B1 E-235 VOL. 11 Executive Summary Krabi Thermal Power Plant Unit 1 and 2 Environmental Impact Assessment 1. Introduction: The Krabi Thermal Power Plant Unit 1 and 2 will be located at Tambon Khlong Khanan, King Amphoe Nua Khlong, Changwat Krabi. The plant will use oil (2% sulphur) as main fuel source. The nominal capacity for each unit is 300 MW. The proposed power plant would be located within EGAT premises near the old lignite-fired Krabi Power Plant which was decommissioned in September of 1995. 2. Fuel Transportation: The Krabi Power Plant will use domestic or imported oil. The barge transport EIA has been submitted to the Thailand Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP). Oil would be transfered from ships to 1,000 ton barges, through an estuary (24 km) to a dock near the power station, and then via pipeline to the power station. Preliminary analysis indicates an alternative for cost and environmental reasons may be a pipeline from an offshore ship loading facility, to an underground pipeline (16 km) along an existing road right of way to the power station. This alternative is under study; if this alternative is preferred, the Pipeline EIA would be subject to review by the World Bank after approval by OEPP. 3 Fuel Storage: Backun fuel (diesel and heavy stock) would he stored in aboveorniind tanks with environmental safeguards including: impermeable diked storage areas; grounding; high and low level alarms; and fire fighting systems. Emergency spill and firefighting plans have been developed and an accident prevention program would be instituted. Fire protection systems within the power plant area and vicinity will be designed according to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards. The facility Emergency Plan covers fire and explosion. A spill prevention, control and response plan will be added to the site Emergency Plan, and added to the emergency response drill routine. 4. Hazardous Chemical Containment and Storage: All chemical storage tanks, solution tanks, and chemical feed pumps will be located on curbed concrete containment areas drained through separate chemical waste collection piping to a neutralization basin or a chemical waste collection sump. A curbed concrete area will be provided with a chemical-resistant coating suitable for the particular service. As a minimum, the combined volume of the curbed area and the associated neutralization basin or waste sump will be adequate to contain the entire volume of the largest single tank served. A spill prevention, control and response plan will be added to the site Emergency Plan, and added to the .emergency response drill routine. 5. Chlorine: The chlorination station for the condenser cooling water will be equipped with a leak detection and alarm system, wind sock, leak stemming gear and personnel protective equipment, including self contained breathing apparatus. A chlorine leakage response scenario will be added to the plant emergency plan, and leak response drills undertaken as part of the emergency response drill routine. 6. Water Demand and Raw Water Sources: During operation water will be used for steam production, SO2 removal system, and domestic consumption. The main sources of raw 1 Krabi.doc water for the above purposes are two existing reservoirs. Raw water would be pre-treated by clarification, filtration, and chlorination. Make up water for the circulating cooling system would be drawn from Khlong Pakasai, and would amount to only 4.5% of the minimum flow rate of Khlong Pakasai. Water quality in Khlong Pakasai has been found to meet standards. 7. Wastewater Treatment: Oil handling areas would be drained through oil/water separators and then to the holding pond. Chemical area drains and the demineralisation plant effluent would be treated in a neutralisation basin prior to discharge to the holding pond. Sewage will be treated to meet Ministry of Industry discharge standards before discharge into the wastewater holding pond. Wastewater treatment facilities are meet Thai and World Bank discharge standards at the treatment unit. The holding pond discharge would amount to less thar one percent of the flow of Khlong Pakasai. 8. Ambient Air Quality: Since the lignite-fired Krabi power station was decommissioned, ambient air quality has been well below limits for pollutants; there are no other significant sources of air pollution in the vicinity. One year of meteorological data was used in dispersion modelling, while ambient baseline air quality was sampled in wet and dry seasons. Modelling results indicate that ground level concentrations of NO2, SO2 and TSP are within Thai and World Bank standards when the FGD is in operation. 9. Emission Control System: Sulphur Dioxide and dust will be controlled by a wet limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization System (FGD) with a minimum of 80% efficiency prior to emission. An emergency plan has been adopted in case of FGD malfunction, since dispersion modelling indicates unacceptable air quality would result. The operation of the power plant will be stopped within 10 minutes after the signal of FGD break down is shown. Stopping the operation of the thermal power plant with FGD system can be done immediately since there is enough Reserved Margin in the system. There will be 2 units of power plant; stopping operation of one 300 MW unit would not affect the total national electricity demand. In case the FGD breaks down but it is necessary to continue operation of the power plant, diesel fuel would be used with the oil, and generation would be reduced. 10. Solid Waste Management: Gypsum will be generated from operation of the FGD's. This by-product will be transported to an existing mine pit within EGATs premises with capacity of about 10 MCM, sufficient for the 25 year operating life of the power plant. Wastewater treatment plant sludge will also be disposed in an onsite mine pit, according to regulations of the Ministry of Industry for sanitary landfills. Domestic waste will be removed and disposed of properly by the Nua Khlong Sanitary District. Used resin will be sent back to the supplier as designated in the contract. If necessary, it can be buried in the area in accordance with the regulations on waste landfill of the Ministry of Industry. Used oil will be burned with the fuel. 11. Analysis of Alternatives: Two alternatives for fuel, oil versus imported coal, were studied. Two alternative gypsum disposal sites were considered, and two alternatives for fuel transport. Dispersion modelling was used to determine the need for FGD, and the response to FGD malfunction. 12. Cultural and Aesthetic Resources: The nearest archaeological sites, (which have been vandalized over the years) are 5.5 and 13 km from the power station, and would not be Krabi.doc impacted. Aesthetic and tourist sites are at least 20 kin from the power station, routes for transportation of construction materials are not access roads to tourist sites, and the plant site is surrounded by a visual screen of mangrove forest and rubber plantations. 13. Public Consultation: EGAT's objectives included: assessing public opinion, needs, problems and obstacles relating to the project from thepeople and communities living in the operational project area, as well as disseminating accurate information about the project. Local communities were canvassed, local leaders, government and non-govemmental groups. NGO's contacted included local business and the Krabi Environmental Conservation Society. Three public meetings and were held during February - April, 1996, to present project ald environmental analysis progress, and for gathering needs, opinions, and recommendations. Environmental concerns raised at these meetings included concern over the barge fuel transport option, and oil spill prevention and response measures; need for accurate information about the power station boundary; worry that the use of fuel oil could have an impact on local shrimping; and concem over the use of low grade fuel oil and sulphur emissions. EGAT responded to these concerns, including explanation of the use of only low sulphur fuel oil, as well as the FGD emissions control system; oil spill response and control measures, and analysis of a pipeline as an alternative fuel oil transport method. 14. Environmental Management and Monitoring: An environmental management unit will be instituted at the power station, responsible for carrying out the monitoring plan, reporting performance, environmental training, and follow up with management. The environmental unit would report directly to the Plant Manager. The environmental monitoring plan covers the construction period as well as ongoing operations, and includes: effluent and surface water quality; noise; groundwater hydrology and quality; aquatic ecology; solid waste management; transportation; socio-economic indicators; public health; occupational health and safety and public relations. The monitoring plan includes continuous air emissions and ambient air quality monitoring during operations. 3 Krabi.doc ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR KRABI THERMAL POWER PLANT PROJE CT Environmental Period Impact Mitigation Monitoring Aspect Air Quality Construction - Particulate.matter and emission from - Spray water on the cleared surface twice daily TSP, PM,o engine and vehicles. - Limit the traveling speed within the construction site at 30 km/hr. twice yearly - Wash the wheel of the truck before leaving construction site. - Cover the truck with canvas to reduce dust, sand blowing. 80 % efficient FGD Operation SO2 emission will be mainly from fuel Partial shutdown of generation when FGD is off line stack emission, continuous: burning Stack will be at least 150 m high, greater than local inversion level. SOZ NOx low NOx burners, flue gas recirculation limestone crusher, twice yearly: TSP, PM10. NOx emissions Water spray for dust control ambient air, continuous: SO, Dust from grinding and limestone NOx, TSP, PM10 .wind crushing process speed and direction Noise Operation Power plant Personal Protective equipment should be provide of staff 4 sites, 3 days every 6 Noise level outside plant is acceptable months; Explosion, at the limestone quarry The time for blasting should publicized to the communities. crusher 4 times/year The alarm should be used to declare before blasting. 4 krbtbl.doc Environmental Period Impact Mitigation Monitoring Aspect Surface Water Construction - withdrawal - Minimal impact Hydrology Operation - withdrawal - closed cycle cooling, wiildrawat is 0.44 % of minimum flow of klilong Surface Water Construction - The construction might be -Construct temporary sunip, capacity of 3 hr, to collect Kllong Pakasai, Kilong Phela, 2 EGAT Quality cause the high turbidity and surface noff from construction site rescrvdirs, every 6 ionths: temperature, suspended solids - Install septic system for sanitary waste turbidity, TSS DO, itDS, OD5 r&i, - The wastewater treatment plant has to be as least Total & Fecal coli 50 in from tle waterway - Construct simple oil/grease trap for the wastewater from construction camp. - Regularly check the performance of wastewater treatment system. - Install septic systems adequate for EGAT staff and families. Operation pH from demineralization neutralization pit to holding pond before discharge a treatment facility or unit: pI and temp plai6t oil/water separators at all oily water drains continuous; O&G, TSS, residual chlorine, oily water spill containment dikes in all oil storage and handling daily; Khlong Pakasai, Khlong Phela, 2 FGAT areas reservoirs, every 6 months: temperature, thermal effluent closed cycle condenser cooling towers turbidity, TSS,DO, TDS, BOD3 O&G, Total sanitary sewage package treatment plant & Fecal coli , Pb, Cr, Hg, N, cond, phosphate P, sulfate S, color, hardness Groundwater Construction - impact on groundwater level - No groundwater extraction for the project usage at four sites every 6 ios., const. S opelationl Hydrology and level, color, cond., pi1, total solids, total Quality Operation - Effluent leached from sludge - Proper disposal method for the sludge bed hardness, nitrate N, sulfate, chloride, twal beds and solid wastes disposal -Create barrier to conserve groundwater at the waste iron, total Nu,'Total & Fecal colifori; area disposal area such as lining the pit bottom with Additional groundwater wells near the compacted clay blanket ar geomembranes. Gypsum waste disposal area 5 krbtbl .doc Environmental Period Impact Mitigation Monitoring Aspect Solid Waste Construction -Solid waste will generate - Prohibit 'dumping solid waste into klilong Pakasai and examine suitability of collection filCilitiCS 'aIIL Management from worker approximately EGAT's reservoir servcr 724 kg/day - Prohibit open burning on project site - Properly management of solid waste at project area - Prohibit dumping solid waste into Khilong Pakasai and EGAT's reservoir Operation - Solid waste will generate - Prohibit open burning on project site examine suitability of collection facilifiesand from staff at rate at 125 kg/day - Properly management of solid waste of project area. server - Gypsum will generated at the - The used resin will be sent back to the supplier as rate of 390-67 tons/day designated in the contract. - The waste from water - Waste oil should be mixed with fuel oil of the power production and wastewater plant. treatment system. - Strictly conducting according to the regulations on - Waste resin landfill of Ministry of Industry. - Waste oil - Gypsum should be used. Socio-econornic Construction - Negative impact -Consultation with the local villagers, consist of: socio-econoinic condition wvithin construction - Inconveniences fro dust, Technical criteria camp, social profile of target villages, noise and truck Safety process once/year - Accidents due to vehicle and Accountability, act on complaints heavy equipment Present the preventive measure * Urbanization and Present and setup training program development model may against in way of life Operation Social problem may arise - Maintain process and frequency in public relation changes in income, lifestyle, PR, power due to the new coiner -Stress on in depth public relation measure structure, employment, supplementary - It effect society, it the Support the social activity occupations, migration: selected villages, standard in controlling 1st, 3rd, 5th, and every 5 years after environment impact krbtbl .doc Environmental Period Impact Mitigation Monitoring Aspect Public Health Construction - Disease or illnesses resulted - Use of impregnated mosquito nets and repellents. disease surveillance and from unsanitary camp - Blood examination measures to prevent transport - Problems or work injuries - Micro filaria of lilariasis detected accidents, by medical case unit and accident Traffic accidents - Prevention of food/water-borne disease established by contractor)Xri loud noise, dust, and rubbish - Set up a medical care unit power plant, every month The outbreak of Malaria, VD - Driver license inspection and AIDS. - Improve of road condition and traffic sings - Speed limiting - Checking of amphetamine distribution - Loud noise minimized - examine the worker to find the Malaria injection - Provide the chemicals spreading at the camp site every 6 mionth. Public Health Operation The emitted S02 NOx and -Air quality control through emissions controls; in 8 selected comuniities:, I st, particulates could impact the -continuous monitoring of emissions; 3rd, 5th, and every 5 years alter: magnitudes of respiratory -monitoring -programi for local ambient air quality; analysis of community health diseases, skin disease, allergic -partial shutdown procedutres f6r FGD mualuinctions; status diseases. The short term effect - Study on it effect on commnunity health; of exhaust, smoke and - Mobile community health service; particles are soiling of houses - Public relation program; and clothes that cause - Traffic control accident. nuisance. - Accident from transportation Occupational Construction - Disease - All worker and risk group examined routine training, saiety Health and - Injuries and accident Established for warning systet equipment inspection Safety Safety education -Regular inspection, corrected of deficiencies found - Emergency management plan and drills - Upgrading of or medical care unit Operation - Chronic Health effects on - Analysis of employee's health record analysis of health data by lung capacity, hearing, seeing, - Periodic physical checking medical case unit of plant eNer- heat, skin and musculoskeletal - Safety education 3 years; routine inspection fur disease, Illness like burns, - The temperature (WBGT) should be routinely checked, mechanically Safey, Iraining and exercise scaled, wound and inhalation adjust or use protective device as recommend by iGAT's guideline. emergency plan -of volatil cUeesgiricaleofimpregnatedmosquitonetsa 7 krbtbl .doc Environmental Period Impact Mitigation' Monitoring Aspect Public Construction poor perception of project, information program, and consultation on needs, perceptions in 7 sclected communities: Consultation anxiety about impacts follow up on attitudes, opinions, needs, distribute infonnation Public Operation poor perception of project, continuously inform the community about the plant's environmental follow up on nttitudes, opinion'. Consultation anxiety about impacts performance needs, dAistribute information 8 krbtbl .doc The Effluent Quality of Krabi Thermal Power Plant Compared with World,Bank Guidelines Parameters Unit Power Plant Thai Standard World Bank Guidelines Remarks Effluent (Maximum Value) (Maximum Value) (Maximum Value) pH 6-9 5.5-9 6-9 Daily - Neutralization Basin TSS mg/1 150 50-150 50 Daily - Raw water treatment BOD mg/1 20 20 - Daily - Wastewater Treatment Oil & Grease mg/1 5 5 10 Daily - Oil Separator Free Chlorine mg/1 1 1 - Daily - Cooling Tower Outlet Residue Chlorine mg/1 - - 0.2 Temperature Increase 0 C - < 3b < 3 Closed.cycle Cooling Tower, TDS mg/I TDS in river + 5,000 TDS in river + 5,000 Effluent temp. equal to Ambient Aluminum mg/1 0.5 - water temp. Arsenic mg/1 0.25 0.25 - Cadmium mg/i 0.03 0.03 Chromium mg/1 0.5 0.75 - Copper mg/1 1 2 - Note: a: Industrial Effluent Standard, Notification of Ministry of Industry No. 2 B.E. 2539 (A.D. 1 996) b: Temperature Increase is based on Surface Water Quality Standard : Notification of Nati6nal Environment Board No. 8 B.E. 2537 (A.D. 1994) 9 krbtbl.doc Table 3 Air Pollutants Emission For Krabi Thermal Power Plant Project (2 % S Fuel Oil) Pollutants Unit Power Plant Emissions' Thai Emission Standards World Bank Guidelines' Reintia (1997) SO2 ppm 286 412 700 No. ppm 146 232 225 -TSP mg/Nm3 70 141 50d Note 1: a,b,c the concentration of pollutants is calculated at 3% excess 02, 00C a based on power plant specification b :Notification of Ministry of Industry No. 1 B.E. 2540 (1997) d at the time the project was designed, the World Bank guideline (1988) was 100 mg/Nm3