35683 Guidelines for Roadside Stations THEWORLD BANK ToshiyukiYokota MIRI Transport and Urban Development Department World Bank World Bank Miyagi Technical Note A. Michinoeki pilot study in Kenya Table of Contents 1. Overall Plan 112 1.1 Introduction 112 1.2 Issues of the Northern Corridor and areas along the highway 113 1.3 Overall michinoeki Plan for the Northern Corridor 116 1.4 Selection of two sites for individual planning 119 2. Kericho 121 2.1 Identification 121 2.1.1 Site selection 121 2.1.2 Facilities 122 2.1.3 Stakeholders 123 2.1.4 Impacts 123 2.2 Preparation 124 2.2.1 Scale and design 124 2.2.2 Consultation with stakeholders 127 2.3 Next steps/recommendations 129 2.3.1 Site selection 129 2.3.2 Design and cost Allocation 129 2.3.3 Operation framework 129 3. Mau Summit 132 3.1 Identification 132 3.1.1 Site Selection 132 3.1.2 Facilities 133 3.1.3 Stakeholders 134 3.1.4 Impacts 134 3.2 Preparation 135 3.2.1 Scale and design 135 3.3.2 Consultation with stakeholders 138 3.3 Next steps/recommendations 139 3.3.1 Site selection 139 3.3.2 Functions and facilities 139 3.3.3 Design and cost Allocation 139 3.3.4 Operation framework 140 111 1. Overall Plan 1.1 Introduction The current road rehabilitation project will not be sufficient to resolve all of these social and The improvement of transportation conditions economic problems related to roads. Clearly, will be important to economic revitalization in additional measures are needed. Michinoeki Kenya. The GDP growth rate of the Republic of facilities are considered to be an option with a great Kenya has declined significantly since the mid- deal of potential. Michinoeki provide the function of 1990s, falling to -0.3% in 2000, its lowest level business incubation to stimulate economic activities since independence (1963). To correct this situation, in a region, as well as the function of public service the government of Kenya issued the 2001 Poverty to contribute to improved public hygiene. Reduction Strategy Paper. This plan calls for In the pilot study, we considered michinoeki improving the country's infrastructure, maintaining introduction in view of this situation, focusing on public order, and increasing public investment to resolution of the regional problems in Kenya. This achieve economic revitalization. report will discuss the michinoeki functions and To enhance transportation conditions in Kenya, facilities that contribute to the resolution of social it is particularly important to improve the roads. The problems such as the lack of proper markets and the country is about 800 kilometers wide from east to spread of HIV/AIDS, in addition to transportation west and about 1,000 kilometers long from north to problems. It will also identify directions for the south, but it has only one railroad line. Roads are the study such as ways to reflect local voices, including major form of long-distance transportation, and the the results of on-site investigation. country has devoted its energies to the construction The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious problem of major roads. However, traffic volume has in Africa. Michinoeki are seen as suitable increased in recent years and the roads have been infrastructure within which the problems of poorly maintained, resulting in serious deterioration HIV/AIDS transmission along highway routes in in the condition of road pavement, which hinders the Africa could be addressed. Screening, information, safe and smooth flow of traffic. and treatment centers (VCT) built in michinoeki For the time being, improvements will be focused are seen as one function that michinoeki could on major roads forming a vital national network. A provide to address HIV/AIDS. The provision of highway known as the Northern Corridor extends employment opportunities for young women to from Mombasa, a major city on the Indian Ocean, attract them away from prostitution is seen as through the capital, Nairobi, and to Uganda. This road another. Similarly, the development of recreational plays a particularly important role in Kenya's highway facilities around michinoeki is seen as a solution network. The government of Kenya is promoting road to the current problems experienced by rural youth rehabilitation work for the Northern Corridor as a who also contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS. The national project. development of michinoeki for local development However, the road network in Kenya suffers from provides opportunities for the correction of existing more problems than just deteriorating pavement. gender imbalances. Women's participation in Even the Northern Corridor, the country's most michinoeki also can contribute to the alleviation of important highway, is only a two-lane highway over poverty in contexts where there are no existing all- most of its length, and its transportation capacity weather markets. is far from adequate. Therefore, travel speeds are Michinoeki are included as a component in the extremely low. Even major roads have few rest Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project of facilities and inadequate numbers of restaurants the World Bank in Kenya. Five michinoeki locations and gas stations. Markets spring up in a disorderly are to be built in Kenya. This pilot study has fashion along the roadside, causing many traffic covered the phases of michinoeki identification and accidents. An additional problem is that HIV/AIDS preparation, assuming the adoption of a michinoeki and other infectious diseases are pandemic among component under that project. (See the Executive truck drivers. Summary for more information on the phases of 112 michinoeki establishment.) is used for the majority of transportation between There are seven steps of consultation with Kenya and Uganda; so there are many long-distance stakeholders (kickoff, site selection, functions and trips. However, there is an almost complete lack of facilities, design and cost allocation, impact analysis, terminal functions for the smooth handling of these operation framework, and final decision-making) transportation demands. during michinoeki preparation. This study covers Second, travel speed is low. Outside urban areas, only the first step, the kickoff. The subsequent steps, travel speeds average about 70 to 80 kilometers per beginning with site selection, are processes that hour for passenger vehicles and 30 to 50 kilometers involve actual decision-making by stakeholders, per hour for trucks. However, on uphill stretches based on specific data concerning the stakeholders' where the pavement is in poor condition, large capital and other resources, estimated impacts, and vehicles such as trucks slow to very low speeds estimates concerning impact recipients, operating of only 10 to 20 kilometers per hour. Because the costs, and other factors. These areas cannot be Northern Corridor is only a two-lane highway over addressed by a pilot study whose purpose is to most of its length, it is impossible to pass slow- consider feasibility. moving vehicles. This frequently results in long lines In the kickoff step, workshops are held locally of vehicles. to identify local demands and provide feedback Third, there is a great deal of traffic congestion. concerning michinoeki facilities and design. In hilly areas, many long-distance drivers stop Procedures for subsequent processes, beginning with their vehicles by the side of the road near the top site selection, are described under the Next Step or bottom of a long hill to perform maintenance, section. let their engines cool, or take a break, resulting in traffic congestion. Long lines also form near weigh 1.2 Issues of the Northern Corridor and stations where trucks must stop to be weighed, and areas along the highway this impedes the flow of traffic. Fourth, there are many traffic accidents. Long- 1.2.1 Background of the Road Rehabilitation distance trucks carrying international cargo from Project Mombasa to Uganda, long-distance express buses carrying tourists, and other long-distance transport The Northern Corridor includes transportation vehicles are involved in increasingly frequent traffic nodes with roads leading to Ethiopia, Tanzania, and accidents. For example, a passenger car will attempt Uganda, as well as transportation nodes with roads to pass a slow-moving truck by crossing over into leading to cities within Kenya, including Eldoret. oncoming traffic, resulting in a collision; or a large This is an important highway not only for Kenya vehicle will reach excessive speeds on a downhill but for all of East Africa. Because of the extremely stretch, colliding with other vehicles ahead. In the poor travel conditions on this road, the government vicinity of Salgaa in the north, there are 240 traffic of Kenya is pursuing a rehabilitation project for fatalities every year. Warning signs have been the Northern Corridor. As a major artery for East erected at locations with frequent traffic accidents in Africa, the Northern Corridor is functioning at an an attempt to alert drivers and prevent accidents, but extremely low and inadequate level. this has not been effective. First, it lacks sufficient terminal functions. The total traffic volume along the Northern Corridor averages 2,500 vehicles per day, rising to 5,000 to 9,000 vehicles per day near urban areas. Many trucks travel the road, and the ratio of passenger cars to trucks is about four to six. Uganda, an inland country, depends on roads for 90% of its trade with regions outside Africa, and this road 113 Figure 1. Vehicles traveling on a two-lane road pulling out to the right lane in order to pass a slow-moving truck 1.2.2 Scarcity of rest facilities rest area, providing parking space for large vehicles, a gas station, toilets, restaurants, a shop, and other Although the Northern Corridor is used by functions on a site of about one hectare (Figure 2). many long-distance trucks, there are very few rest There are few gas stations, located at intervals of facilities with parking spaces that can accommodate about 20 kilometers near Nairobi and intervals of 70 trucks and other large vehicles. For example, the to 80 kilometers in suburban and rural areas. stretch from Nairobi to Nakuru has only one modern Figure 2. Gas station complex located between Nairobi and Nakuru 114 Figure 3. Reference diagram of gas station complex 1.2.3 Adverse effects from spontaneous markets moving vehicles to sell farm produce and the like, a significant traffic safety problem. There are a Many markets and lodging facilities have number of small-scale lodging facilities, but most emerged spontaneously because of the lack of of them are unsanitary and lack hygienic toilets. modern rest facilities along the Northern Corridor. Prostitution occurs at some lodging facilities, and Local residents sell vegetables and other goods in truck drivers reportedly become carriers of HIV/ baskets along the roadside. Children often approach AIDS and spread the infection over wide areas. Figure 4. Children sell carrots along the roadside 115 Figure 5. Local residents sell fruit and vegetable along the roadside The daily average is 10 customers and US$7 in total sales 1.2.4 HIV/AIDS and other social problems along the Northern Corridor can be expected to have three main effects. First, drivers will be able to take The HIV/AIDS infection rate is reported to breaks at suitable intervals, contributing to traffic be 15% in Kenya. Countermeasures are urgently safety. Second, individual michinoeki will be better needed. It is necessary to educate truck drivers, as coordinated with each other, improving convenience stated above; but study is also needed on the most for users. In addition to sharing design concepts, important fundamental measure of improving the multiple michinoeki locations can win the trust of regional income level. users more easily by maintaining a certain level of quality with regard to sales facilities, goods for 1.3 Overall michinoeki Plan for the sale, restroom facilities, lodging facilities, and other Northern Corridor services. And third, this can be useful in forging an identity for the Northern Corridor as a thoroughfare, 1.3.1 Support for resolution of regional problems improving name recognition, and contributing to the through michinoeki introduction creation of new cultural elements. These goals can be achieved by taking steps such as the adoption of It is clear that simply improving transportation a uniform symbol for all michinoeki locations built conditions by such means as increasing traffic along the route. capacity will not be sufficient to resolve the various problems that affect the area along the 1.3.2 Proposal for michinoeki development in the Northern Corridor. Michinoeki are very effective Northern Corridor in helping resolve regional problems based on road improvement. All the social problems of A) Selection of Candidate Sites the Northern Corridor, including the lack of rest Intervals of about 100 kilometers are suitable for facilities, lack of suitable markets, and prevalence the arrangement of multiple michinoeki along the of HIV/AIDS among truck drivers, affect a wide Northern Corridor. This calculation was based on area, so a single michinoeki would have only a the fact that it is desirable for long-distance drivers limited effect. It is necessary to consider a plan to stop for a break about once every two hours, and that will contribute to resolving the problems of the fact that the average travel speed of trucks on the the entire Northern Corridor by allocating suitable Northern Corridor is 30 to 50 kilometers per hour. functions to each of several michinoeki locations The michinoeki locations should be places where and coordinating them. long-distance buses stop for a break, including large The planned arrangement of multiple michinoeki bus terminals, and places where truck drivers stop 116 to take a break or stay overnight. However, places could be established to expand sales routes and where there would be competition with existing stimulate the local economy. And at important similar facilities or other rest facilities should be transportation nodes, consideration should be given avoided. Also, from the standpoint of traffic safety, to the establishment of a michinoeki that emphasizes it is desirable for michinoeki to be located near a terminal functions. weigh station or at the top or bottom of a long hill. Based on the above considerations, 11 In areas where there are special local products, michinoeki candidate sites have been selected along a michinoeki that emphasizes market functions the Northern Corridor, as illustrated below. Figure 6. Map of Northern Corridor and Roadside station sites in KENYA LEGEND World bank road project area Rest Type Market Type Transport Terminal Type UGANDA KISUMU MAU SUMMIT SALGAA KERICHO NAIVASHA KENYA NAIROBI MLOLONGO KENYA SALAMA KIBOKO MTITO ANDEI VOI MARIAKANI TANZANIA MOMBASA 117 B) Allocation of functions among sites attractive resources in the surrounding area, as well Three types of michinoeki are considered to be as market demand. Therefore, the scope of suitable effective for resolving the problems affecting areas locations is somewhat limited. For example, Kericho along the Northern Corridor. The rest area type is known as an area of black tea production, and contributes to traffic safety by providing a suitable local residents approach passing vehicles to sell them rest environment. The market type helps to promote tea. To improve traffic safety and further expand the region by expanding opportunities for the sale of sales routes, a market-type michinoeki would be local products. And the terminal type facilitates the effective at this kind of site. handling of long-distance transportation demand. Michinoeki facilities of the terminal type should The following is a discussion of the suitability be established at important transportation nodes. of each of the 11 selected candidate sites for Appropriate locations along the Northern Corridor establishment of these three types of michinoeki. are Kisumu and Mau Summit. Kisumu is a terminal For michinoeki facilities of the rest area type, the for wide-area transportation to and from Uganda, primary goal is to reduce traffic accidents along the while Mau Summit is an important point where the Northern Corridor. Their locations depend largely on Northern Corridor branches off into a road leading drivers' needs and the situation of vehicle operation. to Eldoret and another road leading to Kericho. For example, Salgaa is at a location where many However, at present, neither of these locations is long-distance drivers stop to rest. Because there are equipped with terminal functions. no suitable rest facilities, many drivers stop along On the diagram below, the candidate sites are the side of the road, resulting in traffic congestion color coded according to suitable michinoeki types and many traffic accidents. The rest area type is as discussed above. The table on the next page shows effective for these kinds of locations. our findings with regard to the characteristics of To establish successful michinoeki facilities each candidate site. of the market type, it is important for there to be Figure 7. Main objectives for michinoeki candidate sites along the Northern Corridor (red=rest type, blue=market type, green=terminal type) Mau Nairobi Mtito Mombasa Kisumu Summit Naivasha Salama Andei Mariakani Kericho Salgaa Mlolongo Kiboko Voi 118 Table 1. Major characteristics of candidate sites along the Northern Corridor Kisumu Kericho Mau Summit Salgaa Naivasha Mlolongo Salama Kiboko Mtito Andei Voi Mariakani Market Market Market Rest type Rest type Rest type Rest type Rest type Rest type Rest type Rest type Primary type type type type Terminal Terminal type type - Junction - 100 km - 180 km -kmAbout 200 from - 300 km - 460 km - 380 km - 300 km - 220 km - 120 km - 50 km from from Nairobi and from from from from from from from Locational Kisumu Kisumu 200 km from Kisumu Nairobi Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa features Junction - Junction - 20 km Junction Junction Junction -aheading Just before steep hill from for Kisumu Nairobi - Fish - Tea - Special - Special -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- -Veget- - Dairy agricultural agricultural ables ables ables ables ables ables ables Local ables products products products - Fruits - Fruits - Fruits - Fruits - Fruits - Fruits resources - Other - Flowers vegetables - Crafts - Rest - Sales - Sales - Rest area opportunity opportunity - Rest area - Rest area - Rest - Rest -Processing of prod- - Rest area - Sales - Rest area - Support for - Rest area (especially for - Sales opportunity area (buses and area area tourism - Sanitation ucts trucks) opportunity - Rest area trucks) - Sales opportunity - Public trans- - Sanitation - Sanitation - Sales (especially Functions - Sales - Tea services services - Sales - Sales opportunity processing - Public - Sanitation services portation services opportunity opportunity for trucks) - Sanitation services - Public services - Rest area - Support for opportunity services (security) tourism (security) - Rest area 1.4 Selection of two sites for individual that processes the harvested tea into consumer planning products (secondary industry). However, sales functions (tertiary industry) are underdeveloped. We selected two sites that represent different Along the overall Northern Corridor are many objectives from among the 11 candidate sites places where local residents sell unprocessed mentioned in the preceding section. Kericho, which agricultural products in the same state as they are has a distinctive local product of black tea, was harvested. There is inadequate coordination between selected as a representative site of the market type. the primary and secondary industrial sectors. By Mau Summit, which has heavy traffic volumes and providing sales routes, the michinoeki could provide social problems including HIV/AIDS infection, was improved potential for the sale of high value- selected as a representative site of the terminal type. added products to travelers, combining the primary, Planning was performed on the assumption that secondary, and tertiary industrial sectors into a michinoeki will be built at these two sites under the single cycle. Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project Traffic volume averages 2,200 vehicles per day of the World Bank. at Kericho, with considerable volumes of both transit and local transportation. There is a particularly 1.4.1 Objectives of Kericho michinoeki high proportion of long-distance public buses, so considerable demand for michinoeki facilities is The michinoeki at Kericho was planned as expected. Since Kericho is located at a junction a market-type facility that has local economic of roads leading to the borders with Uganda and revitalization as its main objective. Tanzania, travelers from Nairobi will perceive it In addition to the agricultural sector, including as an intermediate point for travel to these two the cultivation of black tea (primary industry), countries, making this a suitable location for a rest Kericho also has developed a manufacturing sector facility. 119 1.4.2 Objectives of Mau Summit michinoeki The goals of the Mau Summit Michinoeki are to improve traffic safety and social problems The michinoeki at Mau Summit is to be of including HIV/AIDS, which is a serious issue in the market type as well as the terminal type. Mau this area and the neighboring Salgaa district, and to Summit is an important junction with roads leading improve the situation of local markets that spring to Mombasa and Nairobi, to Kisumu and Uganda, up spontaneously and are operated in a disorderly and to Eldoret. Traffic volumes are high, and there is fashion by providing a well-planned, orderly market. heavy demand for rest facilities. 120 2. Kericho 2.1 Identification figure below) where about one hectare of flat land could be procured within a radius of approximately 2.1.1 Site selection three kilometers from central Kericho. The Northern Corridor runs from east to west near Kericho. Tea A) Selection of Candidate Sites plantations cultivated by small-scale farmers are The Kericho michinoeki should not be too located to the north, while a large tea plantation distant from the city, because it will be of the market owned by a multinational food manufacturing type. There are three locations (A, B, and C in the corporation is located to the south. Figure 8. Candidate sites in Kericho bus stand police station tea factories C Kisumu(80km) Nakuru(107km) MidWest bus stand B A gs Tea Hotel great view great tea plantation B) Characteristics of candidate sites Candidate Site B is about two kilometers from central Kericho. It is currently a tea plantation. The Candidate Site A is closest to the central part site slopes gently downward away from the road, and of the city. The local authorities of Kericho have a majestic view of tea fields stretching off into the procured this land to build a cultural center. It is distance is the highlight of this site. Tea leaves are located behind the Midwest Hotel, which is situated harvested all year long in this area, so this location along the main road. Therefore, land procurement offers the opportunity to see tea being picked, would be easy. Its location near the center of the city enhancing visitors' appreciation of the region. is a major advantage for a michinoeki of the market Candidate Site C is about three kilometers from type because the local community could also use the central Kericho. It is less convenient for use by the facilities with ease. However, the land surrounding local community than the other two candidate sites. this site is already in use as urban land, so it would However, there is a great deal of available land in the be difficult to expand the site. Also, this site does not vicinity, and it would be easy to procure land. Even have as attractive a scenic view as Candidate Site B. now, it would be possible to establish rest facilities 121 for long-distance buses, and this site offers a good buses, but has no rest areas where buses can park. location as a terminal. The land is practically level This situation needs to be corrected. Other demands with the road, and it is currently being cultivated are found not only in Kericho but in the rest of on a small scale. There is a view of tea fields to the Kenya as well, including water resources (61.5% of south of the road, but the view is not as attractive as local residents use public water supplies), medical that of Candidate Site B. services, firefighting services, police booths, and other basic elements of social infrastructure. C) Site evaluation The following functions are expected of a For a market-type michinoeki intended to michinoeki in Kericho to meet these local demands. stimulate the local economy, an adequate level of First, a michinoeki of the market type, which is predicted demand by road users is an important aimed at raising income levels in the community, point. This type of michinoeki should be located at must provide sales opportunities for distinctive local the entrance to an urban area or centrally located products. In addition to the sale of tea leaves as a within an urban area. So the comparison is between distinctive local product, the michinoeki should Candidate Sites A and B, and the team that carried provide display space for community-led processing out the pilot study is recommending Candidate Site of products and a space for exchange (meeting B, which offers a better scenic view and greater place), with the goals of raising interest among potential for site expansion. Here, long-distance visitors and providing technical education in the travelers could sip a cup of tea and take a break region. while enjoying a sweeping view of tea fields. This Next, from the standpoint of the overall plan, it is is an attractive prospect that would reflect the important to provide support for tourists, including distinctive characteristics of Kericho. However, to information on the region, in addition to rest procure the land, it would be necessary to obtain facilities equipped with toilets and a water supply. the cooperation of the international corporation that The outcome of promoting exchange between the owns the land. community and road users, an effect that is unique to michinoeki projects, can be obtained by including 2.1.2 Facilities the theme of passing on the culture; that is, by introducing the local cultural traditions. HIV/AIDS A) Determining local demands and michinoeki countermeasures, which are needed over a wide functions area along the highway, should also be implemented The greatest demand in the Kericho area is as part of the michinoeki function of providing poverty reduction. Kericho has local resources information. including black tea, and because of the activities To meet expectations for improved public of the tea industry here, this region has more services in the region, it is worthwhile to consider employment opportunities than most other parts of introducing sanitation services and medical support Kenya. Still, 60% of local residents are forced to live functions, depending on conditions in the area at or below the poverty line. Residents lack the skills around the site. to process their farm produce into distinctive value- added products, and there are no sales opportunities B) Identification of facilities for distinctive local products in the area. The michinoeki at Kericho should have the On the subject of culture, the traditions of the following facilities in its initial stage, on the basis of Kipsigis tribe are maintained in Kericho, and local issues discussed in part A): residents are proud of their cultural traditions. One lParking of the important demands of local residents is to lMarket facilities (including a free market) pass on Kipsigis culture and introduce it to others, lTea processing center to introduce local industry including travelers. On the subject of transportation, lRestaurant facilities Kericho is used as a resting point for long-distance lMedical clinic, primarily for HIV/AIDS 122 lMeeting place (training facility) the local residents and government in establishing lInformation facilities (on topics such as Kipsigis the Kericho michinoeki, which will have "tea" as a culture, HIV/AIDS, and road transportation) major theme. lToilet facilities The establishment of a rest area will be lWater supply area. welcomed by drivers, tourists, and other road users. In a developing country, the basic approach However, roadside restaurants that are now used for michinoeki establishment is to keep the initial as rest areas may oppose a michinoeki because of investment low. The facilities for providing cultural concerns that it could take away their customers. information need not be large in scale, but they (There are several roadside restaurants within a could include several displays, panels, books and so radius of three kilometers from the candidate site, on, with the possibility for expansion. The gathering not including hotels.) Thorough coordination will be place (training facility) should be based on effective needed in this regard. use of other facilities, such as use of the restaurant It is reasonable to assume that the local residents space before and after meal times. The approach who will provide local products and other services should be realistic, recognizing for example that at the michinoeki live within a five-kilometer radius tables and chairs could be removed to provide space of the site. Very few of them own automobiles, and for dance performances and other events. not all of them even have access to bicycles, so it is assumed that most of them will come to the site on 2.1.3 Stakeholders foot. In stakeholder analysis during the identification 2.1.4 Impacts phase, one of the most important points is to identify the prime mover who will promote the project To build agreement among a wide range of during the preparation phase. The prime mover stakeholders, it is necessary to identify the social may change at three major junctures to handle the and economic impacts that the michinoeki will have stage of identification, the stage of preparation, on the community. As explained above with regard appraisal and building, and the stage of operation. to functions, the establishment of a michinoeki in The government of Kenya could build michinoeki as Kericho will expand the opportunities available to incidental facilities for the national highway under local residents for the sale of black tea and other the World Bank's Northern Corridor Transport local products. In addition to providing a rest Improvement Project. In this case, the government area for long-distance buses, it is also expected of Kenya would implement the stage of preparation, to contribute to improving the basic social appraisal and building, with technical assistance infrastructure, including water resources (61.5% of from the World Bank. local residents use public water supplies), medical In the framework of local government in Kenya, services, firefighting services, and police booths. the county council and district commissioner are Meanwhile, the michinoeki can be expected to important stakeholders who are in charge of wide- have the following negative impacts, which would ranging industrial promotion and social capital not affect the community to any great extent. building. It is realistic to assume that the local First, the candidate site and the assumed location government (in this case, the municipal government of the entrance/exit can be seen easily from every of Kericho) would play a central role during the direction, so this would not affect highway traffic. stage of operation. The site is about 100 kilometers from nature The candidate site that we recommend in this conservancies near Kericho, so there would be no paper is owned by a private multinational food impact from noise, vibration, or exhaust gases. The manufacturing corporation. This company is a closest similar facility (farm/rest area at Naivasha) is stakeholder with regard to site acquisition, and in more than 200 kilometers farther along the Northern addition, this company could participate alongside Corridor, so it would not be in competition. The 123 nearby gas stations do not offer high-quality rest 2.2.1 Scale and design facilities, and in any case, because the michinoeki is not being planned to include any fueling functions, it A) Determining facility scale is unlikely that it would compete with gas stations. At Kericho, traffic volume on the Northern However, there is undeniably a risk that the Corridor is 2,200 vehicles per day. On the basis of michinoeki could contribute to the spread of this figure and assuming that 10% of the vehicles HIV/AIDS and other problems by attracting large will stop in for an average stay of one hour, we numbers of truck drivers. The michinoeki at calculated the necessary parking area. The Northern Kericho is to include functions for the provision Corridor is traveled by many large trucks. Based on of information, and it will be necessary to provide peak usage, according to the ratio of cars to trucks ongoing information and raise awareness concerning in passing traffic (7:3 by on-site visual observation), infectious diseases. we calculated that parking will be needed for 35 passenger cars and 15 trucks. We multiplied these 2.2 Preparation quantities by coefficients used for estimating area (2.5 x 5 meters for passenger cars, and 3.5 x 17 Workshops were held for consultation with meters for trucks) to determine the necessary size of stakeholders concerning michinoeki scale and the parking area. design (not including the detailed design). Through The whole site can be estimated at 10,000 square these workshops, local demands were identified to meters and the remaining area (minus space for the provide feedback for designing the michinoeki and parking) is allocated to the main building and the its facilities. Subsequent procedures are described rest space such as toilets and green area. under the "Next Step" section. Table 2. Area needed for each construction item Item Area (m2) Breakdown Area of site Parking area 4,350 Small vehicles: 35 veh. Large vehicles: 15 veh. Staff parking: 3 veh. Pedestrian area 1,480 1,480 Green area 2,550 2,550 Area of buildings 1,320 Restaurant 280 m2 Tea factory: 220 m2 Information, Clinic: 110 m2 Market: 220 m2 Other facilities: 250 m2 Corridors: 240 m2 Other areas 300 300 Total 10,000 124 B) Planning facility arrangement in the space for parking or information service For users of the michinoeki at Kericho, it will center two to three days per week. be important to enjoy sweeping views of tea fields. A small factory is to be placed next to the Therefore, the buildings are to be located on the information space, considering that the factory will south side of the site, with parking areas on the north serve to introduce tea manufacturing methods and side. The parking space for large cars is designed supply information and experiential learning. Instead for the convenience of truck drivers on the premise of installing fixed walls between the facilities that vehicles can come in and go out of the parking (rooms), the partitions will allow flexible, open use. area without going into reverse. For the effective use Although well water from the water supply area will of the space, the vehicles are parked at a 60-degree be used in the restaurant and toilets, this area will angle from the road. be placed near the road to facilitate use by local At an elevation of 1,500 meters, Kericho has residents. a comfortable climate all year round. Natural Other facilities that will be needed include ventilation will be used instead of air conditioning, an electric power generator to deal with Kenya's resulting in electricity savings. Natural ventilation frequent power outages, a security guard booth to will also be used for the toilets, and these will be ensure security, and a septic tank. located at the farthest point away from the restaurant facilities. The restaurant and information spaces are located next to each other, making it possible to use both of these spaces in combination as a gathering place. In addition, our plan assumes that medical services will be provided in a traveling clinic vehicle 125 Figure 9. Floor plan of michinoeki in Kericho Figure 10. Perspective image of michinoeki in Kericho 126 C) Estimating construction costs Under the conditions described in A) and B), construction costs were estimated at KSh 78,348,000 (equivalent to US$1 million). Table 3. Estimate of michinoeki construction costs Area(m2) Unit (Ksh) Amount(Ksh) Parking 4,350 3,700 16,095,000 Pedestrian 1,480 1,100 1,100 1,628,000 Gardening 2,550 500 500 1,275,000 Building 1,320 33,000 33,000 43,560,000 Other 300 600 600 180,000 Gate, Hedge, etc... landscape 560,000 Deep Well Work landscape 4,750,000 Septic tank landscape 2,200,000 Water tank & Water tower landscape 1,800,000 Generator (100KVA) landscape 4,800,000 Telephone landscape 1,500,000 Total 78,348,000 2.2.2 Consultation with stakeholders consultants defined the stakeholders, and workshops were held. The workshop format is widely used in Fundamentally, michinoeki projects are development planning and is particularly relevant community-driven development (CDD). Therefore, in a context where there is a planned intention of the prime mover who initiates and promotes the using CDD. Early involvement of the community plan must build agreement among the various in michinoeki development is essential to the stakeholders, in addition to developing the plan. It is successful development of michinoeki at Kericho particularly important to conduct capacity building and Mau Summit. for stakeholders during the kickoff stage, so it is Stakeholders were identified as chairs of Kericho effective to adopt a participatory approach. Municipal Council (KMC) departments, including finance, transportation, and the environment, A) Participatory approach members of the Kipsigis County Council, employees We adopted a participatory approach for of black tea manufacturing companies, the mayor, gathering the views of stakeholders (See Technical local community representatives, the manager Note 3). Under this method, having obtained the of Kenyan Farmers Association (KFA) Kericho, cooperation of the government, the stakeholders are teachers, local businessmen, priests, representatives defined and the steps from participation planning to of the government's Ministry of Labor, Ministry of decision making are implemented. The basic concept Agriculture, and Ministry of Trade and Industry, and is to take plenty of time to build a strong agreement. mass media reporters (newspaper and radio). Working from assumptions made during the identification phase concerning stakeholders, local 127 B) Memo on methodology In addition to market functions to provide The team that carried out this pilot study held agricultural producers with sales opportunities, workshops to gather the views of stakeholders showcase-type agricultural product processing using the two-stage format, which is suitable for functions, and restaurant services including tea determining the views of both the local community service, as indicated in the plan proposal, the and the administration. Specifically, after views were stakeholders indicated that they felt a need for gathered in a workshop involving local stakeholders functions to maintain local public security, health and several representatives of the local authorities promotion functions for local residents and drivers, (Workshop A), these findings were verified in a firefighting functions, and support functions for local workshop involving representatives of the central medical services. The new proposals for facilities government as well as local authorities (Workshop included a security booth run by the Kenya Police, a B). gymnasium, and a health center with an accessible Few stakeholders knew anything about ambulance. michinoeki. To hold discussions, it was necessary Concerning the site, the stakeholders generally to develop a shared understanding of michinoeki supported the plan proposal. They all agreed that the at an early stage. To begin the workshops, a local beautiful background of tea fields would be one of consultant who had visited michinoeki in Japan the top attractions for a michinoeki at Kericho, and gave an explanation so the participants would that a site that maximizes this background would be understand the michinoeki concept. Three types of suitable for the michinoeki. materials were used in the workshops: a summary of Michinoeki management was also discussed at michinoeki (with mostly Japanese examples), a plan the workshop. Workshop participants were fully draft for the michinoeki at Kericho, and a proposal aware that management is the key to sustaining of group work topics. These were projected onto a and developing a michinoeki, and that the work is screen and explained, and participants were also not over when the michinoeki facilities have been given hard copies. constructed. Stakeholders agreed that the michinoeki For the gathering of views, group discussions at Kericho should be operated by an organization were held with seven or eight participants per that is based on a public­private partnership. Their group. In Workshop A, each group first discussed reasons were that many stakeholders would be the proposal for facility establishment that had involved in michinoeki operation; this approach been prepared on the basis of the data from would promote democratic decision-making; and the identification phase, and then discussed the there would be a function of checks and balances desirable management format. This was followed by with regard to management. They were concerned presentations. Participants were asked to consider that if the michinoeki were to be operated by the the michinoeki administrative entity paying for the public sector, management could be indifferent land. Workshop B involved government officials, to the determination of users' needs; there would so discussions focused on determining a desirable be problems of bureaucracy; and rapid decision- administrative format with reference to the results of making would be impossible. Conversely, if the Workshop A. michinoeki were to be operated by the private sector, stakeholders were concerned that only a C) Consensus building and feedback small number of stakeholders would be involved; the The workshop was successful and maintained benefits would not reach the local community; and its membership for the full event. The presentations a burden might be placed on users in relation to the performed their function of facilitating informed provision of services. discussion and consultation. The interaction between The workshop can also be considered a "capacity presentations, materials, group work, group report- building" activity. While the stakeholders were backs, and presentation of summary statements of already experienced in organizing, discussing, and understanding reached was of a high quality. amending development planning projects and plans 128 (these stakeholder meetings included councilors, residents are proud of their cultural traditions. The local authority officials, the mayor, and chairpersons design should express elements of Kipsigis culture. of self-help associations), this was their first Kericho will be one of the 11 michinoeki exposure to the michinoeki concept. The interactions locations along the Northern Corridor discussed between presentations, group work, report-backs, in Section 1.3. The design should be unified with and plenary discussions provided the framework the design of all the michinoeki locations along the within which local capacity for michinoeki planning Northern Corridor, including a unified sign and logo. and organization began its development. Also, each of the 11 michinoeki locations should provide information about the others, making it 2.3 Next steps/recommendations easier for drivers to use these facilities. This will also improve the effectiveness of wide-area efforts The matters requiring further study will be for HIV/AIDS and other problems. described. 2.3.3 Operation framework 2.3.1 Site selection Selecting an operating entity is extremely From the three candidate sites for a michinoeki important. Because the Kenyan government has no of the market type, which is intended to stimulate intention of getting involved directly in michinoeki the local economy, we recommended Candidate management, the local community should participate Site B, where it would be easy to establish a market in the decision-making process for choosing the of the necessary size, and where future expansion operating entity. of terminal functions for long-distance buses, etc. The majority of the participants supported the would be possible. The outstanding view is also idea of involving the third sector as stakeholders in expected to be a major attraction of the michinoeki, the michinoeki project. Nevertheless, there are no because long-distance travelers will be able to take a private companies as a prime mover to run the third break and sip a cup of tea while enjoying a sweeping sector that can take a leadership role in the project view of tea fields. and address social problems such as HIV/AIDS and road safety. In this context, michinoeki operation 2.3.2 Design and cost Allocation should be left in the hands of the municipal government. Unless the local government has these Discussion with stakeholders is needed about the capabilities, the central government should take an following specific design points. initiative or private companies should be recruited Kericho has a great deal of rainfall during to move to kericho from the outside to become a the rainy season. Considering the rain, all of the prime mover. In this case, it is essential to reach an facilities should be under roofs, including free agreement in advance on the service standard that market facilities. Local residents also expressed this the michinoeki should provide. view. In the workshop, stakeholders expressed concern The third sector is composed of: that problems such as HIV/AIDS could spread lCommunity-based groups when large numbers of truck drivers stop at the lSelf-help groups michinoeki. This possibility is undeniable. Therefore, lCooperatives information should be provided on HIV/AIDS, lLocal authority and a fence should be erected to improve security lChamber of commerce and restrict entry to and exit from the michinoeki, lTea company. preventing prostitution. The third sector should be headed by the mayor On the subject of culture, the traditions of the or someone elected by the newly established Kipsigis tribe are maintained in Kericho, and local organizations. Separately, a station manager to 129 supervise michinoeki operation needs to be hired. In case of Kericho, administrative and The capital ratio between public and private maintenance expenses per annum for both direct sectors should be 1:1 because michinoeki functions management and lease-based management can be are designed to contribute to improvement in both estimated as in the table below. sectors. Public and private funds are expected In case of direct management by the third sector, to come from the Kericho government and from these operating costs need to be covered by revenue the entities that will participate in the michinoeki from utility charges for the market, restaurant, project. The approximate amount of investment will community space (training facility), clinic, and free be US$9,000. market. There are two methods for michinoeki In case of sublease by the third sector, the unit management. One is for the third sector to be in price for sublease will be set on the basis of total charge of operating permanent facilities such as the costs divided by total square meters. Specifically, market and restaurant. Another is the system under when the leased area is 580 m2 (excluding 30 m2 which permanent facilities such as the market and for the rental space for the market on a daily basis), restaurant are leased. In the former case, investors the price per square meter becomes Ksh 3,801 per serve as cooking and sales staff to keep costs low. year. It is also necessary to consider a reduction in In either case, the services that investors cannot the rental charge from the second year onwards, provide, such as medical services, will be leased on depending on the operating rate of the free market in an annual basis and an all-weather free market for the first year. the local community will be leased on a daily basis. In the meantime, the michinoeki is constructed The utility rate for the free-market should be set by the Kenyan government under the World Bank well below US$1 for one day, considering the fact project; thus ownership lies in the hands of the that Kenya's per capita GDP is US$350 and average government. For this reason, if the third sector is daily sales at individual roadside markets is US$5­ established, they need to sign a lease contract with US$10. the Kenyan government. If that is the case, rent Table 4. Administrative and maintenance expense with direct management Estimated amount Item (Ksh) Notes 1. Personnel 540,000 Secretariat for market and restaurant (one each persons) 2.Security guard 540,000 TSR (three persons) /parking attendant 3. Repairs 132,000 Estimatedunitprice:Ksh100/m2perannum 4. Public utilities 1,122,000 Including the costs of electricity, telephone, fuel for generator, water supply, butane 5. Others (10% of the total 233,000 10% of the above total of 1- 4) 6. Rent receipts (charge for -33,000 Estimated rental unit price: Ksh 3, the use of the free market) number of visitors: 30 persons/day 7. Total 2.534 million US$32,000 130 Table 5. Administrative and maintenance expense with lease-based management Estimated amount Item (Ksh) Notes 1. Personnel 240,000 Secretariat for market (one person) 2. Security guard 540,000 TSR (three persons) /parking attendant 3. Repairs 132,000 Estimatedunitprice:Ksh100/m2perannum 4. Public utilities 1,122,000 Including the costs of electricity, tel- ephone, fuel for generator, water supply, butane 5. Others (10% of the 203,000 10% of the above total total of 1-4) 6. Rent receipts -33,000 Estimated rental unit price: Ksh 3, number of visitors: 30 persons/day 7. Total 2.204 million US$28,000 should be free or less than 2­3% of total profits. Phased payment terms, such as rent-free for the first five years, with payable afterwards, also may be possible. During the preparation period, especially immediately after the administrative entity is established, such details should be reexamined by that entity if desired. 131 3. Mau Summit 3.1 Identification top of the T-shaped junction (Candidate Site A) is an unpaved truck parking area (180 meters wide and 3.1.1 Site selection 70 meters deep). Toward the end of the pilot study, it was learned that there are plans to pave this truck A) Selection of candidate sites parking area. There is a concentration of shops and The michinoeki at Mau Summit should be of homes around the parking area and on the right side the terminal type, located near the junction. There of the T-shaped junction. The truck parking area is is an existing concentration near the junction, so it level with the road, but the land on the left and right is also advantageous for a michinoeki of the market sides of the junction is two or three meters lower type to be located near the junction. There are three than the road. candidate sites where about one hectare of level land could be procured near the junction. A site at the Figure 11. Candidate sites in Mau Summit A hotels, stores, etc. truck parking area (unpaved) 180m 70m Eldoret Nakuru B Nairobi gs elementary school stores and homes Kericho C Kisumu Uganda fine view B) Characteristics of candidate sites it would be relatively easy to obtain land. It is near Candidate Site A is level with the road. Because the center of the town, offering advantages for use as it is occupied by a truck parking area, stores, a market type michinoeki. Traffic congestion could hotels, and so on, the construction of a michinoeki be avoided by building two entrances at a distance here would not involve major changes in land use. from the junction. However, this site is located next There is equal access from the roads in all three to an elementary school, raising the issue of traffic directions, and there is expected to be a great deal safety for the children. Also, the land is two or three of demand from drivers for rest facilities. There is a meters lower than the road, so there is no scenic gentle downward slope to the south, offering a fine view. view. However, if the michinoeki is built close to Candidate Site C is 200 to 300 meters back the junction, it could cause traffic congestion which from the junction, so access roads would need to could create traffic safety problems. be built. There are no existing buildings, so of the Candidate Site B has fewer existing buildings, so three candidate sites it would be easiest to obtain 132 land here, and future expansion would also be easy. 3.1.2 Facilities This site is practically level with the road heading for Kericho, so there is a view across the highway. A) Determining local demands and michinoeki However, because it is so far back from the road, functions drivers passing the site would not be able to see About 64% of the population in the area around it as clearly. Also, it would compete with existing Mau Summit lives at or below the poverty line, and commercial facilities near the junction, and this poverty reduction is the greatest demand. Various could mean a lower rate of vehicles stopping at the kinds of vegetables are grown at Mau Summit, but michinoeki. since the same kinds of vegetables are produced in other areas along the Northern Corridor as well, C) Site evaluation this is not highly competitive. The market lacks There is a plan to pave an existing truck security, and travelers cannot shop with peace of parking area at Mau Summit. Coordination with mind. Although this location has high traffic volume this development plan must be kept in mind for and great sales potential, it is not being used to the the michinoeki. The team that carried out the pilot fullest extent. study recommends Candidate Site A, expanding the Transportation safety should be improved. Mau existing truck parking area, for establishment of a Summit is near the top of a long hill leading down michinoeki. At this site enough land can be obtained into the Rift Valley, an ideal spot for drivers to stop to provide a sufficient number of parking spaces, for vehicle repairs or to let their engines cool down. and it is close to existing market-related facilities, However, because of a lack of suitable facilities, making it a suitable location for a michinoeki of many drivers stop their vehicles by the roadside. the market type. For several reasons, building a This leads to many traffic accidents, especially michinoeki as a separate but similar facility next at night when visibility is poor. There are few to the existing parking area to be paved is not facilities for the sale of farm produce and the like, desirable. This would disperse demand, reducing and many children approach moving vehicles to sell profits for both the michinoeki and existing stores. vegetables or other goods. There is a need for a safe It would confuse drivers and impair the safety environment where residents can sell their products. of pedestrians walking between the facilities. In With regard to social problems, information addition, this duplication of investment would reduce about HIV/AIDS prevention is needed. Prostitution cost effectiveness. We recommend integrating the is practiced because of extreme poverty, and along michinoeki with existing facilities and coordinating with a lack of knowledge concerning prevention, it with plans for the truck parking area. has caused many people to become infected with Candidate Site B also offers a large area, and HIV/AIDS. The situation is serious, including the because it is near existing market-related facilities, spread of infection over wide areas by truck drivers. it could be used for a michinoeki of the market type. Michinoeki offer suitable infrastructure within However, this site is not suitable because it is next to which the problems of HIV/AIDS transmission an elementary school, and could make it dangerous along highway routes in Africa can be addressed. for children to get to school or could impair their There is also a great need for better hygiene services, educational environment. At Candidate Site C, it is especially the supply of clean water, in the Mau possible to procure a great deal of land and future Summit area. expansion would be easy, but demand would be To fulfill these demands, the michinoeki at Mau dispersed because it is located at a distance from Summit should have the following functions. existing market-related facilities. The michinoeki First, it will need to offer rest functions and could draw customers away from existing facilities, sufficient parking for a michinoeki of the terminal reducing the economic vitality of the area. type, where a high level of use by truck drivers is Therefore, Site C is not the most suitable. expected because of its location at the junction of highways leading in three directions. With security 133 measures, including proper lighting, drivers will low, the facilities should be designed as integrated be able to use the michinoeki with peace of mind spaces, including restaurant facilities as a meeting even at night. Next, it will need to provide sales place. opportunities as a michinoeki of the market type. However, there is already a concentration of stores in 3.1.3 Stakeholders this area, and coordination will be needed to avoid putting pressure on existing businesses. The matters related to general stakeholders HIV/AIDS countermeasures are needed in the (promoters, drivers, nearby facilities, and local entire area along the highway, not only at Mau residents) are the same as described in the chapter Summit. Screening, information, and treatment on Kericho, and will not be repeated here. centers (VCT) built in michinoeki could be provided In Workshop A, the participants were asked to address HIV/AIDS. Employment for young about their overall views on the plan proposal, women to attract them away from prostitution is and they discussed site location and management seen as another. Similarly, the development of format. Many participants indicated the need for recreational facilities near a michinoeki is a possible various public services. In Workshop B, which solution to the current problems experienced by was limited to members of the administration, the rural youth who also contribute to the spread of discussions covered important social services and HIV/AIDS. By providing hygiene services, including public facilities that can be addressed only through a a supply of clean water and support for medical care, michinoeki. the michinoeki could help improve the overall level The entity that will improve the truck parking of hygiene and medical care in addition to helping area, mentioned as a stakeholder of Mau Summit, to prevent HIV/AIDS infection. Specifically, the needs to be taken into consideration. The rest area michinoeki would provide a meeting space for use functions of a michinoeki overlap with those of in medical care activities when the area is visited by the truck parking area. The entity that is planning mobile medical teams (providing health check-ups to improve the truck parking area has not been and simple medical treatment). identified yet, but in promoting the michinoeki plan, it will be important for stakeholders on both sides to B) Identification of facilities discuss the plan together, pursuing discussions for The michinoeki at Mau Summit should have the this project as an integrated plan. following facilities in its initial stage, as discussed in part A): 3.1.4 Impacts lParking The positive impacts that can be expected from a lVehicle maintenance services michinoeki at Mau Summit include higher incomes lMarket facilities (including a free market) for local residents as a result of sales opportunities lRestaurant facilities for farm produce, improved traffic safety through lFacilities needed for HIV/AIDS countermeasures, the control of roadside parking and roadside sales, including information and treatment centers (VCT) and prevention of infectious diseases by means of lMeeting place (education and training facility) improved hygiene services and increased public lInformation facilities (including information on information. road transportation) Meanwhile, two kinds of negative impacts could lToilet facilities be caused by a michinoeki at Mau Summit: conflicts lWater supply area. of interest necessitating coordination with nearby commercial facilities, and the need to modify traffic Because of the heavy rainfall during the rainy flow to ensure safety. season, all these facilities should be covered. As in The michinoeki is likely to change the market the case of Kericho, to keep the initial investment environment for existing stores, restaurants, and 134 lodging facilities. Although existing businesses visual observation), we calculated that parking will that move into the michinoeki and neighboring be needed for 40 passenger cars. Trucks sometimes stores will see an increase in customers, other park overnight and set off early in the morning. entrepreneurs who continue to engage in commerce Based on local interviews, we determined that 40 at a distance from the michinoeki could lose trucks are parked there at peak times. We multiplied customers, reducing their incomes. Steps must be these quantities by coefficients used for estimating taken to minimize this kind of negative impact area (2.5 x 5 meters for passenger cars, and 3.5 x 17 by operating the michinoeki under a system that meters for trucks) to determine the necessary size of provides sales opportunities to all local residents; the parking area. for example, by establishing a joint sales area where In the identification phase, site selection was merchants could take turns selling their products on based on an estimated site area of 10,000 square different days of the week. meters. However, a great deal of space will be The site presents potential problems of needed for truck parking, and it is desirable to pedestrian safety and traffic congestion. Because provide as much market space as possible; so this of its concentration of market facilities for local pilot study has determined that the site should be residents, there are many pedestrians, who could be large, on the premise of expanding the existing hit by trucks entering or exiting the michinoeki. It is parking space, with an area of 20,000 square meters. important during the planning stages to discuss ways The remaining area minus the parking space is to ensure safety for pedestrians and to take specific allocated to the building space and rest areas, measures such as establishing pedestrian crossings including toilets and green planted areas. and providing thorough education on their use. To minimize the problem of traffic congestion related to its location at a junction, the entrances and exits should be located as far away as possible from the intersection, as stated in Technical Note 4. 3.2 Preparation As in the case of Kericho, workshops were held for consultation with stakeholders concerning michinoeki scale and design (not including the detailed design). Through these workshops, local demands were identified to provide feedback for designing the michinoeki and its facilities. Subsequent procedures are described under the "Next Step" section. 3.2.1 Scale and design A) Determining facility scale At Mau Summit, traffic volume on the Northern Corridor is 4,450 vehicles per day. Using this figure and assuming that 10% of the vehicles will stop, we calculated the necessary parking area. Based on peak usage, assuming that vehicles will stay for an average of one hour, and using the ratio of cars to trucks in the area of Mau Summit (1:1 by on-site 135 Table 6. Area needed for michinoeki construction in Mau Summit Item Area (m2) Breakdown Area of site Parking area 12,060 Small vehicles: 40 veh. Large vehicles: 40 veh. Staff parking: 3 veh. Pedestrian area 2,920 2,920 Green area 2,650 2,650 Area of buildings 1,520 Market 430 m2 Information 140 m2 Rest area 290 m2 Other facilities 290 m2 Corridors 370 m2 Other areas 650 650 Total 19,800 19,800 B) Planning facility arrangement facilities are placed amid green planted areas and Although the michinoeki at Mau Summit has connected by corridors to allow for open and flexible a limited site area, it will need a great deal of use. space for truck parking; so we have aimed for an The facilities have been arranged so that the efficient arrangement. Considering the current restaurant can also be used as a meeting place, with situation, in which there is a high demand for the possibility of using the corridors and green vehicle maintenance, a rather large portion of the planted areas as well for a large, continuous space. parking area has been set aside for maintenance This information service center is located near the purposes. The proposal does not include a gas parking lot to promote smooth coordination with the station. But if it is possible to relocate the gas station traveling clinic vehicle, in addition to education and currently situated across the road from the site, it training for the prevention of infectious diseases. would be suitable to position the gas station next to An information board about preventing infectious the maintenance space, which also would require diseases is to be put at the edge of the facilities and reallocating the parking space. parking lot to ensure good visibility. Well water Mau Summit has a climate that is comfortable from the water supply area will be used in the all year round, like Kericho. To save on electricity restaurant and toilets. However, because it will be and other costs, natural ventilation will be used. The used by local residents as well, it does not need to be toilets will also use natural ventilation, and these located adjacent to those facilities. Therefore it will will be located at a distance from the restaurant be placed near the entrance/exit for the convenience facilities and so on because of the odor. of local pedestrians. At Mau Summit, an area where markets have Other facilities that will be needed include developed in a disorderly fashion, the michinoeki an electric power generator to deal with Kenya's should provide generous sales opportunities for frequent power outages, a security guard booth to local residents and become a model market along ensure security, lamp posts in the parking space for the Northern Corridor. Therefore, the market has nighttime security, and a septic tank. been given a larger area than the other facilities. The 136 Figure 12. Perspective image of the michinoeki at Mau Summit Figure 13. Artist's conception of the michinoeki at Mau Summit 137 C) Estimating Construction Costs B), construction costs were estimated at Ksh Under the conditions described in A) and 114,263,000 (equivalent to US$1.14 million). Table 7. Estimate of michinoeki construction costs Area(m2) Unit (Ksh) Amount(Ksh) Parking 12,060 3,600 43,416,000 Pedestrian 2,920 1,100 3,212,000 Gardening 2,650 500 1,325,000 Building 1,520 33,000 50,160,000 Other 650 600 390,000 Gate, Hedge, etc... landscape 710,000 Deep Well Work landscape 4,750,000 Septic tank landscape 2,200,000 Water tank & Water tower landscape 1,800,000 Generator (100 KVA) landscape 4,800,000 Telephone landscape 1,500,000 Total 19,800 114,263,000 3.3.2 Consultation with stakeholders of Kericho. Please refer to the description in that chapter. As in the case of Kericho, based on the principles of CDD, the prime mover who initiates and promotes C) Consensus building and feedback the plan must build agreement among the various In addition to market functions to provide stakeholders, in addition to developing the plan. It is agricultural producers with sales opportunities, particularly important to conduct capacity building agricultural product processing functions, and for stakeholders during the kickoff stage, so it is restaurant services, including tea service, as effective to adopt a participatory approach. indicated in the plan proposal, the stakeholders voiced a need for functions to maintain public A) Participatory Approach security, health promotion for local residents and A participatory approach was used. For details, drivers, firefighting, and support for local medical please refer to the description of this approach in the services. New proposals for facilities included chapter on Kericho. electricity, a security booth run by the Kenya Police, Stakeholders for the michinoeki at Mau Summit a gymnasium, a fire station, and a health center with are CACC members, the chairpersons of Sirikwa an accessible ambulance. and Molo, government representatives, consultants, There was great interest in site selection, farmers, teachers, and business persons. and many views were expressed. From the three candidate sites described, Candidate Site B was B) Memo on methodology initially proposed at the beginning of the workshop, To gather the views of stakeholders, workshops but participants indicated that this would be a were held using the same methods as in the case problem because of its proximity to the elementary 138 school. Because Mau Summit is an important transportation Many participants thought that it would be node, it should be a michinoeki of the terminal desirable to have the michinoeki managed by an type, and it is important to ensure the possibility organization based on public­private partnership. for expansion to handle increases in demand. As However, there was not complete agreement on this truck performance improves, bus transportation point. Some groups thought that the michinoeki grows, and travel between regions increases, there should be under public management by the central or may be increasing traffic concentration at terminals local government, emphasizing its social functions such as Mau Summit, with growing demand for the such as public services. use of such terminals to change buses or transfer The workshop can also be considered a capacity cargo. Because demand has not yet emerged for building activity. Although the stakeholders were these kinds of terminal functions, they have not experienced in organizing, discussing, and amending been included in the current design. However, the development planning projects and plans, this was potential for expansion should be maintained to their first exposure to the michinoeki concept. The handle changes in the flow of people and goods, interactions between presentations, group work, including the construction of a bus terminal or report-backs, and plenary discussions provided distribution facilities for the transport of goods to the framework within which local capacity for the surrounding region. michinoeki planning and organization began its development. 3.3.2 Functions and facilities 3.3 Next steps/recommendations The michinoeki at Mau Summit is expected to be an example of how to address wide-area social The matters requiring further study will be problems such as HIV/AIDS infection, and thorough described. steps must be taken in this regard. When more A wide range of matters require consultation michinoeki are built, Mau Summit will need to serve with stakeholders, including coordination with plans as a good model for HIV/AIDS countermeasures at to improve a truck parking area and an existing michinoeki. Although a single michinoeki cannot concentration of commercial facilities, formulation resolve the issue of preventing HIV/AIDS infection, of an operating plan in the absence of influential efforts that cover the entire length of the highway private companies, unlike in Kericho, and specific could be expected to have an important effect. It is no countermeasures for HIV/AIDS, which is a serious exaggeration to state that the level of countermeasures issue in the Salgaa district as well. taken here, at one of the first michinoeki locations, will decide the level of countermeasures to be taken 3.3.1 Site selection at other michinoeki locations throughout Kenya. Of course, measures can be taken to solve other wide- Mau Summit is an important transportation area social problems, including improving hygiene node with roads leading to Nairobi, Kisumu, and and medical care and preventing traffic accidents. Eldoret. These roads form a T-shaped junction, and lodging facilities, restaurants, gas stations, offices, 3.3.3 Design and Cost Allocation private homes, and other facilities are concentrated around this intersection. The proposed expansion Because the michinoeki site is located at a of a truck parking area, the selected site, is at the T-shaped junction, a thorough study of traffic safety center of this T-shaped junction. This would require is needed. Steps must be taken to prevent traffic the resettlement of a considerable number of local congestion by locating the entrances and exits as far residents and relocation of existing facilities. as possible from the T-shaped junction and installing There is a need for thorough study with related guardrails, guidance markers, and information signs. stakeholders concerning relocation and resettlement. Thorough study is needed from a technical standpoint 139 for the detailed design, including consultation with government should take the initiative or private traffic safety experts as well as local residents. companies should be recruited to move to Mau Discussion with stakeholders is also needed with Summit from the outside to become prime mover. regard to the following specific design points. In this case, it is essential to reach an agreement in Many trucks use Mau Summit, and Candidate advance on the service standard that michinoeki Site A has a long rectangular shape, making it should provide. difficult to design the site for truck parking. In this case study, on the basis of on-site observation, we The third sector is composed of: have proposed a ground plan that uses 45-degree lCommunity-based groups angled parking for large vehicles, based on the lSelf-help groups premise of not requiring drivers of large vehicles to lCooperatives back into parking spaces. This kind of arrangement lLocal authority results in a great deal of dead space. It has the lChamber of commerce advantage of providing a relaxing place for resting, lPrivate company. but considering the efficiency of land use and the need to allow for future site expansion, more study The third sector should be headed by the mayor is needed concerning this point. Study of the design or someone elected by the newly established needs to involve a thorough exchange of views organizations. Separately, a station manager to with stakeholders (especially landowners and lease supervise michinoeki operation needs to be hired. holders). The capital ratio between public and private Mau Summit also has a great deal of rainfall sectors should be 1:1 because michinoeki functions during the rainy season. Local residents have are designed to contribute to improvement in both expressed the view that all facilities should be sectors. Public and private funds are expected to covered, including the free market facilities, because come from the Mau Summit government and from of the level of rainfall. Proper rainwater drainage the entities that will participate in the michinoeki would also contribute to a hygienic environment in project. The approximate amount of investment will the region. It will be necessary to hold an exchange be US$9,000. of views with stakeholders as to the type of design to There are two methods for michinoeki use, including these kinds of details. management. One is for the third sector to be in charge of operating permanent facilities such as the 3.3.4 Operation framework market and restaurant. Another is the system under which permanent facilities such as the market and Selecting the operating entity is extremely restaurant are leased. In the former case, investors important. Because the Kenyan government has no serve as cooking and sales staff to keep costs low. intention of getting involved directly in management, In either case, the services that investors cannot the local community should participate in the provide, such as medical services, will be leased on decision-making process for choosing the operating an annual basis and an all-weather free market for entity. the local community will be leased on a daily basis. Like in Kericho, the majority of participants The utility rate for the free-market should be set supported the idea of involving the third sector as well below US$1 for one day, considering the fact stakeholders in the michinoeki project. However, that Kenya's per capita GDP is US$350 and average there are no private companies capable of taking a daily sales at individual roadside markets is US$5­ leadership role as project prime mover to address US$10. social problems such as HIV/AIDS and road safety. In case of Mau Summit, administrative and In this context, michinoeki operation should be left maintenance expenses per annum for both direct in the hands of municipal government. Unless the management and lease-based management can be local government has these capabilities, the central estimated as in the table below. 140 In case of direct management by the third sector, the leased area is 800 m2 (excluding 60m2 for the these operating costs need to be covered by revenue rental space for the market on a daily basis), the such as utility charges for the market, restaurant, price per square meter is Ksh 3,144 per year. It is community space (training facility), and clinic. also necessary to consider a reduction in the rental charge from the second year onwards, depending on In case of subleased by the third sector, the the operating rate of the free market in the first year. unit price for sublease will be set on the basis of total costs divided by total square meters. When Table 8. Administrative and maintenance expense with direct management Item Estimated amount (Ksh) Notes 1. Personnel 540,000 Secretariat for market and res taurant (one each persons) 2. Security guard 720,000 TSR (four persons) /parking attendant 3. Repairs 152,000 Estimatedunitprice:100kshs/m2perannum 4. Public utilities 1,234,000 Including the costs of electricity, telephone, fuel for generator, water supply, butane 5. Others (10% of the total 265,000 10% of the above total of 1- 4) 6. Rent receipts (charge for -66,000 Estimated rental unit price: the use of the free Ksh 3, number of visitors: 60 market) persons/day 7. Total 2.845 million US$36,000 141 Table 9. Administrative and maintenance expense with lease-based management Item Estimated amount (Ksh) Notes 1. Personnel expense 240,000 Secretariat for market (one person) 2. Security guard 720,000 TSR(four persons) /parking attendant 3. Repairs 152,000 Estimated unit price: Ksh 100/m2 per annum 4. Public utilities 1,234,000 Including the costs of electricity, telephone, fuel for generator, water supply, butane 5. Others 235,000 10% of the above total (10% of the total of 1-4) 6. Rent receipts -66,000 Estimated rental unit price: Ksh 3, number of visitors: 60 persons/day 7. Total 2.515 million US$32,000 Whichever the case, in Mau Summit, with few five years, with payable afterwards, also may be major private companies, the michinoeki's raison possible. d'etre is to help solve serious social problems During the preparation period, especially such as HIV/AIDS and traffic accidents, which is immediately after the administrative entity is different than Kericho's main purpose. Because established, such details should be reexamined by a michinoeki is intended to contribute to the that entity if desired. improvement of well-being, either the central government or the local government should consider providing assistance directly to the michinoeki project. If there is no private hospital to provide medical services at the michinoeki, a public organization can send doctors to the michinoeki. Furthermore, if security at the entrance/exit and parking area is provided by the central or local government, operating costs will be cut by approximately Ksh 720,000 (equivalent to the personnel cost paid to the security guards and parking attendants). In the meantime, the michinoeki is constructed by the Kenyan government under the World Bank project; thus ownership lies in the hands of the government. For this reason, if the third sector is established, they need to sign a lease contract with the Kenyan government. If that is the case, rent should be free or less than 2­3% of total profits. Phased payment terms, such as rent-free for the first 142 Technical Note B. Michinoeki pilot study in China Table of Contents 1. Introduction 146 1.1 China as the world's factory 146 1.2 Problems of the chinese economy 146 1.3 Impact of rapidly expanding expressway construction 147 1.4 Michinoeki for local economic self-sufficiency 147 2. Pilot study 148 2.1 Selection of target region 148 2.2 Overview of Hongcun Zhen 148 2.3 Proposal for a michinoeki in Hongcun zhen 149 2.3.1 Local demands 149 2.3.2 Functions and Facilities 151 2.4 On-site Survey of Hongcun zhen: examination of michinoeki feasibility 153 2.4.1 Site selection 153 2.4.2 Stakeholders 153 2.5 Obstacles to introducing the michinoeki 155 2.5.1 Procuring funding 155 2.5.2 Systems of government and private cooperation 156 2.5.3 Empowerment of the residents 156 3. Next Step: The state of michinoeki preparations in China 158 3.1 How to procure funding? 158 3.1.1 Procuring funds for the construction phase 158 3.1.2 System of administration and administration costs 159 3.2 What sort of government-private cooperation is possible in the facility's establishment and operation? 159 3.3 Empowerment of local residents 160 3.3.1 Improving residents' ability to participate in planning 160 3.3.2 Methods for reflecting residents' demands 161 145 1. Introduction Michinoeki are facilities that offer drivers rest and food and a place to perform vehicle maintenance. Motorists can buy what they need at a michinoeki market. The rest function that a michinoeki offers plays an important role in the promotion of traffic safety. Users of the market are not limited to car drivers; local residents also use a michinoeki. Local residents also are the key service providers in a michinoeki and have the chance to pursue business opportunities at the facility. This empowers local residents. Michinoeki can offer public services as well as those offered by the private sector by providing facilities that help improve the welfare, education, and medical care of community people. When a michinoeki is newly constructed on a road along and provides public services on the premises, the impact of the road infrastructure improvement will be doubled for the community. A michinoeki empowers local residents and provides public services; the public sector therefore should join the private sector operating businesses at a michinoeki to assist in planning, construction, and operation of michinoeki. The public­private partnership works well in successful michinoeki facilities. China has been experiencing remarkable economic growth. However, industry is concentrated in urban coastal areas, and the economic gap between these areas and the inland regions of China is growing. The construction of a high-speed railway network serving mainly coastal areas and the rapid development of a nationwide expressway network are likely to contribute to the growing economic disparity between urban and rural areas unless countermeasures are implemented. Facilities such as michinoeki that empower local residents, thereby contributing to the vitality of local economies, can be an effective means of resolving these kinds of problems. However, although the capitalist economy is spreading, China is a one-party state governed by the Chinese Communist Party. To implement michinoeki, it will have to answer several questions: To what extent is the implementation of empowering policies possible? Is it possible to establish a cooperative public­private system? Do local residents have the know-how to conduct business? Raising funds to construct and manage facilities is another issue that local governments, with only limited financial resources, must address. This report presents the findings of a pilot study conducted to assess the potential for introducing michinoeki into China, targeted at those considering the introduction of michinoeki in China or other countries with similar situations. 1.1 China as the world's factory of foreign capital, promoting further development and prosperity for private entrepreneurs. China's Economic growth accelerated when China transition to a market economy has achieved a certain joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in level of success. 2001; GDP grew by 8% in 2002 and 9% in 2003. Growth rates of 8­9% are predicted for the next 1.2 Problems of the chinese economy few years. The transition from a planned economy to a market economy has been linked with a Inequality is growing in the Chinese economy. privatization process for state-run companies. As a Most economic development is concentrated in the result, large coastal cities have received large inflows coastal cities, benefiting businesses and residents 1.Chinese population census: National survey on population and residence. 2.Transient population: People who leave their registered address for at least six months to live and seek employment elsewhere. 146 in urban areas but leaving rural inland regions with 1.4 Michinoeki for local economic self- the same poverty and low standard of living as they sufficiency had before economic reforms. Unemployment is also rising. The Chinese Institute of Social Sciences has As travelers pass through a region, facilities estimated that 160 million rural workers out of 500 offering functions that will attract some of this million are unemployed. According to the Chinese traffic into the region are needed. Exchange between population census of 2000, the transient population automotive traffic and the region will prevent now includes 120 million. There is an especially economic decline and promote local self-sufficiency. high rate of movement from inland provinces Michinoeki can serve as a tool that meets these including Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan, and Hubei needs. to coastal areas such as Guangdong, Zhejiang and The Chinese constitution was revised in 1982 Shanghai. following a policy of reform and openness. China Development of a market economy results in is said to be pursuing a policy of promoting greater economic disparities among individuals. democratization on the local level under the new Successful entrepreneurs and their families constitution. monopolize capital and information and use For example, rural communes were abolished, additional business opportunities to further expand separating government from the rest of society. The their incomes. These phenomena are sometimes government is responsible for the administrative seen in rural inland areas as well as in large coastal organization of towns and townships, and village cities. It is easily imaginable that these economic committees make decisions on social matters. disparities among individuals, or the gap between Village committees include the village head and the rich and the poor, could lead to serious problems committee members directly elected by village in the near future. residents. They are self-government organizations that decide matters closely related to the lives 1.3 Impact of rapidly expanding expressway of village residents, such as the construction of construction infrastructure or maintenance of public facilities within the scope of village administration. Villagers China is building a network of major have a high level of interest in their village expressways to cover the entire country. This plan is committees, and voter turnout is higher in these called "Five Vertical, Seven Horizontal," referring elections than in any other type of elections. to five expressways running from north to south Considering these facts, democratization appears and seven expressways running from east to west, to be advancing along with the transition to a market with a planned total length of 35,000 kilometers. economy in China. Construction was begun in 1988, and by the end of 2002, about 25,120 kilometers had been completed (Zhongguo Jiaotong Bao [China Transport Report], November 13, 2003). The pace of construction work is being stepped up, and in the future this expressway network will cover all of China. As transportation becomes more convenient and large cities are linked by expressways, rural areas between the cities may undergo further economic decline as traffic merely passes through. 3. In addition to subsidies from higher-level agencies, the sources of funding for the governments of towns and townships include income from tourist facilities and an agricultural tax on farmers' incomes. These funds are used for purposes such as mandatory education, health and sanitation services, and infrastructure. 147 2. Pilot study 2.1 Selection of target region conditions improve. However, there are no concrete plans locally for taking advantage of this change in On this highway network, about 500 km from circumstances to create new business opportunities. Shanghai in the interior, is Huangshan Shi, in Not knowing how to close the economic gap Anhui province. The income levels of Huangshan with the expanding cities, this Chinese region is Shi's farming households are about on average for representative in its experience. China's agricultural areas, but because the city has Therefore, a pilot study in Huangshan Shi, no specialized industry, in recent years it has been Anhui province, was conducted to examine the suffering an outflow of population as people move to effectiveness of michinoeki as a tool for supporting the city to work. local economic independence, keeping in mind at Huangshan Shi does have strong tourism all times the three functions that can be expected resources, however, in particular the Huangshan of michinoeki. The target area included the ancient Scenic Area, a UNESCO Natural/Cultural World village of Hongcun in Yixian County. Hongcun zhen Heritage Site, which has 1 million visitors who is designated as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage come to see the sites (see below photo). With the Site (Yixian is an administrative unit of Huangshan highway to Shanghai scheduled for completion in Shi, and Hongcun zhen is an administrative unit of 2010, it is predicted that the number of tourists will Yixian). increase further as a wide range of transportation Mountains in the Huangshan scenic area 2.2 Overview of Hongcun Zhen the ancient village of Hongcun, with an average of 100 buses a day, 300 during the peak, in the April- Hongcun zhen is in the western part of to-October tourist season. The annual number of Huangshan Shi. It has a population of about 8,800, tourists reaches 400,000 (2003), making this a well- an area of 85 km2, and 11 administrative hamlets known domestic tourism spot in China. under it. The ancient village of Hongcun, which Hongcun zhen is also famous for its edible moso is registered as the 28th of China's 29 UNESCO (a variety of bamboo) and green tea harvested in the World Cultural Heritage Sites, is separated by spring; edible wild plants and dried bamboo shoots, about 20 km from the ancient village of Xidi, also harvested in the fall; and craft products made of a World Cultural Heritage Site. Many tourists visit bamboo and stone. The moso, dried mushrooms and 148 tea, a high-quality variety called Huang Shan Mao Feng, are rated highly by tourists. Ancient village of Hongcun Souvenir market in the ancient village Bamboo ware, one example of a specialty product. Individual residents also sell items 2.3 Proposal for a michinoeki in Hongcun the region. Although both the government and zhen businesses had a vague idea that something needs to be done to prepare for the business opportunities The economy of Hongcun zhen relies on tourism. that the completion of the expressway will bring, no We propose, therefore, that Hongcun zhen capitalize concrete plan has been developed. on its ability to attract tourists to promote the sale of The context of this is probably related to China's merchandise produced and processed by the village pricing system, which is said to have three price levels. community, with the aim of empowering local The first is the international price, for foreign travelers. residents. The second has been set in accordance with the urban, middle-class lifestyle that has become prominent 2.3.1 Local demands recently. The third price level is adapted to the lifestyles of ordinary people. In other words, even if there are high A) Context of local demands numbers of unemployed or poor people in a region, Stated plainly, neither the government nor it is possible for them to adopt a low-cost lifestyle. the people had a clear direction for developing Hongcun zhen is this sort of region, and its citizens 149 do not demonstrate a strong desire to increase a) Sales Opportunity income levels. Therefore, there is little effort to Private suppliers (lodging providers and product implement recent agricultural technology or obtain sellers) have a strong interest in using Hongcun market information. Furthermore, those who are zhen products (moso bamboo, dried bamboo shoots, trying to start new projects do not know how to go Huang Shan Mao Feng green tea, and edible wild about it. plants and crafts such as bamboo ware and stone This is the nature of the locality, but with working) to expand their businesses. One manager the construction of the expressway network, the who engages in sales was interested in original Hongcun government, its enterprises, and its citizens product sales and restaurant management but does understand the potential for an increase in tourists not have the funds or opportunity to pursue this idea. from the city using the expressway, and the potential Hongcun zhen does not have any organizations to of these tourists purchasing goods and lodging in the lead farming households in agricultural communities Hongcun area. They understand that these factors (such as the agricultural cooperatives of other will be critical to the development of the Hongcun- developed nations), and so individual producers area economy, which is based on tourism. It is usually sell agricultural products wholesale (see probably accurate to assume that the demands on the below photograph). Furthermore, they often must local community will be for the expansion of sales transport their goods themselves in carts to open opportunities for local products and the development markets or towns and attend to the sales. If a and sale of new products. michinoeki concept were implemented, the market function would create sales opportunities, and B) Potential local demands because it would allow for high-frequency low- Local demand to stimulate the regional economy volume transportation, it would be possible to under the opportunity afforded by preparations increase the number of outlets. for the expressway can be summarized in three categories: sales, product processing, and tourism support. Farmer selling green tea to a processor on the road 150 b) Product Processing lAgricultural goods, such as bamboo shoots, green Processing and packaging of the various tea, and processed products made from these. special seasonal products, such as bamboo shoots, lBamboo ware and stoneware, craft products of the green tea, and wild plants, are performed not in Hongcun region. Hongcun zhen, but 20 km away in Yixian, and thus lOther souvenirs. do not contribute to local employment. However, However, the overall management of the market enterprises in Hongcun zhen would like to process facility is a matter requiring separate consideration. and package agricultural products themselves; if a Similarly, the matters of selecting shops and michinoeki provided a processing facility, it is likely the operation support system require separate that it would be used, allowing even more profit to consideration. be gained through the sales of products with high added value in the michinoeki. B) Product processing - providing a processing area c) Tourism Support A facility for processing, packaging, canning, About 30 km distant is the Huangshan Scenic and packing Hongcun delicacies, such as bamboo Area, which is designated a UNESCO Natural/ shoots, green tea, and edible wild plants, is needed. Cultural World Heritage Site. Throughout the year, Making the processing process open to the public about 1 million tourists visit the Huangshan Scenic may help draw additional customers. The processing Area, and about 400,000 seek lodging there. About area should have facilities for the following: 400,000 tourists visit the ancient village of Hongcun lGreen tea washing, production, packing, and each year, but about one-fourth of these tourists packaging (about 100,000) lodge there. Most tourists do not lBamboo shoot and dried bamboo shoot washing, spend the night after sightseeing in the village, but packing, and packaging return home. So the tourism potential of the ancient lEdible plant washing, processing, packing, and village is not being fully realized. packaging A michinoeki could provide information about the ancient village and lodging in the area, C) Support for the tourism industry-preparation of traditional entertainment, and handicrafts, thus facilities for providing information supporting expansion of the tourism industry. Local information (sightseeing, access, weather) This could lead to revitalization in a wider range should be provided to highway users who visit the of tourism businesses in Hongcun focused on the ancient city. An example informational "menu" ancient village. follows: lLodging establishments, especially in the ancient 2.3.2 Functions and Facilities village lSightseeing facilities other than the ancient village The functions that the Hongcun zhen michinoeki lRoads in the surrounding area should provide were considered, in the context of the lHow to reach the Huangshan Scenic Area and goal of revitalizing the local tourism industry as a central Huangshan Shi (Tunxi-qu, Wanan) whole. lWeather (in Huangshan mountains and surrounding area) A) Increase of opportunities - preparation of a direct lParking, seating in Huangshan cable car sales establishment By providing direct sales establishments in D) Michinoeki layout plan the michinoeki as outlets for local specialties, an The product sales area should be central, with increase in local sales will be achieved. The direct toilets, information booths, and processing facilities sales establishment could carry the following on either side. A tour could be provided for highway products: users who visit the processing facilities. 151 [Estimated Construction Cost] lConstruction costs of residences in Hongcun zhen were used as reference -Engineering / construction work alone Yuan 500 per m2 lFacility scale considerations based on on-site surveys -Parking: 150 vehicles = 22,500 m2, -Market: Per shop, 5 m * 5 m = 25 m2, -Number of shops = 200 (there are about 100 shops in the ancient village currently) Total: 3,750 m2 -Processing facilities: 2,700 m2 -Toilets and other rest facilities (including information booths): 900 m2 Total: 29,850 m2 lMichinoeki construction costs, according to the above: -Engineering and construction work: 29,850 m2 * 500 = CNY 14.9 million = US$ 1.79 million (Calculated at the rate of Yuan 1 = US$0.12) [Estimated Facility Operating Costs] lOperating costs of nearby hotels were used as reference. -Employee salaries Number of employees: 30 (This figure was based on number of employees at michinoeki of similar scale in Japan.) Average salary: CNY 450 per month per person-----Hotel wages -Subtotal: CNY 162,000 per year ( = 30 employees * Yuan 450 per month per person * 12 months per year) lFacility maintenance and repair costs: CNY 200,000 per year (based on hotel maintenance and repair costs) lTotal: CNY 360,000 per year = US$43,200 per year Market 3,750m2 Rest facilities, toilets etc. Processing Facility Sales of agricultural goods, and processed goods de- 900m2 2,700m2 rived from them; craft 50m goods (bamboo-ware), and other souvenirs. rest facilities Toilets 100m Parking 22,500m2 200m 20m Highway 152 2.4 On-site survey of Hongcun zhen: 2.4.1 Site selection examination of michinoeki feasibility Considering that the ancient Hongcun village After creating the plan outlined in 2.3 for the area is a protected World Cultural Heritage Site, it Hongcun zhen michinoeki, we visited Hongcun zhen would be difficult to secure a large-scale site there. to assess the feasibility of the michinoeki and issues However, there is a plot of level ground of roughly related to construction. We held discussions on site 18.7 ha about 1 km from the ancient village. This with the Hongcun zhen government (district head pilot study assumed that this land would be the and vice district head) along with higher institutions michinoeki site. such as the Huangshan Shi government and Yixian County government. Similarly, we held discussions with private sector stakeholders--hotel managers and a representative of the residents (the Hongcun village mayor). Hongcun zhen government Ancient Village fa- tea for empty construction plantation area and home Tea under (Currently Hotel Private Candidate cilities plantations land) Highway, home Parking home Private Private Central Yixian County About 1 km 2.4.2 Stakeholders lStores (souvenir stores) lResidents The presumed stakeholders in the planning, lEntities involved in technical support (government) establishment, and operation of the Hongcun zhen During the on-site survey, after giving an michinoeki are as follows: overview of the michinoeki's purpose and features lGovernment organizations (Anhui, Huangshan Shi, for stakeholders and explaining our assumptions Yixian, Hongcun zhen) about the michinoeki's functions within Hongcun lLodging providers zhen, we listened to the stakeholders' opinions and lRestaurant operators requests. An outline of these follows. 153 A) Government B) Lodging providers, restaurant operators, and We obtained approval for the idea of encouraging shops tourism in Hongcun zhen by establishing a Hongcun zhen's private businesses have michinoeki from each level of the administrative determined that the michinoeki would be profitable structure--Anhui, Huangshan Shi, Yixian, and because of expanded sales opportunities and the Hongcun zhen. One particularly highly valued facet potential for the michinoeki to attract tourists with of the michinoeki was that, unlike a highway service local sightseeing information. If the michinoeki is area, a michinoeki is not just for highway users and established, they expressed the hope that the structure would improve everyday convenience for residents. would be built in the traditional Anhui architectural Funding is a large problem. The Hongcun zhen style (black fireproofed roofs with white brick walls) government, which would probably be in charge of out of consideration for the ancient village and facilities planning, already must contend with the surrounding environment. preservation of the ancient village. People currently One proprietor stated that if the michinoeki sell bamboo- and stoneware and operate restaurants had processing facilities, he definitely would want for tourists in the village, but the Hongcun zhen to participate. He has wanted to become involved government, fearing that an increase in tourists in processing the tea and edible plants produced will lead to the destruction of the ancient village, is in Hongcun zhen for a while but does not have the planning to move the shops and restaurants about facilities or know-how. Furthermore, he does not 1 km to the 18.7 ha plot of land we identified as the have the funds for the needed facilities, nor the logical site for a michinoeki. The Hongcun zhen know-how, and therefore cannot expand his business government is considering having tourist buses independently. A michinoeki would be effective in and passenger cars park at this site. However, the giving this sort of entrepreneur the opportunity to Hongcun zhen government lacks adequate funds develop. to establish this sort of facility, and so it assumes that private capital will be required to establish and C) Residents operate the facility. We also had the chance to listen to the Hongcun The Chinese central government has policies village mayor (a village committee representative) promoting the stimulation of rural communities, so as a representative of the residents. The village by working together, Anhui province, Huangshan mayor lives in the ancient village and raises tea, rice, Shi, and Yixian county might be able to procure and mulberries on her farm a few kilometers from some funding through various national aid the ancient village. The village mayor and village policies. However, according to the Hongcun committee members are chosen by direct elections zhen government, this would not provide enough by residents. The village committee is experienced funding to establish the michinoeki (total aid from in deciding matters that affect everyday life (such 2002 to the present is Yuan 30 million, primarily as maintenance of village infrastructure and the fish for preserving the ancient village and supporting farm administered by the village), and has a high agriculture). Consequently, the Hongcun zhen interest in townspeople. government believes it inevitable that they consider According to the mayor, residents who desire using private capital, including financing from large village revitalization are numerous. However, coastal enterprises and local private businesses, and because of the area's isolation, little information is establish and administer the facility as a partnership. available, and so even if the villagers want to try new things, they have no idea how to go about doing so. Also, even if an entrepreneur tried to start a new business, he or she would be stymied by difficulties in obtaining funding. 154 2.5 Obstacles to introducing the michinoeki leads to the second issue. The second issue is if private funding would The on-site survey clarified the obstacles to enable the three michinoeki functions--an incubator, establishing and operating the michinoeki in a means of local community empowerment, and Hongcun zhen. promoter of exchange between the highway users and local community--to be fully realized. By accepting 2.5.1 Procuring funding capital from large, urban coastal enterprises, the facility could be operated with a profit-first mentality A) Construction funds and commercialism, ending up just another roadside All administrative organizations (Huangshan facility. Not only would it be difficult for this sort Shi, Yixian, Hongcun zhen) indicated that funding of facility to take into account the opinions of local the michinoeki would be a problem. In 2003, people, it would not lend itself to revitalizing the Hongcun zhen's annual expenditures amounted to local community. If capital from private enterprises 5 million yuan, less than one-third the estimated is used, a framework must be created to ensure the construction cost for the project (Yuan 14.9 million michinoeki's primary functions. [US$1.79 million]). It probably would be difficult for What is more, there is no precedent in Hongcun the Hongcun zhen government alone to bear the cost zhen for using private capital to establish an of establishing the michinoeki. institution. The possibilities offered by aid systems to provide construction funds must be examined, B) Operating costs such as Yixian and Huangshan Shi and the various Sufficient operating funds must be secured so that aid systems offered by the central government the michinoeki in Hongcun zhen will continually (for example the three agricultural policies for a develop. The existence of sightseeing resources in michinoeki as a facility for the promotion of rural Hongcun zhen (the ancient village) means that each communities and improvement of farmers' incomes). year a minimum number of tourists will visit. To If sufficient construction funds cannot be encourage these tourists to visit the michinoeki, procured from the government, the introduction of the michinoeki facility must be attractive as well private capital must be considered. However, the as offer goods for sale. Securing stable operating introduction of private capital raises two issues. funds to increase the physical attractiveness of the The first is whether private capital in fact could michinoeki will be an issue. be secured. Among businesses in Hongcun zhen, In the Chinese legal system, the government lodging and restaurant businesses are the majority. cannot directly perform economic activities, and These business operators do not have enough reserve so for Hongcun zhen to administer the michinoeki funds to expand their businesses and probably independently, a system by which rent is collected could not bear any of the costs of establishing or from storeowners would have to be implemented. operating the michinoeki. However, looking beyond Besides setting lease prices and securing enough Hongcun zhen, large businesses in coastal urban stores to provide sufficient funds to cover facility areas are aware of the business opportunities that maintenance and operating costs, the structure of will be created in the interior tourist areas by the defraying costs from the government's revenue expressway network, and they are beginning to show source would have to be considered. interest in these new investment possibilities. But If private capital is used, however, besides large enterprises may emphasize profit and economic taking measures to ensure the michinoeki's primary principles that are not necessarily compatible with functions are not lost, and in addition to creating the michinoeki goal of regional promotion. This a framework allowing operation of the facility by 4. The three agricultural policies are related to agriculture, rural communities, and farmers, laid out in December 2003 in Central Committee State Affairs Administration Opinions on a Number of Policies for the Promotion of Increasing Rural Income. 155 private capital, a plan must be established to prevent economic stimulation presented by the establishment profits from concentrating in a few enterprises, and of the expressway. a structure that allows operating funds to be secured For michinoeki to succeed in China, besides efficiently must be considered. solving the funding problem, local residents must understand the significance of the expressway 2.5.2 Systems of government and private construction and share this understanding. cooperation B) Reflecting residents' demands The fact that the michinoeki will be established Since the revision of China's constitution in and administered by both the government and the 1982, China has moved forward with democratizing local community, and not the government alone, is policies. One of these was the establishment distinctive. Because the small private enterprises of of village committees, which is expanding Hongcun zhen conduct activities, and the residents democratization at the local level. However, China live their lives, under the strong guidance of the is still under single-party rule. The zhenchang (zhen Hongcun zhen government, the question of what government) of Hongcun zhen is also the secretary- sort of cooperative system can be established is general of the Hongcun chapter of the Communist critical. So that grass-roots voices are reflected Party. Furthermore, the village committee, which in the planning and operation of the michinoeki, is elected directly by the residents, is obliged to act the village committee must first collect requests under the guidance of the zhenchang, or in other and opinions from the residents regarding the words, the Communist Party. Consequently, most planning and operation of the michinoeki. Then the government activities are carried out according to village committee must work towards gaining the Communist Party policy, and not all activities are understanding of the higher levels of government, based on the principle of decision by majority, as in such as Hongcun zhen, rather than the residents other developed nations. directly taking on the role as the establishing entity. Because projects in China tend to proceed in a top-down fashion, a critical issue will be how 2.5.3 Empowerment of the residents to reflect residents' demands in establishing the michinoeki facility with respect to the deep-rooted A) Uneven Distribution of Information local infrastructure. How will the village committee, In any country, there are differences in the which addresses and solves problems related to levels of information literacy among residents. In residents' everyday lives, take note of the vague Huangshan Shi, these differences are particularly demands of the residents living in the vicinity of large. One young man in the area worked at a the World Cultural Heritage Site, and, together with cellular phone company after graduating from the zhenchang and zhen government, work to fulfill college, then used the know-how he gained there them? to go independent; now he sells cellular phones in Fortunately, the Hongcun zhenchang once addition to operating a travel agency for tourism worked in a private enterprise, is well informed to the Huangshan scenic area. Yet, as the Hongcun of trends inside and outside the region, both village mayor stated, many residents do not know domestically and abroad, and is a person with how to go about starting new undertakings. excellent business sense. Private citizens also would Currently, there is a large gap between people benefit from taking the demands of residents for a who have acquired information and know-how and michinoeki into consideration and incorporating those who have not. This is probably true of modern them into preparations and plans. China in general. Further, the percentage of people in Hongcun zhen with information and know-how is tiny. As mentioned earlier, the region has no policies in place related to the opportunities for regional 156 C) Residents' ability to participate in planning to facility planning and operation needed for the Unlike a service area, a michinoeki is established market and communication support features of the by the local community, and the active participation michinoeki. This makes it vital that in the initial of the local community is expected. However, in planning stages technical support be provided, such modern Hongcun zhen, sales of agricultural and as government funding for engineers well versed in crafts products are conducted in flea markets, and facility design and planning. the local community, experienced only in operating simple stalls offering food and drink, does not have experience in planning the operation of a permanent store, product processing facility, or information center. There are three reasons for this. One is insufficient funding. Even if someone wanted to try something new, there would be insufficient seed money. Recently, the Chinese central government has offered financial support (the three agricultural policies), and although there is a good possibility that the funding obstacle will be overcome in the future as the rural people's ability to participate in planning improves, the appropriate systems do not currently function. Consequently, the funding issue makes it difficult for rural people to launch independent undertakings. Public support is therefore crucial. The second is lack of information. As some of the residents themselves remarked, many of Hongcun zhen's residents live in an isolated society. There are few opportunities for them to hear of or observe new ways of doing things. In particular, on ancestral farmlands, at the most specialized produce will be cultivated and sold to nearby traders. In other words, there are almost no opportunities to make direct contact with the needs and trends of the markets, and very little chance of making direct contact with or learning about the currency economy. At the same time, there are few means to obtain such information. Thus, if residents are to be the chief administrators, a large problem remains regarding the rapid acquisition of information and prompt response to changing market needs and user demands. Third, residents' cumulative knowledge about planning and operating a facility such as a michinoeki is very limited. For many years local people have focused on production activities in agricultural fields and have little know-how of marketing, facility design, or technology related 157 3. Next step: The state of michinoeki preparations in China In China, a country that has achieved rapid economic growth, construction of the expressway is proceeding at an unprecedented rate. Seeing this, one has the impression that if only funding could be secured, this energy would solve all the other problems and the michinoeki would be completed almost instantly. This is probably because China has its own distinctive system that is different from those in other developed nations. China is a communist country under the single-party rule of the Chinese Communist Party. In rural regions, the government still operates under the strong guidance of the Communist Party. In a place such as this, an establishment like the michinoeki, which uses the community-driven development method, may not make immediate progress. It could easily become a facility that is established and administered from the top down. Yet in the movement towards a global economy, such as the development of international specialization, the Chinese government carried out reforms and opening policies for economic development and international competitiveness, and it was this current that led to the revision of the Chinese constitution in 1982 that abolished the People's Communes and established the village­zhen system. As a result of policies that encourage democratization at the local level, the separation of politics and society is proceeding in rural areas, and democratization is making headway. The direct election by the residents of the village committee and village/zhen public representatives is a positive sign of citizens' empowerment. In other words, the groundwork is in place in rural China for a michinoeki that is operated with respect for the residents, stimulates the local economy and community, and contributes to the development of China's rural areas. However, the Hongcun zhen pilot study shows that establishing a michinoeki in present-day China will not be easy. Steps necessary to find solutions are discussed in the following sections. 3.1 How to procure funding? World Bank or JBIC, or from the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, under the leadership Finding funding, one of the largest issues in of the Hongcun zhen government. If financing establishing the michinoeki is considered here with came from an international financial institution, the regard to the construction and administration phases. financial point of contact would be Anhui province, and Anhui province therefore would conduct 3.1.1 Procuring funds for the construction phase the construction, and either Hongcun zhen or an administrative corporation of the michinoeki would Construction costs are estimated at Yuan 14.9 be given a free or compensated lease. million (US$1.79 million). The annual expenditures The second possibility is using private capital. of Hongcun zhen are about Yuan 5 million (US$0.6 Among the large coastal enterprises are some million), and annual aid from top-level organizations who have launched operations along the interior totals about Yuan 15 million (the majority of which expressway, and many enterprises are turning is earmarked for the maintenance and repair of the their attention to the interior for new investment ancient village). Thus, it would be difficult for the opportunities. With the establishment of the Hongcun zhen government to bear the entire cost of expressway network, interest in the michinoeki construction. It is necessary to again consider the in Hongcun zhen, a promising tourist destination, possibility of procuring government funds, including will probably be high. However, although an inflow the possibility of the using aid systems of higher- of big business capital would create employment level organizations. However, if it proves difficult in Hongcun zhen, most profits probably would to procure funds from within the government, the flow back to the big businesses and not lead to a following two methods can be considered. revitalization of the local economy or help foster One possibility is taking a loan from an local businesses. international financial institution, such as the 158 In this case, the problem would be how to guard corporation to be established to administer against an outflow of profits; one way would be the facility. In this case, a limited partnership to form a limited partnership with the Hongcun established with investments from the Hongcun zhen zhen government, an investment coalition of local government, local enterprises, and businesses from enterprises with a fixed ratio, and investments outside the region would administer the facility. If attracted from businesses outside the region. private capital is used for the construction phase, Managing the facility's establishment and operation it would be desirable for the limited partnership to through this limited partnership would allow the continue participating in the administration of the local area, not just the large outside enterprises, to facility. Furthermore, if the facility is established prosper. There is an enormous gap between small with bank loans, the administrative company would local enterprises and large coastal enterprises lease the facilities from the government (Hongcun not just in terms of funds but also in terms of zhen, or in the case of loans from international accumulated know-how and information. Therefore, financial organizations, Anhui province). it will be critical to foster new local enterprises In this situation, storeowners would be while encouraging the further development of contracted individually, and yearly rent collected existing local enterprises. Providing the michinoeki from them, and the administrative company would site from the public side probably also would be an handle operation of the overall facility. In this case, effective way to ensure residents' involvement in if the overall facility made large profits, these profits michinoeki planning and public services. could accrue to the administrative company, but the risk of a large loss must also be anticipated, so it 3.1.2 System of administration and would be necessary to maintain a separate fund for administration costs such an eventuality. Compared to large, urban coastal enterprises, the The method of procuring funds during the people and local enterprises of Hongcun zhen have operation phase will probably vary depending on an insufficient knowledge base, and the guidance the michinoeki's system of administration. Three and support of the Hongcun zhen government would entities could act as the administration entity. be needed in various areas. For this reason, the first The first candidate is the Hongcun zhen option, the operation of the facility chiefly by the government. If funding is procured in the form Hongcun zhen government, would be desirable for of bank loans during construction, the Hongcun the michinoeki in Hongcun zhen. zhen government will be the administration entity. The second possibility would be for the village 3.2 What sort of government-private committee to handle administration. In this case, cooperation is possible in the facility's the facilities would be established with bank loans, establishment and operation? and the village committee would lease the facilities from the government (Hongcun zhen, or in the case Unlike other developed countries, China of loans from international financial organizations, is under single-party rule. All government Anhui province). activities are carried out under the guidance of In these situations, it would be desirable for the Chinese Communist Party, and in the rural the Hongcun zhen government, which would be sector too, the influence of the Communist Party the administering entity, to contract storeowners is still great. However, as mentioned earlier, active individually and collect yearly rent from them to democratization policies are being executed, secure a stable source of operating funds. Under particularly in local areas. With the foundations thus this system, fixed rent would enable operation of gradually put in place, the facility's establishment the facility and also work as an incentive for the and administration will not be decided in a top- storeowners. down fashion, but rather as a consolidated public­ A third option would be for an administrative private effort. 159 However, it cannot be said that the capability investor entities would have monitor each another of the residents of interior rural regions, such and promote the healthy operation and growth as Hongcun zhen, are sufficient. Most residents of the michinoeki in addition to participating in cultivate their farmland as their forebears did. the michinoeki's establishment and operation as Therefore, residents' capabilities must be raised investors. to a sufficient level that they can emerge from In any case, if the three entities concerned, the the isolation and participate in planning for the Hongcun zhen government, the village committee, michinoeki's establishment and operation. Thus, and local enterprises, work together, the first the government, namely Hongcun zhen, must guide michinoeki's establishment and operation should go residents in acquiring knowledge. We next discuss smoothly. ways of strengthening residents' capability. After residents' capabilities increase, the original 3.3 Empowerment of local residents goals for establishing a michinoeki in China can be achieved, and the following cooperative systems A michinoeki is not a simple highway rest will be possible, based on management systems for area; the concept also includes incubator and an avoiding creating a "drive-in" roadside station. empowerment functions for the local community. First, if the Hongcun zhen government is During the on-site survey, local enterprises the administrating entity, it will be necessary to expressed interest in processing new products create an environment (rules) that will enable using local agricultural products. By establishing free, evolutionary economic activities, and put processing facilities in the michinoeki and leasing limits on unrestrained commercialism of non- these facilities at low rates, enterprises dealing in local enterprises. To protect residents and local processed foods made from green tea and bamboo enterprises, ongoing guidance, in addition to shoots can be incubated. And by providing a space economic support such as preferential rent pricing in the michinoeki from which farmers can sell and partial tax reductions, is also possible. Because agricultural products directly to michinoeki users, the Hongcun zhen government does not have tax the farmers will be able to learn highway users' collection authority, it would be necessary to work needs first-hand, enabling agriculture to expand. with higher authorities, such as Yixian county, In addition to empowering local residents, it will Huangshan Shi, or Anhui province to establish be necessary to improve the residents' ability to preferential tax measures. participate in planning, appropriately reflect their Second, if the village committee is the demands, and ensure transparency and fairness. administrating entity, Hongcun would provide support, make rules to allow smooth operation by 3.3.1 Improving residents' ability to participate the village committee, and provide guidance on in planning methods of coordinating with non-local private enterprises, in addition to providing economic In interior agricultural localities such as Hongcun support (preferential rent pricing, partial tax zhen, the environment is such that the people can reductions). The village committee, under the live on annual per capita incomes of less than guidance of Hongcun zhen, would have to deal with US$100; in other words, their lifestyles are based on the residents and local businesses and non-local self-sufficiency and bartering. The current situation enterprise shops. However, the village committee prevents people from becoming destitute quickly. currently does not have the know-how to administer However, with economic expansion throughout the michinoeki, and the village committee and the China and the advance of the currency economy, villagers will have to improve their abilities under primarily in the coastal, urban areas, the economic the guidance of the Hongcun zhen government. gap between the urban and rural regions will Third, if a newly established administrative grow. To prevent the economic gap from widening, corporation is the administrating entity, the various residents of rural regions should be empowered 160 through the michinoeki and assisted in entering the used to this end. The requests, gathered by the currency economy. residents' groups would be organized by the village In China's rural villages, for residents to committee, which would then discuss them with the realize independent operation of the michinoeki, zhenchang, enabling their efficient implementation. education of the farmers by the zhen governments will be indispensable. As was clear in the on-site survey of Hongcun zhen, because traditionally isolated lifestyles continue in China's rural villages, farmers continue to practice agriculture just as their forebears did and have few opportunities to learn about social trends. How to educate the farmers? In China, as in Japan, there is a strong sense of town community in rural areas, and mutual assistance is a way of life. Perhaps Japan's Sadamitsu Yu-Yu-Kan and Meiho could provide an example: With the establishment of these michinoeki, residents' groups, called "lifestyle improvement groups" received guidance on planning products to be sold in the michinoeki. In turning ideas into products, government guidance and advice from specialized consultants were taken into account. In many cases, the products created thus became the flagship products for the michinoeki. In China's rural areas too, it would probably be good to form residents' groups around the village committees under the guidance of the zhenchang, and interest residents in the michinoeki's establishment and product sales. 3.3.2 Methods for reflecting residents' demands The village committee will have a critical role in how the demands of the residents are reflected in the michinoeki on the establishment and administration levels. As the representative system for democratization policies in rural China, the village committees are composed of committee members selected by the people in direct elections. In the establishment and administration of the michinoeki, the village committee must play the role of pipeline between the zhenchang, which will be responsible for overall regional balance and adjustment and coordination of top-level plans, and residents. However, it would be difficult to reflect the opinion of each and every resident in the establishment and administration of the michinoeki. As we have suggested, residents' groups could be 161 162 Appendix TOR for the pilot study in Kenya TOR for the pilot study in China TOR for the pilot study in Kenya 1. Purpose and background for the study Most of benefits are enjoyed only by those living in urban areas. The difference in the benefits that rural and urban areas receive is widening economic gap between them and causing a variety of poverty-related problems, especially in rural areas. Numerous past surveys of the traffic problems in developing countries reveals that road safety and roadside environment are deteriorating in many regions as the number of automobiles increases, even though construction of road infrastructure has certainly improved traffic standards in terms of mobility. Drivers in many developing countries do not have access to many necessary services due to a lack of both road infrastructure and roadside rest facilities. Illegal parking is another problem. Highways with lots of parked cars have poor visibility and reduced traffic capacity, which can seriously impair road safety. Michinoeki are designed to provide drivers with a place to rest and communicate. Michinoeki link road networks and local communities. Prototype michinoeki can be found in many countries, although they are not necessarily part of a comprehensive development plan. Examples include shops, stores, and restaurants situated along road or at big junctions. The michinoeki project is a comprehensive plan to provide roadside rest areas, financial services, and public services. Michinoeki also incorporate local needs into the process of planning, construction, and operation, acting as a bridge between local community and users of the road. This research paper describes a pre-feasibility study for a project to plan and build highways in Kenya. The project is still in the planning stage, which includes examining specific methods of constructing michinoeki. Meanwhile, the consultant is strongly recommended to continue research according to the procedure described in the World Bank's "Guideline for Introducing Michinoeki in Developing Countries" (hereinafter referred to as "Michinoeki Guideline"). 2. TOR 2.1 Topics of research According to the World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline," the overall process of introducing michinoeki includes planning, construction, and operation. These stages can be divided into four phases: Identification, Preparation, Appraisal, and Operation. The first phase, Identification, starts with selection of a construction site. A blueprint for a michinoeki that is appropriate to target region is drawn up, taking into account the prerequisites for michinoeki construction. These prerequisites derive from the following basic questions. What are local demands and available local resources? What functions and facilities are required for the michinoeki? Who are stakeholders that will be involved in the planning process? Who is the most appropriate prime mover? The next phase, Preparation, involves making the basic plan as specific as possible. This is done by listening to opinions of the stakeholders at the planning stage and drawing detailed layouts of specifications and design. This is followed by the third phase, Appraisal, in which the positive/ 165 negative impacts of the michinoeki on the social, economic, and transportation aspects are assessed. In the final step, Operation, concrete points of concern relating to michinoeki operation and management are addressed. This research paper covers the first two phases: Identification and Preparation. Below are detailed research items that correspond to each phase. nTopics of research for Identification phase i) Site selection for planning michinoeki project ii) Site selection for constructing michinoeki iii) Identifying functions, facilities, and stakeholders of michinoeki nTopics of research for Preparation phase i) Stakeholder analysis ii) Layout and design 2.2 Specifics of research topics (1)Topics of research in Identification phase i) Site selection for planning michinoeki project Targeting Highways in Kenya, a few candidate regions for michinoeki planning should be selected. Site selection should consider following points. Moreover, the candidate sites should come from a variety of regions and not a single region. nTransit traffic volume nLocal specialties (agricultural products, craftworks, etc.) nHistoric and cultural resources in the region nEconomic problems (low income standards, economic disparity, employment opportunities, etc.) nSocial problems (disease, education, and gender-related issues, etc.) nTraffic problems (number of traffic accidents, traffic fatalities, etc.) ii) Site selection a. Understanding the needs of local residents and road users in the vicinity of the candidate sites For site selection, it is necessary to understand the needs of residents living near the candidate sites. nEconomic needs: guaranteed sales opportunities for local specialties nSocial needs: hygienic toilets, sanitary drinking water, income growth, medical services, social participation, alleviation of social discrimination, etc. n Transportation needs: secure rest areas and parking areas for public transport 166 b. Determining type of michinoeki that meets local needs The needs described above will determine the type of michinoeki that is required. The World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline" proposes four types of michinoeki. nRest stop type: provides road users with comfortable and hygienic places to rest nMarket type: provides local producers with opportunities to sell local specialties such as agricultural products and craftwork n Terminal type: functions as a public transport terminal for local residents and road users nPublic service type: provides public services to local residents and road users iii) Identifying functions, facilities, and stakeholders of michinoeki a. Identifying functions In order to satisfy the needs described above, certain functions must be identified. The World Bank' s "Michinoeki Guideline" describes how to identify these functions. The consultant is expected to refer to this guideline when identifying necessary functions. b. Selecting suitable facilities to fulfill the necessary functions In order to satisfy the functions identified above, certain types of facilities are required. The World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline" describes how to select these facilities. The consultant is expected to refer to this guideline when selecting facilities. Some examples are given below. nFacilities with economic functions: markets, processing plants for agricultural products, eating areas for visitors, etc. nFacilities with social functions: clinics, hygienic toilets, sanitary water supplies, assembly halls, etc. nFacilities with transport functions: rest space, parking space, etc. c. Identifying stakeholders A prime mover with leadership ability is required for all facets of a michinoeki project, from planning and construction, to operation and management. The prime mover should come from the local community and have good knowledge of the region. After the prime mover is chosen, the stakeholders must be identified. They can be local authorities, community members engaged in agriculture, forestry, fishing, crafts, etc., influential figures in local economic organizations, or representatives of the local residents, etc., organizations that own commercial vehicles, local enterprises, etc. (2) Topics of research in preparation phase i) Stakeholder analysis In order to understand opinions of the stakeholders identified above, the consultant should organize workshops to be held at least twice in the target region. A workshop outline is included in the annex of the World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline" and the participation sourcebook. The consultant should refer to both of these publications when organizing workshops. Organizers should aim to enhance the effectiveness of the workshop. 167 ii) Layout and design a. Determining scale of the project The scale of the project is determined by size of the candidate site, floor area of michinoeki, and parking capacityof the site. b. Designing the layout of the facilities A blueprint of layout of the facilities should be developed. c. Calculating the cost With the scale determined, a detailed breakdown of construction costs should be drawn up. 2.3 Methodology Below are specific topics of research that will be carried out in each target region. nLiterature survey of related documents nField studies nLocally conducted interviews nWorkshops a. Literature survey of related documents concerning the target region The socioeconomic framework of the target region, including geographical situation, road traffic, and economic standards in the target region can be understood by examining academic theses, survey reports, and other related documents. In addition, information regarding the needs of the people and firms in the target area, the socioeconomic challenges, the main stakeholders, and the political and administrative organizations can be obtained through the literature survey of local documents. Other information that can contribute to the success of the field study, interview survey, and workshop should also be also gathered in advance. b. Field survey The target region/country should be visited in order to consult with the key person. This is a potential contact person for collecting local information. The key person should be given (in advance) information and a schedule concerning the michinoeki survey. At the same time, a field study is conducted and data collected regarding the target region. c. Locally conducted interviews Based on questions prepared beforehand concerning the major stakeholders in the target region, general information focusing on local needs, challenges, regional exploitable resources, etc., should be gathered. This can be done by conducting interviews with local inhabitants, entrepreneurs, and local/central administrative officers, and by organizing group discussions. d. Workshops Workshops targeting the major stakeholders in the region should be organized. At the workshops, a draft of the michinoeki plan, based on the information gathered through the surveys described above, should be revealed and various views and opinions exchanged about the likelihood of success, the feasibility of the implementation, and the need for additional functions and facilities. 168 TOR for the pilot study in China 1. Purpose and background for the study Most of benefits are enjoyed only by those living in urban areas. The difference in the benefits that rural and urban areas receive is widening economic gap between them and causing a variety of poverty-related problems, especially in rural areas. Numerous past surveys of the traffic problems in developing countries reveals that road safety and roadside environment are deteriorating in many regions as the number of automobiles increases, even though construction of road infrastructure has certainly improved traffic standards in terms of mobility. Drivers in many developing countries do not have access to many necessary services due to a lack of both road infrastructure and roadside rest facilities. Illegal parking is another problem. Highways with lots of parked cars have poor visibility and reduced traffic capacity, which can seriously impair road safety. Michinoeki are designed to provide drivers with a place to rest and communicate. Michinoeki link road networks and local communities. Prototype michinoeki can be found in many countries, although they are not necessarily part of a comprehensive development plan. Examples include shops, stores, and restaurants situated along road or at big junctions. The michinoeki project is a comprehensive plan to provide roadside rest areas, financial services, and public services. Michinoeki also incorporate local needs into the process of planning, construction, and operation, acting as a bridge between local community and users of the road. This research paper describes a pre-feasibility study for a project to plan and build highways in China. The project is still in the planning stage, which includes examining specific methods of constructing michinoeki. Meanwhile, the consultant is strongly recommended to continue research according to the procedure described in the World Bank's "Guideline for Introducing Michinoeki in Developing Countries" (hereinafter referred to as "Michinoeki Guideline"). 2. TOR 2.1 Topics of research According to the World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline," the overall process of introducing michinoeki includes planning, construction, and operation. These stages can be divided into four phases: Identification, Preparation, Appraisal, and Operation. The first phase, Identification, starts with selection of a construction site. A blueprint for a michinoeki that is appropriate to target region is drawn up, taking into account the prerequisites for michinoeki construction. These prerequisites derive from the following basic questions. What are local demands and available local resources? What functions and facilities are required for the michinoeki? Who are stakeholders that will be involved in the planning process? Who is the most appropriate prime mover? The next phase, Preparation, involves making the basic plan as specific as possible. This is done by listening to opinions of the stakeholders at the planning stage and drawing detailed layouts of specifications and design. This is followed by the third phase, Appraisal, in which the positive/ 169 negative impacts of the michinoeki on the social, economic, and transportation aspects are assessed. In the final step, Operation, concrete points of concern relating to michinoeki operation and management are addressed. This research paper covers the first phase: Identification. Below are detailed research items that correspond to the phase. nTopics of research for Identification phase i) Site selection for planning michinoeki project ii) Site selection for constructing michinoeki iii) Identifying functions, facilities, and stakeholders of michinoeki nExtraction of further study items toward Preparation phase 2.2 Specifics of research topics (1)Topics of research in identification phase i) Site selection for planning michinoeki project Targeting the Highways in China, a few candidate regions for michinoeki planning should be selected. Site selection should consider following points. Moreover, the candidate sites should come from a variety of regions and not a single region. nTransit traffic volume nLocal specialties (agricultural products, craftworks, etc.) nHistoric and cultural resources in the region nEconomic problems (low income standards, economic disparity, employment opportunities, etc.) nSocial problems (disease, education, and gender-related issues, etc.) nTraffic problems (number of traffic accidents, traffic fatalities, etc.) ii) Site selection a. Understanding the needs of local residents and road users in the vicinity of the candidate sites For site selection, it is necessary to understand the needs of residents living near the candidate sites. nEconomic needs: guaranteed sales opportunities for local specialties nSocial needs: hygienic toilets, sanitary drinking water, income growth, medical services, social participation, alleviation of social discrimination, etc. nTransportation needs: secure rest areas and parking areas for public transport b. Determining type of michinoeki that meets local needs The needs described above will determine the type of michinoeki that is required. The World Bank' s "Michinoeki Guideline" proposes four types of michinoeki. 170 nRest stop type: provides road users with comfortable and hygienic places to rest nMarket type: provides local producers with opportunities to sell local specialties such as agricultural products and craftwork nTerminal type: functions as a public transport terminal for local residents and road users nPublic service type: provides public services to local residents and road users iii) Identifying functions, facilities, and stakeholders of michinoeki a. Identifying functions In order to satisfy the needs described above, certain functions must be identified. The World Bank' s "Michinoeki Guideline" describes how to identify these functions. The consultant is expected to refer to this guideline when identifying necessary functions. b. Selecting suitable facilities to fulfill the necessary functions In order to satisfy the functions identified above, certain types of facilities are required. The World Bank's "Michinoeki Guideline" describes how to select these facilities. The consultant is expected to refer to this guideline when selecting facilities. Some examples are given below. nFacilities with economic functions: markets, processing plants for agricultural products, eating areas for visitors, etc. nFacilities with social functions: clinics, hygienic toilets, sanitary water supplies, assembly halls, etc. nFacilities with transport functions: rest space, parking space, etc. c. Identifying stakeholders A prime mover with leadership ability is required for all facets of a michinoeki project, from planning and construction, to operation and management. The prime mover should come from the local community and have good knowledge of the region. After the prime mover is chosen, the stakeholders must be identified. They can be local authorities, community members engaged in agriculture, forestry, fishing, crafts, etc., influential figures in local economic organizations, or representatives of the local residents, etc., organizations that own commercial vehicles, local enterprises, etc. (2) Topics of research toward preparation phase Based on study outputs of former Identification phase, the consultant should extract some study items toward the next step of the preparation phase. In conducting the study here, the consultant should follow detailed study items shown in the "michinoeki Guideline". i) Stakeholder analysis In order to hear voices regarding the possibility of success of michinoeki, reality of the plan, necessity of addition of further functions and facilities from stakeholders identified in above identification phase., the consultant , for instances, should investigate the overall plan of workshops and the discussion items in the workshops. 171 ii) Layout and designing a. Study on facility scale b. Study of the facility layout c. Study of the estimate for construction cost 2.3 Methodology Below are specific topics of research that will be carried out in each target region. nLiterature survey of related documents nField studies nLocally conducted interviews a. Literature survey of related documents concerning the target region The socioeconomic framework of the target region, including geographical situation, road traffic, and economic standards in the target region can be understood by examining academic theses, survey reports, and other related documents. In addition, information regarding the needs of the people and firms in the target area, the socioeconomic challenges, the main stakeholders, and the political and administrative organizations can be obtained through the literature survey of local documents. Other information that can contribute to the success of the field study and interview survey should also be also gathered in advance. b. Field Studies The target region/country should be visited in order to consult with the key person. This is a potential contact person for collecting local information. The key person should be given (in advance) information and a schedule concerning the michinoeki survey. At the same time, a field study is conducted and data collected regarding the target region. c. Locally conducted interviews Based on questions prepared beforehand concerning the major stakeholders in the target region, general information focusing on local needs, challenges, regional exploitable resources, etc., should be gathered. This can be done by conducting interviews with local inhabitants, entrepreneurs, and local/central administrative officers, and by organizing group discussions. 172