Palau 74.2 88.1 .. 9.7 .. 2 40 .. .. .. Panama 74.4 79.7 21.0 –0.4 28 760 5,214 .. 19,343 4.6 Papua New Guinea 57.1 189.0 0.0 3.5 0 10 –30 –6 20,920 13.0 Paraguay 70.7 102.8 2.3 0.2 –87 507 523 .. 14,092 19.5 Peru 40.3 205.9 8.5 0.2 –240 2,639 7,885 –79 66,469 10.9 Philippines 45.5 65.2 8.0 0.2 –700 28,403 6,202 1,196 77,659 7.2 Poland 80.1 98.6 4.8 .. –74 7,409 17,275 3,290 .. .. Portugal 61.8 94.0 18.9 .. –140 424 12,410 2,087 .. .. Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. –104 .. .. .. .. .. Qatar 79.2 213.9 7.5 .. 364 499 1,040 2,482 .. .. Romania 74.1 107.4 2.7 .. –437 3,381 3,864 535 111,290 28.9 Russian Federation 43.3 182.0 3.5 .. 1,118 7,777 22,891 –12,922 .. .. Rwanda 40.5 181.0 24.5 13.3 –75 128 292 1 2,022 4.5 Samoa 57.7 83.9 65.1 12.0 –13 141 23 .. 450 7.9 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Príncipe 55.4 133.8 64.5 11.5 –6 27 27 .. 212 13.7 Saudi Arabia 68.6 205.4 2.6 .. 850 269 8,012 .. .. .. Senegal 60.4 108.8 .. 7.2 –100 1,644 343 .. 5,655 .. Serbia 80.8 103.3 7.0 0.9 –100 3,696 2,000 –22 33,103 41.4 Seychelles 118.3 88.1 35.0 0.7 –2 15 108 –21 .. .. Sierra Leone 69.8 56.3 2.4 20.9 –21 62 690 .. 1,238 2.3 Singapore 252.1 77.5 3.3 .. 398 .. 67,523 –1,290 .. .. Sint Maarten .. .. .. .. .. 62 48 .. .. .. Slovak Republic 168.3 93.9 2.8 .. 1 2,395 85 18 .. .. Slovenia 141.9 95.5 7.8 .. 4 757 1,030 123 .. .. Solomon Islands 82.8 104.0 11.3 18.1 –12 16 21 .. 187 2.8 Somalia .. 111.7 .. 21.1 –400 .. 106 .. 2,920 .. South Africa 60.8 135.1 9.6 0.3 600 913 5,741 2,551 144,006 8.6 South Sudan .. .. .. 16.6 865 .. –700 .. .. .. Spain 49.5 88.9 14.5 .. –593 3,119 34,233 27,940 .. .. Sri Lanka 39.0 105.9 19.6 0.7 –485 7,036 944 184 43,609 14.7 St. Kitts and Nevis 37.1 68.0 .. .. .. 52 120 .. .. .. St. Lucia 53.5 96.2 .. 1.3 0 30 75 .. 528 .. St. Martin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 56.2 93.9 .. 1.3 –5 33 139 .. 339 .. Sudan 18.4 a .. 16.4 a 1.2 –800 507a 1,251 2a 21,759a 4.4 a Suriname 79.8 122.1 4.4 0.2 –5 9 –210 .. .. .. Swaziland 79.2 107.0 0.8 2.0 –6 24 27 .. 438 1.3 Sweden 57.3 91.6 5.0 .. 273 4,442 –2,535 2,008 .. .. Switzerland 83.7 102.3 4.7 .. 382 2,349 22,741 3,753 .. .. Syrian Arab Republic .. 139.9 .. .. –4,030 1,623 .. .. 4,597 .. Tajikistan 60.4 91.4 12.8 3.9 –117 3,975 261 1 4,047 13.2 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 131 6 Global links Merchandise Net barter Inbound Net official Net Personal Foreign Portfolio Total Total debt trade terms of tourism development migration remittances, direct equity external service trade index expenditure assistance received investment debt stock % of exports of goods, services, Net inflow Net inflow and primary % of GDP 2000 = 100 % of exports % of GNI thousands $ millions $ millions $ millions $ millions income 2014 2014 2014 2014 2010–15 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Tanzania 35.4 135.7 23.4 5.6 –200 389 2,045 4 14,436 2.9 Thailand 112.5 95.2 15.0 0.1 100 5,655 3,719 –5,824 135,799 5.2 Timor-Leste 67.7 .. 39.1 7.6 –50 44 34 .. .. .. Togo 91.8 111.1 .. 5.1 –10 343 292 .. 995 .. Tonga 50.6 85.4 .. 18.2 –8 114 56 .. 196 .. Trinidad and Tobago 69.5 145.4 .. .. –5 131 2,423 .. .. .. Tunisia 85.5 115.6 14.1 2.0 –33 2,347 1,005 72 26,405 8.7 Turkey 50.1 91.8 17.0 0.4 2,000 1,128 12,765 2,559 408,203 25.0 Turkmenistan 58.0 223.5 .. 0.1 –25 .. 3,164 .. 441 .. Turks and Caicos Islands .. 71.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tuvalu 32.5 .. .. 63.3 .. 4 .. .. .. .. Uganda 30.2 114.6 17.1 6.2 –150 887 1,147 5 5,135 2.1 Ukraine 82.3 91.3 3.5 1.1 195 7,354 847 –391 130,686 25.2 United Arab Emirates 155.7 180.3 .. .. 405 .. 10,066 .. .. .. United Kingdom 39.8 100.9 7.4 .. 900 4,923 45,457 49,402 .. .. United States 23.2 95.9 9.4 .. 5,008 6,908 131,829 155,077 .. .. Uruguay 35.9 128.5 13.6 0.2 –30 122 2,805 .. .. .. Uzbekistan 43.4 171.3 .. 0.5 –195 .. 751 .. 13,389 .. Vanuatu 45.8 95.4 71.5 12.1 1 28 13 .. 181 1.8 Venezuela, RB .. .. .. .. –69 121 .. .. .. .. Vietnam 161.0 129.8 4.5 2.4 –200 .. 9,200 252 71,890 4.2 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. –4 .. .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. 77.4 23.6 17.6 –44 2,182 127 53 .. .. Yemen, Rep. .. 159.2 11.0 .. –50 3,351 –738 .. 7,710 3.3 Zambia 71.1 172.2 5.8 3.9 –34 58 1,508 6 7,373 3.7 Zimbabwe 51.2 108.4 .. 5.8 –220 .. 545 .. 10,570 .. World 48.9 w .. 6.0b w 0.2c w 0s 527,849 s 1,561,365 s 1,116,140 s .. s .. w East Asia & Pacific 54.8 .. 5.2 0.0 –1,457 93,101 611,633 120,035 1,816,587d 3.8d Europe & Central Asia 63.6 .. 6.0 0.0 5,547 160,947 410,388 775,908 1,025,915d 23.7d Latin America & Caribbean 37.0 .. 6.2 0.2 –2,082 64,987 214,679 22,134 1,346,821d 15.5d Middle East & North Africa 71.0 .. 5.9 .. –213 49,653 50,093 826 187,878d 5.5d North America 25.9 .. 8.2 0.0 6,184 9,382 188,980 178,147 .. .. South Asia 37.9 .. 5.0 0.6 –6,281 115,529 39,517 13,683 613,379d 17.6d Sub-Saharan Africa 45.8 .. 6.8 2.8 –1,689 34,249 46,074 5,408 402,811d 7.4 d Low income 50.8 .. 15.0 8.8 –1,166 13,914 16,846 62 167,105d 6.1d Lower middle income 44.7 .. 5.8 0.9 –16,002 248,353 119,050 20,760 1,527,246d 14.5d Upper middle income 46.0 .. 5.5 0.1 719 115,541 525,894 73,416 3,699,039d 7.5d High income 50.4 .. 6.2 0.0 16,458 150,040 899,575 1,021,902 .. .. a. Includes South Sudan. b. Calculated using the World Bank’s weighted aggregation methodology (see Sources and methods) and thus may differ from data reported by the World Tourism Organization. c. Based on the World Bank classification of economies and thus may differ from data reported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. d. Covers only Debtor Reporting System countries. 132 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Global links 6 About the data Starting with World Development Indicators 2013, the World Bank Official development assistance changed its presentation of balance of payments data to conform Data on official development assistance received refer to aid to to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Balance of Payments eligible countries from members of the Organisation of Economic Manual, 6th edition (BPM6). The historical data series based on Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Development Assistance BPM5 ends with data for 2005. Balance of payments data from Committee (DAC), multilateral organizations, and non-DAC donors. 2005 forward have been presented in accord with the BPM6 meth- Data do not reflect aid given by recipient countries to other low- and odology, which can be accessed at www.imf.org/external/np/sta middle- income countries or distinguish among types of aid (pro- /bop/bop.htm. gram, project, or food aid; emergency assistance; or postconflict peacekeeping assistance), which may have different effects on the Trade in goods economy. Data on merchandise trade are from customs reports of goods Ratios of aid to gross national income (GNI), gross capital for- moving into or out of an economy or from reports of financial mation, imports, and government spending measure a country’s transactions related to merchandise trade recorded in the balance dependency on aid. Care must be taken in drawing policy conclu- of payments. Because of differences in timing and definitions, sions. For foreign policy reasons some countries have traditionally trade flow estimates from customs reports and balance of pay- received large amounts of aid. Thus aid dependency ratios may ments may differ. Several international agencies process trade reveal as much about a donor’s interests as about a recipient’s data, each correcting unreported or misreported data, leading to needs. Increases in aid dependency ratios can reflect events affect- other differences. The most detailed source of data on interna- ing both the numerator (aid) and the denominator (GNI). tional trade in goods is the United Nations Statistics Division’s Data are based on information from donors and may not be con- Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database. The IMF and sistent with information recorded by recipients in the balance of the World Trade Organization also collect customs-based data payments, which often excludes all or some technical assistance— on trade in goods. particularly payments to expatriates made directly by the donor. The “terms of trade” index measures the relative prices of a coun- Similarly, grant commodity aid may not always be recorded in trade try’s exports and imports. The most common way to calculate terms data or in the balance of payments. DAC statistics exclude aid for of trade is the net barter (or commodity) terms of trade index, or military and antiterrorism purposes. The aggregates refer to World the ratio of the export price index to the import price index. When a Bank classifications of economies and therefore may differ from country’s net barter terms of trade index increases, its exports have those reported by the OECD. become more expensive or its imports cheaper. Migration and personal remittances Tourism The movement of people, most often through migration, is a signifi- Tourism is defined as the activity of people traveling to and staying cant part of global integration. Migrants contribute to the economies in places outside their usual environment for no more than one year of both their host country and their country of origin. Yet reliable sta- for leisure, business, and other purposes not related to an activity tistics on migration are difficult to collect and are often incomplete, remunerated from within the place visited. Data on inbound and making international comparisons a challenge. outbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals and departures, Since data on emigrant stock is difficult for countries to collect, not to the number of unique individuals. Thus a person who makes the United Nations Population Division provides data on net migra- several trips to a country during a given period is counted each tion, taking into account the past migration history of a country or time as a new arrival. Data on inbound tourism show the arrivals of area, the migration policy of a country, and the influx of refugees nonresident tourists (overnight visitors) at national borders. When in recent periods to derive estimates of net migration. The data to data on international tourists are unavailable or incomplete, the calculate these estimates come from various sources, including table shows the arrivals of international visitors, which include tour- border statistics, administrative records, surveys, and censuses. ists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members. The When there are insufficient data, net migration is derived through aggregates are calculated using the World Bank’s weighted aggre- the difference between the growth rate of a country’s population gation methodology (see Sources and methods) and differ from the over a certain period and the rate of natural increase of that popu- World Tourism Organization’s aggregates. lation (itself being the difference between the birth rate and the For tourism expenditure, the World Tourism Organization uses bal- death rate). ance of payments data from the IMF supplemented by data from Migrants often send funds back to their home countries, which are individual countries. These data, shown in the table, include travel recorded as personal transfers in the balance of payments. Personal and passenger transport items as defined by the BPM6. When the transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and IMF does not report data on passenger transport items, expenditure nonresident individuals, independent of the source of income of the data for travel items are shown. sender (irrespective of whether the sender receives income from Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 133 6 Global links labor, entrepreneurial or property income, social benefits, or any by different parties during their lives. Negotiability allows investors other types of transfers or disposes of assets) and the relationship to diversify their portfolios and to withdraw their investment read- between the households (irrespective of whether they are related ily. Included in portfolio investment are investment fund shares or or unrelated individuals). units (that is, those issued by investment funds) that are evidenced Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, by securities and that are not reserve assets or direct investment. seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an Although they are negotiable instruments, exchange-traded financial economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by derivatives are not included in portfolio investment because they nonresident entities. Compensation of employees has three main are in their own category. components: wages and salaries in cash, wages and salaries in kind, and employers’ social contributions. Personal remittances are External debt the sum of personal transfers and compensation of employees. External indebtedness affects a country’s creditworthiness and investor perceptions. Data on external debt are gathered through Equity flows the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System (DRS). Indebtedness Equity flows comprise foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio is calculated using loan-by-loan reports submitted by countries on equity. The internationally accepted definition of FDI (from BPM6) long-term public and publicly guaranteed borrowing and using infor- includes the following components: equity investment, including mation on short-term debt collected by the countries, from creditors investment associated with equity that gives rise to control or influ- through the reporting systems of the Bank for International Settle- ence; investment in indirectly influenced or controlled enterprises; ments, or based on national data from the World Bank’s Quarterly investment in fellow enterprises; debt (except selected debt); and External Debt Statistics. These data are supplemented by informa- reverse investment. The Framework for Direct Investment Relation- tion from major multilateral banks and official lending agencies in ships provides criteria for determining whether cross-border owner- major creditor countries. Currently, 120 low- and middle- income ship results in a direct investment relationship, based on control countries report to the DRS. Debt data are reported in the cur- and influence. rency of repayment and compiled and published in U.S. dollars. Direct investments may take the form of greenfield investment, End-of-period exchange rates are used for the compilation of stock where the investor starts a new venture in a foreign country by con- figures (amount of debt outstanding), and projected debt service structing new operational facilities; joint venture, where the inves- and annual average exchange rates are used for the flows. Exchange tor enters into a partnership agreement with a company abroad to rates are taken from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Debt establish a new enterprise; or merger and acquisition, where the repayable in multiple currencies, goods, or services and debt with a investor acquires an existing enterprise abroad. The IMF suggests provision for maintenance of the value of the currency of repayment that investments should account for at least 10 percent of voting are shown at book value. stock to be counted as FDI. In practice many countries set a higher While data related to public and publicly guaranteed debt are threshold. Many countries fail to report reinvested earnings, and the reported to the DRS on a loan-by-loan basis, data on long-term definition of long-term loans differs among countries. private nonguaranteed debt are reported annually in aggregate by Portfolio equity investment is defined as cross-border transac- the country or estimated by World Bank staff for countries. Private tions and positions involving equity securities, other than those nonguaranteed debt is estimated based on national data from the included in direct investment or reserve assets. Equity securities are World Bank’s Quarterly External Debt Statistics. equity instruments that are negotiable and designed to be traded, Total debt service as a share of exports of goods, services, and usually on organized exchanges or “over the counter.” The negotia- primary income provides a measure of a country’s ability to service bility of securities facilitates trading, allowing securities to be held its debt out of export earnings. 134 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Global links 6 Definitions Data sources •  Merchandise trade includes all trade in goods and excludes Data on merchandise trade are from the World Trade Organization. trade in services. • Net barter terms of trade index is the percent- Data on trade indexes are from the United Nations Conference on age ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD) annual Handbook of Statistics. indexes, measured relative to the base year 2000. • Inbound tour- Data on tourism expenditure are from the World Tourism Organiza- ism expenditure is expenditures by international inbound visitors, tion’s Yearbook of Tourism Statistics and World Tourism Organization including payments to national carriers for international transport (2016) and updated from its electronic files. Data on net official and any other prepayment made for goods or services received in development assistance are compiled by the OECD (http://stats the destination country. They may include receipts from same-day .oecd.org). Data on net migration are from United Nations Population visitors, except when these are important enough to justify sepa- Division (2015). Data on personal remittances are from the IMF’s rate classification. Data include travel and passenger transport Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook supplemented by World items as defined by BPM6. When passenger transport items are Bank staff estimates. Data on FDI are World Bank staff estimates not reported, expenditure data for travel items are shown. Exports based on IMF balance of payments statistics and UNCTAD data refer to all transactions between residents of a country and the rest (http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx). of the world involving a change of ownership from residents to non- Data on portfolio equity are from the IMF’s Balance of Payments residents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and Statistics Yearbook. Data on external debt are mainly from reports repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services. • Net official development to the World Bank through its DRS from member countries that assistance is flows (net of repayment of principal) that meet the DAC have received International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- definition of official development assistance and are made to coun- ment loans or International Development Assistance credits, with tries and territories on the DAC list of aid recipients, divided by World additional information from the files of the World Bank, the IMF, Bank estimates of GNI. • Net migration is the net total of migrants the African Development Bank and African Development Fund, the (immigrants less emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens) Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Fund, and the during the period. Data are five-year estimates. • Personal remit- Inter-American Development Bank. Summary tables of the external tances, received, are the sum of personal transfers (current trans- debt of low- and middle- income countries are published annually in fers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to the World Bank’s International Debt Statistics and International Debt or from nonresident households) and compensation of employees Statistics database. (remuneration for the labor input to the production process contrib- uted by an individual in an employer-employee relationship with the References enterprise). • Foreign direct investment is cross-border investment IMF (International Monetary Fund). Various issues. International Finan- associated with a resident in one economy having control or a signifi- cial Statistics. Washington, DC. cant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is ———. Various years. Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. Parts resident in another economy. • Portfolio equity is net inflows from 1 and 2. Washington, DC. equity securities other than those recorded as direct investment or UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Vari- reserve assets, including shares, stocks, depository receipts, and ous years. Handbook of Statistics. New York and Geneva. direct purchases of shares in local stock markets by foreign inves- United Nations Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: tors • Total external debt stock is debt owed to nonresident credi- The 2015 Revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Eco- tors and repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services by public nomic and Social Affairs. and private entities in the country. It is the sum of long-term external World Bank. Various years. International Debt Statistics. Washington, debt, short-term debt, and use of IMF credit. • Total debt service is DC. the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign World Tourism Organization. 2016. Compendium of Tourism Statistics currency, goods, or services on long-term debt; interest paid on 2016. Madrid. short-term debt; and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the ———. Various years. Yearbook of Tourism Statistics. Vols. 1 and 2. IMF. Exports of goods and services and primary income are the total Madrid. value of exports of goods and services, receipts of compensation of nonresident workers, and primary investment income from abroad. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 135 6 Global links Online tables and indicators To access the World Development Indicators online tables, use indicator online, use the URL http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ the URL http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/ and the table number (for and the indicator code (for example, http://data.worldbank.org example, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/6.1). To view a specific /indicator/TX.QTY.MRCH.XD.WD). 6.1 Growth of merchandise trade 6.7 Trade facilitation Export volume TX.QTY.MRCH.XD.WD Logistics performance index LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ Import volume TM.QTY.MRCH.XD.WD Burden of customs procedures IQ.WEF.CUST.XQ Export value TX.VAL.MRCH.XD.WD Lead time to export LP.EXP.DURS.MD Import value TM.VAL.MRCH.XD.WD Lead time to import LP.IMP.DURS.MD Net barter terms of trade index TT.PRI.MRCH.XD.WD Documents to export IC.EXP.DOCS Documents to import IC.IMP.DOCS 6.2 Direction and growth of merchandise trade Liner shipping connectivity index IS.SHP.GCNW.XQ This table provides estimates of the flow of Quality of port infrastructure IQ.WEF.PORT.XQ trade in goods between groups of economies. ..a 6.8 External debt 6.3 High-income economy trade with low- and Total external debt, $ DT.DOD.DECT.CD middle-income economies Total external debt, % of GNI DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS This table illustrates the importance of low- and middle-income economies in the Long-term debt, Public and publicly global trading system. ..a guaranteed DT.DOD.DPPG.CD Long-term debt, Private nonguaranteed DT.DOD.DPNG.CD 6.4 Direction of trade of low- and middle-income Short-term debt, $ DT.DOD.DSTC.CD economies Short-term debt, % of total debt DT.DOD.DSTC.ZS Exports to low- and middle-income Short-term debt, % of total reserves DT.DOD.DSTC.IR.ZS economies within region TX.VAL.MRCH.WR.ZS Total debt service DT.TDS.DECT.EX.ZS Exports to low- and middle-income Present value of debt, % of GNI DT.DOD.PVLX.GN.ZS economies outside region TX.VAL.MRCH.OR.ZS Present value of debt, % of exports of Exports to high-income economies TX.VAL.MRCH.HI.ZS goods, services and primary income DT.DOD.PVLX.EX.ZS Imports from low- and middle-income economies within region TM.VAL.MRCH.WR.ZS 6.9 Global private financial flows Imports from low- and middle-income Foreign direct investment net inflows, $ BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD economies outside region TM.VAL.MRCH.OR.ZS Foreign direct investment net inflows, % Imports from high-income economies TM.VAL.MRCH.HI.ZS of GDP BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS 6.5 Primary commodity prices Portfolio equity BX.PEF.TOTL.CD.WD Bonds DT.NFL.BOND.CD This table provides historical commodity price data. ..a Commercial banks and other lendings DT.NFL.PCBO.CD 6.6 Tariff barriers 6.10 Net official financial flows All products, Binding coverage TM.TAX.MRCH.BC.ZS Net financial flows from bilateral sources DT.NFL.BLAT.CD Simple mean bound rate TM.TAX.MRCH.BR.ZS Net financial flows from multilateral sources DT.NFL.MLAT.CD Simple mean tariff TM.TAX.MRCH.SM.AR.ZS World Bank, IDA DT.NFL.MIDA.CD Weighted mean tariff TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS World Bank, IBRD DT.NFL.MIBR.CD Share of tariff lines with international peaks TM.TAX.MRCH.IP.ZS IMF, Concessional DT.NFL.IMFC.CD Share of tariff lines with specific rates TM.TAX.MRCH.SR.ZS IMF, Nonconcessional DT.NFL.IMFN.CD Primary products, Simple mean tariff TM.TAX.TCOM.SM.AR.ZS Regional development banks, Concessional DT.NFL.RDBC.CD Primary products, Weighted mean tariff TM.TAX.TCOM.WM.AR.ZS Regional development banks, Manufactured products, Simple mean tariff TM.TAX.MANF.SM.AR.ZS Nonconcessional DT.NFL.RDBN.CD Manufactured products, Weighted mean Regional development banks, Other tariff TM.TAX.MANF.WM.AR.ZS institutions DT.NFL.MOTH.CD 136 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Global links 6 6.11 Aid dependency Sweden DC.DAC.SWEL.CD Net official development assistance (ODA) DT.ODA.ODAT.CD Other DAC donors ..a,b Net ODA per capita DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS Grants, excluding technical cooperation BX.GRT.EXTA.CD.WD 6.13 Movement of people Technical cooperation grants BX.GRT.TECH.CD.WD Net migration SM.POP.NETM Net ODA, % of GNI DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS International migrant stock SM.POP.TOTL Net ODA, % of gross capital formation DT.ODA.ODAT.GI.ZS Emigration rate of tertiary educated to Net ODA, % of imports of goods and OECD countries SM.EMI.TERT.ZS services and income DT.ODA.ODAT.MP.ZS Refugees by country of origin SM.POP.REFG.OR Net ODA, % of central government Refugees by country of asylum SM.POP.REFG expenditure DT.ODA.ODAT.XP.ZS Personal remittances, Received BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT Personal remittances, Paid BM.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT 6.12 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members 6.14 Travel and tourism Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors DC.DAC.TOTL.CD International inbound tourists ST.INT.ARVL United States DC.DAC.USAL.CD International outbound tourists ST.INT.DPRT EU institutions DC.DAC.CECL.CD Inbound tourism expenditure, $ ST.INT.RCPT.CD Germany DC.DAC.DEUL.CD Inbound tourism expenditure, % of exports ST.INT.RCPT.XP.ZS France DC.DAC.FRAL.CD Outbound tourism expenditure, $ ST.INT.XPND.CD United Kingdom DC.DAC.GBRL.CD Outbound tourism expenditure, % of Japan DC.DAC.JPNL.CD imports ST.INT.XPND.MP.ZS Netherlands DC.DAC.NLDL.CD Australia DC.DAC.AUSL.CD a. Available online only as part of the table, not as an individual indicator. Norway DC.DAC.NORL.CD b. Derived from data elsewhere in the World Development Indicators database. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 137 138 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Sources and methods As a major user of development data, the World methods, coverage, practices, and definitions Bank recognizes the importance of data docu- differ widely; and cross-country and intertempo- mentation to inform users of the methods and ral comparisons involve complex technical and conventions used by primary data collectors— conceptual problems that cannot be resolved usually national statistical agencies, central unequivocally. Data relevant at the national banks, and customs services—and by interna- level may not be suitable for standardized inter- tional organizations, which compile the statistics national use due to methodological concerns that appear in the World Development Indicators or the lack of clear documentation. Delays in database. reporting data and the use of old surveys as This section describes some of the statis- the basis for current estimates may further tical practices and procedures used in prepar- compromise the quality of data reported. Data ing World Development Indicators. It covers data coverage may not be complete because of spe- consistency, reliability, comparability, reporting cial circumstances affecting the collection and standards of key indicators, and the methods reporting of data, such as problems stemming employed for calculating regional and income from conflicts. group aggregates and for calculating growth Considerable effort has been made to stan- rates. It also describes the World Bank Atlas dardize the data, but full comparability cannot method for deriving the conversion factor used be assured, so care must be taken in interpret- to estimate gross national income (GNI) and GNI ing the indicators. Although drawn from sources per capita in U.S. dollars. Other statistical pro- thought to be the most authoritative, data should cedures and calculations are described in the be understood only as indicating trends and About the data sections following each table. characterizing major differences among econo- Additional documentation and metadata are mies rather than as offering precise quantitative available in the World Development Indicators measures of those differences. database at http://databank.worldbank.org/wdi Discrepancies in data presented in different and from a dashboard of the statistical capacity editions of World Development Indicators reflect of countries at http://datatopics.worldbank.org updates by countries as well as revisions to his- /statisticalcapacity. torical series and changes in methodology. There- fore readers are advised not to compare data Data availability, reliability, series between printed editions of World Devel- and comparability opment Indicators or between different World Many factors affect data availability, reliability, Bank publications. Consistent time series data and comparability. Statistical systems in many for 1960–2014 are available at http://databank of the poorest countries are limited; statistical .worldbank.org/wdi. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 139 Sources and methods Currency National Balance of payments Government IMF data accounts and trade finance dissem­ ination standard Balance of System of SNA Alternative PPP Payments Base Reference National price conversion survey Manual External System Accounting year year Accounts valuation factor year in use debt of trade concept Afghanistan Afghan afghani 2002/03 1993 B 6 A G C G a Albania Albanian lek 1996 1993 B Rolling 6 A S C G Algeria Algerian dinar 1980 1968 B 2011 6 A S B G American Samoa U.S. dollar 1968 2011b Andorra Euro 2000 1968 B Angola Angolan kwanza 2002 1993 P 1991–96 2011 6 A B G Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar 2006 1968 B 2011 6 G B G Argentina Argentine peso 2004 2008 B 1971–84 6 S C S a 1996 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A G C S Armenia Armenian dram Aruba Aruban florin 2000 1993 B 2011 6 G a Australia Australian dollar 2013/14 2008 B 2011 6 G C S a Austria Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Azerbaijan New Azeri manat 2000 1993 B 1992–95 2011 6 A G C G Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar 2006 1993 B 2011 6 G C G Bahrain Bahraini dinar 2010 2008 P 2011 6 G B G Bangladesh Bangladeshi taka 2005/06 1993 B 2011 6 P G C G Barbados Barbados dollar 1974 1993 P 2011 6 G B G a Belarus Belarusian rubel 2000 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A G C S a Belgium Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Belize Belize dollar 2000 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Benin CFA franc 2007 1968 B 1992 2011 6 A G B G Bermuda Bermuda dollar 2006 1993 B 2011 6 G Bhutan Bhutanese ngultrum 2000 1993 B 2011 6 A G C G Bolivia Bolivian Boliviano 1990 1968 B 1960–85 2011 6 A G C G a Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 2010 1993 B Rolling 6 A S C G convertible mark Botswana Botswana pula 2006 1993 B 2011 6 E G B G Brazil Brazilian real 1995 2000 1993 B 2011 6 A S C S Brunei Darussalam Brunei dollar 2000 1993 P 2011 6 S G a 2010 1993 B 1978–89, Rolling 6 A S C S Bulgaria Bulgarian lev 1991–92 Burkina Faso CFA franc 1999 1993 B 1992–93 2011 6 A G B G Burundi Burundi franc 2005 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Cabo Verde Cabo Verde escudo 2007 1993 P 2011 6 A S C G Cambodia Cambodian riel 2000 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Cameroon CFA franc 2000 1993 B 2011 6 A S B G a Canada Canadian dollar 2010 2008 B 2011 6 G C S Cayman Islands Cayman Islands dollar 2007 1993 2011 Central African Republic CFA franc 2000 1968 B 2011 6 A S B G Chad CFA franc 2005 1993 B 2011 6 E G Channel Islands Pound sterling 2003 2007 1968 B Chile Chilean peso 2008 1993 B 2011 6 G C S China Chinese yuan 2000 1993 P 1978–93 2011 6 P G C S a 2013 2008 B 2011 6 G C S Hong Kong SAR, China Hong Kong dollar Macao SAR, China Macao pataca 2012 1993 B 2011 6 G C G Colombia Colombian peso 2005 1993 B 1992–94 2011 6 A S C S Comoros Comorian franc 1990 1968 P 2011 6 A G Congo, Dem. Rep. Congolese franc 2005 1968 B 1999–2001 2011 6 P S B G Congo, Rep. CFA franc 1990 1968 P 1993 2011 6 A S B G Costa Rica Costa Rican colon 1991 1993 B 2011 6 A G C S Côte d’Ivoire CFA franc 2009 1968 P 2011 6 A S B G a Croatia Croatian kuna 2010 1993 B Rolling 6 S C S Cuba Cuban peso 1997 2005 1993 B 2011 Curaçao Netherlands Antillean 1993 2011 guilder a Cyprus Euro 2005 1993 B Rolling 6 G C S 140 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Latest Latest demographic, Source of most Vital Latest Latest Latest Latest population education, or health recent income registration agricultural industrial trade water census household survey and expenditure data complete census data data withdrawal data Afghanistan 1979 DHS, 2015 IHS, 2011 2014 2000 Albania 2011 DHS, 2008/09 LSMS, 2012 Yes 2012 2012 2014 2006 Algeria 2008 MICS, 2012/13 IHS, 1995 2010 2014 2012 American Samoa 2010 Yes 2008 Andorra 2011c Yes 2014 Angola 2014 DHS, 2015 IHS, 2008/09 2005 Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Yes 2007 2014 2012 Argentina 2010 MICS, 2011/12 IHS, 2013 Yes 2008 2002 2014 2011 Armenia 2011 DHS, 2015 IHS, 2013 Yes 2014 2014 2012 Aruba 2010 Yes 2014 Australia 2011 ES/BS, 2010 Yes 2011 2012 2014 2013 Austria 2011c IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2002 Azerbaijan 2009 DHS, 2006 LSMS, 2013 Yes 2015 2012 2014 2012 Bahamas, The 2010 2014 Bahrain 2010 c Yes 2010 2014 2003 Bangladesh 2011 DHS, 2014; IHS, 2010 2008 2011 2011 2008 HIV/MCH SPA, 2014 Barbados 2010 MICS, 2012 Yes 2014 2005 Belarus 2009 MICS, 2012 IHS, 2013 Yes 2011 2014 2013 Belgium 2011d IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2009 Belize 2010 MICS, 2015/16 LFS, 1999 2011 2014 2000 Benin 2013 MICS, 2014 CWIQ, 2011/12 2014 2001 Bermuda 2010 Yes 2014 Bhutan 2005 MICS, 2010 IHS, 2012 2009e 2012 2008 Bolivia 2012 DHS, 2008 IHS, 2013 2013 2001 2014 2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 MICS, 2011/12 LSMS, 2007 Yes 2011 2014 2012 Botswana 2011 MICS, 2000 ES/BS, 2009/10 2015 2012 2014 2000 Brazil 2010 WHS, 2003 IHS, 2013 2006 2012 2014 2010 Brunei Darussalam 2011 Yes 2014 1994 Bulgaria 2011 LSMS, 2007 ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2009 Burkina Faso 2006 LSMS, 2014; MIS, 2014 CWIQ, 2009 2006–10 2014 2005 Burundi 2008 MIS, 2012 CWIQ, 2006 2010 2014 2000 Cabo Verde 2010 DHS, 2005 CWIQ, 2007 Yes 2014/15 2014 2001 Cambodia 2008 DHS, 2014 IHS, 2012 2013 2000 2013 2006 Cameroon 2005 MICS, 2014 PS, 2007 2013e 2002 2014 2000 Canada 2011 LFS, 2010 Yes 2011 2012 2014 2009 Cayman Islands 2010 Yes 2013 Central African Republic 2003 MICS, 2010 PS, 2008 2014 2005 Chad 2009 DHS, 2014/15 PS, 2011 1995 2005 Channel Islands 2009/11f Yesg Chile 2012 IHS, 2013 Yes 2007 2014 2006 China 2010 NSS, 2013 IHS, 2014 2007 2007 2014 2005 Hong Kong SAR, China 2011 Yes 2012 2014 Macao SAR, China 2011 Yes 2012 2014 Colombia 2006 DHS, 2015 IHS, 2014 2014/15 2012 2014 2008 Comoros 2003 DHS, 2012 IHS, 2004 2013 1999 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1984 DHS, 2013/14 1-2-3, 2012/13 2005 Congo, Rep. 2007 MICS 2014/15 CWIQ/PS, 2011 2014/15 2009 2014 2002 Costa Rica 2011 MICS, 2011 IHS, 2015 Yes 2014 2012 2013 2013 Côte d’Ivoire 2014 DHS, 2011/12 IHS, 2015 2014/15 2014 2005 Croatia 2011 WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010e 2014 2010 Cuba 2012 MICS, 2014 Yes 2006 2013 Curaçao 2011 Yes Cyprus 2011 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2009 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 141 Sources and methods Currency National Balance of payments Government IMF data accounts and trade finance dissem­ ination standard Balance of System of SNA Alternative PPP Payments Base Reference National price conversion survey Manual External System Accounting year year Accounts valuation factor year in use debt of trade concept Czech Republic Czech koruna a 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S a Denmark Danish krone 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 G C S Djibouti Djibouti franc 1990 1968 B 2011 6 A G Dominica East Caribbean dollar 2006 1993 B 2011 6 A S B G Dominican Republic Dominican peso 2007 1993 B 2011 6 A G C G Ecuador U.S. dollar 2007 2008 B 2011 6 A S B S Egypt, Arab Rep. Egyptian pound 2011/12 1993 B 2011 6 A G C S El Salvador U.S. dollar 1990 1968 B 2011 6 A G C S Equatorial Guinea CFA franc 2006 1968 B 1965–84 2011 B Eritrea Eritrean nakfa 2000 1968 B 6 E a Estonia Euro 2010 2008 B 1987–95 Rolling 6 G C S Ethiopia Ethiopian birr 2010/11 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Faroe Islands Danish krone 1993 B 6 Fiji Fijian dollar 2005 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G a Finland Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S a France Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ French Polynesia CFP franc 1990 1993 2011b 6 S Gabon CFA franc 2001 1993 B 1993 2011 6 E G Gambia, The Gambian dalasi 2004 1993 P 2011 6 A G C G a Georgia Georgian lari 1996 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A G C S a Germany Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ Ghana New Ghanaian cedi 2006 1993 B 1973–87 2011 6 A G B G a Greece Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Greenland Danish krone 1990 1993 G Grenada East Caribbean dollar 2006 1968 B 2011 6 A B G Guam U.S. dollar 1993 2011b Guatemala Guatemalan quetzal 2001 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Guinea Guinean franc 2003 1993 B 2011 6 A B G Guinea-Bissau CFA franc 2005 1993 B 2011 6 E G Guyana Guyana dollar 2006 1993 B 6 A S G Haiti Haitian gourde 1986/87 1968 B 1991 2011 6 A G Honduras Honduran lempira 2000 1993 B 1988–89 2011 6 A S C G a Hungary Hungarian forint 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S a Iceland Iceland krona 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S India Indian rupee 2011/12 2008 B 2011 6 A G C S Indonesia Indonesian rupiah 2010 1993 B 2011 6 A G C S Iran, Islamic Rep. Iranian rial 2004/05 1993 B 1980–2002 2011 6 A S C G Iraq Iraqi dinar 2007 1968 P 1997, 2004 2011 6 B G a 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 G C S Ireland Euro Isle of Man Pound sterling 2003 1968 a Israel Israeli new shekel 2010 2008 P 2011 6 S C S a Italy Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 G C S+ Jamaica Jamaican dollar 2007 1993 B 2011 6 A S C G a Japan Japanese yen 2010 1993 B 2011 6 G C S Jordan Jordanian dinar 1994 1968 B 2011 6 A S B S a Kazakhstan Kazakh tenge 2005 1993 B 1987–95 2011 6 A G C S Kenya Kenyan shilling 2009 2008 B 2011 6 A G B G Kiribati Australian dollar 2006 1993 B 2011b 6 S C G Korea, Dem. People’s Democratic People’s 1968 6 Rep. Republic of Korean won Korea, Rep. Korean won 2010 2008 B 2011 6 G C S Kosovo Euro 2008 1993 B 6 A G Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar 2010 1993 B 2011 6 S C G a Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz som 1995 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A G B S Lao PDR Lao kip 2002 1993 B 2011 6 A B a Latvia Euro 2010 2008 B 1987–95 Rolling 6 S C S Lebanon Lebanese pound 1997 1993 B 2011 6 A S B G 142 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Latest Latest demographic, Source of most Vital Latest Latest Latest Latest population education, or health recent income registration agricultural industrial trade water census household survey and expenditure data complete census data data withdrawal data Czech Republic 2011d WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Denmark 2011c ITR, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Djibouti 2009 MICS, 2006 PS, 2012 2015e 2009 2000 Dominica 2011 Yes 2015 2012 2010 Dominican Republic 2010 MICS, 2014 IHS, 2013 2014 2010 Ecuador 2010 RHS, 2004 IHS, 2014 2008 2014 2005 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2006 HIS, 2015 ES/BS, 2010/11 Yes 2009/10 2010 2014 2000 El Salvador 2007 MICS, 2014 IHS, 2014 Yes 2007/08 2014 2005 Equatorial Guinea 2002 DHS, 2011 PS, 2006 2015 2000 Eritrea 1984 DHS, 2002 PS, 1993 2012 2003 2004 Estonia 2012d WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Ethiopia 2007 HIV/MCH SPA, 2014 ES/BS, 2010/11 2009 2014 2002 Faroe Islands 2011 Yes 2009 Fiji 2007 ES/BS, 2008/09 Yes 2009 2011 2014 2000 Finland 2010c IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2006 France 2006h ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2010 French Polynesia 2007 Yes 2014 Gabon 2013 DHS, 2012 CWIQ/IHS, 2005 2009 2005 Gambia, The 2013 DHS, 2013 IHS, 2010 2011/12 2004 2014 2000 Georgia 2014 MICS, 2005; RHS, 2005 IHS, 2013 Yes 2012 2014 2008 Germany 2011 IHS, 2011 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2010 Ghana 2010 DHS, 2014 LSMS, 2012 2003 2013 2000 Greece 2011 IHS, 2012 Yes 2009 2012 2014 2007 Greenland 2010c Yes 2014 Grenada 2011 RHS, 1985 Yes 2012 2009 2014 Guam 2010 Yes 2007 Guatemala 2002 DHS, 2014/15 LSMS, 2011 Yes 2013 2014 2006 Guinea 2014 DHS, 2012 CWIQ, 2012 2014 2001 Guinea-Bissau 2009 MICS, 2014 CWIQ, 2010 2005 2000 Guyana 2012 MICS, 2014 IHS, 1998 2014 2010 Haiti 2003 HIV/MCH SPA, 2013 IHS, 2012 2008/09 1997 2009 Honduras 2013 DHS, 2011/12 IHS, 2014 2014 2003 Hungary 2011 WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Iceland 2011d IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2005 2014 2005 India 2011 DHS, 2005/06 IHS, 2011/12 2010/11 2011 2014 2010 Indonesia 2010 DHS, 2012 IHS, 2014 2013 2011 2014 2000 Iran, Islamic Rep. 2011 IrMIDHS, 2010 ES/BS, 2005 Yes 2014 2011 2011 2004 Iraq 1997 LSMS, 2012 IHS, 2012 2011/12 2011 2013 2000 Ireland 2011 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2011 2014 2009 Isle of Man 2011 Yes Israel 2009d ES/BS, 2010 Yes 2011 2014 2004 Italy 2012d IS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2008 Jamaica 2011 MICS, 2011 LSMS, 2004 2007 2014 2007 Japan 2010 IHS, 2008 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2009 Jordan 2004 DHS, 2012 ES/BS, 2010 2007 2012 2014 2005 Kazakhstan 2009 MICS, 2015 ES/BS, 2013 Yes 2006/07 2014 2010 Kenya 2009 DHS, 2014 IHS, 2005/06 2012 2013 2010 Kiribati 2010 KDHS, 2009 2013 Korea, Dem. People’s 2008 MICS, 2009 2005 Rep. Korea, Rep. 2010 ES/BS, 1998 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2005 Kosovo 2011 MICS, 2013/14 IHS, 2011 2014 Kuwait 2011 FHS, 1996 Yes 2012 2014 2002 Kyrgyz Republic 2009 MICS, 2014 ES/BS, 2014 Yes 2010 2013 2006 Lao PDR 2005 MICS/DHS, 2011/12 ES/BS, 2012 2010/11 2005 Latvia 2011d WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2002 Lebanon 1943 FHS, 2004 Yes 2010 2007 2014 2005 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 143 Sources and methods Currency National Balance of payments Government IMF data accounts and trade finance dissem­ ination standard Balance of System of SNA Alternative PPP Payments Base Reference National price conversion survey Manual External System Accounting year year Accounts valuation factor year in use debt of trade concept Lesotho Lesotho loti 2004 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Liberia U.S. dollar 2000 1968 P 2011 6 A C G Libya Libyan dinar 2003 1993 B 1986 6 G G Liechtenstein Swiss franc 1990 1993 B a Lithuania Euro 2010 2008 B 1990–95 Rolling 6 S C S a Luxembourg Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Macedonia, FYR Macedonian denar 2005 1993 B Rolling 6 A S C S Madagascar Malagasy ariary 1984 1968 B 2011 6 A G C G Malawi Malawi kwacha 2009 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Malaysia Malaysian ringgit 2010 1993 P 2011 6 E G B S Maldives Maldivian rufiyaa 2003 1993 B 2011 6 A G C G Mali CFA franc 1987 1968 B 2011 6 A G B G a 2005 1993 B Rolling 6 G C S Malta Euro Marshall Islands U.S. dollar 2003/04 1968 B 2011b B G Mauritania Mauritanian ouguiya 2004 1993 B 2011 6 A G G Mauritius Mauritian rupee 2006 1993 B 2011 6 A G C S Mexico Mexican peso 2008 2008 B 2011 6 A G C S Micronesia, Fed. Sts. U.S. dollar 2003/04 1993 B 2011b 6 G B G a Moldova Moldovan leu 1996 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A G C S Monaco Euro 1990 1993 Mongolia Mongolian tugrik 2010 1993 B 2011 6 A G C G Montenegro Euro 2000 1993 B Rolling 6 A S G Morocco Moroccan dirham 2007 1993 B 2011 6 A S C S Mozambique New Mozambican metical 2009 1993 B 1992–95 2011 6 A G B G Myanmar Myanmar kyat 2005/06 1968 P 2011 6 E G C G Namibia Namibian dollar 2010 1993 B 2011 6 G B G Nepal Nepalese rupee 2000/01 1993 B 2011 6 A S B G a Netherlands Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ New Caledonia CFP franc 1990 1993 2011b 6 G a New Zealand New Zealand dollar 2010 2008 B 2011 6 G C Nicaragua Nicaraguan gold cordoba 2006 1993 B 1965–95 2011 6 A G B G Niger CFA franc 2006 1993 P 1993 2011 6 A G B G Nigeria Nigerian naira 2010 2008 B 1971–98 2011 6 A G B G Northern Mariana Islands U.S. dollar 1968 2011b Norway Norwegian krone a 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 G C S Oman Rial Omani 2010 1993 P 2011 6 G B G Pakistan Pakistani rupee 2005/06 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G Palau U.S. dollar 2004/05 1993 B 2011b B G Panama Panamanian balboa 2007 1993 B 2011 6 A S C G Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea kina 1998 1993 B 1989 2011b 6 A G B G Paraguay Paraguayan guarani 1994 1993 B 2011 6 A G C G Peru Peruvian new sol 2007 1993 B 1985–90 2011 6 A S C S Philippines Philippine peso 2000 1993 P 2011 6 A G B S a 2005 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Poland Polish zloty a Portugal Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ Puerto Rico U.S. dollar 1953/54 1968 P G Qatar Qatari riyal 2013 1993 P 2011 6 G B G Romania New Romanian leu 2005 1993 B 1987–89, Rolling 6 A S C S 1992 Russian Federation Russian ruble 2000 1993 B 1987–95 2011 6 G C S Rwanda Rwandan franc 2011 2008 P 1994 2011 6 A G B G Samoa Samoan tala 2008/09 1993 B 2011b 6 A G B G San Marino Euro 1990 1993 B C G São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Principe 2001 1993 P 2011 6 A S B G dobra Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian riyal 2010 1993 P 2011 6 G G Senegal CFA franc 1999 1993 B 2011 6 A G B G 144 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Latest Latest demographic, Source of most Vital Latest Latest Latest Latest population education, or health recent income registration agricultural industrial trade water census household survey and expenditure data complete census data data withdrawal data Lesotho 2006 DHS, 2014 ES/BS, 2010 2010 2012 2000 Liberia 2008 DHS, 2013 CWIQ, 2007 2000 Libya 2006 FHS, 2007 2014/15 2010 2000 Liechtenstein 2010 d Yes Lithuania 2011d ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2007 Luxembourg 2011 Yes 2010 2011 2014 2012 Macedonia, FYR 2002 MICS, 2011 ES/BS, 2010 Yes 2007 2010 2014 2007 Madagascar 1993 MIS, 2013 PS, 2010 2006 2014 2000 Malawi 2008 DHS, 2015/16 IHS, 2010/11 2006/07 2010 2014 2005 Malaysia 2010 WHS, 2003 IS, 2014 Yes 2015 2012 2014 2005 Maldives 2014 DHS, 2009 IHS, 2009/10 Yes 2014 2008 Mali 2009 MICS, 2015; MIS, 2015 IHS, 2009/10 2012 2006 Malta 2011 Yes 2010 2010 2014 2002 Marshall Islands 2011 RMIDHS, 2007 IHS, 1999 Mauritania 2013 MICS, 2015 IHS, 2008 2014 2005 Mauritius 2011 WHS, 2003 IHS, 2012 Yes 2014 2012 2014 2003 Mexico 2010 MICS, 2015 IHS, 2014 Yes 2007 2010 2014 2011 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2010 IHS, 2000 2013 Moldova 2014 MICS, 2012 ES/BS, 2013 Yes 2011 2012 2014 2007 Monaco 2008 c Yes 2009 Mongolia 2010 MICS, 2013/14 LSMS, 2014 Yes 2011 2011 2014 2009 Montenegro 2011 MICS, 2013 ES/BS, 2013 Yes 2010 2014 2010 Morocco 2014 EPSF, 2010/11 ES/BS, 2007 2012 2014 2010 Mozambique 2007 AIS, 2014 ES/BS, 2008/09 2009/10 2014 2001 Myanmar 2014 DHS, 2015/16 2010 2010 2000 Namibia 2011 DHS, 2013 ES/BS, 2009/10 2014/15 2012 2014 2002 Nepal 2011 MCH SPA, 2015 LSMS, 2010/11 2011/12 2011 2014 2006 Netherlands 2011d IHS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2010 New Caledonia 2009 Yes 2014 New Zealand 2013 Yes 2012 2010 2014 2010 Nicaragua 2005 RHS, 2006/07 LSMS, 2014 2011 2014 2011 Niger 2012 DHS, 2012 CWIQ/PS, 2011 2004–08 2002 2014 2005 Nigeria 2006 MIS, 2015 IHS, 2009/10 2013 2014 2005 Northern Mariana Islands 2010 2007 Norway 2011c IS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2006 Oman 2010 MICS, 2014 2012/13 2012 2014 2003 Pakistan 1998 DHS, 2012/13 IHS, 2010/11 2010 2006 2014 2008 Palau 2010 Yes 2014 Panama 2010 MICS, 2013 IHS, 2013 2011 2001 2014 2010 Papua New Guinea 2011 LSMS, 1996 IHS, 2009/10 2001 2012 2005 Paraguay 2012 RHS, 2008 IHS, 2014 2008 2010 2014 2012 Peru 2007 Continuous DHS, 2014 IHS, 2014 2012 2011 2014 2008 Philippines 2010 DHS, 2013 ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2012 2010 2014 2009 Poland 2011d ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2011 2014 2012 Portugal 2011 Yes 2009 2011 2014 2007 Puerto Rico 2010 RHS, 1995/96 Yes 2012 2006 2005 Qatar 2010 MICS, 2012 Yes 2010 2014 2005 Romania 2011 RHS-Ro, 2004 ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2009 Russian Federation 2010 WHS, 2003 IHS, 2013 Yes 2006 2012 2014 2001 Rwanda 2012 DHS, 2014/15 IHS, 2010/11 2013 2014 2000 Samoa 2011 DHS, 2009 2009 2014 San Marino 2010 Yes São Tomé and Príncipe 2012 MICS, 2014 PS, 2010 2011/12 2014 1993 Saudi Arabia 2010 Demographic survey, 2007 2010 2006 2013 2006 Senegal 2013 Continuous DHS, 2015; PS, 2011/12 2014 2012 2014 2002 HIV/MCH SPA, 2015 Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 145 Sources and methods Currency National Balance of payments Government IMF data accounts and trade finance dissem­ ination standard Balance of System of SNA Alternative PPP Payments Base Reference National price conversion survey Manual External System Accounting year year Accounts valuation factor year in use debt of trade concept Serbia New Serbian dinar a 2010 1993 B Rolling 6 A G C G Seychelles Seychelles rupee 2006 1993 B 2011 6 C S Sierra Leone Sierra Leonean leone 2006 1993 B 2011 6 A C G Singapore Singapore dollar 2010 2008 B 2011 6 G C S Sint Maarten Netherlands Antillean 1993 2011 guilder a 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Slovak Republic Euro a Slovenia Euro 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar 2004 1993 B 2011b 6 E S B G Somalia Somali shilling 1985 1968 B 1977–90 E South Africa South African rand 2010 2008 B 2011 6 P G C S South Sudan South Sudanese pound 2009 1993 a 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ Spain Euro Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee 2010 1993 P 2011 6 A G B S St. Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar 2006 1993 B 2011 6 S B G St. Lucia East Caribbean dollar 2006 1968 B 2011 6 A B G St. Martin Euro 1993 St. Vincent and the East Caribbean dollar 2006 1993 B 2011 6 A S C G Grenadines Sudan Sudanese pound 1981/82i 1996 1968 B 2011 6 P G B G Suriname Suriname dollar 2007 1993 B 2011 6 G B G Swaziland Swaziland lilangeni 2011 1993 B 2011 6 A B G a Sweden Swedish krona 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S+ a Switzerland Swiss franc 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 S C S Syrian Arab Republic Syrian pound 2000 1968 B 1970–2010 2011 6 E S B G a Tajikistan Tajik somoni 2000 1993 B 1990–95 2011 6 A C G Tanzania Tanzanian shilling 2007 2008 B 2011 6 A G B G Thailand Thai baht 2002 1993 P 2011 6 A S C S Timor-Leste U.S. dollar 2010 2008 B 6 C G Togo CFA franc 2000 1968 P 2011 6 A S B G Tonga Tongan pa’anga 2010/11 1993 B 2011b 6 A G G Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 2000 1993 B 2011 6 S C G dollar Tunisia Tunisian dinar 2010 1993 B 2011 6 A G C S Turkey New Turkish lira 1998 1993 B Rolling 6 A S C S Turkmenistan New Turkmen manat 2005 1993 B 1987–95, 6 E 1997–2007 Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. dollar 1993 2011 G Tuvalu Australian dollar 2005 1968 B 2011b 6 G Uganda Ugandan shilling 2009/10 2008 B 2011 6 A G B G a Ukraine Ukrainian hryvnia 2003 1993 B 1987–95 2011 6 A G C S United Arab Emirates U.A.E. dirham 2007 1993 P 2011 6 S C G a United Kingdom Pound sterling 2010 2008 B Rolling 6 G C S a United States U.S. dollar 2010 2008 B 2011 6 G C S+ Uruguay Uruguayan peso 2005 1993 B 2011 6 S C S a Uzbekistan Uzbek sum 1997 1993 B 1990–95 6 A G C Vanuatu Vanuatu vatu 2006 1993 B 2011b 6 E G B G Venezuela, RB Venezuelan bolivar fuerte 1997 1993 B 2011 6 G C G Vietnam Vietnamese dong 2010 1993 P 1991 2011 6 A G G Virgin Islands (U.S.) U.S. dollar 1982 1968 G West Bank and Gaza Israeli new shekel 2004 1968 B 2011 6 C S Yemen, Rep. Yemeni rial 2007 1993 P 1990–96 2011 6 E S C G Zambia New Zambian kwacha 2010 2008 B 1990–92 2011 6 A G B G Zimbabwe U.S. dollar 2009 1993 B 1991, 1998 2011 6 A G B G 146 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Latest Latest demographic, Source of most Vital Latest Latest Latest Latest population education, or health recent income registration agricultural industrial trade water census household survey and expenditure data complete census data data withdrawal data Serbia 2011 MICS, 2014 IHS, 2011 Yes 2012 2012 2014 2009 Seychelles 2010 BS, 2006/07 Yes 2011 2008 2005 Sierra Leone 2004 DHS, 2013; MIS, 2013 IHS, 2011 2014 2005 Singapore 2010 c NHS, 2010 Yes 2012 2014 1975 Sint Maarten 2011 Yes Slovak Republic 2011 WHS, 2003 IS, 2013 Yes 2010 2011 2014 2007 Slovenia 2011c WHS, 2003 ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Solomon Islands 2009 SIDHS, 2006/07 IHS, 2005/06 2014 Somalia 1987 MICS, 2006 2003 South Africa 2011 DHS, 2003; WHS, 2003 ES/BS, 2010/11 2007 2010 2014 2000 South Sudan 2008 MICS, 2010 ES/BS, 2009 2011 Spain 2011d IHS, 2012 Yes 2009 2011 2014 2010 Sri Lanka 2012 DHS, 2006/07 ES/BS, 2012/13 Yes 2013 2011 2014 2005 St. Kitts and Nevis 2011 Yes 2011 2012 St. Lucia 2010 MICS, 2012 IHS, 1995 Yes 2007 2014 2007 St. Martin St. Vincent and the 2011 Yes 2012 2013 Grenadines Sudan 2008 MICS, 2014 ES/BS, 2009 2015 2001 2012 2011 Suriname 2012 MICS, 2010 ES/BS, 1999 Yes 2008/09 2003 2014 2006 Swaziland 2007 MICS, 2014 ES/BS, 2009/10 2007 2000 Sweden 2011c IS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2010 Switzerland 2010d ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2012 Syrian Arab Republic 2004 MICS, 2006 ES/BS, 2007 2005 2010 2005 Tajikistan 2010 DHS, 2012 LSMS, 2014 2013 2000 2006 Tanzania 2012 DHS, 2015/16 ES/BS, 2011/12 2007/08 2010 2014 2002 Thailand 2010 MICS, 2012/13 IHS, 2013 2013 2011 2014 2007 Timor-Leste 2010 DHS, 2009/10 LSMS, 2007 2013 2004 Togo 2010 DHS, 2013/14 CWIQ, 2011 2011–14 2013 2002 Tonga 2006 Tonga DHS, 2012 IHS, 2009 2014 2014 Trinidad and Tobago 2011 MICS, 2011 IHS, 1992 Yes 2006 2010 2011 Tunisia 2014 MICS, 2011/12 IHS, 2012 2010 2013 2011 Turkey 2011d Turkey DHS, 2008 ES/BS, 2012 Yes 2014 2009 2014 2003 Turkmenistan 2012 MICS, 2015/16 LSMS, 1998 2000 2004 Turks and Caicos Islands 2012 Yes 2012 Tuvalu 2012 Tuvalu DHS, 2007 2008 Uganda 2014 MIS, 2014/15 IHS, 2012/13 2008/09 2000 2014 2008 Ukraine 2001 MICS, 2012 ES/BS, 2013 Yes 2012 2014 2010 United Arab Emirates 2010 WHS, 2003 2012 2014 2005 United Kingdom 2011 IS, 2012 Yes 2010 2012 2014 2011 United States 2010 LFS, 2013 Yes 2012 2008 2014 2005 Uruguay 2011 MICS, 2012/13 IHS, 2014 Yes 2011 2010 2014 2000 Uzbekistan 1989 MICS, 2006 ES/BS, 2011 Yes 2005 Vanuatu 2009 MICS, 2007/08 IHS, 2010 2007 2011 Venezuela, RB 2011 MICS, 2000 IHS, 2013 Yes 2008 2013 2007 Vietnam 2009 MICS, 2013/14 IHS, 2014 Yes 2011 2012 2014 2005 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 2010 Yes 2012 West Bank and Gaza 2007 MICS, 2014 IHS, 2011 2010 2010 2014 2005 Yemen, Rep. 2004 DHS, 2013 ES/BS, 2005 2009 2014 2005 Zambia 2010 DHS, 2013/14 IHS, 2010 2014 2002 Zimbabwe 2012 DHS, 2015 IHS, 2011/12 2014 2002 Note: For explanation of the abbreviations used in the table, see notes following the table. a. Original chained constant price data are rescaled. b. Household consumption only. c. Population data compiled from administrative registers. d. Population data compiled from administrative registers in combination with other sources of data, such as a sample surveys. e. Natural resources census, livestock census, livestock and aquaculture census, or sample agricultural census. f. Latest population census: Guernsey, 2009; Jersey, 2011. g. Vital registration for Guernsey and Jersey. h. Rolling census based on continuous sample survey. i. Reporting period switch from fiscal year to calendar year from 1996. Pre-1996 data converted to calendar year. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 147 Country table notes • Base year is the base or pricing period used for con- domestic consumption whether at time of entry or on indicates the household surveys used to compile the stant price calculations in the country’s national withdrawal from customs storage. Exports under the demographic, education, and health data in section 2. accounts. Price indexes derived from national accounts general system comprise outward-moving goods: (a) AIS is AIDS Indicator Survey, DHS is Demographic and aggregates, such as the implicit deflator for gross national goods wholly or partly produced in the country; Health Survey, EPSF is National Survey on Population domestic product (GDP), express the price level relative (b) foreign goods, neither transformed nor declared for and Family Health, FHS is Family Health Survey, HIS is to base year prices. • Reference year is the year in domestic consumption in the country, that move out- Health Issues Survey, HIV/MCH SPA is HIV/Maternal which the local currency constant price series of a coun- ward from customs storage; and (c) nationalized goods and Child Health Service Provision Assessment Survey, try is valued. The reference year is usually the same as that have been declared for domestic consumption and IrMIDHS is Iran’s Multiple Indicator Demographic and the base year used to report the constant price series. move outward without being transformed. Under the Health Survey, KDHS is Kiribati Demographic and However, when the constant price data are chain linked, special system of trade, exports are categories a and Health Survey, LSMS is Living Standards Measurement the base year is changed annually, so the data are res- c. In some compilations categories b and c are classi- Study, MCH SPA is Maternal and Child Health Service caled to a specific reference year to provide a consis- fied as re-exports. Direct transit trade—goods entering Provision Assessment Survey, MICS is Multiple Indica- tent time series. When the country has not rescaled or leaving for transport only—is excluded from both tor Cluster Survey, MIS is Malaria Indicator Survey, NHS following a change in base year, World Bank staff res- import and export statistics. • Government finance is National Health Survey, NSS is National Sample Sur- cale the data to maintain a longer historical series. To accounting concept is the accounting basis for report- vey on Population Changes, RHS is Reproductive Health allow for cross-country comparison and data aggrega- ing central government financial data. For most coun- Survey, RHS-Ro is Romania Reproductive Health Sur- tion, constant price data reported in World Development tries government finance data have been consolidated vey, RMIDHS is Republic of the Marshall Islands Demo- Indicators are rescaled to a common reference year (C) into one set of accounts capturing all central govern- graphic and Health Survey, SIDHS is Solomon Islands (2005) and currency (U.S. dollars). • System of National ment fiscal activities. Budgetary central government Demographic and Health Survey, Tonga DHS is Tonga Accounts identifies whether a country uses the 1968, accounts (B) exclude some central government units. Demographic and Health Survey, Turkey DHS is Turkey 1993, or 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA). The • IMF data dissemination standard shows the coun- Demographic and Health Survey, Tuvalu DHS is Tuvalu 2008 SNA is an update of the 1993 SNA and retains its tries that subscribe to the IMF’s Special Data Dissemi- Demographic and Health Survey, and WHS is World basic theoretical framework. • SNA price valuation nation Standard (SDDS) or General Data Dissemination Health Survey. Detailed information on AIS, DHS, HIS, shows whether value added in the national accounts is System (GDDS). S refers to countries that subscribe to HIV/MCH SPA, MCH SPA, and MIS is available at www reported at basic prices (B) or producer prices (P). Pro- the SDDS and have posted data on the Dissemination .dhsprogram.com; detailed information on MICS is avail- ducer prices include taxes paid by producers and thus Standards Bulletin Board at http://dsbb.imf.org. able at www.childinfo.org; detailed information on RHS tend to overstate the actual value added in production. S+ countries must observe additional coverage, period- is available at www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth; and However, value added can be higher at basic prices than icity, and timeliness requirements. G refers to countries detailed information on WHS is available at www.who at producer prices in countries with high agricultural that subscribe to the GDDS. The SDDS was established .int/healthinfo/survey/en. • Source of most recent subsidies. • Alternative conversion factor identifies for member countries that have or might seek access income and expenditure data shows household sur- the countries and years for which a World Bank–esti- to international capital markets to guide them in provid- veys that collect income and expenditure data. Names mated conversion factor has been used in place of the ing their economic and financial data to the public. The and detailed information on household surveys can be official exchange rate (line rf in the International Mon- GDDS helps countries disseminate comprehensive, found on the website of the International Household etary Fund’s [IMF] International Financial Statistics). See timely, accessible, and reliable economic, financial, and Survey Network (www.surveynetwork.org). Core Welfare Sources and methods for further discussion of alterna- sociodemographic statistics. IMF member countries Indicator Questionnaire Surveys (CWIQ), developed by tive conversion factors. • Purchasing power parity elect to participate in either the SDDS or the GDDS. the World Bank, measure changes in key social indica- (PPP) survey year is the latest available survey year for Both standards enhance the availability of timely and tors for different population groups—specifically indica- the International Comparison Program’s estimates of comprehensive data and therefore contribute to the tors of access, utilization, and satisfaction with core PPPs. • Balance of Payments Manual in use refers to pursuit of sound macroeconomic policies. The SDDS is social and economic services. Expenditure survey/ the classification system used to compile and report also expected to improve the functioning of financial budget surveys (ES/BS) collect detailed information on data on balance of payments. 6 refers to the 6th edition markets. • Latest population census shows the most household consumption as well as on general demo- of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (2009). recent year in which a census was conducted and in graphic, social, and economic characteristics. Inte- • External debt shows debt reporting status for 2014 which at least preliminary results have been released. grated household surveys (IHS) collect detailed informa- data. A indicates that data are as reported, P that data The preliminary results from the very recent censuses tion on a wide variety of topics, including health, are based on reported or collected information but could be reflected in timely revisions if basic data are education, economic activities, housing, and utilities. include an element of staff estimation, and E that data available, such as population by age and sex, as well as Income surveys (IS) collect information on the income are World Bank staff estimates. • System of trade the detailed definition of counting, coverage, and com- and wealth of households as well as various social and refers to the United Nations general trade system (G) or pleteness. Countries that hold register-based censuses economic characteristics. Income tax registers (ITR) special trade system (S). Under the general trade sys- produce similar census tables every 5 or 10 years. A provide information on a population’s income and allow- tem goods entering directly for domestic consumption rare case, France conducts a rolling census every year; ance, such as gross income, taxable income, and taxes and goods entered into customs storage are recorded the 1999 general population census was the last to by socioeconomic group. Labor force surveys (LFS) col- as imports at arrival. Under the special trade system cover the entire population simultaneously. • Latest lect information on employment, unemployment, hours goods are recorded as imports when declared for demographic, education, or health household survey of work, income, and wages. Living Standards 148 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS), developed by the of payments data are reported in World Development from the Central Bank of Dominican Republic, the new World Bank, provide a comprehensive picture of house- Indicators by calendar year. base year is 2007. • Egypt, Arab Republic. The Egyp- hold welfare and the factors that affect it; they typically tian Ministry of Planning rebased national accounts to incorporate data collection at the individual, household, Revisions to national accounts data 2011/12. • Hong Kong SAR, China. Based on data and community levels. Priority surveys (PS) are a light National accounts data are revised by national statisti- from the Hong Kong Census and Statistics Office, the monitoring survey, designed by the World Bank, that cal offices when methodologies change or data sources new reference year is 2013. • Gabon. Price valuation collect data from a large number of households cost- improve. National accounts data in World Development is in basic prices. • Indonesia. Statistics Indonesia effectively and quickly. 1-2-3 (1-2-3) surveys are imple- Indicators are also revised when data sources change. revised national accounts based on SNA2008. The new mented in three phases and collect sociodemographic The following notes, while not comprehensive, provide base year is 2010. Price valuation is in basic prices. and employment data, data on the informal sector, and information on revisions from previous data. • Andorra. •  Iran, Islamic Republic. Based on data from the information on living conditions and household con- The base year has changed to 2000. Price valuation Central Bank of Iran, the new base year is 2004/05. sumption. • Vital registration complete identifies coun- is in basic prices. • Barbados. Price valuation is in • Iraq. Based on official government statistics, the new tries that report at least 90 percent complete registries producer prices. Barbados reports using SNA1993. base year is 2007. • Kuwait. Price valuation is in basic of vital (birth and death) statistics to the United Nations • Benin. Based on official government statistics, the prices. • Latvia. Based on data from Eurostat, the new Statistics Division and are reported in its Population and new base year is 2007. Price valuation is in basic reference year is 2010. • Libya. Official statistics for Vital Statistics Reports. Countries with complete vital prices. • Brazil. Based on official government statis- Libya are not available; data are based on World Bank statistics registries may have more accurate and more tics, the new reference year is 2000. • Cuba. Based estimates. The new base year is 2003. • Lithuania. timely demographic indicators than other countries. on official government statistics, the new reference Based on data from Eurostat, the new reference year • Latest agricultural census shows the most recent year is 2005. • Dominican Republic. Based on data is 2010. • Macedonia, FYR. Based on revisions by the year in which an agricultural census was conducted or Macedonia State Statistics Office, the new base year is Economies with exceptional reporting periods planned to be conducted, as reported to the Food and 2005. • Malaysia. Based on data from the Malaysian Reporting period Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. • Latest Fiscal for national Department of Statistics and Bank Negara Malaysia, Economy year end accounts data industrial data show the most recent year for which the new base year is 2010. • Mauritania. Based on offi- Afghanistan Mar. 20 FY manufacturing value added data at the three-digit level Australia Jun. 30 FY cial statistics from the Mauritania Ministry of Economic of the International Standard Industrial Classification Bangladesh Jun. 30 FY Affairs and Development, the new base year is 2004. (revision 2 or 3) are available in the United Nations Botswana Mar. 31 CY • Mongolia. Based on data revised by the National Canada Mar. 31 CY Industrial Development Organization database. • Lat- Statistics Office of Mongolia, the new base year is Egypt, Arab Rep. Jun. 30 FY est trade data show the most recent year for which Ethiopia Jul. 7 FY 2010. • Morocco. Based on data from the Moroc- structure of merchandise trade data from the United Gambia, The Jun. 30 CY can Haut Commissariat au Plan, the new base year is Nations Statistics Division’s Commodity Trade (Com- Haiti Sep. 30 FY 2007. • Qatar. Based on data from the Qatar Ministry India Mar. 31 FY trade) database are available. • Latest water with- of Development Planning and Statistics and the Qatar Indonesia Mar. 31 CY drawal data show the most recent year for which data Central Bank, the new base year is 2013. • Romania. Iran, Islamic Rep. Mar. 20 FY on freshwater withdrawals have been compiled from a Japan Mar. 31 CY Based on data from Eurostat, the Romanian National variety of sources. Kenya Jun. 30 CY Institute of Statistics, the National Bank of Romania, Kuwait Jun. 30 CY and World Bank estimates, the new base year is 2005. Lesotho Mar. 31 CY Exceptional reporting periods • São Tomé and Príncipe. The base year has changed Malawi Mar. 31 CY In most economies the fiscal year is concurrent with Marshall Islands Sep. 30 FY to 2001. • Saudi Arabia. Based on data from the Saudi the calendar year. Exceptions are shown in the table Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Sep. 30 FY Central Department of Statistics and Information under at right. The ending date reported here is for the fiscal Myanmar Mar. 31 FY the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Planning, Namibia Mar. 31 CY year of the central government. Fiscal years for other the new base year is 2010. • Seychelles. Price valu- Nepal Jul. 14 FY levels of government and reporting years for statisti- ation is in basic prices. • Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan New Zealand Mar. 31 CY cal surveys may differ. Pakistan Jun. 30 FY government has changed its methodology and revised The reporting period for national accounts data is Palau Sep. 30 FY the production side of national accounts from 2010 designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal Puerto Rico Jun. 30 FY to 2014. The new base year is 2010. • Swaziland. Samoa Jun. 30 FY year basis (FY). Most economies report their national Based on data from the Central Statistics Office of Sierra Leone Jun. 30 CY accounts and balance of payments data using calen- Singapore Mar. 31 CY Swaziland and the IMF, the new base year is 2011. dar years, but some use fiscal years. In World Devel- South Africa Mar. 31 CY • Thailand. Based on data from the Bank of Thailand opment Indicators fiscal year data are assigned to Swaziland Mar. 31 CY and the National Economics and Social Development Sweden Jun. 30 CY the calendar year that contains the larger share of Board, the new base year is 2002. • Tunisia. Based Thailand Sep. 30 CY the fiscal year. If a country’s fiscal year ends before on data from Tunisia’s Ministry of Development and Tonga Jun. 30 FY June 30, data are shown in the first year of the fiscal Uganda Jun. 30 FY International Cooperation, Central Bank, and National period; if the fiscal year ends on or after June 30, data United States Sep. 30 CY Institute of Statistics, the new reference year is 2010. are shown in the second year of the period. Balance Zimbabwe Jun. 30 CY • Uganda. Price valuation is in basic prices. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 149 Sources and methods Aggregation rules • Aggregates of ratios are denoted by a w when calcu- Aggregates based on the World Bank’s regional and lated as weighted averages of the ratios (using the income classifications of economies appear at the value of the denominator or, in some cases, another end of the tables, including most of those available indicator as a weight) and denoted by a  u when online. The 214 economies included in these classifi- calculated as unweighted averages. The aggregate cations are shown on the flaps on the front and back ratios are based on available data. Missing values covers of the book. Aggregates also contain data for are assumed to have the same average value as the Taiwan, China. Beginning with this edition, regional available data. No aggregate is calculated if missing aggregates include data for economies at all income data account for more than a third of the value of levels, unless otherwise noted. weights in the benchmark year. In a few cases the Because of missing data, aggregates for groups aggregate ratio may be computed as the ratio of of economies should be treated as approximations group totals after imputing values for missing data of unknown totals or average values. The aggregation according to the above rules for computing totals. rules are intended to yield estimates for a consistent • Aggregate growth rates are denoted by a w when set of economies from one period to the next and for calculated as a weighted average of growth rates. all indicators. Small differences between sums of sub- In a few cases growth rates may be computed from group aggregates and overall totals and averages may time series of group totals. Growth rates are not occur because of the approximations used. In addi- calculated if more than half the observations in a tion, compilation errors and data reporting practices period are missing. For further discussion of meth- may cause discrepancies in theoretically identical ods of computing growth rates see below. aggregates such as world exports and world imports. • Aggregates denoted by an m are medians of the Five methods of aggregation are used in World values shown in the table. No value is shown if Development Indicators: more than half the observations for countries with • For group and world totals denoted in the tables by a population of more than 1 million are missing. a t, missing data are imputed based on the relation- Exceptions to the rules may occur. Depending on ship of the sum of available data to the total in the the judgment of World Bank analysts, the aggregates year of the previous estimate. The imputation pro- may be based on as little as 50 percent of the avail- cess works forward and backward from 2005. Miss- able data. In other cases, where missing or excluded ing values in 2005 are imputed using one of several values are judged to be small or irrelevant, aggregates proxy variables for which complete data are available are based only on the data shown in the tables. in that year. The imputed value is calculated so that it (or its proxy) bears the same relationship to the Growth rates total of available data. Imputed values are usually not Growth rates are calculated as annual averages and calculated if missing data account for more than a represented as percentages. Except where noted, third of the total in the benchmark year. The variables growth rates of values are in real terms computed used as proxies are GNI in U.S. dollars; total popula- from constant price series. Three principal methods tion; exports and imports of goods and services in are used to calculate growth rates: least squares, U.S. dollars; and value added in agriculture, industry, exponential endpoint, and geometric endpoint. Rates manufacturing, and services in U.S. dollars. of change from one period to the next are calculated • Aggregates marked by an s are sums of available as proportional changes from the earlier period. data. Missing values are not imputed. Sums are not computed if more than a third of the observations Least squares growth rate. Least squares growth in the series or a proxy for the series are missing rates are used wherever there is a sufficiently long in a given year. time series to permit a reliable calculation. No growth 150 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment rate is calculated if more than half the observations interest or dividends. Although continuous growth, as in a period are missing. The least squares growth modeled by the exponential growth rate, may be more rate, r, is estimated by fitting a linear regression trend realistic, most economic phenomena are measured line to the logarithmic annual values of the variable only at intervals, in which case the compound growth in the relevant period. The regression equation takes model is appropriate. The average growth rate over n the form periods is calculated as ln Xt = a + bt r = exp[ln(pn/p0)/n] – 1. which is the logarithmic transformation of the com- pound growth equation, World Bank Atlas method Xt = Xo (1 + r )t. In calculating GNI and GNI per capita in U.S. dollars for certain operational and analytical purposes, the In this equation X is the variable, t is time, and World Bank uses the Atlas conversion factor instead a  =  ln  Xo and b = ln (1 + r) are parameters to be of simple exchange rates. The purpose of the Atlas estimated. If b* is the least squares estimate of b, conversion factor is to reduce the impact of exchange then the average annual growth rate, r, is obtained rate fluctuations in the cross-country comparison of as [exp(b*) – 1] and is multiplied by 100 for expres- national incomes. sion as a percentage. The calculated growth rate is The Atlas conversion factor for any year is the aver- an average rate that is representative of the avail- age of a country’s exchange rate (or alternative conver- able observations over the entire period. It does not sion factor) for that year and its exchange rates for necessarily match the actual growth rate between the two preceding years, adjusted for the difference any two periods. between the rate of inflation in the country and the rate of international inflation. Exponential growth rate. The growth rate between The objective of the adjustment is to reduce any two points in time for certain demographic indicators, changes to the exchange rate caused by inflation. notably labor force and population, is calculated from A country’s inflation rate between year t and year the equation t–n (r t–n) is measured by the change in its GDP defla- tor (pt): r = ln(pn/p0)/n pt r t–n = p t–n where pn and p0 are the last and first observations in the period, n is the number of years in the period, International inflation between year t and year t–n and ln is the natural logarithm operator. This growth SDR$) is measured using the change in a deflator (r t–n rate is based on a model of continuous, exponential based on the International Monetary Fund’s unit of growth between two points in time. It does not take account, special drawing rights (or SDRs). Known as into account the intermediate values of the series. the “SDR deflator,” it is a weighted average of the GDP Nor does it correspond to the annual rate of change deflators (in SDR terms) of Japan, the United Kingdom, measured at a one-year interval, which is given by the United States, and the euro area, converted to (pn – pn–1)/pn–1. U.S. dollar terms; weights are the amount of each currency in one SDR unit. Geometric growth rate. The geometric growth p tSDR$ SDR$ = rate is applicable to compound growth over discrete r t–n SDR$ p t–n periods, such as the payment and reinvestment of Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 151 Sources and methods The Atlas conversion factor (local currency to the Alternative conversion factors U.S. dollar) for year t (e tatlas) is given by: The World Bank systematically assesses the appro- priateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. An alternative conversion factor is used when the official exchange rate is deemed to be unreliable where et is the average annual exchange rate (local or unrepresentative of the rate effectively applied currency to the U.S. dollar) for year t. to domestic transactions of foreign currencies and GNI in U.S. dollars (Atlas method) for year t (Y tatlas$) traded products. This applies to only a small num- is calculated by applying the Atlas conversion factor ber of countries. Alternative conversion factors are to a country’s GNI in current prices (local currency) used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in (Yt) as follows: World Development Indicators as single-year conver- Y tatlas$ = Yt /e tatlas sion factors. The resulting Atlas GNI in U.S. dollars can then be divided by a country’s midyear population to yield its GNI per capita (Atlas method). 152 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Credits 1. World view Umar Serajuddin, Emi Suzuki, and Dereje Ketema Section 1 was prepared by a team led by Neil Fantom Wolde in partnership with the World Bank’s various and Umar Serajuddin. The overviews of each of the Global Practices and Cross-Cutting Solutions Areas— Sustainable Development Goals were prepared by Education, Gender, Health, Jobs, Poverty, and Social many World Bank staff. Contributors included Husein Protection and Labor. Emi Suzuki prepared the demo- Abdul-Hamid, Paola Agostini, Oya Pinar Ardic Alper, graphic estimates and projections. The indicators on Luis Benveniste, Carter Brandon, Randall Brummett, shared prosperity were prepared by the Global Poverty Raffaello Cervigni, Tamirat Yacob Chulta, Stephane Working Group, a team of poverty experts from the Raphael Dahan, Simon Davies, Chandan Deuskar, Poverty Global Practice, the Development Research Adam Stone Diehl, Leslie K. Elder, Patrick Hoang-Vu Group, and the Development Data Group. Poverty Eozenou, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Juan Feng, Eduardo estimates at national poverty lines were compiled Ferreira, Saulo Teodoro Ferreira, Vivien Foster, Habiba by the Global Poverty Working Group. Shaohua Chen Gitay, Roger Gorham, Mary C. Hallward-Driemeier, Ellen and Prem Sangraula of the World Bank’s Develop- Hamilton, Lucia Hanmer, Lewis Hawke, Timothy Grant ment Research Group and the Global Poverty Working Herzog, Barbro Hexeberg, Masako Hiraga, Maddalena Group prepared the poverty estimates at international Honorati, Aira Maria Htenas, Atsushi Iimi, Sarah Iqbal, poverty lines. Lorenzo Guarcello, Furio Rosati, and Arvind Jain, Miguel Jorge, Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kali- Cristina Valdivia of the Understanding Children’s Work mili, Haruna Kashiwase, Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu, project prepared the data on children at work. Other Tariq Khokhar, Silvia Lubenova Kirova, Glenn-Marie contributions were provided by Sarah Iqbal, Eliana Lange, Victoria Louise Lemieux, Hiroko Maeda, Eli- Carolina Rubiano Matulevich, and Alena Sakhonchik ana Carolina Rubiano Matulevich, Carole Megevand, (gender) and Samuel Mills (health); Alan Wittrup of Nicholas Menzies, Samuel Lantei Mills, Esther G. the International Labour Organization (labor force); Naikal, Ulf Gerrit Narloch, Fernanda Ruiz Nunez, Ana Priscilla Idele, Colleen Murray, and Tyler Porth (health), Florina Pirlea, Malvina Pollock, Elizabeth Purdie, Leila Julia Krasevec (malnutrition), and Rolf Luyendijk and Rafei, Evis Rucaj, Christopher Sall, Umar Serajuddin, Andrew Trevett (water and sanitation) of the United Meera Shekar, Rebecca Soares, Rubena Sukaj, Emi Nations Children’s Fund; Chiao-Ling Chien, Friedrich Suzuki, Steven Jay Silverstein, Siv Elin Tokle, Robert Huebler, Weixin Lu, Adriano Miele, and Said Ould A. Townsend, Nancy L. Vandycke, Dereje Ketema Wolde, Voffal of the United Nations Educational, Scientific Mizuki Yamanaka, Junhe Yang, and Nobuo Yoshida. and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics (edu- Tables were produced by Parul Agarwal, Mahyar Esh- cation and literacy); Patrick Gerland, Danan Gu, and ragh-Tabary, Juan Feng, Masako Hiraga, Bala Bhaskar François Pelletier of the United Nations Population Naidu Kalimili, Haruna Kashiwase, Buyant Erdene Khal- Division (population); Callum Brindley and Chandika tarkhuu, Hiroko Maeda, Evis Rucaj, Rubena Sukaj, Emi Indikadahena (health expenditure), Monika Bloessner, Suzuki, and Dereje Ketema Wolde. Signe Zeikate of the Elaine Borghi, Mercedes de Onis, and Leanne Riley World Bank’s Economic Policy and Debt Department (malnutrition), Teena Kunjumen (health workers), Jes- provided the estimates of debt relief for the Heav- sica Ho (hospital beds), Rifat Hossain (water and sani- ily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Relief Initiative and tation), Luz Maria de Regil and Gretchen Stevens (ane- Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. The map was pro- mia), Hazim Timimi (tuberculosis), Wahyu Mahanani duced by Juan Feng and William Prince. Editorial help and Colin Mathers (cause of death), Ryan Williams was provided by Tariq Khokhar and Elizabeth Purdie. (malaria), Lori Marie Newman (syphilis), and Kacem Iaych (road safety), all of the World Health Organiza- 2. People tion; Juliana Daher and Mary Mahy of the Joint United Section 2 was prepared by Juan Feng, Masako Hiraga, Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (HIV/AIDS); John Haruna Kashiwase, Hiroko Maeda, Elizabeth Purdie, Meara, Joshua Ng, and Mark Shrime of the Lancet Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 153 Credits Commission on Global Surgery (surgery); and Leonor Global Burden of Disease of the Institute for Health Guariguata of the International Diabetes Federation Metrics and Evaluation, the International Energy (diabetes). The map was produced by Hiroko Maeda, Agency, the International Union for Conservation of William Prince, and Dereje Ketema Wolde. Nature, the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development, the 3. Environment Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center of the Section 3 was prepared by Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in partnership with the World Bank’s Environment the United Nations Environment Programme and World and Natural Resources Global Practices and Energy Conservation Monitoring Centre, and the U.S. Depart- and Extractives Global Practices. Mahyar Eshragh- ment of Energy’s Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Tabary wrote the introduction with editorial help from Center for access to their online databases. The World Elizabeth Purdie. Christopher Sall wrote the about Bank’s Environment and Natural Resources Global the data sections on air pollution. Esther G. Naikal, Practices and Energy and Extractives Global Practices Urvashi Narain, and Christopher Sall prepared the devoted generous staff resources. The map was pro- data and metadata on population-weighted exposure duced by Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary and William Prince. to ambient PM2.5 pollution and natural resources rents. Gabriela Elizondo Azuela, Sudeshna Ghosh 4. Economy Banerjee, Jiemei Liu, and Elisa Portale prepared the Section 4 was prepared by Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kali- data and metadata on access to electricity, access mili in close collaboration with the Environment and to nonsolid fuel, energy intensity, renewable energy, Natural Resources Global Practice and Economic Data and renewable electricity. Emi Suzuki wrote the about Team of the World Bank’s Development Data Group. the data sections on urban population growth, access Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili wrote the introduction, to an improved water source, and access to improved with inputs from Liu Cui and invaluable comments sanitation facilities. Neil Fantom, Bala Bhaskar Naidu and editorial help from Neil Fantom and Elizabeth Pur- Kalimili, and William Prince provided instrumental die. The national accounts data for low- and middle- comments, suggestions, and support at all stages income economies were gathered by the World Bank’s of production. Several other staff members from the regional staff through the annual Fall Survey. Maja World Bank made valuable contributions: Gabriela Eli- Bresslauer, Liu Cui, Saulo Teodoro Ferreira, Bala zondo Azuela, Marianne Fay, Vivien Foster, Rowena Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili, Alagiriswamy Venkatesan, M. Gorospe, Glenn-Marie Lange, Ulf Gerrit Narloch, and Tamirat Yacob Chulta updated, estimated, and and Jonathan Edwards Sinton. Contributors from other validated the databases for national accounts. Esther institutions included Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, G. Naikal and Christopher Sall prepared the data on Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, and Peter Speyer from adjusted savings and adjusted income. The team is the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Pierre grateful to Eurostat, the International Monetary Fund, Boileau and Maureen Cropper from the University of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Maryland; Sharon Burghgraeve, Dan Dorner, and Jean- Development, the United Nations Industrial Develop- Yves Garnier of the International Energy Agency; Armin ment Organization, and the World Trade Organization Wagner of German International Cooperation; and for access to their databases. The map was produced Craig Hilton-Taylor and Caroline Pollock of the Inter- by Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili and William Prince. national Union for Conservation of Nature. The team is grateful to the Center for International Earth Sci- 5. States and markets ence Information Network, the Emissions Database Section 5 was prepared by Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu for Global Atmospheric Research and Joint Research and Junhe Yang in partnership with the World Bank Centre, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Group’s Finance and Markets, Macroeconomics and 154 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment Fiscal Management, Transport and Information and was produced by Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu and Wil- Communication Technologies Global Practices and liam Prince. its Public–Private Partnerships and Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Cross-Cutting Solution Areas; the Inter- 6. Global links national Finance Corporation; and external partners. Section 6 was prepared by the Financial Data Team of Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu wrote the introduction the Development Data Group, led by Evis Rucaj under with substantial input from William Prince and Eliza- the management of Neil Fantom, and comprising Parul beth Purdie. Tatiana Chekanova (World Federation of Agarwal, Peter Bourke, Cynthia Nyanchama Nyakeri, Exchanges) provided the data and metadata on stock Sun Hwa Song, and Rubena Sukaj, and in partner- markets. Other contributors include Fernanda Ruiz ship with the World Bank’s Development Research Nunez and Zichao Wei (investment in infrastructure Group (trade), Development Prospects Group (com- projects with private participation); Leora Klapper and modity prices and remittances), International Trade Frederic Meunier (business registration); Jorge Luis Department (trade facilitation), and external partners. Rodriguez Meza, Valeria Perotti, and Joshua Wimpey Other contributors include Azita Amjadi (trade and (Enterprise Surveys); Frederic Meunier and Rita Ram- tariffs), Frédéric Docquier (emigration rates), Flavine alho (Doing Business); Michael Orzano (Standard & Creppy and Yumiko Mochizuki of the United Nations Poor’s global stock market indexes); James Hackett of Conference on Trade and Development, and Mondher the International Institute for Strategic Studies (mili- Mimouni of the International Trade Centre (trade); Cris- tary personnel); Sam Perlo-Freeman of the Stockholm tina Savescu (commodity prices); Jeff Reynolds and International Peace Research Institute (military expen- Joseph Siegel of DHL (freight costs); Yasmin Ahmad, ditures); Therese Petterson (battle-related deaths); Elena Bernaldo, Aimée Nichols, and Ann Zimmerman Clare Spurrell (internally displaced persons); Enrico of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Bisogno and Michael Jandl of United Nations Office Development (aid); Tarek Abou Chabake of the Office on Drugs and Crime (homicide); Ananthanarayan of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (refugees); Sainarayan and Antonin Combes of the International and Teresa Ciller and Leandry Moreno of the World Civil Aviation Organization, and Andreas Dietrich Kopp Tourism Organization (tourism). Ramgopal Erabelly, (transport); Vincent Valentine of the United Nations Shelley Fu, and William Prince provided technical Conference on Trade and Development (ports); Azita assistance. The map was produced by Rubena Sukaj Amjadi (high-technology exports); Renato Perez of the and William Prince. International Monetary Fund (financial soundness indi- cators); Vanessa Grey, Esperanza Magpantay, Susan Other parts of the book Teltscher, and Ivan Vallejo Vall of the International Bruno Bonansea of the World Bank’s Map Design Unit Telecommunication Union (information communica- coordinated preparation of the maps on the inside cov- tion and technology); Torbjörn Fredriksson, Scarlett ers and within each section. William Prince prepared Fondeur Gil, and Diana Korka of the United Nations User guide and the lists of online tables and indicators Conference on Trade and Development (information for each section and wrote Sources and methods with and communication technology goods trade); Martin input from Neil Fantom. Azita Amjadi and Jomo Tariku Schaaper and Rohan Pathirage of the United Nations prepared Partners. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics (research and development, Database management researchers, and technicians); Carsten Fink and Mosa- William Prince coordinated management of the World hid Khan of the World Intellectual Property Organiza- Development Indicators database, with assistance tion (patents and trademarks); and Barbro Hexeberg from Mathieu Djayeola, Shelley Fu, and Junhe Yang in and Mizuki Yamanaka (statistical capacity). The map the Sustainable Development and Data Quality Team. Economy States and markets Global links Back World Development Indicators 2016 155 Credits Operation of the database management system was Neil Fantom, Mohammed Omar Hadi, Soong Sup Lee, made possible by Ramgopal Erabelly and Karthik Krish- Parastoo Oloumi, William Prince, Jomo Tariku, and namoorthy working with the Data and Information Sys- Malarvizhi Veerappan. Systems development was tems Team under the leadership of Soong Sup Lee. undertaken in the Data and Information Systems Team led by Soong Sup Lee. William Prince and Junhe Design, production, and editing Yang provided data quality assurance. Azita Amjadi coordinated all stages of production with Communications Development Incorporated, Online access which provided overall design direction, editing, and Coordination of the presentation of the World Devel- layout, led by Bruce Ross-Larson and Christopher opment Indicators online, through the Open Data Trott. Elaine Wilson created the cover and graphics website, the DataBank application, the table browser and typeset the book. Peter Grundy, of Peter Grundy application, and the Application Programming Inter- Art & Design, and Diane Broadley, of Broadley Design, face, was provided by Neil Fantom and Soong Sup designed the report. Lee. Development and maintenance of the website were managed by a team led by Azita Amjadi and Administrative assistance, office technology, comprising George Gongadze, Timothy Herzog, Jeffrey and systems development support McCoy, Parastoo Oloumi, Leila Rafei, and Jomo Tariku. Elysee Kiti provided administrative assistance. Jean- Systems development was managed by a team led by Pierre Djomalieu, Gytis Kanchas, and Nacer Megherbi Soong Sup Lee, with project management provided provided information technology support. Ugendran by Malarvizhi Veerappan. Design, programming, and Machakkalai, Atsushi Shimo, and Malarvizhi Veerappan testing were carried out by Prasanth Alluri, Ying Chi, provided software support on the DataBank application. Rajesh Danda, Shelley Fu, Mohammed Omar Hadi, Siddhesh Kaushik, Karthik Krishnamoorthy, Ugendran Publishing and dissemination Machakkalai, Nacer Megherbi, Parastoo Oloumi, Atsu- The World Bank’s Publishing and Knowledge Divi- shi Shimo, and Jomo Tariku. William Prince and Junhe sion, under the direction of Carlos Rossel, provided Yang coordinated production and provided data qual- assistance throughout the production process. ity assurance. Multilingual translations of online con- Denise Bergeron, Jewel Monique McFadden, Stephen tent were provided by a team in the General Services McGroarty, Nora Ridolfi, and Janice Tuten coordinated Department. printing, marketing, and distribution. Client feedback World Development Indicators The team is grateful to the many people who have mobile applications taken the time to provide feedback and suggestions, Software preparation and testing were managed by which have helped improve this year’s edition. Please Shelley Fu with assistance from Prashant Chaudhari, contact us at data@worldbank.org. 156 World Development Indicators 2016 Front ? User guide World view People Environment ECO -AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, the Publishing and Knowledge Division lever- ages electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology, which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. The Publishing and Knowledge Division follows the recommended stan- dards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified paper, with nearly all containing 50–100 percent recycled content. The recycled fiber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine-free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine-free (EECF) processes. More information about the Bank’s environmental philosophy can be found at http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility. The world by income Low ($1,045 or less) Classified according to Lower middle ($1,046–$4,125) World Bank estimates of 2014 GNI per capita Upper middle ($4,126–$12,735) High ($12,736 or more) No data Greenland (Den.) Norway Faroe Iceland Islands (Den.) Russian Federation Finland Sweden Canada Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U. K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan France Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland D. P. R. Bulgaria Georgia Kyrgyz of Korea Andorra Azer- Uzbekistan Rep. United States Spain Portugal Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep. of Japan Turkey Tajikistan Monaco Korea Greece China Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Malta Syrian Tunisia A. R. Afghanistan Lebanon Islamic Rep. Israel Iraq of Iran Bermuda Morocco West Bank and Gaza Bhutan (U.K.) Jordan Pakistan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Arab Rep. Bahrain The Bahamas Libya Western of Egypt Qatar United Cayman Is. (U.K.) Saudi Sahara Arabia Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Emirates India Myanmar Mexico Lao Macao SAR, China Haiti Cabo Oman PDR Jamaica Verde Mauritania N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Belize Bangladesh Mali Niger Vietnam Guatemala Honduras Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Senegal Yemen Guam (U.S.) El Salvador Nicaragua Chad Cambodia The Gambia Burkina Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Faso Djibouti Marshall Panama Guinea-Bissau Guinea Islands Costa Rica Benin R.B. de Guyana Côte Ghana Nigeria Sri Brunei Venezuela Sierra Leone Central South Ethiopia Lanka Suriname d’Ivoire Darussalam Sudan French Guiana (Fr.) Liberia Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Colombia Togo Maldives Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Singapore São Tomé and Príncipe Rep. of Kiribati Gabon Congo Kenya Nauru Ecuador Rwanda Seychelles Kiribati Dem. Rep. Burundi of Congo Papua Tanzania Indonesia New Solomon Guinea Islands Peru Tuvalu Tokelau (N.Z.) Brazil Comoros Timor-Leste French Angola Polynesia Malawi Wallis and Zambia Mayotte Futuna (Fr.) (Fr.) (Fr.) Cook Samoa Islands Bolivia (N.Z.) Zimbabwe Mozambique Vanuatu Fiji American American Samoa (U.S.) Madagascar Mauritius Samoa (U.S.) Namibia Botswana La Réunion Niue Paraguay (Fr.) New (N.Z.) Caledonia U.S. Virgin Islands British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Swaziland Germany Tonga Poland (Fr.) (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) St. Martin (Fr.) South Australia Pitcairn Dominican Africa Lesotho Puerto Rico Czech Republic Ukraine Islands Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.K.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Slovak Republic Saba (Neth.) Uruguay Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Austria Montserrat (U.K.) Hungary St. Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Argentina Slovenia Chile Croatia Romania Dominica Aruba (Neth.) Martinique (Fr.) Bosnia & St. Lucia Herzegovina Serbia Curaçao (Neth.) San New St. Vincent and Barbados Marino Zealand Bonaire Kosovo Bulgaria (Neth.) the Grenadines Montenegro FYR Grenada Italy Albania Macedonia Vatican Trinidad and Tobago City Greece R.B. de Venezuela IBRD 41312 | FEBRUARY 2016 INCOME MAP The world by income Low income Moldova Mexico Italy Afghanistan Morocco Mongolia Japan Benin Myanmar Montenegro Korea, Rep. Burkina Faso Nicaragua Namibia Kuwait Burundi Nigeria Palau Latvia Cambodia Pakistan Panama Liechtenstein Central African Republic Papua New Guinea Paraguay Lithuania Chad Philippines Peru Luxembourg Comoros Samoa Romania Macao SAR, China Congo, Dem. Rep. São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Malta Eritrea Senegal South Africa Monaco Ethiopia Solomon Islands St. Lucia Netherlands Gambia, The Sri Lanka St. Vincent and the New Caledonia Guinea Sudan Grenadines New Zealand Guinea-Bissau Swaziland Suriname Northern Mariana Islands Haiti Syrian Arab Republic Thailand Norway Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Tajikistan Tonga Oman Liberia Timor-Leste Tunisia Poland Madagascar Ukraine Turkey Portugal Malawi Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Puerto Rico Mali Vanuatu Tuvalu Qatar Mozambique Vietnam Russian Federation Nepal West Bank and Gaza High income San Marino Niger Yemen, Rep. Andorra Saudi Arabia Rwanda Zambia Antigua and Barbuda Seychelles Sierra Leone Argentina Singapore Somalia Upper middle income Aruba Sint Maarten South Sudan Albania Australia Slovak Republic Tanzania Algeria Austria Slovenia Togo American Samoa Bahamas, The Spain Uganda Angola Bahrain St. Kitts and Nevis Zimbabwe Azerbaijan Barbados St. Martin Belarus Belgium Sweden Lower middle income Belize Bermuda Switzerland Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brunei Darussalam Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh Botswana Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Bhutan Brazil Cayman Islands United Arab Emirates Bolivia Bulgaria Channel Islands United Kingdom Cabo Verde China Chile United States Cameroon Colombia Croatia Uruguay Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Curaçao Venezuela, RB Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Cyprus Virgin Islands (U.S.) Djibouti Dominica Czech Republic Egypt, Arab Rep. Dominican Republic Denmark El Salvador Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Georgia Fiji Estonia Ghana Gabon Faroe Islands Guatemala Grenada Finland Guyana Iran, Islamic Rep. France Honduras Iraq French Polynesia India Jamaica Germany Indonesia Jordan Greece Kenya Kazakhstan Greenland Kiribati Lebanon Guam Kosovo Libya Hong Kong SAR, China Kyrgyz Republic Macedonia, FYR Hungary Lao PDR Malaysia Iceland Lesotho Maldives Ireland Mauritania Marshall Islands Isle of Man Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Mauritius Israel