E- 256 VOL. 7 VIETNAM-SANITATION PROJECT HAIPHONG COMPONENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT December 1998 -- JAN 2 6 1S9s| LlECEIVED SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group THE SOCTALIST REPUBLIC OF TIHE REPUBLIC OF FINTLANTD VWETNAM Haiphong People's Committee Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department For Tnternational Development Cooperation VIETNAM SANITATION PROJECT HAIPHONG COMPONENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Prepared for: Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCo) Prepared by: SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group In association with: ViWASE: Vietnam Consultant on Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment DECEMBER 1998 ECEV Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage SOIL AND WATER Company (SADCo) -Jaakko Poyry Group I Ly Tu Trong Street, Haiphong Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Tel: (84 31) 8S232t53) Design Project Fax: (84 31) 841072 27 C Dien Bien Phu Street, Haiphong Fax: (84 351) 841072 Te:(43)898 Tel:- (84 31) 822948 Fax: (84 31) 822949 V. Dr. Nguyen Ba Can Mr. Antti Nykanen Director Haiphong SADCo Team Leader Vietaam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMvARY 1.INTRODUCTION .............2 1I.1 BACKNGROUND ...............2 2 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT........................................................ ... 2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................ . 2.1 OBIECTIVES OF TI-EPROIECT ................5 2.2 PROECT AREA ................................ 5 2.3 SCOPEOFTHEPROJECT ................................ 6 2.3.1 Scope of the Proposed Project ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2 Proposed Project in Terms of Development Options ............... ................................ 6 2.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS ............................................................ 7 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION ................................................ 13 3.1 VIETNAMESE ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS . .......................................................... 13 3.1.1 General ............................................ 13 3.1.2 Environmental Law and Decree ............................................. 13 3.1.3 Laws and Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment ............................................ 14 3.1.4 Approval Procedure of EL4 .............................. -14 3.1.5 Environmental Standards and Regulations .............................. 15 3.1.6 Hygienic Regulations .............................. 17 3.2 WORLD BANK GUIDELINES ..17 4. BASELoE DATA .......... ... ... ......... 18 4.1 LOCATION .1...............I8 4.2 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.w18 4.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL CONDITIONS ...............................19...................... ; 19 4.4 FLORA AND FAUNA .19. .............. 19 4.5 RIVERS, LAKES, AND CHANNELS .. .............. 19 4.6 SANITATION AND DRAINAGE STATUS . ..... ......... 25 4.6.1 General ..................................... . 25 4.6.2 Flooding.25 4.6.3 Sanitation Facilities, Septic Tanks and De-sludging .26 4.6.4 Wastewater flows.27 4.6.5 Sewage sludge.29 -4.6.6 Existing Trang Cat landfill site.32 4.6.7 Environmental Setting.32 4.7 POPULATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .....................33 4.7.1 Populationeat s .........................................33 4.7.2 Economic activities. ........................................ 3 4.67.3 Soiro-eco nomic review......................................... 35 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES . .......................... ..39 5.1 ALTERNATIVESOFDREDGING ....................... ,39 5.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE AND SEPTAGE DISPOSAL, TREATMENT AND UTILISATION .42 5.3 ALTERNATIVE 0 .......,4 6. IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS .................. .............. . 45 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component ii Environmental Irnpact Assessment 7 MITIGATION MEASURES ................................. 60 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................. 60 7.2 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN. REHABILITATION AND OPERATION . ..........61.... - ...- . .61 7.3 SLUDGE TREATMENT .65 7.4 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY. 65 7.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .67 8. ..................................MONITORING 69 9 NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS...................................71 10 COST ESTIMATES .72 11 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND CONSULTATION .73 11.1 GENERAL.73 1 1.2 KEY PRINCIPLES. 73 11.3 REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS .73 11.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .74 11.5 PUBELIC HEARING .74 SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component iii Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Vietnamese environmental standards Table 3.2 Water quality limits according to the Vietnamese and standards Table 3.3 Sludge quality limits according to the international standards Table 4.1 Precipitation and evaporation in Phu Lien observatory 1971 - 97 Table 4.2 Water quality analysis from Cam River in 1997 Table 4.3 Sediment quality in regulating lakes and channels, February-March 1995 Table 4.4 Some examples of wastewater quality Table 4.5 Analysis of sewage sludge, November 1997 Table 4.6 Population projections for Haiphong, 1996-2015 Table 5.1 Reference values for sludge use in agriculture and landscaping purposes Table 6.1 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to l a Table 6.2 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to lb Table 6.3 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to I c Table 6.4 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to 1 d Table 6.5 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to le Table 6.6 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to If Table 6.7 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to 2a Table 6.8 Identification, management and monitoring of impacts related to 3a Table 8.1 Proposed monitoring prograrnme of the project LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Principle of sewerage sludge and septage treatment LIST OF DRAWINGS Drawing 1 Proposed channel, lake and network improvements Drawing 2 River system around Haiphong Drawing 3 Flood areas in the urban centre Drawing 4 Main point source polluters ANNEXES 1 EIA-team 2 List of Contacts 3 References 4 Preliminary Design of Sludge and Septage Treatment 5 Enviromnental Standards 6 River Water Quality Analysis (1997 & 1998) 7 Water and Sediment Quality in Regulation Lakes and Charmels (1995) 8 Some Main Industrial Water Consumers in Haiphong (1995) 9 Analysis of Sewage Sludge (Novernber 1997) 10 Questionnaires 1 1 List of public Hearing Participants SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko POyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component iv Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Organisations HPPC Haiphong People's Committee SADCo Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company URENCo Haiphong Urban Environment Company WSCo Haiphong Water Supply Company HPWSSP Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme MOC Ministry of Construction MOF Ministry of Finance MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment DOSTE Department of Science, Technology and Environment CRU Component Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit TUPWS Transportation and Urban Public Works Service WB, the Bank The World Bank DthQr EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan PIP Project Implementation Plan RAP Resettlement Action Plan TA Technical Assistance O&M Operation and Maintenance Phuong ward SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component v Environmental Impact Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Background Vietnam 3 Cities Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component, is a part of the sanitation project proposed to be financed by a credit from the World Bank. The Feasibility Study for Haiphong Component updates the sewerage and drainage components of the previous Feasibility Study (1995). The Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for International Development Co-operation has agreed to provide funds for the consultant services for the preparation of the Haiphong project, as a part of the Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (HPWSSP). A team from Soil and Water Ltd, Consulting Engineers has carried out the Feasibility Study and will carry out the design phase with the Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (HPSADCo) and the Vietnam Consultant on Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment (VIWASE) as sub-consultant. The objectives of the project are to: reduce flooding; improve environmental conditions; promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services; and the development of SADCo as an efficient customer-oriented organisation. T1-his environmental impact assessment has been designed to meet the laws and policies of the Government of Vietnam as well as the applicable policies and guidelines of the World Bank. The EA process was carried out with reference to the World Bank procedure for environmental analysis and review of projects as well as the relevant requirements of the government. The World Bank before loan consideration requires an Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA) of category "A" of the sanitation component (sewerage and drainage services). Project Description The project will address flooding by rehabilitating primary combined sewers, drainage channels and flood control systems. Environmental conditions will be improved by: rehabilitating secondary and tertiary sewerage in phuongs, construction of septage treatment facilities; dredging and disposal of accumulated sewage sludge from flood retention lakes and intercepting sewage flows to them; and the provision of a credit facility (revolving fund) fbr household septic tanks. Self-financing will be achieved by the phased introduction of wastewater charges and SADCo will be strengthened through the provision of technical assistance to improve management capacity and procurement of specialised operation and maintenance equipment. Technical assistance will also be provided for construction management. Rehabilitation of Combined Sewers and Drainage Channels will comprise: (a) cleaning, iLnspecting and rehabilitation around 70 km of major combined sewers, including provision for replacing 20 Iam; (b) constructing around 3 kmn of new combined sewers in critical areas; (c) constructing 4 km of collector sewers to bypass flood retention lakes; (d) rehabilitating some 6.2 km of open drainage channels by removing sediment, repairing shoreline SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component *i Environmental Impact Assessment structures, and constructing access roads for maintenance; and (f) repairing 8 sets of tidal gates. Improvement of Environmental Conditions will be achieved by: rehabilitating 100 km of sewers in phuongs; dredging accumulated sewage sludge from four flood retention lakes and rehabilitating hydraulic control; safe disposal and treatment of around 100,000 m3 sediment from lakes and channels at sanitary landfill; and the construction of septage lagoons to treat septic tank sludge at sanitary landfill. The proposed credit facility would enable the estimated 50 % of population who do not currently have a septic tank to build one. thereby proving primary sewage treatment. Institutional Strengthening will focus on support in implementation, corporate planning, operation and maintenance, customer relations, training, future investments and supervision of construction. An operational program for regular desludging of septic tanks will be developed and implemented. An important part of the credit provision for septic tanks and septic tank management will be community participation and assistance, focussed at the phuong level, will be provided to develop a participatory demand-based incentive-driven approach. Specialised equipment such as sewer jetters, and desludging tankers will be procured for operation and maintenance. Procurement contracts should include maintenance services by the supplier to reduce SADCo's need for in-house maintenance facilities. Baseline Data Project Area and Population Haiphong City is located on the southern part of the Bac Bo plain in the coastal triangle delta of Red River in the northeaster part of Vietnam. Haiphong is the third largest city in Vietnam having a status comparable with provinces. The urban centre consists of three districts: Hong Bang, Ngo Quyen and Le Chan. The urban districts are further divided into smaller units called phuongs. The topography in Haiphong is mostly flat and very gentle sloping due to the delta character of the area. Ground elevation varies mostly between 0 to 4 meters above the sea level. The soil in Haiphong area consists of alluvial and marine sediments. The climate in the Haiphong area is dominated by the monsoons. The mean annual precipitation during 1958-1977 was 1,754 mm. The total precipitation from May to September was 1,357 mm, which is 77 % of the annual value. Observed maximum hourly rainfall reaches 103.6 mm. The evaporation is 741 mm, of which 40 - 45 % occurs in rainy season. The Haiphong population in 1996 was 423,980 inhabitants in the centre, 523,100 in the urban areas and 1,147,440 in rural districts totalling in 1,670,550 people. The annual population growth is estimated to be 1.8-2.0 %. Apart from industry, port and commerce, SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component vii Envi-onmental Impact Assessment agriculture is one of the cornerstones of the economy of Haiphong. In 1993, the total gross value of agricultural production was 70 % of the industrial output. The average number of people in the households in Haiphong is 4.9 (1995). There are usually two earners in the households. The monthly income in 1994 was 1,000,000 VND. Existin2 Sanitation Conditions The Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCo) operates the sewerage/storm drainage system in the urban centre of Haiphong. The service area covers 37 phuongs and about 27 km2. SADCo operates the combined sewer network and drainage channels, regulating lakes and tidal gates in the central area and in Quan Toan, Hung Vuong and So Dau. The level of household sanitation is quite low in Haiphong. Only 43 % of urban households have any latrine of their own. In 1995, the shares of different types of toilets in the households in Haiphong were 27 % with flush or pour-flush toilets, 23 % with bucket latrines, and 50 % with no individual toilets. At the end of 1997, there were about 3,730 bucket latrines in the urban centre covering 14 phuongs. The problems of sanitation and drainage cause the most significant environmental and public health risks in Haiphong. There are no operating wastewater treatment facilities. Domestic and industrial wastewater is mainly discharged directly to the chanmels, lakes, or rivers, where the aquatic ecosystem provides the only wastewater treatment. The system of lakes and channels also stores storm water during high tide. The sea is the ultimate recipient of the city effluents. F looding The flat delta topography with almost no gradient together with the climate and high tides put pressure to the drainage system. Many areas in the city centre are flooded during heavy rain (>50 mm/h) and a mixture of solid waste, excreta from septic tanks and bucket latrines, oil and grease, toxic substances, wastewater and storm water flow to the streets. There is a serious risk of drinking water contamination through the poorly protected public and private water tanks, damaged water pipes and private wells. Possible spread of diseases either by direct contact with the flooded water or indirectly through drinking water, is a serious public health risk. Moreover, flooding causes damages to structures. Flooding in residential areas and on streets in the Hong Bang district is one of the most severe in Haiphong. Flooding is at its worst in the Ha Ly phuong and in part of Thuong Ly phuong, where flood depth can reach 30-40 cm (Thuong Ly) to 40-80 cm (Ha Ly). The' duration of the flood can be between 24 to 51 hours. This is due to the low area and inadequate sewers that are in poor condition. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Saniitation Project, Haiphong Component viii Environmental Impact Assessment Present Environmental Setting The lakes and channels are already overloaded with sewage and their natural cleaning capacity has therefore drastically decreased. They have turned to smelling, heavily polluted and inaestethic water bodies creating amounts of mosquitoes, which cause a public health risk. The sediment analyses from the lakes and channels show that they are severely overloaded by organic material and nutrients. The values of heavy metals in the sediment are mainly within quite reasonable limits, except the high values of cadmium, lead and zinc. Also chromium, mercury and nickel contamination is considerable. Most of these heavy metals are toxic to human health. The main rivers in the Haiphong area are Bach Dang River, Cam River, Lach Tray River, Van Uc River and Thai Binh River. Based on the scattered water analysis data from upstream and downstream of the Cam River, the analysis results indicate that there is already anthropogenic impacts in the upstream river water before it passes the city centre. The untreated wastewater from the city, which is discharged to the river, is clearly visible in the analysis results, for example the oxygen in the river water decreases, while the values of ammnonium, sulphate and mineral oils increase. The impacts of wastewater discharge are concentrated in the main city area. However, downstream from the city, seawater intrudes into Cam River, diluting the concentrations. The same features are also visible in the Lach Tray River. Analyse of Alternatives Alternative 0 is to leave the project unimplemented. This would lead to a catastrophic situation in the Haiphong City, especially in the flooding areas. The siltation of sewers and the degradation of sewerage and drainage system would continue. The city of Haiphong has no possibility to invest in such a large rehabilitation project. At present the city of Haiphong can only rehabilitate minor areas without external funding. Dredging The hydraulic studies of the drainage channels show that the only way to improve the flow capacity of the channels is dredging. Dredging of the channels would also increase the effective storage volume of the regulating lakes. At present, the volume of the regulating lakes cannot be utilised to the maximum extent, because the channel bed levels are much higher than the lake bottoms, preventing effective drainage of lakes. The dredging works will be carried out during dry season, when the water level in the lakes and channels usually is lower. The channels will be operated according to normal operation procedures depending on the tides. The main goals with the proposed dredging operations are to increase the effective storage capacity of channels and lakes and to remove the polluted sediments from the channels and lakes. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component ix Environmental Impact Assessment Several dredging methods have been discussed. The dredging method to be used depends on the quality of the sediment, the accessibility to the dredging site and the stability of the channel embankment. In general, the dredging along channel banks in densely populated urban areas is very difficult. The access to the channel must also be prepared, which will in places include construction of maintenance and access roads. There are different dredging methods, which can be considered in the urban areas depending on the channel width and access to the channels: hydraulic grab dredger with hopper barges and pusher tug; hydraulic excavator working on the channel bank; and mini-excavator on swamp tracks and hand borrows. In the rural areas of the project area, there are several dredging methods available for example: dragline excavator, floating suction dredger, hydraulic excavator with silt bucket and grab dredger on a pontoon. The water content of the sludge is high and it will increase during the dredging operation. The content of solids in the sludge is very low between 10 to 20 %. If suction method is used, the content of solids can be about 10 %, and the sludge must be de-watered before transportation to the disposal site. There will be a need of temporary storage for sludge drying before transportation. Options for sludge drying are loading on the channel bank (less preferable due to environmental and health risks), sludge lagoons or to use covered skips lined with geotextile. The skips could be transported to the disposal site after drying. If suction dredger is used, the sludge disposal site should locate close to the dredging area to avoid booster pumping. Due to the big demand of land, double handling of sludge and possible foul odour during drying of sludge, it is proposed that the channels and especially lakes are de-watered before dredging and dredged material transported directly to the treatnent site. Sludge treatment Possible options for sludge disposal and treatment are the following: disposal into the Cam river or sea; storage in basins and lagoons covered with soil without further utilisation; and sludge treatment and re-use (fertiliser, landscaping, etc.) depending on the sludge composition. Dumping to the river or to the sea would not be an enviromnentally viable solution and the local authorities do not prefer this alternative, therefore it is not recommended. Moreover, if the sludge were transported to the sea the costs would be high. Disposal of the sludge without any further utilisation would require large land area, which could not be used for other purposes. The sludge should also be covered to prevent odour nuisances and health risks. The option where sludge will be disposed of and treated in the Trang Cat landfill received the biggest support from the city authorities. Treated and mixed sludge is proposed to be SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component x Environmental Impact Assessment used as cover material for landscaping Trang Cat landfill. A part of the treated sludge could be used as cover material for the closure of old landfill in Thuong Ly. Lake rehabilitation Before lake improvements the sewage discharge has to be reduced. Therefore. collectors will be constructed around the lakes to prevent the wastewater discharge. It was decided during the Feasibility Study with the city authorities that the collectors are essential to improve the lake conditions in the first stage in the most heavily polluted lakes. One option is to leave the polluted sediments in the lakes in situ and possibly cover them with for example with sand or clay to separate the polluted sediment from the lake water and improve the water circulation in the lakes, etc. Another option is to treat the sediment with chemicals. However, this option is considered as too costly, and the four lakes were decided to be dredged. Environmental Impacts A systematic methodology was used to carry out this EIA work, interviews, field investigations and office analyses, and the application of informed professional judgement to the project. This environmental impact assessment adopts a concise format, where the linkages between environmental issues (or potential impacts), management measures (or mitigation), net effects (or residual impacts) and management information (or monitoring) are made explicitly. The EIA prepared for this project identifies a number of potential biophysical and social impacts. The overall impacts of the proposed project are positive and it is an important step in improvement of sanitation in Haiphong. The project is the first sanitation project aiming at the rehabilitation of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the city. Improvement of the wastewater collection and prevention of flooding will improve considerably the living and environmental conditions in the area. The proposed sanitation project will have long-term positive impacts: flooding will be reduced; condition and capacity of sewers will be improved, which will eliminate the discharge of sewage on to the streets; pollution load will be reduced in the regulation lakes (reduced sediment transport); and health risks and public nuisances due to flooding will hereby decrease. The rehabilitation of drainage channels will require resettlement of 85 households along the north-eastern channel and the south-western channel. The improvement of the channel banks and construction of maintenance roads will create a need of land acquisition, about a 5 m wide strip, between the channel and the buildings. The resettlement and compensation issues are discussed in detail in a separate Resettlement Action Plan report. The RAP outlines the principles and procedures to be employed to compensate affected stakeholders for resettlement. The rehabilitation and construction works will be implemented mainly in the middle of an active city and may cause considerable public nuisances, which can be minimised with appropriate mitigative measures adopted already in the design phase of the project. People SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component xi Environmental Impact Assessment usually tolerate the public nuisances more easily, if they are informed in advance why the work is being done and they realise the benefits of the work. The rehabilitation works will cause some temporary nuisances such as dust, noise. traffic changes and obstruction to pedestrians. There will be strong local odour emissions during rehabilitation works, although the dredging works will be carried out during dry season to minimise the effect. The nuisances will be minimised using appropriate equipment and by good operation management and site supervision. Adding lime in the sludge would decrease the odour nuisances. As the sludge, which is removed from the sewers and channels can according to analyses contain high concentrations of heavy metals, it cannot be made available to farmers. However, there is a need of material for landscaping and vegetation cover at the landfill. The sludge will be drained, dried and mixed with soil before use in the landfill operations. The risk of worker accidents caused by gas accumulation in sewers and other confined spaces and other possible worker accidents will be avoided by providing appropriate tools, machinery, protective clothing and by ensuring that appropriate working methods are applied. Mitigation Plans A project's Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will consist of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during design, construction and operation phases to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. The EMP helps to ensure that the proposed environmental actions in the EIA are in phase with the design and rehabilitation work. After discussing and agreeing with the project design engineers, the recommendations will be translated into a practical and action oriented EMP. Environmental matters have to be integrated in all the design work and planning of the project. The design of the different project components will be carried out taking into consideration relevant environmental standards and minimising adverse environmental impacts on human and biophysical environment by appropriate planning and design. The designing has to be done by minimising the adverse impacts on environment using as much as possible existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and existing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way has to be used rather than create new ones. All construction works including to the project will be implemented following the appropriate standards, specifications and working methods given in the Contract Agreement. The General Conditions of Contract according to SIPE and/or the Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction given by FIDIC will be followed. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component xii Enviromnental Impact Assessment The Contractor has to implement mitigation measures for the following subjects during construction: - Minimise dust, odour, litter, noise and traffic emissions bv good operation management and site supervision: appropriate working methods have to be followed: safety and health regulations has to be strictly followed; protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential - Traffic and Transportation Arrangements: transportation has to be minimised and routes selected to avoid public nuisance; transportation during rush hours and night has to be avoided; tight and proper equipment to transport sludge has to be used to avoid accidental spills and odour nuisances - Working Time and Site Arrangements: working during night should be avoided; sites have to be kept clean and safe during and after the work - Public Relations: construction sites and time has to be informned to the local people in advance SADCo has responsibility to carry out all operation and maintenance work using proper methods and avoiding noise, odour, litter, dust, and traffic nuisance during the operation. The same health and safety instructions as during the construction phase have to be followed also during operation phase when cleaning of sewers and channel and lake dredging. Sludge and septic sludge treatment area has to be separated from other landfill activities. Special attention has to be paid to health and safety instructions. Institutional Arrangements Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCo) is the organisation responsible for the Haiphong Sanitation Project as agent of Haiphong People's Committee. For practical day-to- day woTk of this project SADCo will set up a Component Implementation Unit (CIU). The present Project Management Unit (PMU) is the general unit, which is handling also other projects at the same time. Considering the current state of affairs of SADCo the rehabilitation project and sustainable operations thereafter call for design and implementation of a comprehensive human resource development and institutional strengthening programme, which should be carefully matched with the absorption capacity of SADCo. Most of the proposed institutional strengthening is related to the general management and administration and technical matters, which have indirect impact on environment. However, without proper general management skills it is not possible to implement the environmental mitigation measures. Sunmnarising, the institutional strengthening during the project should include: Corporate management and financial management development: - Corporate structure and corporate management development - Development of financial management, accounting and management information - Human resources development and training SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component xiii Environmental Impact Assessment Operation and maintenance development - Development of sewerage and drainage system operations and structure - Improvement of sewerage and drainage system and customer records - Establishment of O&M guidelines - Improvement of customer register, billing and collection and customer relations management - Development of equipment maintenance Project and construction management In phuong level involvement in establishment and updating of records, revenue collection and monitoring of compliance with environmental regulations should be strengthened. It is envisaged that the Human Resources Development strategy will consist of three basic approaches: direct provision of trainiig services; building up the internal capacity of SADCo to plan, organise and implement training and development programme; and improving human resource management. The direct provision of training services will ensure that there will be adequately skilled staff tCo supervise the planning and construction activities of the project and to operate, maintain and manage new sewerage and sludge and septage treatment facilities. The primary target of the training will be staff and officers directly involved in project implementation and field staff performing daily operation and maintenance activities. Training will be given partly through technical assistance component of the project and partly through the ongoing Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. Monitoring The monitoring of water and sludge quality is mainly based on the environmental standards of Vietnam. The responsible authority for the regular monitoring could be DOSTE. SADCo should provide the funding of the monitoring. Type of Number of Frequency / Phase Needed Responsible monitoring samples equipment supply organisation Safety during lot During the work Contractor construction Construction Safety during lot During the work / Gas detector SADCo operation operation Desibel meter Lake and channel 9 in lakes 2 / year t SADCo / Hired 6 in channels operation laboratory Sludge and 1 raw sludge 2 / year / SADCo / Hired sewage 1 treated operation laboratory Leachate l from pond 1 / month / SADCo / Hired _____________ I effluent operation laboratory Groundwater in borehole 2 / year / SADCo / Hired Trang Cat operation laboratory Hydrological lot l / d dry season, oper. Water level SADCo Monitoring 1 / h rainy season gauges SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component xiv Environmental Impact Assessment Cost Estimate for Sanitation Component The total project costs including investments, construction management and technical assistance (including duties and taxes, physical and price contingency) are estimated to be in January 1999 USD 41.164 million of which 1.50 million USD for revolving fund. The mitigation costs is estimated to be roughly 24 % of the base cost. Public Involvement and Consultation The overall goal of the public consultation is to inform the project affected people about the important aspects of the proposed project and build a trust-based communication framework. The method chosen for the consultation with the affected groups was consultation with city authorities, DOSTE, ward (phuong) authorities, the companies URENCO and SADCo and the public in six phuongs. A small-scale authority and household study was arranged in these phuongs by distribution of questionnaires. Excluding Lac Vien altogether 65 questionnaires for ward level representatives were distributed, 34 (52 %) were retumed. Respectively 300 household questionnaires were distributed and 163 (54 %) were returned. The sample size was small, but in addition to the public hearing the survey gave some idea on the socio-economic status in the phuongs and general opinions on the issue. The sanitation conditions. income level and the willingness to pay were similar in the questioned phuongs. The biggest problems in the wards are: polluted lakes and ponds, polluted storm water drains, smell of wastewater and flooding or overflow, poor solid waste collection and poor air quality. The respondents considered their ward as a flooding area and more than half of the respondents was actually living in a flooding area. The flooding occur several times per year and the duration is 2 to 4 hours, sometimes even 4 to 5 days. The public hearing was open for all interested people. A total of 329 people attended the hearings, varying between 20 to 120 people in different phuongs during January 1998. The main issues discussed during the first round of public meetings were as follows: - inform of the present sewerage and drainage situation in the city area, - apprise the people of the project and its general plans e.g. informing of the proposed sanitation project, - informn of the EIA-procedure and the studies related to the EIA, - advise them of the public meetings, - inform the project time schedule. Generally the participants of the public hearing welcomed the project, but the disappointment was quite big when they realised that the project could not be implemented before year 2000. Their desire for immediate actions was great. The following table summaries the main issues and concerns raised by people during the public meeting. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component xv Environmental Impact Assessment Phuong Issues raised Ha Ly - Ha Ly was heavily bombed during war and the sewerage system was destroyed. There is no proper sewer planning or sewer master plan in this area. I - The people considered that they are living in a heavily polluted fiooding area. - The people are very poor and the proposed wastewater fee was regarded too high compared with their income (minimum proposed fee in the questionnaires was 5,000-10,000 VND/month) Cau Dat - People in Cau Dat phuong live in a heavily flooded area (50-70 cm). - People in this area have already electricity, water supply and bucket latrines, but they lack appropriate sewer and drainage system. - Complains of flooding problems and smell. Pham - Pham Hong Thai phuong has less flooding problems then the other six Hong phuongs. Thai - The sewerage and drainage system is old, small and silted. - Complains of general environmental conditions in this area: problems with solid waste collection, air emissions, Tam Bac lake's poor condition, etc. May To - May To phuong is one of the severe flooding areas in Haiphong. - Sewerage and drainage system in poor condition. - Illegal housing and waste disposal in the Thien Nga lake reduce lake capacity and cause pollution. Tran - Severe flooding. People complained of bad smell and flooding of wastewater Nguyen even without rainfall. Han - Existing sewers need to be cleaned and rehabilitated. Le Loi - Le Loi phuong is not in the flooding area, but is suffering of the heavily polluted Mam Tom Lake. - Main Tom lake creates amounts of mosquitoes, which attack households and nursery. - Wishes concerning the lake capacity improvements were received. A second round of public hearings will be arranged in March - April 1999 during the detailed design phase in all those phuongs, which are including to the project. The third round of public hearings will be organised during the construction phase of the project during 2001 -2004. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Feasibility Study of Haiphong Component is part of the preparation of Vietnam: 3 Cities Sanitation Project financed by the World Bank. The two cities and one province including to the project are Haiphong and Danang and Quang Ninh. The Feasibility Study for Vietnam 3 Cities Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component updated the sewerage and drainage components of the previous Feasibility Study from 1995. A team from Soil and Water Ltd, Consulting Engineers has carried out the Feasibility Study in co- operation with the Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (HPSADCo), as a part of the Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (HPWSSP). The Vietnarn Consultant on Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment (VIWASE) was the sub-consultant, responsible for drawing preparation. The objectives of the Feasibility Study are to define a priority investment project for the sewerage and storm drainage services in Haiphong, and to assess the financial and institutional feasibility and environmental impacts of the proposed investment project. 1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment An Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA) of category "A" of the sanitation component (sewerage and storm drainage services) is required by the World Bank before loan consideration. Meeting the donor requirements, the EIA must also follow the Vietnamnese law and policy. The Vietnamese Law on Environmental Protection (National Assembly), Article 18, and the Government Decree No. 175/CP, Article 9 in Chapter HI, require an EIA for the sanitation component. The Water Supply and Sanitation Guidelines Project (GLO06) on Environmental Impact (June 1997) are guidelines to prepare environmental documentation to projects funded by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and most bi-lateral agencies. The guidelines also define specific issues that should be considered in an EIA-study of sanitation projects. This EIA also follows the World Bank Enviromnental Assessment Sourcebook, for sewerage and drainage projects, and the World Bank Operational Directives (OD 4.01 and OD 4.30). The Ministry of Science, Technology and Enviromnent (MOSTE) is the authority responsible for the approval of Enviromnental Impact Assessments in Vietnam. The EIA can be approved by HPPC under the authorisation of MOSTE. The project as a "A" category project is approved by MOSTE. The period of time for appraising an EIA-report can not be longer than 2 months from the date all related documents are received. SOIL AIUD WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 3 Environmental Impact Assessment DOSTE is the responsible authority to supervise and control the monitoring of the proposed project. More details of the law and regulations affecting the sanitation component and EIA- procedures are described in Chapter 3. The following steps were taken in producing this environmental assessment report: - Describe the project in concise format (Chapter 2); - Identify the environmental requirements of the Government of Vietnam and the World Bank (Chapter 3); - Identify and describe elements of the project which could potentially affect biophysical or human environment (Chapter 4); - Compare project alternatives if possible with alternative 0, which can be the present situation or a special condition the area can result in if the project is not implemented (Chapter 5); - Assemble and analyse information on those aspects of the biophysical and human environment relevant to the potential interactions between the project and the environment; Identify potential areas of environmental concern (or opportunities for environmental or socio-economic enhancement) (Chapter 6); identify appropriate management (mitigative) measures in relation to the above; assess net effects of the project after implementation of management measures (Chapter 7); and identify specific monitoring requirements (Chapter 8). The results of this analysis have been organised into tables to facilitate the environment review of the project by officials and the World Bank. These tables will form the underlying basis for the development of a separate detailed environmental management plan (EMP) during the preliminary design phase. - Identify the organisational requirements and costs associated with the implementation of an impact mitigation and monitoring plan (Chapters 9 and 10). Public consultation with parties potentially affected by the project has been an integral part of the environmental assessment methodology. It has provided baseline information; has assisted in the identification of issues requiring resolution; and has established a mechanism for constructive exchange of infornation between the proponent and local residents. The consultation process followed in this environmental assessment; the results obtained to date; and future plans for this ongoing program are discussed in Chapter 11. The land acquisition and resettlement plan is presented in a separate Resettlement Action Plan report. This environmental assessment is based on the following: - collection of background data in situ in Vietnam, - updating data from previous EL4s and Feasibility Studies in Vietnam, - review of documents and project overview, - site visits, SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 4 En vironmental Impact Assessment - surface water sampling from the rivers Cam and Lach Tray, channel. An Kim Hai, and Dong Quoc Binh Drain (January 1998), - analysis of sewage sludge samples (1997), - water and sediment quality analysis from lakes and channels (1995), - small-scale phuong level representative and household study in 7 phuongs, January 1998), - interviews with DOSTE, SADCo, and URENCo, - first public hearing in six phuongs in January 1998, - analysis of existing data, - impact assessment, mitigation, and monitoring. The key members of the EIA-team and their fields of responsibility are presented below: Ms. Karita Aker, Senior Environmental Expert, EIA-Supervisor, Mr. Esa Renko, Sanitary Engineering Adviser, Ms. Tran Minh Anh Thu, Water and Sanitation Engineer, Community Development & Socio- economy, Ms. Pham Thi Van Lan, Water and Sanitation Engineer, Socio-economy, Ms. Hoa An, SADCo's representative in phuong contacts and public hearings. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko POyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation ProjecL Haiphong Component 5 Environmental Impact Assessment 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are to: reduce flooding; improve environmental condtions: promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services; and the development of SADCo as an efficient customer-oriented organisation. The project will address flooding by rehabilitating primary combined sewers, drainage channels and flood control systems. Environmental conditions will be improved by: rehabilitating secondary and tertiary sewerage in phuongs, construction of septage treatment facilities; dredging and disposal of accumulated sewage sludge from flood retention lakes and intercepting sewage flows to them; and the provision of a credit facility (revolving fund) for household septic tanks. Self-financing will be achieved by the phased introduction of wastewater charges and SADCo will be strengthened through the provision of technical assistance to improve management capacity and procurement of specialised operation and maintenance equipment. Technical assistance will also be provided for construction management. It is anticipated that the project would become effective around August 2000 by which time all the documents and approval procedures are ready and contract signed. Construction would start in 2001 and is likely to be completed 2004. It is proposed that civil works will be procured in three ICB packages and vehicles and equipment in one ICB package. Procurement of the work and goods would follow the World Bank guidelines and for consulting services Finnish regulations. The technical assistance component will include to the implementation of the project. 2.2 Project Area The project area will cover the three districts in the centre of Haiphong: H6ng Bang, Le Chan and Ng6 Quyen. The proposed improvement areas (sewers, channels and lakes) in the proposed sanitation project are presented in Drawing 1. The Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCo) operates the sewerage/storm drainage system in the urban centre of Haiphong. The service area covers 37 phuongs and about 27 km2. SADCo operates the combined sewer network and drainage channels, regulating lakes and tidal gates in the central area and in Quan Toan, Hung Vuong and So Dau. SADCo has no sewer contracts, but has allocated permission for some recent construction works. The number of households connected to the sewer system is not registered. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 ClEUNFANING & INSPECTICN F ALL MAIN | \ ; jt ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AREAS WHERE NEW COMBINED SEWERS ; L t e e > @ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ARE PROPOSED TO BE CONSTRUCTED -& -= ZheL < < _ _ _ PROPOSED NEW COLLNECTORS f \ /d s G i t g S s s s ; ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* TIDAL GATES TO BE REPAIRED le A S t t Z X t / \ PROPOSED LAKE REIIABILTATIONl 73 0 EA C ANNEL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RPOE CANE MPOEMNS DREDGING, CLEANING, PROTECTION OF SLOPES, PARTLY CONCRETE LiNINC AN BIEN A~~~~~~~u I tSSESSEDiJRON AFTERA ItNA:SPECI'AIONPOJC RH.O HAGUO N 101PROPOSED NW CIOLNHEC.TORS HT'O L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IA GATE TO BERPIE DS le: P OPOSED C IIANTE I OVEME NTS: a7 DREDGING, CLEA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ho: LISDNING,o PROTECIONO Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 6 Environmental hnpact Assessment 2.3 Scope of the Project 2.3.1 Scope of the Proposed Project The proposed project components comprise the following categories: 1) improvement of the storm drainage system. 2) improvement of sewerage in phuongs and 3) purchasing of operation and maintenance equipment. In addition, technical assistance, including the institutional development of SADCo and supervision of construction, will be one part of the project. The scope of the project has been preliminarily outlined in the Feasibility Study for Haiphong Environment Project (November 1995) and later in the Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan (March 1997) and in the Pre-feasibility Study prepared by Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (1997). The proposed project is somewhat wider than the short-term project proposal presented in the Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan. It has been found advisable to extend the scope of the project to cover the rehabilitation of the regulation lakes. 2.3.2 Proposed Project in Terms of Development Options Long term options for sewerage and drainage development in Haiphong have been outlined in the Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan currently being prepared by Haiphong Planning Institute and VIWASE, as well as in the Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan prepared by BPWSSP in 1997. Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan will be based on the Haiphong City Master Plan (1993). The Master Plan presents three different options for storm water drainage, which differ from each other when defining the catchment basins. Two different long-term options for wastewater disposal and treatment are presented. Option I includes two separate wastewater treatment plants, one in the eastern part of the city and the other in the western part of the city. Wastewater would be conveyed to the treatment plants by new sewer network and about 10 pumping stations. Option 2 includes one treatment plant in the eastern part of the town. HPWSSP prepared a Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan in February 1997, defining the long-term development of sewerage and drainage, as well as outlining the first priority project in sanitation. The Development Plan identified two principal options for the upgrading of the sewerage and drainage in Haiphong. These options are: - Upgrading of the existing combined sewerage and drainage system including: overhaul of existing pipelines, construction of new combined sewers and drains, and construction of transmission systems along the shorelines of rivers and lakes to lead wastewater to treatment plants. - Construction of a separate sewerage and drainage system including: rehabilitation of the existing sewers and drains and use for drainage only, and construction of new separate sewer network. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment The Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan proposes that a separate sewer system will be applied in Haiphong as a long-term development strategy. In the long range (after 2010), appropriate wastewater treatment should be provided in order to prevent further pollution of the rivers and coastal waters. The short term improvement project identified in the Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan includes rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing main pipes, construction of new storm drains in the worst flooding areas, rehabilitation of the drainage channels, rehabilitation of the tidal gates. and a separate sewerage demonstration project. The objectives of the proposed project, which is to be financed with a credit from the World Bank, are in accordance with the overall objectives and recommendations of the Sewerage and Drainage Development Plan. The proposed project will be mainly a rehabilitation project and the main emphasis will be on the cleaning and repairing of the existing network and drainage channels, and improving the environmental condition of the lakes. The existing system has to be inspected and put into order before decisions of further major construction works are made (e.g. separate sewerage). The establishment of a separate sewer system will require so large investments, and long implementation period, that it cannot be justified in the near future. If a separate sewer system is implemented, the work shall be started in new areas, which do not have existing infrastructure. Even if a separate sewer system is implemented in the future, the proposed rehabilitation project will be in compliance with the long-term development. 2.4 Project Components Development of sewer in Haiphong aims at improvement of urban sanitation, which is currently badly hampered by frequent flooding, creating severe health risks for the urban population. The sewerage and drainage system should be improved to make a clean and healthy environment for the population of Haiphong City. The proposed project is the first sanitation project aiming at the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the city. Drainage La. Cleaning. inspection and rehabilitation of the existing combined sewers in the urban The existing combined sewer network in the urban Haiphong largely dates back to the 1920's, and has been laid without proper designs. The network is heavily silted and in poor condition. The cleaning and inspection will cover the main network (about 70 kIn). The work shall proceed gradually because the sediment has to be removed from the sewers before the inspection and final assessment of the rehabilitation needs and methods. The sludge amount removed from the main network is estimated to be about 25,000 -30,000 m3. Moreover, approximately 20 km of existing pipes and box culverts will be rehabilitated, including repair or replacement of the pipes themselves, sealing of leaks, repairs to manholes SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 8 Environmental Impact Assessment and sewer outlets, and construction of new gully pots. In such places where the capacity of the pipe or the gradient is insufficient, new pipes will be laid. lb. Construction of new combined sewers in critical areas New storm drains will be constructed in critical points in the most heavily flooded areas. The critical points identified during the feasibility study are places where outlet of a pipe is blocked or missing or new capacity is needed. About 3 km of new pipelines will be constructed. I c. Construction of new collectors The regulating lakes are in poor condition due to sewage discharge. The small lakes Thien Nga, Mam Tom, Quan Ngua, and Sen are in worst condition. Constructing collectors to divert sewage discharge from the lakes to more suitable locations will reduce the pollution of the regulating lakes caused by sewage flows. The total length of the collectors in the north-east system is estimated to be about 3.5 km, and in the south-west system about 0.4 km. The proposed pipe sizes will be big enough to convey storm water flow. The collectors will be constructed along the roads. The new discharge points will be in the drainage channels after the most densely populated area. 1 d. Rehabilitation of Drainage Channels The flow and storage capacity of the drainage channels has decreased due to heavy sludge sedimentation and uncontrolled dumping of waste. The channel banks are used for housing, and private bridges have been constructed over the channels, limiting their flow capacity and the natural sediment transport. The proposed project component includes rehabilitation of the north-east and south-west channel systems (altogether about 6.2 kin) by dredging, clearing, and protection of the channel banks, partly lining of the channels with concrete and by construction of maintenance margins and access points in appropriate locations along the channels, as well as rehabilitation of the tidal gates. The channels to be dredged are proposed to be de-watered and dredging will be done after the sediment has dried. The dredged material will transported to separate sludge treatment site in Trang Cat landfill area. The improvement of the channel slopes will be executed in parallel with respective embankment and road works. Concrete lining for channel protection is proposed in the Thien Nga branch, An Bien branch and in some parts of the north-eastem main channel, about 1,500 m in total, as well as in part of the south-western channel close to Sen lake, about 600 m in total. The estimated total amount of material to be dredged is about 40,000 - 50,000 m3 from the north-east drainage channel and about 30,000 - 40,000 m3 from the south-west drainage channel. The estimate of the sediment amounts to be removed is based on hydraulic SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 9 Environmental Impact Assessment calculations of the channels. The flow conditions of the channels will be significantly improved when the gradient of the channel bottom will be smoothened. Tidal gates regulate sewage and storm water discharges from the drainage channels. SADCo operates 8 tidal gates, located in May Den. Vinh Niem, Ha Ly, Thuong Ly (2 pcs), Trai Chuoi, Tarn Bac, and Cat Bi. Many of the tidal gates are in poor condition, and it seems that they are not operated regularly and that the maximum storage capacity of the system is not utilised. The improvement works proposed for the tidal gates would include rehabilitation of structures and mechanical equipment: construction of new gates, frames, and superstructure and installation of new machinery. Ie. Rehabilitation of Regulating Lakes The regulating lakes are in poor condition due to sewage discharge. The small lakes in the centre: Thien Nga, Main Tom, Quan Ngua, and Sen are in worst condition. In addition to reduction of pollution load by constructing collectors, rehabilitation of the lakes is needed. Works proposed to be included in the lake rehabilitation comprise: North-east system - Thien Nga lake (2.5 ha): lake rehabilitation (dredging), clearing and protection of lake banks, - Mam Tom lake (2.5 ha): lake rehabilitation (dredging), clearing and protection of lake banks, - An Bien lake (20 ha): improvement of flow conditions (remove of sediment from critical locations, construction of gates to control flows, clearing and protection of lake banks, - Quan Ngua lake (2 ha): lake rehabilitation (dredging), clearing and protection of lake banks, South-west system - Sen lake (2 ha): lake rehabilitation (dredging), clearing and protection of lake banks, - Du Hang and Lam Tuong lakes (7 ha): improvement of flow conditions (remove of sediment from critical locations, construction of gates to control flows, clearing and protection of lake banks. Before dredging interceptor sewers will be constructed along the lakes to eliminate direct discharge to the lakes. Simultaneously sludge disposal and leachate treatment lagoons will be constructed at Trang Cat landfill area. The lakes are proposed to be de-watered before dredging and dredged material will be transported to treatment site: The sludge amount in the lakes (Thien Nga, Main Tom, Quan Ngua, and Sen) is estimated to be about 35,000 m3. If Sludge Disposal and Treatment 'The estimated amnount of sludge to be treated is about 100,000 m3. At Trang Cat landfill area totally 11 hectares has been reserved for sludge and septic sludge treatment, of which 7 ha is for sludge treatment including area to store treated sludge, and 3 ha for septic sludge SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 10 Environmental Impact Assessment treatment. For leachate treatment in pond system has been reserved 1. ha. The reserved treatment area is located between the existing landfill area operated by URENCo and the proposed landfill area, which is authorised to SADCo. The designing of the treatment area belongs to the project. The area will be prepared similarly to the area prepared for solid waste treatment. The principle of sludge treatment is presented in Figure 2.1. Basic of preliminary design of treatment site and methods is presented in Annex 4. Sewerage sludge is treated in basins and septic tank sludge in compost field. The bottom construction and leachate collection is the same in both areas. The base of the field is inclined at the gradient of at least I %. At the bottom of basins there is a 0,1-0,2 m thick sand layer. Plastic drainage pipes are placed over the sand every. The pipes are placed every 1-3 meters at the gradient of at least I %. Over the pipes is laid 0,3-0,4 m layer of crushed stones (4 15-40 mm). Over the stone layer are laid two layers of bamboo mat. Uppermost is a 0,5-m layer of black sand. cD Basins * 3 basins * used in turn * week for filling, week for storage and week for unload Compost field Maturing Mixing field: , mix septic tank * time 4 months * sand addition sludge and waste * sieving the read * time 2 weeks * time 2 months L / compost Ditch of drainage water ' r~+ Landfill Figure 2.1 Principle of sewerage sludge and septic tank sludge treatment SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 11 Environmental Impact Assessment As the sludge removed from the sewers and channels can contain high concentrations of heavy metals the sludge cannot be made available to farmers. Sludge will be drained, dried. and stored before use in the landfill operations. It is assumed that normal septage does not contain heavy metals. The dried sewerage sludge should as far as possible to be used as cover material at Trang Cat landfill and in landscaping, at already closed Thuong Ly landfill. First 0,1 m layer is added direct over the waste. Wells for gas collection will be built over the 0,1 m layer. A 0,9-m layer of treated sewerage sludge can be laid after that. It must be notified that 0,9-m thickness calls for the sludge to be rather dry and hard enough. If the material is after the treatment still soft the thickness must be reduced. A 0.5 m substrate layer for plants is needed over the cover material. Sewerage 2a. Rehabilitation of sewerage in phuonas The existing sewers along the lanes and alleys will be cleaned, inspected, and re- paired/renovated. Rehabilitation will also include repair of manholes and improvement of surface drainage when needed. The total length of sewers along lanes and alleys is about 100 km in the city centre, including about 70 km of 200-400 mm pipes, about 16.5 km of 500- 800 mm pipes, and about 13 kmn of box culverts. All pipes will be cleaned and inspected. About 25 km of pipes is estimated to be repaired/renovated. The rehabilitation work will include the urban phuongs. The actual need for rehabilitation can be assessed only after cleaning and inspection of pipelines. The bucket latrine conversion programme is anticipated to be completed before the proposed project implementation starts. 2b. Septage Disposal and Treatment The septage will be treated at the new landfill in Trang Cat. The principle of septage treatment is presented in Figure 2.1. in paragraph 1 f. Basic of preliminary design of treatment site and methods is presented in Annex 4. The septage is composted with biodegrable material. Composting and maturing the compost takes place at a separate field. The field area is dimensioned for treating all sepage. Therefore space needs to be reserved for screening the mature compost. The septage is composted for two months time. After that compost is removed to maturing field for four months time. During maturing the stacks can be placed side by side. Mature compost is screened with 20-30 cm screener and used as uppermost substrate layer when landscaping the landfill area. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 12 Environmental Impact Assessment Equipment and Materials 3a. Purchasing Equipment for Maintenance of the System The scope of works for this package includes the purchase and delivery of equipment, materials, and spare parts for sewer cleaning and inspection, and channel maintenance after the initial cleaning has been performed. The procurement package outlined for the proposed project comprises vehicles for channel maintenance, sewer cleaning and septic tank cleaning equipment, as well as vehicles and equipment for inspection and supervision. Training of operators and mechanics for the equipment shall be included in the package. Revolving Funds The World Bank mission has proposed that revolving funds to be introduced as a new component to enable low-income households to construct household septic tanks, or preferably communal septic tanks shared by groups of houses, and make connections to existing combined sewers. This is necessary to improve sanitary conditions at the household level and to reduce the pollution load discharged to the sewers and eventually to the lakes and rivers. Regarding to the modalities of the operating funds, it was agreed that they should not be managed by SADCo. Instead, groups such as the Women's Union, which has an extensive community level network or NGOs should be utilised. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component 13 Environmental Impact Assessment 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 3.:1 Vietnamese Environmental Legislation and Standards 3.1.1 General Environmental legislation and standards are quite new in Vietnam. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environmnent (MOSTE) was formed from the former State Committee for Science and Technology in October 1992. MOSTE's main role is to assist the Government in the strategies and policy-planning issues related to science, technology and environment. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment is the top decision-making body with overall responsibility within the environmental sector. Besides the Ministry, there are several other agencies involved in the management and protection of the environment. Within the Ministry, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) is the environmental arm, whose main task is to act as co-ordinating body for other Ministries with enviromnental responsibilities. It is also charged with developing legislation and regulations, programs, control and monitoring systems to enforce the production of the environment throughout the country. Depending on the local People's Committee, the local environmental authorities have an important role in environmental management and enforcement of regulations. Irn Vietnam, the basic national environmental policy is based on the Law on Organisation of the Government (September 30, 1992), the Law on Environmental Protection (December, 27, 1993) and the Decree No. 175-CP (October 18, 1994). 3.1.2 Environmental Law and Decree The Law on Environmental Protection was ratified by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993, and the decree has been issued on October 18, 1994. In the Law, there are very clear articles to prevent environmental pollution in general, and also articles concerning wastewater management. The Government Decree provides the guidance for implementation of the law on environmental protection. The general provisions of the law are described in Chapter 1, which defines the meaning of the terms (Law on Environmental Protection, 1993). Article 2 defines waste, pollutants and environmental pollution as follows: "Wastes mean substances discharged from daily life, production processes or other activities. Wastes may be in a solid, gaseous, liquid or other forms. Pollutants mean factors that render the environment noxious. Environmental pollution means alteration in the properties of the environment, violating environmental standards". SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 14 Environmental Impact Assessment 3.1.3 Laws and Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment The Articles 17 and 18 describe the EIA-procedure. According to the Law on Environmental Protection, Article 18: Organisations, individuals when constructing, renovating production areas, population centres or economic, scientific, technical, health, cultural, social, security and defence facilities, owners of foreign investment or joint venture projects, and owners of other socio- economic development projects, must submit EIA reports to the State Management Agency for environmental protection for appraisal. The result of the appraisal of EIA reports shall constitute one of the bases for competent authorities to approve the projects or authorise their implementation. The Government shall stipulate in detail the formats for the preparation and appraisal of EIA reports and shall issue specific regulations with regard to special security and defence establishments mentioned in Article 17 and in this article. The National Assembly shall consider and make decision on projects with major environmental impacts. A schedule of such types of projects shall be determined by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. In October 18, 1994, the Government of Vietnam issued a decree providing Guidance for the Implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection, which includes assessment of environmental impacts. This decree, together with other documents needed for an EIA, was published in 1995 by MOSTE as a separate guideline document. Guidance for Environmental Impact Assessment for Technical-Economic Projects was proposed by MOSTE in September 1993 (No 1485/Mtg). Considering this statement, and an Instruction No 73/Ttg signed by the Prime Minister on December 27, 1993, Haiphong People's Committee has promulgated Instructions on Environmental Impact Assessment of Technical-Economic Projects No 49 CT/UB. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment is the responsible authority of the approval of Environmental Impact Assessments. The EIA can, however, be appraised by the local DOSTE and further be delivered to HPPC for approval. Haiphong DOSTE can therefore appraise the Sanitation Project/Haiphong Component because they have the knowledge of local conditions. The EIA-appraisal Council of DOSTE consists of the Chairnan, Vice Chairman and Secretary (Director, Deputy Director and Director of Environmental Department of DOSTE) and 6 experts from different departments, depending on the project. 3.1.4 Approval Procedure of EIA The EIA of the Sanitation Project/Haiphong Component will be appraised by the Council as a category: New Project, and further submitted to MOSTE for approval. The period of time for appraising an EIA-report can not be longer than 2 months from the date all related documents are received. If the local DOSTE approves the EIA, there will not be any additional 2 months approval time for MOSTE. The ELA will be, in general, approved in the next appraisal meeting of the council of MOSTE. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 15 Environmental Impact Assessment 3.1.5 Environmental Standards and Regulations The Govemment shall stipulate the nomenclature of environmental standards and delegate the authority at different levels for promulgating and supervising the implementation of such standards. MOSTE has published 1995 Vietnamese Environmental Standards, and standardisation work is in progress. In cases, where the applicable Vietnamese standard is inadequate, not regulated or applicable, project agencies must obtain MOSTE's approval for the use of equivalent standards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment to Vietnam, or apply equivalent standard from a third country. At least the following environmental standards are related to wastewater discharge and use of sludge as fertiliser (Table 3.1). TaLble 3.1 Vietnamese environmental standards (MOSTE 1995) Number of standard Name of standard TCVN 5298-1995 Requirements to the use of wastewater and their sludge for watering and fertilising purpose TCVN 5524-1995 General requirements for protecting surface water against pollution T'CVN 5525-1995 General requirements for protection of underground water TCVN 5942-1995 Surface water quality standard TCVN 5943-1995 Coastal water quality standard I'CVN 5944-1995 Groundwater quality standard I'CVN 5945-1995 Industrial wastewater discharge standards TCVN 5998-1995 Guidance on sampling on marine waters (ISO 5667-9:1992) TCVN 5999-1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10:1992) Besides water related standards there are several standards concerning air quality, noise and soil quality. TCVN 5302-1995 is the General Requirements for Soil Reclamation. The standard TCVN 5298-1995 defines the requirements for use of wastewater and sludge for watering and fertilising purposes. According to the requirements in the standard, the wastewater and sludge should not content any harmful and toxic matters and the sludge can only be used for fertilising purposes after treatment of toxic matters. The wastewater and sludge should be tested before use and under control of environmental management authority. In this standard there is also requirements for use of wastewater and sludge. However, there are no required parameters and no maximum allowable concentrations for parameters in the standard. The most important standards related to this project are included in Annex 5. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 16 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 3.2 Water Qualitv Limits according to the Vietnamese Standards 2 Industrial Surface water Coastal water Groundwater wastewater Aquatic l Category B Other use cultivation mg/l TCVN 5945-95 TCVN 5942-95 TCVN 5943-95 TCVN 5944-95 BOD 50 <25 <10 _ COD 100 <35 - 2 Ammonia (N) I 1 0.5 - Coliforrn 10,000 10.000 1000 3 As 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.05 Cd 0.02 0.02 0.005 0.01 Cr6 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 Cr 1 1 0.1 Pb 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.05 Hg 0.005 L 0.002 0.005 0.00 1 Ni j1 1 -1 Zn 2 2 0.01 5 In the assessment of the sewage sludge and sediment quality in regulating lakes and channels the Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines (Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, 1995) have been used. The reference values for use of sludge in agriculture are from the EU limit values (Commission of the European Communities 1997). Since there are no reference values for landfill landscaping in the Vietnamese legislation, the Finnish Environmental Ministry Guidelines have been applied as reference values for sludge in landscaping purposes (1998). The limits of the most important parameters are collected to Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Sludge Quality Limits according to the International Standards Sludge Sludge Sludge Utilisation in Sludge mg/kg NL 1) NL 1) Agriculture Utilisation for D.W. Target value 2) Intervention value 3) EU limits 4) Landscaping 5) As 29 55 Cd 0.8 12 3.0 10 CrI_ _ 300 600 Cr 100 380 Co 20 240 Pb 85 530 150 300 Hg 0.3 10 1.0 5.0 Ni 35 210 100 250 Zn 140 720 1500 1) Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines, 1995. Standard soil 25 % clay and 10 % organic matter. Average value. 2) Soils demanding use exceeding Target Value should be cleaned up. 3) Soils exceeding Intervention Value should be cleaned up. 4) European Union limnits, 1997 5) Finnish Environmental Ministry Guidelines, 1998 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vieinam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 17 Environmental Impact Assessment 3.1.6 Hygienic Regulations The Council of Ministers promulgated the Hygienic Regulations and Administrative Penalty in Health Service in July 1991 (No: 23/HDBT). These are based on the Organisation Law and the People Health Protection Law. The content of the regulations is good, but many of these regulations are not monitored or followed. Chapter IV concerns hygienic regulations for industrial and domestic waste including wastewater. 3.2 World Bank Guidelines The impact assessment studies for this project commenced in late 1997. The EA study and process for the sanitation project were designed to evaluate its status with respect to all applicable World Bank environmental and social policies and guidelines. During the EA process for this project, a review of World Bank environmental and social policies was carried out with respect to their relevance to this project. In summary, the policies directly relevant to this project include: Environmental Assessment (OD 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30). The specific World Bank guidelines that were identified as being applicable to this project are Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I and II (1991) and Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1997. Category A projects at World Bank also have specific, additional requirements for public consultation and disclosure that were partly applied into this EA process, as well. The public consultation procedure is very new in Vietnam and therefore it will take time before a full public consultation disclosure program can be applied in Vietnam. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 18 Environmental Impact Assessment 4. BASELINE DATA 4.1 Location Haiphong City is located on the southern part of the Bac Bo plain in the coastal triangle delta of Red River. It is bordering with Gulf of Tonkin of South China Sea in the east, and with provinces of Thai Binh in the south, Hai Hung in the west and Quang Ninh in the north and north-east (Drawving 2). Haiphong is the third largest city in Vietnam and is one of the three cities in Vietnam having a status comparable with provinces. The urban centre consists of three districts namely Hong Bang, Ngo Quyen and Le Chan. The urban districts are fiurther divided into smaller units called phuongs. 4.2 Climatic Conditions The climate in the Haiphong area is dominated by the monsoons, like the climate of the whole south-east Asia. The absolute minimum and maximum temperatures are +4.50C and +37.8°C, respectively. The mean annual precipitation during 1958-1977 was 1,754 mm in Haiphong. The total precipitation from May to September was 1,357 mm, which is 77 % of the annual value. The maximum monthly precipitation is 321 mm, occurring in August. The mean monthly precipitation is lowest from December to February averaging about 25 mm. Observed maximum hourly rainfall reaches 103.6 mm. Wind velocities observed during a long period vary between 0.0 to 4.2 m/s. The average wind velocity is 3.8 m/s. The average maximum wind velocities are in the south-east monsoon period 20 to 24 m/s and in other months 10 to 16 mrs. Typhoons have their origin outside the region, but have a great importance in the coastal areas. Several typhoons with a wind velocity of over 40 m/s have occurred. The mean annual evaporation value is 741 mm which is only 40 to 45 % of the annual precipitation and the mean annual surplus is 983 mm. In the dry season (February-April) it is only 15% of the annual total evaporation. Evaporation is at its largest 33 % in September - November (Table 4.1). The annual average of humidity is 85% and it is at its highest in February - April Table 4.1 Precipitation and Evaporation (mean values mm) in Phu Lien Observatory in 1971 - 97 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug |Sep Oct Nov |Dec |To Prec. 27 25 58 73 199 240 273 332 285 139 50 23 1724 Evap 53 40 32 41 61 71 71 61 71 88 84 68 741 +1- -26 -15 +26 +32 +138 +169 +202 +271 +214 +51 -34 -45 +983 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Pdyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 19 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.3 Topography and Soil Conditions The topography in Haiphong is mostly flat and very gently sloping due to the deltaic character of the area. The terrain slopes slightly from north-west to south-east. Ground elevation varies mostly between 0 to 4 meters above the sea level. The highest areas are in Kien An, south-west of the city, where hills reaching a maximum height of 140.2 meters can be found. Other hills are located in Do Son and Thuy Nguyen. These landforms are subject to intensive weathering and erosion processes. The soil in Haiphong area consists of alluvial and marine sediments. According to general geological studies of Haiphong City, the total thickness of clay layers is about 25-30 meters. Hard stratum of sandstone or siltstone has been found at the depth of 50-70 m from ground surface. The soil is unstable due to the upper soft organic clay sediments. Average soil resistance is 0.3-0.5 kg/cm2. According to the soil investigations in Trang Cat in 1995 and 1998 the permeability of surface soil, silty clay layer, varies from k = 4.3 x I05 to 2.2 x 10-7 cm/s. The permeability of mud clay from depth 7.5 to 13.5 meter is in average 7.7 x 10- cm/s. Groundwater level is generally high, dry season values varying from 0.5-3 m from ground surface. 4.4 Flora and Fauna Deforestation is a major problem in Vietnam. Only 10 % of the country is nowadays covered by forest, of which 1 % is classified as primary forest. The coastal delta area has been populated for hundreds of years, because it is favourable for cultivation and the sea is located nearby. More densely populated areas usually lack the original flora and fauna, as is the case in Haiphong. This is due to the intense land-use, hunting and pollution (industry, pesticides). Only in the Cat Ba Natural Park some rare species can be found. All available land is used for agriculture. The delta area is covered by paddy fields, cereals and industrial crops. The rivers and the drainage and irrigation channels crossing the fields form a very complex system. Aquatic weeds are commonly grown and they are mainly used for a variety of purposes: feed for fish and animals, human food, paper and fibre production, soil additives, etc. 4.5 Rivers, Lakes, and Channels The Bac Bo plain, where Haiphong is situated, has a dense network of rivers. The main rivers in the Haiphong area are Bach Dang River, (Da Bach River), Cam River (Kinh Thay River), Lach Tray River, Van Uc River, and Thai Binh River. Besides these main rivers, there are several small rivers flowing into the sea (Drawing 2). A large number of canals for irrigation and drainage and new connections between rivers have been built during centuries. Thus the main rivers have several mutual connections, both natural and man-made. Low gradient (2-5 cm/kmn), low flow velocities, and wide riverbeds SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 20 Environumental Impact Assessment are characteristic to rivers in Haiphong area. Erosion and sedimentation processes cause sometimes rapid changes in river channels, and smaller nrvers have a high degree of meandering. The mean specific flow in the upper Thai Binh system is over 20 lls/km2. It decreases downstream due to lower precipitation and to use of water for irrigation. Over 80 % of the flow occurs in June-September, only about 5 % in December-March. The variation of flow differs from year to year. During the highest floods, the maximum specific flow exceeds 1,000 /s/km2 at the headwater stations. The high flow usually occurs in July or August, but may also occur in any other month from May to October. The mean minimum flow varies from 1 to 3 li/s/km2 depending on the location of the station. The minimum flow usually occurs in January-April. The tides in the Bac Bo Gulf have both regular and irregular diumal regimes. The tide amplitude in the Gulf varies from 0.5 to 0.6 meters, tending to decrease southwards. The maximum amplitude varies from 217 cm to 418 cm. Rivers There is no continuous monitoring of river water quality. DOSTE has an ongoing monitoring program, which started in 1997. The discharge is measured and analysed at all outlets to Cam River. The results from the monitoring are not yet available. However, there is some scattered information of the water quality in Cam River from 1997 (see Table 4.2). One of the sampling points is upstream of Haiphong in Cam River and the other is near the harbour. The Labour Safety Institute of Hanoi has carried out the analysis. Table 4.2 Water quality analysis from Cam River in 1997 Parameter Upstream of Haiphong Cam River, harbour 29.5.1997 20.11.1997 PH 7.26 7.21 BOD5 mg/' 4.7 3.7 COD mg/l 12.8 5.6 DO mg/l 8 5.4 Suspended Solids mg/l 22 9.2 Ammonium NH4 mg/l 0 0.02 Nitrate mg/l 2.62 0.62 Nitrite mg/l 0 0.05 Mineral oils, grease mg/l 0.47 2.5 Fe mg/l 0.71 0.18 Zn mg/l 0.034 0.578 Cdmg/l . 0 0 Cu mg/l 0.01 0.016 Pb mg/l 0.0021 0.105 Coliform bacteria 3700 9400 MPN/100ml SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 21 Environmental Impact Assessment I'he values of the water analysis in Table 4.2 are within the limitation values of parameter limits and maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in surface water for category B (other use than for domestic water supply), except the values of lead and oil and grease which are slightly higher than the limitation values. This is the case for lead in the autumn sample, when the rainfall is usually lower. T'o receive additional baseline data from the river water quality in Cam River and Lach Tray, An Kim Hai channel and Dong Quoc Binh Drain, HPWSSP ordered water sampling and analysis from the Haiphong Institute of Oceanology. A total of six sampling points were addressed upstream and downstream of Cam River and Lach Tray River plus altogether three samples from the channel and drain. The sampling and analysis were carried out in January 1998 during ebb tide. The water in the rivers was turbid. The sampling was carried out both in the surface and bottom water layers. The chemical and bacterial analysis results and location of sampling points are presented in Annex 6. Although there are standardised analysis methods in Vietnam, the results from the analysis can differ very much from each other, depending on the sampling and analysis methods and laboratory. T'he water analyses from the Cam and Lach Tray River in January 1998 show in general the following: - BOD5 values are low, only 2 - 4 mg/I, - values of ammonium NH4+ (0.165-0.352 mg/1) and sulphate SO42- (186-730 mg/1) are high, - values of oil and grease are generally over the Vietnamese limitation value (0.3 mg/I), - E. coli bacteria value is extremely high in most of the samples. The BOD5 value seems to be too low for the river water regarding the discharge of untreated vvastewater. This can be due to the analysis method used in the laboratory. The samples have been filtered before analysis. If the analysis were carried out without filtration, the result could have been even ten times more. Unpolluted waters typically have BOD values of 2 mg/l or less, whereas those receiving wastewater may have values up to 10 mg/l. Raw sewage can have a BOD value of about 600 mg/l. Total ammonia concentrations measured in surface waters are typically < 0.2 mg/I, but may reach values of 2-3 mg/l. Higher concentrations can be an indication of organic pollution such as from domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and fertiliser run-off. The sulphate concentrations in natural waters are usually between 2 and 80 mg/l, although they may exceed 1,000 mg/l near industrial discharges. High concentrations > 400 mg/l may make water unpleasant to drink. T'he permissible concentration of mineral oils and petroleum products in water depends on the intended use of the water. The recommended maximum concentrations for drinking water supplies and fishery production are between not detectable - 0.3 mg/l. The heavy rnetals were not analysed from the surface water samples. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 22 Environmental Impact Assessment Based on the scattered water analysis data of the Cam River water, the analysis results indicate that there is already anthropogenic impacts in the upstream river water before it passes the city centre. The untreated wastewater from the city which is discharged to the river is, however, clearly visible in the analysis results, for example the oxygen in the river water decreases, while the values of ammonium, sulphate and mineral oils increase. The impacts of wastewater discharge are concentrated in the main city area. Downstream from the city, the effects of the sea on the quality of river water can also been seen in the results. Seawater intrudes into the Cam River, diluting the concentrations. The same features are also visible in the Lach Tray River. The water upstream Lach Tray has already anthropogenic impacts of population, but the discharge of wastewater from the city can be seen as higher concentrations of ammonium, sulphate, mineral oils and extremely high amount of E. coli bacteria. The analysis of the water from An Kim Hai channel and Dong Quoc Binh Drain show similar properties as the river water. The BODs values show, however, higher concentrations e.g. from 4.1 mg/l to 10.1 mg/l. The ammonium value is higher in the channel and drain water than in the river waters, but the sulphate value is much lower. Also total dissolved carbohydrates are higher in the channel and drain waters. The amount of E.Coli bacteria in the channel and drain water is extremely high, between 110,000 to 240,000,000/100 ml. Lakes and Channels In Haiphong there are several artificial ponds and lakes fed from the network of rivers and channels (Drawing 2). Total surface area of the regulating lakes is about 45 ha and effective water volume about 463,000 m3 (H=2.5 m) and 636,000 m3 (H=3.0 m). The two main drainage channels serving the centre of Haiphong are the north-eastern (Dong Khe) channel discharging to the Cam River and the south-eastern channel discharging to the Lach Tray River. The total length of the two channels is about 6.2 km. The present water volume in the north-eastem channel is 337,000 rr3 and in the south-westem channel 110,000 m3. Additional discharge and rainfall to the channels will result in flooding. The lakes have been planned for the following functions: - to store storm water and wastewater (during high tide when the tidal gates are closed); - to treat wastewater biologically; - to raise fish; - to create a recreational area. The area of lakes, ponds and channels has reduced considerably in recent years due to sedimentation, dumping of solid waste, and reclamation of the banks for housing purposes. Based on the results of the water and sediment analyses in 1995 (Annex 7), the status of the lakes is generally very serious and most of them are overloaded; The greater An Bien lake SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U / KIM 81x \CaHXANNELORIVER &CHANRR H CITY MAIN ROAD DA f SJnU MOI IIONG VDTTHAM N SAITATION PROJECI Hong W'~ HfpIwo Holyon Conynol HE -'T t SW K M II HVU PHONC RIVER SYSTEM ARrUA POW0 l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ so Hnoo nONv 199 8 : Seds' NO.S r0 R .---------- ...... Ty SOW .IU Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 23 Environmental Impact Assessment seems to be in a better condition. The biological oxygen demand is very high in all lakes, in some lakes approaching the values of raw sewage and the high ammonia values is most probably caused by the organic pollution of sewage. The lake waters have only small amounts of heavy metals. All analysed lakes and channel waters have very high values of mineral oils. The sediment analyses from the lakes and channels show that the lakes and channels are severely overloaded by organic material and nutrients. The values of heavy metals in the sediment are mainly within quite reasonable limits, except the high values of cadmium, lead and zinc. Also chromium (Cr+ and total chromium) mercury and nickel contamination is considerable. Table 4.3 presents the data from the most contaminated sampling points and the Dutch values for contaminated soils. Analysis results of water and sediment quality in lakes and channels are given in Annex 7. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 24 Environmental Impact Assessment TABLE 43 Sediment Quality in Regulating Lakes and Channels, February -March 1995. Bold figures indicate values exceeding the Dutch Initervention Values. Underlined figures present the maximum concentration of the parameter of all the sampled sites. Parameter Lakes Channels Lowest/ NIl , NIl " llighest Target Iiterven Value tion 2) Valtue Unit An Bien 1 An Bien 2 An Bien Thien Ho Sen Dong Khe Du tlang I 3 Nga Arsenic (As) mg/kg (d.w.) 1.08 0.76 52U 0.98 2.80 0.92 4.39 0.78-5.75 29 55 Cadmium(Cd) mg/kg(d.w.) 21.14 15.98 15.80 22.96 48.13 21.22 4.40 2.58-48.13 0.8 12 Chromium mg/kg (d.w.) 32.52 37.67 35.92 42.5 19.16 45.66 24.81 11.47-45.66 (Cr6-) Total mg/kg (d.w.) 72.08 79.53 63.58 70.34 81.77 66.88 112.12 34.90-112.12 10() 380 Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) mg/kg (d.w.) 27.10 28.53 22.63 12.21 6.07 23.06 19.78 1.94-28.53 20 240 Lead (Pb) mg/kg (d.w.) 419.5 514.84 184.62 588.66 604.67 473.24 76.00 58.46-604.67 85 530 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg (d.w.) 12".4 7.99 5.75 5.86 3.27 9.68 2.51 1.39-12.46 0.3 10 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg (d.w.) 49.86 76.10 60.70 44.94 50.46 49.81 48.37 18.32-76.10 35 210 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg (d.w.) 1242.82 823.06 717.67 1353.19 911.68 925.74 224.87 147.35-1353.19 140 720 " Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines, 1995 (Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment) Standard soil 25 % clay and 10 % organic matter. Average value. 2 Soils in demanding use exceeding Target Value should be cleaned up. 3) Soils exceeding Intervention Value should be cleaned up. SOIL AND WATER Jaakkp Pdyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 25 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.6 Sanitation and Drainage Status 4.6.1 General Many of the environmental problems in Haiphong are widely spread over most of the city area, some are more localised and act mostly as point-source polluters. The vicinity of the sea and the fertile delta area with a dense network of rivers has led to high population density and intensive land use. 4.6.2 Flooding The flat delta topography with almost no gradient together with the climate and high tides put pressure to the drainage system. Many areas in the city centre are flooded during heavy rain (>50 mm/h) and storms (Drawing 3), and a mixture of solid waste, excreta from septic tanks and bucket latrines, oil and grease, toxic substances, wastewater and storm water flow to the streets. There is a serious risk of drinking water contamination through the poorly protected public and private water tanks, damaged water pipes and private wells. Possible spread of diseases either by direct contact with the flooded water or indirectly through drinking water, is a serious public health risk. Moreover, flooding causes damages to structures. The main flooding areas are shown in Drawing 3. The data of the flooding situation is provided by three operation and mnaintenance tearms of SADCo. The flood records represent the worst flooding situation, meaning estimated intense rainfall >100 mm during high tide. For the same rainfall occurring at low tide, the flood is estimated to be shorter. Flood depth is estimated as the difference between the road centre line and the water table. The more detailed flooding data is presented in the Feasibility Study Main Report, below is only a short summary of flooding situation in the three districts Hong Bang, Ngo Quyen, and Le Chan. Flooding in residential areas and on streets in the Hong Bang district is one of the most severe in Haiphong. Flooding is at its worst in the Ha Ly phuong and in part of Thuong Ly phuong, where flood depth can reach 30-40 cm (Thuong Ly) to 40-80 cm (Ha Ly). The duration of the flood can be between 24 to 51 hours. This is due to the low area and inadequate sewers that are in poor condition. The Ha Ly area was heavily bombed during the war and the infrastructure was badly damaged and the budget for the rehabilitation work has been very limited. The flood depth on the streets of the greater Hong Bang district varies between 15-20 cm to 30-40 cm and the duration respectively 5-6 hours to 6-8 hours. The flooding on the streets of Ngo Quyen district varies from about 20 cm to 30-40 cm and the duration from few hours to maximum 18-24 hours. The flood depth and duration is quite severe in Dong Xuan lowland area in the Le Chan district, where the flood depth can be between 20-30 cm and the duration 24 to 48 hours. This is due to poor outlet pipe to irrigation channel. Similar flooding problems are also in An SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 ;~~~ W % 7 R 2m - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FLOODING AREA 70-80 CM $ m9 -n w s t g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLOODING AREA 30-40 CM 4s X Wr kn X S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLOODING AREA 20-30 CM 0 6 w v n \ 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FLOODING AREA 10-20 CM \ g ) C < He~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4ng i,,u 14s Phon | HoIphofiU Componin -- ------ ------ -- T 0 -- S 0 AT B --- - f OL---------A----N- Vietnam - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component 26 Environmental Impact Assessment Duong collective quarter, but the duration is usually few hours. Flooding on the streets is severe for example along part of Hai Ba Trung and Cat Cut streets, where the flood depth can reach 30-40 cm and the duration of the flooding up to 12 to 18 hours. During the first public hearing meetings in the phuongs of the three districts, people complained about the flooding problems and the health and environmental consequences of the flooding (see Chapter 1). The odour of wastewater was striking in some of the phuongs without any rainfall. 4.6.3 Sanitation Facilities, Septic Tanks and De-sludging The level of household sanitation is quite low in Haiphong. The statistics from 1990 show that there were 11,531 bucket latrines in the three urban districts. The local authorities have campaigned to change bucket latrines into pour-flush toilets with septic tanks. According to the NUSS survey in 1995 the shares of different types of toilets in the households of Haiphong were 27 % with flush or pour-flush toilets, 23 % with bucket latrines, and 50 % with no individual toilets. Almost 70 % of the pour-flush systems had been built during 1990 - 1995. Households without private toilet facilities rely on community/shared latrines operated by URENCo. The number of community latrines was about 420 in 1994. At the end of 1997, there were about 3,730 bucket latrines in the urban centre. Access to existing septic tanks may be extremely difficult, and in some cases perhaps impossible and consideration should be given to introducing a higher tariff to such households as well as those that do not have (and cannot have) a septic tank. This higher tariff would reflect the significantly higher cost of removing faecal solids from pipes than from septic tanks. Given the difficulty of determining the actual volume of an existing septic tank and considering the practical implications and cost savings of a house by house rather than a house to house service, it is proposed that a uniform desludging period of three years be fixed for all septic tanks in Haiphong. This period has been selected based on the following considerations: - Most existing septic tanks only receive toilet waste - Sludge accumulated @ 40 l/person/year and most homes have 6 persons or less - Toilet flushing does not exceed 270 I/day (6 x 3 flushes @ 15 litres) - Sludge accumulation over 3 years will not exceed 720 litres (6 x 40 x 3) - Few, if any, septic tanks have a total liquid volume of less than 1,000 litres In order to improve the efficiency of septic tanks to be installed in new developments, improved design criteria (e.g. a second chamber to receive all household sullage) and construction regulations (e.g. outlet baffles) must be introduced. A strengthened inspection department within SADCo would need to ensure compliance with these before new connections to the sewer network were authorised. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 27 Environmental Impact Assessment In dimensioning the septic tank desludging operations needed for Haiphong, the following have been taken into consideration: - The number of septic tanks to eventually be operated by SADCo should be approximately equal to the total number of water connections (66,500 in the centre as of December 1997) - Accumulated sludge over 3 years will eventually be 48,000 rn3 (66,500x6x0.04x3) - Up to 15,000 septic tanks will need to be desludged annually (about 300 per week) - Total volume of septage not exceed 1 m3 per septic tank In order to ensure the co-operation of the community in providing adequate access to household septic tanks, which are often located under the floor of the house, a series of rewards and sanctions will need to be set in place and where necessary legislated for. Equipment, vacuum trucks, mini size vacuum van and mini size vacuum tugs, for septic tank desludging are partly procured by HPWSSP and partly by the project. For septage treatment has been reserved 3 ha from Trang Cat landfill area. The World Bank mission has proposed that revolving fund to be introduced to enable low- income households to construct septic tanks or preferably communal septic tanks and make connections to existing combined sewers. 4.6.4 Wastewater flows Domestic and Industrial Wastewater No data is available of the number of households connected to the sewer and drainage system. SADCo does not have any sewer contracts, and wastewater flows discharged into the sewer and drainage network are not controlled. SADCo has no sewer contracts with industry, and the amount of industrial wastewater is not controlled. The industrial zones of the central area are mainly located near the Cam River. Only small and medium size factories are scattered in the city and are served by the sewerage system. The most important industries and other point source polluters are shown in Drawing 4. Some of the factories including chemical, battery manufacturing and food processing discharge hazardous waste. During the Feasibility Study of Haiphong Water Supply and Environment Project (in 1994 - 1995), an interview was carried out mainly to find out the wastewater and solid waste situation of the factories. Twelve industrial sites were selected for data collection. A questionnaire concerning production, water supply, wastewater, and solid waste management was sent to all these factories, and the data was then collected by site visits and interviews. Annex 8 presents the estimated water demand and wastewater amounts of the factories interviewed. According to the interviews, an average amount of wastewater is 80-90% of water consumption. The main observation concerning wastewater treatment situation in industrial SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 6 ANP1TSUC OLTR O HA - -ITI - N-- PR- S --- - ------------ - - -- -----~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~D I Y E HAl II CH TIC -- C-O-- HAl P110KG IAEHANICAL FACTO - TIEN NGA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iHN LNGFUNR ~) ~~<~I~' lI. AC lIE 0 HI(CHIIIMAIN POI L SOREPUTERS ( PHAMACEUT Eo NTERPRISE N03 p T H E S T1E KIN N HA (lCoAIC n FACO RYNK AT ~~~ man ~~ AIdf PHONGWLrrATR Vietram - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component 28 Environmental Impact Assessment sites is that basically all the wastewater is discharged to the sewer network or rivers without any treatment. Some factories have a settling tank where wastewater is first collected and after that discharged, the sediment from the tank is emptied every now and then and transported to a landfill. In some places where acids and bases are used in production, the pH is checked and wastewater is neutralised before discharging. Many factories use some acids and bases but they do not neutralise the wastewater. T'he Nomura joint-venture company has established an industrial zone in the Vat Cach area. This industrial zone has a biological wastewater treatment plant, which will treat the industrial wastewater of the Nomura area. Estimated Total Wastewater Flows According to SADCo's estimate, the sewage flow in the city centre can be considered to be the same as water consumption. According to WSCo's water contracts, the billed water consumption in 1997 (first 9 months) was about 39,000 m3/d including domestic, industrial, commercial, and institutional water consumption and public use in the urban centre. The average water production in the centre was about 83,200 m3/d at the same time. WSCo's total water production was about 110,000 m3/d in 1997. The difference between the billed and produced amount of water is quite big. Part of the unaccounted-for water is leakage from the transmission lines, distribution network, and water tanks. The other part of the unaccounted-for water includes unbilled consumption. In general, it can be assumed that most of the water produced reaches the sewer and drainage system and rivers. For the wastewater projections, 80 % of the total water production is assumed to contribute to the wastewater flow. Thus the estimated wastewater flow in the urban centre would be about 66,000 m3/d. Wastewater Quality Table 4.4 Some Examples of Wastewater Quality (1989) Enterprise pH Suspended Oxygen BODs E. coli Clostridium Solids Content (mg/I) (pc/l) Wellchii (mg/I) (mgO2/1) (pc/I) Wool Factory 6.8 5 2.1 62 430 280 Export Food Factory 7.4 10 0 544 110,000 9,60,000 Brewery 7.8 20 8.6 190 460,000 6,000,000 Seafood factory 6.7 40 0 266 24,000 40,000 Obstrectics Hospital 8.2 10 9.6 117 460,000 7,000,000 Hong Bang Hospital 7.8 50 9.9 106 240,000 3,000,000 Viet Tiep Hospital 8.2 10 9.5 235 460,000 1,800,000 Dong Quoc Binh 7.6 40 0 190 46,000 2,000,000 wastewater p. s. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 29 Environmental Impact Assessment The data concerning wastewater quality is very limited. Wastewater is not monitored regularly. Only some random samples have been taken and analysed from some polluters. Table 4.4 shows wastewater characteristics of some factories. The sampling date is August 1989 and analyses have been made in Haiphong epidemic centre. 4.6.5 Sewage sludge The sludge sampling points and analysis results are presented in Annex 9. Samples from points 2, 5, 6 and 10 were the most contaminated with heavy metals. Samnple 12 was dredged also from point 2. There are no guidelines for sediment treatment and disposal. For comparison, Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines (Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment) are used. The results presented Table 4.5 indicate that high values of lead and nickel are present in the sludge. In sample dredged at Point 10 the nickel concentration exceeds the Target Value 35 mg/kg in Dutch Guidelines for contaminated soils. The results also show that in the sampling Point 2 the concentrations of total chromium, arsenic, cobalt, nickel and zinc were different for the two samples and indicated rather high variation in the local sludge contamination. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 31 Environmental Impact Assessment TABLE 4.5 Analysis of sewage sludge, November 1997. None of the results does not exceed the Dutch Intervention Values for soils. Underlined figures present the maximum concentration of the parameter of all the sampled sites. Parameter Unit Point 2 Point 2 Point 5 Point 6 Point 10 Lowest/ NL'" Nl,' (Sample 2) (Sample 12) Ilighest Target Intervention Value 2 Value 3) Arsenic (As) mg/kg (d.w.) 0.21 1.08 0.23 0.15 1.2 0.15-1.2 29 55 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg (d.w.) 0.12 0.25 0.21 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1-0.25 0.8 12 Chromium mg/kg (d.w.) 1.I 1.3 0.64 %2 1.6 0.27-3.2 (Cr6+) Total mg/kg (d.w.) 3.14 6.69 2.99 24.03 26.88 0.5-26.88 100 380 Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) mg/kg (d.w.) 2.3 <0.1 0.51 2.4 8.96 <0.1-8.96 20 240 Lead(Pb) mg/kg(d.w.) 10.46 11.16 0.63 24.03 71.68 <0.5-71.68 85 530 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg (d.w.) 0.011 0.0143 0.065 0.046 0.0115 0.011-0.065 0.3 10 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg (d.w.) 4.18 0.56 5.55 2.56 53.75 <0.1-53.75 35 210 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg (d.w.) 125.52 18.64 8.54 8.1 30.46 6.87-125.52 140 720 O Dutch Soil Cleanup Guidelines, 1995 (Ministry of Housing, Physical planning and Environment). Standard soil 25 % clay and 10 % organic matter. Average value. 1) Soils in demanding use exceeding Target Value should be cleaned up. 3) Soils exceeding Intervention Value should be cleaned up. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 32 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.6.6 Existing Trang Cat landfill site Previously the collected solid waste from the city of Haiphong has been transported and disposed of at the landfill in Thuong Ly north of Haiphong. Due to the critical waste disposal situation and risk of pollution at the Thuong Ly site, it was closed in 1997. Since then the solid waste has been transported to the new Trang Cat site at a distance of about 11 lkm to southeast of the city centre along Cat Bi airport road to the Cam River (Drawing 2). HPURENCo operates presently 5 ha of the landfill area for municipal waste. For SADCo has been authorised 60 ha landfill area next to existing landfill and in the future SADCo will operate the whole landfill area including the municipal waste areas. In the Trang Cat landfill there is a reservation of 10 ha for sludge treatment: 3 ha for septage treatrnent and 7 ha for sludge treatment. Beside the sludge treatment area, there is an area of 1 ha for leachate treatment ponds. In Trang Cat there is also an area reservation for a future composting plant. The estimated duration of the operation of the Trang Cat landfill is 30 years. 4.6.7 Environmental Setting Many of the environmental problems in Haiphong are widely spread over most of the city area, some are more localised and act mostly as point-source polluters. The coastal delta area has been populated for hundreds of years, because it is favourable for cultivation and the sea is located nearby. Population density is high, with almost no uncultivated or unbuilt space. Even the area of lakes is decreasing because of encroachment for housing purposes. Air emissions in Haiphong mainly originate from industry, traffic, burned coal bricks that are used in households for cooking and burning of waste. There is not yet monitoring of air emissions in Haiphong, and no action has been taken to reduce air pollution. However, in Haiphong there are still plenty of green areas which improve the local air quality. All surface waters around the city centre, except some lakes and ponds and constructed irrigation channels, are saline as the rivers are affected by tidal fluctuation. Public water supply in Haiphong is entirely based on the use of surface water from An Kim Hai system and Da Do River. The river water volumes respond more than four times the present water demand of about 100,000 m3 /d. The impact of daily water intake from the rivers on the river water levels is minimal. However, the quality of surface water can rapidly change and there is always a risk of contamination from different pollutant sources along the nvers. The problems of sanitation and drainage cause the most significant environmental and public health risks in Haiphong. There are no operating wastewater treatment facilities (except a small package treatment plant in Bong Sen village). Two treatment plants have been constructed for hospital effluent, at Children's Hospital and Viet Tiep hospital. These treatment plants have been out of operation for several years. Domestic and industrial wastewater is mainly discharged directly to the channels, lakes, or rivers, where the aquatic SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 33 Environmental Impact Assessment ecosystem provides the only wastewater treatment. The system of lakes and channels also stores storm water during high tide. The sea is the ultimate recipient of the city effluents. The lakes and channels are already overloaded with sewage and their natural cleaning capacity has therefore drastically decreased. They have turned to smelling, heavily polluted and inaestethic water bodies creating amounts of mosquitoes, which cause a-public health risk. Although the collection of recyclable material at the source of generation is quite efficient in Haiphong, the waste collection, recycling, treatment and disposal need further improvements. The main streets in Haiphong are mainly clean of waste, but the back streets and open areas are in many places covered by garbage. Dumpinrg of waste in the ground in urban areas, where it remains for considerable time before being collected, if at all, clogs the drains and causes risks to the environment (contamination of soil, surface and groundwater) and to public health. Reliable statistics on industrial and hazardous wastes are presently lacking and no proper treatment or storage of hazardous waste exists so far. The public awareness on environmental problems has risen in Vietnam during the past few years. However, the complexity of the problems and lack of money have retarded this positive development. 4.7 Population and Socio-economic Environment 4.7.1 Population Forecasts The population forecasts are based on the estimates of the Haiphong Statistics Department (October 1997). The annual population growth is estimated to be 1.8-2.0 %, which has been the growth rate in the past few years. The forecast is presented in Table 4.6. Table 4.6 Population projections for Haiphong, 1996-2015 (Haiphong Statistics Department, October 1997) Area 1996 2000 2005 2010 2015 Urban centre - Hong Bang* 107,330 115,750 125,300 134,130 143,600 - Le Chan 146,250 157,720 170,740 182,760 195,630 - Ngo Quyen 170,400 183,770 198,940 212,940 227,940 Sub-total centre 423,980 457,240 494,980 529,830 567,170 Kien An 69,650 75,120 81,320 87,040 93,170 Do Son 29,480 31,790 34,420 36,840 39,440 Sub-total other urban 99,130 106,910 115,740 123,880 132,610 Sub-total urban .523,110 564,150 610,720 653,710 699,780 Rural districts 1,147,440 1,237,270 1,339,410 1,433,730 1,534,640 Total Haiphong 1,670,550 1,801,420 1,950,130 2,087,440 2,234,420 * Includes Quan Toan and Hung Vuong phuongs in the Vat Cach area (about 16,500 inhabitants in 1996). SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 34 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.7.2 Economic activities The Port The port, which is the biggest seaport in North Vietnam, is one of the major economic activities in Haiphong. The land use on the banks of the Cam River is dominated by the port and port-related activities. The amount of goods handled has been increasing since 1993, being 4,810,000 tons in 1996. The number of visiting ships was about 1,390 in 1996 (74 % foreign ships). Upgrading and extension of the port is going on, a container cargo dock will be constructed in the Chua Ve harbour. Industry Industry in Haiphong is diverse from large basic industries owned by the Central Government to medium- and small-size industries controlled by local authorities, and to small-scale private enterprises. The value of gross industrial production in Haiphong was 3780 billion VND in 1996 (fixed price in 1994) divided with shares of 25.6 % and 74.4 % between the central and local industrial products. The value of total industrial production in 1995 can be divided into different sectors as follows: state-owned 76.3 %, joint venture 10.7 %, and others 13 %. Joint ventures with foreign companies have been allowed since 1993. In 1995, the number of state owned industrial enterprises in Haiphong was 22 (23 in 1993). The number of provincial enterprises was reported to be 75 in 1993. The number of non-state enterprises in 1993 was 6,013 (collectives, individuals, and private enterprises) employing about 33,000 persons. The total number of employees in the industrial sector in Haiphong was about 67,000 in 1993, with a 33 % decrease compared to the year 1989. The division of the labour force was about 14,400 persons in the central and about 53,400 persons in the local industry. The most important industrial sectors include machinery manufacturing, garnent manufacturing, production of construction materials, food processing, and production of chemicals, fertilisers and rubber. Garment manufacturing and food processing are strongly market-driven sectors, which have a high potential in domestic market. As they are labour intensive sectors, the low labour cost in Vietnam provides them with an advantage in international competition with good export opportunities. Production of construction materials as well as production of chemicals and fertilisers have their competitive edge in the local market. Sea transportation facilitates also export. Haiphong City Master Plan proposes to establish new industrial areas outside the city centre. Development is going on in the Vat Cach area, where the Nomura Joint-venture Company has established an industrial zone with a total area of 153 hectares. Another potential development area is the Dinh Vu Economic Zone, east of the city centre. The first phase of the project is anticipated to comprise an industrial park of 164 hectares. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 35 Environmental Impact Assessment Commerce and Tourism In 1993. the value of sales (in retail prices) in Haiphong was about 1,650 billion VND, or 85 % of the total social output. The value of state-run trade was about 462 billion VND. The number of private businesses and trading services (professional and non-professional) was about 31,000. The number of shops and other commercial activities has increased rapidly during the past few years. The number of employed labour taking part professionally in the commercial sector was about 19,000 in 1993. The major tourist attraction areas are Do Son seaside resort and Cat Ba island, which is a natural reserve. Tourism mainly concentrates in Do Son and is subject to very high seasonal fluctuation, the high season being from May to September and the peak month being June. The total output of tourism in 1993 was about 81 billion VND having about 20 % increase from the output in the year 1992. Lately the number of tourist has decreased. Other Activities Apart from industry, port, and commerce, agriculture is one of the cornerstones of the economy of Haiphong. In 1993, the total gross value of agricultural production was 70 % of the industrial output. The annual average growth rate was 9.85 % in the period 1990-1993. During that time the agricultural labour force increased by 25 % and was in 1993 about 394,000 or about 54 % of the total labour force. Agriculture seems to be an important buffer sector in times of economic restructuring. T'he number of primary schools totalled 399 in 1996 and that of secondary schools 35. The total number of pupils in Haiphong was 364,234 in 1996, while about 91,933 of them attended school in the urban centre. The amount of pupils has increased by 29 % through the years 1990-1995. There are five higher education institutes (universities and colleges) and 9 vocational schools in Haiphong, with about 15,970 students in 1996. In addition, about 5,770 technical workers learned in technical worker training schools in 1995. In 1996 there were 19 hospitals in Haiphong with about 3,225 beds. Moreover, there were about 2,400 beds in other medical institutions. The total health service staff in the city was 3,292 in 1996. T'he offices of central and local administration and private enterprises are mainly located in the urban centre. The number of people working in the offices is not known but based on the 1989 statistics on labour force it can be estimated as 5,000-10,000, depending on definition. 41.7.3 Socio-economic review According to the household survey carried out in 1995 by the National Urban Wastewater Collection and Sanitation Strategy for Vietnam (NUSS), the average number of people in the households in Haiphong is 4.9. There are usually two earners in the households. According to the NUSS household survey the monthly income in 1994 was 1,000,000 VND. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 36 Environmental Impact Assessment A small-scale socio-economic study consisting of questionnaires was carried out by HPWSSP with the assistance of SADCo and the local ward authorities. The survey was combined with the first public hearing meetings in six phuongs in Haiphong in January 1998. There were two types of questionnaires: one for the representatives of the ward authorities, and one for the representatives of the households. Seven wards were chosen as sample areas: five in the flooding areas including Cau Dat, Ha Ly, Tran Nguyen Han, May To and Le Loi. and two in the non-flooding areas including Pham Hong Thai and Lac Vien. The ward authorities were contacted and asked to distribute the questionnaires and organise a public meeting where the questionnaires were returned. The study was prepared and carried out simultaneously with the public meetings during January 12-23, 1998. The tat holidays (New Year) were coming very soon, but the ward authorities tried their best to organise the public meetings. However, the ward authorities of Lac Vien cancelled the public meeting in their area at the last moment. Questionnaires Excluding Lac Vien phuong, 65 questionnaires for ward level representatives were distributed, 34 were returned (52 %). Respectively 300 household questionnaires were distributed and 163 (54 %) were returned. The questionnaires are enclosed in Annex 10. The percentage of returned questionnaires differed a little bit in the wards although one of the wards was not located in a severe flooding area. 30 % of the household questionnaires were not properly completed. Because of this, the results give only some general idea on the issue. The respondents are mostly retired men above 50 years old. One interesting finding based on the answers in the questionnaires is, that the respondents could not make a clear difference between the flooding and non-flooding areas and they generally could not tell the amount of floods per year. The environmental problems are the same. The sarnitation conditions are quite the same in the phuongs as well as the income level. Pham Hong Thai phuong (filled questionnaires were received from five ward representatives and 15 households) Ward representatives. Four out of five ward representatives considered the area as a flooding area with more than two floods a year. The floods can last 2 - 4 hours. The ward representatives also recognised all the environmental problems presented in the questionnaire without any clear difference in seriousness. The houses in Pham Hong Thai include: 1. Flat in a multi-storey apartment block with own bathroom, kitchen, and toilet; 2. Flat in a shared house with own bathroom, kitchen, and toilet; 3. Permanent private house with own bathroom, kitchen, and toilet; 4. Temporary private house with shared bathroom, kitchen, and toilet. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 37 Environmental Impact Assessment In general, the houses are managed by the Haiphong Housing Company. There are all categories of households from very poor to rich but mostly the households are average or very poor with average income VND 100,000 - 400,000 per month. About half of the households have a septic tank of 2 m3 with two chambers. Reasons for not having a septic tank are unaffordability and lack of space. Household representatives. There are on average five people in a household, the living area is 5 m2 per person. The odour of wastewater was regarded by the respondents as the biggest environmental problem. 70 % of the households have their own latrine with a septic tank of 1-2 m3. 20 % of the septic tanks are emptied every year. 40 % of the work is carried out by the URENCo. 20 % of the households wished to have their house connected to a sewer system. The respondents are willing to pay 1000 VND/person/month or 5000 VND/month per household as a wastewater fee. 20 % of the respondents answered that they are living in a flooding area. C'au Dat, Ha Ly, Le Loi, and Tran Nguyen Han phuongs Ward representatives. All the environmental problems listed in the questionnaire were recorded, except in Cau Dat the problems of polluted lakes and ponds (there are no lakes in Cau Dat), poor solid waste collection and poor air quality were not recorded. The biggest problems in these wards are, however, polluted lakes and ponds, polluted storm water drains, odour of wastewater, and flooding or overflow, poor solid waste collection, and poor air quality. The average income of the households in these phuongs was 400,000 VND/month, minimum 30,000 VND/month and maximum 1,000,000 VND/month. People were considered mostly average or very poor. About half of the houses in these areas are private houses. Most (50-80%) of them are equipped with septic tanks. The septic tanks are usually 1-2 m3 with two chambers. The reasons for not having a septic tank are unaffordability and lack of space. The respondents considered their ward as a flooding area. More than half of the respondents were also living in the flooding area. The flooding problem occurs several times per year. According to the respondents, the duration of the flood is usually 2-4 hours, sometimes even 4-5 days. Household representatives. The monthly income of the respondents is only 300,000 VND per month. The biggest enviromnental problems in these phuongs are polluted lakes and ponds, polluted storm water drains, odour of wastewater and flooding or overflow. Noise and lack of original nature and animals were also significant problems. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 38 Environmental Impact Assessment The average size of a house is 32 m2'. The living area per person in a house is on an average 5 m2. Most of the houses are private and most of the respondents have their own latrine. About half of the households have a septic tank of 1-2 m3 with two chambers. Most of the septic tanks are emptied when needed or have not been emptied. Usually, the house owner hires URENCo or a worker for emptying the tank. The majority of the respondents are not sure whether they want their house to be connected to a sewer or not. Almost all respondents are willing to pay 5,000 - 10,000 VND per month as wastewater fee. The majority of the respondents considered themselves as living in a flooding area. The flooding problem occurs several times a year. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 V:ietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 39 Environmental Impact Assessment 5 KNALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The proposed project comprises only one main alternative: to implement the project as described in Chapter 2. However, there are different options for dredging works, sludge transportation methods and sludge disposal and treatment, which are described below. 51 Alternatives of Dredging General Lakes and channels in Haiphong are badly silted and the retention and storing capacity for storm water has considerably decreased during the past years, which has together with blocked sewers led to severe flooding problems in the city. The hydraulics studies of the drainage channels, described in the main report, show that the only way to improve the flow capacity of the channels is dredging. Dredging of the channels would also increase the effective storage volume of the regulating lakes. At present, the volume of the regulating lakes cannot be utilised to the maximum extent, because the channel bed levels are much higher than the lake bottoms, preventing effective drainage of lakes. Tlhe main goals with the proposed dredging operations are to increase the effective storage capacity of channels and lakes and to remove the polluted sediments from the channels and lakes. In general, many dredging projects in the world are carried out with polluted sediments, simply because dredging projects and pollution have a strong link to densely populated industrially developed areas. Projects with single dedicated goal of rernoving pollution are rare. However, very little is known of the behaviour of pollutants during dredging operations. This is because environmental conditions during dredging process are very complex and show a high variability in space and time. Dredging related turbidity, as discussed in the previous chapter, often occurs in clouds, indicating steep gradients in suspended sediment concentrations. The turbidity generated by the dredging process depends of the grain or particle sizes of the sediment and can last up to several days. Anthropogenic substances accumulating in aquatic systems are distinguished in two groups: - nutrients - pollutants. T[he pollutants can be divided in two subgroups: - heavy metals - organic micro-pollutants. Heavy metals occur in different modes in aquatic systems. In the free mode of occurrence, metals are transported with the water and they are easily taken up by organisms and generally exert their highest toxicity. Heavy metals can shift from the free mode to three other modes, which differ fundamentally from each other. The processes causing the shifts SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 40 Environmental Impact Assessment are under control of the environmental conditions. Changes in the redox conditions are important, because oxidation causes a shift from one mode to another and vice versa under anoxic conditions. Another important parameter is the pH, which affects also on the changes. The behaviour of organic micro-pollutants during dredging can be limited to the exchange of pollutant between dissolved and particulate states. During dredging, sediment is transferred from its original position to another system. The transfer has at least two effects: 1. Part of the sediment is lost to the water column. This sediment which is contaminated can be dispersed into the adjacent environment forming after sedimentation a new top layer 2. After removal of the dredging layer, the new sediment top layer is exposed to environmental conditions, which differ from the situation prior to dredging. The risks of dredging polluted sediments are primarily related to activities promoting the shift of pollutants from the particulate state into the dissolved state. Dispersion of pollutants may occur in both states. The measures generated in environmental dredging are, in general, directed towards minimal dispersion of particles as follows: - the generation of turbidity can be minimised by using special dredging equipment - the dispersion of generated turbidity to the surroundings can be minimised by the utilisation of silt screens. The release of heavy metals and possible organic micro-pollutants and loose sediments to channels and from here on to the river during dredging works in the lakes can be minimised by preventing water discharge into the channels. The dredging works should be carried out during dry season, when the water level in the lakes usually is lower. The dredging can be carried out in Quan Nga lake with an excavator from the bank sides, but most probably in the other lakes the dredging works will be carried out from pontoons, due to soft sediments on the lake bottoms. The water level in the lakes can additionally be lowered and discharge points closed during the dredging operations. After the dredging works and accumulation of loose sediments it is possible to pump potable water or irrigation water to the lakes. Dredging of Channels The drainage channels will also be dredged during the dry season. The channels will be operated according to normal operation procedures depending on the tides. There will be release of loose sediments, heavy metals and possible micro pollutants into the river water column. But the discharged water will immediately be mixed with the river water and transported by the water flow offshore. The timing of the discharge is, however, important, the discharge during dredging works would be at the same time with the low tide to ensure the transportation of the suspended material offshore. The dredging in the channels will occur in places where it is necessary to improve the hydraulic conditions (in practice all length of the channels). SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnarn - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 41 Environmental Impact Assessment Lake Rehabilitation Prior to lake improvements the sewage discharge has to be reduced. Therefore, collectors are proposed to be constructed around the lakes to prevent the wastewater discharge. It was decided during the Feasibility Study Meeting with the city authorities that the collectors are essential to improve the lake conditions in the first stage in the most heavily polluted lakes. One option is to leave the polluted sediments in the lakes in situ and possibly cover them with for example with sand or clay to separate the polluted sediment from the lake water and improve the water circulation in the lakes, etc. Another option is to treat the sediment with chemicals. However, this option is considered as too costly and there is not enough data of the long-term success of this kind of lake renovation methods. The rehabilitation of lakes will improve the environmental and hygienic conditions of the lakes and decrease the smell of the most polluted lakes. Dredging Methods The dredging method to be used depends on for example the quality of the sediment, the accessibility to the dredging site and the stability of the channel embankment. In general, the dredging along channel banks in densely populated urban areas is very difficult. The method to be used must therefore be selected very carefully to allow access to the site, but at the same time be efficient. The access to the channel must also be prepared, which will in places include construction of maintenance and access roads. Ihere are different dredging methods, which can be considered in the urban areas depending on the channel width and access to the channels: - A hydraulic grab dredger with hopper barges and pusher tug - A hydraulic excavator working on the channel bank - A mini-excavator on swamp tracks and hand borrows. In the rural areas of the project area, there are several dredging methods available for example: - A dragline excavator - Floating suction dredger - Hydraulic excavator with silt bucket - A grab dredger on a pontoon The water content of the sludge is high and it will increase during the dredging operation. Trhe content of solids in the sludge is very low between 10 to 20 %. If suction method is used, the content of solids can be about 10 %. The sludge must be de-watered before transportation to the disposal site. There will be a need of temporary storage for sludge drying before transportation. Options for sludge drying are loading on the channel bank (less preferable due to environmental and health risks), sludge lagoons or to use covered skips lined with geotextile. The skips could be transported to the disposal site after drying. If SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 42 Environmental Impact Assessment suction dredger is used, the sludge disposal site should locate close to the dredging area to avoid booster pumping. During dredging works, there will be a strong odour nuisance to the public as long as the dredging works will take place. The nuisance is of local character. The dredging works will be carried out during dry season when the nuisance of odour will be minimised comparing to rainy seasons when also the sewers are flushed and the odour level is extremely high. It is extremely important to inform the local people in advance about public nuisances during the rehabilitation works. After clean-up measures of the sewers, channels and lakes. the air quality due to sewage removal is expected to be considerably improved. Due to the big demand of land, double handling of sludge and possible foul odour during drying of sludge, it is proposed that the channels and especially lakes are de-watered before dredging and dredged material transported directly to the treatment site. 5.2 Alternatives for Sludge and Septage Disposal, Treatment and Utilisation Disposal and Treatment Possible options for sludge disposal and treatment were the following: 1. disposal into the Cam river or sea, 2. storage in basins and lagoons covered with soil without further utilisation 3. sludge treatment and re-use (fertiliser, landscaping, etc.) depending on the sludge composition 1. Dumping of sludge to the river or to the sea would not be an environmentally viable solution and the local authorities do not approve this alternative. The impacts of eventual sea or river dumping are discussed in more detail in chapter 6. 2. In-situ stabilisation of dredged sludge could be one option to avoid transportation of huge amounts of sediments, but this requires large areas, which are not available in the urban areas. Moreover, it would create odour nuisances and possible uncontrolled escapes of leachate. Due to lack of stability, these areas could not be used for other purposes. 3. The sediments which are removed from the channels can contain high concentrations of heavy metals (highly toxic mercury and cadmium) and bacteria and therefore it can not be re- used in the agriculture. Instead, it can be used after treatment (one year storage in basins or composted with waste, water hyacinth, etc.) to the Trang Cat landfill landscaping works, which is highly recommended, since there is a need of material for landscaping. The treatment in basins will eliminate the bacteria, but not the heavy metals. To treat the heavy metals would be too costly in comparison to the results. The treatment of the sludge should be carefully planned so that the leachate cannot infiltrate to ground and hereby into groundwater. Instead, it should be collected and treated in the landfill area. The landfill leachate should not be recycled in the landfill to prevent possible heavy metal release due to pH lowering. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 43 Enviromnental Impact Assessment The option where sludge will be disposed of and treated in the Trang Cat landfill received the biggest support from the city authorities. Treated and mixed sludge is proposed to be used as cover material for landscaping Trang Cat landfill. A part of the treated sludge could be used as cover material for the closure of already closed old landfill in Thuong Ly. Utilisation of Treated Sludge and Septage From an environmental and economical point of view it is important that the main part of sludge could be re-used. The utilisation of sludge requires the prevention of decomposition of the organic material. Therefore, the sludge should be stabilised to avoid hygienic and odour risks and other public nuisances during transportation and re-use. Stabilisation of sludge with lime is a common stabilisation method for sludge. The sludge from the lakes and channels is rich in nutrients, which is favourable for vegetation and use in green areas. I)ecomposed sludge is commonly used in green areas and in landfill landscaping. The stabilisation with lime increases the pH value of the sludge, the biological activity become slower and the quality of the sludge remains constant i.e. stabile. Main part of pathogenic organisms will be destroyed during lime stabilisation i.e. the stabilised sludge is more hygienic. The main positive impact of lime stabilisation of sludge is the minimisation of odour during dredging, transportation and disposal. Lime stabilisation also coagulates heavy metals in the sludge to a less soluble form. The most contamninated sediments are in channels and lakes and therefore the sludge cannot, even after stabilisation, be used in agriculture. However, there is a need of material for landscaping works in the Trang Cat landfill. The sludge could after stabilisation and mixing with soil be used as a vegetation cover in the landfill. Reference values for landfill landscaping do not exist in the Vietnamese legislation. Reference values from Finnish Environmental Ministry Guidelines (1998) are presented in the following table 5.1. The table presents also European Union (1997) limits for sludge utilisation in agriculture. TABLE 5.1 Reference values for sludge use in agriculture and landscaping purposes eavy Unit Sewage Sediment in Agriculture Landscaping etal sludge channels and (1 (2 lakes Cadmium mg/kg TS <0.1-0.25 2.58-48.13 3.0 10 Chromium mg/kg TS 0.5-26.88 34.90-112.12 .300 600 Mercury mg/kg TS 0.011-0.065 1.39-12.46 1.0 5.0 Nickel mg/kg TS <0.1-53.75 18.32-76.10 100 250 Lead mg/kg TS <0.5-71.68 58.46-604.67 150 300 Zinc mg/kg TS 6.87-125.52 147.35-1353.19 1 500 1) EU (1997) limit for sludge utilisation for agriculture 2) Finnish Ministry of Environment (1998) sludge utilisation for landscaping SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 44 Environmental Impact Assessment Alternatively, the less contaminated part of the sludge can be used for fertilising purposes after conditioning with lime and drying to 30 % consistency. For landfill covering purposes the Guidelines can be exceeded by less than 100 %. The more contaminated part of the sludge could then be used for landfill covering if average values of cadmium, mercury and lead would not exceed 20, 10 and 600 mg/kg TSS, respectively. It will be conditioned with lime and dried before use. 5.3 Alternative 0 Alternative 0 is to leave the project unimplemented. If the project will not be implemented, the situation in Haiphong City will be catastrophic especially in the present flooding areas, because the siltation of sewers will continue and the degradation of present sewerage and drainage system will continue. Moreover, the pollution load in the lakes and channels is already big and may cause serious health problems. The amount of untreated wastewater will increase due to water supply development and phasing out of bucket latrines and conversion to pour flush/flush toilets. The city of Haiphong has no possibility to invest in such a large rehabilitation project, which is urgently needed. At present, the city has a limited budget and it can only rehabilitate minor areas in the city without external funding. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 45 Environmental Impact Assessment 6. IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS All kind of construction works as well as activities related to these, will lead to certain cause (activity) and impacts on the enviromnent. In this EIA-study, we will analyse and specif both the negative and positive enviromnental impacts on the physical, biological and human ernvironment caused by the rehabilitation of sewerage and drainage system. The background for the estimation of impacts is listed in the Chapter 1. Local people's and authorities main opinions have been recorded by, among others, informing of the proposed project during the first public hearing in six phuongs and interviewing people by questionnaires. The main opinions are summarised in different chapters in this report, but mainly presented in the chapter of public consultation. This environmental impact assessment adopts a concise format, where the linkages between environmental issues (or potential impacts), management measures (or mitigation), net effects (or residual impacts) and management information (or monitoring) are made explicitly. A comprehensive sunmnary of these factors and their linkages is presented in the tables at the end of this chapter. These tables provide the basis to develop and implement a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) dealing with all phases of the project. The main impacts in the proposed project area (Hong Bang, La Chan and Ng6 Quyen) will mainly affect the human and aquatic environment, in lesser amount the atmospheric and terrestrial environment. The atmospheric and terrestrial impacts are mainly temporary during construction and rehabilitation works and therefore of short duration. The irnprovement of urban sanitation, which is currently badly hampered by frequent flooding, towards a clean and healthy environment for the population of Haiphong city is essential. The overall impact of the proposed project is positive and it is an important step in improvement of sanitation in Haiphong. This project is the first sanitation project aiming at the rehabilitation of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the city. Improvement of the wastewater collection and prevention of flooding will improve considerably the living and environmental conditions in the area. However, untreated wastewater will still flow in the open channels, which cross the residential areas. The discharge of untreated wastewater to the rivers will continue the contamination of the river water. The negative impacts of untreated wastewater are mainly concentrated in the city area. The concentrations of contaminants will be downstream diluted by the seawater, which enters to the river during high tides. In the next phase the treatment of wastewater should be considered, when the rehabilitation works of the sewerage and drainage system have been carried out. The water use will increase in the city (new water connections, more household facilities, conversion from bucket latrines to flush toilets, etc.) which will increase wastewater amnounts. This has to be taken into account in the designs and when dimensioning the improvements in flood prevention. The installation and regular de-sludging of septic tanks connected to sewers will improve the wastewater quality. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko POyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 46 Environmental Impact Assessment The cause and effect relationship of different activities are discussed below in detail according to the project components. Drainage la. Cleaning. inspection and rehabilitation of the existing combined sewers in the urban centre The pollutants in municipal wastewater as well as in urban storm water are suspended and dissolved solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter, nutrients, oil and grease, toxic substances and pathogenic micro-organisms. The risks of untreated wastewater for human health and natural environment are big. When wastewater is collected, but not properly treated, the same public health hazards exist at the discharge points. The proposed sanitation project will have long-term positive impacts, especially on the human environment: - The flooding in the city will be reduced, - The condition and capacity of sewers will be improved, which will eliminate the discharge of sewage on to the streets, and - The pollution load will be reduced in the regulation lakes (reduced sediment transport) - The health risks and public nuisances due to flooding will hereby decrease. lb. Construction of new combined sewers in critical areas The construction of new combined sewers in critical areas to prevent flooding in the most heavily flooded areas is essential to improve the functioning of the existing sewerage and drainage system. No major negative impacts are anticipated due to this construction work. Only minor temporary public disturbances and nuisances such as short-term noise and dust emissions are expected at the construction site. Amount of traffic will increase during the construction and some congestion is possible in streets. Construction sites can cause problems for public safety if open ditches are not marked and separated properly during the construction. Local business life will get disturbed temporarily, but construction of sewers will increase the value of the area and houses and improve the business possibilities. Ic. Construction of new collectors The regulation lakes in Haiphong, especially the small lakes, are in general in poor condition due to heavy sewage discharge. The pollution of the regulating lakes will be reduced by constructing collectors to prevent sewage discharge from entering into the lakes. The water level in the lakes will be high enough also after intercepting wastewater due the annual mean surplus between precipitation and evaporation is 983 mm, dry season evaporation is only 15 % of the annual total evaporation, upper groundwater level is only about 0.5 - 2.0 from ground surface and it not possible to stop all surface runoff to the lakes. _SIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component 47 Environmental Impact Assessment 1 d. Rehabilitation of Drainage Channels At present, the channels are heavily silted and loaded with solid waste and the hydraulic conditions are therefore hampered. The channels are generally used for illegal waste disposal from the surrounding houses. The odour from the channels is striking and the aesthetic view is unpleasant. Moreover, there is a serious public health risk by contact with water due to the untreated sewage flowing in the channels, which also creates swarms of mosquitoes. The chlannel banks are in places occupied by illegal housing. During dredging, sediment is transferred from its original position to another system. The transfer has at least two effects: 1) Part of the sediment is lost to the water column. This sediment, which is contaminated, can be dispersed into the adjacent environment forming after sedimentation a new top layer; 2) After removal of the dredging layer, the new sediment top layer is exposed to environmental conditions, which differ from the situation prior to dredging. The risks of dredging polluted sediments are primarily related to activities promoting the shift of pollutants from the particulate state into the dissolved state. Dispersion of pollutants may occur in both states. The measures generated in environmental dredging are, in general, directed towards minimal dispersion of particles as follows: the generation of turbidity can be minimised by using special dredging equipment; and the dispersion of generated turbidity to the surroundings can be minimised by the utilisation of silt screens The dredging of channels will cause temporary quality changes in water, which is discharged to the rivers e.g. increased turbidity and release of nutrients. The dredging will be carried out (during dry season, so no big sewage flushes are expected. The negative impacts of dredging on water quality are temporary. The traffic will increase due to the transportation of material from dredged channels and lakes to the treatment site. The Contractor has to make sure that traffic arrangements will be done according to the request, and the disturbance minimised. The noise limit according to the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5949-1995 should be followed. The proposed project component includes rehabilitation of the north-east and south-west channel systems including improvement of the tidal gates. The improvement of tidal gates is essential in the flood control procedures. Many of the tidal gates are in poor condition and the operational practices should be reviewed and improved. The appropriate improvement of tidal gates and their operation will have major positive impacts in the flood control. I e. Rehabilitation of Regulating Lakes As discussed in the previous chapters, the present condition of the lakes is serious. The lakes are heavily polluted and cause public nuisances and health hazards (odour, mosquito swarms, contaminated aquatic plants and fishes, inaestethic view, etc.). At present, due to the hampered condition of the lakes, they are not respected as recreational areas. Instead they have turned to smelling dumping sites with limited storage capacity for wastewater. The city SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 48 Environmental Impact Assessment of Haiphong has tried to improve some of the lakes e.g. Quan Ngua lake by prevention of wastewater discharge and spreading of lime. But due to lack of funds, the efforts are minimal and the duration of the improvement very short-term (only a few days). Due to the limited storage capacity and bad condition of the small lakes, dredging has been considered as one major efficient method together with other improvements (improvemenT of water turnover, etc.) to improve the volume for temporary storing of wastewater during heavy rain and to improve the overall environmental condition of the lakes. If Sludge Disposal and Treatment The estimated total sludge amount of treated sludge will be 100,000 m3. To avoid double handling of material de-watering of channels and especially lakes is recommended, to increase the solid content of sludge to be treated. Possible spills during loading and transportation can be avoided with good management skills. There might be foul odour during the treatment. Risks of occupational health during treatment of sludge and especially during treatment of septage can be avoided with carefully following the treatment and working instructions. The possible high concentrations of heavy metals in the treated sludge will prevent the final use of treated and mixed sludge for agriculture. However, the professional and controlled disposal and treatment of sludge and septage will decrease the pollution risks and improve the health situation. Sewerage 2a. Rehabilitation of sewerage in phuongs The structure of the city is very complex with wide streets in the city centre and residential areas with narrow lanes. In some phuongs illegal houses have been constructed on top of the existing pipes. The sewers are very old and poorly designed. Moreover, they are heavily silted and damaged. During the first public hearing in the phuongs, there were a lot of complains of the unmaintenable situation. The odour from sewers in some phuongs is striking and wastewater is flowing on streets even during dry seasons. Based on the discussions with the ward representatives, most of the phuongs did not have any budget of worth mentioning neither for cleaning or reparation of the sewers. Due to lack of money. only the most urgent mini-improvements could be carried out. 3a.Purchasing equipment for maintenance of the system At present, there is a serious lack of appropriate equipment for inspection, cleaning of sewerage, dredging of channels and lakes and transport of equipment and sludge. The procurement package will be necessary for the rehabilitation works as well as for the regular proper operation and maintenance of the sewerage and drainage systems, provided that training is arranged as proposed in the feasibility study. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 49 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to Ia. Cleaning, Inspection and Rehabilitation of the Existing combined sewers in the urban centre. POTENTIAL MONITFORING, ISSUE EXTENT IMPACTS MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS FOLLOW-UP Air Emissions Local Minimal emissions of NOx, Minimnise dust and traffic emissions by good operation Short term impacts. Not requircd. CO, C02 and particulates from management and site supervision. the engines of the cleaning equipment and traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Dust emissions from traffic related to cleaning and rehabilitation. Strong odour emissions during Use appropriate equipment to prevent overloading of sludge Short term and local impacts. cleaning and transportation and to collect accidental spills. Use tight transportation operations, equipment. Avoid working during rainfall. Noise Vicinity of Short- term noise associated Avoid working in residential areas during the night between 10 Short term impacts Not reqtuired. cleaning with cleaning operations. p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949-1995) equipment Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings Traffic related to and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. rehabilitation. The contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them. Cleaning of Local and Major positive impact due to Significant long-term positive Duringong.tijon and eaintenance sewers regional decrease in sewer overflow and impacts. Reguilar inspection of the condition flooding in residential areas. of sewerage atid drainage system. Improvement of overall Rcgular mo)nitoring of wastewater hygienic anid environmental and surface water quality shall be conditions as well as odour stanlar(l operating practices of nuisances. SAl)Dto and lDt)STl-. Operational and safety stanldards will be met. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 50 Enviromtental Impact Assessment Table 6.1 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to la. Cleaning, Inspection and Rehabilitation of the Existing combined sewers in the urban centre. POTENTIAL MONITORING, ISSUE EXTENT IMPATES MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS FOLLOW-UP Potentially Indirectly lakes, Risk of temporary increase in Avoid working during rainy season or rainfall. Short term impacts Regular monitoring of lakes, Contaminating ponds, channels the pollution load and turbidity chaninels and rivers Substances and and rivers. in the aquatic environment increase of during the cleaning of sewers, turbidity especially during rainfall. Local soil Risk of soil contamination and Use appropriate equipment to prevent overloading of sludge Loig term, bitt mainly local if contamination. groundwater during sludge and collect accidental spills. Prepare a strategy for dealing with mitigative measures are not removal from sewers in unexpected soil contamination. adopted immediately. unpaved areas. Gas Local Risk of worker accidents Safety and health regulations during cleaning of sewers should The implementation of a 1rhere will he an on-going accumulation in caused by gas accumulation in be strictly followed. comprehensive occuipational healtti supervision ot works sewers sewers and other confined and safety program will spaces. Minimise work safety problems by providing appropriate tools, significantly redtice work-related tIhe lProject developer will machinery and protective clothing. hazards to workers. minaiitaii worker safety comiiiitecs and conlduct an audit Fnsure that appropriate working methods arc applied. ii safety operatioiis Traffic Local Increase of traffic during Minimise the nuisance caused by transportation of equipment, The implementation Of traflic In the event of accilenit affecting rehabilitation work which materials and activities, by avoiding transportation on busy restrictionis and iiforniing local the hcaltlh (ir safety of local cause risk of accidents. main streets during rush hours. people will reduice thc risk ol people or workers, the project accidents (Icveloper will cond(ict a Arrange public awareness campaigns to local people before the thorouigin i)tenial investigation of implementation starts. the accidenit SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 51 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.2 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to lb. Construction of new combined sewers in critical areas. POTENTIAL MONIT'ORING, ISSUE EXTENT IMPACTS MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS FOLLOW-UP Air Emissions Local Minimal emissions ofNOx, No measures necessary. Short-term impacts dtirinig Not required. CO, C02 and particulates from construction works. the engines of the construction equipment and traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Dust emissions from traffc related to construction works. Noise Vicinity of Short-term noise associated Avoid working in residential areas during the night between tO Minimal impacts. Not requiired. construction with construction of new p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949-1995) equipment combined sewers. Minimal . short term noise effect in Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings populated areas. and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. The contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them. Potentialiy Vicinity of Various potentially No release of potentially contaminating substance will be Minimal impacts. Iroject developer will inspect Contaminating construction contaminating waste products, permitted and no local disposal will be permitted unless the cotntractor lor compliance with Substances equipment such as lubricants, solvents and contractor can demonstrate that there will be no unacceptable agice(li upon proce(ircs. off-spec fuel, may be adverse environmental impact. accidentally generated and will require proper disposal in an environmentally appropriate manner. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 52 Enviromrental Impact Assessment Table 6.3 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to 1c.Construction of new collectors. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEAStJRES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, Air Emissions Vicinity of Minimal emissions of NOx, No measures necessary. Short-tenm impacts. Not rcquiired. construction CO, C02 and particulates from equipment the engines of the construction equipment and traffic will have Local a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Dust emissions from traffic related to construction works. Water quality Local Overall positive impact on Circulate water from bigger lakes to the smaller lakes or lead Decrease of wastewater odour, Rcgular nlouitorisig of water and quantity water quality. Risk of decrease water from irrigation channels to lakes. improvemenm f water quality and qluility and water level in changes in lakes of lake water level during dry overall environmental conidition ;lakes. season if compensating water is not available. Water quality Regional Increase in the channel water lThe channel water is already polluted and the possible Minimal impacts Rlgulair mo iitori hg of channel and quantity in quantity and somewhat additional increase in pollution level is small. water quiality and quantity channels decrease in water quality. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 53 Environmental Isipact Assessment Table 6.4 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to ld. Rehabilitation of Drainage Channels. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, Air Emissions Vicinity of Minimal emissions of NOx, No measures necessary. Minimal impacts. Not required. rehabilitation CO, C02 and particulates from equipment the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and Local traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Noise Vicinity of Short term noise associated Avoid working in residentiaf areas during the night between 10 Short-term impacts. Not requiired. rehabilitation with rehabilitation of channels. p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949-1995) equipment along Minimal short term noise effect channels in populated areas. Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. L.ocal The contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them. Dredging of Regional Overall positive impacts due to The dredging will be carried out during dry season to avoid big Overall long-term positive impacts. Rcgular monitoring of channels improvement of hydraulic sewage flushes and water quality changes. channels and river att several conditions and capacity of Temporary water quality changes discharge and reference channels. during rehabilitation works. sampling points. Temporary water quality changes during rehabilitation works. No economic losses to fishery are expected. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 54 Enviromnental Impact Assessment Table 6.4 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacis related to Id. Rehabilitation of Drainage Channels. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, Improvement of Land acquisition 85 households along the north- A separate Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been carried Significatit lorig-term effects for Monitoring, public channel banks of a 5 m wide eastem channel and along the out during the Preliminary Design Phase of the Project in resettled people. disclosure and and construction strip between the south-westem channel will be autimn 1998. certification by appropriate of maintenance channel and the resettled. documentation roads buildings. The RAP outlines the principles and procedures to be employed to compensate affected stakeholders for resettlement. Potentially Vicinity of Various potentially No release of potentially contaminating substance will be Minital impacts. Pro ject developer will Contamninating rehabilitation contaminating waste products, permitted and no local disposal will be permitted unless the inspect contractor for Substances equipment. such as lubricants, solvents and contractor can demonstrate that there will be no unacceptable comrpliance withi agreed off-spec fuel, may be adverse environmental impact. uipoil proceduires accidentally generated and will require proper disposal in an environmentally appropriate manner. Channels banks Risk of soil contamination Choice of appropriate working methods and drying methods for ILong term impacts if appropriate and roads during sludge removal from dredged wet sludge is essential. De-watering of channels and mnitigative measures are not channels in unpaved areas and possible mixing with lime. adopted. L.ocal soil along roads. contamination Protective clothing and operational training for workers is llealth hazards (parasitic inlectionis Risk of health hazards of essential. Avoid transportation of sludge duiring rush hours. fromii sludge, etc ) may cause long- contaminated sludge. term impacts. Use tight equipment in transportation of sludge to avoid Short- termi impacts. accidental spills and odour nuisances. Crossing of Along channels Illegal bridges crossing the Construction of bridges or special centralised crossing places Sigiifi cant and onig-term iimpacts l ocal au thorities channels channels will be removed. This over the north-eastern and south-eastem channels lequircoucnts will he will cause public nuisances a(loptcd( since there would he very few official crossing points along the channels. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 55 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.5 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to le. Rehabilitation of Regulating Lakes. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, Air Emissions Vicinity of Minimal emissions of NOx, No measures necessary. Minimal impacts. Not required rehabilitation CO, C02 and particulates from equipment the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and Local traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an infinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Noise Vicinity of Short-term noise associated Avoid working in residential areas during the night between 10 Short-ter-m impacts. Not requiired rehabilitation with rehabilitation works. p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949-1995) equipment. Short term noise effect in populated areas. Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountinigs Local and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. The contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 d1B and train how to use them. Dredging of Thien Nga, Mam Overall improvement of Dredging has been considered as most efficient and cost Major positive impact on the water Regular monitoring of lake water lakes Tom, Quan Ngua hygienic and environmental effective method to improve the environmental condition and qujality and overall environmietital quality. and Sen lakes. conditions of rehabilitated somewhat the hydraulic conditions and storage capacity of the and hygienic conditions. lakes. lakes. Local tong-term positive impacts. Odour during dredging. Dredging during dry season. Short-term negative irmpacts dtiring Temporary drying of lakes. No dredging. valuable or endangered plants or animals. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 56 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.5 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to I e. Rehabilitation of Regulating Lakes. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORING, Potentially Local soil Risk of soil contamination and Use appropriate equipment to prevent overloading of sludge Short term impacts. Regtilar monitoring of lakes, Contaminating contamination. groundwater during sludge tankers and collect accidental spills. chaninels and rivers. Substances removal in unpaved areas. Choice of appropriate working methods and drying methods for dredged wet sludge is essential. De-watering of lakes and Strict suipervisioni of possible mixing sludge with lime. elhahilitation works are reqLired from the contractor. Protective clothing and operational training for workers is essential. Avoid transportation of sludge during rush houirs. lIealth hazards (parasitic infectionis from sludge, etc.) may cauise ling-term Use tight equipment in transportation of sludge to avoid impacts. accidental spills and odour nuisances. Short term impacts SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 57 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.6 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to If. Sludge Disposal and Treatment. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITORIN(, IMPACTS FOLLOW-UiP Sludge Disposal Trang Cat landfill The total volume of sludge to Treatment site has to be constructed according to the design. Regular monitorng of and Treatment, be transported to Trang Cat is Treatment area has to he separated by fence from other landfill fishiing ponds and (am river general Local estimated to be about 100,000 activities. near the landfill area. m'. Disposal of sludge into the river or sea would not be an The leachate from the sludge should be treated before discharge Short-term impacts. environmentally viable to the Cam river. solution. It would cause heavy turbidity, sedimentation and The sludge can be treated with lime to add its buffer capacity high release of nutrients in the and de-waterability. It is estimated that 50-100 kg of lime per recipient water body. cubic meter sludge (SS) is needed. 'I'otal addition of lime to the dredged sludge would be 5,000 - 10,000 tonnes. The sludge can be used after treatment for landscaping purposes L-ong-term positive impact, since at the Trang Cat landfill if the heavy metal concentrations are sludlge can be recycled for under limit values for landscaping standards. 'Ithe sludge can landscaping purposes at the landiill. not be used for agricultural purposes without remediation of heavy metals. . lealth and safety instructions have to be followed to avoid health risks. Transportation Local 100.000 m' of sludge would Use appropriate equipment to prevent overloading of sludge Short-term impacts. Regullar nionitoring of lakes, of sludge require about 2,500 trunk tankers and collect accidental spills. chatinels and rivers. lorries for transportation to the landfill. This will cause public Protective clothing and operational training for workers is nuisance (mainly odour, traffic essential. Avoid transportation of sludge during rush hours. restrictions) and risk of Strict supeivision of accidents along the Use of tight equipment in transportation of sludge to avoid llealth hazards (parasitic inifections tralispottation is rc(jtiiir( transportation routes, accidental spills and odour nuisances. from sludge, etc.) may cause tong- trlon th. conrlitactor. termn impacts. SOIL AND WATEIV Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 58 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.7 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to 2a. Rehabilitation of sewerage in phuiongs. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMFNT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONITOIRING, IMPACTS FOILLOW-UP Air Emissions Vicinity of Minimal emissions of NOx, No measures necessary. Minimal impacts. Not required. rehabilitation CO, C02 and particulates from equipment the engines of the rehabilitation equipment and Local traffic will have a small and a short term effect on local air quality and an intfinitesimal effect on global greenhouse gases. Noise Vicinity of Short-term noise associated Avoid working in rcsidential areas during the night between 10 Short-term impacts. Not - elulifed rehabilitation with rehabilitation works. p.m. to 6 a.m. (TCVN 5949-1995) equipment Short term noise cffct in populated areas. Minimise construction noise by using anti-vibration mountings Local and noise insulation on equipment whenever possible. The contractor has to provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB and train how to use them. Cleaning of Local and Major positive impact due to Significant long-term Purinirg neTation and maintenance: sewers and regional decrease in sewer overflow and positive impacts. Regtila inspection ot the condition of construction of flooding in residential areas. sewerage anit drainage system. new sewers Improvement of overall environmental conditions, Regilar monitiorinig of wastewatcr odour nuisances and decrease an)d s5in facc water quiality shall bc of health risks in residential stanlAdd opciatiiny prnactices Of areas. SA\('o and I)0(S 1I Risk of worker accidents due Protective clothing and operational training for workers is OpciaionaIl anid safety stand(lards will to gas accumulation in sewers essential. bc iTt or by hazardous materials ._______________ discharged into sewers. _OIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 59 Enviromnental Impact Assessment Table 6.8 Identification, Management and Monitoring of Impacts related to 3a. Purchase equipment for maintenance of the system. ISSUE EXTENT POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES NET EFFECTS MONNITORING, IMPACTS FOLLOW-UP Inspection, Regional At present there is a serious Appropriate training for use of equipment and for regular Positive and significant tong-term L2rig liooeratiJn and cleaning, lack of appropriate equipment operation is essential. impacts due to reduction of flooding nlarnnance: dredging and for inspection and cleaning of and environmental pollition. Regular inspection of the transportation sewerage, dredging of channels cond ition of sewerage and equipment and lakes, and transport of drainage systemn. equipment and sludge. Regular monitoring of wastewater arid surface The procurement package will water quality strall be be necessary for the standiard operatirig rehabilitation works as well as practices of SAD5Co and for the regular proper operation DOSTI. Operational and and maintenance of the safety standards will be sewerage and drainage system. met. SCI1L AND WATER Jaakko PSyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 60 Environmental Inpact Assessment 7 MITIGATION MEASURES 7.1 Environmental Management Plan The project consists mainly of cleaning and rehabilitation of existing sewerage and drainage system and construction of new sewers and storm drains in cnrtical areas. The construction works will be implemented in the middle of an active city and may cause considerable public nuisances if not appropriate mitigative measures are adopted already in the preliminary design phase of the project. The mitigative measures, which are outlined in this EIA, will be further developed in a separate Environmental Management Plan (EMP). A separate Environmental Management Plan has been submitted in October 1998 and revised in December 1998 at the end of the preliminary design phase. An EMP will include the project's - commitment to an environmental management system; - plans for mitigation and development; - monitoring activities; - implementation schedule and cost estimates; - plans for integrating the EMP with the project. A project's EMN consists of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during imp -men.ation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. The EMP provides details on proposed work programme and schedules. The EMP helps to ensure that the proposed environmental actions are in phase with the design and rehabilitation work. After discussing and agreeing with the project design engineers, the recommendations will be translated into a simple, practical and action oriented EMP. The EMP identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impact to acceptable levels. The EMP also includes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of necessary mitigation measures and the progress of these. The monitoring section of EMP provides: - a specific description, - technical details of monitoring measures, - methods to be used, - sampling locations, - frequency of measurements, - detection limits, and - definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions, and - monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 61 Environrnental Impact Assessment The EMP estimates any potential environmental impact of the above mentioned measures. Moreover, the EMP provides linkage with any other mitigation plans required for the project (e.g. involuntary resettlement). The EMP covers also the Occupational Health and Safety issues. Costs for all environmentally related mitigation have been developed and included in the E:MP report. Moreover, the plan also includes compensatory measures if the proposed mitigative measures are not feasible or cost-effective. The EMP addresses institutional issues. The main focus is on how to strengthen SADCo so that it not only can run the system in an environmentally sound manner, but also helps in building up community awareness and participation. For the mitigation, monitoring and capacity development the EMP provides an implementation schedule for the measures and the capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP. 7.2 Mitigation Measures during Design, Rehabilitation and Operation The main mitigative measures are summarised below according to measures during the dLesign, rehabilitation and operation phases. A more comprehensive list of mitigation measures is presented in the Environmental Management Plan. The design of the different project components will be carried out taking into consideration environmental standards and minimising adverse environmental impacts on human and biophysical environment by appropriate planning. Beside international standards, the Vietnamese standards: Construction regulation Standard (Article 3.3: Protection of Natural Resources and Environment construction projects and general instructions for designing sewerage and drainage systems) and Standard Branch Sewerage and Drainage System and Works Standard design will be followed. The key mitigation measures are presented in the Feasibility Study Main report and Project Implementation Plan. The following main mitigative measures are addressed: Preliminary and Detailed Design Environmental matters have to be integrated in all the design work and planning of the project. The designing will to be done by minimising the adverse impacts on environment using as much as possible existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and existing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way should be used rather than create new ones. 501L AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 62 Environmental Impact Assessment Channel Dred2in" In the selection of dredging method special attention will be paid to constraints imposed by the wide range of channel cross-sections, the acute access limitations for conventional plant and machinery, the availability of suitable sites for sludge disposal and the operational procedures required for SADCo to improve the situation. The channel dredging will be designed so that the need of site-clearance and the number of households to be resettled are minimised. The location of channels can be slightly changed and material can be excavated from the other bank of channel and use as filling material on the opposite bank if the quality of material is suitable for that purpose. This will minimise the need of transportation of excavated material, too. Based on the hydraulic calculations there is no of widening the channels. The drainage channels will be dredged during the dry season. Construction of bridges or special centralised crossing places over the north-eastem and south-eastern channels should be designed. These bridges would replace the numerous private bridges now crossing the channels, and these bridges have to be removed during the rehabilitation works. Lake Dredging The release of heavy metals and possible organic micro-pollutants and loose sediments to channels and from here on to the river during dredging will be minimised by preventing water discharge into the channels. The dredging works will be carried out during the dry season, when the water level in the lakes is usually lower. The dredging of Quan Ngua can be carried out with an excavator from the bank sides, but most of probably in the other lakes the dredging works will be carried out from the pontoons, due to soft sediments on the lake bottoms. The water level in the lakes can additionally be lowered and discharge points closed during the dredging operations. Because there are no rare or valuable species of animals or plants in the lakes, at least the small lakes can be dried totally. This will decrease the need of de- watering of dredged material and decrease the need of transportation. In the bigger lakes the dredging work can be done step by step so that temporary dam is constructed in the lake and one part of the lake is at first dried and then dredged. Transportation and Treatment of Sludge To speed the sedimentation of sludge during de-watering channels and lakes lime can be used as flocculation chemical. It has been estimated that 50-100 kg of lime per cubic meter SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 V ietram - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 63 Enivironmnental Impact Assessment sludge (SS) would be needed. Total addition of lime to the dredged sludge would be 5,000 - 10,000 tonnes. The groundwork and construction of basins and treatment fields of the sludge, septage and leachate treatment site will be done according to the design. In Trang Cat landfill area is reserved one hectare for leachate treatment in ponds. There will be no circulation of leachate in the treatment site, but leachate from septage and sludge will be collected and treated before discharge to the river. The treatment of the sludge has to be planned so that the leachate can not infiltrate to the ground and hereby into groundwater. Access to sludge treatment and effluent discharge sites will be restricted by constructing fence around the localities to minimise health hazards. Sewerage Design Instructions To prevent the possibility of contamination water supply system a strategy of protection of water pipelines during rehabilitation and construction of sewers has to be prepared. A special attention will be paid to the crossing of water pipes and sewers. It is not allowed to have water pipes going through the sewer manholes or box culverts. If possible the sewers should be designed in the lower level than water pipelines. Public Hearings and Awareness People who will be affected by the project by the resettlement actions along the north-east and south-east channels should be informed before the detailed design phase. The consultants had preliminary discussions of resettlement needs during the first public hearings in six phuongs, but the amount of households and exact location of needed resettlement was unknown the time of the public hearing. Based on the surveys including to RAP altogether 380 households are affected and around 85 households will be resettled or compensated. During the resettlement negotiations compensation options must be fully explained; loss of land livelihood can be compensated by equivalent land or cash or by both. Possible income loss will also be included in the compensation. The resettled people will be fully supported by the extension services, to ensure that they use the compensation money wisely to re- establish themselves as self-sufficient members of the community. The second public hearings will provide more precise information on: - The preliminary / detailed design; - Results of anticipated environmental impacts. This should also include the issue of odour, transportation of truck loads of sludge, transport congestion, the long-term development of community; - Negotiate the resettlement actions and compensations with project affected people. (This matter will be discussed in detail in the separate Resettlement Action Plan.) - Receive additional input and views from the people. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam-r Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 64 Environrnental Impact Assessment Construction The following list covers the main subjects, which need mitigation measures during the construction phase: - minimise dust, litter and public inconvenience by good construction management and site supervision; - minimise construction noise; - anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment should be used when possible; - safety and health regulations during cleaning of sewers, dredging of channels and lakes and safe transport and disposal of sewage, septage and dredged sludge should be strictly followed; - minimising work safety problems by providing appropriate tools, machinery and protective clothing; - ensure that appropriate working methods are applied; - provide ear protectors for workers when noise level in the working place exceeds 85 dB; - local health and safety regulations at work should be followed; - minimise the nuisance caused by transportation of equipment, materials and activities, by avoiding transportation and construction on busy main streets during rush hours and in narrow streets in residential areas during the night; - rehabilitation works and new traffic arrangements during rehabilitation works should be announced to the public regionally in newspapers and radio and locally to the ward representative,s who will inform the residents; - use appropriate equipment to prevent overloading of sludge tankers and to collect accidental spills (sludge, oils from equipment, etc.) during rehabilitation works; - use tight equipment in transportation of sludge to avoid accidental spills; - restrict access to wastewater discharge or sludge treatment/disposal sites where health hazards are unavoidable - leachate from septage and sludge should be collected and treated before discharge to the river; - re-use of septage and sludge is recommended after appropriate treatment to avoid risks to health and environment; - landscape the lake and channel surroundings to create an attractive environment and recreation area for the public Operation and maintenance - regular inspection of the condition of sewerage and drainage system; - prevent solid waste disposal into the channels and lakes; - prevent illegal housing in the lake and channel embankments; - regular monitoring of wastewater and surface water quality (lakes, discharge points) shall be standard operating practices of SADCo and DOSTE: - meet operational and safety standards SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 65 Environmental Impact Assessment 7.3 Sludge Treatment In Trang Cat landfill area there is reserved 7 hectares for sludge treatment, 3 hectares for septage treatment and one hectare for leachate treatment in ponds. There will be no circulation of leachate in the treatment site, but leachate from septage and sludge will be collected and treated before discharge to the river. The treatment of the sludge has to be planned so that the leachate can not infiltrate to the ground and hereby into groundwater. The principle of sludge treatment and basic of preliminary design of treatment site and methods is presented in Annex 4. The groundwork and construction of basins and treatment fields of the sludge, septage and leachate treatment site has to be done according to the design. Access to treatment site has to be restricted by constructing fence around the site to minimise health hazards. During the operation the operation instructions for sludge and septage treatment method have tc) be followed. Workers have to use protective measures to avoid skin or eye contact and inhalation has to be use during dusty work periods, e.g. during drying of the sludge, loading and unloading of the dried sludge and any direct contact with the sludge. Proper PVC gloves have to be used as well as mask and goggles to protect face and eyes. It is recommended that pregnant women are not working with the sediments because the high chromium concentrations. TIhe sludge dredged from channels and lakes can contain high concentrations of heavy metals and bacteria and therefore can not be used in agriculture. However, it is recommended be used after treatment and mixing with sand to the Trang Cat landfill landscaping works. 7.4 Occupational Health and Safety General TRhe Occupational health and safety hazards in sludge dredging, transport and disposal are related to noise, dust, and chemicals in the dredged sludge. Inorganic dust OHS limit (EU) in the work place air is 10 mg/rn3 during 8 hours, organic dust limit is 5 mg/m3 during 8 hours and 10 mgtm3 during 15 minutes. Heavy metal found in the sludge in great concentrations were lead, zinc, mercury, cadmium, chromium and nickel. The lead is dangerous when swallowed and exposure to great concentrations through skin contact, inhaling or swallowing may cause lead poisoning. Mercury is extremely toxic wheh swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin contact. OHS limit in the work place air for mercury is 0.05 mg/m3 during 8 hours. Chromium causes irritation or corrosion through skin contact or inhalation. It may cause cancer. Mineral oils may include benzene and toluene, which are irritating to eyes, skin and mucuous membranes. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 66 Envirornental Impact Assessment Arsenic is toxic when swallowed or inhaled. It may be absorbed through skin contact. It is present in such small concentrations that it would not alone cause hazards. Protective measures to avoid skin or eye contact and inhalation is recommended for the workers during dusty work periods, i.e. during drying of the sludge. loading and unloading of the dried sludge and any direct contact with the sludge. Proper gloves made out of PVC are recommended as well as mask protecting the face and eyes and provided with gas filter. It is recommended that pregnant women are not working with the sediments because of the high chromium (Cr) concentrations. Only authorised personnel should be able to enter the work areas. The workers should wear ear protection when the noise levels exceed 85 dB. Cleaning of sewers Safety and health regulations during cleaning of sewers, dredging of channels and lakes and safe transport and disposal of sewage, septage and dredged sludge should be strictly followed. Working in manhole chambers and sewers is dangerous. With the potential for restricted entry and exit, reduced oxygen levels and the presence of flammable or toxic gases they are classed as confined spaces. Pockets of gas can quickly released by the disturbance of sludge during maintenance operations. It is always better for operatives to avoid confined spaces wherever possible but, where entry to manholes and sewers is unavoidable, safety precautions must be taken. Special attention has to be paid to flammable gas (methane), toxic gases (hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide) and virus and bacteria, which cause diseases like Hepatitis A and Leptospirosis. Methane (CH4), which is produced by rotting vegetation in sewers and landfill sites, has an increased speed of reaction at higher temperatures but has no smell, taste nor colour. It is less dense than air so accumulates in spaces with no ventilation and can be trapped in manholes and sewers. At concentration from 5 % to 15 % it is highly explosive and will be ignited by cigarettes, matches or sparks from hand tools and electrical equipment. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is produced by the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and has an increased speed of reaction at higher temperatures. In low concentrations it smells of rotten eggs but not in higher concentrations when it is rapidly fatal through paralysis. At concentrations from 4 % - 46 % it is explosive. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is produced in the exhaust of intemal combustion engines but has no smell, taste nor colour. Being absorbed by the blood more readily than oxygen, it quickly reduces oxygen supply to the brain and vital organs. It produces headaches, nausea and dizziness in low concentrations but induces a feeling of euphoria, quickly followed by loss of consciousness and death in higher concentrations. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project Haiphong Component 67 Environmental Impact Assessment Precautions to diseases are to wear personal protective equipment, wash unprotected cuts quickly in clean water, avoid immersion in sewage and bath after exposure. The disease must be diagnosed early for treatment to be effective, otherwise it can become difficult to treat and rapidly fatal. The minimum number of manpower for entry to a confined space is three; a top man, a bottom man and, if the bottom man enters the sewer, a link man. The top man must maintain contact with the link man and bottom man in case trouble develops, know who is in the confined space and recognise early signs of danger by watching for hazards inside and out. He must also maintain clear access to and from confined space. If required the top man must call for rescue and operate the winch, remaining outside the confined space until help arrives. The bottom man must wear a harness and be attached to a lifeline, carry a gas detector as well as breathing apparatus and obey instructions from the top man. Concerning safe systems of work systems require provision and training in the use of: - Gas detection instruments, which continuously monitor a confined space atrnosphere, providing visual and audible alarrns, for oxygen deficiency, methane, hydrogen suiphide and carbon monoxide. Instruments require regular checking and calibration to remain effective. Breathing apparatus as escape sets providing ten minutes of fresh air supply for operatives underground in the event of a gas warning and rescue sets for standby operatives on the surface with a longer air supply in the event of operatives below ground requiring assistance. Personal protective equipment to guard against the risk of injury or disease includes safety helmet, overalls, safety knee or thigh boots, gloves, safety hand larnp, safety harness with ropes and escape tripod with hoist. 7.5 Institutional Arrangements Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCo) is the organisation responsible for the Haiphong Sanitation Project as agent of Haiphong People's Committee. For practical day-to- day work of this project SADCo will set up a Component Implementation Unit (CRU). The present Project Management Unit (PMU) is the general unit, which is handling also other projects at the same time. The future SADCo will be the operator of the public sewerage and drainage system contracted by HPPC through a relevant administrative organisation in its area of jurisdiction (Hong Bang, Ngo Quyen and Le Chan). The area will expand in accordance with the expansion of the service (Kien An, Do Son and Vat Cach). SADCo is to remain as a public service company i.e. the revenues will be adjusted to cover the operation and maintenance costs and depreciation of predefined assets. HPPC will be advisory to SADCo. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 68 Environmental Impact Assessment SADCo's main service area is the public municipal area e.g. regulation lakes, channels, sewers and drains and facilities related to these. The property owners own the house connections and septic tanks. SADCo will also in near future operate the whole landfill area at Trang Cat including municipal solid waste landfill areas. The target for SADCo is to operate and maintain the sewerage and drainage system in an environmentally sound manner. Considering the current state of affairs of SADCo the rehabilitation project and sustainable operations thereafter call for design and implementation of a comprehensive human resource development and institutional strengthening programme, which should be carefully matched with the absorption capacity of SADCo. Most of the proposed institutional strengthening is related to the general management and administration and technical matters, which have indirect impact on environment. The Operation and Maintenance Development has also impact on the environmental matters. However, without proper general management skills it is not possible to implement the environmental mitigation measures. Summarising, the institutional strengthening during the project should include: Corporate management and financial management development: - Corporate structure and corporate management development - Development of financial management, accounting and management information - Human resources development and training Operation and maintenance development - Development of s0werage and drainage system operations and structure - Improvement of sewerage and drainage system and customer records - Establishment of O&M guidelines - Improvement of customer register, billing and collection and customer relations management - Development of equipment maintenance Project and construction management In phuong level involvement in establishment and updating of records, revenue collection and monitoring of compliance with environmnental regulations should be strengthened. It is envisaged that the Human Resources Development strategy will consist of three basic approaches: direct provision of training services; building up the internal capacity of SADCo to plan, organise and implement training and development programme; and improving human resource management. The direct provision of training services will ensure that there will be adequately skilled staff to supervise the planning and construction activities of the project and to operate, maintain and manage new sewerage and sludge and septage treatment facilities. The primary target of the training will be staff and officers directly involved in project implementation and field staff performing daily operation and maintenance activities. Training will be given partly through technical assistance component of the project and partly through the ongoing Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakka Poyry Group December 1998 Viemnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 69 Environmental Impact Assessment 8. MONITORING The monitoring for the sanitation project is mainly based on the environmental standards of Vietnam (1995). There are no specific standards for the contamination of soil, except the limits for maximum concentration of pesticides and fertilisers. The following Vietnamese standards are recommended to be followed up: - monitoring system for the air quality (TCVN 5937-1995, 5940-1995), - surface water quality standard (TCVN 5942-1995), - allowed limitation values of some parameters and concentration of polluting substances in coastal areas (TCVN 5943-1995), - allowed limitation values of parameters and concentration of chemical compounds in industrial waste waters (TCVN 5945-1995), - requirements to the use of wastewater and their sludge for watering and fertilising purposes (TCVN 5298-1995), - groundwater quality standard (TCVN 5944-1995), - allowed limitation values for road motor vehicle noise (TCVN 5948-1995) and noise in public and residential areas (TCVN 5949-1995). The main standards to be followed up are enclosed in Annex 5. The untreated wastewater is discharged into the Lach Tray and Camn rivers. There is no long- tern follow-up of the water quality in the rivers. DOSTE has an ongoing monitoring program of Cam River water quality, but the duration is only one year. HPWSSP carried out water sampling in upstream and downstream points in both Cam River and Lach Tray River in January 1998 to receive additional baseline data. The analysis results both from the DOSTE's program and I{PWSSP study can be used as baseline data for further river water quality monitoring. The monitoring of river quality should be continuous at certain sample stations such as discharge points and reference points. An appropriate monitoring program for monitoring of the river water quality is needed. The monitoring should be normal routines of environmental authorities i.e. DOSTE. The funding of the monitoring is proposed to be with the help from the Haiphong City. The water quality in the irrigation and drainage channels and the lakes should be regularly monitored. The responsible authority for monitoring could be DOSTE, but the funding of this monitoring should be provided by SADCo. DOSTE and SADCo should carry out a monitoring programme. Monitoring of sewage and septage should be carried out regularly and especially if the sewage/septage is used as fertiliser. The end product, after appropriate treatment (septage treatment, composting, etc.), should be regularly analysed to eliminate the health risks. The responsible authority for the monitoring is DOSTE. SADCo should provide the funding of the monitoring. Water, sludge, and septage analyses should be carried out in experienced authorised laboratories. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 70 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 8.1 Proposed Monitoring Programmes of the Project Type of Number of Frequency / Phase Needed Responsible monitoring samples equipment organisation supply I Safety during lot During the work / Contractor i construction IConstruction l I Safety during lot During the work / Gas detector SADCo operation operation Desibel meter Lake and 9 in lakes 2/ year / SADCo / Hired channel 6 in channels operation laboratory Sludge and 1 raw sludge 2/ year / SADCo / Hired sewage 1 treated operation laboratory Leachate 1 from pond I / month / SADCo / Hired 1 effluent operation laboratory Groundwater borehole 2 / year / SADCo / Hired in Trang Cat operation laboratory Hydrological lot 1 / day during dry season Water level SADCo Monitoring / operation gauges I / hour during rainy season / operation SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 71 Environmental Impact Assessment 9 NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS During the base line data collection for the EIA-Study and the Feasibility Study, several objects were identified as important to be studied in more detail within the preliminary and detailed design phase. Sludge treatment and disposal To avoid environmental and health risks, the quality of the sludge to be dredged has been analysed before the final decision of treatment and disposal method. However, the possibility to use the sludge from the lakes and channels in the landscaping of the present landfill in Thuong Ly for closure operations or in the new landfill in Trang Cat as daily cover material should be studied in the design phase. Ihe septage can be used as fertiliser in agriculture provided that the bacteria have been removed. The septage quality studies have been started in autumn 1998, but should continue during detail design phase. The treatment time needed as well as the quality of the product should be assessed. In HPWSSP is proposed to be done pilot field trials for sludge disposal. For the needs of septage management system the existing septic tank situation will be surveyed including location, type, access and condition of the septic tanks. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko PByry Group December 1998 Vietam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 72 Environmental Impact Assessment 10 COST ESTIMATES Most of the costs for mitigative measures created by environmental demands are already included in the investment costs of the proposed project, or they should be part of normal operation and maintenance procedures. Equipment needed for appropriate monitoring during construction and operation of the project are included in the estimated project costs divided in different components. The total project costs including investments, construction management and technical assistance (including duties and taxes, physical and price contingencies) are estimated to be in January 1999 USD 41.164 of which 1.50 million USD for revolving fund. The mitigation costs is estimated to be roughly 24 % of the base costs. The additional investigations created by environmental demands (Chapter 9) and raise of public awareness are as follows: - Recommended additional sludge quality studies related to sludge and septage treatment and disposal in preliminary/detailed design phase. Cost estimation USD 9,000. Funding from Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Design Project. - Recommended Monitoring of irrigation and drainage channels and regulating lakes, cost estimation USD 15,000 - 20,000 per year. Funding from SADCo's O&M budget - Recommended public awareness campaigns of impacts (and prohibition) of waste disposal in lakes and channels and illegal housing, cost estimation USD 20,000 - 40,000 (depending of the method; TV, radio, signs, schools, etc.). Funding from HPWSSP. For Technical Assistance component of the project has been allocated 2.11 million USD for studies, advisory services and training. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietmam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component 73 Environmental Impact Assessment 11 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND CONSULTATION 11.1 General The World Bank's Operational Directive (OD 4.01) on Environmental Impact Assessment requires that affected groups and local NGOs to be informed and consulted as a part of the EIA preparation during at least two stages of the EIA-process: shortly after the EA category has been assigned and after the draft EIA-report has been prepared. Proper consultation is a requirement for ETA category A projects. Participation should be enabled during project preparation under certain conditions and is generally recommended as part of implementation. Projects that require involuntary resettlement (OD 4.30), consultation on social issues should be included. 11.2 Key principles 'The overall goals of the public consultation and disclosure are to inform all stakeholders (interested and project affected parties) about the important aspects of the proposed project and solicit their comments, ideas and concems. Further objectives include: - to commence consultations at the earliest stages of the project, in order to establish an open and participatory process; - to care that groups being consulted are representative including representatives of women and youth associations, ethnic and religious minorities; - to enhance previously acquired knowledge of stakeholder concems; - to employ culturally and socially appropriate consultation methods and provide all written materials and reports and orally in Vietnamese; - to utilise several different, complementary methods of receiving public input such as individual and public meetings, opinion surveys and document review; - to document the comments of the stakeholders; - to communicate information received from the stakeholders to the technical/design team members, and ensure that legitimate concerns are addressed appropriately; and - to file the ETA document in the communities affected by the project for public review and comments - to continue to consult the public prior to, and during the construction, operation and maintenance phases of project development. 11.3 Regulations and Requirements The World Bank, like other donors, lenders and governments around the world, have recognised that many planned interventions in the past have led to undesirable impacts, often exacerbating economic inequalities and socio-political injustices. As such, these agencies have, for the past few years, been developing guidelines to ensure that meaningful consultation occurs, whereby relevant information is provided to the stakeholders and their inputs are encouraged. The World Bank's guideline entitled "Guidance for Preparation of a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP)" requires both public consultation and SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viemam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 74 Environmental Impact Assessment public disclosure by the project sponsors in the preparation of an environmental assessment. This plan should: - Describe the local requirements for consultation and disclosure; - Identify key stakeholder groups; - Provide strategy and timetable for sharing information and consulting with each of these groups during various phases of the project; - Describe resources and responsibilities for implementing the PCDP activities; and - Detail reporting and documentation of consultation and disclosure activities. Accordingly, a public consultation program should be designed and implemented to meet the World Bank policies and standards and contribute to the overall EIA process. According to the World Bank requirements, the PCDP should set out a public consultation program in several stages: 1. During the early scoping phase, before the terms of reference for the Category A EIA are finalised 2. Once the Category A EIA has been prepared; and 3. During the construction and operation phases 11.4 Public Consultation Approach and Methodology The overall goal of the public consultation is to inform the project affected people about the important aspects of the proposed project and build a trust-based communication framework. The method chosen for the consultation with the affected groups was consultation with the local authorities: - city authorities during Feasibility Study Meeting on January 20, 1998, - DOSTE, - ward (phuong) authorities (generally Chair-man, Vice Chairman, Party Secretary, cum level representatives) in 7 phuongs the companies: - URENCo and SADCo the public: - first public hearing in 6 phuongs (the 7h phuong cancelled) - questionnaires: - -small-scale ward authority and household study. There were two types of questionnaires; one for the ward authorities and one for the household representatives. The questionnaire models are enclosed in Annex 10. 11.5 Public Hearing When the public consultation was arranged, the SADCo had not decided which phuongs would be included in the project. Therefore, seven wards were chosen as sample areas; five in flooding areas (Cau Dat, Ha Ly, Tran Nguyen Han, May To and Le Loi) and two in non- flooding areas (Pham Hong Thai and Lac Vien). SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 75 Environmental Impact Assessment Ihe ward authorities were contacted and asked to distribute household questionnaires and organise a public hearing where the questionnaires were returned. The results of the questionnaires are presented in Chapter 4, Baseline data. The EIA-team and SADCo representative arranged the public hearings in the different phuongs during January 12-23.1.1998. The main issues discussed during the first round of public meetings were as follows: - informing of the present sewerage and drainage situation in the city area, - apprise the people of the project and its general plans e.g. informing of the proposed sanitation project, - informing of the EIA-procedure and the studies related to the EIA, - advise them of the public meetings, - time schedule of the project. The public hearing was open for all.interested people. A total of 329 people attended the hearings in six phuongs, varying between 20 to 120 people in different phuongs. The names of the attendants in the public hearings are enclosed in Annex 11. After informing, opinions and discussions between the interest groups were carried out. The opinions were recorded. Generally, the attendants of the public hearing welcomed the project, but the disappointment was quite big when they realised that the project could not be implemented before year 2000. Their desire for immediate actions was great. The people in Ha Ly phuong live in the most severe flooding area. Ha Ly area is located between two bridges. During war the area was heavily bombed and the sewerage system was destroyed. According to the public no proper sewer planning or sewer master plan has been carried out. The people considered that they are living in a heavily polluted flooding area. The people in the area are very poor and the proposed wastewater fee was regarded too high compared with their income (minimum proposed fee 5,000-10,000 VND/month). Also the people in Cau Dat phuong live in an area which is heavily flooded (50-70 cm) during heavy rainfall. According to the public, they have already electricity, water supply, and bucket latrines but they lack proper sewerage and drainage system. They complained of the flooding and smell. One opinion was that the dirty wastewater from the septic tank overflows during heavy rainfall and therefore the bucket latrine programme was not considered as appropriate. Pham Hong Thai phuong has less flooding problems than the other six phuongs. However, the sewerage and drainage system is old, small and silted. The main opinions considered the general environmental conditions; difficulties in solid waste collection, air emissions, Tam Bac lake's poor condition, etc. May To area is also considered as one of the severe flooding areas in Haiphong. The sewerage and drainage system is in poor condition. Illegal housing and waste disposal in the Thien Nga Lake reduce lake capacity and cause pollution. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Viettam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 76 Environmental Impact Assessment Tran Nguyen Han is also one of the flooding areas. People complained of bad smell and flooding of wastewater even without rainfall. The existing sewers need to be cleaned and rehabilitated. Le Loi phuong is not in the flooding area, but suffer of heavily polluted Mom Tom Lake. The lake creates amounts of mosquitoes, which attack households and nursery. Also wishes concerning the lake capacity improvements were received. A second public hearing will be arranged in March - April 1999 during the detailed design in all those phuongs, which are included in the project. The second meetings should provide more precise information on: - the preliminary/detailed design - the results of anticipated environmental impacts. This should also include the issue of odour, transportation of truck loads of sludge, transport congestion, the long term development of community - negotiate the resettlement actions and compensation with project affected people (north- eastem and south-eastern channels). This will be discussed in detail in the separate Resettlement Action Plan - receive additional input and views from the people. The 3d round of meetings should be arranged during the construction phase 2001 - 2004, will handle the views of the project affected people with respect to the overall project are solicited. SOIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Annex 1 Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX I EIA TEAM 50IL ANUD WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Annex I Environmental Impact Assessment EIA TEAM Ms. Karita Aker, Senior Environmental Expert, EIA-Superviser Dr. Esa Renko, Sanitary Engineer Adviser Ms. Tran Minh Anh Thu, Water and Sanitation Engineer, Community Development & Socio-economy Ms. Pham Thi Van Lan, Water and Sanitation Engineer, Scio-economy Ms. Hoa An, SADCO's representative in phuong contacts and public hearings 5UIL ANLi WVATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Saamtation Vroject, nalpnong uomponeni - E.nvironmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 2 LIST OF CONTACTS 5UILAI WATAR- Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 v ietnam - ,anniaaon rroujco, r-iapnong wompUiiciL Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF CONTACTS Department of Science, Technology and Environment of Haiphong City (DOSTE) Mr. Phuc Haiphong Institute of Oceanology, Laboratory Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company Director, Dr. Nguyen Ba Can Phuong Cau Dat People's Committee Chairman, Mr. Dinh Vice chairman, Mr. Tinh Phuong Ha Ly People's Committee Secretary of Phuong Party Committee and Chairmnan of Phuong PC, Mr. Nhgia Vice-chairman, Mr. Loi Phuong Lac Vien People's Committee Chairrnan Vice-chairmnan Phuong Le Loi People's Committee Chairman, Mr. Khiem Vice-chairnan, Mr. Ky Phuong civil work staff, Mr. Thang Phuong May To People's Committee Chairman, Mr. Pham Van Hai Vice-chairmnan Phuong Pham Hong Thai People's Committee Secretary of Phuong Party Committee, Mr. Linh Chairman of Pham Hong Thai PC, Mr. Boi (Phuong civil work staff) Phuong Tran Nguyen Han People's Committee Chairman, Mr. Cat Small-scale Phuong Level Representative and Household Survey Phuong Level Representative's Questionnaire, respondents: - Representatives at Cau Dat phuong - Representatives at Ha Ly Phuong - Representatives at Le Loi Phuong - Representatives at May To Phuong - Representatives at Pham Hong Thai Phuong - Representatives at Tran nguyen Han Phuong SOIL AND WATI-R Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - aniiaiion rroJect, nialpnong uomponclt Environmental Impact Assessment Housebold questionnaire, respondents: - Households at Cau Dat Phuong - Households at Ha Ly Phuong - Households at Le Loi Phuong - Households at May To Phuong - Households at Pham Hong Thai Phuong - Households at Tran Nguyen Han Phuong SCIL ANIU WATER Jaakko Pbyry Group December 1998 vietnam - banhLdLiuil rlUJC%L, ZlaipiiUi0i '.U1i1PUji.,L Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 3 REFERENCES 501L ANI;I WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation kroject, halpnong Uomponent AnneX D Environmental Impact Assessment REFERENCES In English: Binnie and Partners, SMEC, AACM International Pty Ltd., Delft Hydraulics: Red River Delta Master Plan (VIE/89/034). Environment working paper. World Bank, 1993. Commission of the European Communities: Draft Directive on the Landfill Waste, 1997. Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical planning and Environment: Soil Protection Guidelines, 1995 Finnish Ministry of Environment: Collection of Solid Waste Laws, 1998. Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme: Preliminary Design Report. Low-cost alternative Sanitary Landfill, October 1995. Feasibility Study ! Final Reports, Volumes 1 - 2 and 4, November 1995 -"-: 1A project. Investment proposal for World Bank Loan, November 1995. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment: Environmental Law. Hanoi, 1993. Environmental Criteria. Hanoi, 1993. Documents of setting up a Report on Environmental Impact Assessment. Hanoi, 1995. -"-: Environmental Standards. Volume I and II. Hanoi, 1995. World Bank, AusAid, Ministry of Construction: Water Supply and Sanitation Guidelines project, GL006: Environmental Impact, June 1997. World Bank: Operational Directive 4.30 Involuntary Resettlement. The World Bank Operational Manual. Manual Transmittal Memorandum. 1990. -"-: Operational Directive 4.01 Environmental Assessment. The World Bank Operational Manual. Operational Directive. 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. Volume II, Sectoral Guidelines. Environment Department. World Bank Paper Number 140, 1991. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1991. 501L ANL0 WATFR Jaakko Payry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haipnong c-omponent Environmental Impact Assessment In Vietnamese: Mai Dinh Yen: Some data of fish and fauna of some estuaries and the productivity of brackish water aquaculture for different lakes of the North of Vietnam. National Symposium on Marine Resources of Vietnam. Hanoi, 1971. Preliminary planning for the first marine National Park: Halong - Cat Ba. Seminar on National Park and Nature Reserve of Vietnam. Hanoi, 1994. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment: Red Data Book of Vietnam. Volume I Animals. Hanoi, 1992. Ministry of Fisheries: National Scientific Seminar for Surveys and Development of Brackish Water Resources and Aquaculture for the North of Vietnam. Hanoi, 1966. National Environment Agency: Instruction for Guidance on Setting up ad Appraising the Report of Environmental Impact Assessment to the direct Foreign Investment Project. No. 715/Q-Mog. Hanoi, 1995. National Centre for Natural Sciences: Sea of Vietnam. Volume IV. Biological Resources and Marine Ecosystems. Hanoi, 1994. Nguyen Duo Cu: Geochemistry pattems of the sediment of litoral beaches in the Haiphong - Duang Yen one. Thesis of Doctor of Sciences in Geology. University of Hanoi, 1993. Pham Nguyen Hong: Ecological and Distribution Patterns of Flora and Coastal Vegetation of North Vietnam. Scientific Journal of Universities of Vietnam, 1970. -"-: Reports on the Experiences in Brackish Water Aquaculture of the Communities: Namn Hai, Dong Giang, Dong Hai - An Hai district. Haiphong, 1968. 5IL AND WATER Jaakko Pbyry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component iArLex 4 Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 4 PRELIMINARY PLAN OF SLUDGE AND SEPTAGE TREATMENT AND UTILISATION AT TRANG CAT LANDFILL SITE 5UIL ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vitemam - Sanitation vroject Environmental Impact Assessment PRELIMINARY PLAN OF SLUDGE UTILIZATION AT LANDFILL SITE 1. INTRODUCTION Aim of this plan was to find a cost effective, safe, reliable and environmentally acceptable way of treating and utilizing the sludge from sewerage system and septic tanks. Aim was also to calculate the costs of sludge treatment constructions. The removal of sludge from sewerage drainage system is suggested to be performed in a three-year period. The removal is supposed to start at the year 2001. Simultaneously septic tanks are emptied as usual. Filling of first temporary 5-hectare area in a Trang Cat landfill started in the beginning of 1998. The area will be filled in 2-3 years. Thus covering and landscaping of the first area needs to be started in the year 2001. 2. SLUDGE AND SEPTIC TANK SLUDGE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION Sludge from sewerage system and septic tanks should be collected and treated during dry season. At the moment SADCo takes care of transferring septic tank sludge to the landfill site. The contractor for sewerage sludge transportation will be decided separately. Dump trucks and tank trucks of the contractor will transport the sludge from sewerage system to the Trang Cat landfill area and empty the sludge to basins, which will work both as reception area and first stage of sludge treatment. There are three basins, which will be used in tur. Transported sludge from sewerage system contains at the average 30 % of TSS. In case the loads of dry sludge (TSS over 40 %) are transported to the landfill site, dump trucks should empty their loads straight to a sewerage sludge field. Septic tank sludge from households, hotels etc. is planned to be transported straight to the composting field where it is composted. 3. AMOUNT AND QUALITY OF SLUDGE FROM SEWERAGE SYSTEM AND SEPTIC TANKS The total amount to of sludge from sewerage and drainage system and lakes that must be treated in the Trang Cat landfill is estimated to be around 100,00 m3. The sludge from sewerage system consists mostly of sand and dirt from the streets and slurry from the houses having septic tanks. The de-watered sludge from sewerage system contains approximately 20-60 % solid material (TSS). Most of the suspended solid material is mineral because organic material is already decomposed and the sludge contains a lot of sand from the SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 v lemam - zannauLoul rruJ ~. Environmental Impact Assessment streets. The amount of volatile solids (VSS) of TSS is low, about 30-40 %, which makes the material heavy and dense. The average quality of sludge from sewerage system is calculated from analyzes done from 14 samples taken from 14 places in Haiphong area November 1997. The amount and average quality of the sludge from sewerage system is shown in table 1. The heavy metal concentration in the sludge from sewerage system is low. Also the amount of nutrients (N and P) as well as the N:P ratio is low. From the septic tanks it is collected approximately 21 000 m3 of sludge per year (see Table 3.1). Moisture content in the septic tank sludge varies depending how often the tank is emptied. Households, hotels etc use sanitation services infrequently because of costs. Therefore the sludge stays long time in the tanks and degrades. At the average the suspended solid content of septic tank sludge is estimated to be 30 %, and most of the easily degradable organic material is decomposed before the sludge is transferred to the landfill site. Table 3.1 Quality of sludge from sewerage system according to 14 samples analyzed in November -97 |Sludge |Amount| TSS |VSS/ As Cd I Cr" |mCo |mPb | Hg Ni Zn I N I P ( m3) TSS 1mg/k&b,~ mg/k&, mgk-g&y gtkgdy mgkgdY g/kgy mg/kge,,y mglkgd, mg/kgdy mgtkg& Sludge from sewerage system (sewerage sludge) canals & sewerage | |TSS 6%0 VSS% flJ l l to landfill 60000 20-60| 42 0,3 0,1 1,0 1,2 5,9 0,025 2,3 25,5 476,6 162,7 ponds and lakes 5 iTSS% VS 0o°I - - - 620_ 3 to landfill 35000 20-60 30 0,8 0,0 1,1 7,1 62,0 0,015 37,4 23,1 257,6 260,6 Septic ta nk sludge (na= not analvzed) septic tanks/a TSS % VSS% 1 1 to landfill 21 000 30 70 na Ina na na na na na na na na Altogther 07 a a 34,2 177,8 To landfill 116000 _ 4. PROPOSAL FOR TREATMENT 4.1 Sludge from sewerage system The sludge from sewerage system from the canals, sewerage systems and lakes is first drained in the basins. Each basin is loaded in turn for one week, the sludge is drained in basins for one week and the removal of the sludge from sewerage system is estimated to last for one week. No sludge is added to basins after they have been filled or during unload. After drainage the TSS content in the sludge should be over 30 % in other words the sludge can be shoveled. From the basin the sewerage sludge is transferred to a field to be treated further. For transferring sludge a wheel-based front-loader is needed. Unloading of one basin by front loader will take about one week. At the field the sludge from sewerage system is clamped in stacks (height approximately 1,5 m, width 5 m) side by side. During clamping black sand is added to the sludge. The mixing SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 V I.enam - 6dnluLAUU rloJcCL -L . Environmental Impact Assessment ratio of sand and sludge is 1:3 (by volume). The time reserved for mixing, storage and unloading the sludge is two weeks. After the sand addition the moisture content should be low enough for the sludge to be transferred to the landfill area. The mixture can be used as cover material at the landfill area when the TSS content is over 40 %. 4.2 Septic tank sludge The septic tank sludge is composted. Composting and maturing the compost takes place at a separate field. The field area is dimensioned for treating all septic tank sludge. Therefore space needs to be reserved for screening the mature compost. A.t the field septic tank sludge is mixed with solid waste in ratio of 1:1 (by volume). The waste is used while normal support material is not available. The waste picked out for composting should contain high amount of biodegradable material. Waste makes compost more porous, gives nutrients and easily biodegradable carbon for microbes. Beside the field there must be reserved space for storing organic solid waste. The septic tank sludge is composted for two months time. To aerate the compost the stacks need io be dug over once. Because of that space must be left between the compost stacks. After two months compost is removed to maturing field for four months time. During nmaturing the stacks can be placed side by side. Mature compost is screened with 20-30 cm screener and used as uppermost substrate layer when landscaping the landfill area. The principle of sewerage sludge and septic tank sludge treatment can be seen from the Figure 4.1. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 V letnam - banitalion rbyjeciL Environmental Impact Assessment - 1 ~~~Basins X c_ * 3 basins CD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a* used in tu * week for filling, week for storage and week for unload Compost field Maturing Mixing field: l mix septic tank * time 4 months * sand addition sludge and waste \ sieving the read , * time 2 weeks * time 2 months / compost Ditch of drainage water S= r o \/ v 0+ Landfill Figure 4.1 Principle of sewerage sludge and septic tank sludge treatment. 4.3 Dimensioning and Constructions Dimensioning of Sewerage Sludge Basins At the landfill area there are planned three basins. Basin areas are sized according to the storage of three-week sludge from sewerage system. From that time loading and unloading takes two weeks. The area needed for each basin is approximately 830 M2 (see Table 4.1). Table 4.1. Dimensioning basins Basins for sludge from sewerage system Sludge amount (m'lday) 117 Load+storage+unload (day) 21 Basin height (m) g Basin area (m) 2500 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 v temamr- 6anitL4LoU riUJC:L Eiivironmental Impact Assessment The space between basins is 3 m, and in front of the basins is needed 7 m wide area for traffic arrangements. C'onstructions At the bottom of basins there is a 0,1-0,2 m thick sand layer. Plastic drainage pipes are placed over the sand every. The pipes are placed every 1-3 meters at the gradient of at least I %. Over the pipes is laid 0,3-0,4 m layer of crushed stones (4 15-40 mm). Over the stone layer are laid two layers of bamboo mat. Uppermost is a 0,5-m layer of black sand. At least one side of the basin embankment should be constructed to the declivity of 1:4. That enables to drive with front-loaders to the basin. Other banks may be constructed to the declivity of 1:1. The depth of the basin is 1 m. The drainage water is collected in to the ditch flowing to the biological pond for wastewater treatment. A map of locating treatment operations at Trang Cat landfill area is presented in Drawing 1. Dimensioning Sewerage Sludge Field The field for sludge from sewerage system is sized according to two weeks storage of sludge. Thus the field area for sludge storage needs to be approximately 2300 m2. The need of sewerage sludge field area is calculated in Table 4.2. Table 4.2. Area needfor sewerage sludge and sand mixing and storage Sludge from sewerage system field Period of sewarage sludge removal in years 3 Sewerage sludge amount (m'/day) 117 Detention time (day) 14 Stack height (m) 1 Field area (mi) 1650 Surroundings (m') 650 Total (m') 2300 Dimensioning Septic Tank Sludge Field Composting septic tank sludge and maturing of compost should be carried out at a field. At the field septic tank sludge is mixed with solid waste and clamped. After two months the compost is moved to the maturing area where the compost is stored for 4 months. The area needed for composting is 5000 m and for maturing and screening 6300 m2. The calculations are shown in tables 4.3 and 4.4. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Table 4.3 Area neededfor composting. Table 4.4 Area neededfor maturing the compost Active comiposting area Maturing and screening ActiveComposting area (Time (days) 120 Septic tank sludge (i') I 3000 CompostJ(m) 6000 Volume together (m') 6000 Volume together (m') 3000 Stack height (m) 1,2 Field area (m-) 1 5000 Stack height (m) 0,75 Surroudiarea (m-) 5000 Field area (rn') 4000 Surroundings (m-) 1100 Surroundings (m') 1000 Screenin m- 200 Total (m') 5000 Total (mi) 6300 An area of 400 m2 must be reserved for storing organic material-rich solid waste beside the composting field. The area needed for sludge from sewerage system and sand mixing and storage, septic tank 2 sludge composting and maturing and screening the compost is altogether 13 600 m . The place (400 m2) for storing organic material -rich waste does not need any special construction. Constructions of Treatment Fields The constructions of the sewerage sludge septic tank sludge treatment fields are alike. The base of the field is inclined at the gradient of at least 1 %. A sand layer of 0,1-0,2 m is spread on the leveled bottom. A 0,3-0,4 m layer of crushed stones (o 15-40 mm) and two layers of bamboo mat are laid over the sand. Uppermost is 0,5-m layer of black sand. The drainage water from the fields is collected into the ditch flowing to the biological pond for wastewater treatment. The location of treatment operations at Trang Cat landfill area is presented on a Drawing 1. 5. SLUDGE UTILIZATION The dried sewerage sludge should as far as possible be used as cover material at Trang Cat landfill. First 0,1 m layer is added straight over the waste. Wells for gas collection must be built over the 0,1 m layer. A 0,9-m layer of treated sewerage sludge can be laid after that. It must be notified that 0,9-m thickness calls for the sludge to be rather dry and hard enough. If the material is after the treatment still soft the thickness must be reduced. At the moment there is in use the temporary landfill area of 5 ha. This part will be closed in the year 2000-2001 and there will be needed 50 000 m3 of cover material. The rest of the landfill area is 10 ha and the need of cover material is there 100 000 m3. It, however, takes about 5 years before first parts need to be covered. A 0,5 m substrate layer for plants is needed over the cover material. Compost of sludge and waste can be used as uppermost layer. The need of substrate for the 5 ha area is 25,000 m3 and SOIL ANID WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 rrLvlronmenLa ilipC1 1 i ian;L for the 10 ha area 50,000 m3 substrate after the year 2005. The need for cover material and substrate is calculated in Table 5.1. Table 5.1. Material neededfor landscaping the Trang Cat landfill area Destination area Cover (m') Substrate (mi) Area in use (5 ha.) 50 000 25 000 Landfill area (10 ha.) 100 000 50 000 Total 150 000 75 000 Time schedule of sludge from sewerage system and compost formation and need for cover material and substrate is presented in Figure 5.1. 160000 _ 14000 - Amount of compost a 140000 -Amount of treated sewerage sludge. 120000 @ -.-Need for cover+substrate_e 120000 - .- Amount of treated sewerage sludge and compost 1 100000 - mount of surpius sewerage En' sludge and compost , .__ E 80000 . 0 60000 40000 20000 _ - 0 _ 0 0 0 0 CD 0C0 0 0D 0 00 C4 C4 r4 r4 C4 fot Nu e4 *>4 es N NN e C. 4 N CS4 e4 eS N 4 .L E t ~ 8 ° *L E r ~ E ° *- E E - 8° lime Figure 5.1 Time scheduleforformation and needfor the cover material and substrate. All the sludge from sewerage system can not be used as cover material at the landfill site. The surplus is about 50,000 m3. This surplus is stored after treatment in mounds over the landscaped temporary landfill area. The material can be used later on for covering the 10 ha landfill area. Either can all the compost be used as substrate at the first 5 ha landfill area. Before the new 10 ha part needs landscaping the compost must either be used for other purposes or stored at the landfill area. After landscaping the area is not hard enough for heavy machines. 501L AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Llilv III illich-1 laLrJ>aisvs 6. MACHINERY One wheel based front loader (operation weight 12 tons) is needed for transferrng the sewerage sludge from the basins to the sludge field. The mixture of sand and sludge must be transferred from the field to the landfill by dump truck (loading capacity of 10 m3). At the composting field is needed an excavator for making the stacks, digging them over and transferring the stacks to the maturing field. Excavator is also needed for shredding and screening the mature compost. This work takes at the average 200 workdays per year. Thus the excavator can also be used for loading the dump truck at the sludge field. The operation weight of the excavator should be 15-20 tons. Separate equipment is needed for mixing, shredding and screening the compost. One type of mixer/screener/crusher that could be used at the compost field and for loading the dump track is presented in Figure 6.1. The contractor at the Trang Cat landfill site should have a bulldozer (15 t) for landscaping. processing device for mixing, screening and Figure 6.1 Example ofprocessing equipmentfor mixing, screening and crushing compost. SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Ehrvironmentat impact Assessment 7. COSTS The construction costs of basins and field area are estimated to be 2,335,000 million VND. The calculations are shown in Tables 7.1 and 7.2. T'able 7.1 Construction costs for basins Constructions/basins Dimensioning Price (mVDN) basin area 2500 m2 0 bottom leveling 3700 m' 40000 sand layer 740 30000 drainage pipes 1300 m 160000 crushed stones 1000 m 84000 bamboo mat 5000 m' 135000 black sand 2000 m' 75000 Total 210 MVDN/m' 524 000 Table 7.2 Construction costs for sewerage sludge and septic tank sludge treatment field Constructions/septic tank Dimensioning Price sludge treatment and sewerage (mVDN) sludge+sand mixing field area 13600 mn1 0 bottom leveling 6800 m'1 72000 sand layer 4100 m 163000 crushed stones 5400 m' 453000 bamnboo mat (two times) 27200 m' 735000 black sand 10100 m' 405000 iTotal 135 mVDN/mh 1828000 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Tranc Cot laridfill SlucIge dispc scl cnd treatmem t z D m : 4 B'zC A¢ < . . ~~ex pa n-ion: # et ; 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~ac p t£l ssil jARe D~~~~~~~~~~~0 co oton Bf X X . x X > 4~~m CL n Stvr_age W=X:~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ 30 ori C ,l Vietnam - Sanitation Project, 1-laiphong Component Fnvironmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 5 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS 50IL AND WATtR Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 TCVN 5942 - 1995 Table 1 - Parameter limits and maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in surface water NO Parameter and substance Unit Limitation value A B 1 pH vaiue 6 . 8,5 5,5 - 9 2 BOD5 (200C) mg/l < 4 < 25. 3 COD mg/l < 10 < 35 4 Dissolved oxygen mg/l > 6 > 2 5 Suspended solids mg/I 20 80 6 Arsen mg/i 0,05 0,1 7 Barium mg/I 1 4 8 Cadimium mg/l 0,01 0,02 9 Lead mg/l 0.05 0,1 10 Chromium, Hexavalent mg/Il 0.05 0,05 11 Chromium, Trivalent mg/l 0.1 1 12 Copper mg/I 0,1 1 13 Zinc mg/A 1 2 14 Manganese mg/l 0,1 0,8 15 Nickel mg/I 0,1 1 16 Iron mg/l 1 2 17. Mercury mgA 0,001 0,002 18 Tin mg/l 1 2 19 Ammonia (as N) mg/l 0,05 1 20 Fluoride mg/l 1 1,5 21 Nitrate (as N) mg/l 10 15 22 Nitrite (as N) mg/I 0,01 0,05 - 23 Cyanide mg/l 0,01 0,05 24 Phenol compounds mg/l 0,001 0,02 48 TCVN 5942 - 1995 Table 1 (conciuded) NO Parameter and substance Unit Limitation value |_________________ _____ A 1 B 25 Oil and grease mg/l not detectable 0,3 26 Detergent mg/l 0,5 0,5 27 Coliform MPN/100ml 5000 10000 28 Total pesticides mg/l 0,15 0,15 (except DDT) 29 DDT mg/l 0,01 0,01 30 Gross alpha activity Bq/l 0.1 0,1 31 Gross beta activity Bq/1 1,0 1,0 Note - Values in the column A are applied to the surface water using for source of domestic water supply with appropriate treatments - Values in the column B are applied to the surface water using for the purposes other than domestic water supply Ouality criteria of water for aquatic life are specified in a separate standard. 49 TCVN 5943-1995 Tabiel - Parameter limits and allowable concentrations of pollutants in coastal water Limitation values NO Parameter and Unit Bathing Aquatic Others- substance and cultivatian recreation area area 1 Temperature °C 30 2 Odor unobjection- -able 3 pH value 6,5, 8,5 6,5 8,5 6,5 * 8,5 4 Disolved solid axt mgA > 4 > 5 > 4 5 BOD5 (200C) mg/I <20 <10 <20 6 Suspended solid mg/I *25 50 200 7 Arsen mgz 0,05 0,01 0,05 8 Ammonia (as N) mgA 0,1 0,5 0,5 9 Cadmium mgA 0,005 0,005 0,01 10 Lead mgA 0,1 0,05 0,1 11 Chromium (VI) mg/i 0,05 0,05 0,05 12 Chromium (III) mgA 0,1 0,1 0,2 13 Chloride mgA - 0,01 14 Copper mgA 0,02 0,01 0,02 15 Fluoride mgA 1,5 1,5 1,5 16 Zinc mg/A 0,1 ;;0,01 0,1 17 Manganese mgA 0,1 . 0,1 0,1 18 Iron mgA 0,1 0,1 0,3 19 Mercury mgA 0,005 0,005 0,01 20 Sulfide mgA 0,01 0,005 0,01 21 Cyanide mgA 0.01 0,01 0,02 22 Phenol compounds mgA 0,001 0,001 0,002 23 Oil and fat film mgA none none 0,3 24 Oil and fat suspension mgA 2 1 5 25 Total pesticides mgA 0,05 0,01 0,05 26 Coliform MPN/1100ml 1000 1000 1000 54 TCVN 5944 - 1995 Table I - Parameter limits and maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in ground water NO Parameter and pollutant Unit Limitation value 1 pH value 6,5 8,5 2 Colour Pt - Co 5*50 3 Hardness ( as CaCO3) mgA 300 . 500 4 Total solids mg/I 750 . 1500 5 Arsenic mg/I 0,05 6 Cadmium mg/l 0,01 7 Chloride mg/I 200. 600 8 Lead mgA 0,05 9 Chromium (VI) mgA 0,05 10 Cyanide mg/A 0,01 11 Copper mr_1 1,0 12 Fluoride mgA 1,0. 13 Zink mgA 5,0 14 Manganese mgA 0,1 . 0,5 15 Nitrate mgA 4.5 16 Phenol compound mg/A - ,001 17 Iron mgfl 1 5 18 Sulphate mgA 200 400 19 Mercury mgA 0,001 20 Selenium mgA/ 0,01 21 Fecal coli MPN/100 ml Not detectable 22 Coliform MPN/100 ml 3 58 TCVN,5945 -1995 Table 1 - Industrial waste water Limit values of parameters and maximum allowable concentration of pollutants NO Parameters and Unit Limitation values substances A B C 1 Tennperature °C 40 40 45 2 pH value 6 + 9 5,5 * 9 5 * 9 3 BOO5 (200C) mg/l 20 50 100 4 COD mg/I 50 100 400 5 Suspended solids mg/l 50 100 200 6 Arsenic mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5 7 Cadmium mg/li 0,01 0,02 0,5 8 Lead mg/I *0,1 0,5 1 9 Residual Chlorine- mgA 1 2 2 10 Chromium (VI) mg/I 0,05 0,1 0,5 11 Chromium (III) mgA/ 0,2 1 2 12 Mineral oil and fat mg/l Not 1 5 detectable 13 Animal-vegetable fat and oil mg/l 5 10 30 14 Copper mg/l 0,2 1 5 15 Zinc mgA 1 2 5 16 Manganese mgA 0,2 1 5 J7 Nickel mg/i 0,2 1 2 18 Organic phosphorous mg/i 0,2 0,5 1 19 Total phosphorous mg/Il 4 6 8 20 Iron mgA 1 5 10 21 Tetrachlorethylene mgA 0,02 0,1 0,1 22 Tin mgA 0,2 1 5 23 Mercury mgA 0,005 0,005 0,01 24 Total nitrogen mgA 30 60 60 25 Trichlorethylene mgA 0,05 0,3 0,3 26 Arnmonia (as N) mgA 0,1 1 10 27 Fluoride mg/i 1 2 5 28 Phenol mgA 0,001 0,05 1 29 Sulfide mgA 0,2 0,5 1 30 Cyanide mgA 0,05 0,1 0,2 31 Coliform MPN/1 00ml 5000 10000 32 Gross a activity BgA 0,1 0,1 33 Gross p activity BqA 1,0 1,0 63 VIETNAM STANDARD TCVN 5948 - 1995 ACOUSTICS ROAD MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE MAXIMUM PERMITTED NOISE LEVEL I Scope 1.1 This standard specifies maximum permitted noise level emitted by motor vehicle when operating on road. In this standard " motor vehicle " means any description of vehicle propelled by means of mechanism contained within itself and constructed or adapted so as to be capable of being used on roads. 1.2 This standard is applied to control of noise level emitted by motor vehicles. 2 Limitation values The maximum level of noise emitted by motor vehicles shall not be exceeded the noise level prescribed in the table. 267 TCVN 5948- 1995 NO Category of vehicles Maximum noisc level permitted (dBA) 1 Motorcycles, cylinder capacity (CC) of the 80 engine does not exceed 125 cm3 2 Motorcycles, CC of the engine exceeds 85 125 cm3 3 Motorized tricycles 85 4 Cars, taxi, passenger vehicle for the 80 carriage of not more than 12 passengers 5 Passenger vehicle constructed for the 85 carriage of more than 12 passengers 6 Truck, permitted maximum weight does 85 not exceed 3,5 tonnes 7 Truck, permitted maximum weight exceed 87 3,5 tonnes 8 Truck, engine is more than 150 kW 88 9 Tractor, or any other truck not elsewhere 90 classified or described in this column of the table Note'- Noise level test for motor vehicles is specified in relevant current TCVNs. ?88 VIETNAM STANDARD TCVN 5949 - 1995 ACOUSTICS NOISE IN PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS MAXIMUM PERMITTED NOISE LEVEL 1 Scope 1.1 This standard specifies maximum permitted-noise level in environment of public and residential areas. In this standard, "noise" means unpleasant or physiological harmful sound that is emitted or caused by any source resulting from man's activities 1.2 This standard is applied to control of noise level of any source or activity that emitted noise into the environmental of public and residential areas. 2 Limitation values 2.1 In the public and residential area, no activities of production, trade or of service or entertainment, etc. shall emit or cause noise level exceeded the noise level prescribed in the table 271 TCVN 5949 - 1995 Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential areas - dB (A) Period of time iNO Area From 6h AM From 18h to 22h From 22h to 18h to 6h AM 1Quiet areas: * Hospitals Libraries Sanatoria 5 54 Kindergartens, schools 2 Residential area: Hotels, administration offices 60 55 45 Houses, apartment houses, etc. 3 Commercial and service areas and mix 70 70 50 4 Small industrial factories intermingling in 75 70 50 residential areas 2.2 Noise measurement method for determination of noise level is specified in current TCVNs. 272 Victnam Standard TCV\ 5298 - 1995 tj J\} } L 1 i4 4 Jf 2 n/^llw LA / /ffiwGJ Fis Review Requirements to the Use of Waste Waters and their Sludge for Watering and Fertilising Purpose 1. Field of Using This standard defines general experiment for using of wastewater and sludge for watering and fertilising purpose. This standard applied during planning for using wastewater and sludge in agriculture as well as during plannung for construction of wastewater teatment facilines. 2. Requirements to wastewater and sludge 2.2 Wastewater and sludge do not content harmful and toxic matters. eggs of ascarids. worms as well as bacteria exceeding allowed limits. 2.3 Content of salt, interrelationship between cations and anions should be at such limit so that it does not badlv impact on physical and chemical properties of soil. growth of cultures as well as quality of agricultural products. 2.4 Sludge can be used for fertilising only after removal of toxic matters. 2.5 Using of wastewater and sludge should be defined by epidemiological and hygienic institution and environment management authority in each concrete case. 3. Requirements to using of wastewater and sludge 3.1 Norms for using of wastewater and sludge for watering and fertilising are calculated in each concrete condition with consideration on local soil condition, types of cultures. their water and uourish demand. 3.2 During watering and fertilising with wastewater and sludge. following aspects should be taken into consideration: - total amount of matters included in water - physical and chemical properties of soil - water regime of soil - level of ground water - time interval between watering and crops 3.3 During watering with wastewater and sludge following conditions to be followed: - slope of watered area should be verv small - base soil has to have good filtering abilities - watering is not allowed in the areas where geological cracks and risks of infiltration to groundwater are possible 3.4 Project for regulating of running flow is needed in order to prevent flow running out from watered area. 3.5 Populated areas, transport highways as well as water projects must be separted from watered area by sanitation protection zone. Planting of forest along external border line of watered field is needed in order to protect populated areas, industrial areas and surrounding areas for rest 3.6 On the areas, where watering and fertilising is used, creation of conditions for complete disintegration of toxic matters, eggs of worms and bacteria is needed. It can be done by ensuring optimal air and water system and improvement of physical. chemical and biological properties of soil. I -- - - p--LiUis 'i QJIL, L1P11U16 \-0iiponent Annex 0 Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 6 RIVER WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 1997-1998 501L ANIWu WATER Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 --W< QUIANG NINH PROVINCE T3LIYNGUYENS Vt WATES PNG OINT ----- - ----'--( nN LAO SL \ | KIEN AN OlSTRlcT t AN HAI DIKIRN IHUY_0 < w v ; m \ KIEN lhtif D15 g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~WATER SAMPLING POINT DA DO RivE (D\< (JANUARY 1998) THAI SINN O4DU AN VE SINH MOI TRUONG VIETNAMU VIETNA: Sanitalion Project Nghien cuu kho Ihi Haiphong Haiphong Component, reasibiliIy Study CAC DIEM tAY KW NUOC SOtKi SAHJPUOH OF MUR WATER AtMALYS Ty le: 1:200000 Ban e 50 Scle: 1:200000 | Drawing No: Ngoy: 1-23-1998 Dfo ° HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel :84-31-846523 Fax:84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 1 ( Upstream of Cua Cam River) Sampling Time :13h 10'. 16 January 1998 Depth of water level: 10 m Status of climate: cloudy, it is not rain Status of water surface: turbid water, ebb tide No Parameter Unit Result Surface. Bottom _______________ Layer layer 1 Temperature °C 22.4 22.1 2 pH 7.73 7.83 3 Conductivity mS/cm 3.53 4.99 4 Turbidity FTU 44 53 5 BOD5 mg/I 2.0 2.5 6 COD mg/l 5.2 5.4 7 N- total mg/i 0.498 0.532 8 P-total mg/i 0.630 0.620 9 Nitrate(NO3 ) mg/I 0.201 0.209 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/l 0.178 0.198 11 Sulfate (So42-) mg/i 192 186 12 Oil in water mg/l 0.7 0.6 13 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/l 7.0 6.8 14 E. Coli E.Coli/100ml 2,400 930 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dieu HIO HAi PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel : 84-31-846523 Fax : 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station :2 on Cua Cam River ( near May Den) Sampling Time :15h30' 16 January, 1998 Depth of water level: 5m Status of climate: cloudy, no rain Status of water surface: ebb tide , turbid water and oil film No Parameter Unit Result Surface Bottom Layer layer 1 Temperature °C 22.0 21.6 2 pH 7.78 7.85 3 Conductivity mS/cm 11.42 15.68 4 Turbidity FTU 88 110 5 BOD5 mg/l 2.4 3.6 6 COD mg/l 5.4 10.8 7 N- total mg/l 0.751 0.747 8 P-total mgll 0.87 0.85 9 Nitrate(NO3 ) mg/l 0.294 0.297 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/I 0.298 0.304 11 Sulfate (SO42-) mg/l 424 670 12 Oil in water mg/i 1.1 0.8 13 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/i 7.3 14.2 14 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 46.000 2.400 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dicu 2 HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Hlaiphong City, Viet Nam Tel: 84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station :3 on the Cua Cam River (downstream) Sampling Time :1 8h30' 16 January 1998 Depth of water level: 4 m Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface: ebb tide, turbid water and strong current to the sea No Parameter Unit Result Surface Bottom _______ Layer Layer I Temperature °C 21.0 21.2 2 pH 7.9 7.91 3 Conductivity mS/cm 11.70 16.60 4 Turbidity FTU 133 137 5 BOD5 mg/l 1.6 1.3 6 COD mg/l 6.0 6.3 7 N- total mg/l 0.379 0.380 8 P-total mg/Q 0.59 0.57 9 Nitrate(NO3) mg/I 0.169 0.174 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/Q 0.165 0.189 11 Sulfate (SO4 2) mg/Q 710 730 12 Oil in water mg/i 0.5 0.4 13 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/l 8.2 8.7 14 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 2.400 2.400 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dieu 3 HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel :84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 4( Upstream of Lach Tray River) Sampling Time :1 3hOO'. 16 January 1998 Depth of water level: 11 m Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface: turbid water and a little domestic garbage ebb tide with strong current to the sea No Parameter Unit Result Surface Bottom Layer Layer 1 Temperature °C 22.3 22.7 2 pH 7.62 7.67 3 Conductivity mS/cm 9.89 9.63 4 Turbidity FTU 127 182 5 BODS mg/l 3.4 3.5 6 COD mg/I 5.8 6.2 7 N- total mg/I 0.744 0.741 8 P-total mg/l 0.66 0.55 9 Nitrate(NO30) mg/l 0.220 0.264 10 Ammonium(NH4*) mg/l 0.339 0.352 11 Sulfate (SO42) mg/l 315 371 12 Oil in water mg/l 0.3 0.2 13 l'otal Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/l 7.5 8.6 14 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 4,600 2,400 Hcad of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dicu 4 HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel 84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 5 on the Lach Tray River Sampling Time :5ShOO . 16 January 1998 Depth of water level: 4 m Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface: turbid water and a little bargare. There is bad smell No 1 Parameter Unit Resuit Surface Bottom Layer Layer 1 Temperature °C 22.3 22.7 2 pH 7.76 7.78 3 Conductivity mS/cm 9.13 9.11 4 Turbidity FTU 116 227 s BOD5 mg/l 2.7 3.2 6 COD mg/l 7.7 8.6 7 N- total mg/I 0.713 0.622 8 P-total mg/l 0.63 0.57 9 Nitrate(NO3) mg/l 0.270 0.226 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/I 0.256 0.241 11 Sulfate (SO42') mg/l 385 440 12 Oil in water mg/i 0.5 0.2 13 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/l 10.1 11.8 14 E. Coli E.Coli/100ml 110,000 2,400 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dieu 5 HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel 84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-646521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 6 (on Lach Tray River) Sampling Time :1 5h 00'. 16 January 1998 Depth of water level: 6 m Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface: ebb tide with strong current to the sea, turbid water and oil film and a little domestic rubbish No Parameter Unit Result Surface Bottom Layer Layer 1 Temperature OC 21.3 21.5 2 pH 7.85 7.88 3 Conductivity mS/cm 12.8 13.4 4 Turbidity FTU 90 265 5 BOD5 mg/I 3.2 3.7 6 COD mg/l 13.2 14.7 7 N- total mg/l 0.510 0.506 8 P-total mg/l 0.67 0.70 9 Nitrate(NO3) mg/l 0.222 0.198 10 Ammonium(NH4') mg/I 0.208 0.210 11 Sulfate (SO42) mg/I 544 584 12 Oil in water mg/l 0.2 0.1 13 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/I 18.0 17.5 14 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 460,000 240,000 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dieu 6 HID HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY, 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel : 84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 7( Upstream of An Kim Hai Channel) Sampling Time :9h 40'. 17 January 1998 Status of climate: cloudy, not rain Status of water surface: water with light yellow colour and spinach grown at two banks of channel No Parameter Unit Result 1 Temperature °C 20.6 2 pH 7.11 3 Conductivity mS/cm 0.509 4 Turbidity FTU 27 5 BOD5 mg/l 4.1 6 COD mg/I 15.8 7 N- total mg/I 0.658 8 P-total mg/I 0.72 9 Nitrate(NO3 ) mg/l 0.192 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/lI 0.437 11 Sulfate (SO423 mg/l 80 12 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/I 22.1 13 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 460,000 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dicu 7 HiO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, /faiphong City, Viet Nam Tel: 84-31-846523 Fax: 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 8( at Dong Quoc Binh Drain) Sampling Time :12h 40'. 17 January 1998 Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface:water with light black colour No Parameter Unit Result 1 Temperature °C 21.0 2 pH 6.95 3 Conductivity mS/cm 0.779 4 Turbidity FTU 65 5 BOD5 mg/l 10.1 6 COD mg/I 21.1 7 N- total mg/I 0.772 8 P-total mg/I 0.78 9 Nitrate(NO3) mg/I 0.074 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/] 0.595 11 Sulfate (SO42-) mg/l 84 12 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/l 30.4 13 - E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 240,000,000 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dicu 8 HIO HAI PHONG INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam Tel: 84-31-846523 Fax 84-31-846521 RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES Station: 9( Downstream of An Kim Hai Channel) Sampling Time :lS5h00'. 17 January 1998 Status of climate: cloudy Status of water surface: water with light yellow colour No Parameter Unit Result I Temperature °C 20.3 2 pH 7.71 3 Conductivity mS/cm 0.99 4 Turbidity FrU 63 5 BOD5 mg/i 4.9 6 COD mg/l 15.7 7 N- total mg/i 0.566 8 P-total mg/l 0.69 9 Nitrate(NO3 ) mg/l 0.020 10 Ammonium(NH4+) mg/l 0.432 11 Sulfate (SO42 ) mg/l 72 12 Total Dissolved Carbohydrates mg/I 20.9 13 E. Coli E.Coli/lOOml 110,000 Head of the Lab. Dr. Luu Van Dieu 9 V Liit&1± - .JW4aL ktJk.s X J AvJ .., llA sus -Wsvsk - nsW Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 7 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY IN REGULATION LAKES AND CHANNELS 1995 -I50L ANO WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Vietnaim - Sanitation Project, Haiphone Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page I WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY IN REGULATION LAKES AND CHANNELS (1995) To assess the environmental status of the lakes and channels as well as for estimation of possible dredging operations. water and sediment samples were taken and analysed from the lakes and channels during the Feasibility Study in 1994-1995. Sampling was carried out during the dry period (February - March 1995) when water level in the lakes and channels was low, and the analysed concentrations in water were presumed to be higher than during the rainy season. The results of the water and sediment analyses are given in Tables 2 - 5. Table I presents water quality data from 1989. Table 1 Water quality in selected lakes (deternined in 1989). An Bien lake Du Hang lake Sen lake Tien Nga lake pH 8.0 8.0 7.8 74 Odour bad smelling bad smelling bad no smell smelling Colour light blue light blue light blue transparent Sus.solids (mg/I) 9.5 8.3 11.5 8.20 Org. comp. (mg/I) 11.00 7.98 12.48 7.50 Oxygen cont. (mg/l) 6.2 7.0 15.3 10.7 BOD5 (mg/i) 20 15 96 19 E. coli pc/ 1 24,000,000 2,500 4,600,000 240,000,000 Clost.Wellchii pc/ 1 290,000 7,200 50,000 600,000 Inf. bacteria negative negative negative negative Inf. bacteria analysed: vibrio cholera, shigella, salmonella, coli SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page 2 Table 2 Water quality in regulating lakes (determined in Februarv - March. 1995). LAKES PARAMETERS An Bien An Bien An Bien- Mam Quan 1 2 3 Tom Ngua Temp. air' C 24 24 25 24 19 Temp. water' C 24 24 25 24 20 pH 8.06 8.36 7.92 8.36 7.56 Conductivity (,uS) 1496 1269 1001 916 946 Organic Substance 222.0 176.0 195.0 240.0 517.0 mg/l Turbidity FTU 25 50.0 55 8.0 60.0 Total N mg/] 54.6 52.5 64.7 56.3 86.0 Tota; P m/ir 1.92 0.42 1.15 1.57 2.43 BD5 Img/ 02 56.0 48.5 58.4 64.4 80.8 COD mg/ 02 98.6 96.4 102.6 88.0 144.8 Ammonium (N-NH4) 15.55 2.32 7.93 11.67 19.44 Nitrate (NO3) mg/I 1.75 1.10 4.8 1.45 1.40 Sulphate (SO4) mg/I 91.00 48.5 42.5 37.5 39.50 Calcium (Ca) mg/i 65.73 41.68 60.12 52.1 52.1 Magnesium (Mg) mg/I 50.05 27.7 21.87 17.01 17.01 Potassium (K) mg/i 29.46 24.57 24.07 18.09 20.25 HEAVY METALS Arsenic (As) mg/I 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.003 Cadmium (Cd) mg/I 0.008 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.002 Chromium (Cr6) mg/I <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium (Cr) mg/i 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 .Cobalt(Co) mg/I 0.021 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Lead (Pb) mg/I 0.025 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.02 Mercury (Hg) mg/I 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 Nickel (Ni) mg/A 0.032 0.01 0.01 0.012 0.015 Zinc (Zn) mg/i 0.807 0.096 0.642 0.812 0.309 MINERALOILS mg/I 9.01 27.89 112.36 102.71 21.1 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component E]nvironmental Impact Assessment Page 3 Table 2 Continued... LAKES PARAMETERS Thien Nga Du Hang Lam Lam Ho Sen Tuong I Tuong 2 Temp. air' C 24 16 15 15 14 Temp. water' C 24 18 18 18 18 pH 8.05 7.73 7.99 7.45 7.16 Conductivity (gS) 2500 849 826 781 2540 Organic Substance 1688.0 316.0 156.0 424.0 493.0 mgll Turbidity FTU 2400.0 31.0 38.0 160.0 68.0 Total N mg/I 92.0 53.4 61.4 66.2 74.0 Total P mg/A 2.43 1.02 0.91 1.33 1.75 BOD5 mg/l 02 388.0 62.0 70.0 90.0 100.0 COD mg/l 02 944.6 144.5 108.8 139.0 142.0 Ammonium(N-NH4) 20.61 7.39 10.11 15.17 15.94 Nitrate (NO3) mg/I 1.42 1.50 2.25 1.30 1.5 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 68.8 43.50 35.00 29.50 47.5 Calcium (Ca) mg/i 57.72 47.29 50.96 46.49 55.31 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 47.62 19.93 17.74 17.98 50.54 Potassium (K) mg/l 28.39 17.18 16.60 15.44 26.14 HEAVY METALS I Arsenic (As) mg/i 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.001 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.004 Chromium (Cr6+) mg/I <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium (Cr) mg/i 0.022 0.011 0.011 0.002 0.004 Cobalt(Co) mg/I 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.001 0.001 Lead (Pb) mg/I 0.037 0.022 0.018 0.015 0.085 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.001 Nickel (Ni) mg/l 0.012 0.024 0.022 0.002 0.002 Zinc (Zn) mg/i 1.530 2.109 2.165 0.756 0.542 MINERALOILS mg/I 101.47 15.70 25.28 17.74 31.6 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Pbyry Group Vietnam - SanitaLion Project. Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page 4 Table 3 Water quality in regulating channels (determined in Februarv - March, 1995). CHANNELS PARAMETERS Dong Bamboo Du Hang I Du Hang 2 Du Hang Khe Bridge Irrigation Temp. air' C 16 16 14 14 14 Temp. water 0 C 19 19 17 17 17 pH 7.84 8.0 7.64 7.45 7.38 Conductivity (4S) 1611 1604 984 1070 2540 Organic Substance 148.0 166.0 1388.0 508.0 416.0 mg/l Turbidity FTU 33 43.0 37.0 35.0 25.0 Total N mg/l 48.8 42.9 88.2 67.4 56.1 Ita" PM mgi 1.81 0.42 1.11 1.13 u.73 BOD5 mgA 02 38.6 62.5 288 80.0 105.0 COD mg/i 02 92.8 98.2 432.4 196.0 188.0 Amrnmonium (N-NH4) 18.51 15.94 12.05 14.39 6.61 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 0.95 1.25 1.45 1.25 1.2 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 52.50 64.5 37.5 54.45 58.0 Calcium (Ca) mg/l 57.72 56.91 50.50 52.1 48.10 Magnesium (Mg) mg/I 30.62 31.59 20.41 19.44 19.44 Potassium (K) mg/I 26.73 27.81 18.09 17.59 11.78 HEAVY METALS Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.018 0.001 Cadmium (Cd) mg/I 0.003 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.001 Chromium (Cr°) mg/I <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium (Cr) mg/A 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 Cobalt(Co) mg/l 0.001 0.001 0.011 0.001 0.012 Lead (Pb) mg/A 0.026 0.045 0.027 0.021 0.020 Mercury (Hg) mg/I 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.003 Nickel (Ni) mg/I 0.001 0.002 0.021 0.001 0.027 Zinc (Zn) mg/A 0.898 1.826 4.11 2.614 1.427 MINERALOILS mg/] 105.3 98.35 25.07 34.10 29.75 SOIL AND WATER Jaakko P6yry Group Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page 5 Table 4 Sediment quality in regulating lakes (determined in Februarv - March. 1995). LAKES PARAMETERS An Bien 1 An Bien 2 An Bien 3 Mam Tom Quan Ngua Temp. air' C 24 24 25 24 19 Temp. water' C 24 24 25 24 20 Moisture content %t 52.34 44.71 46.13 43.43 32.44 Volatile solids % 10.74 11.76 8.86 6.38 3.34 Total solids % 18.45 26.28 27.84 40.4 67.12 pH 7.88 7.90 7.61 7.83 7.82 Conductivity l1S/cm 950.0 295.0 143.0 275.0 419.0 Density kg/m3 2375.0 2385.0 2560.0 2525.0 2640.0 Total N mg/kg 796.5 828.6 776.1 444.3 390.9 Total P mg/kg 455.0 1396.0 1381.0 492.3 1040.0 COD mg/kgO2 42240 75200 44800 52480 18000 Sulphate (SO4) mg/kg 11154 10022 6727 12938 8830 Ammonium N-NH4 mg/I 320.86 216.13 208.83 139.6 83.43 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 26.01 38.05 7.71 36.14 19.42 Calcium (Ca) mg/I 1084.0 608.83 574.7 396.04 268.17 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 260.16 91.32 172.41 178.22 53.63 Potassium (K) mg/I 22043.0 18002.0 16397.0 10683.0 6059.0 HEAVY METALS Arsenic (As) mg/kg 1.08 0.76 5.75 3.96 0.29 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 21.14 15.98 15.80 5.94 6.55 Chromium (Cr6) mg/kg 32.52 37.67 35.92 19.05 11.47 Total (Cr) mg/kg 72.08 79.53 63.58 34.90 20.85 Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 27.10 28.53 22.63 9.40 1.94 Lead (Pb) mg/kg 419.5 514.84 184.62 100.25 160.16 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 12.46 7.99 5.75 3.46 2.83 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 49.86 76.10 60.70 30.44 18.32 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 1242.82 823.06 717.67 596.28 353.09 MINERAL OILS % 0.51 0.97 0.07 0.21 0.01 SETTLEABLE TEST 5.15 3.25 3.42 1.81 1.23 ml/g (Settled sludge volume index) SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Pbyry Group Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page 6 Table 4 Continued... LAKES PARAMETERS Thien Nga Du Hang Lam Lam Ho Sen Tuong 1 Tuong 2 Temp. air' C 24 16 15 15 14 Temp.water°C 24 18 18 18 18 Moisture content %t 49.77 48.85 48.68 47.61 54.52 Volatile solids % 16.62 7.79 7.09 8.98 16.33 Total solids % 20.47 40.28 50.15 44.16 21.40 pH 7.95 7.98 7.60 7.78 7.80 Conductivity pgS/cm 599.0 405.0 237.0 424.0 353.0 Density kg/m3 2255.0 2660.0 2615.0 2625.0 2435.0 Total N mg/kg 1211.6 552.03 174.44 660.75 1165.47 Tota- P mg/kg 3476.0 609.01 661.02 710.64 174 .29 COD mg/kgO2 92000.0 33068.0 43790.0 71468.0 74669.0 Sulphate (SO4) mg/kg 5427.0 3321.0 1641.0 1442.0 7168.0 Ammnonium N-NT4 mg/l 289.2 130.09 107.67 125.91 264.96 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 117.24 40.71 32.70 28.98 47.10 Calcium (Ca) mg/l 977.04 297.91 279.16 362.31 686.94 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 234.48 178.74 71.78 54.35 176.64 Potassium (K) mg/I 10742.0 4841.0 9268.0 9961.0 16555.0 HEAVY METALS Arsenic (As) mg/kg 0.98 2.23 3.39 2.94 2.80 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 22.96 20.36 6.38 6.11 48.13 Chromium (Cr6') mg/kg 42.5 13.90 15.75 15.39 19.16 Total (Cr) mg/kg 70.34 58.34 57.43 80.61 81.77 Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 12.21 21.85 14.95 16.98 6.07 Lead (Pb) mglkg 588.66 150.45 75.17 171.87 604.67 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 5.86 1.49 1.79 2.04 3.27 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 44.94 49.65 33.69 38.26 50.46 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 1353.19 183.46 147.35 273.32 911.68 MINERAL OILS % 0.35 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.67 SEiTLEABLE TEST 4.46 2.96 1.53 1.97 7.29 ml/g (Settled sludge volume index) SOIL ACND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component 1Environmental Impact Assessment Page 7 Table 5 Sediment quality in regulating channels (deterniined in Februarv - March, 1995). CHANNELS Parameters Dong Khe Bamboo Du Hang I Du Hang 2 Du Hang Bridge Irrigation Temp. air' C 16 16 14 14 14 Temp. water' C 19 19 17 17 17 Moisture content %t 52.36 47.27 49.93 36.59 47.10 Volatile solids % 16.09 13.08 9.75 6.30 7.09 Total solids % 21.68 25.68 31.84 50.29 40.26 pH 7.62 7.70 7.76 7.99 7.72 Conductivity gS/cm 371.0 885.0 499.0 747.0 305.0 Density kg/m3 2290.0 2445.0 2515.0 2665.0 2620.0 Total N mg/kg 1030.68 896.59 689.42 206.97 666.16 Total P mg/kg 1386.34 1497.0 583.04 396.46 719.10 COD mglkgO2 67200.0 78000.0 57600.0 46934.0 58668.0 Sulphate (SO4) mglkg 16992.0 16347.0 2132.0 819.0 3117.0 Anunonium (N-NH4) mg/l 316.6 233.80 178.50 136.15 322.90 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 53.14 49.84 30.17 50.9 75.51 Calcium (Ca) mg/I 830.26 467.28 377.12 238.61 248.38 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 110.70 280.37 188.56 143.17 149.03 Potassium (K) mg/l 16079.0 14221.0 22141.0 16305.0 7923.0 HEAVY METALS Arsenic (As) mg/kg 0.92 0.78 4.39 1.79 2.98 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 21.22 17.52 4.40 2.58 8.44 Chromium (Cr6) mg/kg 45.66 36.99 24.81 13.52 21.61 Total (Cr) mg/kg 66.88 59.97 112.12 62.44 70.29 Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 23.06 14.79 19.78 9.94 12.42 Lead (Pb) mg/kg 473.24 320.48 76.00 58.46 106.8 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 9.68 9.73 2.51 1.39 1.49 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 49.81 42.05 48.37 24.46 41.98 Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 925:74 875.77 224.87 156.89 232.98 MINERAL OILS % 0.20 0.84 0.29 0.24 0.19 SETTLEABLE TEST ml/g 5.68 3.08 1.38 1.31 3.29 Settled Sludge volume index SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group ---------- ............. . .......... .. . ............ .......... ------- ----- ....... ..... .......... ---------------------------------------- . .......................... ............. (7 9/) .3ae oo COO 9/1 :944 60 N-N) .9/1 20 64 ToM .9/1 - 92.DO T.1 P .0 -2,43 M/I -62.50 SO, g/l -68 80 'WI .98 20 TIEN NGA -NH. -1 15 94 WI : DONG KNIE CHAN p 0.42 ToLN .0 4210 Mo. T.. L so. .0 64-W N 4. cto WI -88 DD N-NK WI 11:67 I)DO, q/1 38 60 T.t P .4/1 1.57 56.00 MD g/l 92,50 Tot.N .0 56 30 COO 9 98 60 N-NIL'M/l 18.51 -NH 15.55 TOLP qjl : 181 9 SO. M/I 37.50 .. BON 00 .. TOLN 9/1 I.g2 48 so COD 42 Tot N z/g. 54.60 SO. 52.50 M-NK .4/1 15.94 SD. 91 00 T.t P q/i 1 75 Tot COO T-9 to so:" 4"lto 0 s AN BIEN - 10.11 COO WI 96.40 Ig 0.91 2.32 6110 '1.:l Z"l '0_41 35 00 COO :144 'o N 2.50 N-NK T WI 4&50 61 0_ Ati W U N , 21I T':PH .91P, So. 96.00 1. HANG WI 39.50 4 :102 I&P 'M/I 1-15 N! .9 15.17 1.33 T.LN g/I 624.70 t M 62.00 T.I. .0 66 20 COD q/1 .144 50 SO. q/1 4 .50 ... so 50 ... N-NH, .9/1 7.39 ToLp 'I T.LN WI -. 4. 8800 SO, .9/1 -43,50 N w, :4 12 05 M -105 00 T T, g/l - 1.11 COD 'NP -168.00 T. Iq 88 20 N-NKWl 6.61 > ki SO .9/ 37.50 T.LP N/I 0.73 1.0 .1/1 56 10 SO, 4/11 58 DO D. H.-92 .... aGN .9/1 - BODO COO qA -196 00 N-NI%,N/l - 14 39 Du AN YE SINN UOI TRUONG VIETNAW VIETHAii: Plof.j lot P.9/1 1.13 Nqhi. ... kh. thi H.iph,,q N.iph.9 C-p-M. F-itblRy St-dF Tot N g/I 67 40 SO. 54 45 CHAT LUONG NUOC 0 CAC HO DIEU HOA WATCR OUAM IN THE REGULATING LAKES ik KENH (NAII 1995) i CKkHREIS (IN 1995) ti N[F.M I-.2.Dll 1'10100 ot t-23- 01 N .... ........ ----- - ---- --------- ... ... ............ ....... ... ... .. .. . ... !Ay ...... .. . ........... ... Z> - --------- --- .......... . .9/1 -92000 (7 N-NH..qA - 289 T.:p " . 3476 z N 'IA' : ",'I so. g/) 7t. 110 9' :7M N-NK 2" IE ToLp .9,/l 7 00 DONG Kl.- .9/1 A SO, "A .16347.00 19325.m CDD :67200 T. 4 L *1 Z.N 444.30 1 42240,00 N-NH. 316.rk 4A I.M6.34 -12938.00 ToI.P N qA 30 68 SO. '-"- Z// : TT.,!:, la . T.t.N q/1 - 796.50 SO, q/1 -16992,00 so, 'N/I .11154.00 T.LN -V AN BIEN L Lk"-I 7' v OL ./. Coo .9/i .75200.00 A A .All : "I'llL.11 T" ':,A Tap It WN T.LN Mt W-m" 1141 50. 0022 00 T-1-P -9/1 LAM TUONC Td, '44 .... COO 9/1 -71468.00 It710 64 5727.00 T".. 'P", I '"6'0:'75' cm so'. .9/1 -1442.00 N-NH. WY 1.1.14 552.03 so. 3321.00 COD N-Wn 17a T.I:p q Su 11 Tot NW689.42 so. q/1 137.00 Hq 2 -46934.00 N- 136.15 ..... DU AN YE SINH MOI TRUONG VIETNAM VIETNAM: S.0.1w P'.i-cl 1-t W 196'41T Hqi. 'N kh. lhi H.iph.q kiph.q C.,,-t, F-ibility $Wdy Tot qA 206 SO .9/1 819.00 CHAT LUONG CAN 0 CAC SONG SEDIWENT QUAUfY IN THE REGULATING LAK, No (NAM 195IS) CHANNELS (IH 1995) Tjl; 1.20000 1-2-3-199B 02 -Nlc98 01 vletnam - Samtatlon . .,:ect, tialpnong (Component snnex 6 Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 8 SOME MAIN INDUSTRLAL CONSUMERS IN HAIPHONG 1995 5UIL AND WATtR Jaakko P6yry Group December 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project. Haiphong Component Environmental Impact Assessment Page I SOI!IE MAIN INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMERS IN HAIPHONG (1995) Factory Estimated Water Water Supply Contract Wastewater (No. of Employees) Water Source with HPWSCo Demand (m3/day) (m3/day) (VND/m3) (m3/day) 1 Pharmaceutical 140 network 50 1600 80% of used Enterprise No.3 (260) truck water 2 Duyen Hai 90 network 130 - - Engineering Plant (630) wells 3 Haiphong Wool 200 network 130 2000 Factory (600) wells 4 Halong Fish Canning 2200 network 600 1200 80% of used Factory (1000) wells water 5 Song Cam Chemical 100 (network) - 90000 35 Company (300) wells / VND/truck truck 6 Enamel Factory 320 (network) (320) (1200) (850) truck 95000 (wells) VND/truck 7 Tifoplast 510 network 100 1600 450 (560) well I truck 8 Haiphong Brewery 500 network! - - 470 (200) wells Kien An well 9 Viet Tiep Hospital 560 network 560 1350 (n.a.) 10 Haiphong Paper 2500 wells - - 2000 Company (550) network 11 Tia Sang Battery 250 network 207 1200 160 Company (280) 38 800 12 Haiphong Cement 5700 network 1000 1600 Company (3,300) 920* river / well water meters 13 Bach Dang Shipyard 1500 network 130 - (2000) 130--- wells * The amount of water in contract; not necessarily the amount supplied to consumer ** No water in network at this point ' Calculation based on network and well capacities given from the factories **** Consultants' estimation of water demand from the network No given estimate of waste water amount SOIL AND WATER Jaakko Poyry Group C-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C ;0114 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 < cn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I (IC CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NC 00~~~~~~~~~ Vietnam - 6anitation eroject, 1-ialpnong Component annex O Environmental Impact Assessment ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE NOVEMBER 1997 Sampling Points I. Totally clogged manhole 2. Surcharged manhole with thick depth of sludge 3. Side street gully pot with discharge from housing block 4. Sediment in a box culvert fairly dry about 30 cm thick 5. White appearance outside a factory 6. From bed of channel leaving Sen lake 7. From a main sewer flowing well 8. Inlet to Sen lake 9. From a local collector flowing to 10 10. From Bong Sen lake bed 11. From a deep sewer 12. Surcharged manhole with thick depth of sludge 13. From a manhole completely choked 14. From cart transporting sludge forg channel bed 5UIL ANU WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 ........... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 .......... ....~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~~SEIEN AMUO ON .......... ..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(OEMER 197 ------ ------ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CCDIM A MU A ............... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (1-197 --- - ---------- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 Al901911111019 iTAM 91191 SrloinP,jo .................. ~ ~ ~ ~ Nh.no LohiAi~og opho coonn r~biiy o ..... ..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ EC011 A AI AN EIIT APICPIT ly ID :09 o *.: bo:1200 Inn Ngoy: -OS-Igga Cl lo.:...-....... O MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION 'VIET NAM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT ( VIWASE ) REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE -N HAI PHONG CITY PROJECT: HAI PHONG WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME ~~~~~. Hg ni, D ecember1997 Ha noi, December 1997 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION Vietnam Consultants on Water Supply,Sanitation and Environment (VIWASE) REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN HAIPHONG CITY PROJECT: Hai phong water supply and sanitation programme Reported by Dinh Viet Duong Head of VIWASE's Laboratory and Water Treatment Department Ha noi, December 1997 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAIM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (VIWASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N6- 1 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 WW~~~~~~~~~~~. .... _ . ..,, Moisture content . % ASTIM 43.83 Total solids % 2540 G 59.88 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 21.12 p]H ASTM.4500 - H+ B 6.8 Density kg/m-3 ASIM 1628 Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 399.59 Total P mg/kg 4500-PE * 66.84 COD mg 02/kg 5220- B 5121.5 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NIi C 134.09 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 21.49 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.2 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Crb+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.54 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 0.89 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B <0.1 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B <0.5 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.014 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 0.87 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 8.97 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAIM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND) EN'IRONMLENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (V1W.ASl E RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: Nv 2 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 .. . .. - AUnitn A lyti a I Resuts . :' '''''......'''' :' . . Moisture content % ASTivM 76.65 Total solids 7c 2540 G 29.04 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 50.63 pH ASTM,4500 - H+ B 7.0 Density kg/m3 ASTI 1582 Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 562.6 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 108.96 COD mg 02/kg 5220 - B J 8756.0 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH3 C 226.17 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 40.98 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.21 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B 0.12 Chromium (VI) Crf+k mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 1.1 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Cr B 3.14 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 2.3 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 10.46 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.011 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 4.18 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 125.52 IMINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (VIWASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 3 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 Para meters Uit Ana-ytical 'Resuts Nloisture content % ASTIM 44.15 Total solids % 2540 G 32.171 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 63.62 pH ASTM.4500 - H+ B 7.5 Density k,ImJ ASTM 1566 Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 2181.4 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 430.26 COD mg O2/k- 5220 - B 7313.4 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH3 C 521.13 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 43.85 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.32 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Crt+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.2 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 0.5 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 0.33 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B <0.5 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.014- Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B . 3.32 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 10.94 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (VIWASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 4 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 ... ........ . . . . . '.''''i'......... S Parameters Unit Analytical Results~~-'-A - ........... .. ... ............ .. . .... . ........ .. -. -.. ....-. , . .. ......... . .... ........ Moisture content % ASTv 24.51 Total solids % 2540 G 87.65 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 11.14 pH ASTM,4500 - H B7.5 Densitv kg/mr' ASTM 2452 Total N mg/k-g 4500 - N org. B 85.37 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 26.1 COD mg O2/kg 5220 - B 1496.8 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NHW C 20.18 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 12.02 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.17 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium ( VI) Crb+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.77 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 0.95 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B . <0.1 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B <0.5 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.012 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B <0.1 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 8.54 NIINISTRY OF CON'STRUCTION VIET NAI CONSULTA\NTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANNITATION AND ENVIRONMEN'T Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department ( vjw.XSI E RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N°-5 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 P,-, arame, t- te Ut - -nit a navyical Rsl Moisture content ASTI 87.21 Total solids % 2540 G 24.46 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 68.29 pH AST-M,4500 - Ht B 13.0 Density kg/m ' ASTivl 1075 Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 97.23 1 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 39.6 COD mg 02Ikg 5220 - B 3865.66 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH3 C 11.56 Nitrate (NO3! mg/kg 4500 - NO3 25.94 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.23 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B 0.21 Chromium (VI) Cr°+ mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.64 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 2.99 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 0.51 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 0.63 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.065 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 5.55 Zinc Zn mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 8.54 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAMT CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND) ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department ( VnVASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 6 Analysinc date: November 28. 1997 P U- r- ameter lUnit A - t j Rests - Me1----ds __-- Nloisture content % ASTMINI 72.04 Total solids % 2540 G 34.89 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 54.34 pH ASTML,4500- H+ B 7.0 Density kg/mJ ASTM 1327 Total N - mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 306.1 Total P mg/kg. 4500 - P E 56.9 COD mg02i/kg 5220 - B 6793 Amonium( N-NH4) mglkg 4500- NH3 C 98.71 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500- NO3 37.63 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.15 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0. 1 Chromium (VI) Cr6 mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 3.2 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 i + 3500 Cr B 24.03 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 2.4 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 24.03 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.046 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 2.56 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Zn B 8.1 MLNISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NAM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (VIWASSE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 7 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 ..........~~~~~~. . . . . , ....... . . . . . ... . .-. . i Moisture content % ASTN4 80.A9 Total solids __2540 G 11.3_ 3 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G } 7.0 P.Ff 1 * | ~~~~~~~~~~~ASriM1,4500 - H+ B 7.0 Density kg/ms ASTM 1431 Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 319.96 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E - 334.5 COD I mgO02/kg f5220 -B 8461.83 Anonium( N-NH4) mg/kg | 4500- NH3 C 170.79 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg , 4500 - NO3 38.87 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1+ 3500 As B 0.17 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B 0.11 Chromium (VI) Cr6 mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 2.0 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 3.44 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 0.35 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B <0.5 Mercury Hg mglkg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Hg B 0.061 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 30301 + 3500 Ni B <0.1 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 10.75 MLNISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION' VIEIT N,\M CONSULTANTS ON WVATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department (VlWAVSSE RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 8 Analysinc date: November 28, 1997 ''Par'ameters ' ' ---- "| Unit A '- -,'alytica' ' - | Results ___________________ M e~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~th o~ds _ __ _ _ Moisture content 1' ASTM 46.96 Total solids 2540 G 52.1-' Volatile solids of TS ) ^ 2540 G 14.11 pH ASTM,4500 - H B 6.50 Density kg/rn-3 ASTI 1874. Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 264.-1 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 322.5 COD mg O,/kg 5220 - B 4719.0 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH, C 86.9 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO. 42.92 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.42 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Cr6+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.58 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 10.48 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Co B 5.24 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 52.4 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.019 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 20.96 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 15.72 MLIISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIE,T NAM CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND EN'VIRONMENT Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department vlsIs RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N< 9 Analvsinc date: November 28. 19.97 0t:-42-;0-- Pa-:rameters-;;itt-000:-} t00:: ;:-000 0 dU f ---:Analytical: Res-ults MN4oisture content % | AST'M 44.42 T-otal solids % 2540 G 56.55 Volatile solids % (of TS 2540 G 14.95 pH . | ASTM,4500- H+ B 7.08 Density k/m& T 14'6 i Total N mg/kg 4300 - N org. B 259.72 rotali mg/kg 4500 - P E 52.15 COD ma 02/kg 5220 - B 655A.7 Amonium( N-NH4) mglkg 4500- NH, C 81.76 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg a 4500- NO3 57.31 Arsenic As mglkg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.3 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Cr + mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.96 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I t 3500 Cr B 1.07 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 3.2 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Pb B 8.54 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.011 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 1.06 Zinc Zn mgJkg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 21.34 M'INSTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NANI CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONNMENT Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department VIWASEI RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N2 10 Analvsin- date: November 28, 1997 Parameters;| Unit Analytic Results _____, _:-:'' _. _: _- M eth ods . ' ' _' _I"_-'' _ M\4oisture content ASTIlM 81.2? Total solids | 2540 G | 0.99 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 45. pH ASTM,4500 - H+ B 6.!5- Density kgfr-3 AS`TM 131-- Total N mg/kg 4500 - N org. B 250.S3 . Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E 198.75 | COD mg-O ckg 5220 - B - i p5 Amonium(N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH3 C I06.56 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 29.30 Arsenic As mglkg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 As B 12 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Cd B. <0.1 Chromium ( VI) Cr6+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 1.6 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 26.88 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Co B 8.96 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Pb B 71.63 Mercury Hg mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.0115 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 53.75 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 30.46 MVIINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION V IET NA,N1 CONSULTANTS ON WVATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENT Laboratory and Water Treatment Department (VVASEIx RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N- 11 Analysina date: November 28, 1997 . ~ ~ n R. - ........... § i- ..i -fi - urame0;-- -- em: ;---m --t- I -; --- :- - - Parmter Uni't Analyftica JRel Nloisture content 7 ASTv 82.62 Total solids Sc 2540 G 37.92 Voh lile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 46.46 PH ASTM.4500 - H+ B 7.58 Density, kg/mJ3 ASTM 1417 Total N mg/ka 4500 - N org. B 503.67 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E - 110.85 COD mg 02Okg, 5220 - B 6238.9 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/kg 4500- NH, C 214.1 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - NO3 28.19 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.35 Cadmium Cd m,lkg( Dry-weight basis.) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B 0.1 Chromium ( VI) Cr6+ mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Cr D 0.27 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 9.8 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 2.94 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Pb B 9.81 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.026 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 2.94 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 6.87 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VIET NANI CONSULTANTS ON WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND ENVIR(NMENT Laboratory and W'ater Treatment Department (VjW.kS1E-s RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sampie: N0 12 Analvsina date: November 28, 1997 Parametes y nit : Anaiytcal Resul .vloisture content ASTM S -5 Total solids VC 2540 G 29.16 Volatile solids (of TS 25400 C 5J. '6 pH ASTM,4500 - H IB 8.2 Density kg/m' ASIv1 15 1 Total N mg/kg 4500 - MP org. B 59-.4 Total P mg/ks 4500 - P E 416.-2 COD rmg O2/k2 5220 - B 681-.55 Amonium( N-NH4) mg/k 4500- NH., C 220.39 Nitrate (NO-) mg/kg 4500 - NO1 42.39 Arsenic As mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 1.08 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B 0.25 Chromium (VI) Cr6+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 1.3 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 6.69 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B <0.1 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 11.16 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.0143 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 0.56 Zinc Zn mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 18.64 NIINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION VrET NA,M CONSULTANTS ON WVATER SUPPLY. SANiTATION AND ENXVIRONNIENT Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department ( VIWASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: N-13 Analysing date: November 28, 1997 Parameter n Ainaytical Res ults Mfoisture content ASTIM 33.79 Total solids . 2540 G 73.S1 Volatile solids % (of TS) 2540 G 13.05 pH ASTM,4500 - H+ B 7-i06 Density kg/m3 ASTM 2183 Total N mg/kcg 4500 - N org. B 21.41 | Total P mg/kg 4500 - PE 142.2 COD mz 02/kg 5220 - B 3813 Amonium( N-NH4 ) mg/kg 4500- NH3 C 69.08 Nitrate (NO3) mg/kg 4500 - N03 16.44 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.21 Cadmium Cd mglkg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Cr+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 1.0 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Cr B 3.31 Cobalt Co mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B <0.1 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B <0.5 Mercury Hg mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Hg B 0.013 Nickel Ni mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 1.65 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Zn B 11.03 _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _____________________________ .1~~~~~~~~~~ MINISTRY OF COiNSTRUICTION *'II,T NA,M CONSULTANTS ON WNATER SUPPLY. SANITATION AND ENVIRONMIENT Laboratorv and Water Treatment Department (VIWASE) RESULTS OF SLUDGE QUALITY ANALYSES Number of sample: NT 1 4 Analysinc date: November 28, 1997 ..---Parameters . ..... Unit An.. yti .- .ical ....... .Results- :- - - -- - -- ---: " - eth d -d- LMoisture content -eAST th 77.93s Total solids 2540 G 35.10 Volatile solids %c (of TS) 2540 G 50.37 pH ASTM,4500 - H+ B 7.52 Density kz.'m-' ASTM 1594 Total N mz'kc 4500 - N org. B 193.68 Total P mg/kg 4500 - P E - 167.95 COD mg 02/L;C 5220 - B 6586.62 Amoniumn( N-NHd) m&/k2 4500- NH C 76.43 Nitrate (NO3) mg/k 4500 - NO3 54.87 Arsenic As mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 As B 0.22 Cadmium Cd mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cd B <0.1 Chromium (VI) Crb+ mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Cr D 0.36 Total Chromium Cr mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Cr B 2.67 Cobalt Co mgikg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Co B 2.01 Lead Pb mg/kg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 I + 3500 Pb B 6.68 Mercury Hg mglkg( Dry-weight basis) 3030 1 + 3500 Hg B 0.0135 Nickel Ni mgAcg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 I + 3500 Ni B 4.45 Zinc Zn mg/kg( Dry-weight basis ) 3030 1 + 3500 Zn B 66.82 X leLnam - )anliatnon troject, riaipnong Lomponent Annex iU Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 10 QUESTIONNAIRES 5CIL ANU WATER Jaakko Poyry Group December 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (HPWSSP) is preparing a Feasibility Study for Haiphong Sanitation Project, which is part of the preparation phase for a proposed World Bank financed sanitation project in Vietnam. Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (HPSADCO) is working in co-operation with HPWSSP in this Feasibility Study. This socio-economic study is part of an Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA) of the sanitation project. The EIA-study is required by the World Bank and MoSTE. The aim of the Sanitation Project is to improve the sewerage and drainage services in Haiphong, for example; rehabilitation of present sewerage and drainage system including cleaning of sewers and drains, installation of new storm drains in areas with the worst flooding problems, dredging of northeastem and southwestem channels and some of the iakes, and improvement of tidai gates. The Environmental Impact Assessment includes the assessment of the potential environmental impacts, even the socio-economic impacts, of the proposed project and a proposal for mitigation measures and monitoring. For this study we need some background data from different phuongs. QUESTIONNAIRE 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Enumeration area (Phuong, cum, etc.) .......................................................................... 1.2 Gender of respondent 1. Female 2. Male 1.3 Age of respondent ................................. 1.4 How many people usually live in your household ? ............................... 1.5 What is the occupation of head in your household ?.............................. 1.6 What was the approximate monthly income of your household ? ............................................... VND/month JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 2 1.7 What do you think which are the biggest environmental problems in your living area ? 1. Polluted lakes and ponds 2. Polluted storm water drains 3. Smell of wastewater 4. Flooding or overflow 5. Poor solid waste collection 6. Poor air quality 7. Noise 8. Too crowded living area 9. Lack of original nature and animals 1 0.Other 2.0 HOUSING CONDITIONS 2.1 What is the size of the house or flat in which your family household live ? 2 ......................... ....m 2.2 Which of the following best describes the characteristics of your house? 1. Flat in a multistoried apartment block with 1 A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet or 1 B. shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 2. Flat in a shared house with 2A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet or 2B.shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 3. Permanent private house with 3A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet 3B. shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 4. Temporary private house with 4A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet 4B. shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 5. Other, what kind of housing? 2.3 Who owns this house I room where you stay ? 1. A relative living in the household 2. A relative not living in the household 3. The State 4. A Govemment department or enterprise 5. Other 6. Don't know JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 3 3.0 SANITATION AND WASTEWATER 3.1 Do you have your own latrine? 1. Yes 2. No, shared 3. Other, what kind of.................................... 3.2 Do you have your own septic tank? 1. Yes 2. No, I have................................ 3. Don't know 3.3 Do you discharge directly to the sewer? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Other...................................... 4. Don't know 3.4 What is the dimensions of your septic tank (m x m x m)? .............................................. 3.5 How many chambers have your septic tank? ..................................... 3.6 How often sludge is emptied from the septic tank? 1. Once per year 2. Every second year 3. In 5 years interval 4. When needed 5. Has not been emptied 6. Don't know 3.7 Who is emptying the sludge from the septic tanks? 1. House owner himself/herself 2. Farmers 3. URENCO 4. Hired casual laborers 5. Other, who?........................................................ 3.7 Would you like to have your house connected to sewer system? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don't know JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 4 3.8 How much would you be willing to pay as a wastewater fee per month? 1. 5000...10 000 VND/month 2. 10 000....20 000 VND/month 3. 20 000.. .30 000 VND/month 4. 30 000...40 000 VND/month 5. 40 000...50 000 VND/month 6. > 50 000 VND/month 3.9 Are you living in a flooding area? 1. Yes 2. No 3.10 How often is it flooding? 1. Once a year 2. Twice a year 3. Three times a year 4. Several times a year 5. Other............................................................................ 3.11 How long does the flooding last? 3.12 What kind of damages does the flooding cause for you? THANK YOU FOR YOUR ANSWER! JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PHUONG LEVEL REPRESENTATIVES Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (HPWSSP) is preparing a Feasibility Study for Haiphong Sanitation Project, which is part of the preparation phase for a proposed World Bank financed sanitation project in Vietnam. Haiphong Sewerage and Drainage Company (HPSADCo) is working in co-operation with HPWSSP in this Feasibility Study. This socio-economic study is part of an Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA) of the sanitation project. The EIA-study is required by the World Bank and MoSTE. The aim of the Sanitation Project is to improve the sewerage and drainage services in Haiphong, for example; rehabilitation of present sewerage and drainage system including cleaning of sewers and drains, installation of new storm drains in areas with the worst flooding problems, dredging of northeastem and southwestem channels and some of tne takes, and improvement of tidal gates. The Environmental Impact Assessment includes the assessment of the potential environmental impacts, even the socio-economic impacts, of the proposed project and a proposal for mitigation measures and monitoring. For this study we need some background data from different phuongs. QUESTIONNAIRE 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Enumeration area (Phuong, cum, etc.) ................... . .......................................... 1.2 Name of Respondent .......................................................................... 1.3 Position of Respondent ................................................................ :... 1.4 How many cums are there in this district?.............................. 1.5 What do you think which are the biggest environmental problems in this area ? 1. Polluted lakes and ponds 2. Polluted storm water drains JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 6 3. Smell of wastewater 4. Flooding or overflow 5. Poor solid waste collection 6. Poor air quality 7. Noise 8. Too crowded living area 9. Lack of original nature and animals 1 O.Other, what...................................................................... 2.0 INHABITANTS AND HOUSING 2.1 How many people live in this Phuong/cum? 2.2 Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the houses in this Phuong/cum (you can choose the main types)? 1. Flat in a multistoried apatment block with 1A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet or 1 B. shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 2. Flat in a shared house with 2A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet or 2B.shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 3. Permanent private house with 3A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet 3B. shared bathroom, kitchen and toilet 4. Temporary private house with 4A. own bathroom, kitchen and toilet 4B. shared bathroom, kirchen and toilet 5. Other, what kind of housing? 2.3 Who owns the houses in this area in general? 3.0 LIVING STANDARD 3.1 What is the maximum, average and minimum monthly income of the households in this area? max .... VND/month average .... VND/month minimum .... VND/month JANUARY 1998 Haiphcng Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage Component/K. Aker 7 3.2 How would you describe the economic standard in % of the households in your Phuong/cum? 1. Rich 2. Well-off 3. Average 4. Poor 5. Very poor 3.0 SANITATION 3.1 How many houses have: 1. own individual septic tanks....................................................... 2. shared septic tanks with neighbours................................................... 3. connection to sewer................................................................. 3.2 How many shared block of latrines do not have septic tank? .......................................................................................... 3.3 Which is the common dimensions of a septic tank for a private household (m x m x m)? ................................................................... 3.4 How many chambers are there usually in a septic tank? ................................................................... 3.5 Why do some houses not have any septic tank? 3.6 Is your Phuong/cum in a flooding area? 1. Yes 2. No 3.7 How often is it flooding? 1. Once a year 2. Twice a year 3. Three times of a year 4. Several times per year JANUARY 1998 Haiphong Water Supply and Sanitation Programme/Feasibility Study EIA of Sewerage and Drainage ComponenYK. Aker 8 3.8 Are you living in a flooding area? 1. Yes 2. No 3.9 How often is it flooding? 1. Once a year 2. Twice a year 3. Three times a year 4. Several times a year 5. Other............................................................ 3.10 How long does the flooding last? 3.12 What kind of damages does the flooding cause? ...................................................................................... THANK YOU FOR YOUR ANSWER! JANUARY 1998 Vietnam - Sanitation Project, Haiphong Component Annex 11 Environmental Impact Assessment ANNEX 11 LIST OF PUBLIC HEARING PARTICIPANTS 5UL APUJ WATtR Jaakko P8yry Group December 1998 Helsinki (90) 682 661 - Joensuu (973)137 933 - Jyviskyll (941) 617 270 - Kuoplo (971) 117 311- Lappeenrnta (953) 560 260 - Lapua U964) 388 5)2 - Quiu 1781) 24 o44 - torI 7ri ) Sir 0 - ampere s) 13 Ou u rKu i 4 1 li- _ 4Tit:R X X6 _ _X__ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _- _-1 1 _ - t - - _ _- - - - _ _ - - -> -- - - I - 1 ---- __----- -<- _--- ____--__-___ ___ ----=- - [XXAWSXX X--t-fl - - - - - - - - - - i i…- - - i f l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -…. - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - -..- - - - . - --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Helsinki (90) 682 661 - Joensuu (973)137 933 - 1yviskyid (941) 617 270 - Kuoplo (971) 117 311 - Lappeenranta (953) 560 260 - Lapua (964) 388 522 - Oulu (981) 225 644- Pori (939) 325 266 - T ampere ) 241WOO4Trku 19211 511 422 t-+- t -v- - tI >1 4'~~~~~~~~~ L~~~' - - - - - - a - -----*-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E P MAA JA VESI OY WMAAJAVESIOY 'MAAJA Vku N/ IV LOAM,Wa Laatija Aika - Paikka Sivu Iyron: Asia Osanottajat Jakelu . 1;l't' Jg w < + ~~~~~~~~~AA _d _, @t'v _atXM wac et _ _ _ i i L i , IIX_ _ g_ __/_ A_1 A __ tLJ4 ) ~~4. -- -1 L__+fi ~~~~ ~~~~~~~7~e 7T tS Ast tr - I t _ _ _ A , Il u % , ,L Ri9 + L _ X X JL L W 4 Sa _I - I I'~ IM' I4 AM 14 . tt7vi,~U - If a z ll A~~~~A hilt 1dl;>;S _ __ '(C- l 4~~~~~~~~~~~~V , S)1 IWM4CZ L tZ4tl 1 I ke~~~~;, IN l 11 - u,, L, 1 III 1 1 Wmk ms Ww~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ____ ,~~~~~~Ir -DX OX . . kb _ ^s ~~~Af An 1 : III--- 2 - A~~~~~~~~ Helsinki (90U) 682 661 -joensuu 1913) 137 933 -jyvaskyla (941) 611 270 - Kuoplo (971) 117 311 Labppeenranta (953) 560 260 - Lapua (964) 388 522 - Uulu (981) 225 644 - Pori (939) 225 266 - Tampere )931) 220 600 - Turku (921) 511 422 r~~~~~~~ \3~ ~~~~~~~Li> - -~~~~~~ -~~~~~ -~~~~ -~4 _ C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IIeisinki (90) 681 661 - joensuu (973) 137 933 - )y.4skyi1 (941)6`17 270 - Kuaplo (971) 'I17 311 -Lappeenrano (953) 560 260 - Lzpua (964) 3883S22 - Oulu (981) 2253644 - Pori (939) 325 266 - Tampere (931) 220 600 - Turku (921) 511 422 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- _ - - - ~~~~~~~~~N-A- x z-. 4_ - . - - Nz c~~~~ _ C- (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T_ Helsinki (90) 682 661 - joen%uu (973) 137 933 - Jyvlskyll (941) 617 270 - Kuoplo (971) 117 311 - Lappeenranta (953) 56Q 260 - Lapua (964) 388 522 - Oulu (981) 225 644 - Pori (939) 325 266 - Tampere (931) 220 600 - Turku (921) 511 422 = ~~~~~~~~~ - - - _ _ _ -~j- ~ L , 1-, A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C N..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. r~~~~~~~-- 2 ~~r~I~h -_- - - - - - - - - H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~te >~ - - - - - - - ~ - - l"D C~~~~~~ I - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Helsinki (90) 682 661 - )oensuu (973) 137 933 - lyvlskyll (941) 617 270 - KCuoplo (971) 117 311 - Lappeenranta (953) 560 260 - Lapua (964) 388 522 - Oulu (981) 225 644 - Port (939) 325 266 - Tampere (931) 220 600 - Turku (921) Sll 422 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C v-v--i--- - -**-* K - ~~iJIjI I~ -17 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I _ _ - a -'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z F7- Helsinki (90) 682 661 -Joensuu (973) 137 933 - JyvNskyll (941) 617 270 - Kuopio (971) 117 311- Lappeenrunta (953) 560 260 - Lapua (964) 388 522 - Oulu (981) 225 644 - Pori (939) 325 266 - Tampere (931) 220 600 - Turku (921) 511 422 A ;L TXTX WTT TT4444-tX I i1< (X040 00 rH00 10A00; J X1 ; < f AXXX L; Xr v F_ 1-4 ~~~~~~~~~~' a, Li -- - - ~~~~~~~~iiiiiiii - I - - ITIII ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t I I _ _ _ Cr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~