Page 1
Republic of Yemen
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
Agrobiodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation Project (ACAP)
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA)
January 2010
Prepared by
Dr. Taha M Taher
E2359 v1
Page 2
2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................7
1
Background......................................................................................................................17
Introduction.............................................................................................................................17
Scope of the ESIA ....................................................................................................................18
Objectives of the ESIA.............................................................................................................19
Methodology............................................................................................................................19
World Bank Safeguards Policies.............................................................................................19
2
Detailed Project Description............................................................................................23
The Project Approach..............................................................................................................23
Project Development Objectives .............................................................................................23
Geographical scope and location............................................................................................24
Project components .................................................................................................................25
Component 1: Agrobiodiversity and local knowledge assessment.................................25
Component 2. Climate Modeling and Capacity Building ...............................................27
Component 3: Integrating Climate Change into Rain-fed Agriculture ...........................29
Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation............34
3
Objectives and Principles of the ESIA............................................................................35
Introduction.............................................................................................................................35
Environmental Impact Assessment..........................................................................................35
Objectives of the ESIA....................................................................................................35
Operational Principles of the ESIA.................................................................................36
4
Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework........................................37
Legal framework......................................................................................................................37
National environmental legislation..................................................................................37
International and regional environmental legislation......................................................40
Administrative framework.......................................................................................................40
Project Implementation Unit (PIU) .................................................................................40
Partnership arrangements ................................................................................................41
Institutional and implementation arrangements ..............................................................41
5
Baseline data....................................................................................................................43
Project area description..........................................................................................................43
The Physical Environment...............................................................................................43
The Biological Environment. ..........................................................................................44
The Socio-Economic conditions......................................................................................44
6
Gender Issues...................................................................................................................47
Background..............................................................................................................................47
Gender analysis.......................................................................................................................48
Introduction .....................................................................................................................48
Gender in agriculture.......................................................................................................49
Gender at the household level .........................................................................................49
Women empowerment.....................................................................................................49
Recommendations for more effective women empowerment.........................................50
7
Project alternatives ..........................................................................................................52
No Project Alternative.............................................................................................................52
A
purely scientific program of Technical Assistance with no community involvement...........52
A
community based natural resource management project ....................................................52
Focus on rain-fed agriculture vs. irrigated agriculture..........................................................52
Page 3
3
Location of an agro-ecological gradient vs. total overlap with RALP project sites...............52
The ACAP alternative..............................................................................................................53
8
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts...................................................................54
Identification of potential environmental and social risks......................................................54
Anticipated environmental and social positive impacts..................................................54
Anticipated negative impacts...........................................................................................55
Analysis of Impacts..................................................................................................................56
Land use and management, .............................................................................................56
Water management..........................................................................................................56
Crop management............................................................................................................57
Income generation activities............................................................................................57
Women empowerment.....................................................................................................58
9
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)............................................65
Introduction.............................................................................................................................65
Institutional Arrangements......................................................................................................65
Management Setup..........................................................................................................65
The ESMP on environmental mitigation measures.................................................................68
Summary of impacts and mitigation measures................................................................68
The ESMP on social mitigation measures...............................................................................86
Summary of social mitigation measures..........................................................................86
The ESMP on monitoring........................................................................................................96
Cost estimates and Sources of funds ...............................................................................96
The ESMP on capacity building and training.........................................................................97
The ESMP on monitoring and reporting.................................................................................97
10
Environmental and Social Screening Criteria ...............................................................101
Screening of Subprojects.......................................................................................................101
Use of Screening Criteria for Subprojects ............................................................................101
11
Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM).......................................................................103
Introduction...........................................................................................................................103
Pest Management Regulation................................................................................................103
Pesticide Use and its Impact on Health.........................................................................103
Guidance on Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)..................................104
Implementation steps of IPM ........................................................................................104
Training on IPM....................................................................................................................106
Appendices
...........................................................................................................................108
Appendix I Maps of project area...........................................................................................109
Appendix II Analysis of Data Collected and Interviews.......................................................117
Appendix III List of stakeholders consulted..........................................................................123
Appendix IV Record of Meetings and Public Consultations ................................................130
Appendix V Description of stakeholders and benificiaries....
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix VI Banned Pesticides........................................................................................14143
Appendix VII
References..................................................................................................14462
Page 4
4
Tables
Table 1 Project sites of the ACAP......................................................................................18
Table 2: World Bank Safeguard Operational Policies and their applicability to ACAP ...22
Table 3 Total population of the districts ............................................................................45
Table 4 Poverty level in the targeted service territories.....................................................45
Table 5 Governorates total areas and % cultivated............................................................46
Table 6 Most common women economic activities in the ACAP areas............................48
Table 7 The environmental management matrix................................................................59
Table 8 Social Management Matrix...................................................................................62
Table 9 Environmental Management Plan (EMP).............................................................71
Table 10 Social Management Plan (SMP):........................................................................88
Table 11 Monitoring activities of the ESMP......................................................................96
Table 12 The ESMP on capacity building and training .....................................................98
Page 5
5
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACAP
Agrobiodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project
ACU
Agricultural Cooperative Union
AOID
Arab Organization for Industrial Development
AREA
Agricultural Research and Extension Authority
BA Beneficiary
Assessment
CAMA
Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority
CBD
Convention on Biodiversity
CBOs Community
Based
Organizations
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CMS
Conservation of Migratory Species
CSO
Central Statistical Organization
CWMP
Community Based Water Management Project
EIA Environmental
Impact
Assessment
EMP
Environment Management Plan
EPA
Environmental Protection Authority
ESIA
Environment and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP
Environment and Social Management Plan
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organization
FFS
Farmer Field Schools
FSR
Farming Systems Research
GDFRDC
General Directorate for Forests, Range and Desertification Control
GDI Gender
development
Index
GDIS
General Directorate of Irrigation Structures
GDOFI
General Directorate of On-Farm Irrigation
GDPP
General Department of Plant Protection
GDSLR
General Directorate of Surveys and Land Reclamation
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GSCP
Groundwater Soil Conservation Project
GSMCD
General Seed Multiplication Corporation, Dhamar
ICARDA
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
IDDEALES
Initiatives de D�veloppement
ILRS
Irrigation and Land Reclamation Sector
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
IPM
Integrated Pest Management Plan
LC Local
Council
MAI
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
MoF
Ministry of Finance
MoHP
Ministry of Health and Population
MoPIC
Ministry of Planning and international Cooperation
MSPs Multi-stakeholders
platforms
MWE
Ministry of Water and Environment
NAPA
National Adaptation Program of Action
NGOs
None Governmental Organizations
NRM
None Resettlement Management
NWRA
National Water Resources Authority
O&M
Operation and Maintenance
Page 6
6
OP Operational
Policy
PALM Participatory
Learning
Methods
PAR
Participatory Action Research
PCU
Project Coordination Unit
PI Poverty
Index
PLA
Participatory Learning and Action
PRA
Participatory Rural Appraisal
PSC Technical
Coordination
Committee
RALP
PSU
Rainfed Agriculture and Livestock Project
Project Support Unit
RRA
Rapid Rural Appraisal
SBWMP
Sana�a Basin Water Management Project
SFD
Social Fund for Development
SMP
Social Management Plan
TCC Technical
Coordination
Committee
UNCCD
United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WHO
World Health Organization
WHS
Water harvesting System
WMF
Water Management Federation
WMO
Water Management Organization
WUAs
Water Users Associations
YASAD
Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development
YWU
Yemeni Women union
Page 7
7
Executive Summary
Introduction
Yemen
�s economy relies mostly on agriculture and rainfed agriculture in the highlands
represents more than half of the total cultivated area of Yemen. Agriculture contributes more
than 15% to GDP and employs more than 55% of the active population. The communities in
the highlands retain important agrobiodiversity and traditional knowledge related to the
utilization of their agrobiodiversity resources. Yemen is well known for its agrobiodiversity
based on the large number of landraces of barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, lentil, and cowpea
which have evolved over more than two thousand years, and for the construction and
management of terraces which help minimize land degradation and improve water use
efficiency. Most of these landraces have accumulated adaptive attributes for coping with the
adverse environmental and climatic conditions and to the need of local communities. In
addition, many wild relative species of these crops and many other plant species having
forage and medicinal values are still found in field edges and remnant natural habitats. These
landraces and their wild relatives and the associated local knowledge constitute important
components of the traditional farming systems prevailing under harsh environments of the
rainfed mountainous regions.
Climate change is a real concern for Yemen. Most climate modeling scenarios indicate that
the drylands of West Asia and North Africa will be the most affected by droughts and high
temperatures in the years to come. A greater frequency of droughts and flash floods has
already been observed in recent years. Rainfed agricultural areas are the most vulnerable to
the impact of climate change. Yemen�s invaluable agrobiodiversity should be conserved, both
in-situ (on-farm) and ex-situ (genebanks), as it provides an important genetic base for crop
improvement programs, specifically for the development of crop varieties which are likely to
be better adapted to impending shifts in climatic patterns. Adaptation to climate change
entails a process of building a country�s adaptive capacity to respond and adjust to climate
variability and extremes by increasing its ability to moderate potential damages, take
advantage of new opportunities due to climate change and cope with the consequences of the
adverse effects. However, adapting to climate change is challenging and adaptation measures
implemented or designed must be flexible enough to perform their desired objectives under a
wide variety of future climate conditions. Additionally, the existing scientific knowledge need
to be fine-tuned for local application to inform policy choices in the face of difficult trade-
offs. These are the challenges faced by Yemen in the context of adaptation.
To achieve optimum adaptation on the ground, it is critical to downscale regional and global
predictive climate models and develop vulnerability profiles, at the appropriate scale, for
these communities. This localised information and prediction models would ensure that
appropriate coping mechanisms are mobilised through improved extension delivery systems
to the farming communities. In Yemen, data for the meteo stations is collected by several
different agencies and needs to be co-ordinated, and standardised for operability and
prediction. There is a need to enhance the capacity of monitoring stations in terms of data
collection, retrieval and distribution with an overall aim to improve Yemen's predictive
capabilities and decision making. It is also important to understand the micro-climatic
variations within the rainfed landscape and what this means in terms of optimum coping
strategies for adaptation to climate change.
Page 8
8
Project Objectives and Components
The GEF, through the World Bank proposes to finance a 4-year project starting in 2010
named �
Agrobiodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation Project (ACAP)
�
The project�s
main objective is �to improve strategies for rain-fed agriculture to adapt to climate change
using agro-biodiversity resources in the Highlands of Yemen� and it is designed to provide
economic, social and environmental benefits to the farmers and livestock owners, their
families and the rural communities in the project areas through increased agricultural and
animal productivity as a result of improved seed production, enhanced livestock protection
and expanded water and soil conservation and management.
The Project development objectives are:
a)
To enhance capacity and awareness at key national agencies and at local levels,
to respond to climate variability and change; and,
b)
To better equip local communities to cope with climate change through the
conservation and use of agro-biodiversity
The Project outcome indicators are:
�
Improved capacity of national agencies to successfully use global and regional
climate models to better simulate future climate scenarios for Yemen
�
Improved capacity and increased knowledge and awareness on climate variability
and change, and access to coping strategies
�
Improved coping strategies designed and piloted using agro-biodiversity resources
in rainfed highlands
The Project constitutes of four components.
Component 1
will build on the traditional
knowledge of farmers and develop an inventory of local agro-biodiversity to identify and test
selected land races for climate resilience and develop �climate resilience� profiles of selected
landraces.
Component 2
will focus on developing initial local predictive capacity of weather
patterns and long term climate change scenarios for the country.
Component 3
will focus on
integrating climate resilience into rain-fed agriculture. At the national level this will done
through capacity development of the MAI in and at the local level through the development
and piloting of a menu of coping strategies in partnership with the communities.
Component
4
will focus on the management, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the project.
Project Description
Geographical scope and location
The pilot sites have been selected to represent the critical agro-biodiversity of the highlands,
and also be suitable for the development of interventions with the active participation of
farmers. Following the implementation of the project, the sites should be able to function as
examples for replication and scaling-up in other sites. The first level of selection of
governorates was based on the following criteria, to ensure that the sites would:
a.
be located along a meso-scale geographic gradient
b. cover most important areas of rainfed highlands
c.
cover a range of altitudes within in the highlands
d. cover a range of mean annual precipitation
e.
cover a range of agro-ecological gradients
f.
partially overlap with the governorates of the RALP project
Page 9
9
Site selection at the next level was carried out to identify districts where the project would be
implemented. This was done to ensure that each location fulfilled all or most of the following
criteria:
a. representative
agro-ecosystems
b. continued practice of traditional farming techniques
c.
availability of typical local crops
d. availability of (reasonably intact) terrace systems
e.
mixture of cropping and animal husbandry, including the use of pasture
f.
willingness of local people including women to take part in the project
g. availability of data related to soil, water, climate, biodiversity and agriculture
h. availability of information from preceding projects at the sites
i.
potential cooperation with other ongoing projects at the sites, esp. the RALP project
j.
possibility to undertaken activities from field to catchments level including altitudinal
and agro-ecological gradients
k. possibility to undertake activities from family/group member to community/district
level
Table E1 illustrates the governorates and districts.
Table E1 project sites of the ACAP
Governorate
District Remarks
Al Mahweet
Ar Rugum,
Al-Mahweet
Northern extension of the mesoscale transect;
ongoing RALP project
Sana�a Bilad
Ar
Ros,
Bani Matter
Northern central part of the mesoscale transect;
ongoing RALP project;
Ibb As
Sadah,
Ba�adan
Southern central part of the mesoscale transect; high
altitudinal gradients; preceding agrobiodiversity projects
Taiz Saber
Al
Mawadem,
Al-Mawaset
Southern extension of the mesoscale transect;
preceding agrobiodiversity projects
ACAP Budget
The total estimated budget for the ACAP is US$ 4.8 million, which will be provided by the
Global Environment Facility Trust Fund (GEF).
Page 10
10
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Objectives
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) aims at identifying the potential
environmental and social impacts of the ACAP, and develop an environmental and social
management plan for mitigation of the potentially negative impacts and for monitoring
compliance with relevant environmental laws.
The specific objectives of the study are:
(a) To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the project as a result of
potential interventions;
(b) To compare the impacts in relation to relevant national and World Bank requirements
and guidelines;
(c) To develop an environmental and social management plan (including screening
criteria) for the mitigation of any potentially negative impacts of the proposed
interventions and for monitoring compliance with the relevant laws and policies;
(d) To develop an integrated pest management plan;
World Bank Safeguards Policies
The Yemen Agrobiodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project is classified as environmental
category B. Essentially the project is expected to have significant positive environmental and
social impacts, with relatively minor negative impacts. This has also been concluded by the
environmental and social impact assessment. Each of the ten safeguard policies was checked
against the project components and their activities, and the ESIA has determined that the
safeguard policies that are triggered by the ACAP are OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment
(EA) and OP 4.09 on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). An environmental and social
management plan (ESMP) has been prepared, the objective of which is to eliminate any
potential adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable
levels. The objective of the ESIA is to help ensure the environmental and social soundness
and sustainability of the ACAP. It is noted that the current Yemeni legislation also requires
that these protective measures be taken, as outlined in the ESMP. The ESIA was prepared in a
fully participatory manner, and the methodology used, summary of consultations and list of
stakeholders consulted are attached as an annex to this report
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Anticipated positive impacts
The project will achieve important socioeconomic benefits that will lead to achieving
developmental goals in rural Yemen. Among these benefits:
�
Improving life standards of rural population and provision of an enhanced sense
of wellbeing
�
Providing community empowerment especially for women and vulnerable
groups.
�
Achieving benefits to women through improved awareness on water
conservation, hygiene education, and community participation.
�
Achieving economic development through direct income generation
opportunities.
�
Providing the communities with water harvesting systems
�
Mobilize the communities and encouraging community participation
Page 11
11
�
Terraces rehabilitation and upgrading
�
Establishment of flood protection structures
�
Building up the skills of farmers with participation tools
�
Adapt the communities to the climatic changes
�
Introduction of improved varieties tolerant to droughts
�
Involving the communities in community participation
�
Enhancing social stabilities and reducing tensions when proper management
bodies are framed to manage the WHS and distribute water allocations equitably.
Environmental and social impacts and the mitigation measures
Environmental and social impacts are very minor and don not have significant impacts on the
agrobiodiversity. There are no risks associated with the implementation of the coping;
however, there some impacts as a result of some activities and the related mitigations are
introduced in the ESMP:
�
Constructions of WHS are associated with needs to provide construction roads
through agrobiodiversity. Mitigation would require the care not to construct
roads on agrobiodiversity and agricultural lands. It would be useful to use
animals to carry materials to the sites. Social conflicts may arise on land
provision for the sites or contribution arrangement. More awareness and
involvement of the community in the decisions would mitigate this social
impact.
�
Usually WHS are open water surfaces which would increase breading of
mosquitoes resulting in health problems. The ESMP recommends the installation
of fine screen nets (for relatively small water cisterns) and provide natural
predators for the control of mosquito larvae such as fish and frogs.
�
Construction solid wastes are left on the sites causing land degradations.
Contractors should be monitored and be obliged to remove the solid wastes
according to terms of contracts
�
Better access to water supply systems could cause disposal of used oils, fuel and
spare parts on water sources and course causing pollution. The ESMP
recommended control of oil changing and fuelling activities and to collect and
recycle the used oils to generate income generation to the community.
�
Overexploitation of groundwater could cause water quality deterioration and
water quantity reduction. Proper mitigations associated with awareness water
conservation are needed. Reduction of water abstraction and continues
monitoring would be another mitigation. Develop alternative water sources
through collection of rooftop water harvesting.
�
Women would suffer from bad water allocations of the water supplies. A need
for O&M committee elected by the community is essential to manage the water
supply scheme.
�
Intermittent damages to structures such as small flood protection structures are
not repaired on time, weakening the structural system of the flood protection
works. The mitigation requires the involvement of the community for regular
maintenance of the structures through an O&M committee.
�
The introduction of improved crops and trees drought tolerant varieties might
carry harmful insects and diseases which would produce an impact on the
agrobiodiversity, and health. Careful inspection and selection of the varieties
before introduced to the communities.
Page 12
12
�
Enhancement of traditional practices of fertilizers may cause health problem to
women and children for the direct contact during collection and applicator ion.
The mitigation for this is to increase awareness on safety uses and provide the
community with safety and healthy use guidelines.
The ESMP listed the different mitigation measures in tabular formats both environmental and
social including the responsibilities, time frame and costs incurred in implementing the
mitigations. The cost of the ESMP is estimated to be US $50,000 for the screen nets only to
cover the relatively small, open WHS to prevent spreading of mosquitoes. For larger WHS,
other preventatives measures such as introduction of mosquito larvae eating fish can be
introduced. Other costs related to both EMP and SMP are included as part of project costs.
Costs for training are listed separately, but included as part of the overall project costs.
The ESMP on monitoring
The overall environmental and social impacts of the ACAP are expected to be significantly
beneficial in terms of environmental and social issues. Monitoring and evaluation of the
implementation of ESMP will need to be put in place as part of the overall project
implementation arrangements. Budgetary resources for implementing the ESMP (mitigation
measures as well as capacity building/training) and M&E will be allocated as part of the
project implementation arrangements. The implementing agency for component 3 will be
responsible (through hiring of consultants) for monitoring compliance with the ESMP (as per
monitoring indicators outlined in Table 11). The PIU will be responsible for ensuring that
capacity building and training activities as outlined in Table 12 are carried out. The PIU�s
M&E specialist will be responsible for aggregating information on compliance with ESMP
(component 3) and capacity building/training. The M&E specialist will include this
information as a separate section in the periodic progress reports that the PIU will submit to
the World Bank.
The ESMP on training and capacity building
A
training and capacity building table was developed to list the major training topics as
summarized from the ESMPs. The training costs are estimated to be US $274,000. About 17
topics listed in the table concentrating on women empowerment, community participation,
O&M process, and the special trainings suggested by the project. Women and men farmers,
community leaders, and agricultural extension officers, are mostly the training recipients.
Other target groups such as technicians from Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority
(CAMA), Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI), National Water Resources Authority
(NWRA), and Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA) are also listed.
Training on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is also included.
Screening of Subprojects
The objective of the screening criteria and procedures is to ensure review of individual sub-
projects to be financed under the ACAP in order to identify and address (minimize or
eliminate) potential adverse environmental and social impacts. All subprojects under ACAP
(Component 3) will be undertaken purely on a voluntary and demand basis, and implemented
by the communities (farmers and residents) themselves. Subcomponent 3.2.4 could include
some minor infrastructure rehabilitation such as: upgrading of reasonably intact terraces,
construction of small flood protection structures, soil protection structures, facility for seed
Page 13
13
storage (provision of shelving in existing sheds), construction of water storage structures,
establishment of model farm, etc. Subcomponent 3.2.5 of the project will promote
agrobiodiversity based income generating activities which could include: construction of
small nurseries/home-gardens with a preference for those using grey; water and other
conservation methods (to produce plants, vegetables, fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants);
planting, preparation and packaging of medicinal herbs (aromatic and spices); small home-
based catering business specializing in traditional recipes; agro-processing; beekeeping;
planting of almond trees; and producing traditional ceramic ware for conservation purposes
(to house seeds, etc.).
Subprojects to be funded under the ACAP are not expected to be of environmental category A
in nature or trigger the Bank�s involuntary resettlement policy. Additionally, environmental
and social screening will be incorporated into the regular subproject development cycle that
will identify any such projects, which will then be excluded from the community
agrobiodiversity plans.
Use of Screening Criteria for Subprojects
Due to the CDD nature of subcomponents under component 3, community based
agrobiodiversity plans will be developed in consultation with the communities, building on
their indigenous and traditional knowledge. Participating communities will be assisted in
developing agrobiodiversity based coping plans, which will include proposals for the above-
mentioned subprojects (subcomponent 3.2.4). During the subproject identification stage (part
of the agrobiodiversity based coping plans), MAI technical staff/consultants (or
agency/partner responsible for implementation of component 3) will work with
representatives at community level in order to identify potential projects for funding using the
screening criteria. Once the subprojects are screened and satisfy all criteria, they will be
approved for funding. Community sub-grants are not anticipated to be large, and are likely to
be in the range of $5000-$10,000 (for rehabilitation activities) and about $3000 for income
generating activities. Because activities carried out by ACAP will be relatively small and
simple in nature, they are not expected to require formal EPA review and approval. The
preventative actions and mitigation measures outlined in the ESMP should be used to address
any potential adverse environmental and social impacts.
Page 14
14
Environmental and Social Screening Criteria for Subprojects
Title of Subproject: ____________________________
Governorate: _________________________________
District: _____________________________________
Village: _____________________________________
Signature of representative: ____________________________ Date: ________________
1. Does the subproject involve acquisition of land?
No ______ Yes ______
Resettlement of people or loss of assets/income?
No ______ Yes ______
Conversion and degradation of natural areas or habitats?
No ______ Yes ______
Procurement
of
pesticides?
No
______
Yes
______
If yes
to any of the above, the subproject is not eligible for funding.
2. Does the subproject involve use, management or rehabilitation of land? No ____Yes _____
3. Does the subproject involve use, management or exploitation of water? No ____ Yes_____
4. Does subproject involve management or disposal of liquid or solid wastes? No ___Yes ___
5. Will the project create solid or liquid waste that could adversely affect No ____ Yes ____
local soils, vegetation, rivers, streams or groundwater?
6. Will subproject require large volumes of construction materials (e.g. gravel,
stones,
water,
timber,
firewood)?
No
____
Yes
____
7. Might the subproject lead to soil degradation or erosion in the area?
No ____ Yes ____
8. Will the subproject be situated in ecologically sensitive areas or cause
No ____ Yes ____
impacts on existing natural habitat features?
9. Might the subproject lead to human health and safety risks?
No ____ Yes ____
10. Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way with
No ____ Yes ____
fewer environmental and social impacts?
11. Will subproject result in the introduction of pesticides or an increase
No ____ Yes_____
of pesticide use if use of such products currently exists?
12. Will subproject result in crop diseases with introduction of new crops? No ____ Yes_____
If any answer in the checklist is �No
�, there is no need for further action.
If any answer in the checklist is �Yes
�, the subproject should apply recommended mitigation
measures in the ESMP (Tables 9 and 10)
Page 15
15
Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM)
The World Bank�s Operational Policy on Pest Management and use of pesticides (OP 4.09)
has been triggered to address potential adverse impacts of pesticide use in project activities of
the ACAP. Procurement of pesticides is not envisaged under the project. However, farming is
expected both to improve and to change cropping patterns to adapt to climatic changes. These
changes are in turn not expected to increase the use of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers and
pesticides, due to the project activities stressing on encouraging traditional and local practices
in using organic fertilizers. However, due to some negligence and improper storage of seeds
or importing new infected crops would require some remedies and precautions to avoid
excessive and improper pesticide use. Implementation steps of IPM are summarized showing
the importance of dealing with pesticides carefully and not using banned pesticides due to the
hazardous effects on health, crops and the environment. Detailed lists of Banned pesticides in
Yemen are shown in Appendix VII of the ESIA report.
With regard to Pest Management, a Pest Management Specialist should be recruited to review
the relevant material with the ACAP PIU, the pest management practices for different crops
and assessed the pest management approaches, quantities of pesticides used, capabilities of
the farmers in regard to proper handling and use of pesticides, evaluate and suggest measures
required to reduce specific risks associated with pesticide use and prepared guidelines keeping
in view the Policy, Regulatory Framework and Institutional Capacity. The Specialist also
should prepare training courses. Trainers at the end of the training will be able to establish a
mechanism in place to demonstrate Integrated Pest Management procedures and to develop a
farmer education program that stresses good and safe practices for storage and application of
pesticides. Cost for training on IPM is also included in overall project costs.
Consultation with Stakeholders
Public consultations
Consultation with stakeholders has been carried out during the preparation period of the
ESMP with the following objectives:
1. To find out whether the communities are likely to accept the coping measures
suggested by the Agro Biodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project (ACAP).
2. To find out whether these measures have no or little environmental and social
impacts on the communities and
3. To assess the present situation in these areas on how people are coping with the
climate changes.
Summary
It is clear that hardship is apparent in all areas with slightly different scales and levels. Low of
rainfall puts families in the verge of collapse; some families have immigrated to nearby towns
and cities leaving their farms and houses behind In order to sustain their lives and their
children lives. Several villages and sub districts in Al-Mahweet have immigrated to towns and
cities. Frustration of farmers is clear in terms of the final production of the crop where farmers
assume that good production will be sustained, but suddenly rains stops at the middle of the
season causing great loss of the crop.
Page 16
16
Low rainfall and change of temperatures have been recently affecting cropping seasons,
crops, water availability, animals and humans. Introduction of the project to these areas is
vital, however, it should be included the following in its different components so that to
maximize the benefits by the farmers:
�
Awareness raising on water and agricultural issues
�
Building up the skills of the communities and the authorities staff in:
o
Community mobilization
o
Community management
o
Metrological information
o
Land and water management techniques etc.
Recently, in most areas farmers consider agriculture as a secondary source of income due to
the unstable occurrence of rainfall, high costs of labor and low crops production. Initiation of
Water supply and harvesting projects, provision of agricultural machines, introduction of
crops and trees that consume less water and produce sufficient income, and improve
traditional local practices could encourage farmers to settle in their lands
It is clear that hardship is apparent in all areas with slightly different scales and levels. Low of
rainfall puts families in the verge of collapse; some families have immigrated to nearby towns
and cities leaving their farms and houses behind In order to sustain their lives and their
children lives. Several villages and sub districts in A-Mahweet have immigrated to towns and
cities. Frustration of farmers is clear in terms of the final production of the crop where farmers
assume that good production will be sustained, but suddenly rains stops at the middle of the
season causing great loss of the crop.
Low rainfall and change of temperatures have been recently affecting cropping seasons,
crops, water availability, animals and humans. Introduction of the project to these areas is
vital, however, it should be included the following in its different components so that to
maximize the benefits by the farmers:
�
Awareness raising on water and agricultural issues
�
Building up the skills of the communities and the authorities staff in:
o
Community mobilization
o
Community management
o
Metrological information
o
Land and water management techniques etc�
Recently, in most areas farmers consider agriculture as a secondary source of income due to
the unstable occurrence of rainfall, high costs of labor and low crops production. Initiation of
Water supply and harvesting projects, provision of agricultural machines, introduction of
crops and trees that consume less water and produce sufficient income, and improve
traditional local practices could encourage farmers to settle in their lands
Conclusion
The carried out stakeholders consultations were very informative and enriched the ESIA. The
ACAP is expected to attain significant important environmental and social benefits that
overweigh any limited adverse environmental and social impacts, which could be mitigated
through the implementation of the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan.
Page 17
17
Background
Introduction
Yemen
�s economy relies mostly on agriculture and rainfed agriculture in the highlands
represents more than half of the total cultivated area of Yemen. Agriculture contributes more
than 15% to GDP and employs more than 55% of the active population. The communities in
the highlands retain important agrobiodiversity and traditional knowledge related to the
utilization of their agrobiodiversity resources. Yemen is well known for its agrobiodiversity
based on the large number of landraces of barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, lentil, and cowpea
which have evolved over more than two thousand years, and for the construction and
management of terraces which help minimize land degradation and improve water use
efficiency. Most of these landraces have accumulated adaptive attributes for coping with the
adverse environmental and climatic conditions and to the need of local communities. In
addition, many wild relative species of these crops and many other plant species having
forage and medicinal values are still found in field edges and remnant natural habitats. These
landraces and their wild relatives and the associated local knowledge constitute important
components of the traditional farming systems prevailing under harsh environments of the
rainfed mountainous regions.
Climate change is a real concern for Yemen. Most climate modeling scenarios indicate that
the drylands of West Asia and North Africa will be the most affected by droughts and high
temperatures in the years to come. A greater frequency of droughts and flash floods has
already been observed in recent years. Rainfed agricultural areas are the most vulnerable to
the impact of climate change. Yemen�s invaluable agrobiodiversity should be conserved, both
in-situ (on-farm) and ex-situ (genebanks), as it provides an important genetic base for crop
improvement programs, specifically for the development of crop varieties which are likely to
be better adapted to impending shifts in climatic patterns. Adaptation to climate change
entails a process of building a country�s adaptive capacity to respond and adjust to climate
variability and extremes by increasing its ability to moderate potential damages, take
advantage of new opportunities due to climate change and cope with the consequences of the
adverse effects. However, adapting to climate change is challenging and adaptation measures
implemented or designed must be flexible enough to perform their desired objectives under a
wide variety of future climate conditions. Additionally, the existing scientific knowledge need
to be fine-tuned for local application to inform policy choices in the face of difficult trade-
offs. These are the challenges faced by Yemen in the context of adaptation.
To achieve optimum adaptation on the ground, it is critical to downscale regional and global
predictive climate models and develop vulnerability profiles, at the appropriate scale, for
these communities. This localised information and prediction models would ensure that
appropriate coping mechanisms are mobilised through improved extension delivery systems
to the farming communities. In Yemen, data for the meteo stations is collected by several
different agencies and needs to be co-ordinated, and standardised for operability and
prediction. There is a need to enhance the capacity of monitoring stations in terms of data
collection, retrieval and distribution with an overall aim to improve Yemen's predictive
capabilities and decision making. It is also important to understand the micro-climatic
variations within the rainfed landscape and what this means in terms of optimum coping
strategies for adaptation to climate change.
Page 18
18
Scope of the ESIA
The GEF, through the World Bank proposes to finance a 4-year project starting in 2010
named �
Adaptation to climate Change using Agrobiodiversity of the Rainfed Highlands
�
The
project main objective is �to improve strategies for rain-fed agriculture to adapt to climate
change using agro-biodiversity resources in the Highlands of Yemen� and it is designed to
provide economic, social and environmental benefits to the farmers and livestock owners,
their families and the rural communities in the project areas through increased agricultural
and animal productivity as a result of improved seed production, enhanced livestock
protection and expanded water and soil conservation and management.
The �
Agrobiodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project (ACAP)
�
contains four components;
Component 1
activities aimed at building on the traditional knowledge of farmers and
develop an inventory of local agro-biodiversity to identify and test selected land races for
climate resilience and develop vulnerability profiles of selected landraces;
Component 2
focuses on developing initial local predictive capacity of weather patterns and long term
climate change scenarios for the rainfed areas of Yemen.
Component 3
focus on developing
and piloting a menu of coping strategies, including some which will build on the outputs
from Components 1&2. Through
Component 4
the project will enable key agencies,
particularly the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, to reflect the climate agenda in their
policy and plan documents. The ACAP will be implemented in the Governorates of Sana�a,
Al-Mahweet, Ibb, and Taiz (see Table 1).
Table 1 project sites of the ACAP
Governorate
District Remarks
Al Mahweet
Ar Rugum,
Al-Mahweet
Northern extension of the mesoscale transect;
ongoing RALP project
Sana�a Bilad
Ar
Ros,
Bani Matter
Northern central part of the mesoscale transect;
ongoing RALP project;
Ibb As
Sadah,
Ba�adan
Southern central part of the mesoscale transect; high
altitudinal gradients; preceding agrobiodiversity projects
Taiz Saber
Al
Mawadem,
Al-Mawaset
Southern extension of the mesoscale transect;
preceding agrobiodiversity projects
Coping measures and activities are designed under
Component 2
to provide communities
with tools and mechanisms to adapt and cope with climate changes. The activities under this
component and its sub-components will mainly have positive impacts to the conversion of
land, soil and water. There will need only minor mitigation measures as anticipated project
activities will not lead to adverse impacts towards agrobiodiversity in the project areas. On
the contrary, project activities are expected to result in an improvement in agrobiodiversity
conservation of the ecosystem.
The main purpose of this ESIA is to investigate potential impacts of the proposed main
intervention of activities on both the environment as well as the community living in the
districts listed in Table 1 above.
Page 19
19
Objectives of the ESIA
The specific objectives of the study are:
(e) To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the project as a result of
potential interventions;
(f) To compare the impacts in relation to relevant national and World Bank requirements
and guidelines;
(g) To develop an environmental and social management plan (including screening
criteria) for the mitigation of any potentially negative impacts of the proposed
interventions and for monitoring compliance with the relevant laws and policies;
(h) To develop an integrated pest management plan;
Methodology
The study has intensively conducted through the following steps:
�
Compile literature and information pertinent to the study directly from the PSU or
from other sources such as internet websites of World Bank and other organizations,
books and project documents
�
Visiting the project areas in the four governorates mentioned above viewing
environmental and social conditions in the rural villages and conducting interviews
and discussions with stakeholders in the field:
o
Decision makers
o
NGOs and projects (if available)
o
Farmers
�
Women farmers
�
Men farmers
�
Recording and making thorough analysis of the consultation
�
Based on the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), an Environmental
and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is prepared.
World Bank Safeguards Policies
The World Bank�s operational policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) applies to all
projects, and the proposed project falls into environmental screening category �B� of World
Bank OP 4.01. The objective of the ESIA is to help ensure the environmental and social
soundness and sustainability of investment projects. This will be done by assessing potential
impacts of the proposed project on physical, biological, and socio-economic conditions. In
addition to OP 4.01, the ESIA addresses the requirements under OP 4.09 � the World Bank�s
Operational Policy on Pest Mmanagement and use of pesticides � to address potential adverse
impacts of pesticide use in project activities. The output of this analysis is an ESIA.
The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the
appropriate extent and type of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The Bank classifies
the proposed project into one of four categories [A, B, C or F], depending on the type,
location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential
environmental impacts. A proposed project is classified as Category B if it�s potential adverse
Page 20
20
environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas
�including
wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats�are less adverse than those of
Category (A) projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and
in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects.
The scope of EIA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower
than that of Category (A) EIA. Like Category (A) EIA, it examines the project's potential
negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to
prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental
performance.
The EA confirmed the "Category B" classification of the project under World Bank
safeguard policies, finding no significant, cumulative or irreversible environmental impacts from the
project.
ACAP activities are financed by the World Bank and are therefore subject to the Bank�s
Safeguard Policies. Each of the ten Policies was checked against the proposed different
components and their activities. The following discussion of the Policies is aimed to indicate
which ones are triggered by the project and thus may influence the project design, and in
particular which specific component(s) and activities might produce significant impact.
Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy (OP 4.01):
Essentially, the project is expected
to have significant positive environmental social impacts, in particular in most activities, with
only relatively minor negative impacts. The OP 4.01 has been triggered because there is the
potential that implementation of ACAP may lead to some adverse environmental impacts.
The ESIA has however determined that there will be no potential large-scale, significant or
irreversible environmental impacts associated with the project. The potential impacts
identified are mainly localized impacts associated with activities to be financed under
component 3 (CDD activities) of the project (i.e., involvement of communities on a purely
voluntary and demand basis), which can be effectively mitigated and are addressed using the
screening criteria and environmental management plan. For any minor negative impacts, the
ACAP
will be in compliance with this OP 4.01, provided the actions prescribed in the
Environmental Management Plan are implemented. The Bank requires (EIA) of projects
proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and
sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. EIA is a process whose breadth, depth, and
type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the
proposed project. EIA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its
area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project
selection, sitting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing,
mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive
impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts
throughout project implementation. The Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory
or compensatory measures, whenever feasible
Pest management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09):
The 1ntegrated Pest Management (IPM)
approach, including biological pest control, has become the main alternative to control by
chemical means. In order to control the quality of imported pesticides, the government
established the "Pesticides Formulation Laboratory
".
In 1999, Parliament approved the
Agricultural Pesticides Act. Procurement of pesticides is not envisaged under the project.
However, farming is expected both to improve and to change cropping patterns to adapt to
climatic changes. These changes are in turn not expected to increase the use of agricultural
chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides, due to the project activities stressing on encouraging
traditional and local practices in using organic fertilizers. However, due to some negligence
Page 21
21
and improper storage of seeds or importing new infected crops with would require some
remedies and precautions. Precautions to avoid excessive and improper pesticide use are
required. A mechanism will be put in place to demonstrate Integrated Pest Management
procedures and to develop a farmer education program that stresses good and safe practices
for storage and application of pesticides. The ACAP thus has triggered this policy and the
ESMP has recommended relevant training on IPM.
Involuntary Resettlement Safeguard Policy (OP 4.12):
Safeguard Policy 4.12 is not triggered
by ACAP as project activities will not result in: (i) involuntary taking of land; (ii) relocation
or resettlement; (iii) loss of assets or access to assets, and (iv) loss of income sources or
means of livelihood. Furthermore, project activities are expected to result in stabilizing,
increasing, and diversifying income for participating communities. The project aims to better
equip local communities to cope with climate change through the conservation and use of
agro-biodiversity, which aims to overcome losses of income due to climate change and cope
better with income diversification. Sub-component 3.2 seeks to increase income of farmers
through diversification of livelihood options based on agro-biodiversity resources, and
through improved conservation and management of water resources to counter the stresses of
climate change. Farmers� involvement in activities under this sub-component will be purely
on voluntary and demand basis. Furthermore, specific screening criteria for the selection of
community sub-projects have been developed as a part of the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (in accordance with the CDD Manual for MNA Region), which will screen
out sub-projects that may have the potential to trigger OP 4.12. Such sub-projects will not be
implemented under the ACAP.
Physical Cultural Resource Safeguard Policy (OP
4.11):
This safeguard policy is not
triggered by ACAP. One of the site selection criteria in identifying districts where the project
would be implemented was to locate availability of reasonably intact terrace systems that
could be rehabilitated and upgraded by local farmers and residents. The project will build
their capacity by teaching them skills that are needed for the upkeep of terraces, which in turn
will eventually help in transferring the knowledge to others in the village. This is an important
capacity building exercise. Each of the sub-projects will be monitored and evaluated once it is
up and running as well as documented. This will help replicate projects in other communities
and make necessary amendments to them. User surveys will also be carried out periodically to
get feedback on the projects, and make needed improvements. An oversight committee will be
responsible for maintaining the projects and for collecting small maintenance dues. Therefore
the project seeks the preservation of these age-old mountainside terraces, and the policy is not
triggered.
In summary
,
the ACAP triggers the following two Safeguard Policies: OP 4.01 on
Environmental Assessment,
and OP 4.09 on Pest
Management
.
Special provisions have been
made in the Environmental and Social Management Plan to fully comply with these
Safeguard Policies (see Table 2). In all these cases the World Bank requirements are
reinforced and fully mandated by corresponding Yemeni legislation as well.
Page 22
22
Table 2: World Bank Safeguard Operational Policies and their applicability to ACAP
No Safeguard
Policy
Policy
triggered
Justification
1
OP 4.01
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Yes
The project is classified as an environmental and social under Category
B
requiring partial assessment. All environmental and social impacts
of ACAP are adequately examined and mitigation measures are
assigned. ACAP will have significant positive impacts on the
agrobiodiversity in the project areas and build community capacity to
adapt to climate change.
2
OP 4.04: Natural
Habitats
No
The policy is not triggered. The project activities will not cause
conversion or degradation of natural habitats.
3
OP 4.09: Pest
Management
Yes
ACAP will not affect pest management, however it is recommended to
trigger this policy due to the vulnerability of the systems and ignorance
of people and due to the missing mechanism within the governmental
authorities on how to deal with the management of pesticides. Lack of
education and awareness amongst farmers, extension workers and
related institutes on the effects of pesticides on health and crops is
additional reasons to trigger this policy
4
OP 4.11: Cultural
Property
No
The policy is not triggered.
None of the interventions will affect
any known archaeological sites
5
OP 4.12:
Involuntary
Resettlement
No
The policy is not triggered as project activities will not result in: (i)
involuntary taking of land; (ii) relocation or resettlement; (iii) loss of
assets or access to assets, and (iv) loss of income sources or means of
livelihood. Furthermore, project activities are expected to result in
stabilizing, increasing, and diversifying income for participating
communities
OP 4.20:
Indigenous People
No
The policy is not triggered. No indigenous people are present in
project areas
7
OP 4.36: Forestry
No
The policy is not triggered. No forest areas exist in the project areas
8
OP 4.37: Safety of
Dams
No
The policy is not triggered.
ACAP does not involve construction
of dams, and not depending on any dams
9
OP 7.50: Projects
on International
Waterways
No
This is applicable to water bodies that form a boundary between two
states or any other water body that is a part of these boundary
water bodies. OP 7.50 is not applicable to this project.
10
OP 7.60: Projects
in Disputed Areas
No
This policy introduces specific requirements for loans in areas disputed
by more than one country. This is not applicable to the ACAP.
Page 23
23
Detailed Project Description
The Project Approach
The ACAP will investigate climate change impacts on agricultural land use in the rain fed
highlands of Yemen to develop coping strategies and enhance implementation efforts for
adaptation to climate change. The overall investigation strategy aims at the conservation and
utilization of agro biodiversity resources for climate change adaptation and the integration of
these strategies in the socio-economic system. This shall be achieved by:
�
Bringing together local/traditional knowledge, particularly that of female farmers, with
modern farming techniques and practices;
�
Developing initial local predictive capacity of weather patterns, climatic changes, and
longer term climate change scenarios for the rain fed areas of Yemen.
�
developing vulnerability profiles at community, district or governorate level for target
species/varieties, and
�
Developing a menu of adequate and appropriate coping mechanisms as well as policy,
institutional and technology options.
The main tasks will be carried out by four different components and expert groups:
1. Agrobiodiversity and local knowledge assessment
2. Climate modelling assessment
3. Development and implementation of coping mechanisms options
4. Enabling policies, institutional and capacity development
Project Development Objectives
The Project development objectives are:
a)
To enhance capacity and awareness at key national agencies and at local levels,
to respond to climate variability and change; and,
b)
To better equip local communities to cope with climate change through the
conservation and use of agro-biodiversity
The Project outcome indicators are:
�
Improved capacity of national agencies to successfully use global and regional
climate models to better simulate future climate scenarios for Yemen
�
Improved capacity and increased knowledge and awareness on climate variability
and change, and access to coping strategies
�
Improved coping strategies designed and piloted using agro-biodiversity resources
in rainfed highlands
This project will provide a suite of options to farmers in the rain-fed highlands, to cope with
climate change by building the knowledge base on climate change and agro-biodiversity. At
the national level, the project will initiate improvements in collection, recording and analysis
of climate data and development of national/regional climate models. Climate-related data is
Page 24
24
currently being recorded in monitoring stations under the authority of various organizations
such as CAMA, NWRA and AREA, for their purposes and without any coordination. The
project will help in creating a coordination and cooperation mechanism among such entities,
and will put in place a template that will capture the various climate-related parameters that
are being recorded both within and outside the country for Yemen. Simultaneously, at the
community level the project will finance documentation of agro-biodiversity and traditional
knowledge of the highlands, which have the potential to equip rain-fed agriculture with land
races and farming techniques that are more tolerant to climatic variability and change. During
the course of the project some coping options would be piloted with the communities in the
highlands.
The interventions initiated under this project are intended to be the building blocks which will
help meet the challenges of climate change over the long term. The project is designed as a
pilot, and is closely aligned with the RALP which is under implementation. Coping options
developed during implementation of the proposed project will be scaled up through the
RALP.
Geographical scope and location
The selection of appropriate sites for piloting the coping mechanisms is crucial for the project.
The pilot sites have to represent the critical agro-biodiversity of the highlands, and also be
suitable for the development of interventions with the active participation of farmers.
Following the implementation of the project, the sites should be able to function as examples
for replication and scaling-up in other sites. The first level of selection of governorates was
based on the following criteria, to ensure that the sites would:
g. be located along a meso-scale geographic gradient
h. cover most important areas of rainfed highlands
i.
cover a range of altitudes within in the highlands
j.
cover a range of mean annual precipitation
k. cover a range of agro-ecological gradients
l.
partially overlap with the governorates of the RALP project
Site selection at the next level was carried out to identify districts where the project would be
implemented. This was done to ensure that each location fulfilled all or most of the following
criteria:
l. representative
agro-ecosystems
m. continued practice of traditional farming techniques
n. availability of typical local crops
o. availability of (reasonably intact) terrace systems
p. mixture of cropping and animal husbandry, including the use of pasture
q. willingness of local people including women to take part in the project
r.
availability of data related to soil, water, climate, biodiversity and agriculture
s.
availability of information from preceding projects at the sites
t.
potential cooperation with other ongoing projects at the sites, esp. the RALP project
u. possibility to undertaken activities from field to catchments level including altitudinal
and agro-ecological gradients
v. possibility to undertake activities from family/group member to community/district
level
Page 25
25
Governorates and districts
of
Sana�a, (Bilad Ar Roos and Bani Matar) Al-Mahweet, (Al-
Mahweet and Ar Rugum districts), Ibb (As Sadah and Ba�adan) and Taiz (Saber Al-
Mawadem and Al-Mawaset) have been selected as the respective candidate sites for the
project (table 1 illustrate the governorates and districts). Maps with project areas are given in
Annex 1.
Project components
The Project constitutes of four components.
Component 1
will build on the traditional
knowledge of farmers and develop an inventory of local agro-biodiversity to identify and test
selected land races for climate resilience and develop �climate resilience� profiles of selected
landraces.
Component 2
will focus on developing initial local predictive capacity of weather
patterns and long term climate change scenarios for the country.
Component 3
will focus on
integrating climate resilience into rain-fed agriculture. At the national level this will done
through capacity development of the MAI in and at the local level through the development
and piloting of a menu of coping strategies in partnership with the communities.
Component
4
will focus on the management, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the project.
Component 1: Agrobiodiversity and local knowledge assessment
Lead Agency: Agricultural Reserach and Extension Authority (AREA)
Objective:
To prepare inventories of land races and other agro-biodiversity and develop
climate resilience profiles of selected land races
Outcome:
Information to enhance and develop agro-biodiversity based coping strategies in
place.
This component would build on the existing knowledge base of farmers, who to date have
survived by adopting diverse drought mitigation strategies. As changing economic and
livelihood patterns rapidly dilute the traditional knowledge of farmers, there is an urgent need
to document this traditional knowledge. In this context, this component will facilitate the
distillation of knowledge from the farmers on adaptive characteristics of the local landraces
and their wild relatives. These inventories will be complemented with information from other
existing databases. The vulnerability profiles for selected landraces will be developed after
testing and piloting for resilience to impacts of climate change.
Sub-components and Activities
1.1 Agro-biodiversity Inventories
1.1.1 Stocktaking of existing inventories
1.1.2 Agro-biodiversity field inventories
1.1.3 Laboratory analysis and validation
1.2 Development of vulnerability profiles of selected Land Races
1.2.1 Selection of landraces for plot experiments
1.2.2 Lab and field tests of selected landraces to develop vulnerability profiles
1.3 A report on agro-biodiversity utilization and traditional knowledge
Sub-component 1.1: Agro-biodiversity Inventories
Page 26
26
The main activities under this sub-component will be:
1.1.1 Stocktaking of existing inventories
1.1.2 Agro-biodiversity field inventories
1.1.3 Laboratory analysis and validation
Implementation will start with reviews of preceding and ongoing inventories. New inventories
at the study sites would be planned and conducted together with the local people (especially
women). Traditional knowledge is currently being documented within projects of AREA, and
by NGOs - the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD), and
the Initiatives for Sustainable and Equitable Development, and Local Actions for Knowledge
Exchange (IDDEALES) and these organizations will be active partners in the inventory
development.
With respect to land races of crops, ex-situ seed storage from different regions of the Yemen
highlands and documentation in seed data banks is carried out at the Genetic Resource Centre
at AREA and the Yemeni Genetic Resource Centre [YGRC] at Sana�a University. The
number of conservation facilities has increased from 7 in 1996 to 22 in 2006; and they
conserve more than 6000 accessions. Further, morphological descriptions of seeds and
phenotypes have been conducted. Therefore, it will be necessary to check for duplicates with
the existing accessions. Polymerase studies will be conducted on selected land races to verify
nomenclature.
Sub-component 1.2: Development of Climate Resilience Profiles
The activities under this sub-component will be:
1.2.1 Selection of landraces for plot experiments
1.2.2 Lab and field tests of selected landraces to develop vulnerability profiles
With the information from the field inventories a shortlist of land races will be developed for
further testing under experimental conditions. The shortlist will be developed in partnership
with farmers� groups and would include land races that are perceived by farmers as important
for food or forage. Land races will be short listed not necessarily for high yields; but, for their
performance under conditions of climatic stress � drought, flood, frost, high temperature, etc.
The RALP project already works on 8 landraces selected largely on the premise of increased
yields and this project will explore to see if there could be an overlap with any of these
landraces.
A
field testing methodology will be developed for the selected land races, to test their
performance under experimental conditions. Field tests would be conducted at appropriate
field centres of AREA, and in some farmers� fields. Simultaneously, laboratory analysis of
some of the selected land races will be carried out to test germination rates and seed quality.
Sub-component 1.3: A report on agro-biodiversity utilization and traditional knowledge
The final activity would be preparation of a report with details on the agro-biodiversity in the
selected project sites and with detailed plans for development of income generation activities
using some of the species/land races with potential for such activities.
Page 27
27
Component 2. Climate Modeling and Capacity Building
Lead Agency: Civil Aviation and Meteorological Authority (CAMA)
Objective:
To develop national capacity in climate modelling and data analysis
Outcome:
Enhanced capacity of national institutions to develop climate scenarios based on
regional climate models
Climate change will contribute to the general uncertainty in Yemeni agriculture. This has
various reasons: (i) precipitation is a tricky climate element and exact projections - even on
precipitation trends only - are hard to make, (ii) Yemen lies in a latitudinal band were global
circulation models differ in projected precipitation trends (some indicate more some less
precipitation, but there is observational evidence of increased variability of rainfall), (iii) the
effect of complex topography (typical for Yemeni highlands) is poorly modelled in current
climate models, and (iv) data to validate existing climate model output against measurements
are limited. Therefore, both the selection of a proper modelling strategy or feasible model
chain as well as necessary �tuning� of models or model output seems almost impossible.
However, it will be useful to check on the possible boundaries of future climate change to
limit the still growing uncertainty.
Key steps to achieve the objective outlined above, include: (i) to build a central database for a
better statistical description of the Yemeni climate and for climate model validation; (ii) to
assess and use existing GCM outputs and future GCM results to derive probable changes and
their expected range; (iii) to combine existing data records (including available products
based on remote sensing like TRMM and additional measurements started in the GEF project)
to mimic the range of possible climate futures for areas / sites representing rainfed agriculture
in the highlands of Yemen, and (iv) to utilize mesoscale climate models designed and
parameterized for a similar region for regional downscaling or other techniques of regional
downscaling.
Sub-component 2.1 Development of Improved Climate Database
Currently there is limited localized information, capacity and organizational arrangements
associated with climatic data collection, storing and processing � which to date has been
compiled through a variety of agencies, including the Civial Aviation and Meteorology
Authority (CAMA), National Water Resources Authority (NWRA), Environnment Protection
Authority (EPA), and AREA. This system is clearly insufficient and needs to be fortified to
meet the challenges of improved climate prediction models. Activities under this sub-
component would include:
2.1.1 Meta data survey and collection on historic climate data
2.1.2 Data collection of agro-meteorological data at selected sites
2.1.3 Assessment of small scale variability of rainfall
2.1.4 Data assessment and processing; Preparation of the data for validation and
downscaling of climate models
2.1.5 Statistical analysis on the climate of rainfed highlands of Yemen
2.1.6 Assessment of institutional capacity in data collection and analysis of CAMA,
NWRA, AREA and EPA, including the number and capacity of weather stations
2.1.7 Establishing a data transparency policy: Exchange of metrological information on
climate data of all relevant organizations (CAMA, NWRA, EPA and AREA),
Page 28
28
including the terms of the exchange of historic climate data and plans to establish new
networks of meteorological, climate and agricultural measurement stations and sites.
Upgrading selected weather monitoring stations.
Small scale upgrading of equipment in
weather monitoring stations (of AREA, CAMA, others) would be financed under the project
to enable regular collection of temperature and precipitation data.
Sub-component 2.2: Downscaling Climate Models
Activities under this sub-component will be focused on establishing access to global data
bases like CERA for GCM (Global Circulation Model) output data, process the GCM output
data for the larger region of Yemen (including neighbouring regions), analyze the GCM
output for (i) statistical characteristics (trends, quintiles, regional patterns of climate variables,
esp. precipitation). Activities would include:
2.2.1 Assessment of existing GCM results
2.2.2 Analysis of existing GCM results (statistical evaluation, interpretation and
processing)
Sub-component 2.3: Development of Climate Scenario for the Rain-fed Highlands
2.3.1 Assessment of historic climate data from selected sites
2.3.2 Building scenario data for climate (especially precipitation) in rainfed highlands of
Yemen based on collection of new datasets
The focus of this sub-component would be on combining existing data records (including
available products based on remote sensing like TRMM) to mimic the range of possible
climate futures for areas / sites representing rainfed agriculture in the highlands of Yemen.
Sub-component 2.4 Training and Technical Capability development
There exists a basic to intermediate climate data management capacity n Yemen due to the
sufficiently large proportion of trained people in relevant institutions like CAMA and EPA.
This data management capacity needs to be enhanced to deal with large spatial data sets from
model output or remote sensing. The climate modelling capacity in Yemen is not sufficient
yet. There are insufficient University level programs of study in Atmospheric Sciences. A
pre-requisite for advances in climate modelling will be training at international centres of
excellence, where those models are developed and applied. This sub-component therefore,
focuses on developing the capability of technical specialists within CAMA and NWRA and
AREA to undertake climate modelling. The main activities would be:
2.4.1 Masters level training of technical and scientific personnel through an internationally
acclaimed centre for climate modelling
2.4.2 Custom training of 6-8 technical staff members from CAMA, NWRA and AREA in
climate modelling
Sub-component 2.5 Sharing Climate Information Inputs and Outputs
2.5.1 Identify key climate data sources/agencies
2.5.2 Agreed arrangements on data collation; and standards for data collection towards
harmonization
2.5.3 Awareness raising and capacity for targeted users
2.5.4 Sharing outputs with end-users
Page 29
29
Component 3: Integrating Climate Change into Rain-fed Agriculture
Lead Agency:
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI)
Objective:
To develop a strategic approach to integrate climate change into rainfed
agriculture
Outcome:
Pilot coping strategies implemented; policies and investment plans of rain-fed
agriculture reflect climate considerations
A
detailed assessment of the vulnerability of rain-fed agriculture to climate change will be
undertaken, followed by consultations with stakeholders to develop a climate resilient rain-fed
agriculture strategy. Staff in MAI and associated institutions will be provided with
specialized training in climate awareness and in developing a coherent response strategy.
Coping mechanisms would be developed and piloted using the knowledge generated in
Component 1 from the agro-biodiversity inventories and the vulnerability profiles of selected
land races. In addition, community based
pragmatic �win-win� options for adaptation will be
developed and implemented by the communities. These would be small scale infrastructure
and income generation activities that use local agro-biodiversity, which will not only help in
sustainable management of natural resources, but will also help in the diversification of
income sources for the communities. This approach is premised on the fact that climate
change is an issue that involves long time scales, beyond the scope of an individual�s or a
community�s time horizon for planning. Diversifying livelihood options and sustainable
management of natural resources, especially water, are expected to have immediate positive
impact on the resource base and incomes.
Sub-components and Activities
Sub-component 3.1:
Raising awareness and capacity building at national and local levels
on climate change
3.1.1. Broad based awareness programs to decision makers, implementing agencies and
communities
3.1.2. Targeted technical training programs for MAI
3.1.3. System for transmission of weather forecasts and early warning system to farmers
Activities under this sub-component will address capacity at two levels- at the policy and
program level, awareness and technical capacity of staff in the MAI would be developed to
take climate change into account in designing rain-fed agriculture programs. At the
community level the aim is to increase awareness of climate phenomena and the need to
develop response strategies. A simple system to broadcast weekly weather forecasts to farmer
would be established with the information generated from Component 2 by CAMA.
3.1.1. Broad based awareness programs to decision makers, implementing agencies and
communities.
The program would be undertaken at two levels: at the community level farmers� networks
would be involved in disseminating information through workshops on climate change
phenomena, the consequences of unsustainable natural resource use, and strategies for dealing
with floods and droughts, extreme weather events that have increased in frequency in the last
Page 30
30
few years. The program would consist of field demonstrations, farmer-based hands-on
training sessions, co-learning, twinning programs, local workshops, booklets, and posters,
among other vehicles, and use communication tools that take into account the high level of
illiteracy in these areas, particularly for females. Additionally, events such as festivals for
seeds, traditional cooking, and agricultural knowledge will be held in several villages.
Facilitation teams would be responsible for designing and implementing the awareness raising
program, which would be based on the needs articulated in the agro-biodiversity and
adaptation plans. For implementing agencies and decision makers short training programs
would be organized through NWRA and CAMA to share information on climate change,
potential impacts on the rain-fed areas and how to incorporate climate considerations into the
policies and plans of respective agencies.
3.1.2. Targeted technical training programs for MAI.
These special training programs would focus on climate change impacts on rain-fed
agriculture, and the specific actions that MAI needs to take to respond effectively to
the challenge.
3.1.3. System for transmission of weather forecasts and early warning system to farmers.
In collaboration with CAMA, a program for frequent weather updates for farmers
would be developed, to provide weekly and monthly forecasts of rainfall and
temperature and extreme events. Low cost innovative technologies would be used to
deliver this information to farmers in a timely manner (e.g. SMS text messaging).
Sub-component 3.2:
Piloting coping strategies in local landscape units
Coping strategies in this context could be information, a technology or a technique that
enables farmers to adapt agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions. In the present
project coping strategies could be a combination of all or some of the following:
�
information that alerts farmers to changing weather conditions;
�
information on crop varieties / land races or new crops suited to changed soil,
temperature and precipitation conditions
�
crop management techniques to ensure success under new
temperature/precipitation regimes
�
different sowing, inter-cropping, fertilizing,
pruning, irrigation and harvesting protocols; sustainable pest management
techniques;
The activities under this subcomponent will draw upon the information generated from
Component 1 and Component 2 and will include:
3.2.1. Establishing and strengthening of traditional farmer networks, including women�s
networks
3.2.2. Targeted capacity building to access small grants to implement agro-biodiversity
based plans
3.2.3. Developing agro-biodiversity based coping plans at local landscape units
3.2.4. Upgrading small scale community infrastructure as coping strategies
3.2.5 Piloting agro-biodiversity based income generation activities
3.2.1. Establishing and strengthening of traditional farmer networks, including women�s
networks
.
Page 31
31
Traditional farmer networks would be strengthened with incentives for group activities and
workshops on adaptation. Farmers� networks would be the main channel for community
awareness rising on climate change and the coping mechanisms. They would also be the
primary channels for scaling up implementation of coping mechanisms through the ongoing
RALP and Groundwater and Soil Conservation project of the Bank.
3.2.2 Targeted capacity building to access small grants to implement agro-biodiversity based
plans.
Community groups would be given training on landscape level planning to conserve and
sustainable use local agro-biodiversity, and implement soil and water conservation measures.
This training would inform community members, especially women of the options available
to diversify their income sources through the use and value addition to local agrobiodiversity.
The training would also include preparation of agro-biodiversity based small and micro-scale
business plans.
3.2.3. Developing agro-biodiversity based coping plans at local landscape units.
Inventories of traditional knowledge and agro-biodiversity of the highlands would provide the
baseline information on plant genetic resources of the highlands, which would be stress.
Select pilot communities in the rain-fed highlands of Yemen will be supported in natural
resource conservation and adaptation planning. The purpose of these plans is to identify ways
to preserve local agro-biodiversity that has potential for conservation and income generation
and, soil and water conservation needs in the landscape unit. These plans would address the
needs of the communities as they relate to the sustainable and productive use of natural
resources, which will help in adaptation to climate change. The gender dimension will be
addressed through women-only discussions. Each committee would be accompanied by a
local agro-biodiversity specialist. Eight to ten rain-fed villages will be selected along relevant
gradients of land cover/land use intensification and altitudinal zones from within a number of
governorates, including Taiz, Al-Mahweet, Ibb and Sana�a.
3.2.4. Upgrading small scale community infrastructure as coping strategies.
Each of the pilot communities will benefit from small scale upgrading of infrastructure. This
upgrading will be tied to conservation of water, soil, terraces and seed storage - among others
�
and seek to maximize the use of local knowledge and adaptation practices. The kinds of
projects envisaged include:
a) upgrading of terraces
b) creation or enhancement of community seed storage facilities to store wild relatives
and landraces of seeds that have an important resilient value
c) construction of efficient water storage
d) establishment of community centre for conservation
e) establishment of model farm
f) Soil
conservation
g) small flood protection structures
Each village will benefit from 2-3 upgrading projects, which will have been prioritized in the
community agro-biodiversity based coping plans. Labour-intensive activities should rely
primarily on labour from the community. For instance, terraces, which have a high water
retention quality on hill sides and whose deterioration could contribute to more extreme
Page 32
32
floods in the low lands, should be upgraded by local farmers and residents, who will be
learning skills that are needed for conservation and who will be responsible for the upkeep of
terraces, and for eventually transferring the knowledge to others in the village. This is an
important capacity building exercise.
In-kind community contribution will be emphasized to help with the sustainability of the
project, such as the participation of labour. Each community will implement one project at a
time. Only after successful implementation of the first activity; they will be able to request
funds for the subsequent activity.
The upgrading activities will be accompanied by a team of specialists to ensure the
conservation aspects of each project. Additionally, conservation-related training sessions will
be organized to benefit the community as a whole. Each of the projects will be monitored and
evaluated once it is up and running as well as documented. This will help replicate projects in
other communities and make necessary amendments to them. User surveys will also be
carried out periodically to get feedback on the projects, and make needed improvements. An
oversight committee will be responsible for maintaining the projects and for collecting small
maintenance dues.
3.2.5 Piloting agro-biodiversity based income generation activities.
The aim of this component is to offer communities a practical way of alleviating poverty
through the sustainable use and conservation of agro-biodiversity resources by financing
small sustainable projects run by farmers in the targeted rain-fed areas. For instance, native
species (that have both ecological and economic importance) that have been lost could be re-
introduced to repopulate local areas and yield a diversified portfolio of income streams to
enhance resilience of local communities against climatic and other shocks. Additionally, they
will be encouraged to test out new practices that will increase the productivity of crops and
improve water usage. The kinds of projects that would be financed include:
a) Construction of small nurseries/home-gardens with a preference for those using grey
water and other conservation methods. These would produce plants, vegetables, fruits,
aromatic and medicinal plants
b) planting, preparation and packaging of medicinal herbs (aromatic and spices)
c) small home-based catering business specializing in traditional recipes
d) agro-processing
e) beekeeping
f)
planting of almond trees
g) Producing traditional ceramic ware for conservation purposes (to house seeds, etc.)
Each project will be prepared and implemented by a small self-selected group of 3 to 5
individuals. Projects will be selected for funding according to pre-set criteria which include
the sustainability of the project, and use of indigenous/local knowledge and conservation
techniques, amongst other things. The poverty level of the recipient as well as his/or her skill-
set will also be a determining factor. Special efforts will be made to target female-headed
households.
These small projects will have a cap of $3000/individual project. The community will also be
asked to provide in-kind contribution. For instance, a farmer interested in a small nursery can
Page 33
33
allow other farmers to use his land for the same purpose, and the return from the sale of the
product will be split equally amongst them.
Farmers involved in small income generation projects will be accompanied in the process of
developing the project idea and implementing it. In the case of projects targeting increased
crop productivity or the use of new more productive seeds, for instance, an agro-biodiversity
specialist will accompany these projects and document the agricultural calendar, soil, water
input and productivity of seeds to ensure their sustainability, and make any necessary
adjustments along the way. In the case of traditional recipes and medicinal herbs, a social
specialist will accompany the process to document the kinds of recipes and herbs and their
benefits. This process of documentation is critical in ensuring that traditional methods of
farming, cooking, water use, and seed conservation are not lost, and can be replicated by other
farmers, particularly young women who are often not exposed to the sort of experiences their
mothers were exposed to.
Additionally, project recipients will be provided with technical, logistical and training support
towards improving capacities in matters of production, conservation, processing, and
marketing. This training support will also be based on the needs articulated in the agro-
biodiversity plans. The marketing aspect in particular will be paid close attention; because of
the restrictions on women�s mobility, a designated specialist will be in charge of marketing
the goods in markets and during festivals.
Sub-component3.3: Preparation of a Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategy for Rainfed
highlands
3.3.1 Vulnerability Assessment of agriculture in rainfed highlands
3.3.2 Stakeholder consultations with relevant agencies including communities and civil
society
3.3.3 Development of agriculture strategy for rainfed highlands
3.3.1. Vulnerability Assessment of agriculture in rainfed highlands.
A
detailed assessment will be commissioned to assess the vulnerability of the rain-fed
highlands to climate change. This study will identify the impacts on crop productivity,
cropping pattern, food production, rural employment and other socio-economic parameters
due to changes in temperature and rainfall, soil loss and increase in frequency of extreme
weather events. The study will provide guidance to decision makers on the costs of not
making rain-fed agriculture climate resilient and result in a draft climate resilient rain-fed
agriculture strategy for the country.
3.3.2 Stakeholder consultations with relevant agencies including communities and civil
society.
The MAI will organize stakeholder consultations to discuss the vulnerability assessment
report and draft rain-fed agriculture strategy with a wide range of stakeholders including civil
society and communities. The aim of this exercise is to build consensus for the strategy.
3.3.3 Development of agriculture strategy for rainfed highlands.
The MAI, based on feedback from stakeholders will prepare the strategy which will be
endorsed by the Government of Yemen.
Page 34
34
Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation
The objective of this component is to work with the Project Implementation Unit [PIU] to
provide effective management to support project implementation. The PIU will liaise with the
lead agencies for each component, nurture and facilitate coordination between the
components, liaising with technical partners, and stakeholders in the project.
Project implementation will be overseen by the PIU which will be under the Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation. The PIU will be headed by a Project Director and have staff to
oversee procurement, financial management and administrative support functions and an
international expert on climate change and natural resource management issues to provide
technical oversight for the project.
The work of the PIU will be guided by a Technical Coordination Committee of key
stakeholders and the project implementation group for each component. A monitoring system
will be put in place that tracks performance of the PIU and its partners in relation to (a)
progress in achieving scheduled activities and outputs; and (b) expenditure against budget
allocations; and (c) project impact on key outcomes and indicators of achievement.
Overall strategic guidance for the project is provided by the Steering Committee chaired by
the Deputy Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation with membership from the following
Ministries:
�
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) (Chair)
�
Ministry of Planning and international Cooperation (MoPIC)
�
Ministry of Finance (MoF)
�
The Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority (CAMA)
�
The National Water Resources Authority (NWRA)
�
The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA),
�
The Environment Protection Authority (EPA)
The Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) will provide technical guidance to the project.
This committee will discuss all technical issues and prepare a quarterly summary for the
Project Steering Committee (PSC). The core team members of the TCC will be organized into
technical working groups to provide advice on various aspects of project implementation. The
TCC will comprise of the following key ministries and institutions:
�
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) (Chair)
�
The Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority (CAMA)
�
The National Water Resources Authority (NWRA)
�
The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA)
�
Environment Protection Authority (EPA)
�
The Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
Page 35
35
Objectives and Principles of the ESIA
Introduction
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) found the ACAP to be a major
advance in Yemen for supporting traditional rainfed agricultural systems (as opposed to
groundwater withdrawal systems), including: building on traditional knowledge of farmers to
develop
�climate resilience� profiles of selected landraces; developing initial local predictive
capacity of weather patterns and long term climate change scenarios for the country;
integrating climate resilience into rain-fed agriculture by developing capacity of MAI at the
national level, and through the development and piloting of a menu of coping strategies in
partnership with the communities at the local level. The ESIA confirmed that the overall
environmental and social impact of the project should be positive - the social and
environmental benefits of the project (in terms of increased agricultural and animal
productivity as a result of improved seed production, enhanced livestock protection and
expanded water and soil conservation and management) will outweighs any potential adverse
environmental or social impacts. Further, it is found that any potential adverse impacts can be
prevented or minimized by the preventive actions and mitigation measures recommended in
the ESMP. The ESIA confirmed the "Category B" classification of the project under World
Bank safeguard policies, finding no significant, cumulative or irreversible environmental
impacts from the project. Furthermore, it recommends capacity building in integrated pest
management at various levels to address any pest management concerns. Therefore the ESIA
has concluded that OP 4.01 on environmental assessment and OP 4.09 on pest management
are the only policies triggered by the project. No other safeguard policies are triggered by the
project.
Based on the ESIA an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is developed,
which specifies environmental and social screening criteria for sub-projects, provides options
to mitigate risks and potential adverse environmental and social impacts, enhance project
design and implementation practices by ensuring that the project components, particularly the
sub-projects under Component 3, are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable
throughout the project life and thereafter.
The following tables list the objectives and the operational principles of the environmental
and social assessment of the project according to the World Bank.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Objectives of the ESIA
1. To help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of
investment projects.
2. To support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the
decision making process
3. To minimize and manage the environmental and health risks associated with pesticide
use and promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest
management
Page 36
36
Operational Principles of the ESIA
The principles are listed below:
1. Assess potential impacts of the proposed project on physical, biological, and socio-
economic.
The study has assessed the impacts and found that the project has significant
positive environmental, social and socio-economic impacts which outweigh the minimal
negative impacts, if any, and mitigation measures have been developed accordingly.
2. Assess the adequacy of the applicable legal and institutional framework, including
applicable international environmental agreements, and confirm that they provide that
the cooperating government does not finance project activities that would contravene
such international obligations.
The legal and institutional arrangements developed
within the ACAP are adequate. The government has initiated multilateral agreements.
3. Provide for assessment of feasible investment, technical, and siting alternatives,
including the "no action" alternative, potential impacts, feasibility of mitigating these
impacts, their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under local conditions, and
their institutional, training and monitoring requirements associated with them.
A
complete chapter is developed addressing the project alternatives including the �no
action�
4. Prevent and, where not possible to prevent, at least minimize, or compensate for adverse
project impacts and enhance positive impacts through environmental management and
planning that includes the proposed mitigation measures, monitoring, institutional
capacity development and training measures, an implementation schedule, and cost
estimates.
The ESIA has described the impacts and the mitigations needed for the
different interventions.
5. Involve stakeholders, including project-affected groups and local nongovernmental
organizations, as early as possible, in the preparation process and ensure that their views
and concerns are made known to decision makers and taken into account. Continue
consultations throughout project implementation as necessary to address EIA-related
issues that affect them.
The project has initiated its activities in partnership with
different stakeholders through the different stages of the proposed components
6. Use independent expertise in the preparation of EIA where appropriate.
The project
complies
7. Provide measures to link the environmental assessment process and findings with
studies of economic, financial, institutional, social and technical analyses of a proposed
project.
The project complies
8. Disclose draft EA in a timely manner, before appraisal formally begins, in an accessible
place and in a form and language understandable to key stakeholders.
The project
complies
9. Promote use of demand driven, ecologically based biological or environmental pest
management practices (Integrated Pest Management [IPM] in agricultural projects and
reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Include assessment of pest
management issues, impacts and risks in the EA process. An IPM is prepared in this
context.
10. Procure pesticides contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated
risks, taking into account the proposed use and intended users. Do not procure
formulated products that are in WHO Classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in
Class II unless there are restrictions that are likely to deny use or access to lay personnel
and others without training or proper equipment Reference: WHO's "Recommended
Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification" (IOMC, 2000-
2002).
A
checklist of prohibited pesticides has been prepared by the project (see
attached annex
).
Page 37
37
Environmental Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
This chapter covers the national legislation and the national institutions that are essential
prerequisites in environmental management of the ACAP.
Legal framework
Three laws are of direct relevance to the ACAP, these are: the Environment Protection Law,
the Pesticides Law, and the Water Law. The key elements of the legislation are presented
below.
National environmental legislation
1) Environment Protection Law
In 1995, Parliament enacted a comprehensive Environment Protection Law (Law No.
26 of 1995), consisting of five chapters and 95 articles.
The law's objectives are to protect the environment, to combat pollution, and to protect natural
resources, society, human health, and living beings from activities that damage the
environment. In addition, the law is designed to protect the national environment from
activities practiced beyond the national boundaries and to implement international
commitments ratified by the Republic of Yemen in relation to environmental protection,
control of pollution, conservation of natural resources, and the protection of such globally
important environmental elements as the ozone layer and climatic changes.
To avoid future adverse environmental effects, the law stipulates the incorporation of
environmental considerations in economic development plans at all levels and stages of
planning for all sectors. It also, imposes the performance of environmental assessment for all
projects proposed by government, public, private, and cooperative agencies, and foreign
companies. No licenses are to be issued for projects that degrade the environment. There is
as yet no regulatory framework to support the implementation of the Environment
Protection Law and the provision of undertaking environmental assessment for projects is
not enforced.
The law also details provisions on the protection of land and water resources, and the use of
pesticides. Mainly, the law prescribes controls on the digging of wells, raising water-
harvesting levels, soil erosion, desertification and pollution, and urban and industrial
expansion on agricultural lands. The articles on the use of pesticides stipulate the control
measures over importation, handling, storage, registration, analysis and disposal of expired
stocks as per the international standards of FAO, WHO, and the Arab Organization for
Industrial Development (AOID).
The law also broadened the role of the Environment Protection Council (established in
1990) to include planning, licensing, monitoring, and auditing functions and to develop the
procedures for defining, adopting, and monitoring environmental standards. The Law also
outlines the role of line ministries and other technical authorities in the protection of air,
water, and soil.
Page 38
38
The Environment Protection Law provides the national, legal mandate for the application of
the Bank�s Safeguard Policies that are relevant to the ACAP project.
2) Pesticides Law
The Pesticides Law was decreed in 1999 (Law No. 25 of 1999) and includes seven chapters
and 36 articles. Executive regulations for enforcement are to be issued by resolution of the
Minister of Agriculture. A registration guide and executive regulations were prepared to
facilitate enforcement. Penalties for violations are stated.
The law's objectives are to regulate the handling, registration, and inspection of pesticides and
to avoid the poisonous effects on humans, and animals, the environment, and economically
beneficial insects. The competent authority for enforcing the law is the General Authority of
Plant Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and the authority is to
coordinate its work with the Environmental Protection Authority.
The Pesticides Law provides the national, legal basis for the application of the Bank�s Pest
Management Safeguard Policy in ACAP interventions.
3) Water Law
The Water Law was issued in 2002 (Law No. 33 of 2002), in nine chapters and 82 articles.
The law defines water resources as any water available in the republic's territory and its
share of common waters jointly owned with neighboring countries. This is comprised of
ground water, surface water, wastewater after purification, and saline water after
desalination.
The law's main objective is to regulate, develop, sustain and increase efficiencies in water
utilization, protect from pollution, transport, and engage the beneficiaries of water
installations in participatory management, investment, development, operation, maintenance
and preservation at the various stages of development. Water is considered as a common
property accessible to all.
Management of water resources is entrusted to the National Water Resources Authority
(NWRA), which is to form the strategy, assess the resources, classify water basins and zones,
and prepare the national water plan, which is considered as one of the components of national
economic and social planning. Priorities of water use are: drinking and domestic use shall
have absolute priority. Then in declining priority, watering livestock, public utilities,
irrigation, industrial purposes, minimal level of environmental needs. For these uses water
distribution and transport should be done according to sanitary means.
The responsibility of sustainable water management in the irrigation sector and the setting up
of operation and maintenance of irrigation structures is delegated to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI). Moreover, MAI should provide protection from floods, soil
and wadi banks erosion, maintain agricultural terraces and prevent the expansion of industrial
or other infrastructure at the expense of wadi or rainwater runoff channels.
Existing and acquired water rights prior to the issuance of the law will be maintained, except
in special cases when fair compensation will be ensured. Traditional water rights of rainwater
Page 39
39
harvesting and natural runoff flow in relation to irrigation shall be maintained. The same
applies for the traditional rights on natural springs, streams, and creeks. The traditional rights
for surface wells whose depths do not exceed sixty meters prior to the issuance of the law
shall be preserved. Holders of traditional rights are required to register their rights with
NWRA, within three years of the issuance of the law.
It is noted that no individual, group, or civilian or military government entity may dig water
wells or establish any water installation for holding or diverting rainfall runoff, or stream
water in or above wadi beds, unless a license from NWRA has been previously secured.
Sustainable procedures for conservation of water and protection from pollution are
elaborated in terms of site selection, specification of equipment, and control of the erection of
any structures for agricultural, industrial, or any other activities in specific water shortage
regions. Further, NWRA with the relevant government entities is charged to:
�
Issue permits for wastewater and waste oil disposal.
�
Provide support facilities to farmers for the adoption of modern irrigation
methods aimed at conserving water;
�
Set up water dams, dikes, and reservoirs for harvesting rainwater and recharging the
aquifers;
�
Provide support for conserving soil and vegetative cover for combating
desertification;
�
Encourage community efforts for participatory management and conservation of
water resources;
�
Assign areas protected from any industrial activity, the wastes of which constitute a
hazard to water resources.
�
Prepare the procedures for regulating disposal of industrial and agricultural waste
water;
�
Prohibit the transport or disposal of pollutant wastes;
�
Issue permits to set up industrial establishments, the wastes of which would lead to
pollution or quality degradation of water resources, until an environmental impact
study is provided.
The Water Law is a notable achievement in Yemeni legislation. Executive regulations for
enforcement are to be prepared by NWRA within six months from the date of issuance of the
law. As it stands, the new Water Law provides important legislation for environmental
management of ACAP activities.
4) Cooperatives Societies and Unions Law (Law No. 39 of 1998
)
Law 39 of 1998 concerning Cooperative Societies and Unions, which is the organizational
and legal reference for all cooperatives and cooperative unions in the Republic of Yemen.
This law is seen of relevance to the ACAP since it addresses community mobilization in
terms of collective actions that would lead to better community involvement in the design,
implementation and operation and maintenance of the coping measures and the income
generation activities.
Law no. 39 of 1998 grants a relevant Ministry and its departments and branches in the
governorates the right to supervise and assure compliance with relevant laws, and provide
advice and technical assistance to the cooperatives to plan their activities as well as to attend
their General Assembly meetings. It defines five specific types of cooperatives. Any other
type of cooperative, such as Agricultural Cooperative Union (ACU) and its branches in the
Page 40
40
country can be created according to the provision of Article 142, which states that it is lawful
to establish other cooperative societies, according to provision of this Law, in other services.
More specifically, Article 142 stipulates that a decree of establishment under appropriate line
Ministry shall be developed and forwarded to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour for
approval and issuance.
International and regional environmental legislation
The Yemeni Government has ratified multilateral environmental agreements on
agrobiodiversity and natural resources, oceans and seas, hazardous materials and chemicals,
atmosphere and air pollution, and health and workers safety. The following list provides the
multilateral agreements relevant to the project activities:
Yemen is party to a number of international environmental agreements, the most important of
which are:
�
the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) singed on 1/12/2005
�
the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS); starting on
the 1st of December, 2006; Yemen is party No.100
�
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Signed at Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1973 and
amended at Bonn, on 22 June 1979
�
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
�
Kyoto Protocol
�
the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD)
�
Environmental Modification
�
Hazardous Wastes
�
World Cultural & Natural Heritage, Paris 1982
�
Civil Responsibility for Damage from Oil Pollution, Paris 1979
�
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Waterfowl Habitat 1971
�
Law of the Sea
�
Ozone Layer Protection. On December 19, 1994, the United Nations General
Assembly proclaimed 16 September the International Day for the
Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date in 1987, on which
the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer was
signed
�
Yemen has also signed Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (Signed: 12/05/2001; Ratified: 01/09/2004), which is a global
treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that
remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed
geographically and accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife.
Administrative framework
Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) will be the implementing agency of the
ACAP. The project implementation unit (PIU) will be responsible to coordinate and manage
the implementation of all project activities, in agreement with the other partners.
Page 41
41
Project implementation will be overseen by the PIU which will be under the Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation. The PIU will be headed by a Project Director and have staff to
oversee procurement, financial management and administrative support functions and an
international expert on climate change and natural resource management issues to provide
technical oversight for the project.
A
Project Steering Committee (PSC) of key stakeholders will be established to develop and
coordinate activities between the partners. MAI�s wealth of institutional and technical
experience and its national mandate for agricultural issues in general and agrobiodiversity in
particular will support the work of the PCU and to cooperate harmoniously with government
partners to achieve the project�s objectives. Additionally a Technical Coordination
Committee (TCC) will be established to help during the transition phase between project
preparation and project implementation.
Partnership arrangements
A
wide range of stakeholders will be involved in the project, many of whom have already
helped to shape the project design. They will participate during implementation in different
ways: some will be involved as lead agencies � responsible for providing a leadership role and
oversight of components, other will play a role as contributing technical agencies and partners
in line with their institutional mandates. Community cooperatives and organizations will also
be directly involved in the project delivery.
Institutional and implementation arrangements
The project will be implemented over 4 years, with primary coordination provided by the
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and day to day implementation oversight provided by
the Project Coordination Unit, consisting of the Project Director, supported by a core staff
including procurement and financial management. In addition, there would be an international
expert to deal with climate change and natural resource management issues, including M&E.
The lead agencies for each of the components are (provisionally) as follows: Component 1:
AREA; Component 2: CAMA; Component 3: MAI; Component 4: PCU, MAI.
Overall strategic guidance for will be provided by the Project Steering Committee (PSC)
chaired by the Deputy Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation with membership from the
following Ministries and agencies: MoPIC, CAMA, AREA, EPA, NWRA, PCU, MoF.
The Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) will include technical representation of the
above entities but also include universities, NGOs, ICARDA, etc. In order to coordinate with
on-the-ground activities, focal points from key community cooperatives may also have some
representation in the technical committees as required.
The main partners working with ACAP will be the institutions listed as members of the PSC.
At the technical level, the Technical Coordination Committees should be installed along the
four components that accompany the project and support the PIU in all technical issues
related to the implementation of the project. This includes specific branches of the
organizations that are already listed as members of the PSC, see list below:
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, MAI, Plant Production, Sana�a
,
which has an
important role in developing national agricultural policies and legislations with respect to
Page 42
42
plant production and seed management. One important task could be the certification of seeds
and agricultural products from rainfed highlands. Within MAI, the Irrigation and Land
Reclamation Sector (ILRS) represents all relevant aspects of agricultural irrigation. It has four
General Directorates (GDOFI = General Directorate of On-Farm Irrigation, GDIS = General
Directorate of Irrigation Structures, GDFRDC = General Directorate for Forests, Range and
Desertification Control, GDSLR = General Directorate of Surveys and Land Reclamation).
The ACAP aims to improve rain water use and on-farm hydrology (incl. spate irrigation), for
the benefit of climate change adaptation. Therefore, results will be relevant for irrigated areas
of Yemen. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Agricultural Research and Extension
Authority (AREA), Genetic Resources Centre, which is an important unit within AREA
responsible for the documentation, conservation and research of germplasm on
agrobiodiversity.
Ministry of Water and Environment, Environment Protection Authority (EPA),
Sana�a, which
has an important role in climate, water and biodiversity, related issues. EPA played a leading
role in the preparation process of the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA).
Universities and their respective institutions, like Sana�a University (Yemeni Genetic Resrch
Centre; plays a central role in the interdisciplinary conduction and coordination of research on
genetic resources and local knowledge assessment including cooperation with non-
governmental organizations), Dhamar University (Faculty of Agriculture; can contribute
knowledge and experimental facilities on crop species and management), and Aden
University (Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Ecology; has experience on the
flora of wild species and their traditional use).
General Seed Multiplication Corporation, Dhamar (GSMCD)
,
which plays a central role in
the coordination and conduction of seed management and improvement as well as
collaboration with local communities in the rainfed areas
Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD), Sana�a
,
which
plays a central role in linking science with practice and promoting sustainable agriculture
including agrobiodiversity aspects.
Initiatives de D�veloppement (IDDEALES),
Durable et Equitable et Actions Locales pour les
Echanges de Savoir (Initiatives for Sustainable and Equitable Development, and Local
Actions for Knowledge Exchange) which represents an important NGO complementary to
YASAD and conducing local projects in rainfed areas of high agrobiodiversity.
Agricultural Cooperative Union (ACU)
,
which represents the farmers and has valuable
knowledge of their local situations and training needs.
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
,
which has experience in agricultural and agrobiodiversity aspects in West Asia including
participatory approaches with local communities.
Yemeni Women union, (YWU),
is a union that deals with the welfare of women in terms of
training, empowerment, abuse, etc.
Page 43
43
Baseline data
Project area description
The rural population relies on agriculture as a source of income. According to the Yearly
Statistics Book (Central Statistical Organization, 2008), the cultivated area in Yemen is
1,485,031 ha in which about 383,563 hectares (26%) are located in ACAP governorates
(Sana'a, Al-Mahweet, Ibb, and Taiz).
Information on existing natural and socio-economic resources is of fundamental importance
for evaluation of environmental impacts. The baseline data on the current status of the
physical, biological and socio-economic environments of the project areas are presented in the
following paragraphs.
The Physical Environment
The physiographic characteristics of Yemen are very diverse, consisting of high, steep
mountains, escarpments, deserts, coastal plains and hundreds of wadis running between the
mountains and through the coastal plains. The country is classified into five physical regions
(Mountain Massif, Eastern Plateau, Desert Regions, Coastal Plans and Yemen Islands). The
project areas of the
ACAP
are located in massif regions, where Sana'a, A1-Mahweet
Governorates in the central mountain massif, Ibb and Taiz in the southern mountain massif.
The following sections describe the different physical conditions of Yemen and the ACAP
areas:
�
Arid tropical climate
,
which covers the coastal plains region and lower mountain
slopes in the west and south and is characterized by high temperatures and low
precipitation ranging from 0 to 400 mm.
�
Arid sub-tropical climate
,
which is a transitional climate between the tropical climate
of the coastal, plains region and the temperate climate of the highland region. Mean
monthly temperature climate varies from 16�C to 28�C. Precipitation ranges from less
than 100 mm to 800 mm. It covers the lower and upper mountain slopes and the
eastern plateau region. (Taiz, Ibb and Al-Mahweet governorates)
�
Temperate climate
,
which covers the mountains ranging in altitude from 1,800 to
3,700m above sea level. Mean monthly temperature in this climate ranges from 10�C
to 18�C. Precipitation varies from 200 mm to more than 1,200 nm. (Sana�a,)
In most areas of Yemen, the reliability of rainfall is a critical concern, reflected in the fact
that little or no truly rainfed agriculture is practiced. In virtually all cases, some form of
rainfall supplementation occurs, whether tube-wells or hand-dug well systems or flood-water
harvesting. Three main types of water collection are utilized for irrigated agriculture:
�
Rain-water harvesting
,
which is based on collecting and retaining (mainly through
contour bench terracing) overland flow in zones where soils permit agriculture. The
numerous mountain terraces collect and retain rain and overland flow in a similar way
in areas where natural slopes may be excessive, 12 percent or greater.
�
Flood-water harvesting (or spate irrigation), which traditionally involves simple
Page 44
44
earth-built diversion systems and irrigation networks near wadis. With small spates,
these temporary embankments can be effective; with large spates, they are often
swept away. Modern spate structures are built in wadi Zabid, Mawr, Siham to divert
floods and withstand high flashes.
�
Ground-water irrigation, which supports a11 agricultural area of about 444,000 ha, of
which about 408,000 ha from tube wells and 36,000 ha from spring water.
Groundwater remains the main water source for different water uses. The water levels in
most critical aquifers are declining due to heavy extraction; in some cases water is extracted
twice as fast as water recharge. Available fresh water per capita is decreasing. It fell down
from 1,100 m
3
in 1,990 to 500 m3 in 1995. Considering the present pattern of water
utilization and population growth, it is expected that water per capita will be only 100 cubic
meters in the coming 25-30 years. In 2012, about 81 percent of urban and 21 percent of rural
populations had access to safe drinking water. Water-borne diseases are one the main causes
of infant mortality.
The Biological Environment
Yemen is very rich in flora and has a wide range of natural vegetation types, a mixture of
species from East Africa, the Sahara-Arabia, and the Mediterranean. The vegetation coverage
ranges from 9 to 43 percent and is dominated by grasses and dwarf shrubs. Precise data on the
status and number of rare and endangered plants in Yemen are not available, however, some
eight species plus some 19 additional species are considered endangered at the national level.
Medicinal flora is not well documented in Yemen and research on the subject is limited,
however, medicinal and aromatic plants are of great interest to rural highlands of Yemenis.
Yemen's fauna comprises a population of 71 recorded land mammal species. Five species of
gazelle have been recorded, four of which are believed to be almost extinct in the country.
Other species are ibex, Oryx, baboon, red fox, wolf, hyena, jackal and bats. Among the most
notable are the Arabian Leopard, which is considered endangered or already extinct and the
cheetah, which has not been seen in the wild since 1963. Yemen is very rich in bird life and
more than 350 species have been recorded. The presence of a wide variety of habitats and
strategic positioning at the transition of three geographic regions make the country all ideal
stopover in the flight paths of migratory birds, notably birds of prey and waders.
The major threat to flora in Yemen and the ACAP regions are cultivation and poor
agricultural practices, wood cutting for timber firewood and charcoal, over-grazing, soil
salinity, wind erosion and expansion of villages and cities. The major threat to fauna is over-
hunting, killing of animals perceived as dangerous such as snakes, and destruction of habitats
through deforestation and urbanization.
The Socio-Economic Conditions
As noted above, the project areas for the
ACAP
are located in four of Yemen's 4
governorates (see table 1). In each of these governorates, the project will be implemented in
eight districts.
Population:
The birth rate is 43 births for every 1000 persons. The total fertility rate is 6.7
children
born per woman. The growth rate of the population is around 3.2 percent per year,
while life expectancy is 57 years. The mortality rate for girls is 15 percent higher than for
boys. Table 3 below list the population fro each district.
Page 45
45
Table 3: Total Population of the Districts
population
District
Area
(km
2
)
Population density
(person/ km
2
)
No. of
households
No. of
families
male female total
Bani Matter
398
78.5
4161
4123
15862
15397
31259
Bilad Ar Roos
1127
8.3
11981
12410
51112
48887
100012
Al-Mahweet
fflfl\0fffl flhungarumlaut
1.0
ffl
fiflcaron flhungarumlaut
flfi
flfiffi ff
Al Rugum
\1a
\0f
1.0
hungarumlaut
fl
fl
fi
fl
As Sadah
270
306
12519
11663
39696
42806
82502
Ba�adan 240 484
15284
15569
54957
61088
116045
Saber Al-
Mawadem
fflflffl
542
fi
fi
flfihungarumlaut
fi
flfi
fiflhungarumlaut breve ffi ffi
Al-Mawaset
fflfldotaccent\11dotaccent
555
fi
fi
fl
fifibreve dotaccent breve \1a
Totals 99,243.8
89467
89742
312117
338896
651050
Poverty:
Some 45 percent of the population in rural areas lives below the poverty line. For
the nation as a whole, 50 percent lives below the poverty line, with as many living on less
than 2 USD/day, and 18 percent living on less than 1 USD/day. Table 4 lists Poverty Index
(PI) for the ACAP areas.
Table 4: Poverty level in the targeted ACAP areas
Name of territory
Number of
Districts
Name of the poorest
district (s)
%
of
poverty
index
Name of the least poor
district (s)
%
of
poverty
index
Sana�a
8
Attyal
Khwlan
Jahanh
Bani Dhabyan
Attyal
Bilad Ar Rus
Al Husn
65.3 Sanhan
44.9
Al -Mahweet
5
Hufash 68.5
Shibam
and
Kawkaban
53.8
Ibb
6
Hazm Al Udayn
Hubaysh
Far Al Udayn
72.9 Mudhaykhirah
63.8
Taiz
4
Mawiyah
71.2
Haifan
50.9
Health:
Around 18 percent of the population cannot afford adequate nutrition and some
46
percent of children under five are malnourished. As much as 90 percent of the population has
less than the minimum standard of domestic water supply. Infant mortality, in terms of the
number of children dying before reaching age one, is high.
Education:
The overall primary education rate is 78 percent, but only 55 percent of
primary
school-aged girls attend school (with even less in rural areas at 24 percent). The overall
literacy rate is 50 percent - male literacy being 70 percent and female literacy 30 percent
which is typical to the ACAP areas.
Employment:
The overall unemployment rate in Yemen is 39 percent, with the
employment
rate for women being less than one-third that of men. Typically, women are employed in
low-productivity rainfed agriculture and small livestock activities. Access to credit is limited
generally, but especially for women.
Page 46
46
Access to Services:
Large parts of the project area, especially those located in the
mountains
and remote regions, are inaccessible, with only limited connection via roads. Most villages in
the hinterland can be reached only with 4-wheel drive vehicles. Few villages have electricity;
however, the use of cell phones is widespread.
Farmers and Livestock Owners
:
The ACAP areas are dominated by farming practices of
terraces where farmer�s main income is from cultivation of these terraces. Both women and
men farmers share the responsibility if farming activities in addition to the household
activities for women. The areas contain several types of cattle such as goats, cows, and sheep.
There also camels and donkeys who are used for carrying materials and for ploughing. The
intended beneficiaries of the
ACAP
are obviously the fanners and livestock owners whose
productivity and economic well-being will be improved by the interventions of tile project.
They will see the direct benefits of the enhanced seed production, improved livestock
protection and expanded water and soil conservation and management. In addition to the
farmers and livestock owners, their families (women and children), their neighbours and local
communities should also benefit from the project in terms of improved living conditions and
incomes and expanded economic opportunities. Women in rural areas, whom Yemeni cultural
traditions have kept at a lower status and prevented from gaining control over important
household resources, particularly stand to benefit from the project. There are educated and
active women in many villages in the project areas whose roles in local development will be
enhanced by the project. The EIA team met with a number of farmers and livestock owners,
villagers and other locals in the project areas visited in both formal and informal settings.
Area cultivated:
The majority of the crops lands is cultivated by cereals then fodder crops.
There are few areas cultivated by legumes, vegetables, and fruits. The most widely cultivated
crop is sorghum, followed by Qat and wheat. See table 5.
Table 5:Governorates Total Areas and % Cultivated
Governorate
Total Area
(km
2
)
Cultivated Areas
(ha)
%
of Crops Area to the total
area
Ibb 5,344
88,671
16.6
Taiz 10,009
87,922
8.8
Al-Mahweet 2,332
30,491
13.1
Sana'a
11,961
176,479
14.8
Total area cultivated
383,563
Source
:
2007 Statistical Book of CSO for all data except total areas of governorates which has been taken from
MoPIC Third Economic and Social Plan
Page 47
47
Gender issues
Background
Over the last several decades, considerable effort has been made throughout the world to
provide women farmers and women on the farm with efficient, effective, and appropriate
technology, training, and information. The positive effects are beginning to show in
agricultural production statistics and in indices of family welfare. Yet these successes still fall
far short of what is needed at a time when public sector investments in agricultural research
and extension are under pressure, when ever-greater demands are being placed on rural
women in the face of rapid social transformation, and, in an increasing number of the rural
areas, when evidence of environmental degradation is mounting and the dilemma of climatic
changes.
Yemen is facing a significant challenge of gender inequalities which is considered to be
amongst the highest in the world is challenged by many cultures and traditions hat prevents
them from participation. Yemen is ranked 121
st
out of 140 countries in Gender Development
Index (GDI). Generally speaking, in addition to the traditions and culture that prevent women
from contribution in many of the life domains they suffer from restricted access to resources
like land as well as education and employment opportunities. Only 33% of rural girls
compared to 73% of rural boys and 78% of urban girls are enrolled at schools. This in on one
hand suggests not only a low level of schools enrolment for both sexes in rural area but also
inequity in rural girls access to schools compared to their fellows of urban girls and even rural
boys. Women are overwhelmed with plenty of farming and domestic responsibilities posed on
them by the traditional labour distribution arrangements. This, among other factors, is
considered one of the big challenges that prevent women from participation.
Girls in villages did not have access to the same educational resources as in the cities.
Especially with regard to computer skills, which are so necessary for employment and for
development today, lack of access to this information was damaging to the potential for
village women to succeed.
�If we want to encourage women�s contributions. They need to be
pulled out of the dark tunnel and the vicious cycle that they live in.
Girls illiteracy programs and education are the keys �
Ar Rujum, Al-Mahweet � Women Farmer
The unavailability of computer at schools is very linked to the absence of sufficient energy.
Unemployment is also higher among educated women. Although the role played by women in
the household economics is significant, their input is to a far extent invisible and
underestimated. Women are more engaged in the informal sector which is seldom recorded in
the official statistics. Women are also overwhelmed by additional domestic responsibilities
associated to the absence of services. They are the primary responsible person on fetching
water, firewood and animal fodder and this, among other factor, is seen to be a major
challenge for women.
Page 48
48
�Women suffer a lot in the rural area; no easy accesses to water, health problems especially
to pregnant women, children�s care are women�s affair, farming activities are a must for the
women and part of her marriage arrangements. Just to say a few and what is left many. At the
end of the day no respect from some men�
Bilad Ar Roos � Women farmer and house hold care taker
Gender analysis
Introduction
During the field work that was conducted as part of this ESIA, certain categories of women
are seen to be more vulnerable. This includes the poor and those do not have recorded
genealogies or tribal origin, gender related issues were assessed during the interviews. It was
found that the situation of women in certain places is very restricted and their mobility is very
limited like the case in Sana�a. On the other hand, women were found to be more active in the
public life in places like Saber Al-Mawadem. Table 6 below shows common women
economic activities in the ACAP areas
Table 6: Common Women Economic Activities in the ACAP areas
Service
Territory
District
Surveyed
Key Economic Activities Practiced by Women
Bani Matar
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities, and their domestic role. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
Sana�a
Bilad Ar Roos
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
Al-Mahweet
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
Al-Mahweet
Ar Rujum
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
As Sadah
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
Ibb
Ba�adan
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is unacceptable due to the social and tribal considerations
Saber Al-
Mawadem
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is some how acceptable where women go to markets and sell
farming and house products
Taiz
Al-Mawaset
The majority of women are housewives who help their husbands in
farming activities and household activities. Women contribution in the
public life is some how acceptable where women go to markets and sell
farming and house products
Page 49
49
The term gender describes the socially determined attributes of men and women, including
male and female roles. Gender has proven to be an essential variable for analysing the roles,
responsibilities, constraints, opportunities, incentives, costs, and benefits in agriculture.
Innumerable development projects, government programs, research studies, and theoretical
models have demonstrated that the improvement of women's access to agricultural research
and extension services and water must begin with an analysis of men's and women's
participation in the agricultural production process along two related dimensions: their role in
agriculture and their role in the household.
Gender in agriculture
It is now widely demonstrated that rural women, as well as men, are engaged in a range of
productive activities essential to household welfare, agricultural productivity, and economic
growth. Yet women's substantial contribution continues to be systematically marginalized and
undervalued in conventional agricultural and economic analyses and policies, while men's
contribution remains the central, often the sole, focus of attention.
Women are typically, and wrongly, still characterized as
economically inactive
in statistical
surveys of agriculture, a result that tells us more about survey methodology than about reality
(Janelid, 1975). Agricultural extension services still do not attach much importance to
reaching women farmers or women on the farm. Policy makers and administrators typically
still assume that men are the farmers and women play only �supportive role� as farmers�
wives (Samanta, 1994).
The recent investigation of GEF project in the rainfed rural areas (unpublished) suggest
domination of women in farming activities. Women own almost the same cultivated area as
men. On family level in smallholder farms the women are carrying the major work load. A lot
of their time is spent collecting firewood; carrying water etc. loosing the opportunity for more
profitable activities.
The public consultation study of the ESIA indicated that women in some areas do all farming
activities when men are seeking livelihood in the nearby towns. The study also indicates that
women farmers share most farming activities with the men.
Gender at the household level
The rural household typically is a unit made up of individuals working in similar ways to
meet common goals under the direction of a male head. In reality, the household is a more
complex and dynamic social entity which may change its composition and goals over time as
family members and dependents of varying age groups and sexes engage in various activities
to meet the specific responsibilities assigned to each.
However, while it is useful to draw attention to the fact that the distribution of labor along
gender lines is a social and economic dimension, such division is not clearly adapted in equal
terms. Women still has the major role in the house while men, the leading figure, is only
giving orders and share no responsibility in the different tasks and activities in the house. The
perception of men is dedicated along this line of superiority.
Women Empowerment
Page 50
50
The rapidly changing climate, increased variability in rainfall, water stress, and the poor
management of natural resources affected the recent farming practices. This in turn is
increasingly threatening community livelihoods in the highland areas forcing women to bear
heavier work burdens and men to migrate to urban areas to seek out a better living condition.
The changing climactic conditions is seen as an opportunity to empower women farmers,
making them important players in the preservation of historic agro-biodiversity and valuing
them as recipients of critical knowledge that will help reduce their level of poverty and better
manage natural resources. In particular, women farmers are seen as the holders of critical
knowledge that can give way to more efficient farming practices, better water and soil usage,
and the growing of crops that are nutritional, productive, and suited to local conditions.
Despite low in the skills of female farmers, inaccessibility of women in many areas, and
limited participation of women in the selection and design of projects; acknowledgement of
women�s needs and interests should be integrated in any activity or project. A national
agricultural strategy should trigger the importance of women�s� participation and involvement
side by side with the men. The following are some suggestions in that line:
1.
Conduct additional gender-sensitizing programs for policy makers and project
implementers.
2.
Collect gender-disaggregated data on rural and agricultural activities.
3. Encourage a more participatory approach, particularly involving more rural women.
4. Ensure equitable access to productive resources and extension services.
5. Design situation-specific implementation strategies, taking into account the unique
socio-cultural and ecological variations of each area.
Recommendations for more effective women empowerment
Building on present potentials
Rural women in developing countries do possess skills and techniques which are an asset to
the development process. Where groups already exist, capacity building of existing groups
can be more successful than forming a new group to which members are less likely to be
committed. Similarly, rural people are less likely to resist adoption of an innovation when the
new technique is based upon a concept or procedure they are already familiar with or are
currently using.
It is important for during the initiation and development of projects to get acquainted with the
organizations and knowledge systems available at the local level to determine how they can
be improved, rather than assuming that nothing of significance is currently available. For
example, instead of forming entirely new groups for women, local informal group or
committees could be strengthened through short training exercises on farm bookkeeping and
record-keeping, leadership, participation and democratic procedures.
Institution strengthening
Several aspects of institution strengthening, including project integration and gender-
sensitization of officials, have been presented. The (World Bank 1992) summarizes four
organizational principles which might serve as broader guidelines to institutional
development: (1) situation specificity, (2) project flexibility, (3) farmer participation, and (4)
mainstreaming women's programs. By incorporating these principles with the other factors
Page 51
51
such as socio-cultural and local considerations, projects concerned with women's welfare will
be more likely to have a meaningful and sustainable impact.
Training Programs
Capacity building and training is a field that is not well adapted to women. The following
suggestions are made for improving and redesigning training programs for farming women:
1.
Adapt programmes to women's needs and skills.
2.
Allow sufficient time to enable women to acquire new skills and adjust schedules to fit
women's existing workloads.
3. Provide training in agricultural and other productive activities, not just home and family
welfare topics.
4. Emphasize activities for which there is an actual income-generation potential.
6.
Ensure the involvement and full participation of women from poorer and less educated
backgrounds.
7. Use trainers who are not only technically competent and up-to-date, but who empathize
with the needs and aspirations of rural women.
8.
Provide practical field experience in the use of innovations.
9.
Shift more resources to village-based training rather than residential training.
Page 52
52
Project Alternatives
No Project Alternative
The �no project� option means that there is no urgent need to adapt to climate change and to
use coping measure. A �no project� alternative means continuing the present approach to
agrobiodiversity management, with little or no considerations for agrobiodiversity
conservation and ecosystem issues, limited investments specifically targeting crop loss, soil
degradation, terraces destruction, water loss, and limited participation of local communities
and relevant stakeholders.
This alternative is therefore rejected.
A
purely scientific program of Technical Assistance with no community
involvement
This alternative was considered and rejected as designing coping mechanisms in a laboratory
setting would not be pragmatic and would not have the benefit of �learning by doing� and
feedback from farmers, the ultimate users of the coping mechanisms.
A
community based natural resource management project
This alternative was considered and rejected because it is increasingly evident that the natural
ecosystems are themselves vulnerable to climate change. Instead, the project will use the
traditional knowledge of the agro-ecosystems, coupled with improved climate understanding
over time, to design a range of coping mechanisms. While �win-win� or �no-regrets� measures
are important and have a place in adaptation, they themselves could be vulnerable in the
longer term if they are not underpinned by increasingly rigorous scientific and technical
knowledge.
Focus on rain-fed agriculture vs. irrigated agriculture
While both rainfed and irrigated agricultural systems are constrained by water, the choice of
the project to focus on rain-fed areas was based on the direct vulnerability of the rain-fed
areas to variations of precipitation and temperature as a consequence of climate change, and
the greater need for the farmers to cope with the inter-annual variation and variability of
precipitation. This is coupled with the fact that rain-fed highlands are globally important
agro-ecosystems holding critical agrobiodiversity resources that could provide locally based
solutions to cope with climate change and enhance food security both in Yemen and
elsewhere. Moreover, the design takes into consideration a key lesson from implementation
of the Seeds and Agriculture Services project [P03917] which was that, �c
onsidering that
about 60% of agriculture in Yemen is under rain-fed conditions, follow-on projects should
place more emphasis on rain-
fed agriculture.�
Location of an agro-ecological gradient vs. total overlap with RALP project sites
While a total overlap with RALP sites would have been convenient, it would not have
captured the key aspects related to biodiversity and climatic variability over a meso-scale
agro-ecological gradient. In addition, the present design takes into account one of the key
lessons from implementation of the Seeds and Agriculture Services project, which is, �the
pattern and distribution of rainfall as well as temperature in Yemen varies from one region to
the other. This unique microclimatic situation should be taken into account during the
implementation stage in future projects for variety development and testing activities.�
Therefore, the project and especially Component 3, are designed to test and pilot coping
Page 53
53
options along a meso-scale transect that covers a range of altitudes, mean annual precipitation
and agro-ecological gradients within the rain-fed highlands.
The ACAP alternative
This project will provide a suite of options to farmers in the rain-fed highlands, to cope with
climate change by building the knowledge base on climate change and agro-biodiversity. At
the national level, the project will initiate improvements in collection, recording and analysis
of climate data and development of national/regional climate models. Climate-related data is
currently being recorded in monitoring stations under the authority of various organizations
such as CAMA, NWRA and AREA, for their purposes and with little coordination. The
project will help in creating a coordination and cooperation mechanism among such entities,
and will put in place a template that will capture the various climate-related parameters that
are being recorded both within and outside the country for Yemen. Simultaneously, at the
community level the project will finance documentation of agro-biodiversity and traditional
knowledge of the highlands, which have the potential to equip rain-fed agriculture with land
races and farming techniques that are more tolerant to climatic variability and change. During
the course of the project some coping options would be piloted with the communities in the
highlands.
The interventions initiated under this project are intended to be the building blocks which will
help meet the challenges of climate change over the long term. The project is designed as a
pilot, and is closely aligned with the RALP which is under implementation. Coping options
developed during implementation of the proposed project will be scaled up through the
RALP. More details about the different components are described in chapter 2 above.
Accordingly it is clear that there will be many environmental and social benefits from the
ACAP that over-
weigh it�s limited and minor impacts, in addition to the developmental and
socio-economic benefits. Therefore, ACAP alternative is the most accepted one.
Page 54
54
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
This chapter highlights the environment and social assessment of the potential environmental
and social impacts of project activities, particularly of subprojects envisaged under
Component 3, (see project description) which includes land use management, water
management, crop management and societal coping measures with focus to women. A
screening matrix has been developed listing the different activities and the relative impacts it
may produce against specific environmental and social receptors which are explained in the
following sections.
Identification of potential environmental and social risks
The following sections list a discussion of the main expected potential environmental and
social impacts on each of the subproject components.
Anticipated environmental and social positive impacts
The impacts would positively be in favour to the communities since the activities introduced
will allow farmers to cope with climatic changes in terms of water availability as
supplementary irrigation, rehabilitation the deteriorated terraces that farmers are abandoning,
in addition to women empowerment. The following lists the positive impacts.
Providing the communities with water harvesting systems:
WHS are use for
supplementary irrigation to irrigate crops during short or/ and changes of times of rainfall.
Water provid
ed to cattle�s are also a great benefit during the same periods and also during
rainy seasons. Yemen through past periods of time has been using WHS in all mountainous
areas due to the importance of such systems to the stability of communities.
Mobilize the
communities and encouraging community participation
would make operation and
maintenance more effective and water distribution and allocation more equitable resulting in
social coherence and stability.
Terraces rehabilitation:
terraces are the main agricultural source in the rainfed highlands
where Yemenis have been using these systems efficiently, maintaining them properly and
depending on their production of different types of crops. The rehabilitation and maintenance
of terraces would allow communities to use them more efficiently which would result in more
agricultural activities, increasing income to families, and settlement of farmers. Social
relationships and interaction would be positively enhanced through cooperation and
participation.
Establishment of flood protection structures:
climate change also produces high flood flow
causing damages to infrastructure, agricultural land and houses. Helping the communities to
avoid damages to their fields and farms by providing such protection structures means
preservation of crops and farms and saving long season production costs input and sustains
the livelihood of the farmers.
Building up the skills of farmers with participation tools
will
encourage farmer�s participation in a regular maintenance of these structures allowing the
structure to last longer and stand against sudden floods.
Women empowerment:
increasing
awareness and education levels among women especially of their rights and mobilizing them
into comities and associations will enable them to recognize their strengths and to share
responsibilities with the community more effectively. Additionally, it will allow women to
take decisions on matters and activities that concern them and on most issues that affect both
Page 55
55
women and men. It is known that women work the hardest in Yemeni rural areas where they
do most of the household works in addition to farming activities, water fetching etc� More
empowerment would result in giving women better status and provide them with better
opportunities to reduce hardship, alleviate illiteracy, improve the health status of women and
their children and contribute more positively to the community they live in.
Introduction of improved seed varieties tolerant to droughts
:
the climate change affected
the agricultural system and reducing the production of the usual crops. Introducing new
varieties seed tolerant to droughts (and thermo-stress) would enable farmers to cope with the
climate change through the cultivation of such varieties. Consequently, such improved
varieties will result in sustainable production, better income and social stability. These
improved and better seeds will result in improved crop varieties that are likely to be better
adapted to shifts in climate patterns.
Income generation activities:
such as:
1. Construction of small nurseries/home-gardens to produce plants, vegetables, fruits,
aromatic and medicinal plants
2. planting, preparation and packaging of medicinal herbs (aromatic and spices)
3. small home-based catering business specializing in traditional recipes
4. agro-processing
5. beekeeping
6. planting of almond trees
7. Producing traditional ceramic ware for conservation purposes (to house seeds, etc.)
Communities will be offered a practical way of alleviating poverty through the sustainable use
and conservation of agro-biodiversity resources by financing small sustainable projects run by
farmers in the targeted rain-fed areas.
Involving the communities in a participation process
of implementing such activities will offer them with better tools of management, social
stability and good income.
However, any activity will be accompanied with impacts that may affect the outcome and the
results envisaged and aimed at by the project people. Therefore, it is necessary to address the
anticipated impacts, if any, and the required mitigation measures in order to implement the
different activities positively and effectively. The next part highlights the anticipated negative
impacts of the activities.
Anticipated negative impacts
The following environmental receptors are the ones relevant to the project activities and they
will be used to assess the environmental impacts of the different activities on each of them.
�
Agrobiodiversity
�
Air quality
�
Water quality
�
Water quantity
�
Soil degradation
�
Pasture
�
Human health
�
Animal health
The social receptors are suggested to outline the social agenda within the community in such a
Page 56
56
way on how the subproject interventions affect the community. The receptors are:
�
Social satiability
�
Community participation
�
Household income
�
Family relations and
�
Women empowerment
The assessment of negative impacts is based on a quantitative assessment ranging from 1-4
where �4� is high impact (H), �3� is moderate (M), �2� is low (L) and �1� is neutral or
negligible (N). The decision for impact evaluation is based on the following rules:
If any of the attributes is ranked �High�, the overall impact is significant (H).
For an impact to score as �Neutral� or no impact, all attributes has to be ranked as
�Neutral� (N).
For the rest of rules, an impact is evaluated based on the dominant ranking.
In case of a tie, the higher rank prevails (e.g. if the number of attributes ranked as
�Low� equals the number of attributes ranked as �Moderate�, the overall impact is
considered of �Moderate� significance.
Analysis of Impacts
Land Use and Management
Measures to enhance traditional practices of soil fertility
:
Farmers are mainly using animal
organic matters as fertilizers in addition to chemical fertilizers. Manure application and cover
the land with stems, leaves and roots from harvests are some traditional practices used by
involving women in the process of collection, and application on the fields. The
environmental impact of organic manure on the human�s health is
moderate
and would
require specific mitigation measures.
The social impact is, however, negligible.
Measures to increase and preserve soil moistures:
any activity in the project to provide a
substantial soil moisture enhancement will have no environmental and social impact. On the
contrary positive impacts will prevail.
Rehabilitation and maintenance of terraces:
Terraces rehabilitation would involve some
construction aspects that might produce
low impacts
to the environment such as
roads to
provide easy access for construction, transport of agricultural soil, and solid construction
wastes.
Social impact would be important in the case of community involvement and
interactions. However social aspects might produce
moderate
impacts such in terms of the
community refusing
to provide their contributions
.
Enhancement of traditional practices of soil fertilization:
the only impact on the
environment which is moderate that people especially women might be affected when dealing
the manure.
Water Management
Safe and free access to water through water supply systems especially for women:
environmental impacts of such systems are delineated by; (1) d
isposal of oil and fuel and
spare parts on agricultural land and pasture and increase of smoke which produce moderate
impact (M) and (2) the overexploitation of water that produces high impact (H).
Page 57
57
Rehabilitation and construction of water harvesting system and springs (WHS):
the WHS
will have a
low (L) impacts on the environment due to the following aspects; use of
agricultural land as WHS sites, wastes of construction material. While it will produce
moderate (M) impact on health as a result the increase of mosquitoes
.
The social impact is
found
moderate
.
Establishment of flood protection structures:
environmentally, low impacts (L) are resulted
due to; (1)
Establishment of protection structures in areas causing impacts on the existing
habitat features, (2) Solid wastes such as debris are left nearby the structures after
completion of the construction and (3) Intermittent damages are not repaired or rehabilitated
on time, weakening the structural system of the flood protection works.
On the other hand,
social impact are seen to be moderate (M) due to; (1)
Refusal of some farmers to provide the
contribution for the construction of the structures
and
(2)
Improper maintenance of the
structure.
Crop Management
Introduction of improved crops (drought tolerant varieties):
the activity may result in low
impact (L) on the environment due to the presence of
some insects and crop diseases with the
new varieties.
Negligible social impact (N) is foreseen with this activity.
Introduction of improved trees (drought tolerant varieties):
the activity may result in low
impact (L) on the environment due to the presence of
some insects and crop diseases with the
new varieties.
Negligible social impact (N) is foreseen with this activity.
Preservation of seeds
:
the impact on the environment is low (L) due to the miss management
of preservation whilst social impact is negligible (N)
Establishment of community centres for conservation:
the activity could have low (L)
environmental impacts due to:
(1)
Building the community centre on agricultural land and
pasture and (2) Construction solid wastes are left on the site.
The social impact is also low
(L) which is due to;
(1)
Refusal of farmers to provide the contribution for the establishment
of the centre and (2) The canter could be used for activities other than conservation activities.
Income Generation Activities
Construction of small nurseries/home-gardens with a preference for those using grey water
and other conservation methods:
the environmental impacts would result from:
(1)
Grey
water used is not well treated (2) Solid wastes of construction materials such as plastics and
metals may pollute the environment near the nurseries
which both have low significance (L).
Socially, low impact (L) will be due to
Refusal of farmers to provide the contribution for the
construction of the nurseries/ home gardens
and moderate impact (M) due to
improper
operation and maintenance of the nurseries/home gardens.
Agro processing:
a waste water production may produce low (L) impact on the environment
while on the social aspect; it has negligible impact (N)
Producing traditional ceramic ware:
low (L) environmental impact resulted from
using clay
from fertile agricultural lands.
The social impact is negligible (N).
Page 58
58
Beekeeping:
environmentally, the activity will have negligible impact (N). Socially, it will
have moderate (M) impact due to
the disputes between farmers on who first gets the
beekeeping nurseries
which will affect the social stability.
Women Empowerment
Safe and free access to water through water supply systems especially for women:
the social
aspect of this activity might produce conflicts among women in terms of
water allocations.
The impact is seen to be of moderate (M) significance.
Empowerment of women:
reluctances and unwillingness of the community especial men to
support women
could be resulted when implementing this activity. A moderate impact (M) is
seen as a result.
Tables 7 and 8 list the environmental and social management matrixes. The matrices describe
the activities, the impacts and the impact significance on the both environmental and social
receptors.
Page 59
5
9
T
a
b
l
e
7
:
T
h
e
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
M
a
t
r
i
x
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Agrobiodiversity
Air quality
Water quality
Water quantity
soil degradation
pasture
Human health
animal health
overall impact
1
.
l
a
n
d
u
s
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
1
.
1
S
o
i
l
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
\0c
N
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
(
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
.
2
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
s
o
i
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
s
(
N
A
)
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
.
3
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
1
.
3
.
1
R
o
a
d
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
a
s
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
f
o
r
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
1
.
3
.
2
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
1
.
3
.
3
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
t
h
e
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
1
.
4
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
o
f
s
o
i
l
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
U
s
e
r
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
a
y
b
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
o
m
e
n
d
u
e
t
o
u
n
s
a
f
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
n
u
r
e
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
M
1
.
5
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
o
n
s
o
i
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2
.
w
a
t
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
2
.
1
S
a
f
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
w
o
m
e
n
2
.
1
.
1
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
o
i
l
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
a
n
d
s
p
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
s
m
o
k
e
L
L
M
N
L
L
L
N
M
2
.
1
.
2
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
N
N
H
H
N
N
N
N
H
Page 60
6
0
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Agrobiodiversity
Air quality
Water quality
Water quantity
soil degradation
pasture
Human health
animal health
overall impact
2
.
2
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
2
.
2
.
1
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
a
t
e
r
H
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
2
.
2
.
2
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
l
a
n
d
n
e
a
r
b
y
t
h
e
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
2
.
2
.
3
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
e
s
d
u
e
t
o
o
p
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
M
2
.
3
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
s
m
a
l
l
f
l
o
o
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
2
.
3
.
1
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
L
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
L
2
.
3
.
2
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
n
e
a
r
b
y
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
2
.
3
.
3
I
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
o
r
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
i
m
e
,
w
e
a
k
e
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
.
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
3
.
C
r
o
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
3
.
1
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
c
r
o
p
s
(
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
)
s
o
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
c
r
o
p
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
w
c
r
o
p
s
L
N
N
N
L
N
L
L
L
3
.
2
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
r
e
e
s
(
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
)
s
o
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
c
r
o
p
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
w
c
r
o
p
s
L
N
N
N
L
N
L
L
L
3
.
3
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
e
e
d
s
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
B
a
d
s
e
e
d
s
\03
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
L
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
L
Page 61
6
1
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Agrobiodiversity
Air quality
Water quality
Water quantity
soil degradation
pasture
Human health
animal health
overall impact
3
.
4
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
4
.
1
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
r
e
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
3
.
4
.
2
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
L
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
4
.
I
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
4
.
1
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
a
l
l
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
-
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
4
.
1
.
1
I
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
a
t
e
r
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
i
r
r
i
g
a
t
e
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
a
n
d
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
4
.
1
.
2
G
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
s
n
o
t
w
e
l
l
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
a
s
s
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
p
l
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
L
N
L
N
L
L
L
L
L
4
.
1
.
3
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
l
s
m
a
y
p
o
l
l
u
t
e
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
L
N
L
N
L
L
N
N
L
4
.
2
A
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
W
a
s
t
e
w
a
t
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
m
a
y
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
o
m
e
p
o
l
l
u
t
a
n
t
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
L
N
L
N
L
L
L
L
L
4
.
3
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
w
a
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
(
t
o
h
o
u
s
e
n
e
e
d
s
,
e
t
c
.
)
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
u
s
e
d
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
l
a
y
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
f
a
r
m
s
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
N
N
N
N
L
L
N
N
L
4
.
4
B
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
N
o
t
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
(
N
A
)
N
=
n
o
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
r
n
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
L
=
l
o
w
i
m
p
a
c
t
M
=
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
H
=
h
i
g
h
i
m
p
a
c
t
Page 62
6
2
T
a
b
l
e
8
:
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
M
a
t
r
i
x
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Social stability
Community participation
Household income
Family relations
Women empowerment
Overall impact
1
.
L
a
n
d
u
s
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
1
.
1
S
o
i
l
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
N
o
t
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
(
N
A
)
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
.
2
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
s
o
i
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
s
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
.
3
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
1
.
3
.
1
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
L
L
N
L
N
L
1
.
4
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
o
f
s
o
i
l
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
.
5
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
o
n
s
o
i
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
2
.
W
a
t
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
2
.
1
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
2
.
1
.
1
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
s
o
m
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
L
N
M
N
M
2
.
1
.
2
L
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
M
M
N
M
N
M
2
.
1
.
3
I
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
M
M
N
M
N
M
2
.
2
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
s
m
a
l
l
f
l
o
o
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
2
.
2
.
1
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
s
o
m
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
M
L
N
M
N
M
2
.
2
.
2
I
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
L
M
N
L
N
M
3
.
C
r
o
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
Page 63
6
3
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Social stability
Community participation
Household income
Family relations
Women empowerment
Overall impact
3
.
1
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
c
r
o
p
s
(
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
)
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
3
.
2
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
r
e
e
s
(
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
)
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
3
.
3
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
e
e
d
s
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
3
.
4
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
M
L
N
M
N
L
T
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
L
L
N
L
N
L
4
.
I
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
4
.
1
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
a
l
l
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
4
.
1
.
1
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
L
L
N
L
N
L
4
.
1
.
2
i
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
L
M
M
L
N
M
4
.
2
A
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
4
.
3
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
w
a
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
(
t
o
h
o
u
s
e
n
e
e
d
s
,
e
t
c
.
)
N
A
N
N
N
N
N
N
Page 64
6
4
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
N
o
.
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
Social stability
Community participation
Household income
Family relations
Women empowerment
Overall impact
4
.
4
B
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
D
i
s
p
u
t
e
s
m
a
y
r
i
s
e
o
n
w
h
o
f
i
r
s
t
g
e
t
s
t
h
e
b
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
M
M
N
M
N
M
5
.
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
4
.
1
S
a
f
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
w
o
m
e
n
D
i
s
p
u
t
e
s
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
h
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
M
M
N
M
L
M
4
.
2
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
R
e
l
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
u
n
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
n
e
s
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
g
i
v
e
w
o
m
e
n
m
o
r
e
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
s
L
N
N
M
M
M
N
=
n
o
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
r
n
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
L
=
l
o
w
i
m
p
a
c
t
M
=
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
H
=
h
i
g
h
i
m
p
a
c
t
Page 65
65
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Introduction
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) aims at defining a mechanism for
implementing mitigation measures for expected negative impacts and to monitor the
efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The
ESMP identifies certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementing,
supervising and monitoring the environmental and social performance of the project.
All activities that will be carried out under sub-component 3 (3.2.4 and 3.2.5) of the project
will be purely on voluntary, demand-driven basis and will be implemented by the
communities (local farmers and residents) themselves. Some of these activities could include:
upgrading of reasonably intact terraces; construction of water harvesting systems (WHS); soil
conservation and flood protection structures, etc. The farmers and residents will be taught
skills that are needed for conservation and who will be responsible for the upkeep of terraces,
and for eventually transferring the knowledge to others in the village. Additionally, the
upgrading activities will be accompanied by a team of specialists to ensure the conservation
aspects of each project. Furthermore, conservation-related training sessions will be organized
to benefit the community as a whole. It should be noted that each of the projects will be
monitored and evaluated once it is up and running as well as documented. An oversight
committee will be responsible for maintaining the projects and for collecting small
maintenance dues. The above-mentioned sub-projects are the ones that could have minor
negative environmental and or social impacts that will implement mitigation measures are
outlined in the ESMP.
The following sections will also present the main social mitigation measures. It is also
important to mention that more than one of the mitigation measures will address in fact more
than one impact. Reference will be made to these measures in their place.
Institutional Arrangements
Management Setup
This Project is implemented through the coordinated efforts of four Ministries/Agencies:
�
Ministry of Agriculture (MAI)
o
Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA)
�
Ministry of Water and Environment
o
National Water Resources authority (NWRA)
o
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
�
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
�
Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority (CAMA).
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) is the main implementing agency for the
project and will be responsible for providing administrative oversight, coordinating funds
flow, coordination with other implementing agencies and, monitoring and reporting on the
results. Project administration will be carried out by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
Page 66
66
which would lead the coordination activities with the other implementing agencies according
to their specific roles and responsibilities.
Overview and Structure
The PIU will be responsible to coordinate and manage the implementation of all project
activities, in agreement with the other partners. The work of the PIU will be guided and
monitored by MAI. A Project Steering Committee (PSC) of key stakeholders will be
established to provide strategic guidance and oversight for the project. Additionally, a
Project Technical Committee (PTC) will be established to oversee implementation and
provide technical guidance to the project, to support the PSC, and guide the PSU in all
technical issues of this project.
The Project Implementation Unit (PIU)
Staffing:
The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the project will consist of the following
positions: Project Director, GEF Project Technical Specialist, Financial Specialist,
Procurement Specialist, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer and Support Staff. Additional to
these staff an international expert will be hired as a technical specialist to assist the Project
Director in the implementation of the Project, with expertise in natural resource management
and climate change.
Responsibilities:
The PIU will be responsible for ensuring effective project implementation
and specifically:
-
Ensuring active participation of beneficiaries and the local population
-
Removal of constraints and enable smooth project implementation
-
Ensuring the participation of government organizations
-
Liaising with the other MAI staff and other stakeholders
-
Procuring services and equipment in accordance with the World Bank�s procurement
guidelines
-
Preparation of annual work plans and budgets
-
Preparation and submission of quarterly and annual progress reports to the Steering
Committee and donor
-
Accounting for project expenditures, which are to be audited annually
-
Monitoring and evaluation of project activities
-
Organizing the Steering Committee meetings and reporting to the Steering Committee
-
Organizing Technical Coordination Committee meetings
-
Securing the committed co-financing to the project from the government
-
Liaising and coordinating with the RALP and other relevant projects (e.g. GSCP)
The PIU also has access to a great diversity of technical expertise provided by MAI staff and
national and international consultants. This team will represent the Technical Coordination
Committee (TCC) whose input will be channelled and coordinated by the PSU to make sure
cost-effective contribution to the four project components. The core team members can be
organized in ad-hoc technical working groups to provide technical advice in various aspects
of project implementation including decision making on technical issues, monitoring &
evaluation, technical guidance to project implementation, and approval of reporting activities.
Project Steering Committee
Page 67
67
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigat
ion (MAI) will be the government�s focal point for the
project, and as Chair of the Project Steering Committee (PSC) will provide strategic
coordination and monitor progress. MAI will be supported within this committee by the
Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) and other partners and stakeholders. The chair of
the TCC would be the vice chair of the PSC.
The PSC will meet every six months to provide strategic direction for the project
implementation and assess the project�s progress against planned outputs, and will at the same
time seek to ensure that the necessary inter-agency coordination is in place and working well.
The PSC will comprise of key ministries and institutions that have an influential role in the
development of the rainfed highlands of Yemen. The members of the Committees would
include the following:
�
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) (Chair),
which has an important role
in developing national agricultural policies and legislations. MAI is responsible to
provide the technical guidance and extension services for the farmers, with respect to
plant production and seed management, as well as constructing of irrigation structures
(small dams, canals, water tanks, diversion weirs). It has also a leading role for agro-
biodiversity.
�
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC):
The ministry and its
units are responsible for planning and developing international cooperation; it can link
to other internationally supported projects and activities relevant to the GEF project
�
Ministry of Finance (MOF):
The ministry and its units are responsible for any
financial planning in Yemen; any subsidy or support from the GoY will be subject to
the MOF
�
The Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority (CAMA)
is responsible for climate
monitoring, climate data gathering, and weather forecasting (both for general public
and civil aviation). CAMA has access to Yemeni climate data, experience in weather
forecasting, and a structure that can facilitate a climate modelling activity.
�
The National Water Resources Authority (NWRA)
is responsible for water resource
planning and monitoring, legislation, and public awareness. It has the sole
responsibility and mandate for water resources management. One of its tasks is to
provide ongoing assessment, coordination and enforcement of all components of the
water law. NWRA is currently establishing a network of rain gauging stations.
�
The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA),
which is an important
unit within MAI; AREA has been mandated with the supervision and coordination of
national agricultural research activities, technical supervision of extension activities,
and evaluation and certification of research results in the country.
�
Ministry of Water and Environment, Environment Protection Authority
(EPA),
Sana�a,
which has an important role in climate, water and biodiversity related issues. EPA
played a leading role in the preparation process of the
National Adaptation
Programme of Action
(NAPA).
The Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) will be established to co-ordinate and specify
the implementation of the project. This committee would discuss all technical issues and
prepare a quarterly summary for the Project Steering Committee (PSC). The Deputy Minister
of Irrigation and Land Reclamation Sector (ILRS) has been proposed by MAI as chairman of
the TCC. Also one of the General Directorates within the ILRS is proposed to act as vice
chair.
Page 68
68
Technical Coordination Committee
The TCC would meet every month or as needed to guide the PSU and ensure technical
oversight of the four project components. The core team members would be organized into
ad-hoc technical working groups to provide advise various aspects of project implementation
including decision making on technical issues, monitoring & evaluation, guidance on project
implementation, and approval of reporting activities. The TCC will comprise of key
ministries and institutions that have an influential role in the development of the rainfed
highlands of Yemen. The members of the Committees may include the following:
�
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) (Chair),
which has an important role
in developing national agricultural policies and legislation.
�
The Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority (CAMA)
�
The Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA)
�
The Environment Protection Authority
(EPA)
The ESMP on environmental mitigation measures
Summary of impacts and mitigation measures
Potential negative environmental and social impacts
that have been identified and ranked as
�High�, �Moderate� or �Low� in Chapter 8 of this report are discussed and in order to
eliminate or reduce the environmental and social impacts identified due to the project
activities, it is recommended to adopt and implement a series of mitigation measures as
follows:
1. Construction of water harvesting systems, and the rehabilitation of the terraces
would necessarily need truck roads, if not available, to transport construction
materials which would produce an impact on the agrobiodiversity, agricultural and
soil areas.
To the maximum extent possible, avoid constructing roads through
agrobiodiversity settlements, agricultural land or pasture. Whenever possible use animals
to transport building
materials to the sites as an alternative to road construction.
2. Removal and transportation of fertile soils from agricultural lands and pasture areas
to rehabilitate the terraces systems has minor impact to the environment.
Therefore it
is suggested to avoid taking fertile soils from pasture areas and use soil from wild land
that are not cultivated or used as settlements for habitats. It would be interesting to initiate
and develop agreements and roles among communities not use or transport fertile soils
from agricultural lands that are currently used.
3. Solid wastes such as debris are left on the construction sites after completion of the
construction causing impact on the agrobiodiversity of the area.
Contractors who have
been hired from outside the area or from within the community and according to the roles
and regulations of contracting, should be obliged and responsible to remove solid wastes
during and after completion of the works
4. The water supply projects would provide easy access to water which may cause an
impact on the agrobiodiversity, agricultural and pasture areas due to the disposal of
used oil and fuel and spare parts on agricultural land and pasture and increase of
Page 69
69
smoke
.
It is, therefore, necessary to avoid disposing of used oils and parts on areas of
agrobiodiversity, agriculture and pasture. For mitigating this measure the ESMP
recommended control of oil changing and fuelling activities. It may be profitable to
collect used oils, if possible, and sell it as an income generation source for the community.
Recycling the used oil and reusing it, which may require small and simple recycling plant
might as well be a way of generating income to the community.
5. Water supply projects might lead to great dependency on the groundwater leading to
overexploitation of the aquifers causing high impacts on the groundwater quality
and quantity.
Even though such systems would allow women to spend more time on
other activities, necessary mitigation measures should be taken such as: (i) continues
monitoring of the water source to limit the extent of groundwater depletion and quality
deterioration, (ii) reduce the amount of abstraction and determine a rational use for the
water among the community, (iii) start the implementation of awareness rising campaigns
of water conservation (iv) utilize efficiently rooftops rainwater harvesting as an additional
source for household use to ease the stress on groundwater and reduce overexploitation.
6. Establishment of small flood protection structures in areas may cause impacts on the
existing habitat features.
Addressing integrally the agrobiodiversity component, the
technical and economical aspect of the site selection, would mean selection of the sites to
the maximum extent possible in areas where habitats are not featured. However, if
construction of protection works is unavoidable in habitat area, it is advised to make all
necessary precautions as not to disturb the habitat features of the area.
7. Intermittent damages to structures such as small flood protection structures are not
repaired or rehabilitated on time, weakening the structural system of the flood
protection works
.
Continues monitoring of the impact of the flood structure on the
agrobiodiversity and accordingly taking the necessary precautions and mitigations. In
addition, it would ultimately important to hand over the O&M of the structure to the
community which would require the formation of an operation and maintenance
committee responsible for regular maintenance with an emphasis of conducting regular
maintenance especially after rain and floods
8. The introduction of improved crops and trees drought tolerant varieties might carry
harmful insects and diseases which would produce an impact on the
agrobiodiversity, and health.
The mitigation measures would require careful inspection
of the verities against diseases that may be harmful and those that are free from such
diseases should be selected. Careful inspection of varieties from insects should be done
before they are introduced to the areas and those are free of harmful insects should be
selected.
9. Using grey water to irrigate small nurseries/home-gardens that is not well treated
and did not pass through simple treatment processes may have an impact on the
environment.
Therefore it is necessary to prevent such waters to reach water sources and
courses. Prior to using the grey waters, it could be better to install simple treatment
systems and treat the grey waters. Increasing awareness among communities would
reduce the negative impacts.
10. Enhancement of traditional practices of soil fertilization means the use and
application of traditional animal organics which are usually dealt with by women
Page 70
70
and children without any safe measures. Such use and application may result to an
impact to the health of humans.
Therefore it is necessary to (i) avoid direct contact
direct contact with the organic matters and should wear safety wears (ii) provide the
community with safety and healthy guidelines and procedures of the safe use and
application of organic matter and (iii) avoid transportation of infected animal organic
manure from affected areas to another areas.
The following table lists the mitigation measures and the associated institutional
responsibilities, time frame and associated costs.
Page 71
7
1
T
a
b
l
e
9
:
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
l
a
n
(
E
M
P
)
1
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
t
I
m
p
a
c
t
None
L
M
H
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
T
i
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
C
o
s
t
$
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
T
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
r
o
a
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
2
-
W
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
e
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
o
a
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
r
o
a
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
2
-
W
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
e
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
o
a
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
T
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
r
o
a
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
W
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
e
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
t
o
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
o
a
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Rehabilitation of terraces
R
o
a
d
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
a
s
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
f
o
r
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
T
a
b
l
e
9
w
i
l
l
b
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
a
k
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
,
w
i
t
h
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
(
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
,
s
o
i
l
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
s
t
,
e
t
c
.
,
u
n
d
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
M
A
I
)
.
Page 72
7
2
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
a
k
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
a
r
e
a
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
a
s
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
.
2
-
u
s
e
s
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
w
i
l
d
l
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
o
t
u
s
e
d
a
s
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
3
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
o
l
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
n
o
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
a
k
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
u
s
e
s
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
w
i
l
d
l
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
3
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
o
l
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
n
o
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
a
k
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
.
2
-
u
s
e
s
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
w
i
l
d
l
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
u
s
e
d
a
s
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
3
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
o
l
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
n
o
t
u
s
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
n
o
t
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
t
h
e
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
Page 73
7
3
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
n
o
t
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
n
o
t
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
p
e
o
p
l
e
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
,
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
a
v
o
i
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
w
e
a
r
s
a
f
e
t
y
w
e
a
r
s
2
-
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
f
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
m
a
t
t
e
r
3
-
a
v
o
i
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
i
m
a
l
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
m
a
n
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
s
t
o
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
r
e
a
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
N
A
Enhancement of traditional practices of soil fertilization
U
s
e
r
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
a
y
b
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
o
m
e
n
d
u
e
t
o
u
n
s
a
f
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
n
u
r
e
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Safe and free access to
water through water
supply systems especially
for women
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
o
i
l
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
a
n
d
s
p
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
s
m
o
k
e
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
n
g
o
f
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
s
o
n
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
2
-
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
i
l
s
,
i
f
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
l
i
t
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
R
e
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
a
n
d
r
e
u
s
e
i
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
m
o
n
e
y
o
r
k
i
n
d
f
r
o
m
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
Page 74
7
4
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
o
k
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
2
-
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
R
W
S
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
D
i
s
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
s
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
2
-
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
i
l
s
,
i
f
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
l
i
t
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
r
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
R
e
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
a
n
d
r
e
u
s
e
i
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
m
o
n
e
y
o
r
k
i
n
d
f
r
o
m
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
l
y
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
n
g
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
s
o
n
a
l
l
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
l
a
n
d
s
2
-
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
i
l
s
,
i
f
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
l
i
t
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
r
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
R
e
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
a
n
d
r
e
u
s
e
i
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
m
o
n
e
y
o
r
k
i
n
d
f
r
o
m
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
l
y
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
n
g
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
s
o
n
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
i
l
s
,
i
f
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
l
i
t
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
r
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
R
e
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
d
o
i
l
a
n
d
r
e
u
s
e
i
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
i
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
m
o
n
e
y
o
r
k
i
n
d
f
r
o
m
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
o
k
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
2
-
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
G
A
R
W
S
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Page 75
7
5
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
o
l
i
m
i
t
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
u
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
S
t
a
r
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
r
i
s
i
n
g
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
-
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
s
r
a
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
u
s
e
t
o
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
N
W
R
A
1
&
2
-
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
3
-
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
4
-
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
c
a
n
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
S
F
D
,
P
W
a
n
d
M
A
I
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
.
N
W
R
A
c
a
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
1
-
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
o
l
i
m
i
t
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
2
-
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
s
e
n
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
3
-
s
t
a
r
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
r
i
s
i
n
g
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
-
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
s
r
a
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
u
s
e
t
o
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
N
W
R
A
1
&
2
-
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
3
-
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
4
-
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
c
a
n
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
S
F
D
,
P
W
a
n
d
M
A
I
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
.
N
W
R
A
c
a
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Rehabilitation and
construction of
water harvesting
systems and springs
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
a
t
e
r
H
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
W
H
S
)
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
n
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
t
a
k
e
p
l
a
c
e
a
s
t
o
l
o
c
a
t
e
W
H
S
o
n
u
p
p
e
r
c
a
t
c
h
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
e
r
e
r
u
n
o
f
f
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
e
x
i
s
t
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
Page 76
7
6
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
W
H
S
)
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
l
a
n
d
s
2
-
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
t
a
k
e
p
l
a
c
e
a
s
t
o
l
o
c
a
t
e
W
H
S
o
n
u
p
p
e
r
c
a
t
c
h
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
e
r
e
r
u
n
o
f
f
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
e
x
i
s
t
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
i
n
g
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
l
a
n
d
a
s
W
H
S
s
i
t
e
s
2
-
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
t
a
k
e
p
l
a
c
e
a
s
t
o
l
o
c
a
t
e
W
H
S
o
n
u
p
p
e
r
c
a
t
c
h
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
e
r
e
r
u
n
o
f
f
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
e
x
i
s
t
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
l
a
n
d
n
e
a
r
b
y
t
h
e
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Page 77
7
7
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
C
o
v
e
r
W
H
S
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
y
s
m
a
l
l
w
i
t
h
v
e
r
y
f
i
n
e
s
c
r
e
e
n
n
e
t
s
.
2
-
d
i
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
c
i
d
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
s
a
f
e
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
s
.
3
-
m
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
l
a
r
v
a
e
e
a
t
i
n
g
f
i
s
h
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
t
o
W
H
S
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
s
u
r
v
i
v
a
l
,
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
l
a
r
v
a
e
M
A
I
M
o
H
P
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
S
c
r
e
e
n
n
e
t
s
c
o
v
e
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
s
a
b
o
u
t
5
0
,
0
0
0
$
(
N
O
T
E
:
t
h
e
s
c
r
e
e
n
s
a
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
s
m
a
l
l
W
H
S
)
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
i
t
o
e
s
d
u
e
t
o
o
p
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
s
e
l
e
c
t
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
t
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
w
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
d
2
-
I
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
u
n
a
v
o
i
d
a
b
l
e
i
n
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
a
r
e
a
,
i
t
i
s
a
d
v
i
s
e
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
l
l
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
p
r
e
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
n
o
t
t
o
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
t
h
e
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Establish small flood protection structures
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Page 78
7
8
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
b
r
i
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
n
e
a
r
b
y
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
p
r
e
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
s
2
-
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
3
-
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
f
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
a
n
d
f
l
o
o
d
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
I
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
o
r
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
i
m
e
,
w
e
a
k
e
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
o
r
k
s
.
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
a
n
d
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
p
r
e
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
s
.
2
-
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
3
-
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
f
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
a
n
d
f
l
o
o
d
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
N
A
Page 79
7
9
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
o
o
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
p
r
e
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
s
.
2
-
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
3
-
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
f
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
a
n
d
f
l
o
o
d
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
C
r
o
p
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
r
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
2
-
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
C
r
o
p
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
r
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
s
o
i
l
s
.
V
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
Introduction of improved crops (drought tolerant varieties)
s
o
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
c
r
o
p
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
w
c
r
o
p
s
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
C
r
o
p
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
Page 80
8
0
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
C
r
o
p
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
t
o
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
T
r
e
e
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
r
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
e
e
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
r
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
s
o
i
l
s
.
V
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
Introduction of improved trees (drought tolerant varieties)
S
o
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
w
t
r
e
e
s
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
T
r
e
e
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
Page 81
8
1
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
T
r
e
e
s
v
e
r
i
t
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
t
o
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
.
2
-
C
a
r
e
f
u
l
i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
i
n
s
e
c
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
U
s
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
p
r
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
.
2
-
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
a
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
k
f
o
r
l
a
n
d
r
a
c
e
s
A
R
E
A
A
R
E
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Preservation of seeds
B
a
d
s
e
e
d
s
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
2
-
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
o
r
t
o
w
n
s
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
y
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
s
o
i
l
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
2
-
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
o
r
t
o
w
n
s
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
y
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
g
r
a
z
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
2
-
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
o
r
t
o
w
n
s
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Establishment of community centre for conservation
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
r
e
o
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Page 82
8
2
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
r
e
l
e
f
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
t
e
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
I
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
a
t
e
r
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
i
r
r
i
g
a
t
e
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
a
n
d
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
Construction of small nurseries/home-gardens with
a
preference for those using grey water and other
conservation methods
G
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
s
n
o
t
w
e
l
l
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
a
s
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
p
l
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
Page 83
8
3
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
.
2
-
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
.
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
i
n
g
u
s
e
d
b
y
h
u
m
a
n
s
.
2
-
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
a
v
o
i
d
t
h
r
o
w
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
d
e
b
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
2
-
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
S
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
l
s
m
a
y
p
o
l
l
u
t
e
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
Page 84
8
4
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
a
v
o
i
d
t
h
r
o
w
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
d
e
b
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
a
n
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
h
r
o
w
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
d
e
b
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
l
a
n
d
.
2
-
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
e
i
t
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
r
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
l
i
g
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
r
e
a
s
.
2
-
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
.
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
Agro processing
W
a
s
t
e
w
a
t
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
m
a
y
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
o
m
e
p
o
l
l
u
t
a
n
t
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
o
i
l
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
c
a
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
.
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
Page 85
8
5
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
.
2
-
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
s
u
e
d
o
r
d
e
a
l
t
w
i
t
h
b
y
h
u
m
a
n
s
.
2
-
I
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
.
2
-
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
s
i
m
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
u
s
e
a
g
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
t
e
s
M
A
I
E
P
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
A
g
r
o
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
*
A
i
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
*
W
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
*
S
o
i
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
A
v
o
i
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
s
o
i
l
s
.
2
-
u
s
e
c
l
a
y
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
r
o
m
w
i
l
d
a
n
d
a
b
a
n
d
o
n
e
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
P
a
s
t
u
r
e
*
1
-
a
v
o
i
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
i
l
s
f
r
o
m
p
a
s
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
a
s
2
-
u
s
e
c
l
a
y
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
r
o
m
w
i
l
d
M
A
I
M
A
I
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
A
H
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
Producing traditional ceramic ware for conservation
purposes (to house needs, etc.)
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
u
s
e
d
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
l
a
y
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
f
e
r
t
i
l
e
f
a
r
m
s
A
n
i
m
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
*
T
o
t
a
l
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
E
M
P
5
0
,
0
0
0
Page 86
86
The ESMP on social mitigation measures
Summary of social mitigation measures
Potential negative social impacts
that have been identified and ranked as �High�, �Moderate�
or �Low� in Chapter 8, are discussed here in the following section in order to eliminate or
reduce the social impacts identified due to the project activities, it is recommended to adopt
and implement a series of mitigation measures. The mitigation measures fall mainly on
community mobilizations. Resolving disputes, conflicts, and disagreements are foreseen in
the ESMP due to inversions of some activities such as constructing water harvesting systems,
rehabilitation of terraces, and establishments of flood protection structures, income generation
and women empowerment. The mitigations are summarized as follows:
1. Refusal of farmers to provide the contribution for the rehabilitation activities
of WHS, terraces and the establishments of flood protection structures and
community centres would have significant impacts on the social aspect.
The
necessary mitigation measures focus on increase awareness among farmers about
the importance of rehabilitation and the reasons for contributions either in kind or
money to feel ownership. Mobilize the community and organize it into groups or
associations to take the responsibility to make the necessary management plans
that deal with of the rehabilitation and construction issues on behalf of the
community which will in turn strengthens social stability and family relations. In
addition, it would be important to build the skills of the community with the tools
of community participation.
2. Land allocations are essential to construct the sites which are the
responsibility of the farmers. In some cases there are possibilities that such
land is not provided resulting in disputes among farmers causing social
instability, and disagreements between families.
The community and not
individuals should decide on the site collectively addressing the importance of the
activities to the community. Special arrangements could be agreed with the owner
of the land such as buying the land and make it as endowment for the whole
community. Develop special arrangements and standards among the community to
benefit from the systems through the establishments of O&M committees.
Mobilize the community and organize it into groups or associations to make the
necessary management plans that deal with of the rehabilitation and construction
issues on behalf of the community which will in turn strengthens social stability
and family relations. In addition, it would be important to build the skills of the
community with the tools of community participation.
3. When the systems are rehabilitated or constructed, there could be a
possibility that improper operation and maintenance can take place especially
in communities that have influential people who only see their individual
interests. During the public consultation there exist some cases of this type in
the visited areas.
Farmers suggested the importance of managing and operating
the systems in an equitable way by setting roles and standards to better operate and
maintain the systems in order to allow the whole community to benefit from the
systems and enhance social stability. An O&M committee is therefore, to be set
from among the community to fulfil this task. Building its capacity in terms of
management of the systems is important.
Page 87
87
4. Establishment of a conservation centre could be used for activities other than
conservation activities.
Ignorance and self interests may lead to the misuse of the
centre and make a place of different activities as place for Qat sessions for
example. Awareness campaigns on the purpose of the centre and its benefits to the
community should trigger at the initial construction phase. Additionally, a
management body should be formed to manage the centre. Build up the skills of
the community with participation tools to enhance cooperation among people.
Such measures would stimulate cooperation among families and stabilize the
community.
5. Water supply projects might lead to great dependency on the groundwater
leading to overexploitation of the aquifers. As a result water availability
would be reduced substantially causing conflicts within the community in
allocations and water shares distributions.
Women would be the most effected
persons since most of the households work is on her burden such as water
fetching. Therefore, the related authorities should implement awareness campaigns
on the importance of water conservation. The water supply project should be run
by an O&M committee that deals with the management of the water system.
As
an additional source, utilization of rooftops rainwater for household use to ease the
stress on groundwater and reduce overexploitation.
6. Women may face reluctances and unwillingness from the community to give
women more empowerments.
Therefore, it is important to conduct awareness
campaigns about the importance of women participation on the different activities
of the community especially those related to women and accept women as partners
with men. Allow women to organize themselves into women committees that deal
with women affairs and interests. Address the issue of women participation as to
produce more benefits and rewards to the community
Table 10 lists the social mitigation measures and the associated institutional
responsibilities, time frame and associated costs
Conclusion:
The mitigations described in the Social Management Plan (SMP) are focused on the
methodology of community participation since such measures are impacting the social
parameter of the community. The procedures and steps required to implement these
mitigations are mostly related to improving community relations, enhancing social
stability and community and women empowerment. The ACAP in its project
documents stresses on community mobilization towards efficiently implementing the
climate change adaptations techniques.
The process of community participation, its techniques and those most related to the
project is described in Annexes V and VI. More training and capacity building should
accompany the participation process impeding the necessary tasks and issues designed
in the project. Table 12 lists the training topics related to the project.
Page 88
8
8
T
a
b
l
e
1
0
:
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
l
a
n
(
S
M
P
)
:
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
t
I
m
p
a
c
t
None
L
M
H
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
T
i
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
C
o
s
t
$
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
e
i
t
h
e
r
i
n
k
i
n
d
o
r
m
o
n
e
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
b
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
b
e
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
b
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
W
H
S
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
e
i
t
h
e
r
a
s
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
i
r
r
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
a
t
t
l
e
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
u
s
e
s
i
n
d
r
y
s
p
e
l
l
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
2
-
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
s
a
w
h
o
l
e
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
b
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
b
e
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
s
o
m
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 89
8
9
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
b
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
a
n
d
d
e
c
i
d
e
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
e
a
c
h
f
a
m
i
l
y
i
n
c
o
m
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
l
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
3
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
t
a
k
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
s
i
t
e
t
h
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
2
-
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
g
r
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
w
n
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
s
u
c
h
a
s
b
u
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
i
t
a
s
e
n
d
o
w
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
3
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
b
o
u
t
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
b
o
u
t
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
b
e
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
3
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
4
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
L
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
Page 90
9
0
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
s
e
t
u
p
r
o
l
e
s
a
n
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
t
o
b
e
t
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
2
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
3
-
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
w
a
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
e
q
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
w
a
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
e
q
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
I
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
f
l
o
o
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
t
h
e
i
r
l
a
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
f
l
o
o
d
s
2
-
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
3
-
t
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
s
m
a
l
l
f
l
o
o
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 91
9
1
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
w
a
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
e
q
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
I
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
2
-
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
3
-
t
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
E
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 92
9
2
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
E
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
2
-
e
l
e
c
t
a
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
o
a
r
d
t
h
a
t
r
u
n
s
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
a
n
d
k
e
e
p
s
i
t
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
3
-
t
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
T
h
e
c
a
n
t
e
r
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
2
-
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
3
-
t
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
m
a
l
l
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
-
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
g
r
e
y
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
R
e
f
u
s
a
l
o
f
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 93
9
3
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
1
-
r
e
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
O
&
M
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
2
-
b
u
i
l
d
u
p
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
O
&
M
o
n
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
3
-
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
r
o
p
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
i
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
h
o
m
e
g
a
r
d
e
n
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
s
e
t
u
p
r
o
l
e
s
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
s
o
n
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
2
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
a
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
3
-
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
f
o
r
p
o
o
r
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
c
o
m
e
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
B
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
D
i
s
p
u
t
e
s
m
a
y
r
i
s
e
o
n
w
h
o
f
i
r
s
t
g
e
t
s
t
h
e
b
e
e
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
n
u
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 94
9
4
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
1
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
2
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
a
n
O
&
M
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
3
-
t
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
M
A
I
N
W
R
A
D
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
1
-
T
r
a
i
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
2
-
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
i
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
S
a
f
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
w
o
m
e
n
D
i
s
p
u
t
e
s
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
h
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
1
-
a
l
l
o
w
w
o
m
e
n
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
e
n
a
b
o
u
t
w
a
t
e
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
2
-
b
u
i
l
d
u
p
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
o
n
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
*
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
p
t
w
o
m
e
n
a
s
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
M
A
I
Y
W
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
*
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
R
e
l
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
u
n
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
n
e
s
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
g
i
v
e
w
o
m
e
n
m
o
r
e
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
s
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
m
e
*
Page 95
9
5
F
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
*
1
-
B
u
i
l
d
t
h
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
2
-
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
y
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
3
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
w
o
m
e
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
M
A
I
P
I
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
W
o
m
e
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
*
1
-
a
l
l
o
w
w
o
m
e
n
t
o
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
i
n
t
o
w
o
m
e
n
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
w
o
m
e
n
a
f
f
a
i
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
2
-
a
l
l
o
w
w
o
m
e
n
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
e
n
3
-
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
w
a
r
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
A
I
Y
W
U
D
u
r
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
s
t
s
Page 96
96
The ESMP on monitoring
The following table presents a fully fledged environmental monitoring program that needs to
be implemented throughout the project�s life time.
Table 11: Monitoring activities of the ESMP
Parameter Location Frequency Responsibility
Costs
$
Crops disease
farms
Beginning of
cropping season,
middle of the
season
AREA
Include in the
project activities
costs
Training on IPM
Farms and trial
farms (ToT)
As above
AREA
Include in the
project activities
costs
Groundwater
quality and
quantity
Wells at the
project areas
Annually
NWRA
Include in the
project activities
costs
of flood
structures
Flood protection
areas
Semi annually
MAI
Include in the
project activities
costs
Proper disposal
of oils and parts
Project areas
Beginning of
cropping season,
middle of the
season and end
of season
EPA
Include in the
project activities
costs
Operation and
maintenance of
WHS
Sites of WHS
Semi annually
MAI
Include in the
project activities
costs
Empowerment
of women
Villages
Semi annually
YWU
Include in the
project activities
costs
It is clear from the table is that the parameters are of a more general type and specific issues
under each parameter can be addressed before implementation of the monitoring process and
according to the needs of the implementing agency so that clear understanding of the
implementation process can be assessed satisfactorily.
Cost estimates and Sources of funds
The
sources of funds for the implementation of the ESMP will mainly be from the project�s
operations budget.
Budgetary resources for implementing the ESMP (mitigation measures as
well as capacity building/training) and M&E will be allocated as part of the project
implementation arrangements.
The main cost elements associated with the implementation
of the ESMP can be categorized as follows:
Manpower:
In order to implement the ESMP, a part-time environmental consultant should be
recruited. The duties and responsibilities will include monitoring the implementation of the
mitigation measures, recording any environmental violations and most importantly recording
and analysing the environmental monitoring data. The periodical environmental reports as
stated in the above tables will be included in the periodical project progress report that should
be submitted to the implementing agency.
Page 97
97
In addition, a social development consultant will be recruited to conduct periodical social
studies and enhance the socio-economic aspects of the project. The cost associated with each
element is embedded in the overall project staffing budget.
Implementation of mitigation measures:
Most of these costs are included in the activities of
the project. Therefore, any associated costs related to construction will be part of the works
contract.
The ESMP on capacity building and training
The training and capacity building of the subproject components are crucial for the
community. The major social impact cannot be mitigated without building the capacities and
skills of the community in order to adapt to the intervention of the subprojects. Recently as
has been discussed with the farmers, the major issues in the present WHS are the
mismanagement which allows only a few people to benefit from the systems leaving
community ain a social dilemma. The following Table 12 list most of the parameters needed
for training.
The ESMP on monitoring and reporting
The overall environmental and social impacts of the ACAP are expected to be significantly
beneficial in terms of environmental and social issues. Monitoring and evaluation of the
implementation of ESMP will need to be put in place as part of the overall project
implementation arrangements.
Budgetary resources for implementing the ESMP (mitigation
measures as well as capacity building/training) and M&E will be allocated as part of the
project implementation arrangements.
The implementing agency for component 3 will be
responsible (through hiring of consultants) for monitoring compliance with the ESMP (as per
monitoring indicators outlined in Table 11). The PIU will be responsible for ensuring that
capacity building and training activities as outlined in Table 12 are carried out. The PIU�s
M&E specialist will be responsible for aggregating information on compliance with ESMP
(component 3) and capacity building/training. The M&E specialist will include this
information as a separate section in the periodic progress reports that the PIU will submit to
the World Bank.
Page 98
9
8
T
a
b
l
e
1
2
:
E
S
M
P
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
N
o
.
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
T
a
r
g
e
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
T
r
a
i
n
e
r
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
s
t
$
/
o
n
e
w
e
e
k
/
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
C
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
i
g
h
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
/
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
o
f
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
4
y
e
a
r
s
1
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
o
o
l
s
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
s
,
e
t
c
.
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
A
C
A
P
P
I
U
,
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
m
o
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
m
i
a
n
n
u
a
l
l
y
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
2
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
W
H
S
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
A
C
A
P
,
P
I
U
w
i
l
l
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
M
A
I
t
o
h
i
r
e
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
2
0
0
0
8
1
6
,
0
0
0
1
6
,
0
0
0
3
M
a
s
t
e
r
s
l
e
v
e
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
f
r
o
m
C
A
M
A
,
N
W
R
A
a
n
d
A
R
E
A
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
c
c
l
a
i
m
e
d
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
f
o
r
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
2
.
4
)
4
C
u
s
t
o
m
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
6
-
8
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
C
A
M
A
,
N
W
R
A
a
n
d
A
R
E
A
C
A
M
A
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
2
.
4
a
n
d
3
.
1
.
1
)
5
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
r
a
i
n
-
f
e
d
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
M
A
I
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
t
a
k
e
t
o
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
.
M
A
I
s
t
a
f
f
C
A
M
A
O
n
c
e
e
a
c
h
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
.
1
.
2
)
6
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
r
a
i
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
C
A
M
A
O
n
c
e
e
a
c
h
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
Page 99
9
9
N
o
.
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
T
a
r
g
e
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
T
r
a
i
n
e
r
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
s
t
$
/
o
n
e
w
e
e
k
/
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
C
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
i
g
h
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
/
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
o
f
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
4
y
e
a
r
s
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
o
n
m
e
t
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
a
r
e
a
t
w
o
y
e
a
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
2
.
5
,
a
n
d
3
.
1
.
1
)
7
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
c
c
e
s
s
s
m
a
l
l
g
r
a
n
t
s
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
g
r
o
-
b
i
o
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
b
a
s
e
d
p
l
a
n
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
P
C
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
O
n
c
e
a
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
.
2
.
2
)
8
C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
s
P
C
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
O
n
c
e
a
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
.
2
.
5
)
9
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
I
n
c
o
m
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
i
p
i
e
n
t
s
P
C
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
a
g
r
o
n
o
m
i
s
t
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
O
n
c
e
a
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
s
u
b
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
.
2
.
5
)
1
0
H
y
g
i
e
n
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
P
C
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
a
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
i
n
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
n
c
e
a
y
e
a
r
1
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
3
2
,
0
0
0
1
1
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
S
t
a
f
f
i
n
M
A
I
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
P
C
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
s
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
C
o
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
(
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
)
Page 100
1
0
0
N
o
.
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
T
a
r
g
e
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
T
r
a
i
n
e
r
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
s
t
$
/
o
n
e
w
e
e
k
/
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
C
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
i
g
h
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
/
y
e
a
r
C
o
s
t
o
f
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
4
y
e
a
r
s
1
2
W
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
N
W
R
A
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
1
5
0
0
8
1
2
,
0
0
0
1
2
,
0
0
0
1
3
C
r
o
p
s
v
a
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
t
o
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
A
R
E
A
a
n
n
u
a
l
l
y
1
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
3
2
,
0
0
0
1
4
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
d
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
o
f
w
a
s
t
e
s
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
A
C
A
P
,
P
I
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
i
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
n
u
a
l
l
y
2
0
0
0
8
1
6
,
0
0
0
6
4
,
0
0
0
1
5
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
P
e
s
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
E
x
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
i
a
n
s
,
N
G
O
s
(
T
o
T
)
s
A
C
A
P
,
P
I
U
w
i
l
l
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
i
n
P
e
s
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
O
n
c
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
t
e
a
c
h
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
M
A
I
o
f
f
i
c
e
5
,
0
0
0
8
4
0
,
0
0
0
4
0
,
0
0
0
1
6
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
P
e
s
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
s
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
n
n
u
a
l
l
y
2
0
0
0
8
1
6
0
0
0
6
4
0
0
0
1
7
E
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
W
o
m
e
n
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
Y
e
m
e
n
i
w
o
m
e
n
u
n
i
o
n
(
Y
W
U
)
a
n
n
u
a
l
l
y
1
5
0
0
8
1
2
,
0
0
0
1
2
,
0
0
0
T
o
t
a
l
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
c
o
s
t
2
7
2
,
0
0
0
T
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
i
s
a
n
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
a
c
t
u
a
l
c
o
s
t
s
c
o
u
l
d
v
a
r
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
Page 101
101
Environmental and social Screening Criteria
Screening of Subprojects
The objective of the screening criteria and procedures is to ensure review of individual sub-
projects to be financed under the ACAP in order to identify and address (minimize or eliminate)
potential adverse environmental and social impacts. All subprojects under ACAP (Component 3)
will be undertaken purely on a voluntary and demand basis, and implemented by the communities
(farmers and residents) themselves. Subcomponent 3.2.4 could include some minor infrastructure
rehabilitation such as: upgrading of reasonably intact terraces, construction of small flood
protection structures, soil protection structures, facility for seed storage (provision of shelving in
existing sheds), construction of water storage structures, establishment of model farm, etc.
Subcomponent 3.2.5 of the project will promote agrobiodiversity based income generating
activities which could include: construction of small nurseries/home-gardens with a preference
for those using grey; water and other conservation methods (to produce plants, vegetables, fruits,
aromatic and medicinal plants); planting, preparation and packaging of medicinal herbs (aromatic
and spices); small home-based catering business specializing in traditional recipes; agro-
processing; beekeeping; planting of almond trees; and producing traditional ceramic ware for
conservation purposes (to house seeds, etc.).
Subprojects to be funded under the ACAP are not expected to be of environmental category (A)
in nature or trigger the Bank�s involuntary resettlement policy. Additionally, environmental and
social screening will be incorporated into the regular subproject development cycle that will
identify any such projects, which will then be excluded from the community agrobiodiversity
plans.
Use of Screening Criteria for Subprojects
Due to the CDD nature of subcomponents under component 3, community based
agrobiodiversity plans will be developed in consultation with the communities, building on their
indigenous and traditional knowledge. Participating communities will be assisted in developing
agrobiodiversity based coping plans, which will include proposals for the above-mentioned
subprojects (subcomponent 3.2.4). During the subproject identification stage (part of the
agrobiodiversity based coping plans), MAI technical staff/consultants (or agency/partner
responsible for implementation of component 3) will work with representatives at community
level in order to identify potential projects for funding using the screening criteria. Once the
subprojects are screened and satisfy all criteria, they will be approved for funding. Community
sub-grants are not anticipated to be large, and are likely to be in the range of $5000-$10,000 (for
rehabilitation activities) and about $3000 for income generating activities. Because activities
carried out by ACAP will be relatively small and simple in nature, they are not expected to
require formal EPA review and approval. The preventative actions and mitigation measures
outlined in the ESMP should be used to address any potential adverse environmental and social
impacts.
Page 102
102
Environmental and Social Screening Criteria for Subprojects
Title of Subproject: ____________________________
Governorate: _________________________________
District: _____________________________________
Village: _____________________________________
Signature of representative: _______________________________________ Date: ________________
1. Does the subproject involve acquisition of land?
No ______ Yes ______
Resettlement of people or loss of assets/income?
No ______ Yes ______
Conversion and degradation of natural areas or habitats?
No ______ Yes ______
Procurement of pesticides?
No ______ Yes ______
If yes
to any of the above, the subproject is not eligible for funding.
2. Does the subproject involve use, management or rehabilitation of land?
No ______ Yes ______
3. Does the subproject involve use, management or exploitation of water?
No ______ Yes ______
4. Does the subproject involve management or disposal of liquid or solid wastes? No ______ Yes ______
5. Will the project create solid or liquid waste that could adversely affect
No ______ Yes ______
local soils, vegetation, rivers, streams or groundwater?
6. Will subproject require large volumes of construction materials (e.g. gravel,
No ______ Yes_______
stones, water, timber, firewood)?
7. Might the subproject lead to soil degradation or erosion in the area?
No ______ Yes ______
8. Will the subproject be situated in ecologically sensitive areas or cause
No ______ Yes ______
impacts on existing natural habitat features?
9. Might the subproject lead to human health and safety risks?
No ______ Yes ______
10. Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way with
No ______ Yes ______
fewer environmental and social impacts?
11. Will subproject result in the introduction of pesticides or an increase
No ______ Yes ______
of pesticide use if use of such products currently exists?
12. Will subproject result in crop diseases with introduction of new crops?
No ______ Yes ______
If any answer in the checklist is �No
�, there is no need for further action.
If any answer in the checklist is �Yes
�, the subproject should apply recommended mitigation measures in
the ESMP (Tables 9 and 10)
Page 103
103
Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM)
Introduction
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest
management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM programs use current,
comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment.
This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest
damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property,
and the environment.
The IPM approach can be applied to both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, such as the
home, garden, and workplace. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options
including, but not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides. In contrast,
organic
food production
applies many of the same concepts as IPM but limits the use of pesticides to those that are
produced from natural sources, as opposed to synthetic chemicals.
The Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM) matrix outlines anticipated risks and mitigation
measures for sub-projects that could trigger the Pest Management safeguard policy.
Pest
Management Regulation
Pesticide Law was approved by the parliament in 1999 (Law 25, 1999) and consisted of seven
chapters and 36 articles. Executive regulation 10, 2002 was issued by resolution of the Minister
of Agriculture and Irrigation. A registration guide was prepared to facilitate enforcement.
Penalties for violation of the law are clearly stated. The objectives of the law are to regulate the
handling, registration and inspection of pesticides and to avoid adverse effects on human, animal,
environment and economically beneficial insects. The competent authority for enforcing the law
is the GDPP. This authority is committed to coordinate its work with Environment Protection
Authority. The GDPP undertakes the necessary measures for control and inspection of any of the
operations of handling of pesticides in a periodic or at sudden occasions. According to Article
22(1), The Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation proposed to the Minister of Justice the name of
GDPP staff, who, after the issuance of special decree (293, 2000); enjoy the status of legal
controllers competent with the implementation of the provisions of this law.
Pesticide Use and its Impact on Health
Pesticides are toxic compounds. Pesticides differ in their toxicity. Some pesticides may cause
acute allergy by contact of pesticides with skin. In case of wounds or cut on the skin, the
pesticide may penetrate the skin and reach the blood circulation in the body. Other pesticides are
carcinogenic i.e. cancer causing and may lead to fatal consequences. Some pesticides are volatile
and may through inhalation cause lung damage. It has been reported that pesticide toxicity may
lead to sterility in male and deformation in of spring.
Page 104
104
Guidance on Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated pest management is a decision-making process for the selection, implementation, and
evaluation of pest management practices. Pests are organisms that compete with humans,
domestic animals, or crops for nutritional resources. They include species of insects, mites,
nematodes, molluscs, plant pathogens, vertebrates and weeds.
IPM utilizes all available methods to achieve the most economically and environmentally sound
management program. IPM is the integration of available techniques to reduce pest populations
and maintain them below the levels causing economic injury in a way that avoids harmful side
effects. Specific pest management needs vary with the crop, cropping system, pest problems,
pesticide use history, socio-economic conditions, and other factors. There are, however, well-
defined principles that guide the implementation of integrated pest management. Based on these
principles, some guidelines are offered for the development and execution of IPM activities for
community micro-projects. The implementers of the micro-projects should adopt these guidelines
to the conditions found in their micro-projects. IPM can decrease pest losses, lower pesticide
use, and reduce overall operation costs, while increasing crop yield and stability.
Implementation steps of IPM
Step 1: Assess IPM needs and establish priorities
�
Consider the relative importance of agriculture in the overall project;
�
Consider the relative importance of target crops as a source of community livelihood;
�
Review pesticide use history, trends and availability of IPM technology;
�
Identify training needs for farmers and extension agents; and
�
Respect and use local knowledge.
Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop
�
Become familiar with key pests of target crops and the damage they cause; and
�
Correctly identify the common pest.
Step 3: Monitor the fields regularly
�
I
inspect crops regularly to determine the level of pests and natural enemies;
�
Solicit assistance of agricultural extension staff if necessary; and
�
Determine when crop protection measures, perhaps including pesticides are necessary.
Step 4: Select appropriate blend of IPM tools
�
Maximize the effectiveness of traditional and introduced non-chemical control
techniques;
�
Use pesticides only if no practical, effective and economic non-chemical control methods
are available;
�
Examples of Non-chemical Pest Management Techniques include;
o
Maintaining good soil fertility and a diverse agro-ecosystem;
o
Plant resistant crop varieties;
o
Selecting proper plant varieties for location and season;
o
Rotating crops;
Page 105
105
o
Planting clean seed;
o
Correct planting and harvest periods;
o
Proper irrigation methods;
o
Correct fertilizer and rates;
o
Good crop sanitation;
o
Hand picking of larger pests;
o
Use of natural control agents (biological control); and
o
Using attractants and repellents on selected pests.
Step 5: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers
�
Conduct special training for extension workers, government officials and public.
�
Conduct hands-
on
training of farmers in farmers� fields (as opposed to a classroom);
�
Use the participatory "Farmers� Field School" approach; and
Page 106
106
Suggested Mitigation Measures for Crop/Pest Management
Major Issues
Actions Recommended
Training on IPM
The ACAP PCU should hire Consultant on IPM to prepare a training course in order to review
the relevant materials and modules prepared and delivered by relevant organizations, the pest
management practices for different crops and assessed the pest management approaches,
quantities of pesticides used, capabilities of the farmers in regard to proper handling and use of
pesticides, evaluate and suggest measures required to reduce specific risks associated with
pesticide use and prepared guidelines keeping in view the Policy, Regulatory Framework and
Page 107
107
Institutional Capacity. The Specialist should prepare and deliver training courses as training of
trainers (ToT) who will be responsible to train farmers in the districts of the project. The cost for
training on IPM is included under Table 12
�
ESMP Capacity Building and Training. The
following is a proposed description of the contents.
Trainers:
Extension workers in the districts, technicians, NGOs on proper and safe use of
pesticides
.
The objectives of the training are
�
To enhance the building capacity and skills of agricultural specialists, technicians and
NGOs who will be responsible to conduct the same training for farmers.
�
To enhance the understanding and awareness of farmers on proper handling of pesticides,
IPM and its implementation.
�
To make farmers capable to distinguish between natural enemies (parasitoids and
predators) and pests in the field.
�
To minimize the use of pesticides in project areas.
The contents of educational material include
,
�
Proper and safe use of pesticides
�
Farmers must know that pesticides are toxic compounds.
�
Farmers must know the types of pesticides, rate of application and time to initiate
spraying.
�
Farmers must learn to understand the instructions on the label
�
Farmers must use protective devices during spraying
�
Farmers should not eat, drink, chew Qat or smoke during spraying
�
Disposal of empty pesticide containers.
�
Prevention of accumulation of obsolete and unwanted pesticides.
�
Proper storage of pesticides
�
Concepts and fundamentals of IPM, the pest management practices used by farmers.
�
Application of biological control utilizing the parasitoids and predators (natural enemies)
found locally and imported from abroad.
�
Demonstrate IPM activities implemented in Yemen, such as IPM package on Peach Fruit
Fly; IPM on Potato Tuber Moth and IPM on Black Aphid on Nuts.
�
The application of different traps for forecasting of pests
�
To make farmers capable to distinguish between natural enemies and pests.
Banned pesticides
During the early eighties, synthetic parathyroid compounds were used to control pests in
agriculture and public health. Also, the government started paying more attention to this matter in
order to organize the commerce of pesticides and to solve problems created by the expanding use
of pesticides. The first measures by the government against the misuse of pesticides, was to
prohibit the sale and use of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds.
The abuse use of fertilizer has created several health and environmental problems. For example,
the pollution of water and soil by nitrate compounds which are transformed in the body into
nitrite, which make it toxic if ingested by humans and animals (more information in Annex VII)
Page 108
108
Appendices
Page 109
109
Appendix I
Maps of project area
Page 110
1
1
0
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
s
a
r
e
:
A
l
M
a
h
w
e
e
t
,
S
a
n
a
�
a
,
I
b
b
,
T
a
i
z
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
m
e
s
o
s
c
a
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
e
c
t
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
s
a
r
e
:
A
l
M
a
h
w
e
e
t
,
S
a
n
a
�
a
,
I
b
b
,
T
a
i
z
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
s
a
r
e
:
A
l
M
a
h
w
e
e
t
,
S
a
n
a
�
a
,
I
b
b
,
T
a
i
z
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
m
e
s
o
s
c
a
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
e
c
t
t
e
s
t
s
i
t
e
m
e
s
o
s
c
a
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
e
c
t
M
a
p
1
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
m
e
s
o
s
c
a
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
e
c
t
Page 111
1
1
1
M
a
p
2
Y
e
m
e
n
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
M
a
p
Page 112
1
1
2
M
a
p
3
S
i
t
e
o
f
B
a
n
i
M
a
t
a
r
a
n
d
B
i
l
a
d
A
r
R
u
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
S
a
n
a
�
a
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
Page 113
1
1
3
M
a
p
4
S
i
t
e
o
f
A
l
-
M
a
h
w
e
e
t
a
n
d
A
r
R
u
j
u
m
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
A
l
-
M
a
h
w
e
e
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
Page 114
1
1
4
M
a
p
5
S
i
t
e
m
a
p
o
f
A
s
-
S
a
d
a
h
a
n
d
B
a
�
a
d
a
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
I
b
b
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
Page 115
1
1
5
Page 116
1
1
6
M
a
p
6
S
i
t
e
o
f
S
a
b
e
r
A
l
-
M
a
w
a
d
e
m
a
n
d
A
l
-
M
a
w
a
s
e
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t
s
i
n
T
a
i
z
G
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
a
t
e
Page 117
117
Appendix II
Analysis of Data Collected and Interviews
Page 118
118
Detailed Analysis of Data Collected and Interviews
Introduction
The Agro Biodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project is to be triggered to help support the
Yemeni government overcome the climatic changes affecting the country specially the rural
areas. The project constitute of four components of which one namely � Coping with Climate
Change Impacts� with the objectives of introducing coping measures that can be categorized
in: (i) measures of land use management like e.g. crop rotations with intercropping; (ii)
measures to enhance soil fertility; (iii) all kinds of water management related coping measures
like e.g. on farm hydrological approaches which cover tank construction and supplemental
irrigation to measures on watershed scale like e.g. dam dimensioning and construction; (iv)
Using the potential of local agro biodiversity like e.g. drought tolerant varieties; (v) terrace
maintenance; (vi) erosion prevention; and last but not least (vii) societal coping measures with
a
focus on women�s activities which cover a wide range of household and farming activities.
The four components are linked together and the field study has addressed the interconnected
issues between them. Issues such metrological information, water awareness, community
management were also discussed during the public consultations.
The objectives of the public consultation are:
4. To find out whether the communities are likely to accept the coping measures
suggested by the Agro Biodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project.
5. To find out whether these measures have no or little environmental and social
impacts on the communities and
6. To assess the present situation in these areas on how people are coping with the
climate changes.
The next paragraphs will provide an insight into these objectives
Methodology
The consultations of different stakeholders in the designated areas have been conducted
according to the following methodology:
1- Selection of the field team who should have previous experiences in public
consultation and participation tools such as PRA involving at least one women
member.
2- Conduct a one day workshop to the team highlighting the following:
a.
The background of the Agro Biodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project.
b. The tasks needed to executed
c. Discussions and finalization of the checklist list to be referred to during the
discussions with the beneficiaries
d. Prepare
the
necessary forms
3- Prepare a list of the names and telephones of the heads of the agricultural offices in the
eight districts to meet them and facilitate the meetings with beneficiaries and agree on
the dates.
4- Prepare the different logistics needed for travelling and lodging in the field such as
cars rental, hotel reservations, etc�
5- Interviews and discussions with stakeholders in the project areas have covered the
following:
o
Government institutions
Page 119
119
o
NGOs and projects ( if available)
o
Farmers
�
Women farmers
�
Men farmers
6- Conduct the field visits starting with Bani Matar
at the governorate of Sana�a as a test
site.
7- Discuss with the team at the end of the day the results and suggest any modifications
to the mechanism of discussions, approaches, and shortcomings if any. Accordingly
the necessary changes and modifications should be incorporated into the next field
visits.
8- Continue the next visits for the other districts.
9- Compiling of data and information at the end of the day of each visit into reports so as
not to miss any observation or comment.
10- The team at the end of each day will meet for 2-3 hours to discuss the findings and to
make sure that the results are in line with the activities and copping options of the
Agro biodiversity and Climate Adaptation Project.
Approach
The public consultation has covered four governorates and eight districts as listed in the
following table:
Governorate District
No.
of
villages
Bani Matar
4
Sana�a
Bilad Ar Roos
3
Al-Mahweet 4
Al-Mahweet
Ar Rujum
1
As Sadah
2
Ibb
Ba�adan 2
Saber Al Mawadem
4
Taiz
Al Mawaset
2
The total numbers of people interviewed are 131 men and 34 women from all villages.
Women were reluctant to give their names so we just listed them in total numbers.
Findings
A
thorough review has been done on the different literature GEF produced (Lennartz, et al
2009, and GEF, 2009) to gather the different links and threads regarding the coping options
and the activities required for the climatic change adaptation. Several issues have been listed
related to land, water, women, crops and existing adaptation mechanisms.
Land Use Management
The term covers measures of land use management that farmers are involved with such as soil
fertility and soil moisture, usage and rehabilitation of terraces.
Soil fertility:
farmers are adapted to use organic matter to fertilize the soil (all areas) which is
produced by animals. In Taiz they are adding human wastes to the land. However due to the
lack of rainfall which caused less pasture areas; shortages of animals have become a major
issue to the communities. Farmers, therefore, have introduced chemical fertilizers as
supplementary to the organic (all areas). They realized that continuation of the application of
Page 120
120
chemical fertilizers for more than two consecutive years reduces the soils fertility which is
have been observed due to the low crop production. In some areas such as Bilad Ar Roos and
Ba�adan, farmers keep harvested crops roots and leaf on the soil to decompose. Farmers in As
Sadah add silt to their farms which contains good organic matters. They also apply too much
traditional organic fertilizers to the soil after maize cultivation to allow soil regains its
fertility. Bani Matar also has the experience of adding ash to the soil to increase its fertility.
The process of collecting and transporting organic matter is still inadequate and unhealthy.
Women take an important part of this process either inside the stable where animals produce
the organic matter, during transportation, preservation in halls and spreading on the filed. Men
and children share parts of the activities.
Soil moisture:
Traditional procedures are well used such as Tathmeen (Kamee) which is a
process of tiling the wet clay soils before the cropping season (Bani Matar). Tilling and
levelling the land would cover the voids resulting in preventing water evaporation form the
soil (Bani Matar, Bilad Ar Roos) usually In clay soils only one rainfall would be enough for
the crop during the season. In Ar Rujum farmers understand that adding traditional fertilizers
help preserve the moisture in the soil while In Al-Mahweet farmers cover the soil with
fertilizers to preserve the soil moisture. Other process of keeping the soil moisture preserved
is by leaving roots and leafs of wheat and barley on the soil to decompose (Ba�adan). Farmers
in Saber keep the water moisture in the soil by ploughing the soil in January and keep it intact
until the start of the summer season which also has the effect of airing the soil and killing the
insects. Tiling the land, adding fertilizers and rotate the crops enhances soil fertility and
preservers soil moisture.
Traditional practices require more technical guidance and extension services to optimize soil
moisture content and utilize during dry periods.
Terraces
:
most farmers in all areas use terraces due to the mountainous areas and high
gradients. However, in recent periods farmers tended to abandoned these systems due to high
costs of maintenance, low rainfall, and difficult terrains (all areas). Maintenance, however,
occurs during the beginning of the cropping season (all areas) and only for those usually used.
Such maintenance takes place on an individual basis where owners rehabilitate them by
themselves or by hiring labour. Women do have substantial share of the rehabilitation.
Terraces are heavily deteriorated are abandoned since farmers can not afford to cover the
costs of maintenance such as in Saber. Terraces which are not utilized by the owners either
put on sharing, lease, or kept unused. Animals are usually used in ploughing and tilling the
soil in small narrow terraces, while machines are used in wider easy access ones (Saber).
Water management
Water Harvesting systems:
Highlands of Yemen are famous of water harvesting systems
where people have adapted very beautifully to the different climatic changes occurred during
the old times. We have inherited well sited, properly designed and constructed harvesting
systems for the different purposes of drinking, household, cattle and irrigation. However,
negligence of these systems in the past decades resulted in deterioration and misuse. Farmers
felt the hardship due to lack of water for different purposes especially with the alarming
falling of groundwater levels.
Farmers in the different areas in need of harvesting systems with one or combination of one of
the following:
Page 121
121
�
Rehabilitation of existing systems
�
Expansion and existing systems
�
Build new systems
The main purposes of the systems are for cattle, supplementary irrigation, and recharge of
springs and collection of spring waters. Farmers are ready to provide land to build the new
systems an assign it as endowment and mange collectively the systems according to agreed
rules.
The government and private sector constructed several systems in the highland, however
proper management and administration is lacking which resulted in insufficient use of
available water and social conflicts between the beneficiaries.
Framers in Ar Rujum utilize spring water to irrigate peanut trees. In As Sadah farmers used
the constructed dams to recharge the downstream springs. In Ba�adan houses are supplied
through pipe network with waters from springs. Spring water is collected in cisterns and water
spills over these collected tanks (cisterns) is used for supplementary irrigation according to
agreed water rights.
Increase awareness amongst farmers on water conservation of water resources such as
common cisterns and dams in addition to the introduction of community management.
Constructing water harvesting systems nearby farms as supplementary irrigation especially
would be useful when rainfall comes late or stops before cropping season ends.
Crop Management
New crops:
Peanut trees planted in Bani Matar replacing Qat cultivation and s as an additional
crop, similarly in Al-Mahweet and Saber which actually consumes less water and produces
better income from the farmers. Seeds and harvested crops are preserved in barrels. Olive
trees are introduced in Ba�adan as cash crop which takes less water. Local wheat and barley
types are cultivated in most of the areas that withstand climatic changes; however research is
needed to provide improved seeds for these types. Similarly, it is important to provide farmers
with crops that withstand dry spells and produce better income such as improved wheat olive
trees and peanuts
Seeds preservation:
in all areas, seeds are selected from the best harvest and preserved in
barrels, steel tanks (Ba�adan), bags, or inside rooms (Huqab) as in Bani Matar or (Kiute) as in
As Sadah. Huqab and Kiute are actually rooms divided by walls into sections; each section
preserves a specific type of seeds and crop.
Cropping seasons:
Cropping seasons timing did not change in all areas, however, farmers
adapt themselves where they start planting when rain falls. There are two cropping seasons in
all areas notably summer and winter seasons. Late rainfall results in abandoning agriculture in
that season. In some seasons rain starts to fall on time and farmers starts cropping and
suddenly during the season rain stops causing great crop loss to the farmers. Farmers try to
cope with the noticeably unpredicted rainfall depending on their own knowledge and
experience. Technical and awareness support are very much required by the farmers. Crop
rotation and intercropping is practiced in most areas with the traditional types of crops
farmers used to cultivate.
Page 122
122
Metrological information and data
:
Farmers are not aware of such information and believe
that such information would help them adapting to the climate changes. They understand very
well that there are changes of temperatures in the year. They recently noticed that temperature
rises during the summer period and fall during the winter period which was the same
previously.
Educate farmers and staff of related authorise in the different areas of the RALP about how to
get these information, what do they mean and what to do with them is an important issue to
enable them to set priorities and plans for adaptation during the whole season.
Women
Farm and house activities
:
In Most areas, women have suffered a lot due to lack of rain. She
has to transport water for longer distances in addition to the increased load of taking care of
animals, and field activities. She has to bring animal fodders, fetch water, cordwood for
cooking and taking care of the family and fertilize the farms with animal products. During the
presence of men, they share farm responsibilities
�
if not more- while house activities lie
completely on women. During the absence of men, she has to do all work in the farm. During
dry seasons, women and girls travel longer distances to fetch water and collect cordwood.
Education:
high illiteracy exists amongst women and girls leave schools at an early age to
help the family in the farm and in the house. Similarly to men, women lack awareness in
water issues and have low educational capacity.
Summary
It is clear that hardship is apparent in all areas with slightly different scales and levels. Low of
rainfall puts families in the verge of collapse; some families have immigrated to nearby towns
and cities leaving their farms and houses behind In order to sustain their lives and their
children lives. Several villages and sub districts in A-Mahweet have immigrated to towns and
cities. Frustration of farmers is clear in terms of the final production of the crop where farmers
assume that good production will be sustained, but suddenly rains stops at the middle of the
season causing great loss of the crop.
Low rainfall and change of temperatures have been recently affecting cropping seasons,
crops, water availability, animals and humans. Introduction of the project to these areas is
vital, however, it should be included the following in its different components so that to
maximize the benefits by the farmers:
�
Awareness raising on water and agricultural issues
�
Building up the skills of the communities and the authorities staff in:
o
Community mobilization
o
Community management
o
Metrological information
o
Land and water management techniques etc�
Recently, in most areas farmers consider agriculture as a secondary source of income due to
the unstable occurrence of rainfall, high costs of labour and low crops production. Initiation of
Water supply and harvesting projects, provision of agricultural machines, introduction of
crops and trees that consume less water and produce sufficient income, and improve
traditional local practices could encourage farmers to settle in their lands.
Page 123
123
Appendix III
List of stakeholders consulted
Page 124
124
Governorate: Sana�a
District: Bani Matter
Agriculture office
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Ali Mansour Al Matari
Agricultural Office
Head of Agricultural extension
2
Saleh Muhammad Katran
Agricultural Office
Extension officer
3
Mujahed Ahmad Katran
Agricultural Office
Agricultural technician
Villages: Bait Kahen
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Khaled d Ali Mansour
Farmer
2
Ali Saleh Ahmad Al Matari
Farmer
3
Aziz Muhammad Ali Mukbel
Farmer
4
Muhammad Hameed
Mansour
Farmer
5
Muhammad Hameed
Mansour
Farmer
6
Muhammad Ali Mukbel
Farmer
Village: Al Batha
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Adel Muhammad Al-Sufiani
Farmer and head of private
water supply project
2
Ali Abdullah Mista�a
Farmer
3
Waleed Ali Saleh Mista�a
Farmer
4
Abdullah Kassim Al-Sufiani
Farmer
5
Khaled Ali Abdullah Mista�a
Farmer
6
Nabil Ali Saleh Mista�a
Farmer
7
Fawaz Muhammad Garallah
Farmer
8
Ameen Ali Museed
Farmer
9
Ameen Muhammad Garallah
Farmer
10
Ali Abdullah Naji
Farmer
11 Muhammad
Saleh
Hasan
Farmer
12 Sami
Ali
Mista�a
Farmer
13
Muhammad Hadi Garallah
Farmer
14
Muhammad Ahmad Mista�a
Farmer
Village: Bait Awad, Bait Kharab
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Fadhel Saleh Garallah
Bait Kharab Water
Users Association
WUA Chairman
2
Yahia Muhammad Awad
Farmer
3
Mansour Abdullah Al-Awadi
Farmer
4
Muhammad Awad Yahia
Farmer
Ten women interviewed from all villages
District: Bilad Ar Roos
Page 125
125
Agriculture Office
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Abdul Galil Haidar
Agricultural Office
Head of Agricultural office
2
Ali Muhammad Al-Absi
Agricultural Office
Extension officer
3
Muhammad Ameen Naji
Agricultural Office
Extension officer
4
Saeed Muhammad Al Qadasi
Agricultural Office
Agricultural Technician
Village: Wa�alan, Wadi Adduba
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Ahmad Muhammad Saeed
Farmer
2
Ali Saleh Ali
Farmer
3
Muhammad Ahmad Saeed
Farmer
4
Saleh Ali Al Badsh
Farmer
5
Sulaih saleh Ali
Farmer
6
Ismaeel Ali Al Kawl
Farmer
7
Ali Saeed Al Haj
Farmer
Village: A�athar
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Saleh Muhammad Al-Dabash
Farmer
2
Ali Saleh Al-
A�ansi
Farmer
3
Abdul Wali Al-Qadhi
Farmer
4
Abdulla Ahmad Muhammad
Farmer
5
Ahmad Ali Aldaba
Farmer
6
Ali Ahmad Al-Haj
Farmer
7
Muhammad Ahmad Shamsan
Farmer
8
Muhammad Ahmad Al-A�ansi
Farmer
9
Muhammad Saleh Museed
Farmer
10
Bandar Ahmad Museed
Farmer
In addition to 13 women interviewed from both villages
Page 126
126
Governorate: Al-Mahweet
District: Al-Mahweet
Agriculture office and Local Authority
No.
Name Affiliation
Post
1
Yahia Muhammad
Local Authority
Director of Local Council
2
Muhammad Al Thubhani
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
3
Muhammad Ahmad Al Bushari
Agricultural Office
Extension officer
4
Fadhel Al Jumae�e
Agricultural Office
Agricultural Technician
5
Ahmad Ali Hubaish
Local Authority
Member of Local Council
Billares: Na�aman, A Tiari, Al Kuroon and Al Ma�aina
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Muhsen Feras Hubaish
Farmer
2
Muhammad Hussain Abdulla
Farmer
3
Khaled Aqabat
Farmer
4
Muhammad Murshed Hubaish
Farmer
5
Mutahar Ahmad Hubaish
Farmer
6
Hassan bin Hasan Hubaish
Farmer
7
Shahrazad Khamash Hubaish
Female farmer and house
wife
8
Tahani Khamash Hubaish
Female farmer and house
wife
9
Um Rwa�a Ahmad Hubaish
Female farmer and house
wife
10
Um Ragad Naji Hubaish
Female farmer and house
wife
11
Wife Abdul Kareem Hubaish
Female farmer and house
wife
12
Muhammad Mutahr al-Ashmoori
Farmer (Al Kuroon village)
13
Khamash Feras Hubaish
Farmer (Bait A Tiari)
14
Nabil Muhammad Hussain
Farmer (Al Ma�aina village)
15
Ali Al Nozaily
Farmer (Al Ma�aina village)
Page 127
127
District: A Rujum
Agriculture office and Local Authority
No.
Name Affiliation Post
1
Muhammad Ali Al Ga�adabi
Local Authority
Director of Local Council
2
Abdul Razak A Shahedhi
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
3
Khaled Abu Yahia
Local Authority
Member of Local Council
Village: Bani Shihab
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Muhsen Al Kamee
Farmer
2
Adel Mufreh
Farmer
3
Ibrahim Jahash
Farmer
4
Abdulla Ali Jamil
Farmer
5
Ameen Ali Jamil
Farmer
6
Ali Hizam
Farmer
7
Muhammad Ali Jamil
Farmer
8
Sameer Muhammad Ali
Farmer
9
Ahmad Muhammad Ali
Farmer
10
Adel Ali Jamil
Farmer
11
Khalil Ali Muhammad
Farmer
12
Yasmeen Ali Jamil
Female farmer and house
wife
13
Arwa Ahmad Al Haimee
Female farmer and house
wife
14
Samar Muhammad Ali Jamil
Female farmer and house
wife
15
Rahma Saleh Al Khaisi
Female farmer and house
wife
16
Bilqis Ahmad Ali Jamil
Female farmer and house
wife
17
Zakia Hizam Munes
Female farmer and house
wife
Page 128
128
Governorate: Ibb
District: As Saddah
Agriculture office and Local Authority
No.
Name Affiliation Post
1
Nabil Al Awadhi
Local Authority
Director of Local Council
2
Abdul Salam Al Aghbari
Local Authority
General secretary of Local
Council
3
Abdul Wahab Abdul Mughni
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
Villages: Dhil Gharf, Al-Misqah
No.
Name Affiliation
Post
1
Kassim Muhammad Musleh Al Sakhi
Farmer
2
Ahmad Muhammad Saleh Gahaf
Farmer
3
Abdulla Saleh Salad
Farmer
4
Naji Saleh Naji
Farmer
5
Naji Muhammad Abdulla
Farmer
5
Anwar Ismaeel Al-Dailami
Farmer (Misqah village)
6
Hamoud Musleh Ali Hashem
Farmer
7
Saleh Muhammad Ali
Farmer
8
Muhammad Naji Aidana
Farmer
9
Ali bin Ali
Farmer
District: Ba�adan
Agricultura office
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Muhammad Abdu Saeed
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
Villages: Alma�abar, Al-Irshad
No. Name Affiliation
Post
1
Mute�e Muhammad Abdullah
Farmer
2
Ibrahim Abdu Muhammad
Farmer
3
Zaid Muhammad Hassan
Farmer
4
Abdu Muhammad Yahia
Farmer
5
Khaled Abdulla Dahan
Farmer
6
Hilal Ismaeel
Farmer
7
Abdu Muhammad Hassan
Farmer
8
Khaled Muhammad Ali
Farmer
9
Muhammad Abdu Saeed
Farmer (Al-Irshad village)
10 Abdu
Muhammad
Thabit
Farmer
(Al-Irshad
village)
11 Muhammad
Mahdi
Naji
Farmer
(Al-Irshad
village)
12 Abdul
Bari
Fadhel
Farmer
(Al-Irshad
village)
13
Abdul-Wahab Hatrash
Farmer (Al-Irshad village)
14 Abdul
Rakeeb
Na�aman
Farmer
(Al-Irshad
village)
Page 129
129
Governorate: Taiz
District: Saber Al-Mawadem
Agriculture office and Local Authority and NGO
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Ahmad Ali Gamel
Local Authority
Director of Local Council
2
Ameen Muhammad Thabit
Local Authority
General secretary of LC
3
A
bdul
Ra�awf Al-A�zani
Local Authority
Member of Local Council
4
Muhammad Haza�a Ali
Local Authority
Member of Local Council
5
Muhammad Bagash
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
6
Abdul Rahman Bishr
YASAD (NGO)
Agriculture Engineer
7
Hanan Al Sabri
YASAD (NGO)
Head women department
Villages: Allukhaima, Al-
Ma�ain, Al-Meeqab, Al-U�amaiqah
No. Name Affiliation
Post
1
Abdulla Muhammad Yahia
Farmer (Allukhaima village)
2
Ali Ahmad Abdulla
Farmer (Al-
Ma�ain village )
3
Ali Mahyoub A�qlan
Farmer (Al-Meeqab village)
4
Abdulla Ghaleb Ahmad
Farmer (Al-Meeqab village)
5
Muhammad A�aqlan
Farmer (Al-Meeqab village)
6
Muhammad Ahmad Al �Habili
Farmer (Al-Meeqab village)
7
Hasan Hamoud A�aqlan
Farmer (Al-Meeqab village)
8
Abdul Fattah Ahmad Hassan
farmer (Al-U�amaiqah
village)
District: Al-Mawaset
Agriculture office
No. Name
Affiliation
Post
1
Ali Abdul Rahman Al Soofi
Agricultural Office
Head of Office
Villages: Al-Bahri, Al-
Zera�a
No. Name
Affiliation Post
1
Ali Muhammad Nasser
Farmer
2
Fadhel Ali Abdul Wahab
Farmer
3
Zaki Ghailan Muhammad
Farmer
4
Muhammad Sufian Kasim
Farmer
5
Ahmad Sultan Abdullah
Farmer
6
Abdul Rahman Abdo Ahmad
Farmer
7
Na�aman Saeed Ahmad
Farmer
8
Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad
Farmer
9
Abdullah Muhammad A�agan
Farmer
10 Saif
Mukbel
Malek
Farmer
11
Saeed Ghanem Al Aser
Farmer
Page 130
130
Appendix IV
Record of Meetings and Public Consultations
Page 131
131
Record of Meetings and Public Consultations
Governorate: Sana�a
District: Bani Matar
Villages: Matna
and Bait Kahen, Al Batha, Bait Awad, Bait Kharab
Land Use Management
�
Organic matter (Dhabel) is used to enhance soil fertility and conserve soil moisture in
the soil.
�
Using ash as fertilizers
�
Traditional processes are used to conserve the soil moisture.
�
Usually farmers maintain their own terraces on individual basis.
Water Management
�
Old cisterns exist and usually use for cattle and require rehabilitation.
�
There exist some small dams in the area but not used properly.
�
Water channels for irrigation have water rights that everybody agrees with.
�
Insufficient waters in the wells have resulted in social disputes.
Crop management
�
Peanut trees have been cultivated since 2004.
�
Local wheat and barley are cultivated due to their less water requirements
�
Crop production costs are high due to the immigration of labour from the area.
�
Agricultural planting seasons did not change even though rainfall seasons have
changed which results in abandoning agriculture in some seasons.
�
In some seasons rain starts to fall on time and farmers starts cropping and suddenly
during the season rain stops causing great crop loss to the farmers
�
Seeds are preserved in barrels, bags, or inside rooms (Huqab).
�
Specific crops such as tomatoes can be planted in the winter seasons under green
houses
Women
�
Woman has suffered a lot due to lack of rain.
�
Women are doing most of the men�s work in the fields during their absence.
�
During the presence of the men, women share equally the field work and do the house
work by herself
�
Women have weak or even no educational capacity and lack awareness in water issues
Remarks
�
The district is characterised with low rainfall
�
The provision of agricultural machines would result in social disputes unless
proper organizational entities have been developed and well trained in the skills of
community participation
�
Recently cattle owners from other districts reached the district and used it as
pasture for their animal, however they have been prevented.
�
There is no metrological information available. Farmers suggest that if such
information is available, it would help them to adapt by getting better preparations
for the climatic changes.
�
Rehabilitation and increase the capacity of cistern and introduce new ones would
reduce social conflicts and provide water for cattle and supplementary irrigation
Page 132
132
especially for less water consumption crops. Lands can be provided to new
systems and farmers are ready to make these lands as endowment.
�
Increase awareness amongst farmers on water conservation and their rights in the
utilization of water resources such as common cisterns and dams
�
Establish community management groups and association involving local councils
to manage these water resources which would be an asset to the social welfare of
the communities.
�
Water supply projects and wells used for irrigation would encourage farmers to
settle in their villages and cultivate their lands.
�
The framers have the desire to acquire agricultural machines if they are used
equally and just between them.
�
Cordwood usage has resulted in disappearance of trees.
�
Due to the high production costs and low production income of agriculture,
farmers are mainly dependant on jobs (civil and military) and skilled crafts they
might do such as in the construction side.
�
Emigration is apparent in the area where farmers leave to cities for other jobs.
District: Bilad Ar Roos
Villages of Wa�alan, Wadi Adduba
\03
A�athar
Land Use Management
�
Farmers are enhancing soil fertility by:
o
Adding organic fertilizers
o
Leaving roots and leafs on the soil after harvesting to decompose
�
They conserve soil moisture by tillage and turning the soil after rain.
�
Terraces are abandoned due to the high maintenance costs and the harsh terrain.
Water Management
�
Water channels are well maintained
�
There exist limited old cisterns used only for cattle
�
Small dams and big cisterns built by the government are not benefited from and are a
source of disputes between farmers
�
Grounder water is highly exploited
Crop management
�
Seeds are preserved in barrels and bags
�
Best seeds are selected from the harvest according to standards known to farmers
through ages
�
Farmers start planting summer crops when rain falls
�
Farmers do intercropping
�
Farmers increasingly cultivating barely due to its dry resistance character
�
New improved dry resistance wheat has been introduced to the area
Women
�
Social Fund for Development (SFD) started forming Agricultural Women Groups.
�
Women carry big farm and household loads
�
Women share farming activities with the man and during his absence she does most of
the men�s work.
�
She cares about animals, collects cordwood, water and does all household activities.
Page 133
133
�
High illiteracy rates amongst women and awareness in water issues is missing
�
During fetching water from wells, disputes rise among women which sometimes result
with social unrest in the community
Remarks
�
Farmers recently noticed that temperature rises during the summer period and fall
during the winter period which was the same previously.
�
More cisterns are required for cattle and supplementary irrigation
�
Women require water supply projects
�
Women are doing more work
�
Farmers are joining the civil and military jobs
�
Most farmers stop growing cattle due to lack of pasture
�
Some cattle die because of thirst and hunger
Page 134
134
Governorate: Al-Mahweet
District: Al-Mahweet
Villages
:
Na�aman, Al Tiari, Al Kuroon and Al Ma�aina
Land Use Management
�
Farmers enhance soil fertility by adding organic matters and when rain falls heavily
they add also chemical fertilizers
�
Farmers cover the soil with fertilizer to preserve the soil moisture
�
Due to short of rain and unavailability of labour, Farmers do not spend much effort or
money on the land
�
Terraces are the predominant landscape in the area and require great maintenance
Water Management
�
To some extent farmers rebuilt water channels
�
Some communities in the area have excellent experience and success in managing
water supply projects, water harvesting systems and agricultural machines
�
Some farmers introduced drip irrigation for coffee plantations
Crop management
�
Farmers preserve seeds in barrels
�
Seder and mango trees are new comers in the area
�
Cultivation starts when rain falls and the same traditional crops planted each season
�
New type of maize that consumes less water has been introduced in the area
�
Peanuts also has been introduced as new cash crop which consumes less water
�
Farmers do intercropping during crop rotations
Women
�
Women are divided as follows:
o
either being part of a family of land lords or
o
Part of a farming family.
�
The majority of women are farming families and working in the fields and the house
�
Gas cookers are widespread in most areas, however when there is shortages women
take the lead in collecting cordwood.
�
Illiteracy is spread amongst farming families and awareness in water issues is missing
�
Remarks
�
95% of the land in these villages is owned by Hubaish family
�
Biogas technique is remarkably widespread in the villages
�
A
few sub districts have immigrated from the area
�
There exist social problems due to shortages of rain
�
Farmers noticed rise in temperatures.
�
Recently termite has spread and it was not
�
Insect termites were not found in the past and are currently widespread
Page 135
135
District: Ar Rujum
Villages: Bani Shihab
Land Use Management
�
Farmers enhance soil fertility by adding organic matters and when rain falls heavily
they add also chemical fertilizers
�
Farmers understands that adding traditional fertilizers help preserve soil moisture
�
Up to 30% of the land was abandoned due to shortages of rain and immigration of
labour
�
Rehabilitation of terraces always take place at the beginning of the new season
Water Management
�
Water channels are maintained on an individual basis
�
The existing small dams are causing social disputes due absence of suitable
community management
�
Farmers realize the importance of community management of small dams
�
Traditional water harvesting systems are not well maintained
�
Rural Water supply projects are widespread in the area
Crop management
�
Barrels are used to preserve seeds
�
A
three months season of maize type has been introduced in addition to the traditional
five months maize
�
Peanuts trees have been planted in spring areas
�
Summer cropping season is important for the farmers
�
Disappearance of some winter crops such as
\03
fenugreek, local beans, peas, lentils,
local wheat, alfalfa, and Mustard
Women
�
Work pressure increases during dry spells
�
Women work in the farm with men.
�
She cares collects cordwood when there is shortages of cooking gas
�
Most women and girls are illiterate and awareness in water issues is missing
�
Remarks
�
There are families immigrated into the nearby cities
�
Communities get frustrated when there is no rain which results in social problems
�
Rehabilitation water harvesting systems can be used fro cattle and supplementary
irrigation especially when rainfall comes late or stops before cropping season ends
Page 136
136
Governorate: Ibb
District: As Sadah
Village: Dhil Garf
Land Use Management
�
Farmers use traditional organic fertilizers and silt accumulated in irrigation channels
�
Chemical fertilizers are used after rainfalls
�
Traditional organic fertilizers are applied heavily to the soil after maize cultivation
season to allow the soil regains its fertility.
�
Farmers rebuilt and maintain Terraces individually
Water Management
�
The water channels- which are deeper than usual- are maintained by group of farmers
whose their farms irrigated from these channels. These channels accumulate silt that is
used as natural fertilizers. The silt is distributed to farms according to common rights
accepted by farmers.
�
Water left in the channels below the farm levels used later as supplementary irrigation
when rainfall stops
�
Rain water is harvested in small common and private traditional cisterns used for
cattle and can be for supplementary irrigation , but require expansion
�
Farmers are ready to manage these cisterns
�
There are some small dams fro irrigation and groundwater recharge especially for
springs, but need community management
�
There is a metrological station in the district, however data are not analysed and no
feedback to the farmers
Crop management
�
Seeds are carefully selected from the harvest and preserved in barrels and Kiute
(Huqab) or kept in a small room below the stairs
�
There is crop rotation between wheat and barely
�
Even though rainfall seasons changed slightly, farmers kept farming their crops
according to these changes which affected the crops growth and reduced its diversity
�
Farmers grow wheat, barley, lentils, fenugreek and maize
�
Some crops have not been planted anymore such as local beans, peas, and mustard,
�
New trees introduced to the area such as Russian jonquil.
Women
�
Women carry big farming loads
�
Rural water supply projects and cooking gas resulted in reduction of household loads
�
Women lack awareness in water issues and have low educational capacity
Remarks
�
Immigration into nearby towns and cities has increased between men to cove
livelihood expenses
�
Different types of trees grown in the area such as alosrb, Camphor and sider.
�
There is a great need for water harvesting cistern to be used during dry spells
�
There is a great need for agricultural machines to increase production an reduce
burden on men and women farmers
�
Farmers are ready to develop community management groups
�
Farmers need improved crops that withstand dry spells
Page 137
137
District: Ba�adan
Village: Al-Ma�abar
Land Use Management
�
Farmers use traditional organic fertilizers in addition to human wastes due to lack of
cattle
�
Framers rent agriculture machines with high costs
�
Framers rehabilitate their terraces individually
�
Soil moisture is usually preserved by leaving roots and leafs of wheat and barley on
the soil to decompose after harvesting which also fertilizes the soil
Water Management
�
Water channels are maintained by individual farmers
�
There are no small dams
�
Waters from springs are collected for drinking in small cisterns and distributed
through pipe network to households.
�
Water spilled over collected cisterns are directed through channels to be used for
supplementary irrigation and for cattle according to traditional water rights
Crop management
�
Seeds and harvested crops are preserved in barrels
�
Olive trees are introduced as new crop which take less water and produces more
income
�
Cropping seasons did not change
�
Farmers do intercropping during crop rotations
�
Crops cultivated in the area are wheat, sorghum, barely and potatoes
Women
�
Women take care of cattle and share harvesting activities with men
�
She does all household activities
�
When springs get dry, she fetches water from long distances
�
In some villages, women do cordwood
�
Educational levels are low and awareness in water issues is missing
Remarks
�
Farmers need crops that withstand dry spells and produce better income such as
improved wheat and olive trees
�
Increase the cultivation of olive trees
�
Provide agricultural machines which would reduce cost, effort and time for both men
and women farmers
�
Build big cisterns in the highlands to recharge springs during dry seasons would ease
social unrest
�
Wild herbalism spread in the area and needs to be utilized as economical good fro the
farmers
�
Rainfall shortages affects cattle
�
Farmers noticed that there are changes of temperatures in summer and winter which
was felt previously
�
Immigration is a key issue in the area which resulted in increase costs of labour and
leave other farms without cultivation
Page 138
138
�
Build water harvesting systems nearby farms as supplementary irrigation especially
when rainfall comes late or stops before cropping season ends
�
Introduce awareness campaigns on water issues and community management of water
harvesting systems and agricultural machines
Page 139
139
Governorate: Taiz
District: Saber Al-Mawadem
Villages: Allukhaima, Al-
Ma�ain, Al-Meeqab, Al-U�amaiqah
Land Use Management
�
Farmers rehabilitate terraces and protect them from erosion on individual basis
�
Traditional organic fertilizer is used
�
Farmers cultivate crops interchangeably, i.e. they cultivate 50% of the land in summer
and leave the rest without cultivation and to be cultivated in winter. The purpose of
this process is to reduce pressure on the land without exhausting its fertility.
\03
�
To keep the water moisture in the soil, farmers plough the land in January and keep it
intact until the start of the summer season which has the effect of airing the soil and
kills the insects
�
Low percentage of farmers sue chemical fertilizers
�
Some farmers use bulls for ploughing in small farms and some use machines in bigger
farms
�
Deteriorated terraces are abandoned due to the high maintenance costs and
unavailability of labour
Water Management
�
Water channels are maintained by individual farmers
�
Water channels are maintained
�
Rooftop harvesting spread in the area
�
No metrological data available and farmers do not know their benefits
�
Awareness on water issues does not exist
Crop management
�
Cropping seasons start when rainfalls
�
Seeds are kept in steel tanks and potatoes seeds are kept in bags
�
Best seeds of potatoes and maize are selected from the harvested crop. Seeds for other
cops are selected directly from the harvest without any election.
�
Crops cultivated in the area are wheat, sorghum, barely, beans, lentils, fenugreek and
potatoes and some fruits such as pomegranate, joava, fig and blueberry
�
There are two cropping seasons, summer and winter that parts of the land cultivated
interchangeably
�
New crops introduced such as improved seeds that consumes less water, barely and
peanuts
�
Some herbal trees appeared in the area
Women
�
Women share most parts of the farm activities with men
�
Women collect traditional organic fertilisers into un-aerated halls covered with sand
for 3-4 months in order to decompose then transport it in bags to the farms and mixed
with the soil
�
In case of water shortages in the house, she fetches water from longer distances
�
Women bring fodder for cattle
�
High level of illiteracy among women
Page 140
140
Remarks
�
The area needs veterinary specialists I order to avoid loss of cattle which the case I
recent period
�
Shortages of water in dry seasons cause social unrest within the community
�
Farmers realized that after two years of application of chemical fertilizers , land
production drop
�
The need to build water harvesting systems as supplementary irrigation and fro cattle
�
There some crops diapered from the area such as garlic and some type of local wheat
due to low rainfall
�
The need to rebuilt the deteriorated terraces
District: Al-Mawaset
Villages:
Al-Bahri, Al-
Zera�a
Land Use Management
�
Terraces are maintained on individual basis
�
Organic and chemical fertilizers are used together to increase soil fertility
�
Due to lack of bulls and high costs of labour, land is not well served
�
Ploughing before the start of the cropping season keeps its moisture
Water Management
�
The area has good traditional experience in water harvesting used for households and
cattle
�
There is a common well used for irrigation after rainy seasons but become dry.
�
There is a rural water supply project in the area
�
Farmers maintain water channels
�
Complete the construction of the dam would allow using its water as supplementary
irrigation.
�
No metrological data available
Crop management
�
Cropping season starts when ran falls
�
No introduction of new improved crops
�
Crops cultivated are, several types of sorghum, corn and millet
Women
�
Women share farm activities with men
�
Women take care of soil fertility by managing the traditional organic matter
�
Women collects fodders fro the animal
�
Women collects cordwood for cooking when cooking gas is short
�
Women is responsible about the household activities
�
Low educational capacity among women
Remarks
�
Men immigrate to nearby towns and cities to look fro better income
�
The area needs veterinary specialists in order to avoid loss of cattle
�
Farmers tend to sell their cattle due to dry spells
�
Water harvesting cisterns need maintenance
�
Farmers observed an increase and decrease of temperatures in summer and winter
respectively.
Page 141
141
Appendix V
Description of Stakeholders and Beneficiaries
Page 142
142
This section describes the stakeholders as has been outlined in the ACAP draft PAD
documents (World Bank, December 2009). The stakeholders of the ACAP project areas
include national and local institutions directly involved in the agriculture and livestock sector
under the MAI in its governorates and district offices. Additionally, local councils, national or
local associations and NGOs that are situated in the project areas. The beneficiaries
themselves: men and women farmers and livestock owners, their families and the local
populations. The ESIA team met with various representatives of most of these stakeholder
and beneficiary groups to discuss environmental and social aspects of the project (see
Appendices III and IV for the lists of stakeholders met and records of meetings respectively).
The following are brief description of these relevant stakeholders that the
ACAP will
be
involved with:
Farmers and Livestock Owners
The intended beneficiaries of the
ACAP
are farmers and livestock owners whose productivity
and economic well-being will be improved by the interventions of the project. They will see
the direct benefits of the enhanced seed preservation, improved crop resistance varieties,
establishments of WHS and flood protection structures, and income generation activities in
addition to enhancement of soil management and water conservation. In addition to the
farmers and livestock owners, their families (women and children), their neighbours and local
communities should also benefit from the project in terms of improved living conditions and
incomes and expanded economic opportunities. Women in rural areas, whom Yemeni cultural
traditional have kept at a lower status and prevented from gaining control over important
household resources, particularly stand to benefit from the project. More opportunities will
provided to women to empower its situation and ease burden from her shoulder. There are
educated and active women in many villages in the project areas whose roles in local
development will be enhanced by the project. The ESIA team met with a number of farmers
and livestock owners, villagers and other locals in the project areas visited in both formal and
informal settings. Meetings with women were also conducted through environmental and
social female experts. ACAP is mainly concentrated its activities to provide mechanisms,
tools and coping measures to adapt to the climate change Yemen is facing.
Civil society
The civil society stakeholders for the
ACAP
include associations, tribes and NGOs on the
national and local levels. The principal associations that are relevant in the context of the
project is the Agricultural Cooperative Union (ACU) and Yemen Women Association
(YWA) in addition to YASAD, IDDEALES and Community Water Users Associations
(WUAs) established i
n
the villages by Sana�a Basin Water Management Project (SBWMP),
Groundwater Soil Conservation Project (GSCP) and Community Based Water Management
Project (CWMP). Both the ACU and YWA aim to establish cooperatives and women's
branches at district and village levels in order to participate in the project. The tribes
constitute the traditional social organization of Yemen, the tribe being the primary social unit
in Yemen's social structure. Tribal influence remains strong in spite of ongoing efforts to
decentralize the governing system, to a large extent because the central government has
always been weak outside the main urban areas. The tribes and the values that underpin them
are of major importance to the success of the project. The CBOs, which include charitable
associations, development associations, committees and groups, are considered NGOs. The
charitable associations are the only traditional and grassroots CBOs found in Yemen; the
development associations, committees and groups are all established as a result of outside
Page 143
143
intervention in the form of development projects, and are typically organized around specific
on-farm or off-farm productive activities.
Local council representatives
At the district level, the Local council (LC) is the most important body in the decentralized
structure. LCs is well organized and control crucial strategic resources. LCs should become
important collaborators and partners for the project, so developing close alliances with LCs
will be beneficial for the project. The LC representatives are elected from villages through
general elections. LC representatives could well be of crucial importance for the success of
the project. In their official capacity, LC representatives will likely have expectations for the
project's impact at the local level. The ESIA team met with a number of MAI officials and
several LC representatives in districts where the project will be implemented. The LC
representatives should be trained and their capacities built in order to be involved positively
the implementation of the ACAP.
Private sector
The private sector stockholders for the ACAP include the firms and shops that cater to the
needs of the agriculture and livestock sector, usually located at regional markets, which may
cover one or more districts, at intermediate markets, which typically serve one or more uzlas,
or at local markets in the villages. There are two general types of firms and shops in terms of
the services they provide: agricultural inputs and veterinarian services for livestock. These
stakeholders are not organized in any way. They clearly control strategic resources, including
insecticides and veterinary supplies. They have influence with the Agricultural Offices, with
sheikhs, with Local Council representatives and with local people. It is not clear what they
expect of the project but it is important to align their services with the projects objectives.
They do not stand to receive any direct benefits from the project and have few or no resources
they might be willing to mobilize. The EIA team met with several representatives of the
private sector in its field work.
Public sector
At the national level, the primary GOY stakeholder for the ACAP is the MAI and CAMA,
which will serve as implementing agencies for the project. The MAI will liaise with its
Agricultural Offices at the governorate and district levels. These entities are important to the
success of the project in the roles they will play in its implementation. MAI's Agricultural
Offices have major influence on all agricultural and livestock activities at the local level, but
due to lack of resources, inefficiency, lack of trained staff, incorrect priorities and corruption,
the influence is minimal. The ESIA team met with a number of MA1 officials at the
governorate and district levels. They are well related to farmers in their areas of work and
gained their confidence. Involving the agricultural staff in the coordination, monitoring and
extension services with farmers will be an added value to the project with additional training
and capacity building to them.
Page 144
144
Appendix VI Banned Pesticides
Page 145
145
REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
MINISTRY�OF�AGRICULTURE�
IRRIGATION�
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF PLANT PROTECTION
�
MARCH
LIST OF THE BANNED & SEVERELY RESTRICTED
PESTICIDES IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
Page 146
146
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF PLANT PROTECTION
Sana�a, Shoup St.
P. O. Box: 26
Tel.: +967-1-250956 / 235193
Fax : +967-1- 228064
e-mail: gdpp-mai@y.net.ye
�
Page 147
147
First Part: the banned pesticides
Banned
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
1
2,4,5-T and its salts
93-76-5
C
8
H
5
Cl
3
O
3
Herbicide
Banned
2
1,3-dichloropropene
542-75-6
C
3
H
4
Cl
2
Fumigant &
Nematicide
Banned
3
Acetochlor
34256-82-1
C
14
H
20
ClNO
2
Herbicide
Banned
Acifluorfen
62476-59-9
C
14
H
6
ClF
3
NNaO
5
Herbicide
Banned
Acrolein
107-02-8
C
3
H
4
O
Algicide
Banned
Acrylonitrile
107-13-1
C
3
H
3
N
Fumigant &
Insecticide
Banned
Alachlor
15972-60-8
C
14
H
20
ClNO
2
Herbicide
Banned
Aldicarb
116-06-3
C
7
H
14
N
2
O
2
S
Insecticide
Banned
Aldoxycarb
1646-88-4
C
7
H
14
N
2
O
4
S
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
fifl
Aldrin
(HHDN)
309-00-2
C
12
H
8
Cl
6
Insecticide
Banned
fifi
Allyl
alcohol
107-18-6
C
3
H
6
O
Herbicide
Banned
fi
Aminocarb
2032-59-9
C
11
H
16
N
2
O
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Amitrole
61-82-5
C
2
H
4
N
4
Herbicide
Banned
14 Aramite
140-57-8
C
15
H
23
ClO
4
S
Acaricide
Banned
15
Arsenic (acid, pentoxide
and arsenate, sodium)
12002-03-8,
75-60-5,
1327-53-
3,7778-39-
4,7778-44-
1&7784-40-9
-
Fungicide
Banned
16 Arsenous
oxide
1327-53-3
As
4
O
6
Rodenticide
Banned
fi
Azinphos- ethyl
2642-71-9
C
12
H
16
N
3
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
18 Azinphos
methyl
86-50-0
C
10
H
12
N
3
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
19 Azobenzene
103-33-3
C
12
H
10
N
2
Acaricide
Banned
20 Bendiocarb
22781-23-3
C
11
H
13
NO
4
Insecticide
Banned
21 Benfuracarb
82560-54-1
C
20
H
30
N
2
O
5
S
Insecticide
Banned
22 Benomyl
17804-35-2
C
14
H
18
N
4
O
3
Fungicide
Banned
23
Bifenthrinm
82657-04-3
(Cis)
C
23
H
22
ClF
3
O
2
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
Page 148
148
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
83322-02-5
(Trans)
24 Binapacryl
485-31-4
C
1
5
H
1
8
N
2
O
6
Acaricide &
Fungicide
Banned
25 Blasticidin-S
2079-00-7
C
17
H
26
N
8
O
5
Fungicide
Banned
Bronopol
52-51-7
C
3
H
6
BrNO
4
Bactericide
Banned
27
Butoxycarboxim
34681-23-7
C
7
H
14
N
2
O
4
S
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
28
Butylate butachlor
23184-66-9
C
1
1
H
2
3
NOS
Herbicide
Banned
29
Cadmium and its
compounds
12001-20-6
&7784-40-9
-
Insecticide
Banned
fl
Calcium arsenate
7778-44-1
As
2
Ca
3
O
8
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Calcium cyanide
592-01-8 &
74-90-8
C
2
CaN
2
Insecticide &
Fumagation
Banned
Captafol (Difolatan)
2425-06-1;
2939-80-2
C
10
H
9
Cl
4
NO
2
S
Fungicide
Banned
Captan
133-06-2
C
9
H
8
Cl
3
NO
2
S
Fungicide
Banned
Carbaryl
63-25-2
C
12
H
11
NO
2
Insecticide
Banned
Carbofuran
1563-66-2
C
12
H
15
NO
3
Insecticide,
Acaricide &
Nematicide
Banned
Carbon tetrachloride
56-23-5
CCl
4
Fumagation
&
Insecticide
Banned
Carbophenothion
786-19-6
C
11
H
16
ClO
2
PS
3
Insecticide
Banned
Carbosulfan
55285-14-8
C
20
H
32
N
2
O
3
S
Insecticide
Banned
Chinomethionat
2439-01-2
C
10
H
6
N
2
OS
2
Acaricide &
Fungicide
Banned
fl
Chlordane
57-74-9
C
10
H
6
Cl
8
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Chlordecone
143-50-0
C
10
Cl
10
O
Insecticide
Banned
Chlordimeform
6
164-98-3
C
10
H
10
ClN
2
Acaricide
Banned
Page 149
149
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
43 Chlorethoxyfos
54593-83-8
C
6
H
11
Cl
4
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
44 Chlorfenvinphos
470-90-6
C
12
H
14
Cl
3
O
4
P
Insecticide
Banned
45 Chlormephos
24934-91-6
C
5
H
12
ClO
2
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
46 Chlorobenzilate
510-15-6
C
16
H
14
Cl
2
O
3
Acaricide
Banned
Chlorophacinone
3691-35-8
C
23
H
15
ClO
3
Rodenticide
Banned
Chlorothalonil
1897-45-6
C
8
Cl
4
N
2
Fungicide
Banned
Chlorthiophos
60238-56-4
C
11
H
15
Cl
2
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fl
Chromium VI
compounds
-
-
Insecticide &
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Cloethocarb
51487-69-5
C
11
H
14
ClNO
4
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
Coumaphos
56-72-4
C
14
H
16
ClO
5
PS
Insecticide
Banned
Crotoxyphos
7700-17-6
C
14
H
19
O
6
P
Insecticide
Banned
Cyanazine
21725-46-2
C
9
H
13
ClN
6
Herbicide
Banned
55 Cyanophos
2636-26-2
C
9
H
10
NO
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
Cycloheximide
66-81-9
C
15
H
23
NO
4
Fungicide
Banned
Cyhexatin
13121-70-5
C
18
H
34
OSn
Acaricide
Banned
Cypermethrin
beta-Cypermethrin
52315-07-8
65731-84-2
C
22
H
19
Cl
2
NO
3
Insecticide
Banned
59
alpha&theta -
Cypermethrin
71697-59-1
67375-30-8
C
22
H
19
Cl
2
NO
3
Insecticide
Banned
60
zeta-cypermethrin
52315-07-8
C
22
H
19
Cl
2
NO
3
Insecticide
Banned
61 Cyproconazole
94361-06-5
C
15
H
18
ClN
3
O
Fungicide
Banned
62 Daminozide
1596-84-5
C
6
H
12
N
2
O
3
Plant Growth
Regulator
Banned
63
DDT and metabolite
50-29-3
C
14
H
9
Cl
5
Insecticide
Banned
64 Demephion
682-80-4
C
5
H
13
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
Demephion-O and
�S
2587-90-8
8065-62-1
C
5
H
13
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
Page 150
150
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
Demeton
8000-97-3
C
8
H
1
9
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide &
Herbicide
Banned
Demeton-O and
�S
298-03-3
126-75-0
C
8
H
19
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
Dibromochloro-propane
(DBCP)
96-12-8
C
3
H
5
Br
2
Cl
Herbicide
Banned
69
Dichlorovos (DDVP)
62-737
C
4
H
7
Cl
2
O
4
P
Insecticide
Banned
fl
Dicofol
115-32-2
C
14
H
9
Cl
5
O
Acaricide
Banned
fi
Dicrotophos
141-66-2
C
8
H
16
NO
5
P
Insecticide
Banned
Dieldrin
60-57-1
C
12
H
8
Cl
6
O
Insecticide
Banned
73 Dimefox
115-26-4
C
4
H
12
FN
2
OP
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
Dimethoate
60-51-5
C
5
H
12
NO
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
Dimetilan
644-64-4
C
10
H
16
N
4
O
3
Insecticide
Banned
Dimeton-S-methyl
919-86-8
C
6
H
15
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
Dimeton-S-
methylsulphon
17040-19-6
C
6
H
15
O
5
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
Dinoseb and its salts
88-85-7
C
10
H
12
N
2
O
5
Herbicide
Banned
Dinoterb acetate
3204-27-1
C
12
H
14
N
2
O
6
Herbicide
Banned
fl
Dioxathion
78-34-2
C
12
H
26
O
6
P
2
S
4
Herbicide
Banned
fi
Disulfoton
298-04-4
C
8
H
19
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
82
DNOC and its salts
534-52-1
C
7
H
6
N
2
O
5
Insecticide
Banned
Edifenphos (EDDP)
17109-49-8
C
14
H
15
O
2
PS
2
Fungicide
Banned
Endosulfan
115-29-7
C
9
H
6
Cl
6
O
3
S
Insecticide
Banned
85 Endrin
72-20-8
C
12
H
8
Cl
6
O
Insecticide
Banned
86 EPN
2104-64-5
C
14
H
14
NO
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
87 Epoxiconazole
106325-08-0
C
17
H
13
ClFN
3
O
Fungicide
Banned
88 Ethiofencarb 29973-13-5
C
11
H
15
NO
2
S
Insecticide
Banned
Page 151
151
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
Ethylene dibromide
106-93-4
C
2
H
4
Br
2
Fumagation&
Herbicide
Banned
fl
Ethylene dichloride
107-06-2
C
2
H
4
Cl
2
Fumagation &
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Ethylene oxide
75-21-8
C
2
H
4
O
Fumagation
Banned
Etrimfos
38260-54-7
C
10
H
17
N
2
O
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
Fenamiphos
22224-92-6
C
13
H
22
NO
3
PS
Nematicide &
Insecticide
Banned
Fenthion (MPP)
55-38-9
C
10
H
15
O
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
Fensulfothion
115-90-2
C
1
1
H
1
7
O
4
PS
2
Nematicide &
Insecticide
Banned
Fenitrothion
122-14-5
C
9
H
12
NO
5
PS
Insecticide
Banned
Fensulfothion
115-90-2
C
11
H
17
O
4
PS
2
Nematicide &
Insecticide
Banned
98 Flucythrinate
70124-77-5
C
26
H
23
F
2
NO
4
Insecticide
Banned
99 Fluometuron
2164-17-2
C
10
H
11
F
3
N
2
O
Herbicide
Banned
100
Fluoroacetamide
640-19-7
C
2
H
4
FNO
Rodenticide &
Insecticide
Banned
101
Fluvalinate
Tau-fluvalinate
69409-94-5
102851-06-9
C
26
H
22
ClF
3
N
2
O
3
Insecticide
Banned
102
Folpet
133-07-3
C
9
H
4
Cl
3
NO
2
S
Fungicide
Banned
fiflffi
Fonofos
944-22-9
C
10
H
15
OPS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fiflff
Formaldehyde
50-00-0
CH
2
O
Fumagation ,
Fungicide &
Acaricide
Banned
fiflbreve
Formetanate
2259-30-9
C
11
H
15
N
3
O
2
Acaricide
Banned
fiflcaron
Fosetyl-Al
39148-24-8
9148-2408
C
6
H
18
AlO
9
P
3
Fungicide
Banned
fifl\1a
Fosmethilan
83733-82-8
C
13
H
19
ClNO
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fifldotaccent
Furathiocarb
65907-30-4
C
18
H
26
N
2
O
5
S
Insecticide
Banned
Page 152
152
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
fiflhungarumlaut
Furmecyclox
60568-05-0
C
14
H
21
NO
3
Fungicide
Banned
fififl
Haloxyfop-P
72619-32-0
C
16
H
13
ClF
3
NO
4
Herbicide
Banned
fififi
Heptachlor epoxide
76-44-8
C
10
H
5
Cl
7
Insecticide
Banned
fififfl
Heptenophos
23560-59-0
C
9
H
12
ClO
4
P
Insecticide
Banned
113
Hexachlorobenzene
118-74-1
C
6
Cl
6
Fungicide
&Insecticide
Banned
fififf
Hexachlorobutadiene
87-68-3
C
4
Cl
6
Fungicide
Banned
fifibreve
Hexaconazole
79983-71-4
C
14
H
17
Cl
2
N
3
O
Fungicide
Banned
116
Isazofos
42509-80-8
C
9
H
17
ClN
3
O
3
PS
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
fifi\1a
Isofenphos
25311-71-1
C
15
H
24
NO
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fifidotaccent
Isoprocarb
2631-40-5
C
11
H
15
NO
2
Insecticide
Banned
fifihungarumlaut
Isothioate
36614-38-7
C
7
H
17
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
Isoxathion
18854-01-8
C
13
H
16
NO
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fi
Lactofen
77501-63-4
C
19
H
15
ClF
3
NO
7
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Lead arsenate
7784-40-9
AsHO
4
Pb
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Leptophos
21609-90-5
C
13
H
10
BrCl
2
O
2
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Lindane, BHC,
Beta & alph BHC&
HCH
58-89-9, 319-
85-7,319-84-
6
&
608-73-1
C
6
H
6
Cl
6
Insecticide
\03
&
Rodenticide
Banned
125
Malathion
121-75-5
C
10
H
19
O
6
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
126
Maneb
12427-38-2
C
4
H
6
MnN
2
S
4
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Mercury and mercury
compounds:
Mercuric oxide (mercury
oxide)
Mercurous chloride (calomel)
Other inorganic mercury
compounds
Alkyl mercury compounds
Alkoxyalkyl and aryl mercury
compounds
7439-97-67,
487-94-7,
21908-53-2,
7564-30-7,
7784-40-,
7487-94-7
-
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Metam sodium and its
dihydrate
(Vapam)
137-42-8
6734-80-1
C
2
H
4
NNaS
2
Fungicide
Banned
Page 153
153
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
fi
Methamidophos
10265-92-6
C
2
H
8
NO
2
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
Methidathion
950-37-8
C
6
H
11
N
2
O
4
PS
3
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fi
Methiocarb
2032-65-7
C
11
H
15
NO
2
S
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Methomyl
16752-77-5
C
5
H
10
N
2
O
2
S
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Methoxychlor
72-43-5
C
16
H
15
Cl
3
O
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Methyl parathion
298-00-0
C
8
H
10
NO
5
PS
Insecticide
Banned
135
Methyl bromide
74-83-9
CH
3
Br
Fumagation
&
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Methyl isothiocyanate
556-61-6
C
2
H
3
NS
Insecticide
Banned
137
Mevinphos
26718-65-0
C
7
H
13
O
6
P
Insecticide
Banned
138
Mirex
2385-85-5
C
10
Cl
12
Insecticide
Banned
139
Monocrotophos
6923-22-4
C
7
H
14
NO
5
P
Insecticide
Banned
140
Naled
300-76-5
C
4
H
7
Br
2
Cl
2
O
4
P
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fi
Nicotine
54-11-5
C
10
H
14
N
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Nitrofen
1836-75-5
C
12
H
7
Cl
2
NO
3
Herbicide
Banned
fi
Omethoate
1113-02-6
C
5
H
12
NO
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Orthophenylphenol and
Na salt
90-43-7
132-27-4
C
12
H
10
O
C
12
H
9
NaO
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Oxamyl (Thioxamyl)
23135-22-0
C
7
H
13
N
3
O
3
S
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
fi
Oxydemeton-methyl
301-12-2
C6H15O4PS2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Oxydeprofos (ESP)
2674-91-1
C
7
H
17
O
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Paraquat
4685-14-7
C
12
H
14
N
2
Herbicide
Banned
fi
Parathion
(Thiophos)
56-38-2
C
10
H
14
NO
5
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
Paris green
12002-03-8
C
4
H
6
As
6
Cu
4
O
16
Insecticide
Banned
151
Pentachlorophenol
87-86-5
C
6
HCl
5
O
Insecticide &
Fungicide
Banned
Page 154
154
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
152
Phenthoate
2597-03-7
C
12
H
17
O
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
153
Phenylmercury acetate
62-38-4
C
8
H
8
HgO
2
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Phenylmercury nitrate
8003-05-2
C
12
H
11
Hg
2
NO
4
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Phorate (Timet)
298-02-2
C
7
H
17
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
fi
Phosalone
2310-17-0
C
12
H
15
ClNO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Phosfolan
950-10-7
C
8
H
16
NO
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Phosphamidon
13171-21-6
C
10
H
19
ClNO
5
P
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Phoxim
14816-18-3
C
12
H
15
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
Phoxim-methyl
14816-16-1
C
10
H
11
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fi
Pirimicarb
23103-98-2
C
11
H
18
N
4
O
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Pirimiphos- ethyl
l23505-41-1
C
13
H
24
N
3
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Polychloroterpenes
8001-50-1
C
10
H
11
Cl
7
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
164
Procymidone
2809-16-8
C
13
H
11
Cl
2
NO
2
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
165
Pronamid(Propyzamide)
23950-58-5
C
12
H
11
Cl
2
NO
Herbicide
Banned
166
Propaphos
7292-16-2
C
13
H
21
O
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
167
Propargite
2312-35-8
C
19
H
26
O
4
S
Acaricide
Banned
168
Propetamphos
31218-83-4
C
10
H
20
NO
4
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Propoxur
114-26-1
C
11
H
15
NO
3
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
Prothoate
2275-18-5
C
9
H
20
NO
3
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fi
Scilliroside
507-60-8
C
32
H
44
O
12
Rodenticide
Banned
172
Sodium arsenite
7784-46-5
AsNaO
2
Insecticide &
Herbicide
Banned
173
Sodium cyanide
143-33-9
CNNa
Insecticide&
Fumagation
Banned
174
Sodium fluoroacetate
62-74-8
C
2
H
2
FNaO
2
Rodenticide
Banned
Page 155
155
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
175
Sulfallate
95-06-7
C
8
H
1
4
ClNS
2
Herbicide
Banned
176
Sulfotep
3689-24-5
C
8
H
2
0
O
5
P
2
S
2
Insecticide
Banned
177
Sulprofos
35400-43-2
C
1
2
H
1
9
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Tebupirimfos
96182-53-5
C
1
3
H
2
3
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Tefluthrin
79538-32-2
C
17
H
14
C
l
F
7
O
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
fl
TEPP
107-49-3
C
8
H
20
O
7
P
2
Acaricide
Banned
fi
fi
Terbufos
13071-79-9
C
9
H
21
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
fi
Terrazole (Etridiazole)
2593-15-9
C
5
H
5
Cl
3
N
2
OS
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Thiodicarb
59669-26-0
C
10
H
18
N
4
O
4
S
3
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Thiofanox
39196-18-4
C
9
H
18
N
2
O
2
S
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Thiometon
640-15-3
C
6
H
15
O
2
PS
3
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Banned
186
Thionazin
297-97-2
C
8
H
13
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide &
Nematicide
Banned
fi
Thiram
137-26-8
C
6
H
12
N
2
S
4
Fungicide
Banned
fi
Toxaphene
(Camphechlor)
8001-35-2
C
10
H
10
Cl
8
Insecticide
Banned
189
Triamiphos
1031-47-6
C
12
H
19
N
6
OP
Acaricide,
Nematicide
&
Insecticide
Banned
190
Triazophos
24017-47-8
C
12
H
16
N
3
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Banned
191
Trichlorfon
52-68-6
C
4
H
8
Cl
3
O
4
P
Insecticide
Banned
192
Trichloronate
327-98-0
C
10
H
12
Cl
3
O
2
PS
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Trimethacarb
12407-86-2
C
11
H
15
NO
2
Insecticide
Banned
fi
Triphenyltin hydroxide
76-87-9
C
18
H
16
OSn
Fungicide
Banned
Page 156
156
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of
Pesticide
Type of
Restriction
fi
Vamidothion
2275-23-2
C
8
H
18
NO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Banned
*
BANNED PESTICIDES:
The Pesticides Banned of importation and use in the
Countr
y. Severely restricted
Second Part: The Severely Restricted Pesticides
\03
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
fi
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane
79-34-5
C
2
H
2
Cl
4
Insecticide
Severely restricted
2
2,4-D
94-75-7
C
8
H
6
Cl
2
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
3
Acephate
30560-19-1
C
4
H
10
NO
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
4
Acetaldehyde
108-62-3
C
8
H
1
6
O
4
Molluscicide
Severely restricted
Aluminium
phosphide
20859-73-8
AlP
Fumigant &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Ametryn
834-12-8
C
9
H
17
N
5
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Amidithion
919-76-6
C
7
H
16
NO
4
PS
2
Acaricide &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Amitraz
33089-61-1
C
19
H
23
N
3
Acaricide
Severely restricted
Antu
86-88-4
C
11
H
10
N
2
S
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
fifl
Asulam
3337-71-1
C
8
H
10
N
2
O
4
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fifi
Atrazine
1912-24-9
C
8
H
14
ClN
5
Herbicide
Severely restricted
12 Aziprotryne
4658-28-0
C
7
H
11
N
7
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
13 Azothoate
5834-96-8
C
14
H
14
ClN
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Severely restricted
14 Benazolin
3813-05-6
C
9
H
6
ClNO
3
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
15 Benodanil
15310-01-7
C
13
H
10
INO
Fungicide
Severely restricted
16
Bensultap
17606-31-4
C
17
H
21
NO
4
S
4
Insecticide
Severely restricted
17 Benzoximate
29104-30-1
C
18
H
18
ClNO
5
Acaricide
Severely restricted
18 Bioresmethrin
28434-01-7
C
22
H
26
O
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Page 157
157
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
19 Brodifacoum
56073-10-0
C
3
1
H
2
3
BrO
3
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
20 Bromacil
314-40-9
C
9
H
1
3
BrN
2
O
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
21 Bromadiolone
28772-56-7
C
3
0
H
2
3
BrO
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
22 Bromethalin
63333-35-7
C
1
4
H
7
Br
3
F
3
N
3
O
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
23 Bromocyclen
1715-40-8
C
8
H
5
BrCl
6
Acaricide &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
24 Bromofenoxim
13181-17-4
C
13
H
7
Br
2
N
3
O
6
Herbicide
Severely restricted
25 Bromophos-ethyl
4824-78-6
C
10
H
12
BrCl
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Bromoxynil
1689-84-5
C
7
H
3
Br
2
NO
Herbicide
Severely restricted
27 Bufencarb
8065-36-9
C
1
3
H
1
9
NO
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
28
Butocarboxim
34681-10-2
C
7
H
14
N
2
O
2
S
Acaricide &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
29
Cacodylic acid
75-60-5
C
2
H
7
AsO
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
30 Cadusafos
95465-99-9
C
10
H
23
O
2
PS
2
Nematicide &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Calciferol
50-14-6
C
28
H
44
O
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
32 Chloramben
133-90-4
C
7
H
5
Cl
2
NO
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Chloranil
118-75-2
C
6
Cl
4
O
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
34 Chloroform
67-66-3
CHCl
3
Fumagation
Severely restricted
Chloropicrine
76-06-2
CCl
3
NO
2
Fumagation
Severely restricted
Chlorpyrifos
2921-88-2
C
9
H
11
Cl
3
NO
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Chlorpyrifos-
methyl
5598-13-0
C
7
H
7
Cl
3
NO
3
PS
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Severely restricted
Chlorthal-dimethyl
(DCPA)
1861-32-1
C
10
H
6
Cl
4
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Chlorthiamid
1918-13-4
C
7
H
5
Cl
2
NS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fl
Clofencet
129025-54-3
C
13
H
11
ClN
2
O
3
Inhibits pollen
formation
Severely restricted
fi
Clofentezine
74115-24-5
C
14
H
8
Cl
2
N
4
Acaricide
Severely restricted
Page 158
158
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
Coumachlor
81-82-3
C
1
9
H
1
5
ClO
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
Coumatetralyl
5836-29-3
C
1
9
H
1
6
O
3
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
Cyhalothrin
68085-85-8
C
23
H
19
ClF
3
NO
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Dialifos
10311-84-9
C
14
H
17
ClNO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Diazinon
333-41-5
C
1
2
H
2
1
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Dicamba-sodium
1982-69-0
C
8
H
5
Cl
2
NaO
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Dichlobenil
1194-65-6
C
7
H
3
Cl
2
N
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Dichlofenthion
97-17-6
C
10
H
13
Cl
2
O
3
PS
Nematicide
Severely restricted
fl
Dichlone
117-80-6
C
10
H
4
Cl
2
O
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Dichlorprop
120-36-5
C
9
H
8
Cl
2
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
52 Difenacoum
56073-07-5
C
31
H
24
O
3
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
53 Difethialone
104653-34-1
C
31
H
23
BrO
2
S
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
54 Dimethenamid
87674-68-8
C
12
H
18
ClNO
2
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
55 Dimethipin
55290-64-7
C
6
H
10
O
4
S
2
Plant Growth
Regulator
Severely restricted
Dinocap
39300-45-3
C
18
H
24
N
2
O
6
Fungicide &
Acaricide
Severely restricted
Dioxabenzofos
3811-49-2
C
8
H
9
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Diphacinone
82-66-6
C
23
H
16
O
3
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
Ditalimfos
5131-24-8
C
12
H
14
NO
4
PS
Fungicide
Severely restricted
60 Ethalfluralin
55283-68-6
C
13
H
14
F
3
N
3
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
61 Ethion
563-12-2
C
9
H
22
O
4
P
2
S
4
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Ethiozin
64529-56-2
C
9
H
16
N
4
OS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Ethofenprox
80844-07-1
C
25
H
28
O
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Ethoprophos
13194-48-4
C
8
H
19
O
2
PS
2
Nematicide
Severely restricted
Ethyl
dipropylthiocarbama
te
(EPTC)
759-94-4
C
9
H
19
NOS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Page 159
159
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
Ethylan
72-56-0
C
1
8
H
2
0
Cl
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Fenbuconazole
114369-43-6
C
1
9
H
1
7
ClN
4
Fungicide
Severely restricted
68 Fenoprop
93-72-1
C
9
H
7
Cl
3
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Ferbam
14484-64-1
C
9
H
18
FeN
3
S
6
Fungicide
Severely restricted
70 Flocoumafen
90035-08-8
C
33
H
25
F
3
O
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
71
Flumethralin
62924-70-3
C
16
H
12
ClF
4
N
3
O
4
Plant growth
regulator
Severely restricted
72 Fluorodifen
15457-05-3
C
13
H
7
F
3
N
2
O
5
Herbicide
Severely restricted
73 Fomesafen
72178-02-0
C
15
H
10
ClF
3
N
2
O
6
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Formothion
2540-82-1
C
6
H
1
2
NO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Furalaxyl
57646-30-7
C
1
7
H
1
9
NO
4
Fungicide
Severely restricted
Hexazinone
51235-04-2
C
1
2
H
2
0
N
4
O
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
77 Hydramethylnon
67485-29-4
C
25
H
24
F
6
N
4
Insecticide
Severely restricted
78
Hydrogen
cyanamide
420-04-2
CH
2
N
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
79 Imazapyr
81334-34-1
C
13
H
15
N
3
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
80 Iminoctadine
13516-27-3
C
18
H
41
N
7
Fungicide
Severely restricted
81 IPSP
5827-05-4
C
9
H
21
O
3
PS
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
82 Isobenzan
297-78-9
C
9
H
4
Cl
8
O
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Isoxaben
82558-50-7
C
18
H
24
N
2
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Karbutilate
4849-32-5
C
14
H
21
N
3
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Kasugamycin
6980-18-3
C
14
H
25
N
3
O
9
Fungicide &
Bactericide
Severely restricted
Linuron
330-55-2
C
9
H
10
Cl
2
N
2
O
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Lythidathion
2669-32-1
C
7
H
13
N
2
O
4
PS
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
88
Magnesium
phosphide
12057-74-8
Mg
3
P
2
Fumigant
Insecticide
Severely restricted
89 Mancozeb
8018-01-7
[C
4
H
6
MnN
2
S
4
]
x
Z
n
y
Fungicide
Severely restricted
90 MCPA
94-74-6
C
11
H
13
ClO
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Page 160
160
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
91 Mecarbam
2595-54-2
C
10
H
20
NO
5
PS
2
Insecticide &
Acaricide
Severely restricted
Mecarphon
29173-31-7
C
7
H
1
4
NO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
Methyl arsonic acid
MSMA
2163-80-6
CH
4
AsNaO
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Metolachlor
51218-45-2
&87392-12-
9
C
1
5
H
2
2
ClNO
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Metribuzin
21087-64-9
C
8
H
14
N
4
OS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Metsulfovax
21452-18-6
C
12
H
12
N
2
OS
Fungicide
Severely restricted
97 Molinate
2212-67-1
C
9
H
17
NOS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
98 Monolinuron
1746-81-2
C
9
H
11
ClN
2
O
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
99 Nabam
142-59-6
C
4
H
6
N
2
Na
2
S
4
Fungicide
Severely restricted
100 Naphthalene
91-20-3
C
10
H
8
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fiflfi
Naptalam
132-66-1
C
18
H
13
NO
3
Plant Growth
Regulator
Severely restricted
fiflffl
Norflurazon
27314-13-2
C
12
H
9
ClF
3
N
3
O
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fiflffi
Oryzalin
19044-88-3
C
12
H
18
N
4
O
6
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fiflff
Oxadiazon
19666-30-9
C
15
H
18
Cl
2
N
2
O
3
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fiflbreve
Oxadixyl
77732-09-3
C
14
H
18
N
2
O
4
Fungicide
Severely restricted
106 Pebulate
1114-71-2
C
10
H
21
NOS
\03
Herbicide
Severely restricted
107 Pendimethalin
40487-42-1
C
13
H
19
N
3
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
108
Pentachloronitrobe
nzene
82-68-8
C
6
Cl
5
NO
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
109 Perfluidone
37924-13-3
C
14
H
12
F
3
NO
4
S
2
Herbicide
Severely restricted
110 Permethrin
52645-53-1
C
21
H
20
Cl
2
O
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fififi
Phosmet
732-11-6
C
11
H
12
NO
4
PS
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fififfl
Pindone
83-26-1
C
14
H
14
O
3
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
113
Piperonyl butoxide
51-03-6
C
19
H
30
O
5
A
synergist
for pyrethrins
Severely restricted
Page 161
161
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
fififf
Pirimiphos-methyl
29232-93-7
C
1
1
H
2
0
N
3
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
115 Prodiamine
29091-21-2
C
1
3
H
1
7
F
3
N
4
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
116 Profenofos
41198-08-7
C
11
H
15
BrClO
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
117 Prometryne
7287-19-6
C
10
H
19
N
5
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
118 Propazine
139-40-2
C
9
H
16
ClN
5
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fifihungarumlaut
Propham
122-42-9
C
10
H
13
NO
2
Plant Growth
Regulator
Severely restricted
fi
fl
Propiconazole
60207-90-1
C
15
H
17
Cl
2
N
3
O
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
fi
Prothiofos
34643-46-4
C
11
H
15
Cl
2
O
2
P
S
2
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Pyrazophos
13457-18-6
C
1
4
H
2
0
N
3
O
5
PS
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Pyridaphenthion
119-12-0
C
1
4
H
1
7
N
2
O
4
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Pyrimethanil
53112-28-0
C
1
2
H
1
3
N
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Pyrithiobac-sodium
123343-16-8
C
13
H
10
ClN
2
NaO
4
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
Quinalphos
13593-08-3
C
12
H
15
N
2
O
3
PS
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Quintozene
82-68-8
C
6
Cl
5
NO
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Resmethrin
10453-86-8
C
22
H
26
O
3
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Sethoxydim
74051-80-2
C
17
H
29
NO
3
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
fl
Siduron
1982-49-6
C
14
H
20
N
2
O
Herbicide
Severely restricted
131 Simazine
122-34-9
C
7
H
12
ClN
5
Herbicide
Severely restricted
132 Strychnine
57-24-9
C
21
H
22
N
2
O
2
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
133 Sulfuryl
fluoride
2699-79-8
F
2
O
2
S
Fumagation
Severely restricted
134 TDE
72-54-8
C
14
H
10
Cl
4
Insecticide
Severely restricted
135 Tebuconazole
107534-96-3
C
16
H
22
ClN
3
O
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Terbutryn
886-50-0
C
10
H
19
N
5
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
Tetrachlorvinphos
22248-79-9
C
10
H
9
Cl
4
O
4
P
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Thallium sulfate
7446-18-6
SrSO
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
fi
Thiazopyr
117718-60-2
C
16
H
17
F
5
N
2
O
2
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
Page 162
162
No
Common Name
CAS No.
Formula
Type of Pesticide
Type of Restriction
fi
fl
Thiophanate- ethyl
23564-06-9
C
14
H
18
N
4
O
4
S
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
fi
Triadimefon
43121-43-3
C
1
4
H
1
6
ClN
3
O
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
142 Triallate
2303-17-5
C
1
0
H
1
6
Cl
3
NOS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
143
Tribenuron methyl
101200-48-0
C
1
5
H
1
7
N
5
O
6
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
144 Tridiphane
58138-08-2
C
1
0
H
7
Cl
5
O
Herbicide
Severely restricted
145 Trifenmorph
1420-06-0
C
2
3
H
2
3
NO
Molluscicide
Severely restricted
146 Trifluralin
1582-09-8
C
1
3
H
1
6
F
3
N
3
O
4
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
Triflusulfuron-
methyl
126535-15-7
C
17
H
19
F
3
N
6
O
6
S
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
Triforine
26644-46-2
C
1
0
H
1
4
Cl
6
N
4
O
2
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Uniconazole
83657-22-1
C
15
H
18
ClN
3
O
Plant growth
regulator
Severely restricted
fi
fl
Vernolate
1929-77-7
C
10
H
21
NOS
Herbicide
Severely restricted
fi
fi
Vinclozolin
50471-44-8
C
12
H
9
Cl
2
NO
3
Fungicide
Severely restricted
fi
Warfarin
81-81-2
C
19
H
16
O
4
Rodenticide
Severely restricted
fi
Zinc phosphide
1314-84-7
P
2
Zn
3
Fumagation &
Insecticide
Severely restricted
fi
Zineb
12122-67-7
C
4
H
6
N
2
S
4
Zn
Fungicide
Severely restricted
*
SEVERELY RESTRICTED PESTICIDE:
The Pesticides which the ministry of
Agriculture & Irrigation can allow to import them for emergency cases if there are not
other alternatives equivalent available in local market and should be use under it's
direct supervision.
\03\12
\03\12
\03\12
Approved, Minster of MAI,
Dr Jalal Farah
Page 163
163
Appendix VII References
Page 164
164
Bruns, B., Taher, T., 2009,
�Yemen Water User Association Study: Findings and
Recommendations for a Problem-Solving Approach�, A study submitted to GSCP.
Bruns, B.; 2003; Water Tenure Reform: Developing an Extended Ladder of Participation:
"Politics of the Commons: Articulating Development and Strengthening Local Practices"
RCSD Conference, July 11-14, 2003, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Central Statistical Organization, 2008, �Statistical Year Book�, Ministry of Planning and
International Cooperation, Yemen
Chambers, R. (1997) �
Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last
�.
CWMP, 2009, �Community Water Management Project: a Final Report�, Water and
Environment enter, Sana�a University
GSCP Project Environmental Management Plan
GEF RALP 2009 Project Implementation Plan
GEF RALP Environmental Management Plan
Heathcote, I.W. 1998, �Integrated Water Shed Management�, John Wily, NY
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/Participation_and_social_assessment-
tools_&_techniques.pd
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/ppme/?Participatory_Learning_and_Action
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/aglw/waterinstitutions/readings.stm
http://www.farmerfieldschool.info/
http://www.iied.org/NR/agbioliv/pla_notes/index.html
Janelid, I. (1975).
The role of women in Nigerian agriculture.
Rome: FAO
Lennartz, F. and Schultz, N. 2009,� Coping with Climate Change Impact � Development of
Options for the Rain Fed Agriculture in the Highlands of Yemen, a Technical Report, RALP
and the World Bank.
Samanta, R. K. (1994). They reap less than they sow.
The Hindu
(April), No. 7. Madras:
India.
World Bank (1992).
Towards a gender strategy for Nigeria:
Integrating women's issues into
the development agenda.
Washington, DC: World Bank
World Bank, 1999, Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy, OP 4.01
World Bank, 2009 �Project Appraisal Document� on a Proposed Grant from GEF to the
Government of Yemen for an �Agrobiodiversity and Adaptation Project� Yemen
Page 165
165