Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Danida o Socialist Republic of Vietnam . E--256 VOL. 5 Halong City Water Supply and Sanitation Project Sanitation Feasibility Study Volume IIIC Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Landfills -December 1998 REVISED m W:~~~~I asoca.o v.d Soi an Waer Danwaste,,' f _j '' L ~~~~~aish Water'.:D Supl and V.tams cosfat ---- .v --, 1' ,.... r Si tBb Ety r- w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '"r In association wdIh Soil and Water, Danwaste, Danish Water Supply and Vietnamese consultants. VIWASE and HADECON ; .,.-'^; ' DECEIVED| 0b HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PROPOSED LANDFILLS REVISED IN DECEMBER 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMEARY 1. INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTIONN.1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ..3 1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION..3 1.4 WASTE COLLECTION..3 L5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR UPGRADING THE EXISTING LANDFILLS AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW SANITARY LANDFILL ............................. 4 1.5.1 Location and Existing Situation ............................. 4 1.5.2 Preliminaryy Design Criteria ............................. 6 1.6 CLOSINGTHEDUMPSITES .............................. 11 1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .............................. 11 1.7.1I General ..... :11 1. 7.2 Solid Waste Generation .12 1.7.3 Existing Landfills .13 2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ............................ 14 2.1 GENERAL **9 .*.. ........ .iw.. w**.***.. ***+w* tE.*s14 2.2 LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION .14 2.3 HYGIENIC REGULATIONS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .15 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS .16 2.5 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEGISLATION .17 2.6 WORLD BANK GUIDELINES ON EMP .17 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .19 4. MITIGATION MEASURES .24 4.1 GENERAL..24 4.2 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN PHASE .. 25 4.2.1I General.25 4.2.2 Water Control and Leachate Management .25 4.2.3 Soil and Groundwater Protection .26 4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE . .26 4.3.1I General.26 4.3.2 Noise, Odouir, Litter and Dust . 27 4.3.3 Health and Safety. 27 4.3.4 Traffic and Transportation Arrangements ............................. .. 29 4.3.5 PWorking Time and Site Arrangements .30 4.3.6 Public Relations .31 4.4 MTIGATION MEASURES DURINGOPERATION.. 3 1 5. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP .44 5 1 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROJECT .44 52 PRESENT SITUATION OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANIES .45 53 STRENGTHENING OF THE SANITATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .46 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS 6. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ............................... 49 7. MONITORING PROGRAMMES ............................... 50 7.1 MONITORING SYSTEM ....................50 7.2 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER MONITORING .. . . 5 1 7.3 MONITORING OF THE LANDFILL .5... .... 53 8. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING OF MITIGATION AND MONITORING .54 8.1 PROJECT COSTS ................................................... 54 8.2 INVESTIGATION COSTS .................... . ............................. 55 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha Table 1.2 Dimensions of the landfills Table 1.3 Summary of the preliminary design for landfills Table 1.4 Development of the waste collection (m3/year) in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha Table 3.1 Impacts of location of sanitary landfill Table 3.2 Impacts of construction and operation of sanitary landfill Table 3.3 Cause and effect conclusion Table 4.1 Mitigation measures for solid waste management and landfills - design phase Table 4.2 Mitigation measures for landfills - construction phase Table 4.3 Mitigation measures for landfills - operation and after-care phase Table 6.1 Preliminary implementation and operation schedule for landfills Table 7.1 Vietnamese environmental standards Table 7.2 Selected water quality limits according to the Vietnamese standards Table 7.3 Monitoring programme and parameters to be analysed from the landfill water samples Table 7.4 Water quality sampling at each landfill Table 8.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998 Table 8.2 Estimated project cost of solid waste component in December 1998 Table 8.3 Estimated investigation costs LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1/1 Project area and location of the proposed wastewater and septage treatment plants and landfills LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Location maps of landfill sites Annex 2 Implementation Schedule December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS iii LIST OF ACRONYMS Organisations CBI Carl Bro International CPESC Cam Pha Environmental Sanitation Company Danida Danish International Development Agency DOSTE Department of Science Technology and Environment FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency HADECON Hanoi Design Consultants HCESC Halong City Environmental Sanitation Company JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency PC People's Committee PPC Provincial People's Committee MPC Municipal People's Committee MOC Ministry of Construction MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment SIDA Swedish International Development Agency QNWSC Quang Ninh Water Supply Company UNDP United Nations Development Program VIWASE Vietnam Water Supply, Environment and Sanitation Consulting Company Other BOD Biological Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan .HRD Human Resource Development O&M Operation and Maintenance PIP Project Implementation Plan RAP Resettlement Action Plan VND Vietnamese Dong TSS Total Suspended Solids USD American Dollar December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank financed water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities of Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang and in Quang Ninh province Halong City and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) had pro- vided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component. This includes in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to define a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewerage and solid waste services. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared during the feasi- bility study phase of the project and is based on the conditions in November 1998. The EMP follows the World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 Annex C. Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are: - Improve environmental conditions in the urban areas; - Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO; - Encourage economic growth; Reduce flooding; - Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services; - Development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient cus- tomer-oriented organisations. Project Description Solid Waste Management will comprise: a) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new col- lection vehicles and bins and facilitating increased contracting out to the pri- vate sector; b) Upgrading existing dump sites to sanitary landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau 4.2 ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitary landfill at Cam Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachate treatment fa- cilities; and c) Closing and sealing of existing waste dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) and Cam Pha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread, compact and cover the waste. Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures are given separately for design, construction and operation phases. The general idea of mitigation measures for a landfill is to construct the landfill as a capsule in order to prevent surface water, groundwater and polluted landfill leachate water to get mixed together. Uncontrolled emissions to the air are also a part of these measures. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS ii The main measures are: - The bottom of the landfill shall be constructed with an impervious liner, like clay, which seals the landfill leachate off from the groundwater. The landfill leachate will not contaminate the groundwater. - The clean surface runoff shall be diverted into ditches and channels around the landfill in order not to be mixed with the landfill leachate. The landfill leachate will not contaminate the surface water. - The landfill leachate shall be collected around and under the landfill (on top of the impervious liner) with ditches and underground drains to one point where it shall be treated in a treatment plant. - The waste at the landfill shall be covered with a thin layer of soil, weekly (or daily if possible) in order to prevent waste and dust to be spread around in the surrounding area, and to prevent birds, vermin and insects to spread diseases from the landfill. - The landfill gases shall be collected by means of a web of gas collection layers and collection points in the landfill. The gas shall be flared or ventilated in a controlled manner. The use of landfill gas an as energy resource is recom- mended. - The landfill shall be sealed off on the upper part when it is full. This will pre- vent rain intrusion to the landfill and thus reduce the amount of leachate when no new water enters the closed landfill. The landfill cower shall also be of an impervious material, with surface water drains and vegetation on the top. The cap seal will also keep the landfill gases under it. - As the last part of the EMP a monitoring program shall be set up in order to detect possible contaminants from the landfill as soon as possible. It includes monitoring of surface water, groundwater and air quality at certain points at the landfill. The monitoring includes also the possible settling and sliding of the landfill itself. The monitoring begins as early as possible, preferably dur- ing the preliminary design phase. - Waste acceptance is also one step in the EMP. A normal sanitary landfill shall not contain any untreated hazardous waste. Implementation Arrangements and Schedule The procurement process has been scheduled to commence in January 1999, and should be completed by the award of contracts in mid 2000. Completion of con- struction is scheduled for the end of April 2004 which allows for a 44 month con- struction period for the longest contract. The bidding process will be phased so that the bid evaluations do not occur at the same time. The consultants for the TA component should be mobilised by the end of 2000 prior to the startup of con- struction. Consultancy inputs will continue also up until the end of April 2004. Monitoring The surface water and groundwater monitoring program shall be initiated before the tipping begins and continues for up to a minimum of 30 years after the closure of the site. The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination is suspected. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sarnitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS iii Monitoring program and parameters to be analyzed from the landfill water samples - Par~unetere - Graudwatea - :: d ter a-d -Strea water and sal- . pling frue-T'' ' pe 'a 'a''g freqx per p freque y peryear -_____________ -l -he -::-:-year phase bd :: Design Opera- After Design Opera- After Design Opera- After tion care tion care tion care Groundwater level 1 4 4 Volume of surface 1 4 4 water flow Outlook 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Temperature 4 4 4 4 4 4 BOD5 1 4 4 COD 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Oxygen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 pH 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Conductivity 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Color 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Chloride 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sulfate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Phosphate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Nitrogen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Solids 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sodium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Potassium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Calcium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Iron 1 4 4 1 4 4 Manganese 1 4 4 Fecal Coliform 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 AOX 1 4 4 1 2 2 Zinc 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Copper 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mercury 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Cadmium 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Lead 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Nickel 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Phenols 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mineral oils 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Cost Estimates The total value of the proposed sanitation project is 37.25 million USD. The total base cost is 28.95 million USD. The total base cost for solid waste component, in- cluding 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of which estimated mitigation cost is roughly 23 %. The estimated monitoring costs are 12,000 - 15,000 USD per year. Cost of public awareness campaigns is including to the Technical Assistance component. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPETION OF THE PROJECT 1.1 Introduction Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank fi- nanced water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities of Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang and in Quang Ninh province Halong City and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) had provided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component. This includes in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to de- fine a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewer- age and solid waste services. The present contract was signed by DANIDA with the Danish consultant Kampsax International A/S in association with Soil and Water Ltd (Finland), Danish Waste, Danish Water Supply and Vietnamese consulting firms NI- WASE and HADECON. The consultancy services cover detailed design and construction supervision of the water supply component as well as completion of Sanitation Feasibility Study. The latter includes the following reports: - Volume I Main Report; - Volume IA Main Report Annexes; - Volume II Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement; - Volume IIIA Environmental Impact Assessment for Landfills; - Volume IIIB Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System; - Volume IIIC Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Landfills; - Volume IIID Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Drainage and Sewerage System; - Volume IE Environmental Assessment Summary; - Volume IV Project Implementation Plan; Volume V Resettlement Action Plan. Supporting reports prepared for the environmental studies include: A Biologi- cal / Ecological Study for EIA of three Landfills and three Wastewater Treat- ment Plant Sites of Halong and Data of Socio-economic Survey; Summary of Results of Household Survey in the Surroundings of the proposed Ha Khau - Deo Sen - Quang Hanh Landfills; and Report on Soil and Groundwater Inves- tigations in Sen Mountain Pass, Quang Hanh and Ha Khau of Halong City for Establishing of Landfill. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared during the feasibility study phase of the project and is based on the conditions in Novem- ber 1998. The EMP follows the World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 Annex C. FIGURE 1/1 Project Area and Location Proposed Wastewater and Septage Treatment Plants and Landfills December 1998 MAP1 LOCATION OF THE LANDFILLS. Luong Ky Reservoir Cao Van Reservoir 18E Roco Van Damn D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1. LEGEND: CFerry oa hipn Prs S4u SF g H rank etFailt D:~~~D iSCoal selection FacilitiesSSldelmntFciy toCoal Reloading Facilities 0z WIlTh + Sludge treatmuent ,,~ Tourist Areas * Sanitary Landfill Site f Industil Aea (_ Stem Fom landCfil HALON(iClCY WAitKSUPkLY ANI SANI IA IIUN KUJL.lI Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 3 1.2 Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are: - Improve environmental conditions in the urban areas; - Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO; - Encourage economic growth; Reduce flooding; - Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services; - Development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient cus- tomer-oriented organisations. 1.3 Project Description Solid Waste Management will comprise: d) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new collection vehicles and bins and facilitating increased contracting out to the private sector; e) Upgrading existing dump sites to sanitary landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau 4.2 ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitary landfill at Cam Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachate treatment facilities; and f) Closing and sealing of existing waste dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) and Cam Pha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread, compact and cover the waste. 1.4 Waste Collection The following overall objectives are proposed for the development of the col- lection coverage of the two cities: The objectives will be met by introducing two new collection systems: the Waste Bin System and the Fixed Cart System, and expanding the use of an ex- isting system, the Door-to-Door Collection System. New collection areas will be initially established by extending the simple Transfer Point System, which is widely used at present. Phase 1 of this project runs from 1998 to 2003. The objectives for 2003 correspond with a linear development of the collection systems from 1997 to 2005. Included in the project, during the period 1998 to 2003, is the renewal of all existing equipment. Additional tools for maintenance of vehicles and collec- tion equipment is also included. The project will also look at alternative vehi- cle and equipment repair options in the project area particularly in the private sector. All new vehicles will have a four years maintenance period included in the delivery contract. December 1998 Jjt-1A t.-V II I l 1 A .I t O< J-1 I- .I 1 .A * , * v.I Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 4 Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha 1997 2005 2015 Hon Gai 52 % 70 % 82 % Bai Chay 42 % 50 % 74 % Halong City, total 50 % 65 % 80 % Cam Pha 30 % 50 % 70 % 1.5 Preliminary Design for Upgrading the Existing Landfills and Construction of New Sanitary Landfill 1.5.1 Location and Existing Situation Table 1.2 Dimensions of the Landfills [Ha Khau Deo Sen Quang Hanh Total area in use ha 10 22 Project area ha 4.2 5.4 6.3 Disposal area ha 3.2 3.2 5.2 Leachate treatment area ha 1.0 0.6 1.1 Length of access road m 500 400 1000 Volume of compacted waste m 140,000 480,000 340,000 Time of use Y 10 10 10 Maximum height above m.s.l. +38 +38 +30 Thickness of filling m 22 22 14 Ha Khau in Bai Chay In Ha Khau in Bai Chay the landfill site is located in a valley near Yen Tiem village in Bai Chay. The valley is about 300 meter long and 100 to 150 metres wide from in the highest elevation (Drawing 1.1 in Annex 1). The present use of the area is forestation. The main waste transport route from Bai Chay resi- dential and tourist areas will go along the main road No. 18A to the north- eastern part of Bai Chay. The distance from the Bai Chay ferry place to the Ha Khau landfill is about 10 km. Although Ha Khau is proposed for a landfill (and approved by the PC of Ha- long on 26 September 1998), the dumping of waste has already started there. The Project has not approved or encouraged the filling to be commenced. The land filling began by the beginning of the year 1998. The dumping started in the northernmost part of the valley, at high elevation (approx. at levels be- tween +27 and 32) as a first stage and now the dumping takes place in an ad- joining area, on the hillside at the northeast, from a level approx. +25 meters from the valley bottom. The first fill has a thin cover of soil on top of it, but garbage is still visible. The edge of the fill has no cover and there is a lot of litter scattered around in the vicinity. The waste seems to consist mainly of waste from the nearby commu- December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 5 nity and market as well as from the vegetable oil factory Neptune in the vicin- ity. Deo Den in Hon Gai In Deo Sen in Hon Gai the waste collected in Hon Gai is dumped at Deo Sen landfill, which is located next to cemetery, some 5 km north from the city cen- tre (Drawing 1.2 in Annex 1). There is one main waste transport route from Hon Gai to the present landfill site Deo Sen; the road goes northwards from the city centre and along the coastline in the north (Cao Xanh road). The access road to the landfill is the same as for the cemetery. The landfill has been in operation since November 1994. Before the area was used for coal mining. The area of the landfill is informed to be about 12 ha. The tipping area is located up in the valley and the waste is tipped in front and on top of the landfill. The present area in use is estimated to be less than 1 ha and the filling height is about 10 meters. The landfill has collapsed in the front, due to lack of compaction. This has lead to, that the waste trucks tip the waste either in heaps beside the access road or in the middle of the landfill. No daily soil coverage of the waste take place, so waste is littered in the surroundings and there is a strong odour and plenty of flies. There are continuous small fires in the landfill. An excavator works on the landfill every other day. During site visits normally 2 to 3 scavengers were picking waste from the dump. When the excavator works there are usually more scavengers at the site. The scavengers do not live nearby the landfill. There are two existing power-lines, which cross the landfill area. Both power- lines run in a west-east direction. The northern one is a 110-kvolt line. It crosses the landfill just south from the planned embankment structure. The ab- solute height of the 1 10-kvolt power-line is +60 m (at its pylons east and west of the landfill). The line is hanging above the northern side of the landfill at a level of +48m. The highest level of the landfill will be at +32m according to the preliminary design. Quang Hanh in Cam Pha In Quang Hanh in Cam Pha the main waste transport route in Cam Pha is the main road No. 18 at a distance of 17 km from the Halong City and 1 1 km from Cam Pha centre. The distance from the main road to the proposed landfill site is about 1 km along the present access road. The road is narrow, only about 4 m wide with additional 1 m free space on each side of the road where houses are bordering the road. The site is almost flat and it is located in the middle of a mountainous area (Drawing 1.3 in Annex 1). The present land use of the area is forestation and small gardening and cattle breeding. A mechanical factory has been in the past in the Quang Hanh site. Only a small shelter has been left. There is, therefore, a large flat area on the site. The 1 km. access road from the main road No. 18A will be widened. The total bottom area of the disposal shall be sealed with a clay liner in order to protect December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 6 the groundwater and a mineral water reservoir in Quang Hanh. The natural soil is not impervious enough. Wastewater treatment is needed as well. The clean surface run off water from the mountains in the north-west flows in a small stream, which must be diverted from the disposal site. 1.5.2 Preliminary Design Criteria In the preliminary design has been specified the following subjects: Equipment All the sites are quite small and the need for equipment limited, but at the start of the project there are three sites to be constructed and two sites to be closed, so there must be enough equipment for these works. One heavy crawler-dozer with a front-end excavator bucket will be used at each site. Pumps will be needed at the leachate treatment plant and for pumping treated effluent to the disposal area. Monitoring equipment for water quality measur- ing and analysis will be acquired. A weigh bridge with ADP system will also be required for all of the three areas for control the collected waste amounts. Road Arrangements In Ha Khau to avoid use of the present road to the cemetery, another access road from north will be used from the main road. This road will be widened and improved. For the last part of the access, a new road will be constructed. Access from the present cemetery road will be prevented by barrier. Temporary roads will also be constructed for the operation of the landfill. In Deo Sen a new access road will be constructed in north, to avoid use of the present cemetery road. The length of the new access road is about 400 m and the width 7 m. Service road from the main road to the landfill will be widened and improved. Temporary roads will be constructed, which are needed in the operation of the landfill. In Quang Hanh access road from the main road No. 18A will be widened and improved. There is a narrow river on the east side of the planning area. A small bridge or culvert must be constructed here for the access road. Temporary roads are needed during operation. Construction material may be used to rein- force the temporary roads. Landfilling' According to the preliminary design landfilling will be done in phases in each site the filling order will be clarified during the detailed design. Preliminary proposals are presented in Drawings 1.1 - 1.3 in Annex 1. The general idea is that refuse is dumped at the foot of the working face, which will be pushed and spread by crawler dozers. Waste will also be compacted with a heavy compactor. The layer to be compacted is 0.5 to 1.0 m. A mini- mum a five passes will be done with the dozer to receive the required compac- tion. Soil cover of a thickness of 0. 1 m will be spread once a week. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 7 In Quang Hanh filling will be done using terraces. The refuse will be disposed of in temporary embankments, which are 3 m high. The embankments will have portable fences, which will eliminate littering and diminish noise from the machines. A total of two landfill phases will be developed and a reservation for future expansion will be made. Bottom Liner Bottom liner will be constructed. The bottom liner will consists of I m of clay with K=10-9 m/s or less. Leachate collection pipes will be on top of the bot- tom liner. Bottom Drainage The top soil will be removed and the site graded to about 1 % fall. The drain- age layer will consisting of the following: - a heavy duty type bamboo mat in the graded bed, - 0.5 m crushed rock on the top of the bamboo mat and > 0,5 m of graded aggregate and sand on top of the crushed rock, - another bamboo mat on top of the previous layers, - hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer > 10-2 cmn/s. Drainage System The drainage system for the support facilities will be constructed so that the run-off will be collected by concrete pipelines and ditches and conveyed pass by the landfill. Leachate Collection and Treatment The leachate will be collected in ditches and underground drains. The leachate will then be treated in settle ponds and conventional trickling filter. The efflu- ent from the filters will be lead to the biological pond and after that to pond with water hyacinths and/or duckweed. The settle ponds (two pieces) are each 2,550 m3. The settle ponds work also as equalization basins. From the basins the settled leachate is pumped to trickling filters (2*15 mi2) and distributed evenly over a bed of rocks, where it comes into contact with the biofilm. Oxygen is supplied by air that flows through the medium. The effluent contains sludge and is therefore sent to biological ponds (2*900 m2) for clarification. The even distribution of wastewater on the top of filter is important to assure efficient use of total filter capacity and to avoid short circuit through the filter media. Easy and ascertain way is to distribute wastewater with the overflow pipes on the top of the filter. It is realistic to achieve 60-95 % BOD5 removal in trickling filter. Nitrogen is nitrified in the trickling filter. In the polishing pond happens both denitrifica- tion and nitrification. Nitrogen removal in the treatment system may vary be- tween 50-70 %. Removal of bacteria and viruses is expected to be over 95 % in the plant. Heavy metals settle down with the sludge both in the settle basins and polishing ponds. Criteria for dimensioning the filter bed are following: December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 8 - BOD5 load 0,2-1,0 kg BOD5/m3/d. - Hydraulic load <24 m3/m2Id Filter media in the biological filter can be either rocks (˘ 40-70 mm) or special plastic construction. The latter are lighter, have higher porosity and need there- fore less space. There should always be built at least two filters to be able to use one when the other must be repaired. Leachate recirculation will be arranged. The "leachate" from the polishing pond can be sprayed 'into the active landfill area. pH of the leachate should be <6 and >9. The recirculation will only be applied during dry season or when ir- rigation is needed for the trees on the waste bank, to keep the microbiological activity maximised and also to keep the clay bottom liner moist during dry sea- son. Surface Water Surface water should be diverted in all sites from the landfill with collection ditches. In Deo Sen in the first phase it is necessary to construct an embank- ment to prevent wastewater flowing to north. Surface water which come from the east side, will be collected into a covered channel and led downstream by- passing the treatment ponds and discharged into the river. Final Cover and Cap The final cover and cap should have a minimum thickness of 1.0 m, which shall compose of 3 layers: - bottom layer of the cap will be of 0.2 m ventilation layer, - second layer will be 0.3 m thick clay layer, - topmost layer Of 0.4 m thickness will consist of loamy soil that will allow vegetation growing. Gas Management System A passive gas ventilation system will be applied. In the first phase, the gas will be ventilated through gas wells. A simple gas well made of perforted tube will be used, minimum 2 wells per ha. When the filling is finished, it is possibly to collect and utilise it, if needed. Treated Septage Separate area for treated septage is reserved in every landfill. Dried septage will be disposed into pits and impregnate the possible leahcate through the waste. The leachcate treatment should be dimensioned for this purpose. Recyclables According to waste collection pilot studies, there is very little recyclables in the disposed waste in the landfills in Halong. The waste contains only 10 % of re- cyclables, and most of this is mixed plastics, which are difficult to utilise. The separation of the recyclable material is not considered economically sensible. Support Facilities administrative office - social facilities for workers - container washing December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 9 - fence with a gate - parking area - area for collected recyclables - equipment maintenance - water supply - power supply - telephone Landscaping In Ha Khau tree (Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus mercusii, etc.) and bush plan- tations surrounding the landfill area at the elevation of the access road. The planting will start immediately during the first construction phase. Gas ventila- tion and leachate collection and treatment until approximately 20 years after landfill closure. After use: green area. In Deo Sen in the first phase trees will be planted along the cemetery road and the cemetery hill slope on the northeastern side to act as buffer zone. Grass vegetation on top of final cover of landfill. Gas ventilation and leachate treat- ment approx. 30 years after closure. After use: green area. In Quang Hanh tree plantations at the foot of the filling in north and east of Area 1, later in the east of Area 2. Gas ventilation and leachate treatment ap- prox. 20 years after landfill closure. After use: green area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 10 Table 1.3 Summary of Preliminary Design for Landfills Ha Khau in Bai Chay (upgrading) Deo Sen in Hon Gai (upgrading) Quang Hanlh in Cam Plia (new) - the northern access road will be improved and a new - a new access road is necessary to be constructed, to - I km of the present access road is necessary to be access road for the last part of access is necessary to avoid use of present road to the cemetery, improved, be constructed, to avoid use of present road to the - temporary roads during operation, - hospital wastc will be buried in separatc trenclhes in cemetery, - a fence will be constructed and fast growing trees segreagate area, - temporary roads during operation, and plants will be planted along the cemetery road - relocation of the military camp in a few years time. - fast growing trees and plants will be planted on the and cemetery in northeast to act as buffer zone to - pavement of the last 300 in of the access road, cemetery side of the hill to act as buffer zone, avoid the public nuisance of the view of landfill for - relocation of 7 houses, - I m thick final cover (including compacted clay and funeral participants, - grading of the area, gas ventilation layer). - ordinary hospital waste will be buried in special - I in bottom liner of clay, - relocation of a total of 6 houses + 7 old graves has trenches in segregate area, - bamboo mats to prevent soil liquefication, been already done, - construction of embankment in north to prevent - partly clhange of river route to niaxiinize the landfill - clearance of minor waste dump near the cemetery, waste water flow to north, area, - bottom levelling; top soil removal and grade the site - surface water will be lead in channel, - drainage for leachate, about 1 %, - possibility for gas collection in future. - lcachate collection and treatment, - m thick bottom liner of clay, - relocation of a total of 5 houses, - recirculation of leachate, - bamboo mats to prevent soil liquefication, - the 3 years temporary cemetery should be closed and - composting area, - bottom drainage for leachate, removed to another place, - 2 gas ventilation wells/ha, - leachate collection and treatment, - clearance of waste from the road sites along the pres- - weekly soil cover, - recirculation of leachate, ent access road, - compressor 2-3 times/week, - 2 gas wells/ha, - bottom levelling and drainage for leachate, - fence around the landfill development area, - weekly soil cover, - I m thick bottom lining of clay, - grecn buffer zone in north arid cast of Area I and - compressor 2-3 times/week, - recirculation of leachate, east of Area 2 - fence around the landfill development area, - leachate collection and treatment, - gate and guard housc to the new acccss road, - barrier for the present road and gate to the new access - 2 gas ventilation wells/la, - electricity + telephonic to the guard lhouse, road, - weekly soil cover, - lighting of the landfill area. - one guard + parking lot at the new access road, - compressor 2-3 times pcr week, - landscaping after closure, - electricity + telephone to the guard house, - fence around the landfill development area, - future land use: green area. - lighting of the landfill area, - gate and guard + parking lot at the new access road, - landscaping after closure, - electricity + telephone to the guard house, - future land use: green area - lighting of the landfill area, - landscaping after closure, - future land use: green area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 11 1.6 Closing the Dump Sites The closing of existing illegal sites at Cai Lan includes three small though dis- tinct areas, which will be covered with soil or removed and transported to a proper sanitary landfill. The total area will be 0.2 ha. A fence or some other hin- drance should be constructed to prevent people from using the covered waste dump as a parking area, because the fill is not stable and there is a serious risk of landslide. The thickness of the landfill cover will consists of 3 to 4 different layers: - grading layer of coarse material (0.3 to 0.4 m thick) to stabilise the surface construction of the other layers and to facilitate the gas venting, - barrier layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to prevent water infiltration, - top soil and protective layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to protect the bar- rier layer and to provide a medium for vegetation growth. The landfill gas should be led through the cover layer and ventilated into the air. A passive system will be applied with a simple well made of perforated tube. Two gas wells/ha is the minimum requirement to ensure proper gas collection and ventilation. The main principle for landscaping is to link the landfill to the present sur- rounding as smoothly and naturally as possible. The cover vegetation should be similar as in the surroundings. The existing dump at Vung Duc, in Cam Pha, will be properly sealed and land- scaped after a transition period of two to three years, when waste disposal can be started at the Quang Hanh site. An embankment will be constructed to avoid leachate and waste being spread out in the sea and into the UNESCO World Heritage area. The embankment should be constructed of rock, stones and im- permeable soil e.g. clay. The top level of the embankment will be 1.5 m above the high sea level. The embankment will be about 200 m long and 3 m wide with a height of 3 m. The slope of the bank will be towards the sea. The total area of the dump will be 1.4 ha. The top cover will consist of a three- layer confinement structure with which rainwater can be prevented from infil- trate into the closed dump. Landfill gas restricts the use of the area. 1.7 Environmental Setting 1.7.1 General UNESCO proclaimed the Ha Long Bay area a World Heritage site in 1995 (Fig- ure 1/1). The environmental protection of this area has a high priority. There are three environmentally sensitive areas in the project area; raw water sources, sewerage and drainage discharge to Ha long Bay and coal mining ac- tivities in Cam Pha. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 12 The coal mining activities in Cam Pha have a significant environmental impact on the environment. According to the Cam Pha Sanitation Company, Cam Pha township is one of the most polluted areas in Vietnam based on the air quality. The open cut mining produces coal dust and tailings. These are generally tipped over the mountain cliffs, which are facing the township. There is no buffer zone between the mining site and the township and the coal dust is carried by rain- water down to the town. The coal dust settles and blocks the drains and chan- nels. The environmental deterioration will continue, causing air and water pollu- tion, if no mitigative measures are adopted. The mining activities have also a considerable negative effect on the land use and aesthetic values. Discharge of untreated wastewater and solid waste into the channels, natural streams and into the sea causes deterioration of the bay water quality and affects the fishing and tourism activities. Deterioration of the bay water quality is a health risk both for bathers and to seafood consumers. 1.7.2 Solid Waste Generation Current solid waste disposal practices create a major environmental problem in Halong. Wastes are in many places outside the collection areas simply dumped in heaps on the street or thrown into ground in the back yards or hill slopes or thrown into channels and sea from where they get partly scattered around. The waste is often burned in situ. The main streets of Halong City are mostly free from solid wastes, but the back streets and open areas inside the blocks are often covered by garbage. Table 1.4 Development of total waste collection (m3/year) in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha .1997 .2. 2005. -. 2010. .2015 Bai Chay (m3/year) 15398 18038 24489 36366 52857 Hon Gai (m3/year) 55160 66107 96969 132158 176707 Cam Pha (m3/year) 30886 39566 60051 86841 124992 The daily waste generation from households is estimated at 0.55 kg/person per day. The average size of the households in Halong and Cam Pha was calculated to be 4.5 corresponding to a waste generation per household at 2.5 kg / day. The household size in Halong City is however 4.2, which could indicate a lower waste generation per household. The waste generation in Halong can be higher than in Cam Pha, because Halong City is wealthier than Cam Pha. According to the pilot study of market waste in Cam Pha, the waste distribution is similar than in the households, except that the amount of undersize fraction and organic waste is higher and the amount of ceramics/concrete/stones and tex- tiles is less than the households. The total waste collected is estimated to be 200 m3 /d in Halong City and 55 m3 /d in Cam Pha. It has been calculated the amount of health care waste (HCW) to be collected by the sanitation companies to be about 1,200 m3, corresponding to about 500 ton- December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 13 nes. Of this only about 40 tonnes per year is calculated to be health care risk waste (HCRW) generated at hospitals, and another 10 tonnes per year is most probably generated from other sources, such as out-patient clinics, public health centres, dental clinics, blood centres and medical aid posts. Totally about 10 % of the HCW produced it considered to be HCRW. This figure corresponds with figures from Sri Lanka 0.1 - 0.4 kg HCRW per bed-day according to the WB presentation Hospital Waste Management (1998). In Hong Kong the amount is 0.1 - 1.1 kg per bed-day and in Europe and USA 0.25 - 1.5 kg per bed-day. 1.7.3 Existing Landfills The existing landfill sites in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha have been screened, and noticed that the waste disposal situation at the existing dumps is environmentally critical. The dump in Bai Chay has been officially closed in spring 1997. The disposal site at Hon Gai in Deo Sen can be used at the same time when it is upgraded. From an environmentally point of view, the existing landfill in Vung Duc in Cam Pha should be closed and the disposed garbage should be transported to a new site. However, there is no new site constructed yet, and the only solution for temporary disposal in Cam Pha is to improve the existing landfill and use it until a new site at Quang Hanh has been constructed. There is another dump site called C9, some 18 kilometres east of the Cam Pha town, but from an environmentally point of view the site cannot be used as a temporary landfill without appropriate mitigative measures. Moreover, it is lo- cated too far from the main waste generation areas. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 14 2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 2.1 General The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment is the top decision- making body with overall responsibility within the environmental sector. MO- STE's main role is to assist the Govemment in the strategies and policy-planning issues related to science, technology and environment. Besides the Ministry, there are several other agencies involved in the management and protection of the environment. Within the Ministry, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) is the environ- mental arm, whose main task is to act as a co-ordinating body for other Minis- tries with environmental responsibilities. It is also charged with developing leg- islation and regulations, programme, control and monitoring systems to enforce the protection of the environment throughout the country. Depending on the local People's Committee, the local environmental authorities have an important role in environmental management and enforcement of regu- lations. 2.2 Law On Environmental Protection The National Assembly ratified the Law on Environmental Protection on De- cember 27, 1993, and the decree was issued on October 18, 1994. In the Law, there are very clear articles to prevent environmental pollution in general, and also articles concerning solid waste management. The general provisions of the law are described in Chapter 1, which defines the meaning of he terms (Law on Environmental Protection, 1993). Article 2 defines waste, pollutants and environmental pollution as follows: Wastes mean substances discharged from daily life, production processes or other activities. Wastes may be in a solid, gaseous, liquid or other forms. Article 26: The choice of sites for collecting, dumping and treating refuse or pollutants and their transportation must comply with regulations by the State Management Agency for environmental protection and by local authorities con- cerned. Waste water, refuse containing toxic substances, pathogenic agents, inflammable or explosive substances or non-degradable wastes, must be properly treated be- fore discharge. The State Management Agency for environmental protection shall stipulate a schedule for treatment of wastewater and refuse as mentioned in this Article and supervise their treatment process before discharge. Article 29, point 2, mainly concerns air emissions, which can also occur from landfills, composting and other waste treatment plants. It is strictly prohibited to: discharge smoke, dust, noxious gas, bad odours causing harm to the atmosphere; December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Sites 15 emissions of radiation, radioactivity exceeding permissible limits into the sur- rounding environment. Several activities are also strictly prohibited in Article 29: - Discharge of grease or oil, toxic chemicals, radioactive substances exceeding permissible limits, waste, dead animals or plants, harmful and infectious bacteria and virus into water sources - Burial or discharge of toxic substances exceeding permissible limits into the soil - Importation of technology and equipment not meeting environmental stan- dards; importation or exportation of wastes. 2.3 Hygienic Regulations Affecting Solid Waste Management The Council of Ministers promulgated the Hygienic Regulations and Adminis- trative Penalty relating to the Health Service in July 1991 (No: 23/HDBT); these are based on the Organisation Law and the People's Health Protection Law. The content of the regulations is good, but many of these regulations are not moni- tored or followed. Chapter IV concerns hygienic regulations for industrial and domestic waste. In Article 15 there are regulations governing industrial waste: State owned and private factories, enterprises and production establishments must dispose of their waste, smoke, dust, toxic gas, oil and noise so that pollu- tion of the environment is avoided. The wastewater containing toxic chemicals from factories and enterprises, and disease causing bacteria from hospitals must be treated according to the stan- dards before discharging into common sewer system in the city or town. It is forbidden to let wastewater from factories, enterprises and hospitals to con- taminate water resources and the living environment. The Ministry for Public Health regulates the monitoring of waste treatment in state owned and private production establishments. In Article 16 there are regulations governing domestic waste: Excreta disposal: Different kind of latrines should be made for use according to specific condi- tions, and they must ensure hygienic conditions are met. It is forbidden to build latrines near water resources. Each family must use their own latrine or public latrine. Even for children it is forbidden to stool freely. Excreta has to be trans- ported by special equipment, which must be watertight to avoid dropping of ex- creta into the streets. Refuse disposal: December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLlUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 16 Refuse from households, offices, schools, streets and public places must be swept, collected and carried away every day. There must be waterproof and tightly closed litter boxes in bus stops, stations, and markets. It is forbidden to throw refuse in the streets and other public places. Wastewater disposal: Wastewater disposal must ensure the hygienic standards are met, and wastewa- ter is discharged into rivers, lakes and other places only when the regulations allow. In Chapter X there are hygienic regulations for public places, including regula- tions for public sanitation. Article 34 concerns the streets: Refuse, coal, lime sand and bricks, which are transported must be covered so that the content does not drop onto the streets. It is forbidden to dig streets or roads without permission. The streets must be cleaned after the construction work. The blocking of sewers must be prevented. Sewers must be frequently cleaned and dredged. It is not allowed to sweep streets during rush hours. Article 35 concerns public places: There must be enough clean water, clean latrines and tightly closed litter boxes in public places. It is necessary to build clean toilets in densely populated areas and along the streets with heavy traffic. Money can be collected for mainte- nance. It is not allowed to wash and bath at public water taps. Article 37 govems night-soil utilisation: Nightsoil has to be kept carefully for fermentation before it is used as a fertiliser. Excreta cannot be transported on streets during rush hours. Excreta must be transported in tightly closed tanks to avoid dropping into streets. 2.4 Environmental Standards Besides the laws, there are environmental and water quality standards, which have been issued in recent years to encourage environmental protection and pre- vent pollution. In cases where the applicable standard is inadequate, not regulated, or not appli- cable, project agencies must obtain MOSTE's approval for the use of equivalent standards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment to Vietnam, or apply an equivalent standard from a third country. The Provisional Environmental Criteria from 1993, which has been published by MOSTE is the only document which specifies the minimum sanitary protective distance for various categories of enterprises and plants (factories) and also for sanitary engineering works and public utilities: December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 17 Grade I - The protective interval of 1000 i 1. For disposal and places for sorting out of rubbish (solid and liquid), decom- posed and spoiled by-products. Also 1000 m should be applied for heaps for deodorising spoiled substances and heaps for decomposing dirty waste. Grade II - Tize protectiive interval of 500 ni 1. Centralised plants for solid waste recycling and incineration. 2. Disposal of fully treated solid wastes. Grale III - The protective interval of 300 m 1. Heaps and mounds of solid wastes. 2. Ground for composting poisonous solid wastes for producing fertilisers. 3. Parking areas for solid waste and dirty residue transporters. 4. Tanks for collecting waste water from town drains. 5. Cemeteries. 6. Storage for household solid waste for treatment and reuse. 7. Heat sterilisation stations. Grale IV - Thze protective interval of 100 m 1. Storage for temporarily non-treated rubbish or raw materials. 2.5 Municipal Solid Waste Legislation Municipal legislation is generally scarce in the solid waste sector. The Sanita- tion Companies propose regulations for approval by the People's Committee. Upon approval, the regulations become law. There are 21 municipal by-laws associated with the street hygiene in the solid waste sector. Legislation and municipal by-laws are inadequate to guide good practice in design, operation and maintenance of solid waste landfill. The com- panies enforce the law by punitive fines applied to transgressors. The level of enforcement is constrained by limited resources available for policing the law. 2.6 World Bank Guidelines on EMP The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared according to the World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 (Annex C). According to the World Bank's categorisation this Project belongs to category A. A full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be prepared and an Environmental Management Plan has to be integrated with the EIA. The EMP is a legally binding document on how to implement mitigation measures during the design, construction and op- eration phases of the Project. The submission of satisfactory ElA, EMP and EA Summary reports for the Bank's review and clearance is a Bank requirement to enable project appraisal to proceed. According to the World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 a project's EMP con-. sists of the set of measures to be taken during implementation and operation to December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 18 eliminate, offset,- or to reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable lev- els and actions needed to implement them. Environmental mitigation plans are essential elements of category A projects. EMP should include the following items: - Identification and summary of all the significant adverse environmental im- pacts that are anticipated, - Description and technical details for each mitigation measure, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is re- quired, - Institutional arrangements and the various assignment of the various respon- sibilities for carrying out the mitigation measures - Implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and co-ordination with overall project implementa- tion plans, - Monitoring and reporting procedures - Integration into the total project cost tables of the cost estimates and sources of funds for both the initial investment and the recurring expenses for im- plementing the mitigation plan. Specific links should exist for (1) funding, (2) management and training and (3) monitoring. The purpose of the first link is to ensure that the proposed actions are adequately financed. The second link helps embed in the overall manage- ment plan training, technical assistance, staffing, and other institutional strength- ening needed to implement the mitigative measures. The third link is necessary to provide a critical path for implementation and to enable the sponsors and the Bank to project supervision and as a means for future projects. These linkages may be part of the conditionally in Loan Agreements or in the Minutes of Negotiations. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 19 3. ENVJRONMENTAL IMPACTS All kind of construction works as well as activities related to these, will lead to certain cause and effects on the environment. In EIA-study has been analysed and specified environmental cause and effects on the physical, biological and human environment caused by the location, construction and operation of sani- tary landfills in Quang Hanh and upgrading of present landfills in Ha Khau and in Deo Sen and necessary facilities related to these. The effects of these activities can be positive, negative or both. Some of them can be negligible. The probability of the realisation and the seriousness of ef- fects, as well as the duration, if it can be estimated, will be discussed. The background for the estimation of impacts have been obtained by: - desk studies, - several site visits to the site and surroundings by experts representing differ- ent expertise, - preliminary geotechnical ground investigations, installation of one groundwater monitoring well and water quality analyses in Ha Khau and Deo Sen, flora and fauna field surveys, - interviews with local people in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh, - interviews with local authorities. Local people's and authorities main opinions have been recorded by informing of the proposed project and interviewing them. The most common method of disposal of solid municipal waste is by deposition in landfills. Sanitary landfills are planned, located and designed and constructed according to engineering and environmental specifications to minimise the im- pacts to the environment, including the groundwater quality. The principal threat to groundwater comes from leachate, which is generated from the landfill. The design of the sanitary landfills aims to minimise leachate development by covering the fill from rainfall, run-off and adjacent groundwa- ter. The leachate will be properly treated in such a manner that the facilities are easy to operate and applied to the local customs. Location a landfill does not itself cause any essential negative impacts on the atmospheric environment. There is a risk of surface water contamination if strict mitigative measures are not adopted.Location of the landfill at the proposed sites will not cause any serious negative impacts on natural flora and fauna, because there is no endangered or rare flora and fauna species either in Ha Khau, Deo Sen or Quang Hanh (Table 3.1). Groundwater resources are not considered important for general water supply in Ha Khau or Deo Sen. However, local people use shallow dug wells in Ha Khau, which usually run dry during dry season. Therefore, care should be taken into consideration not to endanger the drinking water source in the area. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AN1) zAlAN lA11 J1 rKuJr.._i Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 20 It is very difficult to find a large isolated area for landfill development in densely populated areas as in Vietnam and still close to the main waste generation sites. There is a typical attitude against landfills: "Nobody wants the landfill in the neighbourhood, because it is polluting." The locals realise the landfills as typical dumps with fires, flies, rats, odour, etc. They have no experience of an appropri- ate sanitary landfill and cannot therefore imagine how the landfill will be con- structed or operated. Impacts of the construction and operation of landfills is presented in Table 3.2. A summary (Table 3.3) of cause and effect conclusions including the estimation of magnitude as well as need for mitigative is given in the end of this section. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 21 Table 3.1. Impacts of Location of Sanitary Landfill Issue Ha Khau (Bai Clay) Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quang Hanhl (Camn Pha) Aquatic There are small ponds downstream from the present landfill. Two streams are located in Quang Hanh, Environment These are now used for aquacultivation i.e. fish farming. The where one will cross the landfill area, if the leachate may have contact with the pond water and the aquaculti- route is not changed. The stream is narrow and vation in the present ponds is not recommended. In the prelimi- dry during dry season. The change of route nary design, the ponds will be constructed to leachate collection will not have any minor negative impacts, be- and treatment ponds, where no fish farning is allowed. cause it will be reconnected with the stream The present discharge of untreated leachate is to river, whiclh is downstream until it vanishes into a limestone used both for aquaculture and irrigation, and finally flowing to the cave. mud beaches of Cua Luc estuary. The present quality of leachate does not fulfil the Vietnamese standard for aquaculture. The quality of leachate will be improved after the upgrading of the ___present landfill. Terrestrial Minor rice fields are located in nar- According to the analysis from grounwater monitoring well there Giap Klau limestone mountain is protected, Environment row valley, but these fields seem to traces of leachate and the water cannot be used in houselholds or and the area reservation does not reach to this be in a very poor condition and dur- for aquaculture. mountain. Inportant mineral water resources ing dry season there is lack of water. have been found northeast of the proposed landfill site. Careful mitigative measures should be adopted to present tlhese resources from contamination. This has been taken inot account in the preliminary design for all levels. Human Proposed area is located in sparsely People close by Deo Sen landfill complain about pollution they The ground in the proposed area has been al- Environment populated area. There were 7 house- are suffering from landfill and cemetery (odour, flies, mosquitos). ready excavated and residents have got their holds inside the area but these have The drinking water is polluted. There are 5 houses inside the di- compensation and removed due to the previous been located. 7 old graves on the hill rect influence area, and totally 18 houses according to the local cement factory. There are still 7 houses to be slope must be relocated. Siting will authorities. Twenty one houses have previously been relocated relocated and compensated. The military camp not cause any serious negative social and compensated. There is one houseliold, which has got coIII- should be relocated in a few ycars timc. and cultural impacts. pensation, but has not moved. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 22 Table 3.2. Impacts of Construction and Operation of Sanitary Landfill Issue Ha Khau (Bai Chay) . Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quaig llanhi (Caln Plla) Aquatic The river downstream from the site is uscd for irrigation, and There is a risk of surface water contami- Therc is a risk of stream water contamination Environment is discharging to the sea. Thuere are small rainwater collection nation if appropriate mitigative meastures if strict mitigative measures are not adopted. ponds downstream from the proposed site. There is a risk of are not adopted. The stream disclharges into a litnestone cave contamination of surface waetr if necessary treatment of witlh unknown connections with streamis for leachate and mitigtive measures and monitoring are not surface and groundwater. adopted. Terrestrial Due to the use of shallow groundwater there is a risk of con- Although groundwater, surface wacr and The top layers of the soils have a little huigher Environment tamination of groundwater. The measured permeability of aquaculture ponds are already contami- permeability than recommended, There is a soils are Ihigher than recommended for the bottom of a sani- nated additional filtration of leachaete into severe risk of contamination of important tary landfill. the groundwater and surface water has to mineral grotndwater resources if strict miti- be prevented. gative measures are not adopted in all design levels. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 23 Table 3.3 Cause and Effect Conclusion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .. .. .... ... . .. . ... Atmospheric environment Toxic gas emissions from fire smoulders - Minor/major yes Gas migration in limestone in Quang Hanh - Minor yes Accidental explosions due to lack of gas col- - Major yes lection or ventilation Air emissions from landfill operation - Minor yes Aquatic environment Risk of flooding in Quang Hanh - Minor yes Risk of contamination of surface water (ponds, river, sea, etc.) in all sites - Minor/major yes Unknown Terrestrial environment ? before de- ? Risk of subsidence due to low bearing tailed inves- 'strength tigations Erosion processes in the hill slopes for Ha Minor yes Khau & Deo Sen Risk of infiltration of leachate into subsoil and groundwater Minor/major yes Risk of groundwater infiltration into landfill (Ha Khau ?) Minor/major yes Ion exchange capacity in the soil + 1- Minor yes Risk of chemical spills during regular service or repair Minor yes Risk of road damages by heavy transport of Minor/major Yes equipment or collection vehicles_ Risk of negative impacts on local flora and Minor Yes fauna Risk of littering from landfill operation Minor Yes Human environment Minor Yes Loss of land areas Increase of local economic activities during construction and operation of the landfill + Major/minor No Loss of income for farmers at Ha Khau site major Yes Creation of noise, dust and odours, etc. minor/major yes Increased risk of accidents and injury minorfmajor yes Improvement of road conditions and other modernisation + minor/major no Improvement of local environmental condi- tions due to appropriate waste disposal + major yes December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 24 4. MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 General This Environmental Management Plan is based on the information available at the end of the Feasibility Study Phase in November 1998. The design strategies and exact details will be specified during the detailed design phase of the project The Environmental Management Plan is based on the following: - World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 Annex C Environmental Mitiga- tion or Environmental Management Plan - Standard Bidding Documents. Supply and Installation of Plant and Equip- ment. The World Bank, January 1996 - Guide to Use of FIDIC. Conditions of Contract for Works of civil Engineering Construction. Fourth Edition 1989 - Vietnamese Environmental Standards, Volume I: Water Standards, Volume II: Air Standards, MOSTE 1995 - Vietnam construction regulation and standard, Volume I, MOC - Draft Directive on the Landfill Waste, Commission of the European Commu- nities, 1997 - Dutch Soil Cleanup Guideline, Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, 1995 - Collection of Solid Waste Laws, Finnish Ministry of Environment, 1998 - Collection of background data in situ in Halong City - Site visits in Halong City and Cam Pha - Meetings with HCESC and CPESC - Discussions with Feasibility Study Team - Review of documents and project overview - Feasibility Study Reports: Main Report (April 1998), Main Report Annexes (April 1998), Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement (April 1998), EIA for Proposed Landfills (April 1998), Project Implementa- tion Plan (April 1998) - Supporting reports prepared for the environmental studies include: A Biologi- cal / Ecological Study for EIA of three Landfills and three Wastewater Treat- ment Plant Sites of Halong and Data of Socio-economic Survey; Summary of Results of Household Survey in the Surroundings of the proposed Ha Khau - Deo Sen - Quang Hanh Landfills; and Report on Soil and Groundwater In- vestigations in Sen Mountain Pass, Quang Hanh and Ha Khau of Halong City for Establishing of Landfill. The mitigation measures shall meet the demands arising from the general re- quirements for landfills and Vietnamese as well as other international standards and legislation. The mitigation measures are divided into design, construction and operation phases. The operation phase contains also the after care phase. Several of the measures are overlapping and complementing each other in the different phases, e.g. monitoring points shall be included in the design phase and used in the op- eration and aftercare phase for about 30 years. December 1998 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 25 In this chapter are discussed general mitigation measures, and measures which need a more detailed consideration in relation to each project component during design, construction and operation. The mitigation measures for each project component are presented in Tables 4.1 - 4.3. 4.2 Mitigation Measures during Design Phase 4.2.1 General Environmental matters have to be integrated the design work and planning of the project. The designing has to be done to minimise the adverse impacts on the en- vironment using, as much as possible, existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and exist- ing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way has to be used rather than create new ones. The key mitigation measures are to be noted in the Feasibility Study Main Report and Project Implementation Plan. According to the Vietnamese Construction Regulation Standard Article 3.3 Pro- tection of Natural Resources and Environment construction projects should: - Not cause an adverse effect to environment, and technical regulations on scen- ery and environment protection should be observed; - Protect the natural preservation areas, and historical, cultural and architectural places; - Extraction of natural resources must be done rationally and cause no obstacle to the next exploitation; - Respect traditional customs, practices, religions of people living in and around the construction area. The measures that will take place during site selection for the landfills have in the most part already been performed during the initial phase of the project and during the preliminary designs of the landfills. Proper engineering design according to Vietnamese and international standards and criteria should be provided during the design to minimise adverse on environment The mitigation measures during design phase are listed in Table 4.1. 4.2.2 Water Control and Leachate Management Appropriate measures shall be taken, with respect to the characteristics of the landfill and the meteorological conditions of the area, in order to: - Control water from precipitations entering into the landfill body. - Prevent surface water and/or ground water from entering into the landfilled waste. - Collect contaminated water and leachate. - Treat contaminated water and leachate collected from the landfill to the stan- dard of Vietnamese industrial wastewater for their discharge. December 1998 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 26 4.2.3 Soil and Groundwater Protection A landfill must be situated and designed to meet the necessary conditions for pre- venting pollution of the soil, groundwater and surface water as well as ensuring efficient collection of leachate. Protection of soil, ground water and surface water is to be achieved by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom liner during the operational phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and a top liner during the passive phase when the landfill has been closed. The geological barrier is determined by geological and hydrogeological condi- tions below and in the vicinity of a landfill site providing sufficient attenuation capacity to prevent a potential risk to soil and ground water. The landfill base and sides shall consist of a mineral layer that satisfies perme- ability and thickness requirements with a combined effect (k) in terms of protec- tion of soil, ground water and surface water at least equivalent to the requirement of k equal or less than 1.0*10-9 m/s and a thickness of the layer equal or thicker than 1.0 meter. If the geological barrier does not naturally meet the above conditions it can be completed artificially and reinforced by other means giving equivalent protection. An artificially established geological barrier should be more than 0.5 meter thick. In addition to this a leachate collection and sealing system must be added to en- sure that leachate accumulation at the base of the landfill is kept to a minimum. The leachate collection and bottom sealing construction consist of a clay sealing liner on the bottom and a drainage system on top of that. Recommendations for surface seal at landfill Top Top soil cover 2 1.0 meter thick Drainage layer > 0.5 meter thick Impermeable mineral layer 2 0.5 meter thick Bottom Gas drainage layer According to design In order to minimise the formation of leachate a surface sealing shall be con- structed at the closing up of a landfill or a part of the landfill. The determination of the permeability coefficient (k) for the different confinement layers at a landfill site shall be conducted as in situ tests on the sites as well as laboratory tests. 4.3 Mitigation Measures During the Construction Phase 4.3.1 General All works including to the project have to be implemented following the appropri- ate standards, specifications and working methods given in the Contract Agree- ment. The General Conditions of Contract according to SIPE and/or The Condi- tions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction given by FIDIC have to be followed up. The mitigative measures shall be incorporated in the con- December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 27 tract documents. The numbering of the following paragraphs refers to STPE and FIDIC. The Contractor has the general responsibility to carry out the mitigation measures during the construction. The mitigation measures are listed in Table 4.2. 4.3.2 Noise, Odour, Litter and Dust General mitigation measures for noise, odour, litter and dust concerning all con- struction are as follows: Dust, litter and public inconvenience has to be minimised by good construction management and site supervision. To minimise dust emissions caused by con- struction works, sprinkling the streets with water is recommended in the vicinity of construction sites. Construction noise has to be minimised. The following Vietnamese standards are to be applied: Road motor vehicle noise, maximum permitted noise level (TCVN 5948-1995), Noise in public and residential areas, maximum permitted noise level (TCVN 5949-1995). The strongest limitations are from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. in the vicinity of hospitals, sanatoriums, libraries and kindergartens where maximum noise level is 40 dB. Anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment has to be used when possible. There is no official standard for vibration, but MO- STE Decree No. 175/CP, 18 October 1994 gives permissible levels of vibration. Appropriate equipment should be used for transportation of excavated material and to collect accidental spills (sludge, oils from equipment, etc.) during rehabili- tation and construction works. 4.3.3 Health and Safety General In all construction works local health and safety working methods and Guidelines given by the World Bank or FIDIC have to be followed. Safety. Security and protection of the Environment (FIDIC 19.1) The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the works and remedying of any defects therein: - Have full regard for the safety of all persons entitled to be upon the site and keep the site and the works (so far as the same are not completed or occupied by the Employer) in an orderly state appropriate to the avoidance of danger to such persons. - Provide and maintain at his own cost all lights, guards, fencing, warning signs and watching, when and where necessary or required by the Engineer or by any duly constituted authority, for the protection of the Works or for the safety and convenience of the public or others, and - Take all reasonable steps to protect the environment on and off the Site and to avoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others re- December 1998 }7LALON(.ix UI I rLA ri l v Esv Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 28 sulting from pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of his methods of operation. Accident or Injury to Workmen (FIDIC 24.1) The Employer has no responsibility for injuries that may be suffered by employ- ees of the Contractor, unless such injury results from an act or default of the Em- ployer. In such circumstances the injured person would be regarded as a "third party" to the Employer and the Employer would have the benefit of the Third Party insurance. Insurance Against Accident to Workmen (FIDIC 24.2) The Contractor is required to insure his liability for death or injury to hiss own employees and he should also ascertain that all Subcontractors have similar insur- ance in force in regard to their employees. During the execution of the works the Contractor shall keep the site reasonably free from all unnecessary obstructions and shall store or dispose of any Contrac- tor's equipment and surplus materials and clear away and remove from the site any wreckage, rubbish or temporary works no longer required. Engagement of Staff and Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Accident prevention Officer; Accidents The Contractor shall have for his staff at the Site an officer dealing only with questions regarding the safety and protection against accidents of all staff and la- bour. This officer shall be qualified for his work and shall have the authority to is- sue instructions and shall take protective measures to prevent accidents. Engagement of Staff and Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Health and Safety Due precautions shall be taken by the Contractor, and at his own cost, to ensure the safety of his staff and labour and, in collaboration with and to the requirements of the local health authorities, to ensure that medical staff, first aid equipment and stores, sick bay and suitable ambulance service are available at the camps, hous- ing and on the Site at all times throughout the period of the Contract and that suit- able arrangements are made for the prevention of epidemics and for all necessary welfare and hygienic requirements. Engagement of Staff arid Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Reporting of Accidents The Contractor shall report to the Engineer details of any accident as soon as pos- sible after its occurrence. In the case of any fatality or serious accident, the Con- tractor shall, in addition, notify the Engineer immediately by the quickest avail- able means. Enzagement of Staffand Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Supply Water The Contractor shall, so far as is reasonably practical, having regard the local conditions, provide on the Site an adequate supply of drinking water and other water for the use of his staff and labour. The local Service of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs is responsible for safety inspections. Labour Unit of each company is responsible for safety regulations in the work places. December 1998 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 29 The Contractor is responsible to provide appropriate equipment, tools and protec- tive clothing to the workers. The Contractor has to ensure that appropriate working methods are applied. Anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment has to be used when possible. The Contractor has to provide and train staff how to use ear protectors when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB. The removed material from channels has to be handled, transported and disposed according to the safety instructions. Appropriate safety equipment to prevent overfilling of tanks and collect accidental spills of chemical, oils etc. has to be installed and used. Special attention has to be paid to avoid any spills into water and soil. A fence has to be constructed around landfills and wastewater treatment plant sites to separate sites from surrounding areas and to prevent unnecessary access to them. On the area there has to be a signboard to warn in local language about the possible health risks caused by the plants. 4.3.4 Traffic and Transportation Arrangements General Interference with Traffic and Adjoining Properties (FIDIC 29.1) All operations necessary for the execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein shall, so far as compliance with the requirements of the contract permits, be carried on so as not to interfere unnecessarily or im- properly with: - The convenience of the public - The access to, use and occupation of public or private roads and footpaths to or of properties whether in the possession of the Employer or of any other per- son. Avoidance of Damage to Roads (FIDIC 30.1) The contractor shall use every reasonable means to prevent any of the roads or bridges communicating with or on the routes to the site from being damaged or injured by any traffic of the Contractor or any of his Subcontractors. In particular, the Contractor shall select routes, choose and use vehicles and restrict and distrib- ute loads so that any such extraordinary traffic as will inevitably arise from the moving of materials, plant, Contractor's equipment or temporary works from and to the site shall be limited, as far as reasonably.possible. Minimise the nuisance caused by transportation of materials and by construction activities, by arranging transportation and construction on busy but narrow main streets in residential areas only during the day. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANII AI IUN PROJEL 1 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 30 The loads must be covered to minimise the spread of dust and preventing drop- ping of material from the load to the roads. Ferry connection between Bai Chay and Hon Gai has to be considered when planning transporting of construction material and land reclamation. 4.3.5 Working Time and Site Arrangements Site Regulations and Safety (SIPE 22.3) The Employer and the Contractor shall establish Site regulations setting out the rules to be observed in the execution of the Contract at the Site and shall comply therewith. The Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Employer, with a copy to the Project Manager, proposed Site regulations for the Employer's approval, which approval shall not be unreasonable withheld. Such Site regulations shall include, but shall not be limited to, rules in respect of security, safety of the Facilities, gate control, sanitation, medical care, and fire prevention. Site Clearance (SIPE 22.6) (FIDIC 32.1 and 33. 1) Site Clearance in course of Performance: In the course of carrying out the Con- tract, the Contractor shall keep the Site reasonably free from all unnecessary ob- struction, store or remove any surplus materials, clear away any wreckage, rub- bish or temporary works from the Site, and remove any Contractor's Equipment no longer required for execution of the Contract. Clearance of the Site after Completion: After Completion of all parts of the Fa- cilities, the Contractor shall clear away and remove all wreckage, rubbish and de- bris of any kind from the Site, and shall leave the Site, and shall leave the Site and Facilities clean and safe. Watching and Lighting (SIPE 22.7) The Contractor shall provide and maintain at its own expense all lighting, fencing, and watching when and where necessary for the proper execution and the protec- tion of the Facilities, or for the safety of the owners and occupiers of adjacent property and for the safety of the public. Work at Night and on Holidays (SIPE 22.8) Unless otherwise provided in the Contract, no work shall be carried out during the night and on public holidays of the country where the Site is located without prior written consent of the Employer, except where work is necessary or required to ensure safety of the Facilities or for the protection of life, or to prevent loss or damage to property, when the Contractor shall immediately advise the Project Manager. Sign to show the name of the Project, the name of Employer and the name of Contractor has to locate in visible place in the construction site. December 1998 Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 31 4.3.6 Public Relations Rehabilitation works and new traffic arrangements during rehabilitation works should be announced to the public regionally in newspapers, TV and radio. Lo- cally the announcement is given to the phuong representatives who will inform the residents. Loudspeakers can be used during the construction work to give the latest information in concerned areas. Local people have to be informed in advance about the public nuisance and espe- cially about possible changes and disturbance to traffic. 4.4 Mitigation Measures During Operation HCESC and CPESC have the responsibility to carry out all operation and mainte- nance work. They have responsibility to arrange all works using proper methods and avoiding noise, odour, litter, dust and traffic nuisance during the operation. The mitigation measures during operation are listed in Table 4.3. Safety and Health during Waste Treatment The staff of HCESC and CPESC have to follow strictly safety and health regula- tions during transportation and treatment of waste. Special attention has to be paid to avoid the direct contact with waste. The ESCs have to provide protective clothing including waterproof overall, safety welling- tons and gloves. Workers have to use protective measures to avoid skin or eye contact and inhalation has to be used during dusty work periods, e.g. during loading and unloading of waste and any direct contact with it. A possibility of proper washing with clean water and soap has to be arranged during and after the working. A first aid kit has to be available to wash and treat the possible cuts and wounds. The operation of landfills will attract scavengers who will pick recyclable mate- rial from the landfills. The conflict of interest between landfill safety on one-hand and income opportunities for scavengers on the other hand, may lead to trouble between the interest groups. The landfill will probably need to be operated in such a way as to accommodate scavengers, since it is usually impossible to ex- clude them. Scavengers shall be allowed to use washing facilities for cleaning themselves. Gas Emission Control Appropriate measures shall be taken in order to control the accumulation and mi- gration of landfill gases. Landfill gas shall be collected from a landfill that receives biodegradable waste and the gas must be treated and used. If the gas collected cannot be used to pro- duce energy, it must be flared or a passive gas ventilation system shall be applied. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 32 The collection, treatment, use and ventilation of landfill gas shall be carried out in a manner, which minimises damage to or deterioration of the environment and risk to human health. Nuisances and Hazards Measures shall be taken to minimise nuisances and hazards arising from the land- fill (and the construction of it) through: - Emissions of odours and dust - Wind-blown materials - Noise and traffic - Birds, vermin (rodents) and insects - Formation of aerosols - Fire The landfills shall daily be covered with a 0.1 m thick layer of soil on order to prevent material from the fill to be blown to the surroundings. The thin coverage keeps also birds, vermin and insects away from the waste and odour is not spread in the surrounding. Stability of the Landfill The emplacement of waste on the site shall take place is such a way as to ensure stability of the mass of waste and associated structures, particularly in respect of avoidance of slippage and sliding of the waste mass. Where an artificial barrier is established it must be ascertained that the geological substratum, considering the morphology of the landfill, is sufficiently stable to prevent settlement that may cause damage to the barrier. Fencing Fencing sufficient to prevent free access to the site shall surround the landfill. The gates shall be locked outside operating hours. The system of control and access to each facility shall contain a programme of measurements to detect and discourage illegal dumping in the facility. Waste Acceptance The composition, leachability, long-term behaviour and general properties of the waste to be landfilled must be known as precisely as possible. Waste acceptance at a landfill can be based either on lists of accepted or-refused waste, defined by nature and origin, and on waste analysis methods and limit values for the proper- ties of the waste to be accepted. These are general principles. A sanitary landfill shall not accept hazardous waste without prior treatment mak- ing the waste non-harmful. A list of hazardous waste and properties is presented in the European Union Directive 91/689/EEC. In general, a sanitary landfill shall not accept waste that contains one or several of the following character: - Oxidising - Explosive - Deflagrable - Infectious December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 33 Wastewater, refuse containing toxic substances, pathogenic agents, inflammable or explosive substances, non-degradable wastes, must be properly treated before discharge. The State Management Agency for environmental protection shall stipulate a schedule of wastewater and refuse of this kind and supervise their treatment process before discharge. Criteria for acceptance must be derived from considerations pertaining to: - Protection of the surrounding environment particularly ground water and sur- face water. - Protection of the environmental protection constructions (e.g. liners and leachate treatment systems). - Protection of the desired waste stabilisation processes within the landfill. - Protection against human-health hazards. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 34 TABLE 4.1 Miti ation Meastires for Solid Waste Management and Landfills - Design phase . - Mitlg~'tfrn xneanre:- -,.~ . Rcference/Monitori tig X ITI Loss of land area for the landfill. Ha Khau Keep the development area for the landfill limited to Vietnamese and WB (OD Design Consultant 4.2 ha, Deo Sen 5.4ha and Quang Hanh 6.3 the proposed site. 4.30) RAP regulations ha. __. Ha Khau: closure of minor (-2 ha) paddy- Compensation to the land-user/owner Vietnamese design criteria Urban Environment fields downstream from the landfill is in and standards Company poor condition and lacking water. Deo Sen: the water in the small fish farming ponds is contaminated by the leachate from No fish farming shall be allowed close to the landfill. the landfill and the leachate treatment plant If the leachate water after treatment in Deo Sen does Vietnamese water quality will be constructed where the ponds are. not fulfil the quality standards it has to be diverted standards. from the fish farming area. Relocation of households inside the landfill Compensation and resettlement Vietnamese and WB (OD Urban Environment area (<250m distance). Loss of land and/or 4.30) RAP regulations. Company livelihood. Ha Khau 7 households Compensated according to RAP has to be made. Free Deo Sen 0 households water supply will be provided to 40 households in Quang Hanh 7 households. Deo Sen. Closing shallow dug-wells downstream from Identify and locate all ground water wells within 500 Vietnamese water quality Urban Environment the landfill due to high risk of water quality meters distance from the landfill. standards TCVN 5944-1995. Company deterioration in the future. Provide substitute water source for the affected fami- Water Supply Company lies. Prevcntive Hygienic Water quality monitoring from selected wells shall Centre start as soon as possible. Living in landfill neighbourhood is consid- Reservation for a buffer zone between landfill and Design criteria and interna- Designer ered negatively. residential area. tional requirements for Land- Plant local varieties of fast growing trees, bushes and fills (EU directive and Fin- Urban Environment Negative impacts on the surroundings. grass as soon as possible. nish legislation on landfills). Company The protected Giap Khau mountain in Quang Hanh Vietnamese Environmcntal December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 35 shall not be affected Standards. Removal of 7 old graves on the hill slope of Relocate and compensate the graves Design criteria Urban Environment the landfill area in Ha Khau. Company The use of the landfill has begun at Ha Khau Landfilling in Ha Khau shall not be encouraged before Design criteria Urban Environment before construction of the landfill. This proper preliminary mitigative measures are taken. The Company causes damage of the surrounding, which is existing landfill at Deo Sen shall be used. expensive to repair. Divert leachate from the landfill separately from clean surface water as soon as possible. Uncontrolled waste dumping elsewhere in Vietnamese environmental DOSTE the Bai Chay region has decreased since legislation and standards Urban Environment dumping started at Ha Khau. Company Deterioration of ground water quality due to Install new ground water observation wells down- Vietnamese water quality Urban Environment land filling. stream from the planned leachate treatment plants and standards TCVN 5944-1995. Company landfills. Water quality monitoring from selected wells shall start as soon as possible. Design proper bottom confinement structures and Design criteria and intema- Designer leachate management systems tional requirements for land- In situ permeability tests and the ion exchange capac- fills (EU directive and Fin- ity of the soil shall be carried out. nish legislation on landfills), Deterioration of surface water quality in the Surface water quality monitoring to start as soon as Vietnamese water quality DOSTE stream, irrigation channels and ponds due to possible including two new monitoring points. standards TCVN 5944-1995. land filling in Ha Khau and Quang Hanh. Proper leachate and surface water management sys- Design criteria and intema- Designer tems shall be designed. tional requirements for land- fills (EU directive and Fin- The stream in Quang Hanh which crosses the landfill nish legislation on landfills). area shall be re-routed outside the landfill area. Designer Emissions at Ha Khau and Deo Sen: The landfills shall be weekly, preferably daily covered The environmental stanidards DOSTE December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 36 Odours smoke and dust. with soil layer 0.1 m, also the steep edges. of Vietnam and international The litter in the surrounding areas has to be removed. rcquirements for Landfilling. Wind blown material. Vermin and insect destruction measures shall be taken. The landfill shall be covered by soil regularly Urban Environment Appearance of vermin and insects. and rodent destruction campaigns carried out every Company half year. Fires The edges of the landfill has to be smoothed to at least 1:3 before the rainy season. Sliding of the waste to the valley bottom. ._. Soil subsidence and landslides during the Detailed geotechnical soil investigations to be speci- Vietnamese construction Urban Environment operation phase due to heavy loading from fied before detailed design. regulation and standard. Company the landfill. World Bank and FIDIC guides and recommendations. Emissions at Ha Khau due to the hot waste The vegetable oil factory shall not dump its waste to- The environmental standards Urban Environment from the vegetable oil factory: gether with the other waste. Separate area shall be se- of Vietnam and international Company Odours smoke and dust, risk for fires and lected for this waste and an embankment structure requirements for Landfilling. explosions of landfill gas, flushing of waste shall be constructed to avoid this waste to be flushed to the valley during rain, into the valley during heavy rain. Improvement of local conditions including Public awareness campaigns shall be organised for the World Bank guidelines and Urban Environment waste treatment, environment, public health local people. recommendations. Company and roads. . _ _ December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 37 TABLE 4.2 Mitigation Measures for Landrllls - Construction Phase General adverse impacts on the environ- The mitigation measures have to be incorporated in Guidelines of the World Bank Contractor ment and humans caused by the con- the contract documents. and FIDIC. struction works. Environmental rules and regula- tions of Vietnam, Loss of land due to the landfill itself and The area of development has to be limited to the Vietnamese and international Contractor construction of the new access road. proposed site and phased as proposed in the prelimi- design criteria nary design. Existing right-of-ways shall be used. Scars in the nature. The construction work has to be limited to the land- Vietnamese Construction Regu- Contractor fill area only. lation Standard and the Envi- Disturbance to the natural vegetation, soil, hydro- ronmental Standards. logical regimes and topography has to be avoided by careful planning of all soil excavation. Temporary increases of traffic nuisance Working at night and using lights has to be avoided. Guidelines of the World Bank Contractor and traffic congestion. Traffic rules and regulations have to be followed. and FIDIC. A higher risk of traffic accidents in the Special care has to be taken when using heavy Environmental and traffic rules area. trucks and equipment. and regulations of Vietnam. Risk of damages to the roads by transport of heavy vehicles and equipment. Temporary construction noise. Construction and unnecessary noise has to be mini- Vietnamese Standard for: Contractor mised by using proper equipment and by strict site Road Motor Vehicle Noise supervision. Avoid working in residential and tourist TCVN 5948-1995 areas during the night between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Acoustic Noise in Public and Regular maintenance of the equipment has to be Residential Areas TCVN 5949- done in order to minimise noise. 1995 Temporary construction dust. Unnecessary dust has to be avoided. Sprinkling of Vietnamese Standard for Ambi- Contractor water on the ground shall be used when necessary to ent Air Quality TCVN 5937- December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study - VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 38 avoid dust generation. 1995 Better road access to the area. No mitigation needed. Design criteria Contractor Change of land-use. Local vegetation shall be planted to shade off the Environmental Standards of Contractor landfill from the other surroundings like cemetery Vietnam. According to the biological study, there and residential areas. If there are doubts concerning are no endangered or vulnerable species identification of flora or fauna in the areas of the proposed landfills. Special care has to be taken of power lines. the Faculty of Biology from the University of Hanoi will be con- sulted. Temporary health and safety risks due to Minimise work healthy problems by providing ap- Guidelines of the World Bank Contractor construction works. propriate tools, machinery and protective clothing as and FIDIC. Accidents and injury risks to the work- well as washing possibilities for all workers. Vietnamese health and safety men. regulations Temporary risk for accidental spills of Special caution has to be taken during service, repair Vietnamese Standard for Indus- Contractor pollutants. and refuelling of construction machinery and trial Waste Water TCVN 5945- equipment. 1995 and detailed design. Repair and wash bays for landfill equipment has to be constructed. Separation of oil and grease from water in wash and repair bays before the discharge has to be organised. Contamination of groundwater and sub- Uncovering of soil with high permeability has to be Environmental Standards of Contractor soil before hand over. avoided. This shall be checked by in situ permeabil- Vietnam. ity tests. Proper impermeable lining structures have to be According to detailed design and Consultant constructed at the base of the landfill. This mini- international requirements for mises the formation of leachate in the landfill by landfills (EU directive and Fin- preventing groundwater intrusion into the landfill. nish legislation on landfills). Consultant Strict supervision and control of the construction of the impermeable lining has to be carried out. December 1998 HIALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 39 Contamination of surface water (Espe- The clean surface water runoff has to be diverted According to detailed design and Contractor cially during and after the operation from the landfill leachate by ditches and channels international requirements for phase of the landfill). around the landfill and led away from the site. This landfills (EU directive and Fin- action minimises the formation of leachate in the nish legislation on landfills). landfill by preventing surface water intrusion into the landfill. Strict supervision and control of the construction of the surface water management system has to be car- ried out. Consultant Discharge of contaminated and untreated leachate Vietnamese Standard for Indus- water from the landfill or treatment plant direct to trial Waste Water TCVN 5945- surface water is not allowed. 1995 Uncontrolled dumping at the landfills A fence and a gate has to be constructed at the land- According to detailed design and Contractor fills. A guard to control the traffic at the landfill has international requirements for to operate the gate. landfills. Risk for fire and explosions at the land- A proper landfill gas collection and ventilation sys- According to detailed design and Con- fills tem shall be constructed. international requirements for structor landfills (EU directive and Fin- Strict supervision and control of the construction of nish legislation on landfills). the landfill gas management system shall be carried Consultant out. Mixing of coal mining water and landfill The coal mining water shall be diverted from the Vietnamese Standard for Indus- DOSTE water or clean surface runoff. water at the landfill. The water shall be treated if trial Waste Water TCVN 5945- needed and not fulfilling the requirements of the na- 1995 Coal min- tional standards for water quality. ers Short term job opportunities No mitigation needed. Contractor December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 40 TABLE 4.3 Mitigation Measures for Landfills - Operation and After-care phase Jm~~~acts Mi~~t.I th iori::: measue ReerecMondt"orin~ Resosblt Emissions of odours, The new waste has to be covered daily with 0.1 meter of The environmental stan- Urban Environment Com- smoke and dust. sandy soil, also the steep edges. dards of Vietnam and in- pany ternational requirements Wind blown material. Litter blown into the surroundings has to be collected daily. for Landfills (EU directive Preventive Hygienic Cen- The landfill area shall be kept tidy. Portable fences to be and Finnish legislation on tre Appearance of vermin erected and noise from vehicles deminished. landfills). and insects. Vermin and insect destruction measures shall be taken every half year. Only that area of the landfill, which is under operation, can be without soil cover for a week. The other waste area has to be covered. Permanent employment No mitigation needed. Detailed design Urban Environment Com- for 1-2 persons. pany Sliding of the waste to The waste has to be compacted daily with a compactor or Detailed design Urban Environment Com- the valley bottom. other suitable equipment. Each waste layer has to be al- pany lowed to settle after compaction before next layer of waste is added. Bulldozers or Compactors will be provided by the project. The Project Hospital waste on the Hospital waste shall be dumped in separate trenches in seg- According to the EIA. Consultant landfills. regate area in the landfills. The trenches shall be closed According to international immediately after dumping. There has to be source separa- requirements for Landfills Urban Environment Com- tion at the hospitals and technical assistance given to the (EU directive and Finnish pany hospitals, DOSTE and Urban Environment Company. legislation on landfills). Emissions from the land- Monitoring of surface, groundwater and air emissions shall According to the Moni- DOSTE fills of surface water, be carried out already during the design phase of the land- torin ro ram of this December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 41 ground water, soil and fills, during operation and for about 30 years of the after EMP and Vietnamese En- Preventive Hygienic Cen- air. care phase. vironmental Standards. tre Leachate recirculation is recommended to keep the refuse moist and the anaerobic biological activity maximised. It will also prevent the clay liner under the refiuse from cracking causing leachate discharge. Wheel cleaners shall be installed to prevent mud and refuse being spread by wheels to the surroundings. Surface water contami- No waste is allowed to be tipped into water. According to the detailed Urban Environment Com- nation. design and international pany Contact of surface runoff and percolating rainwater with requirements for landfills. the refuse has to be minimised. Fire and smoulders on Fire fighting facilities have to be installed at landfills. According to the detailed Urban Environment Com- the landfill. design and international pany Operators responsible for fire fighting have to be clearly requirements for landfills identified. (EU directive and Finnish Fire Fighting Department legislation on landfills). Proper training in fire fighting have to be given to those identified for fire fighting. The quality of the stream Proper operation of the landfill leachate treatment plant. Vietnamese Water Quality Urban Environment Com- water flowing from the Standards pany landfill will be improved with the planned leachate treatment plant in Deo Sen. Safety and health on the Minimise work related health problems by providing ap- Guidelines of the World Urban Environment Com- landfill and the sur- propriate tools, machinery and protective clothing as well Bank and FIDIC. pany December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 42 rounding. as washing possibilities for all workers. Vietnamese health and Washing possibilities shall also be provided to the scaven- safety regulations gers. They shall be given an opportunity to pick up recy- clable waste before compacting and covering. General health and safety instructions shall also be given to scaven- gers . Accurate and complete records have to be kept concerning all inspections, monitoring, accidental discharges, unusual DOSTE events and accidents. Training and safety procedures for emergencies have to be given to those responsible for the solid waste management Consultant and to landfill workers. Adequate telecommunication systems shall be installed at the landfills for use in emergency situations. Urban Environment Com- Regular safety inspections in all parts of the system shall pany be arranged. DOSTE The dining room shall be separate from the working areas. All the support facilities have to be situated upwards from the prevailing wind to prevent odour, dust and noise nui- sances to employees. Employees shall be encouraged to wash themselves fre- quently. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 43 Noise from landfill ma- Unnecessary noise has to be avoided. Regular maintenance Vietnamese Standard for: Urban Environment Com- chines and equipment. of the equipment has to be done in order to minimise noise. Road Motor Vehicle Noise pany The work shall be performed during normal daytime hours. TCVN 5948-1995 Acoustic Noise in Public Ear protectors shall be used when the noise level exceeds and Residential Areas 85 dB. TCVN 5949-1995 Emissions from the land- Monitoring of surface. groundwater and air emissions shall According to the Moni- DOSTE fills to surface water, be carried out already from the design phase of the land- toring program of this ground water, soil and air fills, during operation and for about 30 years of the after EMP and Vietnamese En- Urban Environment Com- after closure. care phase. vironmental Standards. pany Leachate recirculation is recommended to keep the refuse According to the detailed Preventive Hlygienic Cen- moist, maximise the anaerobic biological activity and pre- design and international tre vent clay liner under the refuse from cracking causing requirements for landfills leachate discharge. (EU directive and Finnish legislation on landfills). The landfill shall be landscaped to fit in the surrounding landscape and land-use master plan. The stability of the landfill has to be ensured and moni- tored. The final cover on the landfill shall have a minimum thick- ness of 0.6 meter. The topmost layer shall have a composi- tion, which allows seeding and stimulates growth of vege- tation. Trees and bushes that produce deep penetrating roots must be avoided in order to keep the top sealing cover intact. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 44 5. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP 5.1 Implementation Arrangement of the Project The Director of Halong City ESC will take responsibility for the implementation of the Halong Component. The QNPPC will establish a Project Steering Committee (PSC) at provincial level, to manage, control and supervise the project implementation. The Vice-Chairman of the PPC will be appointed as the chairperson of PSC. The PSC will co-ordinate the input of the local organisations and provide a forum for intersectoral co-operation in the province. During the project preparation and implementation phase, a Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established. The main objective of the PMU is to assist the local authorities and the ESCs to carry out the proposed rehabilitation and expansion programme. The PMU will be headed by the director of HCESC, who will be responsible in front of the Steering Committee chairman for the implementation of the project. The director will also be the person who signs the credit agreement on behalf of the Government of Vietnam. The actual management of sanitation activities in Halong City and Cam Pha is presently under the jurisdiction of QNPPC and the municipal People's Commit- tees administrations. However, day-to-day management of the sanitation activities is the responsibility of HCESC and CPESC. During the implementation period of the sanitation project the two ESCs will co-operate with the main contractor and the consultants to ensure a smooth implementation and will provide staff as re- quired for commissioning. The sanitation companies will also provide staff as re- quired for training. The communes will mainly be involved with the project through the community awareness campaigns but key members of the commune administration will also be selected for training programmes. The PMU must maintain very close relations with the other provincial level gov- ernment departments. The most important of these are: Construction department Responsible for approval of planning issues of con- struction permits and implementation of construction contracts Department of Planning Responsible for budget allocations and approvals and Investment The PMU will be directly assisted in project implementation by the consultancy services for construction supervision and technical assistance which is assumed, but has yet to be confirmed, will be provided by the Government of Denmark. The team of technical assistance consultants will be based in the HCESC office and will provide support to both companies in the following areas: - institutional development December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 45 - help establish rules and procedures to enable the Municipal People's Com- mittee to regulate the operations of the sanitation companies under a system of service contracts - develop O&M policy, procedures, guidelines and manuals - human resources development - construction supervision The consultants will also assist with co-ordination between the PMU and the bi- lateral donor. 5.2 Present Situation of Urban Environmental Companies In the project area there are two different sanitation companies. Halong City Envi- ronmental SanitationCompany (HCESC operates in Bai Chay and Hon Gai and Cam Pha Environment SanitationCompany (CPESC) in Cam Pha. The following services are included to the duties of the companies. Part of the services has no straight connection to sanitation: - solid waste collection; - management of landfills; - cleaning of streets; - maintenance of public parks; - maintenance of drainage system; *maintenance of sewerage system; - management of street lightning system; - maintenanGe of cemeteries; - maintenance of public toilets. The total staff of HCESC is 292, the number of sanitation production workers is 277 and the rest are administrative or other public service employees. The total staff of CPESC is 181, the number of sanitation production workers is 145 and 36 are administrative employees. In the Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report (Fea- sibility Study Report II) are listed numerous weaknesses and problems of the companies, which have impacts also on environmental matters. The present status reflects a wide range of operational and financial problems of which most are re- lated to the subsidised system lacking of autonomy and own budget. The most important concerning solid waste management are as follows: - lack of operational budget; - lack of equipment and tools; - poor landfill facilities, - negative attitude to sanitation business; - residents' "Company is the cleaner" thinking; - roles and responsibilities are mixed and overlapping between the city authori- ties; - poor management system; - and customers are not satisfied to the quality of services. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 46 5.3 Strengthening of the Sanitation Management System Institutional strengthening programme will focus on preparing and supporting the local organisations to build up management capability to be able to carry out the sanitation services with existing and rehabilitated facilities. Quang Ninh People's Committee has approved the transition of both ESCs from public administrative units to be state-owned business enterprises for public serv- ices. Mandates of the companies are: 1. Management of the environment and sanitation in urban area including; cleaning pavements and roads; collecting, transporting and treatment of dif- ferent kinds of waste; cleaning drainage and sewerage channels, ensuring ur- ban drainage, watering the main roads to prevent dust; 2. Management and maintenance of public areas as: public lighting system; parks and trees; public hygiene; cemeteries; monuments and other public fa- cilities which are assigned for company's management; 3. Arranging the funeral services and other specialised services; 4. Repairing, maintenance and upgrading the public facilities which area as- signed for the company's management. In the Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report chapter Organisation Development has been proposed that: - Sewerage and drainage section operations are emptying of the septic tanks, sewerage maintenance, drainage channels cleaning and maintenance. - maintenance of drainage channels is the responsibility of the ESCs even in the tertiary area. - Sewers and drainage channels maintenance must be maintained as the duty of each company. - Individual households maintain their own sewerage system including septic tanks, on-site treatment and connection to public sewer system. 5.4 Training General The training philosophy, needs and facilities are described in details in Volume II Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report. The training philosophy is to provide support to assist the companies in reaching their public service goals. This is done by comparing company objectives with the accomplishments of the company staff that leads to the creation of a comprehen- sive upgrading programme. This programme will ensure that the staff has the nec- essary skills to guide and to manage the company in a manner that will allow it to achieve its objectives. Training has to be given to all levels, including provincial and city management, and from all possible subjects from management skills to on-the-job training. Training the trainers is a very essential part of the training programme. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 47 The following conditions should be met to achieve the objectives of an integrated training programme; involvement of experienced trainers; good training curricula; provision of supporting training material and facilities; and suitable environment for training. Both foreign and local specialists will give the training. The training programme will be planned and implemented as part of the Technical Assistance component of the project. Environmental Awareness The environmental awareness improvement has to be started from training the staff of both companies to understand the relation between their day-to-day solid waste management practises and the impact to the environmental quality of the surrounding area. The training has to cover all staff of the companies from man- agers to street sweepers. Separate training will be given to different target groups focusing on the most essential matters on their own work such as: - environmental management, - environmental health including water related disease and occupational health - impacts of solid waste collection, impacts of landfills - relation between improved sewerage and drainage and solid waste manage- ment - etc. On-the-job training On-the-job training is one of the most important items of the training programme for successful project implementation and setting up effective O&M activities. This requires the involvement of not only teachers and trainers, but also consult- ants and contractors. The company field workers must adapt new technical work practices and learn how to operate existing facilities and also new facilities and equipment, such as sanitary landfill and landfill equipment. This will be done through skills training, up-grading programmes, theoretical training, specific courses and training mod- ules for identified groups and on-the-job training. The workers of proposed wastewater treatment plants have, to be trained to use the equipment for on-site monitoring in the wastewater treatment plant. The recording and reporting of results has to be learned, and also the utilisation of analysed data. Community Participation Public awareness campaigns are proposed in the Community Participation report. It has been proposed that awareness raising materials will be produced for solid waste, sewerage and drainage and for general environmental and health issues. Organisation, implementation and supervision of the campaigns will be done in co-operation with representatives of phuongs, local project staff, representatives of the involved company and the Women Union. It is clear that an important part of the approach of the project relates to fostering the participation of the community in the development process promulgated by the December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 48 project activity. To address this issue a comprehensive community participation programme had been recommended. This process will have three main thrusts: 1. Public campaigns that concentrate on Information, Education and communica- tion of the health linkages; 2. Bottom up community involvement in micro activities; 3. Primary school education initiatives Other Training The training needs of basic environmental information and environmental man- agement can be fulfilled through the training programme proposed in Ha Long Bay Environmental Pollution Study. That training is proposed to be started in 1998 and will continue until 2015, and this sanitation project will be implemented 2000-2004. It is recommended that the staff of HCESC and CPESC should join this training. Training Needs of QNDOSTE The training needs of DOSTE would be fulfilled through the other environmental projects, which are in progress at the same time and in the same area as the pro- posed sanitation project. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 49 6. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE The procurement process has been scheduled to commence in January 1999, and should be completed by the award of contracts in-mid 2000. Completion of con- struction is scheduled for the end of April 2004 which allows for a 44 month con- struction period for the longest contract. The bidding process will be phased so that the bid evaluations do not occur at the same time. The consultants for the TA component should be mobilised by the end of 2000 prior to the startup of con- struction. Consultancy inputs will continue also up until the end of April 2004. Construction works will be tendered in three ICB packages and procurement of vehicles and equipment in two ICB packages. Procurement of works and goods would follow World Bank guidelines and consulting services will be recruuited according to Danish regulations. The preliminary implementation schedule for the proposed sanitation project ac- cording to the situation in December1998 is presented in Annex 2. The preliminary implementation schedule for the solid waste component is pre- sented in table 6.1. The mitigation measures and monitoring of the environment shall begin before the landfills are in operation in order to prevent pollution and to get information on the situation and quality of the environment to which the monitoring results are compared. The landfills shall be in operation before collection of solid waste from the sew- age. channels starts as well as the collection of dried sludge from the wastewater treatment plants begins. The waste from the channels and treatment plants are transported to the landfills. Table 6.1 Preliminary implementation and operation schedule for landfills Year 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 to i 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Landfill construction _ U * * * 11 _ Waste reception - _ m _ - _ _ - - m _ - Landscaping and clo- __ sure Mitigation measures I I I I I I I Monitoring _ _ - m _ - - _ _ - I December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 50 7. MONITORING PROGRAMMES The procedures for monitoring to be carried out on a landfill in order to check: - That the waste has been accepted for disposal in accordance with the criteria set for the sanitary landfill in question. - That the processes within the landfill proceed as intended. - That the intended conditions for the landfill are fulfilled. An efficient follow-up and control system is essential for the long-term sustainability of an acceptable environment. The monitoring of emission from the landfills includes water, leachate and gas control. Sampling of leachate and surface water must be collected at representa- tive points. Sampling and measuring (volume and composition) of leachate must be performed separately at each point at which leachate is discharged from the site. It is recommended to lead the leachate to only one outlet from each landfill. 7.1 Monitoring System The monitoring systems for these landfills are mainly based on the environmental standards of Vietnam (1995) and generally accepted standards in Europe. No spe- cific standards exist in Vietnam for landfill discharges and emissions. The main environmental standards which should be followed during the construction and operation of the landfills are, in addition to the drinking water quality standards, those concerning noise, dust emissions, wastewater discharges as well as health and safety regulations (Table 7.1). TABLE 7.1. Vietnamese environmental standards (MOSTE 1995) Number of standard Name of standard TCVN 5294-1995 Principle for choice and quality assessment of water sources for drinking and household water supply TCVN 5295-1995 General requirements for protection of surface and underground wva- ter from pollution caused by oil and oil products TCVN 5296-1995 Principle for water protection from pollution caused by oil and oil products conducting through the pipes TCVN 5298-1995 Requirements to the use of waste waters and their sludge for watering and fertilising purpose TCVN 5524-1995 General requirements for protecting surface water against pollution TCVN 5525-1995 General requirements for protection of underground water TCVN 5942-1995 Surface water quality standard TCVN 5943-1995 Coastal water quality standard TCVN 5944-1995 Groundwater quality standard TCVN 5945-1995 Industrial wastewater discharge standards TCVN 5998-1995 Guidance on sampling on marine waters (ISO 5667-9:1992) TCVN 5999-1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10:1992) Besides water related standards there are numerous standards concerning air qual- ity, noise and soil quality. TCVN 5302-1995 is General requirements for soil rec- lamation. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Saniitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 51 The water quality sampling shall be carried out according to the Vietnamese stan- dards (TCVN 5992-1995, TCVN 5993-1995, TCVN 5994-1995,TCVN 5996- 1995 and TCVN 6000-1995 if other Vietnamese standards are not more relevant). Table 7.2 Selected Water Quality Limits according to the Vietnamese Standards waste~~~~~~~~Water WIN 5942.. water~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... . C a t e g 4 r~~~~~~~~~ B . . . . .. ~~~~~~~.* .. .. . .. Temperature 0C 40- BOD5 (20 C) 50 <25 COD 100 <35 DO 22- .2 pH between 5,5÷.9 5.5÷.9 6,5÷.8,5 Conductivity mS/inm Pt-Co 5 . 5÷50 Chloride --200 . 600 Sulfate --200 . 400 Total Phosphate-- Total Nitrogen 60- Total Solids 750 750 1500 Suspended Solids 100 80 Sodium-- Potassium e - Calcium-- Iron (Fe) | 5 2 155 Manganese (Mnu) 1 0,8 0,1 . 0,5 Faecal coliform bac- - - Not detectable teria MPN/lOOml Coliform .10,000 10,000 3 MiPN/l OOml__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ AOX - - Zinc (Zn) 2 2 5 0 Pt-Copper (C1 1 1 0 Chromium (Cr2+) 0,1 0,05 0 05 Mercury (Hg) 0,005 0,002 0,001 Cadmium (Cd) . 0,02 0,02 0,01 Lead (Pb) 0,5 0,1 0 05 Nickel (Ni) 1 160 Phenol 0,05 0,02 0,00 1 Mineral oils 1 0,5 3_ +__ 7.2 Surface Water and Groundwater Monitoring The surface water and groundwater monitoring program shall be initiated before the tipping begins and continues for up to a minimum of 30 years after the closure of the site. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 52 The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination is suspected: The following monitoring programme, presented in Table 7.3, -including the analyses and frequency for monitoring the groundwater and surface water, is rec- ommended: Table 7.3 Monitoring program and parameters to be analyzed from the landfill water samples Parameter - :--- . .~roundw~ter and Pc water -n ..remwa.er... ---:s-:ampling frequ y - aiplng .re uency .ap-ing requen y- _______________ .per.year .auid base pe yea ad-Ase p.iery rar and hase Design Opera- After Design Opera- After Design Opera- After tion care tion care tion care Groundwater 1 4 4 level Volume of sur- 1 4 4 face water flow Outlook 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Temperature 4 4 4 4 4 4 BODs 1 4 4 COD 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Oxygen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 pH 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Conductivity 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Color I 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Chloride 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sulfate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Phosphate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Nitrogen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Total Solids 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 Sodium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Potassium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Calcium 1 4 4 1 4 4 Iron 1 4 4 1 4 4 Manganese 1 4 4 Fecal Coliform 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 AOX 1 4 4 1 2 2 Zinc 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Copper 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mercury 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Cadmium 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Lead 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Nickel 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Phenols 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 Mineral oils 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 The preliminary monitoring points for each landfill are presented in the respective Drawings 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in Annex 1. Table 7.4 shows the amount of sampling points at each landfill. Monitoring of surface water is proposed to be carried out in not less than two points at each site, one upstream from the landfill and one downstream after the treatment plants (Table 7.4). If it is not possible to sample surface water upstream another monitoring point shall be selected, which represents the natural surface -December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 53 water of the area. The water samples collected for the monitoring must be taken at representative points and according to the standards. If there are any kind of ponds downstream from the landfills a representative pond shall be selected for moni- toring. Table 7.4 Water quality sampling points at each landfill ... L d f i i. . ..t. .. .. .... Ha Khau 2 points 2 points Deo Sen 3 points 3 points Quang Hanh 4 points 2 points The chemical parameters to be analysed from the water samples are presented in Table 7.3. The sampling points are shown on the location maps of each landfill site (Drawings 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in Annex 1). 7.3 Monitoring of the Landfill Soil subsidence can be observed by installing some observation plates at the land- fill sites before the filling starts. At least two observation plates shall be located along existing streams (Quang Hanh), two on the opposite side of the landfill area and 4 to 5 plates at the landfill area. The first observations (levelling) should be carried out before starting the filling and observations should continue every two months. When there are enough results available (e.g. after one year), the levels should be checked and compared against the fixed benchmark. The-possible risk of collapsing (landslide) can be observed by measuring hori- zontal movements of the settlement plates, and if possible, with installing 4 to 5 in inclinometers around and at the landfill area. One reliable way to follow up the possible settlements and risks of collapsing or sliding is to measure the pore pressure with electric piezometers, but it may be a too expensive and sophisticated method in these circumstances. Monitoring of landfill gas can start 5 - 10 years after the operation of landfill has started. December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 54 8. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING OF MITIGATION AND MONITORING 8.1 Project Costs The total value of the proposed project investment is 37.25 million USD. The cost estimate includes provisions for inflation (price contingency) and cost overruns (physical contingency). Duties and taxes are included in the project base cost. Duty rates vary substantially, but in the cost estimate an average rate of 10 % has been applied for duties and taxes. The total base cost is 28.95 million USD. Table 8.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998 Project Component Total Cost million USD A Subtotal for Drainage Component 6.73 B Subtotal for Sewerage Component 4.77 C Subtotal for Solid Waste Component 7.30 D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 3.38 E Subtotal for Technical Assistance 5.27 F Credit Facility for Septic Tanks 1.50 Total Base Cost 28.95 Physical Contingencies 3.59 Price Contingencies 4.71 Total Cost (Incl. Contingencies) 37.25 Most of the costs for mitigation measures created by environmental demands are already included in the investment costs of the proposed project, or they should be part of normal operation and maintenance procedures. Table 8.2 Estimated Project Costs of Solid Waste Component in December 1998 Project Component Total Cost Engineering Mitigation B+D+E cost cost Million USD million USD Million USD A Subtotal for Drainage Component B Subtotal for Sewerage Component C Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 7.30 5.25 2.05 Sanitary Landfills 6.56 5.25 1.31 Land acquisition and compensation 0.74 0 0.74 D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 2.51 2.38 0.13 E Subtotal for Technical Assistance(50 °/O) 2.63 1.96 0.67 _ Total Base Cost of C+D+E 12.44 1 9.59 2.85 Total Base Cost of the Project 28.95 December 1998 HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 55 Total costs concerning the solid waste component are presented in Table 8.2. Some changes inside and between the components are possible during the design phase. Division for engineering cost and mitigation cost is preliminary and will be clarified during design phase of the project. The estimated total cost for solid waste, including 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of which estimated mitigation cost is roughly 23 %. Cost of public awareness campaigns is including to Technical Assistance component. Some simple laboratory equipment is needed for the on-site monitoring measure- ments of wastewater treatment plant operation. The same portable analysing kit is recommended for on-site analysing both in wastewater and landfills. It is pro- posed to have two set of analysing kits, one for Bai Chay and Hon Gai. The cost estimation is about 10,000 USD including reagents for three years. The needed equipment is including in the lump sum of the project equipment. 8.2 Investigation Costs The cost of the additional investigations and campaigns created by the environ- mental demands, which are also important for detailed design are as follows: - Recommended detailed geotechnical investigations carried out by a local company, cost estimation about USD 8,000 - 10,000/site. - Recommended hydrogeological investigations, cost estimation USD 10,000 - 20,000/site. - Recommended detailed surface water investigations, cost estimation USD 10,000/site. - Recommended installation of observation plates to monitor soil subsidence and installation of inclinometers to monitor the possible risk of collapsing (landslide). The estimated cost is roughly USD 20,000/site. Table 8.3 Estimated Investigation Costs Rgecomm nded item . .. Cost .er site.. IJSD ToUil c .... Geotechnical investigations 8,000-10,000 24,000-30,000 Hydrogeological investigations 10,000-20,000 30,000-60,000 Surface water investigations 10,000 30,000 Observation plates 20,000 60,000 Total 144,000-180,000 The estimated monitoring costs are calculated for the operational and aftercare phases. The aftercare phase will extend. to a period of at least 30 years. The esti- mation is 12,000-15,000 USD per year. The funding is from the ESC's O&M budget. December 1998 HA,LONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANrrATION PROJECT Sanitation Feasibility Study VOLUME HIC- EW LANDFILLS ANNEX _V LOCATION OF LANDFILLS .7 ,4t ;Z4 VA Ow w, -6 A-t, W g, ENNOW-Ram g W "M :5w, M-S IR ITT --in-Nn 12"5 9*9 "N kA nt 4L 5 __N WAN"'i"WK , A - 4-011 0 C ma 7A OEM -4m, ""VG X. -t U1. , AK -M 27 -J - Y P F -v* AR -Deceth 74" F4, ei 5111tA. 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