‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫‪38818‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Sustainable‬‬ ‫�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Groundwater‬‬ ‫‪Management:‬‬ ‫‪ Concepts and Tools‬�ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ�ﻷﺩﻭ�ﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ‪10‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪2006-2002‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ )‪(GW•MATE Core Group‬‬ ‫‪Héctor Garduño, Stephen Foster, Marcella Nanni, Karin Kemper, Albert Tuinhof & Phoebe Koundouri‬‬ ‫��ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ �ﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﺎ� ﻋﻮﺩﺓ �ﺪﻳﻒ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ – ﻣﺼﺮ“‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺰ�ﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﺞ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ؟‬ ‫� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ� ﹰ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ �ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ �ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻮﺩﻫﺎ �ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬ� ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ �ﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠ� �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫� ﺇﻥ �ﻟﻤﺪﻯ �ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﻄﺄ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ‬ ‫� �ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ �ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ“‬‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ �ﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ �ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ��ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﹸﺼﻮﺭ �ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻯ �ﻟﻮ�ﺳﻊ ﻟﻸﻭﺿﺎﻉ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ �ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺫ�ﺕ �ﻣﺘﺪ�ﺩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻮﺽ ‪ Lerma‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ( –‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠ� ﻭﺣﺪ�ﺕ ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎ� ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺣﺴﺎ� ﺃﻥ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ� ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫� ﺃﺣﻮ�ﺽ ﻧﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ ﺑﺨﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﺿﺤﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻌﺼﺮ �ﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻮﺽ ‪ Indus‬�ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪-‬�ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ( ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ )ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺗﻬﺎ( ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫�ﻧﺘﻘﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ �ﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﺪﻕ )�ﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺴﻮ� �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻷﺭﺿﻲ( �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻤﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫� ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ �ﻟﻮ�ﺳﻌﺔ �ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻔﺎﻓﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ �ﻟﺤﺠﺮ �ﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ �ﻟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺸﻤﺎ�‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ( ‪ -‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ �ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ �ﻟﺪ�ﺋﻢ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫�ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ“‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ“‬ ‫� ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺿﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪) .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺟﺰ�ﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺪﺭﻉ �ﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺼﺤﺮ�ﺀ �ﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ( ‪ -‬ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ�ﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﻢ �ﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭ�ﻙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﻢ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻬﺪ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ �ﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬‫�ﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� ﺑﺎﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺒ� ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠ� �ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﻗﺪ �ﺗﺠﻬﺖ ﻹ�ﻔﺎ� ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﹸﺒﺮﺯ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻢ �ﻴﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ � ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ“ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻷﻣﺪ �ﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ �ﻟﺴﺒ� �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺬ� ﻫﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ �ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ �ﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ �ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� � ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼ“ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ� ﹰ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ �ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ�ﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬‫ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ (1‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ )ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺫﻟﻚ �ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ( �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻣﺞ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ� �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ �ﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ �ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫�ﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳ�ﻄﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ �ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻀﻊ �ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﺮ�ﻑ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ �ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫� ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫� ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫�ﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫� ﻧﻘﺺ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫� �ﻟﻔﻬﻢ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ�ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ �ﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻴﺎ� �ﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺣﺠﻢ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ �ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮ�ﺋﺪ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ �ﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺿﺞ )ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻷﻭ�ﻥ( ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ �ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ �ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :1‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻷﺭﺽ �ﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ �ﻷﺭﺽ �ﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﺼﺎﺩ �ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ*‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﻛﻢ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 10000‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ**‬ ‫‪ 10‬ﻛﻢ‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 100‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ �ﶈﺼﻮ�‬ ‫‪ 100‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻸﺭ�ﺿﻲ �ﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ �ﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻛﻢ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻄﺮ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫**ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ‪ 150‬ﻟﺘﺮ�‪/‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻀﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 100‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪/100‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬ�‬ ‫�ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﺳﺎﺱ "�ﻴﺮ ﹸ �ﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ" ﻭ�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫ� ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺮﻭ� ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫� �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ )ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ( ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ �ﻟﺴﺤ� ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺼ� ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ) �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻪ �ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺰ�ﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﺻﻞ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬‫�ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(1‬ﻫﺬ� �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻟ ﹸ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬�ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﳌﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻧﻮ�ﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﺭﺗﺒﺎ� �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺮ‬ ‫�ﺭﺗﺒﺎ� ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﺭﺗﺒﺎ� ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﺓ )ﺣﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻩ(‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ �ﺭﺗﺒﺎ�‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﺭﺗﺒﺎ� ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ �ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ – Qsw/Qgw‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗ�‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ �ﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ �ﻟﺤﺼﻮ� ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ‬ ‫� �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﺟﺰ�ﺀ �ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﺣﻮ�ﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﹸﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ �ﺪﻕ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻤﻠﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺗﺎﻥ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﺎ‪) :‬ﺃ( �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ )ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ( ﻭ)�( ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ� ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﹸﻨﺸﺊ �ﻟﻤﺰ�ﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ �ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻘﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫�ﻟﻔﻌﺎ� )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(2‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ �ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﺜﻘﺔ �ﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ �ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮ� ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠ�ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮ� ﻭﺩﺧﻮ� �ﻟﻤﺰ�ﺭﻋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ �ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺳﻊ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻭ )ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ( ﺧﻔﺾ �ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ �ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ�ﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﺳ� ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻜﺎﺳ� ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� �ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ“ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠ� �ﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ �ﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺎﺀ �ﻟﺮﻱ �ﶈ ﹸﺴﻦ‬ ‫�ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻟﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺪ�ﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫�ﳌﻔﺮ� ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ �ﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﺴﺤ�‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺓ �ﻟﺮﻱ �ﻷ‬ ‫ﻗﻨ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫�ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﲡﺎﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰ�ﺭﻋﲔ؛ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ �ﻷﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ �ﶈﻮ�‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮ�ﺭ‪/‬‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ(‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ �ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ� ﹰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ�ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ �ﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩ�ﺭ�ﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫� ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﻀﻼ ﹰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠ� �ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻼ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺒﺘﺪﻉ ﺣﻮ�ﻓﺰ )ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﺜﺒﻄﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﺰ�ﺋﻢ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ( ﻟﻺﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ �ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﹰ �ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫� ﻣﻮ�ﺯﻧﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ �ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻊ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ �ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﻓﺮﻉ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ �ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ �ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭ�ﻟﻌﺪ�ﻟﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺤ� �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺽ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺸﺮ� �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ �ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺫ�ﺕ �ﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ �ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬�ﻷﻫﺪ�ﻑ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ �ﻷﻭﺳﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫� ﻳﺮ�ﻋﻲ �ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ �ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ )ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ( �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫� ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﹸﺧﺺ ﺳﺤ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺿﻮ�ﺑﻂ ﺻﺮﻑ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫� ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺑﺪ�ﺀ �ﻟﺮﺃﻱ )ﻣﻊ �ﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭ�ﻟﻔﻘﺮ�ﺀ(‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻮ�ﻗ� �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ �ﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻬﺬ� �ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪ�ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭ�‬ ‫ﺪ ﺳﻮ�ﺀ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨ� �ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ� ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﻟ� �ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﺔ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻟﻜﹸﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﺴﻢ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﻟﻔﺖ �ﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻮ�ﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫�ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭ�ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ )�ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ .(6‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ �ﻧﻘﺎ�‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ“ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ �ﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ )�ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‪-‬ﻷﻋﻠﻰ“( ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ )�ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ – ﻷﺳﻔﻞ“(‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪� ،‬ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ“ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳ� ﻛﹸﻞ �ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮ�ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ (2‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ �ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ ،2‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻌﻄﻰ �ﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪.(13‬‬ ‫� ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺒﺪ�ﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (IWRM‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ .(3‬ﻫﺬ� ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ �ﻟﺼﺪ�ﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻧﻘﺎ� ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ“ )ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ �ﻟﺨﻄﺔ( ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸ�ﻠﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﻤﺠﺎ�‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻫﺪ�ﻑ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ �ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ �ﻷﻣﺪ ﻭ�ﺿﺤﺔ )�ﺣﺼﺎﺩ �ﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ �ﻟﺪ�ﻧﻴﺔ“( ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫�ﻟﺪﻋﻢ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻮﻥ �ﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮ� ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ �ﻟﻤﻬﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠ� ﺇﺩﺭ�ﻙ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ� ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠ� ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ �ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ“ ﻭ�ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ“ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ �ﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ )ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ �ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻣﻮﻥ( ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (NGO‬ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻮ�ﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺭ�ﺳﺨﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺨﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫� ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ �ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :2‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ �ﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻺﺳﻬﺎ� ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﳌﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺮ�ﺋﻂ‬ ‫�ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﶈﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎ� ﺗﻮ�ﺯﻧﺎﺕ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺫﻟﻚ �ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ �ﳌﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮ�ﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﺳﻴ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺻﻒ �ﻟﺮﻭ�ﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ �ﳌﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ )ﻛﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(12‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ�ﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )�ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬�ﺑﺎﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬�ﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ( �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺤ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ (14‬ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﳊﺔ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﳊﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﹰ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ(‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﺸﻮ�ﻫﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻱ �ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﳊﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ �ﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(8‬‬ ‫�ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ �ﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻧﺎﻗﺶ �ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪-‬�ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ �ﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻗﻊ �ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ �ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼ� ﻓﺘﺮﺓ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ )‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮ�ﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ(‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﻢ �ﻹﻧﺘﺎ� �ﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺓ �ﳋﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮ�ﺭ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺴﺤ� �ﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻴﺮ �ﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻭ�‬ ‫)ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(11‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺪ�ﺑﻴﺮ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻹﻃﺎﺭ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(5 &4‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ �ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺫ�ﺕ �ﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﺮ )ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ( �ﳌﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ �ﻟﻮﺿﻊ �ﳊﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ �‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ �ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﹶﺳﻴﺲ ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ �ﻟﺴﺤ�‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳌﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﳌ ﹸ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﳌﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴ� ﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻱ "ﺇﻟﺰ�ﻣﻴﺔ" ﺿﻮ�ﺑﻂ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ�ﳌﺎﺀ ﻭ�ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺠﺎ� ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ �ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ �ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ �ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(7‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ �ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗ� ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭ�ﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ �‪ ‬ﹸﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﳋﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ �ﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﳌﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ �ﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﳌ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﻟﻲ �ﳋﻴﺎﺭ �ﳌ ﹸ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﳌﻬﺎﻡ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ �ﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﻭ� ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ �ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ /‬ﺻﺎﺣ� �ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ �ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ �ﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ /‬ﺻﺎﺣ� �ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(6‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻹﺷﺮ�ﻛﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳ� ﻭ�ﻻﺗﺼﺎ� ﻭ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ �ﳌﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻭ�ﳌﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﻑ �ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ �ﳌﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳋﻄﺔ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(9‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﻛ� ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﹸ‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺟﺪﻭﻻ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﺪ�ﺧﻠﻲ‪/‬�ﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ �ﳋﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺮﺑﻂ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻹﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮ�ﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀ� ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﻮﺩﺓ �ﻷﻭﻟﻰ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ �ﻟﻌﻮ�ﺋﻖ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﹸﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮ�ﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻹﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭ�ﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭ�ﺕ‬ ‫� ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ �ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ �ﻷﻫﺪ�ﻑ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭ�ﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺼﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﺆﻫﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻤﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ �ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺤﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﻔﺘﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺘﺆﺩﻱ �ﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ �ﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :3‬ﻧﻘﺎ� ﺗﺪﺧﻞ �ﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﻜﺎﺗ� �ﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺪﺧﻞ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ -‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎ� ﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﹸ�ﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ )ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ(‬ ‫�ﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﻳﺔ )�ﺳﺘﻤﺮ�ﺭﻳﺔ( �ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ‪ -‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎ� ﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﻭ�ﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭ �ﻟﺘﺸ�ﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﻨﺰ�ﻑ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ‪ -‬�ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺤ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨ� ﺗﺪ�ﺧﻞ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫�ﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ‪ ،‬�ﻷﺭ�ﺿﻲ �ﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ �ﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪ�ﺧﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﺒﻮ� �ﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫�ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ‪ -‬�ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ ‪ -‬�ﺩﺧﺎﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻷﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺤ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺩ�ﺧﻞ �ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻣﺎﺕ �ﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫�ﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ ‪ -‬�ﺩﺧﺎﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺫ�ﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺤ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻮ� �ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﺩ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺸﺮ� ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪ� ﺑﺬﻟﻚ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳌﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ )�ﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ( �ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ �ﳌﻠﻮﺙ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﺯ�ﺋﺪ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ �ﳌﻠﻮﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻮ� �ﺑﺎﺭ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ )�ﳌﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ(‬‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﲢﺴ� ﺣﺴﺎ� ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮ� ﺣﻀﺮﻱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ‪ -‬ﺧﻔﺾ �ﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮ� �ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� �ﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮ�ﻓﻖ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ �ﻟﺼﺤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﺗﺮﻛﻴ� ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺤ� �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻣﺎﺕ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫�ﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪) USERS‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ �ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪/‬�ﳌﻠﻮﺛﲔ �ﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﲔ �ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﻱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ( ‪ AMOR‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻲ )ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ USERS‬ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ �ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ �ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﻴﺮ �ﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ ،(NGOs‬ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ �ﳌﻬﻨﻴﲔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﻱ ﺣﻔﺮ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﳑﺜﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳ�( ‪ RBO‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﳊﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ‪ MU‬ﺑﻠﺪﻱ ‪ ST‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ‪ NAT‬ﻭﻃﻨﻲ ‪ L‬ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ‪ c‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ‪ e‬ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ‪ s‬ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺨﻄﻂ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (IWRM‬ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (WUE‬؟‬ ‫� ﻇﻬﺮﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻘﻤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﻮ� �ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ )‪ (WSSD‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2002‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﺒﻴﺮ�‪ .‬ﺗﹸﺼﺮﺡ‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﻄﺔ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (WSSD‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺠ� ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻷﻣﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﻭﺧﻄﻄﺎ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﻮﺽ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻊ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺧﺎ� ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ �ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ �ﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ �ﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬�ﻟﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺷﺪﺓ ﺣﻮ� ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (IWRM‬ﻭﺧﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ ،(WUE‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺨﻄﻮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﹸﺸﻜﻞ �ﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺨﻄﻂ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ )‪ (IWRM‬ﻭ )‪ (WUE‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .3‬ﺃﻭﻻ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠ� ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﻞ �ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﻧﻘﺎ� �ﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ“ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻨﻘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻬﻞ �ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺳ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎ� �ﻟ�ﺬ�ﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﻬﺪ�ﻑ �ﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻀﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻮ�ﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠ� �ﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮ�ﺭ�ﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ �ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺼ� �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻹﻃﺎﺭ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻹﺭ�ﺩﺓ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻌﻮ�ﺋﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ �ﻷﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫� ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ �ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ“‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭ�ﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫� ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻷﺟﻞ )‪ (IWRM‬ﻭ )‪ (WUE‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ �ﻷﻫﺪ�ﻑ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫‪IWRM & WUE‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ ‪GWM‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫�ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻣﻊ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ �ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ*‬ ‫�ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ ‪GWM‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭ�ﺕ‬ ‫�ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫�ﻻﺗﺼﺎ� ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ‬ ‫* ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ �ﻷﻫﺪ�ﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ�‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘ�ﻠ� ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫�ﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺯﺭ�ﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻣﺪﺧﺮ�ﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ“ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪.(3‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ �ﻟﺮﻱ �ﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺧﻄﻮ�ﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻔﻆ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ �ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﺖ �ﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ �ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(12‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭ�ﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭ�ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺑﹸﻌﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﹸﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﺣﺪ�ﺙ ﺗ�ﻴﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻂ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪.(8‬‬ ‫� ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ /‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ �ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ‪ /‬�ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﺭﺗﺪ�ﺩﻳﺔ )�ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ( ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭ �ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬ�‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ‬ ‫�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﹸﻔﻘﺪ �ﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ �ﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺘﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺫ� ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ �ﻟﻨﺸﺎ� �ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻻ �ﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ�ﺻﻠﺔ �ﻟﺸ�ﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺮ�ﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﹸﺘﺨﺬ ﻧﻘﺺ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺬﺭ� ﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ — ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ �ﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎ� ﺛ�ﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺀ� ﹰ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺳﻮ�ﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ �ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ“ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘ�ﻴﻴﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎ� ﻣﻦ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭ�ﺿﺢ �ﻷﻫﺪ�ﻑ ﻭ�ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ )�ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮ� �ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺮ�ﻗ�‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ �ﻟﻮ�ﺟ� �ﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ �ﻵﻥ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎ� ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﺭ�ﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻨ� �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫ�ﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﻮ�ﻋﺪ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ� ﹰ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ — ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﺜﺎ� ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫�ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻣﻦ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩ — ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ 'ﺧﺮﻭ� ﺑﻌﺪ �ﻟﻨﻀﻮ�' )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ .(11‬ﻟﻜﻦ �ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻷﺻ�ﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺜﺎ� ﻓﻲ �ﻹﻋﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ�ﺕ �ﻟﺼ�ﻴﺮﺓ( ﺳ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻫﻨﺎﻙ �ﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ� ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺪﻭ� �ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ (4‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺇﻟﺤﺎﺡ �ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ �ﻟﻤﺮ�ﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ �ﻵﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ �ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩ� �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮ� ﺣﻮﺽ ﻧﻬﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﺮ�ﺭ�ﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺫ�ﺗﻴﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭ� �ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻵﻟﻴﺔ �ﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﹸﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :4‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ �ﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻵﻟﻴﺔ �ﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫�ﻻﺷﺘﺮ�ﻙ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫�ﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﳕﺎﺫ� �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩ� �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﺎ ﺯ�� ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﳕﺎﺫ� �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ؛ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺨﻄﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ �ﻟﻘﺮ�ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﳌﻮ�ﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ�ﳋﻄﻂ ﻭ�ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫�ﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﳕﺎﺫ� �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ؛ �ﻟﻘﺮ�ﺭ�ﺕ �ﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺫ�ﺗﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺣﻮ� �ﳋﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺮ�ﺭ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ�ﳋﻄﻂ ﻭ�ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ�‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭ� �ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ؛ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﳌﻮ�ﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﳌﻮ�ﺭﺩ‬ ‫�ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ �ﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Chilton, J., Moench, M., Cardy, F. and Schiffler, M. 2000. Groundwater in Rural Development:‬‬ ‫‪facing the Challenges of Supply and Resource Sustainability. World Bank Technical Paper 463. Washington D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Lawrence, A. and Morris, B. 1997. Groundwater in Urban Development: Assessing Management‬‬ ‫‪Needs and Formulating policy Strategies. World Bank Technical Paper 390. Washington D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- GWP Technical Committee. 2004. Catalyzing Change: a Handbook for Developing Integrated Water‬‬ ‫‪Resources Management and Water Efficiency Strategies. Global Water Partnership. Stockholm, Sweden.‬‬ ‫‪- GWP/CAP-NET, IWRM Tutorial. http://cap-net.org/iwrm_tutorial/mainmenu.htm#‬‬ ‫‪- GWP, IWRM ToolBox. http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP‬‬ ‫‪- Puri, S. 2001. Internationally Shared (Transboundary) Aquifer Resources Management (ISARM) – their‬‬ ‫‪Significance and Sustainable Management – a Framework Document. UNESCO-IHP Non-Serial‬‬ ‫‪Publications in Hydrology. Paris, France.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ )‪ (GW•MATE‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭ�ﺷﻨﻄﻦ �ﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ – �ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ �ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ �ﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ �ﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ )‪ (www.worldbank.org/gwmate‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ �ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(www.gwpforum.org‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ �ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮ�ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ �ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ �ﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺴ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﻪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪ� )‪ ،(BNWPP‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ �ﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬