g ~~~20826 G LOSSARY OF MAINTENANCE g ~GLOSSAARE DE g ~~L'EXTRETREN kk ENGLISH/FRENCH E -RA A42A IS/AA NG A/S PREPARED BY: The Terminology Unit World Bank a h193LL q,s k < Introduction A number of the basic terms and concepts in the field of maintenance have no clear and unambiguous definition. For example, such concepts as routine and periodic maintenance have many different interpretations in different professions and in different countries. As a result, this glossary has been produced for the use of professionals working in this area. The terms listed are generally those which pertain to the field of maintenance management and which are not normally found in dictionaries, but a number of specialist terms in the technical fields concerned have also been included for easy reference. Owing to the emphasis placed on the training aspect, some training terminology has also been included. TheWorldBankGlossary contains an extensive listing of terms that occur frequently in World Bank documents. A minimum of overlap with this glossary has been attempted. A brief explanation is given, in English, for those terms which may not be self-explanatory or which do not have an established and unambiguous meaning in the professional field they belong to. As an easy reference for maintenance specialists working in Francophone, equivalent French terms are listed (without the brief explanation). It is stressed that the list does not presume to be authoritative and that it is by no means exhaustive. Reference is made to literature in the professional fields concerned for further definitions and explanations. Any queries or comments should be addressed to The Terminology Unit, ADMLS, World Bank or to Mr. Jens Lorentzen, WUDOR, World Bank. SMCTORAL LIBRARY INTERNATIONAL DrNK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT MUN 4 196 -2- accountability centers centres de responsabilite Centers of activity such as hot mix plants, quarries, workshops, etc., in a local authority which are suitable for running in a near commercial fashion. administrative overheads frais administratifs aggregate agregat Hard mineral elements of construction material; e.g., gravel. air release valve purgeur d'air alligator cracking faYen,age a mailles fines; peau de crocodile Interconnected cracks forming series of small polygons in flexible pavements. appropriate (technology, methods, etc.) approprie The choice that meets the least constraints; i.e. based on local resources, to the largest extent possible. aquaplaning hydroplanage as-built drawing dessin conforme A l'ex6cution asphalt cement ciment asphaltique The basic, semi-solid asphalt material available in different grades. asphalt concrete beton asphaltique High quality hot mix of asphalt cement and aggregate. asphalt emulsion emulsion bitumineuse Liquid mixture containing asphalt cement, water and emulsifier - may be anionic or cationic. assets; capital assets immobilisations Used here to cover physical infrastructure facilities, plant, equipment in an urban local authority. availability disponibilite Total hours or percentage in a given time period that a piece of equipment has been operating or is available for operation. average daily traffic - ADT trafic journalier moyen axle load distribution charge par essieu backfill remblai E.g., for a utility trench. -3- base course couche de liaison Layer underneath the wearing course in a road pavement. benchmark scale echelle d'evaluation Scale with typical, round or order-of-magnitude unit cost figures, condition ratings, etc. against which actual conditions may be compared, for example in monitoring activities. Benkelman beam poutre Benkelman Device for measurement of deflection. betterment levy impot sur les plus-values Special levy on users, for example, on residents in a neighborhood where roads are rehabilitated. bin card carte stock Record-of-stocks-card attached to storage shelves, etc. in stores. bitumen distributor truck camion repandeur de bitume bitumen emulsion [UK]; emulsified emulsion de bitume asphaltique; emulsion asphalt [US] bitumineuse bleeding ressuage Free bitumen on pavement surface. block cracking; map cracking faYengage a mailles larges; fissuration en blocs Interconnected cracks in a pavement forming large polygons. blow-up soulevement d'une (ou plusieurs) dalle(s) Sudden raising of slab in a rigid pavement. bridge pont Minimum span of 6m; else classified as culvert. brush(es) brosse(s) Different types used for sewer cleaning. bucket latrine tinette buckets and winches seaux et treuils Sewer cleaning equipment. bulk metering comptage general Measurement of flows and quantities of water, energy, etc. into a distribution system. -4- bump bosse Localized upward pavement displacement. bush hammer marteau bouchardeur butterfly valve soupape a papillon California Bearing Ratio - CBR indice portant de Californie Quantitative measurement of soil-bearing capacity. camber bombement Crossfall on a straight section of road. camber board gabarit Tool for easy check of camber. capital budget budget d'equipement capital expenditures depenses d'investissement, d'equipement Typically, investments yielding benefits over 5 years or longer. carriageway chaussde cash-flow cash flow; marge brute d'autofinancement - ) MBA casing tubage In a deepwell. casual labor journaliers; main-d'oeuvre occasionnelle catchpit puisard A pit placed at top of slope to catch water before it flows down a slope. cavitation cavitation Strong, detrimental mechanical action on pumps, etc., caused by water vapor bubbles under rapidly changing pressure conditions. central-local government relations rapports administration centrale-administration locale check valve clapet de retenue chemical treatment traitement chimique For water well maintenance. chippings concasse Crushed rock/stone aggregate, e.g., for a road surface dressing. A -5- city engineer ingenieur municipal clam shell excavator benne preneuse Tool for cleaning manholes, etc.. clogging; choking encrassement; engorgement Of pipes and canals. coating enrobage community participation participation collective compaction compactage E.g., of utility trench backfill. competitive bidding, international appel A la concurrence internationale - ICB competitive bidding, local - LCB appel a la concurrence locale concession; franchise concession The exclusive or non-exclusive right granted by a public authority to a private firm to provide a service within a geographical area. ' concrete saw coupe-beton condition assessment evaluation de l'etat A subjective evaluation. condition rating notation de l'etat Qualitative or quantitative conductor conducteur Electricity distribution wire. conservancy collecte de dechets Term used in some countries (e.g. India, Sri Lanka), meaning sanitation other than sewerage, e.g. night soil collection. contract, by; contracted out to A l'entreprise contractor entrepreneur corner crack fissure en coin; fissure d'angle In concrete pavement slabs. corrective maintenance entretien correctif Activities in response to breakdowns or detected defects. cost benefit ratio ratio coOts-avantages -6 - cost effectiveness coOt-efficacite; rentabilite cost estimate estimation de coOts; devis cost recovery recouvrement des coOts counterpart funds fonds de contrepartie counterpart staff homologues; personnel de contrepartie covenants clauses In loan agreements. cracks fissures E.g. in concrete, masonry, etc.. crazing faYen,age crew; gang equipe; brigade Group of maintenance personnel. crisis management gestion des crises Responding to breakdowns; public complaints only - an undesirable, but common state of maintenance management. critical path method - CPM methode du chemin critique crushing plant installation de concassage Mechanical plant for rock or stone crushing. culvert ponceau Structure below roadway surface with an opening span of less than 6m. curb bord; bordure curing maturation E.g., for concrete or cutback asphalt. cutback asphalt cut-back petrolier Asphalt liquified through blending with petroleum solvents. debris debris E.g., on or along a road. deck tablier On a bridge. defect defaut -7- deflection measurement mesure de la deflexion For road pavements, e.g., using Benkelman Beam. deformation deformation depression depression; flache Localized hollow pavement deformation. design capacity capacite nominale, theorique E.g., axle load, ADT for a road. deterioration deterioration Of physical facilities. distortion distorsion Deformation of pavement surface from its original shape. direct labor, by [UK]; force account, en regie by (US] Activities carried out by departmental staff. ditch fosse dragging gratte-t6le; reprofilage leger Dragging tires, etc., over a gravel road. drainage drainage drawdown rabattement In a deepwell. drop inlet puisard d'entr6e Roadside rainwater inlet to drain. dump truck (US]; tipper truck [UK] camion basculant dusting poussierage par attrition Presence of dust on an unpaved road. economic life duree utile; duree de vie Of an asset. economic rate of return taux de rentabilite economique edge cracking marquage lateral Cracks along road pavement edge. embankment remblai Constructed earthworks for a road. -8- emergency maintenance entretien correctif Maintenance activities in response to serious defects causing imminent danger. emulsified asphalt [US]; bitumen emulsion de bitume asphaltique; emulsion emulsion [UK] bitumineuse emulsion emulsion For cold asphalt mixes. entrepreneur chef d'entreprise; entrepreneur equipment materiel; equipement Here used as a general term to cover major mechanical equipment such as, e.g. graders, as well as major tools, e.g. for sewer cleaning. equipment pool centre d'equipement Interdepartmental or interagency equipment sharing. equipment yard dep6t de materiel et de machines Fenced area where equipment is stored. establishment charges; agency overheads frais generaux excess aggregate granulats en exces executing agency agent d'execution expansion joint joint de dilatation facility e1lment d'immobilisations A general term used to designate a major element of an authority's capital assets. failure analysis analyse de rupture Analysis of characteristics of a facility and its environment, related to breakdowns and failures. fire hydrant bouche a eau; bouche d'incendie first in-first out - FIFO premier entre, premier sorti fiscal, financial year exercice flagman porte-fanion flatbed truck camion a plate-forme; camion plateau 9 flexible pavement revetement souple E.g., asphalt. flushing nettoyage par chasse d'eau Sewer cleaning with water, e.g. from a fire hydrant. force account, by [US]; direct labor, en regie by [UK] By activities carried out by the local authority's employees. foreign currency, exchange devise; monnaie etrangere foreman contremaitre Leader of a maintenance crew. franchise; concession concession The exclusive or non-exclusive right granted by a public authority to a private firm to provide a service within a geographical area. front end loader tracteur avec benne chargeuse functional area champ d'activites A general term used to designate a public authority's field of activities, e.g. operation and maintenance of public latrines, within one of its service sectors, e.g. sanitation. gang; crew brigade; equipe Group of maintenance personnel. gate valve robinet vanne glazing gla,age Excessive binder on road surface, giving shiny appearance. goods received note bon de reception Form used in stores management. government service fonction publique Employment in centralized administration. grader niveleuse grant basis, on a a titre gracieux; a titre de don; a fonds perdus grant element element de subvention, de liberalite; element don gravel gravier - 10 - grit gravillon Settled inorganic material, e.g. in a drain. groundwater infiltration infiltration de l'eau souterraine Into, e.g. a sewer. gully avaloir Narrow channel for drain water. gully pit puisard Catchpit in a gully for collection and emptying of grit and solid waste. hand spray lance lance de repandage Equipment for hand spraying of bitumen. hand tamper pilon Heavy tool for compacting by hand. hot mix plant installation de malaxage A chaud Plant for coating aggregates with hot bitumen. hydraulic high-lift platform wagon chariot automoteur elevateur & plate-forme Vehicle for e.g. street lighting maintenance. incentive stimulant; mesure d'encouragement; AV incitation; parfois: avantage Monetary or non-monetary benefit to encourage staff to produce better maintenance work. incremental recurrent costs charges recurrentes, renouvelables differentielles Recurrent costs associated with a specific project and which are over and above recurrent costs an authority would otherwise have to meet. incrustation incrustation Hard material forming on, e.g. a water well screen. inlet cover; manhole cover couvercle de trou d'homme; couvercle de regard in-service training formation en cours d'emploi inspector inspecteur Person inspecting facility conditions institution building creation, renforcement d'institutions institutional framework cadre institutionnel; structure institutionnelle - 11 - _ inventories stocks; stocks et encours de production; valeurs d'exploitation Stocks of spare parts, etc.. inventory inventaire A comprehensive listing with plans, etc. of an authority's physical facility stock. invert radier Bottom of drain channel/elevation of buried pipes, etc.. jetting forage au jet Hydraulic high velocity cleaning of pipes/redevelopment of a deepwell. job card; work order bon de travail; fiche de travail Easy-to-use form specifying a maintenance work task and accounting for labor, materials and equipment standard requirements and actual use for this task. job costing methode du coOt de revient par commande Accounting for direct and indirect expenditures incurred for a specific work item. job description definition d'emploi; description de poste labor-intensive work method travail a forte intensite, a fort coefficient de main d'oeuvre labor union syndicat laboratory facilities installations de laboratoire For road materials testing/analysis. lane closure barrier barriere "voie interdite" last in first out - LIFO dernier entre, premier sorti Stores management principle. leak detection detection des fuites d'eau leasing credit-bail; leasing; concession Arrangement whereby a private firm temporarily takes over operation and maintenance of a public service at a commerical risk. ledger registre For stores management. lengthman system systeme de cantonnage The concept of an individual being responsible for maintaining a clearly defined segment of a public facility. less developed country - LDC pays en developpement Ad - 12 - life cycle costing calcul des coOts durant le cycle de vie The concept of estimating, as a basis for least cost investment decisions, the total capitalized costs of initial investment less scrap value, plus debt servicing and realistic operation as well as routine and periodic maintenance requirements for a facility throughout its economic service life. light plant and tools equipements legers Shovels, brooms, wheelbarrows, etc. the use of which it is not practical to charge against specific maintenance jobs. lining revetement Of a pipe. load bearing capacity force portante; portance Expressed, e.g. as the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). local authority collectivite locale Here used as a general term for an urban local government organization. local resource mobilization mobilisation des ressources locales Generating revenue, e.g. taxes and fees at the local level. loose verges accotements instables loss of aggregate delogement des agr6gats; plumage Typical defect in, e.g. a surface dressed road. macadam macadam Small broken stones for road construction. maintenance entretien; maintenance Activities carried out to prevent or delay deterioration of physical facilities and equipment and to correct defects when they occur. maintenance budget budget d'entretien maintenance district, zone, ward zone d'entretien Geographical area of responsibility for a maintenance unit; a major city would normally be subdivided into 3-5 or more such districts. maintenance engineer ingenieur charge de 1'entretien maintenance management gestion de l'entretien The systematic planning, budgeting, supervision and monitoring of maintenance activities. maintenance manual manuel d'entretien A comprehensive instruction setting out procedures and stating normal resource requirements (labor, materials, equipment and possibly also unit costs) for specific maintenance activities. _ 13 - - maintenance program programme d'entretien Itemized, costed, multi-year plan of inspections and routine and periodic maintenance work. maintenance standard norme d'entretien Description of work method, labor, materials and equipment requirements, performance standards and requisite weather conditions and safety measures for a specific maintenance activity. maintenance strategy strategie d'entretien A local authority's agreed approach to maintenance in a functional area; i.e., the relative importance assigned to preventive maintenance, corrective maintenance and other individual maintenance strategies. management contract contrat de gestion Operation and maintenance of a municipal service contracted to a private firm which does not have commercial risk for the service. manhole cover; inlet cover couvercle de trou d'homme; couvercle de regard man-hour/man-day heure de travail; journee de travail marginal cost coat marginal masonry ma,onnerie meandering crack fissure en dents de scie Winding, irregular crack in road pavement. metal agregats Term used in some countries for macadam and aggregates. metric system systeme metrique SI. mixing plant centrale de melange; installation de melange To cover aggregates with bitumen. monitoring unit service de controle In a local authority organization. motor pool centre d'equipement Concept of interagency or interdepartmental sharing of vehicles and equipment. motor pool atelier Locality where an authority's vehicles and equipment are stored and serviced. - 14 - mowing fauchage Grass cutting. net present value valeur actuelle nette - VAN nightsoil vidange; gadoue non-governmental organization - NGO organisation non gouvernementale - ONG Professional organizations, community groups, etc.. off-site eloigne; hors chantier on-site sur place; sur le chantier on-the-job-training formation sur le tas operating budget; recurrent budget budget d'exploitation operating expenses depenses, charges de fonctionnement, d' exploitation operation and maintenance - O&M exploitation et entretien The traditional concept of current activities to sustain a public service. operations exploitation Procedures and activities involved in the actual delivery of services to the public, e.g. the collection and disposal of solid waste. organization chart organigramme outfall emissaire Facility to disperse waste water in recipient water body. overlay tapis mince One or more courses, e.g., of asphalt, on an existing pavement - will normally include a levelling course to correct contours on old pavement plus subsequent uniform thickness layers. overseer chef d'equipe Petty contractor used as labor organizer. parastatal (agency) entreprise parapublique, semi-publique pass passage One movement of e.g., a motor grader along a road. patching emploi partiel; point a temps; parfois reflachage Repairing, for example, a pothole. patching unit camion point a temps - 15 - paved road route revetue, bitumde pavement marking marquage horizontal; signalisation horizontale peeling pelade performance target objectif de rendement periodic maintenance entretien periodique Maintenance activities carried out at intervals of more than one year, often as part of large scale programs at pre-determined cycles. petty cash account petite caisse pit latrine latrine a fosse plant equipement(s); installation(s) Major equipment, machinery. plant hire scheme systeme de location d'equipements System whereby the department using, for example a truck is charged an hourly or per km based hire fee designed to cover all costs of depreciation, interest, operation and maintenance for this particular type of plant. plant mix; pre-mix melange en centrale Aggregate uniformly coated with asphalt in mixing plant. pneumatic tired roller rouleau a pneus polished aggregate agregats polis Smooth aggregate particles in pavement surface. polished stone value - PSV coefficient de polissage accelere - CPA A measurement of the quality of stones with respect to resistance to skidding, a high PSV denoting a high quality. ponding formation de flaques d'eau pop-outs eclat Fragments of a concrete pavement or surface falling off due to improper aggregates. potholes nids de poules Holes of varying sizes and irregular shapes, in pavements. preliminary design, engineering avant-projet; avant-projet sommaire - APS - 16 - preventive maintenance entretien preventif Systematic, prescheduled program of inspections and relatively low cost maintenance activities aimed at early detection of beginning defects and interruption of the deterioration cycle. prime coat couche de fond A layer of cutback asphalt sprayed on-to a non-asphalt surface. public awareness sensibilisation du (grand) public E.g., of the importance of maintenance. public utility service public E.g., a water supply agency. pugmill agitateur vertical; petrin malaxeur Mill in a mixing plant. pumping pompage Concrete pavement slab movement under passing loads. quarry carriere Place where rock/stone for road maintenance is broken. quarry dust poussiere de carriere Fine, sandy residual material from rock crushing. quasi-public body entreprise quasi publique Semi-governmental organization with some degree of autonomy. rammer dame rapport bons rapports Good interaction, e.g., between maintenance crews in an area and the residents in that area. raveling desintegration Progressive separation of aggregates from pavement surface. recurrent budget; operating budget budget d'exploitation recurrent costs charges recurrentes, renouvelables Labor, fuel, annual consumptions of spare parts and materials. reflective jacket gilet de securite Safety device for road maintenance crews. _ 17 - regular inspection inspection periodique Inspection of facility conditions on a periodic basis. rehabilitation remise en etat; refection; restauration; rehabilitation Activities carried out to correct major defects and wear and tear in order to restore a facility to a good working condition without significantly expanding it beyond its originally planned or designed function or extent. renewal fund fonds de remplacement E.g., for vehicles and equipment. repair reparation E.g.,of accident damage to a facility. replacement cost coOt de renouvellement, de remplacement In current prices. requisition note bon de sortie E.g., for spare parts. resealing sablage; impermeabilisation Providing a thin seal coat or surface dressing on a pavement. reshaping reprofilage Grading an unsealed road to correct roughness caused by corrugations, potholes, etc., and/or restore crossfall, superelevation, etc.. restoration; rehabilitation remise en etat; refection; restauration resurfacing renouvellement de la couche de surface; rechargement Providing, e.g., a thick asphalt concrete overlay on a pavement. return on investment rentabilite, rendement de l'investisssment revolving fund fonds de roulement riding quality qualite de roulement; qualite roulante A subjective rating characterizing road surface condition. right of way emprise rigid pavement chaussee rigide Cement concrete pavements, e.g., portland cement concrete. rippling; washboard corrugations tole ondul6e Regularly spaced transverse undulations in road surface. - 18 - riprap masonry enrochement(s); perreyage Means of slope protection, etc. road diggings, cuts, openings travaux de deblaiement For utility trenches. road paver finisseur Machine that evenly spreads and partially compacts aggregate mixtures. road roller rouleau compacteur road serviceability viabilite A qualitative or quantitative rating of pavement condition. rock crusher concasseur de roche rodding tringlage Cleaning sewer pipes with sectional rods of steel, bamboo, etc., for loosening obstructions. root cutter coupe-racines Tool for cutting roots in sewer pipes, etc.. roughness rugosite Important quantitative indicator of road pavement condition, expressed, for example, in the International Roughness Index. routine inspection inspection de routine Systematic inspection of facility conditions by unskilled or semiskilled staff. routine maintenance entretien courant Preventive and corrective maintenance activities which are normally not of major scale and which are typically carried out one or more times every year. running cost frais d'exploitation (net) Cost of operation, excluding maintenance. rutting ornierage Longitudinal deformation of road pavement in wheel tracks. sale and leaseback arrangement dispositions de vente et de cession-bail For a facility sold to private sector and leased back by the public authority. sanding sablage Spreading sand on pavement. scaling ecaillage Disintegration, peeling away of cement concrete surface. - 19 - scarifying scarification Breaking up old pavement. scour affouillement Erosion effect of rain water. screen crible In a water well. seal(ing) coat couche d'impermeabilisation, de scellement Thin asphalt surface treatment of asphalt wearing surface. semi-rigid pavement chaussee semi-rigide Mixed or composite pavements. e.g., bituminous surface course laid on base of concrete or paving stones. semi-skilled manpower main-d'oeuvre specialisde septic tank fosse septique service contract contrat de services service sector secteur A major type of urban service delivery, e.g., water supply. shoving bourrelet Plastic movement in instable asphalt causing localized bulging of pavement surface and horizontal displacement of surface material, mainly in direction of traffic. shrinkage cracks fissures de retrait siltation envasement; colmatage skid resistance resistance au derapage Important characteristic of a road pavement. skilled manpower main-d'oeuvre qualifi e slipperiness glissance slurry seal coulis Slow setting asphalt emulsion with fine aggregate, filler and water. spalling epaufrure; effritement Breaking or chipping of cement concrete edges, joints and cracks. spare part piece de rechange special inspection inspection speciale Inspection of facility conditions by experts under special conditions, e.g. following an earthquake. - 20 - specific capacity debit specifique Yield per unit of drawdown in a water well. spot regravelling rechargement partiel standardization normalisation Of equipment. stores requisition note bon de sortie Form used in stores management. streaking peignage d'un enduit superficiel Alternative lean and heavy lines of asphalt along or across a road. street furniture mobilier urbain Traffic signals and signs, lights, bus waiting sheds, etc. street sweeping balayage des rues surface dressing enduit d'usure Wearing course consisting of bituminous binder and chippings, usually single or double treatment sustainability perennite; permanence; durabilite Benefits of an investment sustained through time through adequate operation and maintenance tack coat enduit d'accrochage Thin asphalt coat to provide bond between existing pavement and new course. tandem roller rouleau tandem technical assistance - TA assistance technique terms of reference mandat; termes de reference E.g., for consultants. tipper truck [UK]; dump truck [US] camion basculant traffic control devices dispositif de signalisation Pavement markings, traffic signals and signs, etc.. training needs assessment - TNA evaluation des besoins de formation transfer of technology transfert de technologie transfer station installation de transbordement For solid waste. Av transverse crack fissure transversale - 21 - transverse joint joint transversal trench reinstatement refection de tranchees turnout fosse divergent turnover rotation E.g., of staff. twinning jumelage A professional relationship between a local authority in a developing country and a similar but more experienced organization in another country. typical cross section section transversale type Of a road. unaccounted-for-water eau non comptabilis6e, non enregistree, non facturee, non recensee, non declarde Water lost through leaks, illegal connections, etc., in a water distribution system. undersealing injection de bitume pour relevage des dalles affaissees Of a pavement. unpaved road; dirt road route en terre unit cost prix de revient a l'unite; coOt unitaire upkeep; maintenance entretien upgrading; rehabilitation rehabilitation Improvement in conditions of an asset; rehabilitation. urban management gestion urbaine A wide range of activities aimed at maximizing efficiency of a city's public service delivery and equitable access to these services by all segments of its population; may conceptually be seen as comprising the functions of governance, development policy and investment decisions, implementation and management of assets, regulation and taxation, promotion of public relations. user charges redevances, tarification-des usagers; prix a payer; droits; frais E.g., bridge or highway toll fees. utility service public - 22 - utility mapping etablissement d'une carte des services publics Preparation of plans and data bases for location, dimensions and condition of water mains, sewer lines, electricity and telecommunication lines, etc.. utilization utilisation The degree to which a facility is used, as compared with its design capacity. vandalism vandalisme vegetation control maltrise de la vegetation; lutte contre la vegetation vehicle weighing scales pont a bascule vibratory plate compactor plaque vibrante; vibrateur A plaque vibratory roller rouleau vibrant visual classification classement visuel Of defects and condition of facilities. warning level seuil d'alerte A quantitatively or qualitatively characterized level or extent of deterioration and defects which should trigger special inspections or remedial action. waste stabilization pond etang d'eaux usees; etang de stabilisation waterbound macadam macadam a 1'eau Crushed stone in layers blinded with quarry dust. water table nappe phreatique E.g., groundwater. water tanker truck camion-citerne a eau wattling clayonnage Bundles of plant stems up to 3m long, tied together and laid in shallow trenches, staked into position, in order to stabilize slopes, reduce surface erosion and provide a bench on which grass can become established. wear and tear usure weeding desherbage Manual or chemical removal of undesirable plants. workshop atelier - 23 - FRENCH - ENGLISH 1 - 24 - A fonds perdus grant basis, on a a l'entreprise contract, by; contracted out to a titre de don; A titre gracieux grant basis, on a accotements instables loose verges affouillement scour agent d'execution executing agency agitateur vertical pugmill agregat aggregate agregats metal agregats polis polished aggregate analyse de rupture failure analysis appel A la concurrence internationale competitive bidding, international appel A la concurrence locale competitive bidding, local approprie appropriate (technology, methods, etc.) assistance technique technical assistance atelier motor pool; workshop avaloir gully avant-projet (sommaire) preliminary design, engineering avantage incentive balayage des rues street sweeping barri4re "voie interdite" lane closure barrier benne preneuse clam shell excavator b4ton asphaltique asphalt concrete bombement camber bon de reception goods received note bon de sortie requisition note; stores requisition note bon de travail job card; work order bons rapports rapport bord; bordure curb bosse bump bouche A eau; bouche d'incendie fire hydrant bourrelet shoving brigade gang; crew brosse(s) brush(es) budget d'entretien maintenance budget budget d'6quipement capital budget budget d'exploitation recurrent budget; operating budget cadre institutionnel institutional framework calcul des coOts durant le cycle de vie life cycle costing camion a plate-forme flatbed truck camion basculant tipper truck ; dump truck camion point A temps patching unit carriere quarry carte stock bin card cash-flow cash flow cavitation cavitation centrale de melange mixing plant centre d'equipement equipment pool; motor pool centres de responsabilite accountability centers champ d'activit6s functional area i charge par essieu axle load distribution - 25 - charges de fonctionnement, d'exploitation operating expenses charges recurrentes, renouvelables recurrent costs charges recurrentes, renouvelables incremental recurrent costs differentielles chariot automoteur elevateur & hydraulic high-lift platform wagon plate-forme chaussee carriageway chaussee rigide rigid pavement chaussee semi-rigide semi-rigid pavement chef d'entreprise entrepreneur chef d'equipe overseer ciment asphaltique asphalt cement clapet de retenue check valve classement visuel visual classification clauses covenants clayonnage wattling coefficient de polissage accelere polished stone value collecte de dechets conservancy collectivite locale local authority colmatage siltation compactage compaction comptage general bulk metering concasse chippings concasseur de roche rock crusher concession franchise; concession; leasing conducteur conductor contrat de gestion management contract contrat de services service contract contremaTtre foreman couche d'impermeabilisation, de seal(ing) coat scellement couche de fond prime coat couche de liaison base course coulis slurry seal coupe-beton concrete saw coupe-racines root cutter coOt de renouvellement, de remplacement replacement cost coOt marginal marginal cost coOt unitaire unit cost coOt-efficacite cost effectiveness couvercle de regard inlet cover; manhole cover couvercle de trou d'homme inlet cover; manhole cover creation, renforcement d'institutions institution building credit-bail leasing crible screen cut-back petrolier cutback asphalt dame rammer debit specifique specific capacity debris debris defaut defect - 26 - definition d'emploi job description deformation deformation delogement des agregats loss of aggregate depenses d'investissement, d'equipement' capital expenditures depenses de fonctionnement, d'exploitation operating expenses dep8t de materiel et de machines equipment yard depression depression dernier entre, premier sorti last in first out description de poste job description d6sherbage weeding desintegration raveling dessin conforme a l'execution as-built drawing detection des fuites d'eau leak detection deterioration deterioration devis cost estimate devise foreign currency, exchange disponibilite availability dispositif de signalisation traffic control devices dispositions de vente et de cession-bail sale and leaseback arrangement distorsion distortion drainage drainage droits user charges durabilite sustainability duree de vie economic life duree utile economic life eau non comptabilisee, non enregistree, unaccounted-for-water non facturee, non recensee, non declar6e ecaillage scaling echelle d'evaluation benchmark scale 4clat pop-outs effritement spalling 4lment d'immobilisations facility element don, de subvention, de liberalite grant element eloigne off-site emissaire outfall emploi partiel patching emprise right of way emulsion emulsion emulsion bitumineuse asphalt emulsion; emulsified asphalt bitumen emulsion emulsion de bitume asphaltique emulsified asphalt ; bitumen emulsion en regie force account, by ; direct labor, by encrassement clogging; choking enduit d'accrochage tack coat enduit d'usure surface dressing engorgement clogging; choking enrobage coating enrochement(s) riprap masonry entrepreneur contractor; entrepreneur entreprise parapublique, semi-publique parastatal (agency) - 27 - entreprise quasi-publique quasi-public body entretien upkeep; maintenance entretien correctif corrective maintenance; emergency maintenance entretien courant routine maintenance entretien periodique periodic maintenance entretien preventif preventive maintenance envasement siltation equipe gang; crew equipement equipment equipement(s) plant equipements legers light plant and tools estimation de coOts cost estimate etablissement d'une carte des services utility mapping publics etang d'eaux usees, de stabilisation waste stabilization pond evaluation de l'etat condition assessment evaluation des besoins de formation training needs assessment exercice fiscal, financial year exploitation operations exploitation et entretien operation and maintenance faTencage crazing faYen,age a mailles fines alligator cracking faYenqage a mailles larges block cracking; map cracking fauchage mowing fiche de travail job card; work order finisseur road paver fissuration en blocs block cracking; map cracking fissure d'angle, en coin corner crack fissure en dents de scie meandering crack fissure transversale transverse crack fissures cracks fissures de retrait shrinkage cracks flache depression fonction publique government service fonds de contrepartie counterpart funds fonds de remplacement renewal fund fonds de roulement revolving fund forage au jet jetting force portante load bearing capacity formation de flaques d'eau ponding formation en cours d'emploi in-service training formation sur le tas on-the-job-training fosse ditch fosse divergent turnout fosse septique septic tank frais user charges frais administratifs administrative overheads frais d'exploitation (net) running cost frais generaux establishment charges; agency overheads - 28 - gabarit camber board gadoue nightsoil gestion de ltentretien maintenance management gestion des crises crisis management gestion urbaine urban management gilet de securite reflective jacket glacage glazing glissance slipperiness granulats en exces excess aggregate gratte-t6le dragging gravier gravel gravillon grit heure de travail man-hour/man-day homologues counterpart staff hors chantier off-site hydroplanage aquaplaning immobilisations assets; capital assets impermeabilisation resealing imp6t sur les plus-values betterment levy incitation incentive incrustation incrustation indice portant de Californie California Bearing Ratio infiltration de 1'eau souterraine groundwater infiltration ingenieur charge de 1'entretien maintenance engineer ingenieur municipal city engineer injection de bitume pour relevage des undersealing dalles affaissees inspecteur inspector inspection de routine routine inspection inspection periodique regular inspection inspection speciale special inspection installation de concassage crushing plant installation de malaxage a chaud hot mix plant installation de melange mixing plant installation de transbordement transfer station installation(s) plant installations de laboratoire laboratory facilities inventaire inventory joint de dilatation expansion joint joint transversal transverse joint journaliers casual labor journee de travail man-hour/man-day jumelage twinning lance de repandage hand spray lance latrine a fosse pit latrine leasing leasing lutte contre la vegetation vegetation control macadam macadam macadam & l'eau waterbound macadam ma,onnerie masonry -29 - main-d'oeuvre occasionnelle casual labor main-d'oeuvre qualifi4e skilled manpower main-d'oeuvre sp4cialis4e semi-skilled manpower maintenance maintenance maltrise de la v6gdtation vegetation control mandat terms of reference manuel d'entretien maintenance manual marge brute d'autofinancement cash flow marquage horizontal pavement marking marquage lateral edge cracking marteau bouchardeur bush hammer mat6ri el equi pment maturation curing m6lange en centrale plant mix; pre-mix mesure d'encouragement incentive mesure de la d6flexion deflection measurement m6thode du chemin critique critical path method mdthode du coOt de revient par commande job costing mobilier urbain street furniture mobilisation des ressources locales local resource mobilization monnaie 6trang6re foreign currency, exchange nappe phr6atique water table nettoyage par chasse d'eau flushing nids de poules potholes niveleuse grader normalisation standardization norme d'entretien maintenance standard notation de 1'6tat condition rating objectif de rendement performance target organi gramme organization chart organisation non gouvernementale non-governmental organization orni 4rage rutting participation collective community participation passage pass pays en d6veloppement less developed country peau de crocodile alligator cracking peignage d'un enduit superficiel streaking pel ade peeling p6rennit6; permanence sustainability perreyage riprap masonry personnel de contrepartie counterpart staff petite caisse petty cash account p6trin malaxeur pugmill pi6ce de rechange spare part p il1on hand tamper plaque vibrante vibratory plate compactor plumage loss of aggregate point & temps patching pompage pumping A4 ponceau cul vert - 30 - pont bridge pont a bascule vehicle weighing scales portance load bearing capacity porte-fanion flagman poussierage par attrition dusting poussiere de carriere quarry dust poutre Benkelman Benkelman beam premier entre, premier sorti first in-first out prix a payer user charges prix de revient A l'unite unit cost programme d'entretien maintenance program puisard catchpit; gully pit puisard d'entree drop inlet purgeur d'air air release valve qualite de roulement riding quality qualite roulante riding quality rabattement drawdown radier invert rapports administration central-local government relations centrale-administration locale ratio coOts-avantages cost benefit ratio rechargement resurfacing rechargement partiel spot regravelling recouvrement des coOts cost recovery redevances, tarification des usagers user charges refection rehabilitation; restoration refection de tranchees trench reinstatement reflachage patching registre ledger rehabilitation rehabilitation rehabilitation upgrading; rehabilitation remblai backfill; embankment remise en etat restoration; rehabilitation renouvellement de la couche de surface resurfacing rentabilite cost effectiveness rentabilite, rendement de return on investment l'investisssment reparation repair reprofilage reshaping reprofilage leger dragging resistance au derapage skid resistance ressuage bleeding restauration restoration; rehabilitation revetementL lining revetement souple flexible pavement robinet vanne gate valve rotation turnover rouleau A pneus pneumatic tired roller rouleau compacteur road roller rouleau tandem tandem roller - 31- rouleau vibrant vibratory roller route en terre unpaved road; dirt road route revetue, bitumee paved road rugosite roughness sablage resealing; sanding scarification scarifying seaux et treuils buckets and winches secteur service sector section transversale type typical cross section sensibilisation du (grand) public public awareness service de contr6le monitoring unit service public public utility; utility seuil d'alerte warning level signalisation horizontale pavement marking soulevement d'une (ou plusieurs) dalle(s) blow-up soupape & papillon butterfly valve stimulant incentive stocks; stocks et encours de production inventories strategie d'entretien maintenance strategy structure institutionnelle institutional framework sur le chantier; sur place on-site syndicat labor union systeme de cantonnage lengthman system systeme de location d'equipements plant hire scheme systeme metrique metric system tablier deck tapis mince overlay taux de rentabilite economique economic rate of return termes de reference terms of reference tinette bucket latrine tWle ondulee rippling; washboard corrugations tracteur avec benne chargeuse front end loader trafic journalier moyen average daily traffic traitement chimique chemical treatment transfert de technologie transfer of technology travail & forte intensite, a fort labor-intensive work method coefficient de main d'oeuvre travaux de deblaiement road diggings, cuts, openings tringlage rodding tubage casing usure wear and tear utilisation utilization valeur actuelle nette net present value valeurs d'exploitation inventories vandalisme vandalism viabilite road serviceability vibrateur a plaque vibratory plate compactor vidange nightsoil zone d'entretien maintenance district, zone, ward