76548 ATLAS OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT Fourth Edition © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 United States Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 16 15 14 13 Design © HarperCollins Publishers Published for the World Bank by Collins Bartholomew An imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Westerhill Road Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2QT United Kingdom www.collinsbartholomew.com First published 2007 Second edition 2009 Third edition 2011 Fourth edition 2013 Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in this work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. 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Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank and Collins. 2013. Atlas of Global Development: A Visual Guide to the World’s Greatest Challenges, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC and Glasgow: World Bank and Collins. doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9757-2. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9757-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9758-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9757-2 Printed by Printing Express in Hong Kong SAR, China. Contents 4 Acknowledgments 5 Foreword 6 Guide to the online atlas 8 Classification of economies 10 The Millennium Development Goals 14 Rich and poor Measuring income | Growth and opportunity Where is the wealth of nations? | How poor is poor? 32 People Population growth and transition 38 Education Children at work | Education opens doors 46 Gender Gender equality and development 52 Health Children under 5—struggling to survive Improving the health of mothers Communicable diseases 66 Economy Structure of the world economy | Governance Infrastructure for development | Investment for growth The integrating world | People on the move Aid for development | External debt 104 Environment The urban environment Feeding a growing world | A thirsty planet gets thirstier Protecting forests | Energy security and climate change 128 Statistics Key indicators of development Ranking of economies by GNI per capita Definitions, sources, notes, and abbreviations 143 Index Acknowledgments The text and data for the fourth edition of the Atlas of Global Development were prepared by the Development Economics Data Group of the World Bank under the management of Shaida Badiee. The team consisted of Liu Cui, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Neil Fantom, Juan Feng, Shota Hatakeyama, Masako Hiraga, Wendy Huang, Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili, Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu, Soong Sup Lee, Hiroko Maeda, Johan Mistiaen, Esther G. Naikal, Beatriz Prieto-Oramas, William Prince, Evis Rucaj, Sun Hwa Song, Emi Suzuki, Jos Verbeek, Olga Victorovna Vybornaia, and Sergiy Zorya. Eric Swanson was the general editor. Aziz Gökdemir, Stephen McGroarty, Santiago Pombo, Stuart Tucker, and Shana Wagger from the World Bank’s Office of the Publisher managed the development and dissemination of the book and its online companion. Jeff Lecksell, in the Bank’s Cartography Group, provided guidance on maps. The Publishing, Design, Editorial, Creative Services, and Database teams at Collins Bartholomew, HarperCollins Publishers, provided overall design direction, editorial control, mapping, and typesetting. Picture credits Front cover, top to bottom Simone D. McCourtie/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/ World Bank; Stanislas Fradelizi/World Bank; Back cover, top to bottom Julio Pantoja/World Bank; Aziz Gökdemir; Yosef Hadar/World Bank; Curt Carnemark/World Bank; 16 Ami Vitale/World Bank; 20, 34, 106, 117 (top) Michael Foley/World Bank; 28 John Isaac/World Bank; 30 David A. Cieslikowski/World Bank; 36, 53, 94, 102, 109, 110, 114, 118, 126 Curt Carnemark/World Bank; 39, 68, 105 Scott Wallace/World Bank; 40 Tran Thi Hoa/World Bank; 43 Trevor Samson/World Bank; 44 Armine Grigoryan/World Bank; 48 Bill Lyons/ World Bank; 50 Steve Harris/World Bank; 54, 78 Eric Miller/World Bank; 56 Yosef Hadar/World Bank; 60, 75, 113 Arne Hoel/World Bank; 64 Masaru Goto/World Bank; 67 (top) William Taufic/Corbis; 67 (bottom) Ray Witlin/World Bank; 71 Gennadiy Ratushenko/World Bank; 72 Lars Plougmann/Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0; 76 Yuri Mechitov/World Bank; 80 Yang Aijun/World Bank; 86 Guiseppe Franchini/World Bank; 88 Cory Doctorow/Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-sa/2.0; 92 Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/Corbis; 98 UNHCR/T. Irwin; 117 (bottom) UNEP; 120 Julio Pantoja/World Bank; 123, 124 Dominic Sansoni/World Bank. ECO-AUDIT The World Bank is committed to preserving natural resources. This atlas is printed on recycled paper with 100 percent postconsumer waste in accordance with Green Press Initiative standards. See www.greenpressinitiative.org for details. Saved: • 46 trees • 21 million Btu of total energy • 3,985 pounds of net greenhouse gases • 21,612 gallons of waste water • 1,446 pounds of solid waste Foreword We are very pleased to bring you the fourth edition The Atlas of Global Development draws on the of the Atlas of Global Development and the fortieth World Development Indicators database, which has atlas produced by the World Bank documenting been compiled from the work of the World Bank, development trends over the past 50 years. The atlases other international organizations, and the national represent the longest continuing publication of the statistical offices of member countries. To improve World Bank. Data presented in an atlas help us to the quality of international statistics, the World Bank understand the geographic relationships among in collaboration with national and international countries and their economic and social development. partners supports programs for the development of In designing the atlas, we have illustrated these statistics in developing countries. relationships with maps, charts, tables, and photos. While new technologies have not eliminated Geography is not destiny, but geography strongly geographic barriers to the movement of goods and influences the ways economies can and do develop. peoples, they have made it possible for information Geography encourages exchange and human to move far more quickly and to reach a larger interaction. It also creates barriers and nourishes audience. Online databases and electronic disputes and conflicts. Neighboring economies publications can be accessed from anywhere in the may share common resources and interests, but world. Nevertheless, barriers to information remain. economies at great distance may also be linked by In some places economic and social statistics are historical ties of settlement and migration that still treated as privileged information, restricted in their influence political alliances and economic exchange. use or priced so as to limit access. Such policies deny Landlocked economies have a harder time bringing citizens the use of data collected with public funding their goods to markets and have generally been and prevent the development of innovative new slower to develop, but Botswana and Switzerland applications of benefit to all. are two examples of landlocked economies that have flourished. Small island economies, because As part of the World Bank’s Open Data Initiative, of their isolation and limited internal markets, face the World Bank has adopted a policy of providing similar challenges, but Mauritius has overcome those open, free, and unrestricted access to its databases, obstacles and prospered. And because climate and which are available on the Web at data.worldbank.org. geography are closely linked, economies in the same You can also access the Atlas online at data.worldbank. region face similar risks from climate change and org/atlas-global. Throughout the Atlas you will find from natural hazards such as storms, flooding, and links to other public sources of data. We encourage earthquakes. All of these are important reasons for you to explore these databases, to employ the data in taking a comprehensive view of the geography of your own work, to disseminate them to others, and to global development. send us feedback on how we could improve our ways to make data more accessible and usable. Understanding the development process, formulating policies, and evaluating outcomes require reliable data. Shaida Badiee Director, Development Data Group The World Bank Guide to the online atlas Most migrants reside in high-income economies International migrant stock (millions) 140 High-income 120 Middle-income Low-income 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: World Bank estimates based on data from the UN Population Division Figure 1 USER’S GUIDE TO THE WORLD BANK eATLAS OF • The ranking table (bottom right-hand panel), which GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT shows indicator data, toggles from table to chart. data.worldbank.org/atlas-global Easy navigation from the home page (accessible via data. • A time series chart (across the bottom) is created; worldbank.org/atlas-global) clicking on any country adds data to the chart. • Use the right-hand panel to select a main topic and • View (top left, red toolbar) lets you launch a second see related indicators for mapping. (When you make a map alongside the first, providing a Comparative View. selection, a description appears, and the panel refreshes with the indicators [figure 1]) Changing and viewing countries (figure 2) • Use the search box (top right) to search for any word in • View and zoom to countries: an indicator title or description (e.g., “malnutrition”). • Click any country on the map or in the • Use indicator (top left, gray toolbar) to drill quickly from ranking table to zoom, or topic to indicator. • Use countries (above the map, gray toolbar) • However you start, selecting a specific indicator to select a country, or launches a world map that shows the latest available • Use locations (above the map, gray toolbar) data per country, with many other visualizations and to select a country. options. • Restore the full view by clicking the map area or by using the inset map at the top. Mapping basics (figure 2) • Each time you zoom to a country, it is Once you have selected your indicator, the mapping • Added to the time series chart (bottom). application launches. • Given more context (top right-hand panel) • The world map shows your indicator with the latest available data for each country. Mouse over the map to • Highlighted in the ranking table (bottom right- see country names, details, and indicator data. hand panel) • The indicator name (above the map, gray toolbar) is 6 linked to the definition and source information. Figure 2 Changing years, colors, intervals, and more (figure 2) • Use the play button below the chart to dynamically map • Use periods (above the map, gray toolbar) to select the time series for your indicator. As the map changes different years and “latest available” data. for each year, the ranking table and other information refresh. • Use options (above the map, gray toolbar) to change colors, intervals, and analysis methods. • Use locations (above the map, gray toolbar) to select NEW FOR THIS EDITION a country. The Atlas of Global Development is also available as part of the Atlas by Collins app. It is available for both iPhone and iPad. Comparing maps and data • Use view (top left, red toolbar) to select Comparative View and see two maps. • Use indicators, periods, options, and locations (above each map, gray toolbar) to select what you want to compare, including any combination of indicators and years. • Select the tabs below each map to see the ranking table, the time series chart, and more. • Use view (top left, red toolbar) to select Standard View and return to one map with all the features. Using the time series chart (figure 2) • When you select a country (up to five), related time For further information and technical advice go to series data appear on the chart (bottom); country name www.atlasbycollins.com and data are shown when you mouse over. 7 classification of economies Low- and middle-income economies Greenland (Den.) East Asia & Pacific Faeroe Europe & Central Asia Islands Iceland (Den) Latin America & Caribbean The Netherlands Middle East & North Africa C a n a d a United South Asia Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland Sub-Saharan Africa Channel Islands (UK) High-income economies Luxembourg Fra OECD Liechtenstein Andorra Other Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) no data Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina The World Bank classifies economies as low- to imply that all economies in the group are income, middle-income (subdivided into experiencing similar development or that lower-middle and upper-middle), or high- other economies have reached a preferred or income based on gross national income final stage of development. (GNI) per capita. Low- and middle-income The regions used in this atlas are based economies are sometimes referred to as on the regions defined by the World Bank developing economies. This is not intended for analytical and operational purposes. 8 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October 10, 2010. Curaçao and St. Maarten became autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands. These regions may differ from common about the data is provided in World Development geographic usage or from the regions defined Indicators 2012 or on the World Bank website by other organizations. Regional groupings and (data.worldbank.org). the aggregate measures for regions include only low- and middle-income economies. Data are shown for economies as they were constituted in 2011. Additional information 9 The Millennium Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Defined as average daily consumption of Development Goals $1.25 or less, extreme poverty means living The Millennium Declaration, on the edge of subsistence. In 1990, more than 1.9 billion people lived on less than ratified in 2000 by the 189 member $1.25 a day. Since then, the poverty rate states of the United Nations, in developing countries has fallen from committed rich and developing 43 percent to 22 percent in 2008, reducing countries to work in partnership the number of people in extreme poverty to achieve a set of critical to less than 1.3 billion. Between 2005 and development outcomes. Those 2008, poverty rates fell in all six developing commitments are embodied in regions, the first time that has happened. By 2015, the global rate of extreme poverty the eight Millennium Development is expected to be 16 percent and the number Goals (MDGs) for 2015, supported of people living in poverty will fall to around by 18 quantified targets and 60 1 billion. At the global level, the goal of indicators measuring progress halving the poverty rate has been reached, since 1990. Progress has been and all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa are uneven and many countries will expected to reach the target by 2015. not reach the targets set for 2015, but others have met or exceeded Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education More than 20 years ago, the world the targets, improving the lives of community committed itself to providing hundreds of millions of people. at least a primary school education to every child. Providing all children with a good quality education is the foundation All regions but Sub-Saharan Africa are on track to To reach the goal of universal primary education, reach the poverty reduction target children must remain in school East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia South Asia Europe & Central Asia South Asia Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa People living on less than $1.25 a day (%) Primary school completion rate (%) 80 110 70 100 60 90 50 80 40 70 30 60 20 10 50 0 40 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2015 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: PovcalNet, an online poverty analysis tool developed by the World Bank (iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm), and Global Monitoring Report 2012 Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics 10 Gender parity in enrollment has improved, but gender gaps remain Measles is the leading cause of vaccine- large in some regions preventable deaths in children Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary enrollment East Asia & Pacific South Asia 110 Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean High-income 100 Middle East & North Africa 90 Measles immunization rate 80 (% of children ages 12–23 months) 70 100 60 90 50 80 40 70 30 20 60 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 10 50 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan High- 40 Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Africa income 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Source: WHO and UNICEF of sustainable development and poverty alleviation. In 2010, mortality rates in developing countries the primary school completion rate reached 89 percent for dropped nearly 35 percent between developing countries: 94 percent for middle-income countries 1990 and 2010, from 98 to 64 per 1,000 but just 68 percent for low-income ones. But 67 million live births. Though this progress is children worldwide were out of school in 2009—and about impressive, it is insufficient to meet the half of them will receive no formal education. fourth MDG of reducing under-5 child mortality by two-thirds. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empowering women Success in reducing infant and Promoting gender equality and empowering women are child mortality is a general indicator important in their own right and because they foster progress of progress toward the human toward other MDG targets, such as those for reducing poverty, development outcomes under the hunger, and disease and improving access to education. MDGs, reflecting falling poverty rates, When women make decisions, household resources tend to improved nutrition, increasing female be shared more equitably. And educated women are better literacy, disease prevention, access to able to care for children and more likely to send their children medicine and health facilities, and safe to school. water and sanitation. Immunizations Education opportunities for girls have expanded since 1990. for measles—a leading cause of Enrollment patterns in upper-middle-income countries now vaccine-preventable deaths among resemble those in high-income countries, and those in lower- children—continue to expand middle-income countries are nearing equity. But gender gaps worldwide. Coverage in all regions remain large in low-income countries, especially at the primary now exceeds 70 percent, markedly and secondary levels. improving child survival rates. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality For more information about the Deaths of children under age 5 have been declining since Millennium Development Goals, see 1990. By 1999, for the first time, the number of children who the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs: died before their 5th birthday fell below 10 million. Child data.worldbank.org/mdg-atlas 11 Goal 5: Improve maternal health high-income countries, yet continue to kill Every year, hundreds of thousands of women millions a year in developing countries, and die from complications related to pregnancy HIV/AIDS remains a global pandemic. or childbirth. Some 99 percent of these deaths Worldwide, more than 30 million people occur in developing countries. And for every have died from AIDS, and more than 16 woman who dies, about 20 suffer from million children have been orphaned since injury, infection, or disease. In developing AIDS was first reported more than three countries, pregnancy-related complications decades ago. In 2010, 33 million people were are among the leading causes of death and living with HIV, but less than half of them were disability for women between 15 and 49. believed to be aware of their infection. With Prenatal care and the presence of skilled better treatment, death rates are declining health workers at delivery is critical to and more people are living with AIDS. There reducing maternal mortality. In developing were 1.8 million AIDS-related deaths in 2010, countries, the share of births attended by down from 2.2 million deaths in 2005. But skilled health staff rose from 58 percent there were over 7,000 new HIV infections in 1990 to 65 percent in 2010, and the every day, mostly among people in low- and proportion of pregnant women receiving middle-income countries. Sub-Saharan Africa prenatal care is rising. Countries in Europe contains just over one-tenth of the world’s and Central Asia have made the most population but is home to two-thirds of the progress in ensuring safe deliveries. Most people living with HIV/AIDS, with women far have achieved universal coverage, and the more likely to be infected than men. rest are on track to achieve it by 2015. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2010, there were 216 million cases of Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and malaria, leading to 655,000 deaths. Though other diseases malaria is endemic in many tropical and For many reasons—including poverty, climate, subtropical regions, most deaths occur bad policies, and inadequate services— among children living in Africa, where a people in developing countries are highly child dies every minute from malaria. susceptible to life-threatening diseases. Some The number of new tuberculosis cases of these, such as malaria and tuberculosis, peaked globally in 2004 and is leveling off, have been eliminated or largely contained in but prevalence is still high in Sub-Saharan Better care during childbirth improves mothers’ Prevalence rates have risen as more people are chances of survival living with HIV/AIDS Births attended by skilled health staff (%) Prevalence of HIV among population ages 15–49 (%) 100 6 80 5 4 60 3 40 2 2009 2009 1990 2009 2009 1990 2009 20 2009 1990 1990 1990 1990 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 1990 2009 1 0 0 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- High- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan income Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: UNICEF, State of the World’s Children; Childinfo; and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International Source: UNAIDS and WHO 12 Most regions will achieve the 2015 target for access to an improved Aid efforts by DAC donors have increased since water source 2000, but most still fall short of their commitments East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia High-income All DAC donors Netherlands United Kingdom Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Japan Sweden United States Population without access to improved drinking water source (millions) Official development assistance as a share of GNI (%) 1,250 1.2 1,000 1.0 0.8 750 0.6 500 0.4 250 0.2 0 0.0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: WHO-UNICEF Joint Measurement Programme Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee Africa, and some South Asian countries appear to have returned Goal 8: Develop a global partnership to 1990 levels. In 2010 there were 8.8 million cases of tuberculosis for development globally—down from 14 million in 2007. Prospects for sustaining the current economic recovery will be enhanced Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability if advanced and developing countries The 1992 Earth Summit adopted comprehensive global, continue to cooperate in implementing national, and local responses for every area where humans policies aimed at increasing growth, affect the environment. This agenda was incorporated into the protecting the poor and vulnerable, Millennium Declaration along with commitments to reduce maintaining infrastructure investment, greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, and prevent and sustaining private sector growth. desertification. Private investment and remittances Also included among the MDGs’ targets are commitments from migrants have become to reduce the number of people lacking access to improved increasingly important sources of water and sanitation facilities. An improved water source meets financing for developing countries. basic standards for access to a protected water supply, but However, official development water from improved sources—such as public taps or hand assistance—grants and loans made pumps—may not meet standards set by the World Health at low interest rates—remains an Organization and may require considerable fetching and important source of support for carrying. In 1990, more than 1 billion people in developing development programs in the poorest countries lacked access to such a minimal convenience. In countries. In 2005, the leaders of the 2010, 786 million people—42 percent of whom live in Sub- richest industrial countries made Saharan Africa—still lack access to improved sources for specific commitments to increase aid drinking water, but most regions made progress. to Africa. Aid received by all developing Around the world, 2.6 billion people lack access to toilets, countries has increased substantially in latrines, and other forms of improved sanitation, and more real terms—from $79 billion in 2000 than 40 percent of these people practice open defecation. In to $130 billion in 2010, measured in developing countries, the share of people with access to improved constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Aid to sanitation rose from 37 percent in 1990 to 56 percent in 2010. Africa increased to $45 billion in To halve the proportion of people without basic sanitation by 2010, but remains far short of the 2015, more than 1.3 billion people would have to gain access commitments made in 2005. to an improved facility—so the global target will be missed. 13 Measuring income What is a developing country? Because development encompasses many factors— Standards of living vary economic, environmental, cultural, substantially across the globe. educational, and institutional—no single Comparing income or consumption measure gives a complete picture. However, the total earnings of the residents of an or poverty levels among countries economy, measured by its gross national requires a common unit of income (GNI), is a good measure of its measurement. Exchange rates capacity to provide for the wellbeing of its reflect the relative value of people. The World Bank classifies countries currencies as traded in the market. according to their average income, or Purchasing power parities take into GNI per capita, converted to U.S. dollars account differences in price levels. using three-year average market exchange Both have important roles in rates (commonly called the World Bank Atlas method). Countries with average measuring the size of economies. incomes of less than $12,476 in 2011 are Comparing incomes: The share of developing classified as low- and middle-income economies is higher when measured using (often referred to as developing economies). purchasing power parity Countries with average incomes of $12,476 GNI, PPP (current international $), 2011 or more in 2011 are classified as high- South Asia 7% * Middle East & Sub-Saharan Africa 2% income or developed economies. In 2011, North Africa Latin America & 3% the 1.1 billion people in high-income Caribbean 9% economies had an average income of $39,783 per person; the 5 billion residents Europe & Central Asia in middle-income economies had average 7% High-income 54% incomes of $4,121; and the 800 million people in low-income economies earned East Asia & Pacific 18% only $567, with some as low as $190. Even measured using purchasing power parity, large differences remain GNI, Atlas method (current US$), 2011 GDP per capita measured at PPP (constant 2005 international $) * Middle East & South Asia 3% 35,000 High-income economies North Africa 2% Sub-Saharan Africa 2% Low- & middle-income economies Latin America & 30,000 Caribbean 7% Europe & 25,000 Central Asia 5% 20,000 East Asia & Pacific 13% High-income 15,000 68% 10,000 5,000 0 1990 2000 2009 2011 * Middle East & North Africa data are 2009, latest available Note: GDP in constant prices measures the total volume of goods and services produced in the global economy Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 14 To measure differences in welfare, comparisons of income measures of the quality of life, such as among economies should take into account differences in life expectancy at birth, the mortality domestic price levels. This is done using purchasing power rate of children, and enrollment rates parities (PPPs). Using PPPs instead of market exchange rates, in school. Low incomes are both the standard of living among countries can be compared in a cause and effect of low levels of real terms, as if the people purchased goods and services at health, education, and other human the same prices using a common currency. Measured using development outcomes. Poor people PPPs, developing economies receive 46 percent of world have a hard time obtaining good health income. But when measured using the World Bank Atlas care and education, while poor health method, they receive only 32 percent. The difference is due to and poor education leave them less the lower cost of services and nontraded goods in developing able to improve their incomes. economies, a fact that travelers frequently observe. As the most comprehensive measure of living standards, GNI per capita is closely related to other, nonmonetary Countries with higher GNI per capita often have higher life expectancy at birth …. Life expectancy at birth (years), 2010 Each square represents one country 100 90 United Kingdom Luxembourg 80 United States 70 60 Sub-Saharan countries with high prevalence of South Africa HIV/AIDS: Angola, Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, 50 Swaziland Gabon, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. 40 30 20 10 0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database GNI per capita (PPP $), 2010 …. and higher net school enrollment rates in secondary education Net enrollment rate for secondary school (%), 2009–2010 Each square represents one country United Kingdom 100 United Norway Uzbekistan States 90 Qatar 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Niger 0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database GNI per capita (PPP $) Rich and poor 15 income GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method, 2011 Greenland (Den) Low-income countries ($1,025 or less) Faeroe Lower-middle-income countries ($1,026–$4,035) Islands Iceland (Den) Upper-middle-income countries ($4,036–$12,475) The Netherlands High-income countries ($12,476 or more) C a n a d a United no data Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco The Bahamas Islands (UK) Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic $7,097 Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe $8,645 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay $10,720 Uruguay Chile Argentina Fishing village in the suburbs of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire Largest economies, 2011 Gross national income PPP current Rank Country international $ (billions) 1 United States 15,232 2 China 11,325 3 Japan 4,539 4 India 4,488 5 Germany 3,283 6 Russian Federation 2,845 7 France 2,346 8 United Kingdom 2,316 9 Brazil 2,261 10 Italy 1,966 16 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia $10,400 $23,562 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab China Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar $4,930 Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen India Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti $1,410 Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) $7,857 Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) $1,299 Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa $1,265 New Zealand Facts Internet links Of the 36 economies classified as low-income in 2011, 27 are in World Development Indicators data.worldbank.org Sub-Saharan Africa, eight are in Asia, and one is in Latin America and the Caribbean. Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org/statistics Co-operation and Most economies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East Development—Statistics and North Africa, and Europe and Central Asia are middle-income economies. International Monetary Fund dsbb.imf.org Variations of income within each region can be large. For example, Dissemination Standards in 2011, Botswana’s GNI per capita surpassed $7,480, while GNI Bulletin Board per capita in neighboring Mozambique was only $470. Average GNI per capita in the low- and middle-income countries United Nations— unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama was $3,628 in 2011, while in high-income economies it was $39,783. Statistics Division Since 1989, 26 economies had moved from developing to International Comparison www.worldbank.org/data/icp high-income status, two of them in the last three years. Project Rich and poor 17 Growth and opportunity Sustained growth is essential to reducing poverty, but few developing countries— Economic growth reduces especially low-income countries—have poverty. As a result, fast-growing seen strong and steady growth in the developing countries are closing past. Fewer than one-third of low-income countries have increased per capita income the income gap with high-income by 3.0 percent a year or more since 1980. economies. But growth must be For many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, sustained over the long term and the 1990s were a lost decade, with little or the gains from economic growth no growth. But growth accelerated in the must be shared to make lasting following decade. Since 2000, more than improvements in the wellbeing half of all developing countries achieved of all people. The recent financial an average growth of per capita income of crisis has interrupted that process 3.2 percent a year or more. In Sub-Saharan Africa, three-quarters of the countries and recovery has been uneven. grew faster than 3.2 percent a year, despite formidable development challenges such as Global recession in 2007–2009 reversed years of conflict and epidemic disease. record economic growth The financial crisis, which began in 2007 GDP growth rate (%) Low- & middle-income economies High-income economies World and spread from high-income to low- and 10 middle-income economies in 2008, became 8 in 2009 the most severe global recession in 6 50 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) fell 4 by 3.7 percent in high-income economies 2 and grew by only 2.7 percent in developing 0 economies. The crisis was transmitted from high-income countries to developing -2 countries as exports, private capital flows, -4 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 commodity prices, and workers’ remittances Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database all declined. Many developing countries Recovery from the financial crisis has been slow and uneven GDP growth (%) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia High-income 15 Europe & Central Asia * Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 10 5 0 -5 -10 2007 2009 2011 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database * 2011 data not available for Middle East & North Africa 18 Income inequality has fallen in roughly half of the developing countries from the late 1990s to late 2000s Annual change in Gini coefficient in 74 developing countries, late 1990s to late 2000s Percentage points per year 4 Less equal 3 2 1 0 -1 More equal -2 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database ‘The late 1990s’ is the most recent year between 1995 and 1999, or 2000. ‘The late 2000s’ is the most recent year between 2005 and 2011 entered the crisis in better shape than in previous recessions, the same poverty reduction. Rising but for countries with large portions of their populations income inequality may also lead to clustered around the poverty line, even brief periods of social tensions, undermining the economic slowdown can have severe effects. In the poorest social impacts of economic growth and developing countries, health and education outcomes move poverty reduction. Therefore, policies with the economic cycle; they deteriorate during economic will need to simultaneously stem rising crises and take a long time to recover. inequality of income and accelerate Since 2009, the global economy has shown signs of economic development and poverty recovery, expanding by 4.3 percent in 2010. However, the reduction. Since the late 1990s, income pace of recovery has been uneven. High-income countries inequality, measured by the Gini grew only 3.3 percent while developing countries grew coefficient, has increased in roughly 7.6 percent. East Asia and the Pacific was the fastest- half of the developing countries with growing region with 9.7 percent followed by South Asia and available data, and decreased in the Latin America and the Caribbean, which grew 8.7 and other half. 6.2 percent, respectively. The recovery has proved to be In addition to inequality of fragile; it suffered a setback in 2011, with global growth incomes, inequality of opportunities slowing to 2.7 percent. High-income countries grew only is a challenge facing most developing 1.5 percent while developing countries showed more countries. Personal circumstances at resilience posting 6.2 percent growth. Weak recovery will birth, such as gender, race, ethnicity, likely resume in 2012 in the major advanced economies, and location, wealth, and parents’ activity could remain relatively solid in most emerging and education, are associated with the level developing economies. However, since commodity prices of access to those services needed for are unlikely to continue the recent fast pace of growth, these a productive life, such as safe drinking economies may have to adapt their policies to promote water, sanitation, electricity, basic economic growth in the post-crisis environment. education, and nutrition. Achieving Economic growth reduces poverty. But in some countries, universal access to these services is high growth has been accompanied by rising inequality of critical to the poverty reduction and incomes, impeding the pace of poverty reduction. Moreover, development agenda. a country with high initial inequality will need to grow faster than a country with more equal income distribution to achieve Rich and poor 19 economic growth average annual growth of GDP per capita, 2000–2011 Greenland (Den) less than 0.0% Faeroe 0.0–1.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 2.0–3.9% The Netherlands 4.0–5.9% C a n a d a United 6.0% or more Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (UK) Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic Western Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Small businesses, such as the one run by this dressmaker, contribute to economic growth Recent growth of GDP per capita Average annual growth Rank Country rate (%), 2000–2009 1 Azerbaijan 16.7 2 Vanuatu 14.3 3 Equatorial Guinea 13.6 4 Turkmenistan 12.3 5 Armenia 10.5 6 Angola 9.9 7 China 9.7 8 Belarus 8.7 9 Kazakhstan 7.9 10 Cambodia 7.3 20 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links In contrast to record economic growth from 2000 to 2007, the World Development Indicators data.worldbank.org global economy fell by 2.2 percent in 2009 as a result of the 2008 financial crisis. GDP fell by 3.7 percent in high-income economies and grew by World Bank—Global www.worldbank.org/prospects only 2.7 percent in developing countries in 2009. Economic Prospects While the global economy is showing signs of recovery, low-income countries continue to suffer the consequences of the global recession. IMF World Economic Outlook www.imf.org/weo Between 1990 and 2011, GDP per capita grew 4.7 times in East Asia and the Pacific, but still ranked fourth among regions, behind Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and OECD statistics www.oecd.org/statistics Europe and Central Asia. Among 10 developing countries with the highest GDP per capita The Commission on www.growthcommission.org/ growth in 2000–2011, two are from low-income economies, and Growth and Development two are from Sub-Saharan Africa. Rich and poor 21 inequality share of income going to the poorest quintile, Greenland (Den) 2000–2010, most recent year available Faeroe less than 4.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 4.0–5.9% The Netherlands 6.0–6.9% C a n a d a United 7.0–7.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 8.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos Dominican St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Republic Western Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) St. Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia St. Lucia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries with highest inequality ratios Country with population Inequality Rank over 1 million Year ratio One commonly used measure of income inequality is the 1 Honduras 2009 30 inequality ratio, calculated as the ratio of income or 2 Bolivia 2008 28 consumption shares of the richest 20 percent to the poorest 20 percent of the population. A ratio of 10 means that the top 3 South Africa 2009 25 20 percent of the population earns (or spends) 10 times as 4 Brazil 2009 21 much as the bottom 20 percent of the population. 5 Colombia 2010 20 Generally the higher this ratio, the more unequal the income 6 Guatemala 2006 20 distribution. Countries with high inequality ratios are mostly in Latin America and Africa. The highest inequality ratio 7 Central African Republic 2008 18 among Asian countries is 12. 8 Paraguay 2010 17 9 Panama 2010 17 10 Zambia 2006 17 22 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Latin America and the Caribbean has persistently been the region World Bank— www.worldbank.org/wdr2006 with highest average inequality within countries, but inequality has World Development Report 2006 been falling noticeably in the region since around 2000. United Nations www.hdr.undp.org East Asia started out as the region with lowest inequality within Development Programme— countries in early 1980s, but has seen a steady rise in inequality Human Development Report (side by side with a downward trend in inequality between countries). Inequality in Focus go.worldbank.org/CCKE912HN0 Between one-quarter and one-half of income inequality observed World Bank—Poverty www.worldbank.org/poverty among adults in Latin America and the Caribbean is due to personal Reduction and Equity circumstances endured during childhood that fell outside their control or responsibility, such as race, gender, birthplace, parents’ Poverty and Equity Data povertydata.worldbank.org/ educational level, and father’s occupation. poverty/home/ In South Africa, circumstances at birth are important drivers for Human Opportunity Index, go.worldbank.org/A9Z0NUV620 the unequal opportunities in childhood and later reemerge to Latin America and the contribute to unequal access to jobs. Caribbean Rich and poor 23 Where is the A country’s wealth includes not only physical capital such as buildings and wealth of nations? machinery, but also natural capital, such Development can be seen as a as oil deposits, forests and crop land, and human and social capital. The capacity of a process of building and managing country to sustain and increase wellbeing a diversified portfolio of assets depends on how well these assets are that contribute to economic managed. Adjusted net saving (ANS) wellbeing. For wellbeing to be provides a measure of net change in sustainable, the total value of wealth. It is defined as gross saving plus assets must be maintained at investment in human capital (education a constant level or increased. expenditures), minus depreciation of produced capital, depletion of natural Adjusted net saving is a measure capital (energy, mineral, and forest assets), of the net change in a country’s and damage from global and local pollution. assets and thus a powerful If ANS is negative, it means that the indicator of sustainability. country is exhausting its resources at the cost of future generations; hence it is on a path of unsustainable development. Adjusted net saving for a resource-rich country can be negative despite high gross saving Adjusted net saving in Kazakhstan (% of GNI), 2010 35 30 Depreciation 25 of fixed capital 20 Depletion of natural 15 Educational resources expenditures 10 5 Pollution damages 0 -5 Gross saving Net saving Net saving plus Adjusted net Adjusted educational saving excluding net saving expenditures pollution damages Source: World Bank, Little Green Data Book 2012 Adjusted net saving is often low in countries with high exhaustible resource rents Adjusted net saving (% of GNI), 2010 40 China 30 Botswana 20 Vietnam 10 Azerbaijan 0 Zambia Kazakhstan -10 Mongolia -20 Angola -30 -40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Energy and mineral rents (% of GDP), 2010 Source: World Bank estimates 24 Asia has sustained positive adjusted net saving rates over the past three decades Adjusted net saving (% of GNI) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa 40 Europe & Central Asia South Asia 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: World Bank estimates Countries rich in natural resources have an advantage an unsustainable development path. over others in financing development. Natural resource But if one looks more closely, distinct rents can be effectively deployed for this purpose, but it is stories emerge. In Sub-Saharan Africa, important to reinvest such rents in other types of capital, a relatively small handful of countries notably human capital and institutions. The data show that have dragged down performance for natural resource abundance often leads to low or negative the entire region, relative to the rest ANS. This is true for many resource-rich countries in the of the world. But nearly two-thirds of developing world. Adjusted net saving as a percentage of African countries have had positive gross national income (GNI) often has a negative relationship saving rates over the decade. This with the share of energy and mineral resource rents of gross group was led by the largest African domestic product (GDP). Countries such as Angola, Mongolia, economy, South Africa, and includes Kazakhstan, and Zambia, with resource rents greater than a others such as Botswana, Ethiopia, quarter of GDP, have negative ANS rates as low as –30 percent Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, and of GNI. With relatively fewer natural resource endowments, Uganda. The South Asia and East Asia China has achieved a high ANS rate by investing in produced regions stand out as achieving almost and human capital. But natural resource abundance need not steadily increasing ANS rates generated be a curse. At the other end of the spectrum are countries mostly via their high gross saving rates such as Botswana and Vietnam, rich in mineral wealth and in recent years. Other regions do not energy resources but with positive ANS rates. Those countries show a clear trend. are good examples of how reinvesting resource rents can boost social and institutional capital with positive results on growth. Vietnam’s GDP grew by 7.5 percent over the past 10 years, and Botswana, one of the fastest-growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, grew by 4.1 percent. Adjusted net saving trends across regions have varied widely over time. Sub-Saharan Africa generally has a declining trend in ANS, suggesting that this region is on Rich and poor 25 wealth of nations adjusted net saving, including particulate Greenland (Den) emission damage, as a share of GNI, 2010 or latest available data Faeroe Islands Iceland (Den) less than -5.0% -5.0–0.0% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 0.1–4.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 5.0–9.9% Channel Islands (UK) 10% or more Fra Luxembourg no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (UK) Islands (US) Turks and Caicos Alg Mexico St. Martin (Fr) Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe 6.3% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries with the highest share of natural capital in total wealth Country, population Natural capital as a share Adjusted net saving Rank over 30 million of wealth (%), 2005 (% of GNI), 2010 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 69 .. 2 Sudan 56 -3.6 3 Nigeria 55 .. Natural capital as a share of comprehensive wealth is most important in low- and lower- 4 Iran, Islamic Rep. 53 .. middle-income countries. But countries differ 5 Algeria 52 29.8* substantially in terms of adjusted net saving. 6 Russian Federation 43 4.5 7 Vietnam 39 15.8 8 Tanzania 35 12.1 9 Ethiopia 32 7.5 10 Pakistan 28 9.4 * 2009 26 Europe & Central Asia 3.2% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 28.6% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 21.6% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa -6.2% New Zealand Facts Internet links Natural capital constitutes a major component of wealth and is a Where Is the Wealth of Nations? go.worldbank.org/ principal source of income in developing countries. 2QTH26ULQ0 The Changing Wealth of Nations go.worldbank.org/ If Trinidad and Tobago had reinvested all resource rents from TF3U5N1AO0 oil and gas into manufactured capital, it would have accumulated more than three times as much manufactured capital between 1980 and 2005. Report of the Commission on the www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr Measurement of Economic and Social Progress In 2010, the ANS rate was 10.4 percent of GNI for the world as a whole, 18 percent for low- and middle-income countries, and Environmental Economics at the www.worldbank.org/ 7.1 percent for high-income countries. World Bank environmentaleconomics Rich and poor 27 How poor is poor? Poverty and hunger remain, but fewer people live in extreme poverty. Between 1981 and 2008, the proportion of people in the developing world living on less than $1.25 a day fell from 52 to 22 percent, and nearly 650 million people were lifted out of poverty. Despite the 2008 financial crisis and food and fuel price increases, Man selling household goods out of a cart in the global poverty has continued to slum district of Bangalore, India fall, but progress has been uneven quality public services and infrastructure, and more than a billion people and by protecting vulnerable people such remain in dire need. as women, children, and the elderly. There is no single solution; the best strategies Poverty is found everywhere that poor will depend on the circumstances in each health and lack of education deprive country. people of productive employment; where Definitions of poverty vary from country environmental resources have been depleted to country. A poverty line set at $1.25 a or spoiled; and where corruption, conflict, day in 2005 purchasing power is used by and bad governance waste public resources the World Bank as the working definition and discourage private investment. Poverty of extreme poverty. It represents the level needs to be tackled on many fronts: by of consumption of the poorest people in creating more and better jobs, delivering the poorest countries of the world. Since While the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day has fallen, the number living on between $1.25 and $2.00 a day has increased People living in poverty (billions) 3.0 People living on more than $1.25 and less than $2.00 a day 2.5 All developing regions 2.0 People living on less than $1.25 a day Other developing regions 1.5 East Asia & Pacific 1.0 South Asia 0.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.0 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 Source: World Bank, PovcalNet – an online poverty analysis tool, iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index 28 Purchasing power parity (PPP) and the international poverty line Children from poor households are more likely to die before reaching age 5 To measure poverty in the world as a whole, a common standard is required. Because market exchange rates tend to understate the real incomes of developing Under-5 mortality rate (10 year rate, per 1,000 live births), countries and overstate the extent of poverty, PPPs are used to compare income and MRY 2005–2011 consumption levels between countries. PPPs are calculated to compensate for differences in the price of goods and services between countries. The result is a Mali conversion factor that can be used like an exchange rate to convert values in one Guinea currency into those of a reference currency (such as the U.S. dollar). In 2008, new Nigeria PPP estimates for 2005 became available from the International Comparison Sierra Leone Program. The World Bank's original ‘$1 a day’ international poverty line was based on Liberia the poverty lines in the world's poorest countries. By focusing on the standards of Congo, Dem. Rep. the poorest countries, the $1 a day line gave the global poverty measure a salience Uganda in focusing on the world's poorest. Using the new 2005 PPP rates, the international Rwanda poverty line was revised to $1.25 a day, which is the average poverty line of the 10 to Malawi 20 poorest countries in the world. Congo, Rep. Ethiopia Swaziland 1981, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in Haiti the developing world has fallen from 52 percent to 22 percent Senegal Pakistan (as of 2008). In absolute terms, the number of people living in Tanzania India extreme poverty fell from nearly 2 billion in 1981 to less than Ghana 1.3 billion in 2008. Kenya Madagascar But global success in reducing extreme poverty over Timor-Leste the past three decades has disguised uneven progress Zimbabwe Bolivia across regions. The greatest drop occurred in East Asia and Bangladesh the Pacific, where the poverty rate fell from 84 percent in São Tomé and Príncipe Namibia 1981 to 13 percent in 2008 and the number of people living Cambodia on less than $1.25 a day fell by 662 million. In South Asia, Nepal Azerbaijan the poverty rate fell from 61 percent to 36 percent over the Indonesia same period. However, due to rapid population growth, the Philippines Honduras number of extremely poor people in the region increased and Dominican Republic only returned to the 1981 level by 2008. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt Armenia the poverty rate rose from 52 percent in 1981 to 58 percent in Maldives 1999, as many countries suffered a long period of civil discord Moldova Colombia Richest quintile Poorest quintile and slow growth. By 2005, the number of people living in Albania Average Ukraine extreme poverty had almost doubled. But the poverty rate 0 50 100 150 200 250 fell to 48 percent in 2008, and the number of people living Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 2005–2009 in extreme poverty fell to 386 million. Africa’s success was echoed everywhere: between 2005 and 2008, both the poverty progress in reducing their numbers rate and the number of poor people fell in all six developing has been slow. The number of people regions for the first time since the World Bank began living on between $1.25 and $2 a day monitoring global poverty. is expected to remain constant at Rising incomes have brought more countries into middle- about 1.2 billion for the next decade. income status, so that nearly three-quarters of the world’s These are still very poor people whose poor people now live in middle-income countries. In many prospects will improve only through of these countries, a poverty line of $2 a day or higher is continued growth. more representative of the extent of serious poverty. There are almost 2.5 billion people living on $2 a day or less, and Rich and poor 29 poverty share of population living on less Greenland (Den) than $1.25 a day (2005 PPP), 2008 Faeroe 50.0% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 25.0–49.9% The Netherlands 10.0–24.9% C a n a d a United 2.0–9.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland less than 2.0% Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Monaco Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) Portugal (UK) British Virgin Middle East & North Africa Morocco Islands (UK) The Bahamas 1990: 13 million Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 2008: 9 million Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Kiribati Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 1990: 53 million 2008: 37 million Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Public services are lacking in slum areas People living on less than $1.25 a day Number of people (millions, most recent Developing country data 2005–2010) India 568 China 276 Nigeria 108 Bangladesh 64 Indonesia 64 Congo, Dem. Rep. 51 Pakistan 35 Ethiopia 29 Tanzania 28 Philippines 17 30 Europe & Central Asia 1990: 9 million 2008: 2 million Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Niger Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) 1990: 926 million Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 2008: 284 million Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 1990: 617 million Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 2008: 571 million Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 1990: 290 million 2008: 386 million New Zealand Population living on less than $1.25 a day, 1990, 2008 Facts Internet links Two-thirds of the world's poor people live in the world's three World Bank—PovcalNet iresearch.worldbank.org/ most populous middle-income countries: China, India, and Online Poverty Analysis Tool PovcalNet Indonesia. While Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty rate, South Asia World Bank Poverty & povertydata.worldbank.org/ has the most people living in extreme poverty. Equity Data Website poverty/home China reduced its extreme poverty rate from 84 percent in 1981 to 13 percent in 2008 and lifted 662 million people out of poverty. World Bank—Country www-wds.worldbank.org (go to ‘By Doc Type’ in the left-hand bar and Although extreme poverty occurs mostly in rural areas, urban Poverty Assessment select ‘Poverty Assessment’ from ‘Economic slums also have high poverty rates. and Sector Work’) Preliminary survey-based estimates indicate that the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty from its 1990 level by 2015 United Nations Millennium www.unmillenniumproject.org has been achieved at the global level in 2010. Project Rich and poor 31 Population growth and In developing countries, life expectancy at birth increased steadily, from 47 years transition in 1960 to 68 years in 2010. Fertility rates The world is undergoing rapid declined, but at 2.6 births per woman, they remain well above those of high-income demographic change, resulting countries, fueling population growth as from changes in the key births exceed deaths. Fertility rates are determinants of population particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa, growth and structure: fertility, averaging five births per woman in 2010. mortality, and migration. By 2050, In high-income countries, life expectancy there will be 9 billion people, has reached 80 years, 11 years longer than in most living in today’s developing 1960. The increase in life expectancy has coincided with income growth. With countries. More people will a fertility rate of 1.8 births per woman— live in cities and the average well below replacement level—the average age will increase, bringing new age of the population will rise, and opportunities and challenges. population size may fall in the absence of immigration. A majority of international The world’s population grew at an migrants are from developing countries, extraordinary rate in the 20th century— and these migrants make up a significant from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 billion in part of population growth in industrial 2000, reaching 6.9 billion in 2010. Eighty- countries. However, the number of migrants four percent of the world’s people live in leaving most developing countries is too developing countries. East and South Asia, small to have much impact on the countries’ with half the world’s population in 1960, population growth. added 2 billion people over 50 years. Sub- The world’s population is expected to Saharan Africa, whose population more than grow to 7.2 billion in 2015 and 7.9 billion tripled in the same time period, from 230 in 2025, with more than 90 percent of the million to 850 million, grew fastest. growth occurring in developing countries. East and South Asia hold half the world’s population, but population growth has been fastest in Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia High-income Population (millions) Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Source: World Bank, HealthStats database 32 Fertility rates are falling, but they remain highest in Sub-Saharan Africa More than 90 percent of population growth will occur in developing countries, particularly East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia High-income Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Total fertility rate (births per woman) Share of population increase by region, 2010–2030 8 East Asia & 7 High-income Pacific 7% 12% Europe & Central Asia 6 1% Latin America & 5 Caribbean 8% 4 Sub-Saharan Middle East & Africa North Africa 3 37% 8% 2 1 South Asia 27% 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Source: World Bank, HealthStats database Urbanization will intensify. About 90 percent of the additional population will be in urban areas. A third of The population is aging in both developing and high-income countries people in urban areas will live in slums that lack basic social services such as clean water and sanitation and Population ages 65 and older Population ages 15–64 decent housing. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 60 percent Population ages 0–14 Age structure (% of total population) of urban dwellers will live in slums. 100 The average age of the population will increase as 6 8 10 fertility slows and people live longer. About 20 percent of 90 16 18 21 the population will be 65 years and older in high-income countries in 2025. The population will age at a higher rate 80 in developing countries, although the share of elderly will 70 remain lower than in high-income countries. In 2025, 9 percent of the population in developing countries will be 60 65 66 66 65 or older, a 42 percent increase since 2010. 50 67 65 Future population growth, mainly concentrated in 62 urban areas, poses challenges for many countries. Those 40 that cannot meet the needs of their current populations will be hard pressed to provide more schools, health care, 30 employment opportunities, and infrastructure for growing 20 populations. Although cities offer more favorable settings 29 26 to deliver services because of their advantages of scale and 10 24 17 17 17 proximity, the challenge is how to take advantage of their 0 possibilities. Aging populations bring their own burden of 2010 2020 2030 2010 2020 2030 Developing countries High-income countries chronic and noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease Source: World Bank, HealthStats database and stroke, cancer, and diabetes. Such diseases currently account for 60 percent of all deaths, and they are rapidly increasing in developing countries, putting additional pressure on health budgets. People 33 population growth annual average growth rate, 2000–2011 Greenland (Den) 3.0% or more Faeroe 2.0–2.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0–1.9% The Netherlands 0.0–0.9% C a n a d a United less than 0.0% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco Islands (UK) The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 1.8% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de Barbados d'Ivoire Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 1.2% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Father and son in Bhutan Countries with the largest population in 2020 Projected population Rank Country (millions) 1 India 1,385 2 China 1,382 3 United States 335 4 Indonesia 262 5 Brazil 210 6 Pakistan 205 7 Nigeria 204 8 Bangladesh 167 9 Russian Federation 139 10 Mexico 126 34 Europe & Central Asia 0.2% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 0.8% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 1.5% Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5% New Zealand Facts Internet links It took human history up to the early 1800s to reach 1 billion UN Population www.un.org/popin people; today the world gains 1 billion people every 12 to 14 years. Information Network The world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, with UN Population Fund www.unfpa.org virtually all population growth occurring in developing countries. Demographic and www.measuredhs.com Sub-Saharan Africa will experience the largest proportional increase Health Surveys in population, from 12 percent of the world’s population today to 21 percent by 2050, while East Asia and the Pacific’s share, which World Bank—HealthStats datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp stands at 29 percent today, is expected to fall to 23 percent by 2050. Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org Almost all population growth between 2008 and 2030 will occur in urban areas, the vast majority of them in developing countries. U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov People 35 life expectancy life expectancy at birth, 2010 Greenland (Den) less than 50 years Faeroe 50–59 years Islands Iceland (Den) 60–69 years The Netherlands 70–74 years C a n a d a United 75 years or more Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Morocco Islands (UK) The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican 72 years Western Republic Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 74 years Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina A child in Sub-Saharan Africa can only expect to reach, Economies with the longest and shortest on average, the age of 54 life expectancies, 2010 Longest Years San Marino 83 Japan 83 Hong Kong SAR, China 83 Switzerland 82 Italy 82 Shortest Congo, Dem. Rep. 48 Guinea-Bissau 48 Central African Republic 48 Sierra Leone 47 Lesotho 47 36 Europe & Central Asia 71 years Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 72 years Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 65 years Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 54 years New Zealand Facts Internet links Life expectancy at birth has reached 80 years in high-income UN Population www.un.org/popin countries, 11 years longer than in 1960. Information Network In 1960, life expectancy in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa was 43 years and 41 years, respectively, but today there is a 11-year gap UN Population Fund www.unfpa.org between South Asia (65 years) and Sub-Saharan Africa (54 years). Life expectancy for Zimbabwe and Swaziland is over 10 years Demographic and www.measuredhs.com shorter today than in 1990, the result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Health Surveys Male life expectancy in Europe and Central Asia fell from 64 years to 61 years between 1988 and 1994. Life expectancy started to World Bank—HealthStats datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp recover and was back to 66 years in 2010. Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org In four countries, all of them in Europe and Central Asia, female life expectancy is longer than male life expectancy by more than 10 years. U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov People 37 Children at work The number of working children ages 5–17 fell by 30 million between 2000 and 2008. There are 215 million child The progress was significant among the laborers across the developing younger child laborers ages 5–14, but the world. Some perform simple tasks population of the older working children ages 15–17 still grew. Sixty percent of child within the family; others endure laborers are found in agriculture, and long hours in harsh and damaging 68 percent work for their own families conditions. Children’s work without pay. interferes with their education and Fewer children are working in hazardous can impede physical and mental occupations. The ratio of children in development, reducing their hazardous occupations to all child laborers prospects for leading healthy and improved to 54 percent in 2008 from productive lives. 70 percent in 2000. Boys are more likely to be engaged in hazardous work. Asia and the Pacific had the largest population of children Fewer young children are available to enter the labor force in hazardous occupations while Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the highest incidence in Number of child laborers (millions) 5−14 years 200 15−17 years 2008. Exposure to workplace hazards at an early age has consequences for children’s 160 immediate safety and long-term health. 120 A substantial proportion of working children manage to attend school, at least 80 some of the time, but children cannot benefit from their time in the classroom if 40 they are tired or stressed by work or made 0 2000 2004 2008 ill by hazardous working conditions. And Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating action against child labor, Geneva many drop out early to devote more time As age increases, children are more involved in economic activity Child activity status by age (7–14 years), Zambia (%), 2005 Child activity status by age (15–17 years), Zambia (%), 2005 Neither activity Neither activity 11.8% 6.9% School exclusively Economic activity 35.2% Economic activity exclusively 12.4% exclusively 21.4% School exclusively 40.3% Both activities 35.5% Both activities 36.5% Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW) calculation based on Zambia Labour Force Survey, 2005 38 Sub-Saharan Africa has a large share of children doing hazardous work The number of working children increased during an economic downturn (2002–2003) Children in hazardous occupations by region (5−17 age group, % of total children), 2008 20 Children ages 10−14 years in R.B. Venezuela, by activity status (%) 100 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 0 No Work Work and School Asia & Latin America & Sub-Saharan Other activities only school only Pacific * Caribbean * Africa * regions * Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW), 2006, Child labour in Source: International Labour Office, 2010, Accelerating action against child labor, Geneva * ILO region Venezuela: children’s economic vulnerability to macroeconomic shocks to work. Especially during financial crises, increased rates Child labor, for too long seen as of child labor and school dropout can be observed. In the an isolated issue, not only is a serious little time available to them, children balancing school and violation of the rights of children, it work are deprived of leisure and rest. Girls are particularly also has broader consequences for disadvantaged, as they often undertake household chores national development. Because child after work. However, their situation may be improving, labor cuts across many development evidenced by the 15 percent decrease in the number of girl issues including schooling, health child laborers. care, labor market conditions, labor The effects of child labor extend into adulthood. Lacking standards and legislation, and adequate education, young people are likely to wind up in social protection, it requires action low-paid, insecure work, or to be unemployed. They are more by governments, employers, labor likely to be self-employed or in unpaid family work rather than organizations, and schools as well as paid employment. They also suffer from lower productivity, by families themselves. social stigma, and lower job aspirations. Boy tending field of potatoes with his Long hours of work affect children’s health family in Brazil Reported work-related ill health, children ages 5–17 years (%), by hours worked, 2001–2003 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1–10 hours 11–20 hours 21–30 hours 31–40 hours 40+ hours Bangladesh Brazil Cambodia Source: Understanding Children's Work (UCW), 2004, Impact of working time on children's health Education 39 children at work economically active children as a share of children Greenland (Den) ages 7–14, 1996–2010, most recent year available Faeroe 40.0% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 25.0–39.9% The Netherlands 15.0–24.9% C a n a d a United 5.0–14.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland less than 5.0% Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos Dominican Mexico Islands (UK) Republic Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Children on their way home from farmwork, Son La province, northern Vietnam Highest proportion of working children Children at work (% of children ages 7–14, Rank Country most recent year 2006–2010) 1 Benin 74.4 2 Sierra Leone 53.7 3 Guinea-Bissau 50.5 4 Ghana 48.9 5 Niger 47.1 6 Côte d’Ivoire 45.7 7 South Sudan 45.6 8 Somalia 43.5 9 Cameroon 43.4 10 Peru 42.2 40 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links More boys are engaged in child labor than girls, except for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lao P.D.R., and Nepal. But there Understanding Children’s www.ucw-project.org are wide variations among countries. In Bangladesh and Nicaragua, Work Project the gender difference is more than 10 percentage points. More than 75 percent of child laborers in Morocco, Pakistan, and UNICEF Childinfo— www.childinfo.org/ South Sudan do not attend school, while almost all working children Child Labor labour.html in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine attend school. In the Kyrgyz Republic, Romania, and Timor-Leste, over 97 percent of International Labour www.ilo.org/global/topics/ working children are engaged in the agricultural sector. In Chile, the Organization— child-labour/lang--en/ Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, 60 to 70 percent of child laborers Child Labor index.htm work in the service sector and fewer than 30 percent in agriculture. Education 41 Education opens doors Progress has been made toward universal primary education since 1990. In 2010, The promise of full primary 89 percent of the world’s school-age education for everyone by 2015 children were enrolled in primary schools. has been around since 1990. Primary completion rates—the proportion of children completing the last year of primary Enrollment rates are rising, but school—measure progress toward this many children still do not start, goal. In East Asia and the Pacific, Europe attend, or complete primary and Central Asia, and Latin America and school. A good quality education the Caribbean, most children enroll in and is key to sustainable development complete primary school. But South Asia and and poverty alleviation and Sub-Saharan Africa, with primary completion accelerates improvement in rates of just 88 and 70 percent, respectively, other areas. lag far behind. Worldwide, some 60 million primary school-age children remained out of school in 2010. About 75 percent of Primary completion rates have improved, those were in South Asia and Sub-Saharan but regional differences remain Africa. There are many reasons children Primary completion rate (% of relevant age group) 120 drop out or never attend school. Schools may be inaccessible or inadequate; teachers 100 may be absent or indifferent, especially 80 in rural areas; parents may not be able to afford school-related costs; or there may 60 be demands for children’s labor and their 40 income. Children in poor families and those living in rural areas are less likely to enroll 20 and attend school and more likely to drop 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 1991 2010 0 a out earlier. sia & e& a& st & Asi ran t A cific rop sia mericbean le Ea frica outh aha ica Eas Pa Eu ral A n t i n A rib a i d M Nor d hA t S Sub-S Afr Enrollment and completion rates are Ce Lat C Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics important measures of education, but they Children from poor families and those living in rural areas are less likely to complete schooling Primary completion rate by wealth quintile Poorest quintile Years of schooling by urban-rural residence, Urban (% of relevant age group), 2008 Richest quintile ages 15–19, Nigeria, 2008 (%) Rural 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Madagascar Nigeria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year of schooling Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey Source: World Bank Edstats database 42 Rural children walking to school near Ulundi in Kwa-Zulu Natal, to create and apply knowledge. This South Africa is usually achieved through strong secondary and tertiary education systems. While all regions have made progress in expanding secondary and tertiary enrollments between 1991 and 2010, disparities remain between regions, and by gender, household wealth, and rural/urban location. Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean have enrollment rates of about 90 percent in secondary education, but only Europe and Central Asia has tertiary enrollment reaching 50 percent. In do not always indicate successful education. Some students Sub-Saharan Africa, where primary complete primary school without acquiring adequate literacy enrollment is lower than all other and numeracy skills. Hence there is an increased focus on regions, the secondary enrollment ratio measuring and monitoring education quality and learning is even lower, about 40 percent, and a achievement. Many countries conduct national assessments to huge gender gap persists: the ratio of monitor progress in learning outcome, but differences persist. female to male secondary enrollment is Results from international assessments, such as the Progress for only 82 percent. Achieving widespread International Student Achievement (PISA) and Southern and and equitable access to education will Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality remain a development goal for many (SACMEQ), reveal large achievement gaps among countries, years to come. especially between developing and developed countries. Achievements in secondary and tertiary enrollment vary among regions Beyond primary schooling Gross enrollment ratio (% of relevant age group), 2010 To compete in today’s knowledge-driven economy and shifting 100 global markets, countries need a flexible, skilled work force, able Secondary Tertiary 80 Standardized tests reveal achievement gaps Average mathematics score on the SACMEQ exam, 2007 Female 60 700 Male 600 40 500 400 20 300 0 200 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca ric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E e 100 b-S Am Eas So dd Su in Mi Lat 0 Zambia South Africa Tanzania Mauritius Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Source: World Bank Edstats database Education 43 education for all primary completion rate, 2007–2011, Greenland (Den) most recent year available Faeroe less than 50% Islands Iceland (Den) 50–69% The Netherlands 70–84% C a n a d a United 85–94% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 95% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 91% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 102%* Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina *Primary completion rate can exceed 100 percent because it can include children who are older or younger than the official school age Preschool micro-project in Armenia Lowest primary completion rates, 2007–2011 Completion rate Rank Country (%, MRY 2007–2011) 1 Chad 35 2 Djibouti 36 3 Eritrea 40 4 Central African Republic 43 5 Burkina Faso 45 6 Niger 46 7 Angola 47 8 Equatorial Guinea 52 9 Mali 55 10 Burundi 56 44 Europe & Central Asia 98% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 97% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania Comoros South Asia Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte (Fr) 88% Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 70% New Zealand Facts Internet links There are 60 million children of primary school age who are out UNESCO—Education www.unesco.org/new/en/ of school. About 50 percent of them are in Sub-Saharan Africa. education/ UNESCO Institute for Statistics www.uis.unesco.org Latin America and the Caribbean has one of the highest primary World Bank Edstats data.worldbank.org/ net enrollment rates at 95 percent, but also one of the highest data-catalog/ed-stats percentage of repeaters at 8 percent—the same level as that of Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest net enrollment ratio. Demographic and www.measuredhs.com Health Surveys In Sub-Saharan Africa, the adult literacy gap between men and UNICEF Childinfo—Education www.childinfo.org/ women is more than 20 percentage points. The gap is much education.html smaller among young people ages 15–24, reflecting the recent improvement in education participation. UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg Education 45 Gender equality and students in secondary and tertiary education. Women make up 40 percent of the global development labor force and 43 percent of the world’s Women around the world have farmers. Moreover, as women have gained better access to health services, their health made unprecedented progress in outcomes have improved dramatically in education, health, and access to the last two decades. More women than some labor market opportunities ever now have access to antenatal care and in the past quarter century. birth assistance provided by trained health However, gender inequality professionals. Women also live longer than still has a significant effect on men in every region of the world. many aspects of women’s lives. Yet progress has not come evenly to all countries or to all women or along all Established institutions may be dimensions of gender equality. Women and unfavorable to women, while girls still face discrimination and constraints societal and cultural norms often in different areas of their lives. Gender limit their economic opportunities, gaps in secondary and tertiary education which in turn constrain their social remain persistent in regions like South and political influence. Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. In almost all countries, The last quarter century has witnessed an societal norms and expectations have unprecedented narrowing of gender gaps strong influences on the choice of subjects in education, health, and access to some of studies in higher education by men and labor market opportunities. Gender gaps women. Social and cultural stereotyping also in primary schooling have been closed, and biases the roles and remuneration of women in one-third of the developing countries, in the labor market. Despite a high female female students now outnumber male labor force participation rate, the types of Secondary and tertiary enrollment rates of girls are Despite narrowing gender gaps in education, much lower than those of boys in Sub-Saharan Africa, women are more likely than men to work as South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa unpaid family workers Female-male ratio of gross enrollment ratios (%), 2010 Contributing family workers as a percentage of Male employed males and females (%), 2010 Female East Asia & 50 Pacific Europe & 40 Central Asia Latin America & 30 Caribbean Middle East & 20 North Africa 10 South Asia Sub-Saharan 0 Africa Europe & Latin Middle East & South Asia High- Central Asia America & North Africa income 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Caribbean countries Primary Secondary Tertiary Developing regions with available data Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labor Market database 46 Women in wealthier households are more likely to have their babies In many countries, a noticeably higher delivered by skilled health professionals than those from poorer households percentage of men than women have an account at a formal financial institution Percentage of births assisted by skilled health personnel (%) 100 Percentage of females and males (age 15+) who 98.8 97.3 have an account at a formal financial institution (%) 90.4 90 100 85.9 Richest 20% Female 80 90 Male-female gap 71.0 70 80 60 70 50.4 56.3 60 50 50 40 39.4 40 30 National 30 average 20 20.6 20 12.4 Poorest 20% 10 10 8.7 2.9 0 0 Ethiopia Timor-Leste Nigeria Nepal Bolivia Cambodia Uganda India Morocco Turkey Costa China Rica Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 2008–2011 Source: Global Findex, World Bank employment and the levels of earnings of women are generally The many biases and constraints inferior to those of men. Women, especially poor women, women face in different stages of their also bear a disproportionate share of domestic and care- lives leave a vast number of them giving responsibilities, leaving them very little time for market isolated and without bargaining and activities. In addition, women among disadvantaged groups decision-making power, whether within still lack access to services such as transportation, education, the household, in the marketplace, in and health care. Inadequate delivery of health services in the civil society, or in politics. rural areas and among the poorest individuals places women Evidence has shown that growth at a higher risk of death during infancy, childhood, and and economic development alone do reproductive years. Women also have less access than men to not lead to gender equality in all its productive assets and services, such as land, capital, financial dimensions. Public action plays an services, and information communication technologies (ICTs). important role. Promoting gender equality has received heightened There has been progress in the past decade, but women still hold less than a quarter of parliamentary seats attention and commitment of the Percentage of seats held by women in international development community 2002 lower or single house (%) 2012 in recent years. Ongoing public efforts 30 need to be intensified in four priority 25 areas: reducing excess female mortality 20 and closing the remaining gender gaps in education, improving access 15 to economic opportunities for women, 10 increasing women’s voice and agency 5 in the household and in society, and 0 limiting the reproduction of gender inequality across generations. OE me, rib a & Afr & al A & Pac ia & a Afr ran Asi n CD ica sia ific ica rth ast ntr pe bea Ca eric aha co s uth Ce Euro tA No dle E -in b-S Am Eas So gh d Su in Hi Mi Lat Source: Inter Parliamentary Union (data represent the situation as of May 31 of the year) Gender 47 gender equity in education ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary Greenland (Den) education, 2007–2011, most recent year available Faeroe less than 80% Islands Iceland (Den) 80–89% 90–97% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 98–100% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 101% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 96% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 102%* Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina *Primary and secondary completion rates can exceed 100 percent because they can include children who are older or younger than the official school age Countries with lowest ratio of girls to boys Students taking year-end exams at Martyr Kardi School in gross enrollment rates in primary and Sana’a, Yemen secondary education, MRY 2007–2011 Rank Developing country Ratio (%) 1 Somalia 53 2 Afghanistan 64 3 Chad 66 4 Central African Republic 69 5 Yemen, Rep. 75 6 Togo 75 7 Guinea 77 8 Niger 78 9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 79 10 Angola 79 48 Europe & Central Asia 97% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 102%* Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 91% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 88% New Zealand Facts Internet links In 2010, 64 percent of the 800 million illiterate adults (ages World Bank data.worldbank.org/gender 15 and above) in the world were women—a share that has Gender Data Portal remained unchanged since 1990. The gross enrollment ratio of girls in secondary and tertiary World Development Report 2012: www.worldbank.org/wdr2012 education in the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and Gender Equality and Development Sub-Saharan Africa is still considerably lower than that of boys. The Little Data Book on data.worldbank.org/products/ Gender stereotyping in education largely reflects societal norms and Gender 2011 data-books/little-data-book- expectations and has implications for gender gaps in job placement on-gender and earnings. In many countries, females constitute 70 to 90 percent of the total university graduates in education and health, but only 10 UNESCO Institute for Statistics www.uis.unesco.org to 30 percent in law, engineering, manufacturing and construction. Some countries have experienced reverse gender gaps in school UNICEF Childinfo—Education www.childinfo.org/ enrollment, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels. Male education.html disadvantage in education needs to be closely monitored. Gender 49 gender equity in the labor market Greenland (Den) ratio of female to male labor Faeroe participation, 2010 Islands (Den) Iceland less than 55% The Netherlands 55–69% C a n a d a United Kingdom 70–79% Isle of Man (UK) Ireland 80–85% Channel Islands (UK) 86% or more Luxembourg Fra no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 25% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 40% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries with lowest ratio of female to male Woman at work in the fields near Nongma village, southwest China labor participation rates, 2010 Rank Developing country Ratio (%) 1 Syrian Arab Republic 18 2 Afghanistan 19 3 Algeria 21 4 Iraq 21 5 West Bank and Gaza 22 6 Iran, Islamic Rep. 22 7 Jordan 23 8 Pakistan 27 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 32 10 Lebanon 32 50 Europe & Central Asia 44% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 45% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 29% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 42% New Zealand Facts Internet links Women are more likely than men to be vulnerable workers—that is, World Bank data.worldbank.org/gender less likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against Gender Data Portal economic shocks. In developing countries, 65 percent of women were in vulnerable jobs in 2010 compared with 57 percent for men. World Development Report 2012: www.worldbank.org/wdr2012 Gender Equality and Development In almost all countries, including high-income countries, women are more likely than men to engage in low-productivity activities, International Labour Organization, www.ilo.org/empelm/what/ and they are more likely to be employed in informal sectors. As a Key Indicators of the Labour Market WCMS_114240/lang--en/ result, women earn only 10 to 80 percent of what men earn. index.htm Women shoulder a much larger burden in household chores than men do. For example, the time women spend on fetching water each The Global Financial Inclusion go.worldbank.org/ day can be two to four times the time men spend. (Global Findex) Database VMW3ST4CQ0 Women’s political participation remains low in both developed and Women in National Parliaments, www.ipu.org/wmn-e/ developing countries. Only 20 percent of the parliamentary seats Inter-Parliamentary Union world.htm were occupied by women globally by mid-2012. Gender 51 Children under 5— prevention, prevention of mother-child HIV transmission, and increased access to struggling to survive antiretroviral drugs, safe drinking water, and Seven million children died before sanitation have all contributed to the decline. Child mortality is increasingly their fifth birthday in 2011, the concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and vast majority from causes that are South Asia, where under-5 mortality rates preventable through a combination were 109 and 62 per 1,000, respectively, of good care, nutrition, and simple in 2011. In high-income countries the medical treatment. Child mortality mortality rate is less than one-tenth those. is closely linked to poverty, and Half of all child deaths occurred in only poor children are twice as likely five countries—India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Pakistan, and China. to die before their fifth birthday India and Nigeria together account for compared with children from one-third of all under-5 deaths worldwide. rich families. Under-5 mortality is higher among children living in rural areas and in poorer Child mortality has improved in every households. These children are less likely to region since 1970, when one in six children have access to good-quality health care or to died before the age of 5. By 2011, this avail themselves of these services. rate had fallen to 1 in 18 children. Latin Good childcare practices such as early America and the Caribbean and the Middle and exclusive breastfeeding, and low- East and North Africa made the greatest cost treatments and interventions such as progress: in 2011, child mortality there antibiotics for respiratory infections, oral was less than one-sixth the level of 1970. rehydration for diarrhea, immunization, and Much of the improvement in these regions the use of insecticide-treated bednets and occurred among the poorest segments of appropriate drugs in malarial regions, can the population. Better health care and public prevent many unnecessary deaths. However, health measures such as immunization, use only 34 percent of children sleep under of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria insecticide-treated bednets in Sub-Saharan Child mortality rates have declined over four decades Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia High-income 250 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 200 150 100 50 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation 52 Children of a slum-dwelling family have a high risk of dying before Except in Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of the age of 5 under-5 deaths has fallen significantly Number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 1990 5,000 2011 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 a e Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi com ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in b-S Am Eas So gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation Africa, where 90 percent of malaria deaths occur. More than 30 percent of children in South Asia with respiratory infections Children in poor households are more likely are not taken to health providers and 16 percent of children to die than children in rich households in developing countries lack immunization against measles. Under-5 mortality rate Poorest (per 1,000) by wealth quintile Improved public services, such as safe water and sanitation Richest 120 and education, especially for girls and mothers, can help save 100 children’s lives. Greater effort is needed to make sure these 80 services reach poor families and people in rural areas, because 60 they suffer the most and are the hardest to reach. 40 20 Nutrition and child mortality 0 More than one-third of child deaths are attributable to Bolivia 2008 Madagascar 2008–2009 malnutrition, which weakens children’s immune systems Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and reduces resistance to diseases. The process often begins at birth, when poorly nourished mothers give birth to Children living in rural areas are more likely to die than children in urban areas underweight babies. Improper feeding and childcare practices Under-5 mortality rate Urban worsen malnutrition. In developing countries, nearly 30 percent (per 1,000) urban/rural location Rural of children under 5 are stunted (that is, too short for their 100 age) as a result of chronic malnutrition. Breast milk alone 80 is the ideal nourishment for infants for the first six months, 60 providing all of the nutrients as well as antibodies that help 40 to prevent disease. However, exclusive breastfeeding is often 20 stopped in favor of commercial breast milk substitutes or early introduction of solid or soft foods. Fewer than 40 percent of 0 Bolivia Madagascar 2008 2008–2009 infants under six months in developing countries enjoy the Source: Demographic and Health Surveys benefit of exclusive breastfeeding. Health 53 child mortality under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 2011 Greenland (Den.) 100 or more Faeroe 35–99 Islands Iceland (Den) 20–34 The Netherlands 10–19 C a n a d a United less than 10 Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 32 Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 19 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Man with sick child in waiting room of local hospital in Africa Highest under-5 mortality rate, 2011 Under-5 mortality rate Rank Country (per 1,000 live births) 1 Sierra Leone 185 2 Somalia 180 3 Mali 176 4 Chad 169 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 168 6 Central African Republic 164 7 Guinea-Bissau 161 8 Angola 158 9 Burkina Faso 146 10 Burundi 139 54 Europe & Central Asia 21 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 21 Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 62 Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 109 New Zealand Facts Internet links 6.9 million children a year die before their fifth birthday, UNICEF Childinfo— www.childinfo.org/ approximately 40 percent of them during their first four Child Mortality mortality.html weeks of life. World Health Organization— www.who.int/child_adolescent_ Maternal, Newborn, Child and health/data/child/en Substantial progress has been made toward reducing child mortality. Adolescent Health In 2011, 14,000 fewer children under age 5 died every day compared with 1990, and the rate of decline in under-5 mortality increased World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00 between 2000 and 2011. Demographic and www.measuredhs.com Health Surveys Four diseases—pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and AIDS— accounted for 38 percent of all deaths in children under 5 UN Millennium unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg worldwide in 2010. Development Goals Inter-agency Group for www.childmortality.org/ The number of child deaths has significantly decreased since 1990 Child Mortality Estimation in all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa. database (CME Info) Health 55 malnourished children proportion of children under 5 Greenland (Den) who are underweight, 2005–2011, most recent year available Faeroe Islands Iceland (Den) 30.0% or more 20.0–29.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 10.0–19.9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) less than 10.0% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 6% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Latin America & Caribbean Kiribati French Guiana Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 3% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Malnourished children are vulnerable to diseases Highest rates of malnutrition, 2005–2011 Prevalence of child Rank Country stunting (%) 1 Burundi 58 2 Timor-Leste 58 3 Niger 55 4 Madagascar 49 5 Guatemala 48 6 India 48 7 Malawi 48 8 Lao P.D.R. 48 9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 46 10 Zambia 46 56 Europe & Central Asia 1% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates Bangladesh India Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 5% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Dem. Rep. Rwanda of Congo Indonesia Nauru Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 33% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 21% New Zealand Facts Internet links Malnutrition is an underlying cause for more than one-third of all child deaths worldwide. WHO Global Database on www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en Child Growth and Nutrition Nearly one-fifth of children under 5 (about 100 million) in developing countries are underweight. UNICEF Childinfo— www.childinfo.org/ Undernutrition undernutrition.html South Asia has the highest prevalence of underweight children. One-third of children under 5 are underweight. Latin America and the Caribbean has the lowest prevalence of underweight children UNICEF Health Statistics www.unicef.org/health/index_ at 3 percent. statistics.html Children in rural areas are nearly twice as likely to be underweight as those in urban areas, and poor children are more than twice as FAO Food Security Statistics www.fao.org/publications/ likely to be underweight as rich children. sofi/en/ Health 57 Improving the after delivery. Care by skilled health staff is crucial for handling normal deliveries safely, health of mothers recognizing the onset of complications, and Having a baby is a happy event. referring the mother for emergency care as needed. Less than half of births in South But for many mothers, it is also Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are attended life-threatening. More than by skilled health staff, compared with 280,000 women die each year from 99 percent in high-income countries. pregnancy-related causes. Over Prenatal care during pregnancy is 99 percent of all maternal deaths important for the health and wellbeing of occur in developing countries— mothers and their infants. The World 85 percent in poor countries in Health Organization recommends that every woman have at least four prenatal Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. visits during pregnancy. But only 56 percent Most of these deaths are avoidable of women in developing countries receive with access to health care and such a level of care, and 19 percent receive prompt medical procedures. no prenatal care. In any country, poor women are much less likely to receive care The risk of maternal death is often rooted during pregnancy and childbirth from in a poor childhood. When malnourished skilled health staff. girls become mothers, they are more Maternal deaths are both caused by vulnerable to complications or death during poverty and a cause of it. A mother’s death delivery. These mothers often do not have is not just a human tragedy but also an adequate access to health care before, economic and social catastrophe for the during, and after pregnancy, resulting in family. Her children lose the opportunity of untreated complications and higher risk of a mother’s nurture and too often the chance death. The majority of all maternal deaths of education, leading the family even further occur just before, during, or immediately into poverty. Women in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are Mothers in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa still at higher risk of dying during childbirth lack adequate health care during childbirth Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) Births attended by skilled health staff (%) 1,000 100 800 80 600 60 400 40 200 0 20 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 East Asia & Pacific South Asia 0 rib a & a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & Afr & Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Asi n ica sia ica ific rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s th Ce Euro Latin America & Caribbean High-income tA No dle E u b-S Am Eas So Middle East & North Africa d Su in Mi Lat Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and World Bank, 2012, Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010 Source: UNICEF, The state of the world's children 2012 58 Compounding the risks of poor reproductive health care become a form of social contraception are poorly timed and inadequately spaced births, which expose for women. A woman’s education women to frequent pregnancies in short intervals. Although provides knowledge and skills to cheap and easy methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies improve the nutritional and health are available, every year more than 100 million couples, or status of the family and build job skills 17 percent of married women, wanting to avoid pregnancy that allow her to join the workforce do not use contraception. As a result, 50 percent of all and marry later in life. Education also pregnancies are unplanned and 25 percent are unwanted— gives her the power to say how many and a quarter of pregnant women seek abortions. Many of children she wants and when. These are these abortions are performed by untrained providers, and enduring qualities she will hand down 47,000 women die every year because of them. Contraceptive to her daughters. use among women in developing countries has risen, from Contraceptive use is particularly low in less than 10 percent in 1960 to 61 percent in 2008. But there is Sub-Saharan Africa much variation—in Sub-Saharan Africa, only about 22 percent Contraceptive prevalence (% of married women of women plan their pregnancies. ages 15–49), 2010 100 Teenage pregnancies are high risk for both mother and 90 child. They are more likely to result in premature delivery, 80 low birth weight, delivery complications, and death. About 70 16 million girls ages 15–19 give birth each year, accounting 60 for more than 10 percent of all births. In addition to the risk of 50 death during pregnancy and childbirth, which is twice as high 40 as for older pregnant women, adolescent mothers often give 30 up opportunities for education and future employment and 20 earnings. 10 In the long run, promoting girls’ and women’s education 0 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & and offering them opportunities for success are just as Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca ric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E e b-S Am Eas important for reducing birth rates as promoting contraception So dd Su in Mi Lat and family planning. Education and greater gender equity Source: World Development Indicators database Adolescent fertility is decreasing everywhere, but large regional Poor women receive less care during differences remain pregnancy East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Pregnant women receiving prenatal Poorest Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa care by wealth quintile (%) Richest Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) High-income 100 150 90 80 125 70 60 100 50 40 75 30 20 50 10 25 0 Bangladesh Egypt, Arab Rep. Nigeria 2007 2008 2008 0 Source: Demographic and Health Surveys 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: United Nations, World population prospects, 2010 revision Health 59 health of mothers maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 Greenland (Den) live births, 2010 Faeroe 500 or more Islands Iceland (Den) 300–499 The Netherlands 100–299 C a n a d a United 20–99 Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland less than 20 Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 81 Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 81 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Fertility and mortality are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa with Countries with low contraceptive prevalence low levels of contraceptive use and inadequate delivery care rate, 2005–2010 Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women Rank Country ages 15–49) 1 Chad 5 2 Sudan 8 3 Sierra Leone 8 4 Mali 8 5 Guinea 9 6 Mauritania 9 7 Liberia 11 8 Senegal 12 9 Côte d'Ivoire 13 10 Macedonia, FYR 14 60 Europe & Central Asia 32 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 83 Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 220 Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 500 New Zealand Facts Internet links 287,000 women die each year because of pregnancy-related UNICEF—Maternal and www.unicef.org/health/index_ causes. For every woman who dies, at least 20 others suffer injuries, Newborn Health maternalhealth.html infection, and disability. Almost all maternal deaths are preventable. UNICEF Childinfo— www.childinfo.org/ Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which bear the greatest burden Maternal Health health.html of maternal mortality, also have the lowest levels of skilled birth attendance, at 46 percent and 48 percent, respectively. World Health Organization— www.who.int/topics/ Maternal Health maternal_health/en Eighty percent of women in the developing world receive antenatal World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00 care from a skilled health provider at least once during pregnancy. But only 56 percent of all pregnant women benefit from four Maternal Mortality Estimation www.maternalmortalitydata.org/ antenatal visits. Inter-agency Group database (MME Info) Of 44 million abortions performed every year, nearly half are unsafe. Forty-seven thousand of them result in death. UN MDG Indicators unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg Health 61 Communicable diseases a factor of 17 over the past seven years. In 2010, 6.7 million people in developing Communicable diseases such as countries received antiretroviral therapy. HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and Almost 70 percent of people living with HIV malaria kill millions of people are in Sub-Saharan Africa, where women and children are especially vulnerable to the each year. They exact a terrible toll disease. Women constitute 58 percent of on society and the economies of adults (ages 15 and older) living with HIV in developing countries. Although Sub-Saharan Africa whereas they constitute international awareness and 37 percent of adults living with HIV funding to fight epidemic diseases worldwide. More than 90 percent of all HIV- have increased, much remains to positive children live in the region. Infants be done. Meanwhile, the burden are often at high risk of infection through of non-communicable diseases is mother-to-child transmission. Tuberculosis, still a major cause of also increasing. illness and death worldwide, is becoming Every day, over 7,400 people are infected more dangerous with the spread of drug- with HIV, and about 5,000 die from AIDS. resistant strains of the bacteria. Drug- The number of people living with HIV resistance is caused by inconsistent or partial reached 34 million in 2010. Although the treatment, wrong treatment regimens, or global prevalence rate of HIV appears unavailability of appropriate drugs. Twenty- to have leveled off in the late 1990s, the nine out of 30 countries with the highest number of infected people continues to tuberculosis incidence rates are located in rise because better care and antiretroviral Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and the therapy, which suppresses the virus and Pacific. Together they account for 85 percent stops the progression of HIV to AIDS, are of all tuberculosis cases. Poor people are keeping more people alive for longer. Access especially vulnerable to the disease because to antiretroviral therapy has expanded by of underlying health problems and limited HIV prevalence is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa In low- and middle-income countries, nearly half of people eligible for antiretroviral therapy HIV prevalence rate, adults ages 15–49 (%) were covered in 2010 6 Antiretroviral therapy coverage (%), 2010 5 70 60 4 50 3 40 2 30 20 2009 2009 1 1990 2009 2009 1990 2009 10 2009 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 2009 0 0 inc ddle- Afr ran a e rib a & Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Afr & al A & tA & Asi com ica n e ific sia n ica ica sia sia ica rth ast rth ast ntr pe ntr pe eas th om bea bea aha Ca eric aha Ca eric s uth ou uth Ce Euro Ce Euro tA mi No le E No dle E -in b-S b-S Am So t, S Am Eas So gh and dd d Eas Su Su Hi in in Mi Mi w- Lat Lat Lo Source: UNAIDS, Report on the global AIDS epidemic, 2010 Source: WHO, Global HIV/AIDS response progress report, 2011 62 Tuberculosis incidence is leveling off, but remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa Many more children are sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia South Asia High-income Children sleeping under ITN (% of children under 5) Latin America & Caribbean Incidence of tuberculosis including patients with HIV (per 100,000 people) 2003 Mali 2010 350 2000 Rwanda 2010 300 2000 Niger 2010 250 2004 Tanzania 200 2010 2000 Togo 150 2010 2000 Malawi 100 2010 São Tomé and 2000 50 Príncipe 2009 2002 0 Zambia 2010 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 Eritrea Source: WHO, Global tuberculosis control, 2011 2008 2000 Madagascar access to treatment. Tuberculosis is a leading killer of people 2009 2002 living with HIV. At least one-third of the people living with HIV Burundi 2010 worldwide are infected with tuberculosis, and about one in Timor-Leste 2000 2010 four deaths among people with HIV is caused by tuberculosis. Guinea-Bissau 2000 2010 Malaria causes approximately 700,000 deaths each year, 2001 Uganda 2009 primarily among children below age 5 and pregnant women. 2003 Nigeria Ninety percent of all malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan 2010 2000 Africa. Insecticide-treated bednets are one of the most effective Sierra Leone 2008 ways to prevent malaria transmission as these nets provide a Benin 2001 2006 physical barrier against the bite of an infected mosquito. In Central African Republic 2000 2006 addition, a net treated with insecticide provides additional Somalia 1999 2006 protection by repelling or killing mosquitoes that rest on the 2003 Burkina Faso net—an important protective effect that extends beyond the 2006 2003 Guinea individual to the community. The percentage of households 2008 2000 owning at least one insecticide-treated bednet in Sub-Saharan Swaziland 2007 Africa has increased from 3 percent in 2000 to 50 percent in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: UNICEF, The state of the world’s children, 2012 2011, although it is still too low to cover everybody at risk. In addition to the use of insecticide-treated bednets, malaria diseases comes on top of an unfinished control depends on surveillance, efficient public health agenda on communicable diseases. measures, education, and access to medications. The increase in non-communicable diseases, accompanied by a shift in Increase in non-communicable diseases the distribution of disease and death Urbanization, aging populations, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, from younger to older people as the physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol have combined population ages, will result in many to make chronic and non-communicable diseases—such as developing countries, especially low- diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and injuries— income countries, struggling to provide increasingly important causes of mortality and morbidity in adequate health care for their people. developing countries. The rise of chronic, non-communicable Health 63 hiv/aids adult HIV prevalence, 2009 Greenland (Den) 15.0% or more Faeroe 5.0–14.9% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0–4.9% The Netherlands 0.5–0.9% C a n a d a United less than 0.5% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 0.1% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 0.5% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina A campaigner holds a candle for HIV/AIDS victims at a Countries with the highest HIV prevalence rally in Cambodia rates, 2009 Prevalence of HIV (% of population Rank Country ages 15–49) 1 Swaziland 25.9 2 Botswana 24.8 3 Lesotho 23.6 4 South Africa 17.8 5 Zimbabwe 14.3 6 Zambia 13.5 7 Namibia 13.1 8 Mozambique 11.5 9 Malawi 11.0 10 Uganda 6.5 64 Europe & Central Asia 0.6% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Serbia Hungary Moldova Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. East Asia & Pacific Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 0.2% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 0.3% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 5.5% New Zealand Facts Internet links 34 million people were living with HIV in 2010; 2.1 million of World Health Organization www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis them were children under 15 years, and 16 million were women. on Tuberculosis, Malaria, www.who.int/topics/malaria Every day, about 7,400 persons become infected with HIV and and HIV/AIDS www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids about 5,000 persons die from AIDS. Over 90 percent of children living with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS www.unaids.org 90 percent of all malaria deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, and World Bank HNPstats go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00 most of these deaths are among children under 5. One-third of the world’s population has latent tuberculosis UNICEF Childinfo on www.childinfo.org/malaria.html infections. One in every 10 of those people will become sick Malaria and HIV/AIDS www.childinfo.org/hiv_aids.html with active tuberculosis in his or her lifetime. Chronic and non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and UNICEF on Malaria and www.unicef.org/health/index_ stroke, cancer, and diabetes are increasing because of aging and HIV/AIDS malaria.html unhealthy lifestyles including consumption of unhealthy food, lack of www.unicef.org/aids/index_ exercise, and smoking. They account for 60 percent of all deaths. documents.html Health 65 Structure of the and fisheries), industry (including mining and manufacturing), and the service sector world economy (including government and private services). Services, the most rapidly As economies develop, they typically shift from the production and export of agricultural growing sector of the global and mining commodities to manufactured economy, now account for almost goods, and later to services. In many high- 70 percent of world output. income economies more than 70 percent of Developing economies are also GDP is produced in the service sector. becoming important producers Services now account for 55 percent of of manufactured goods; others the output of middle-income economies, already specialize in services. although some countries—such as Jordan, Panama, and South Africa—have maintained However, for many of these large service sectors for some time. In low- economies, the natural resource income economies, the service sectors are sectors, especially agriculture and growing and now produce 50 percent of mining, continue to be the main GDP. East Asia and the Pacific, led by China, source of income. and South Asia, led by India, have increased their service output in real terms by more Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the than 300 percent since 1990. overall output of an economy. It is the sum of Although the service sector is growing value added in agriculture (including forestry everywhere, agriculture remains very Services now account for two-thirds of global output Value added in services (% of GDP) High-income Middle-income Low-income 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Service sectors are growing rapidly in both East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia Value added in services 1995 = 100 East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Note: For Middle East & North Africa, the last year of data available is 2007; for Sub Saharan Africa, it is 2009 66 Many countries are still dependent on agricultural employment Although the service sector can contribute more than 70 percent of GDP in high-income Agricultural employment as a share of total employment (%), 2007–2011 economies... Cambodia Uganda Bhutan Vanuatu India Liberia Pakistan Armenia Albania Thailand 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database ...agriculture is still of major importance in important to developing economies. Agriculture not only feeds developing countries a growing population, it produces raw materials for industries such as rubber and timber. Increases in oil prices have resulted in additional demand for food crops, such as corn and sugar cane, used to produce biofuels. Higher prices for agricultural products raise the incomes of producers, but higher food prices also reduce the welfare of consumers. In 2011, value added in agriculture as a share of GDP was over 40 percent in four low-income economies, three of them in Africa. Agriculture is also an important source of employment. It employs over 35 percent of the labor force in 17 countries, over 50 percent in five countries, and as much as 72 percent in Cambodia. Not only low-income economies that make best use of current but also some middle-income economies remain highly endowments, and encouraging dependent on agriculture. In Bhutan, agriculture accounts for industries that are likely to evolve in 65 percent of total employment. In comparison, agricultural line with its future endowments. In employment made up 3.7 percent of total employment in planning their development path, a Japan, 1.6 percent in Germany and in the United States, and country can look toward other countries 1.2 percent in the United Kingdom and Argentina. with similar endowment structures While the shift toward services describes the general and two to four times their current trend of industrial development, there are many variations. average income (approximately 10 to Economies grow fastest when they develop in ways that 30 years ahead of them) and encourage make best use of their factor endowments. industries that have already gained Countries differ in their factor endowments (natural an entry in international trade with resources, labor, human capital, and physical capital), but the possibility of overtaking existing the relative importance of those factors evolves along with suppliers. This is the path followed the optimal industrial structure at each stage of development. by China and other fast-growing Government can play an important role by facilitating the economies and can serve as a model development of markets, directing growth toward industries for many more. Economy 67 agricultural output share of value added in agriculture in GDP, Greenland (Den) 2007–2011, most recent year available Faeroe 25% or more Islands Iceland (Den) 15–24% 10–14% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 3–9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) less than 3% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 10.5% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 6.3% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay 5.5% Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries most dependent on agriculture, Family tending potato fields in northeast Brazil 2010–2011 (most recent year available) Agricultural value added as share of Rank Country GDP (%) 1 Central African Republic 56.5 2 Comoros 46.3 3 Sierra Leone 44.4 4 Togo 43.2 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 42.9 6 Ethiopia 41.9 7 Guatemala 40.5 8 Solomon Islands 38.9 9 Nepal 38.1 10 Mali 36.5 68 Russian Federation Europe & Central Asia 4.0% 7.2% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab China Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar 9.3% Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen India Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti 17.2% Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 10.7% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 17.9% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 11.2% New Zealand Facts Internet links The global agricultural sector grew by 2.5 percent a year from 2000 World Bank data data.worldbank.org/data- to 2010. The service sector grew by 2.7 percent and the industrial catalog/world-development- sector by 2.5 percent over the same period. indicators In Sub-Saharan Africa the agricultural sector grew by 3.3 percent a Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org/ Co-operation and Development year from 2000 to 2010, while the service sector grew by 4.8 percent and the industrial sector by 4.7 percent. United Nations— unstats.un.org/unsd/ National Accounts Main snaama In East Asia and Pacific the industrial sector was the fastest growing Aggregates Database with 10.2 percent annual growth over the period 2000 to 2010. Services New Structural Economics: go.worldbank.org/ were second with 10 percent growth. Agriculture grew by 4.1 percent. A Framework for Rethinking QZK6IM4GO0 In South Asia the dominant sectors were services with annual growth Development and Policy of 8.6 percent and industry with 8.1 percent annual growth, while “Demystifying Success: wbi.worldbank.org/ agriculture grew by 3.2 percent over the same period. The New Structural wbi/devoutreach/article/ Economics Approach” 1048/demystifying- On average, services have grown faster than other parts of the economy, success-new-structural- except in East Asia and the Pacific and Europe and Central Asia. economics-approach Economy 69 Governance liberties and property rights, a free and vibrant press, an open and impartial judiciary, Governance describes the way and well-informed and effective legislative public officials and institutions structures—all contribute to strong and acquire and exercise authority capable institutions of the state. Although bad governance is often to provide public goods and equated with corruption, the two concepts, services including education, while related, are different. Corruption— health care, infrastructure, and a the abuse of public office for private gain— sound investment climate. Good is an outcome of poor governance, governance is associated with reflecting the breakdown of accountability. citizen participation and improved A capable and accountable state creates accountability of public officials. opportunities for poor people, provides It is fundamental to development better services, and improves development outcomes—which is why the World Bank and economic growth. includes a governance and anticorruption strategy as part of its effort to reduce Governance has several dimensions: poverty. There are now several global • the process by which governments are collaborative governance initiatives, such as selected, monitored, and replaced; the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative, • the capacity of government to effectively the Extractive Industries Transparency formulate and implement sound policies; Initiative (EITI), the Construction Sector • the respect of citizens and the state for Transparency Initiative (CoST), and the the institutions that govern interactions Business Fighting Corruption Through between them. Collective Action Initiative. Features of good governance—such as The links among weak institutions, free and fair elections, respect for individual poor development outcomes, and the risk Countries of the former Soviet Union rank lowest Informal payments to public officials ‘to get on control of corruption things done’ are more common in South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa Control of corruption, percentile rank (0–100) 2000 100 2005 Percentage of firms expected to make informal payments to 2010 public officials 40 80 35 30 60 25 20 40 15 20 10 5 0 0 a rld Afr ran Un viet CD Pa ia & Afr n ia Afr & Pac ia & al A & rib a & eri in rop ern Afr t & Asi ara ica ica ific sia n ic ica ion As ca Ba e & ica Am Lat rth ast ntr pe Wo bea rth as OE cif aha Mi ltics Eu ast So Ca eric As s ah uth uth Ce Euro No dle E tA No dle E E er b-S st b-S Am Eas So So Ea rm d Su d n Su in Fo Mi ter Lat Eas Source: Kaufmann D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi (2010), The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys 70 Several Sub-Saharan African countries improved their performance Public sector and institutions cluster score 2009 (1–6, low to high), 2009–2011 2010 6 2011 5 4 3 2 1 0 e pu an o e ia l ga bw on g c mb Re Afric To bli ne Le ba Ga Se Zim rra al e ntr Sie Th Ce Source: World Bank, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Parliament in session in Tajikistan of conflict are often evident in countries that are in fragile supports sustainable growth and situations. Some 1.5 billion people live in areas affected by poverty reduction. Scores of these fragility, conflict, or large-scale organized criminal violence, assessments are disclosed only for and no fragile or conflict-affected country has achieved a low-income countries that are eligible single Millennium Development Goal. A major episode of for lending by the World Bank’s violence can wipe out an entire generation of economic International Development Association progress. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, (IDA). CPIA indicators examine policies and Development found that countries and areas with the and institutions, not development weakest institutional legitimacy (both formal and informal) outcomes, which can depend on and poor governance are the most vulnerable to violence and forces outside a country’s control. instability and the least able to respond to internal and There are 16 criteria grouped into external stresses. four clusters; one of the clusters Measuring the quality of institutions and governance (shown in the bottom right chart outcomes is difficult and often subject to large margins of on page 70) is the public sector error. Data for one dimension of governance—control of management and institutions cluster. corruption—are presented in the map on pages 72–73. This cluster includes five criteria: The data are aggregate measures derived from several property rights and rule-based sources of informed views of individuals in both the private governance; quality of budgetary and and the public sectors. The map represents data on control financial management; efficiency of of corruption by percentile ranges, from the best performing revenue mobilization; quality of public (90th to 100th percentile) to the poorest performing (0 to administration; and transparency, 9th percentile). Some developing countries have better scores accountability, and corruption in the on some governance measures than developed countries. public sector. The median value for The World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional all low-income economies was 2.9 Assessment (CPIA) is an annual staff effort to measure the in 2011. extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework Economy 71 controlling corruption control of corruption from the Worldwide Greenland (Den) Governance Indicators, percentile rank, 2010 Faeroe 90th–100th percentile Islands Iceland (Den) 75th–89th percentile 50th–74th percentile The Netherlands C a n a d a United 25th–49th percentile Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 10th–24th percentile Ireland Channel Islands (UK) 0–9th percentile Luxembourg Fra no data Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Anticorruption billboard in Zambia Control of corruption Developing country Percentile Lower Approximate with population rank, percentile rank over 1 million 2010 range 1 Chile 91 85 2 Uruguay 86 80 3 Botswana 80 73 4 Mauritius 73 69 5 Costa Rica 73 67 6 Cuba 72 62 7 Rwanda 71 62 8 Lithuania 66 61 9 Namibia 64 58 10 Latvia 63 58 © Lars Plougmann Used via a Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ 72 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Albania Greece Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Dem. People's Turkey Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Congo Kenya Maldives Gabon Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Eleven Sub-Saharan African countries rank in the World Bank—Worldwide www.govindicators.org Upper percentile 50th percentile or higher in the Worldwide Governance Governance Indicators range Indicators measure of control of corruption. World Bank— www.enterprisesurveys.org 93 Enterprise Surveys 92 There is a positive correlation between higher levels of income and lower levels of corruption. Nine out of 10 World Bank— www.doingbusiness.org 86 Doing Business countries in the ranking table are upper-middle-income 80 economies. Only Rwanda is a low-income economy. United Nations Development www.undp.org/governance 80 Programme (UNDP)— 76 Democratic Governance Three key principles for promoting good governance 75 include transparency, accountability, and participation. 72 Transparency International www.transparency.org Participation implies that people have rights that are 72 recognized and they have a voice in the decisions that World Bank—Public Sector www.worldbank.org/ 70 affect them. Governance publicsector Economy 73 Infrastructure for refrigerators for vaccines. Roads in rural areas boost school attendance and use of medical development clinics. And information and communication Infrastructure—the basic systems technologies can improve teacher training and promote better health practices. for delivering energy, transport, The global supply of infrastructure services water and sanitation, and is not able to meet today’s needs. Developing information and communications countries require about $900 billion services to people—directly or (7–9 percent of GDP) to maintain existing indirectly affects lives everywhere. infrastructure and to build new infrastructure, Increased productivity and incomes but only half that amount is available. The and improvements in health and continuing global recession will curtail maintenance and new investments in education outcomes require infrastructure as governments face shrinking investment in infrastructure. budgets and declining private financial flows. Water and sanitation infrastructure has Infrastructure services play a key role in the barely kept pace with population growth in most important development objective— the developing world. Further improvements reducing poverty and improving the lives of will require more public and private billions of people in developing countries. investment. Measured in 2010 constant These services affect people in many ways: price dollars, investment commitments in what they consume and produce; how they water and sanitation projects with private heat and light their homes; how they travel participation remained low: $29 billion over to work, to school, or to visit family and the last decade compared with $58 billion friends; and how they communicate. Access during the previous one. Since 2001, average to clean water and sanitation reduces infant annual investment commitments have mortality. Electricity powers hospitals and ranged between $2 billion and $3 billion. Private investment goes primarily to energy and Access to clean water and sanitation remains low telecommunications in Sub-Saharan Africa Energy Telecommunications Transport Water and sewerage Improved water source Improved sanitation facility Share of private investment (%) Population with access (%), 2010 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 Afr ran a Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No e E b-S Am Eas So l dd 0 Su in Mi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lat Source: World Bank, Private Participation in Infrastructure database Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 74 Global mobile penetration reached 86 percent while fixed telephone Pastoralist in a Nigerian village using line subscriptions remained below 20 percent in 2011 a mobile phone Mobile cellular subscriptions Fixed telephone lines Per 100 people 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: International Telecommunication Union Infrastructure is typically an enabler, but rarely the sole solution Internet users in developing countries have tripled since 2005 to development challenges. Reducing disease transmission, for Developed countries Developing countries example, requires better water and sanitation facilities, but it also Individuals using the Internet (millions) requires good hygiene practices such as routine hand washing. 1,600 Physical isolation is a strong contributor to poverty. People living in remote places have reduced access to health and 1,400 education services, employment opportunities, and markets. 1,200 Problems are particularly severe in rural areas that lack good transportation facilities. Transport infrastructure—the roads, 1,000 bridges, railroads, waterways, ports, and the services they 800 provide—can eliminate growth-constraining bottlenecks and shortages, increase agricultural productivity, improve poor 600 rural farmers’ incomes and nutrition, and expand nonfarm employment. In Vietnam, a World Bank project provided 400 financing for ethnic minority women to undertake road 200 maintenance in rural areas. As a result, 13,470 kilometers of road are being maintained and 1,533 ethnic minority women 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 from four communes were trained as rural transportation Source: International Telecommunication Union managers; many more eagerly await the opportunity. Information and communications technology has vast Internet delivers information to schools potential for fostering growth in developing countries by and hospitals, and computers improve helping to increase productivity in a wide range of economic public and private services as well as activities from agriculture to manufacturing and services. increase productivity and participation. Mobile phones keep families and communities in contact and Over the last five years, developing provide market information for farmers and businesspeople. countries have increased their number According to the International Telecommunication Union, of Internet users from 501 million in by the end of 2011 there were almost 6 billion mobile cellular 2006 to 1.4 billion in 2011. subscriptions in the world, or about 86 per 100 people. The Economy 75 mobile cellular subscriptions mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people, Greenland (Den) 2011 or latest available data Faeroe less than 30 Islands Iceland (Den) 30–69 70–99 The Netherlands C a n a d a United 100–129 Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 130 or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 89 Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 107 Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina A food vendor talking on her mobile phone in Armenia Most mobile cellular subscriptions, 2011 Economies with Subscriptions Rank population over 1 million per 100 people 1 Hong Kong SAR, China 210 2 Panama 204 3 Saudi Arabia 191 4 Russian Federation 179 5 Oman 169 6 Finland 166 7 Libya 156 8 Austria 155 9 Italy 152 10 Lithuania 151 76 Europe & Central Asia 132 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 80 Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 69 Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 53 New Zealand High-income 117 Facts Internet links International www.itu.int Developing countries accounted for more than 80 percent of the Telecommunication Union 660 million new mobile cellular subscriptions added in 2011. World Bank—Information and www.worldbank.org/ict Communications Technologies By the end of 2011, there were more than 1 billion mobile- broadband subscriptions worldwide. International Road Federation www.irfnet.org World Resources Institute— insights.wri.org/topic/water The number of people using the Internet continues to grow Water worldwide. By the end of 2011, 2.3 billion people were online. World Bank—Climate Change data.worldbank.org/ climate-change In 2011, India added 142 million mobile cellular subscriptions, WHO—Water, www.who.int/water_ twice as many as in all of Africa. Sanitation, and Health sanitation_health/en Economy 77 Investment for growth Countries that have high savings and investment rates are likely to have high Sustainable economic growth is rates of economic growth. Growth is also impossible without investment. spurred by improved efficiency as a result of Investment replenishes assets used technological advances and investments in people, through better education and health up in production and increases care. To sustain growth, government policies the total capital stock. A good must create a climate that encourages investment climate is one in which productive investment. government policies encourage In most recent years, the East Asia and firms and entrepreneurs to invest the Pacific region has had the highest productively, create jobs, and investment rate, averaging 40 percent of contribute to growth and poverty gross domestic product (GDP). South Asia reduction. On average, 22 percent invested between 30 and 34 percent of its output. Even Sub-Saharan Africa, at 20 percent of the world’s output is invested the lowest investment rate among developing for production purposes. High regions, exceeded the rate of 18 percent in rates of investment alone do not high-income economies. Total investment in ensure rapid economic growth. developing regions in 2010 was $6.4 trillion, about 80 percent of the level of investment Physical investment takes many forms: in high-income economies. buildings, machinery and equipment, Government policies play a key role improvements to property, and additions in shaping the investment climate. They to inventories. Investment is financed out influence the security of property rights, of domestic savings or external savings. the effectiveness of regulation, the impact However, external financing is limited and of taxation, the quality and accessibility generally more volatile than domestic savings. of infrastructure, and the functioning of Investment has grown rapidly in the East Asia and Pacific region Gross capital formation (2000 $ billions) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia 1,800 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: World Development Indicators database Note: For the Middle East & North Africa, last year of data available is 2007; for Sub Saharan Africa, it is 2009 78 Sub-Saharan Africa had the second-highest percentage of countries with made at least one positive reform to positive business reform in 2010–2011 make doing business easier. Countries in the region that made at least one positive reform (%) Although China and some of the 100 other ‘tigers’ in the East Asia and 80 the Pacific region have obtained spectacular growth rates, high levels 60 of investment do not guarantee high 40 growth rates. Investment produces growth, but investment also chases 20 growth. More investment is likely in 0 places where high returns are possible. East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Over 1995–2010, most developing Source: World Bank, Doing Business database regions invested an average of 19 to 36 percent of their GDP each year. financial and labor markets. The quality of the investment The results obtained have varied, climate also contributes strongly to increased productivity and from Latin America and the Caribbean, employment creation, both necessary for poverty reduction. where an investment ratio of 20 percent Poor governance increases transaction costs, encourages produced growth of only 3.1 percent, to unproductive activities such as lobbying, and reduces South Asia, where an investment ratio transparency. Hence, it leads to misallocation of resources of 28 percent resulted in annual growth and discourages new investment. of 6.5 percent. Sub-Saharan Africa is an Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa made rapid changes to interesting exception: an investment their economies’ regulatory environment. Regulatory reforms ratio of 19 percent led to an annual were implemented in 36 of the 46 economies between 2010 growth rate of 4.3 percent, as good and 2011, representing 78 percent of countries in the region. as or better than several regions with Europe and Central Asia was the most active reformer for the higher investment ratios. eighth year in a row: 88 percent of countries in the region Asian countries have invested heavily and grown rapidly, but other regions have not obtained the same results Annual average GDP growth rate (%), 1995–2010 9 East Asia & Pacific 8 7 South Asia 6 5 Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa 4 Latin America & Caribbean 3 High-income 2 1 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Average gross capital formation (% of GDP), 1995–2010 Source: World Development Indicators database Economy 79 investment for growth gross capital formation as a share of GDP, Greenland (Den) 2009–2011, most recent year available Faeroe less than 15% Islands Iceland (Den) 15–19% 20–24% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 25–29% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 30% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein United States Andorra 15% U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Spain Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin The Bahamas Islands (UK) Islands (US) Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic Western Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) St. Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Brazil Paraguay 20% Uruguay Chile Argentina China’s rapidly growing economy has benefited from foreign investment Highest average gross capital formation Country with population % of GDP Rank over 1 million 1995–2010 1 China 41 2 Lesotho 40 3 Turkmenistan 35 4 Vietnam 34 5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 33 6 Qatar 33 7 Mongolia 32 8 Algeria 31 9 Korea, Rep. 31 10 Azerbaijan 30 80 Russian Federation 25% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt Qatar United Arab Emirates India Bangladesh China Oman Myanmar Lao 47% P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Djibouti India Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) Nigeria Central South Ethiopia 36% Marshall Islands African Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Sudan Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand World 20% Low-income 23% Middle-income 29% Low- & middle-income 29% High-income 18% Facts Internet links Capital formation has grown fastest in South Asia. Between 2000 World Bank Data and Statistics data.worldbank.org/indicator/ and 2010, it increased at an average rate of 12.4 percent a year. NG.GDI.TOTL.CD Capital formation has been slowest in Latin America and the Organisation for www.oecd.org (click on ‘Statistics’) Caribbean, averaging 5.3 percent a year between 2000 and 2010. Economic Co-operation and Development—Statistics Investment declined in six countries between 2000 and 2010. United Nations data data.un.org Of the top 10 countries with the highest average investment rate International Monetary Fund— www.imf.org/weo between 1995 and 2010, three were from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Economic Outlook UNCTAD World Investment unctad.org/en/pages/ In China, investment grew at an average of 13.3 percent a year Report Series DIAE/World%20Investment between 2000 and 2010. %20Report/WIR-Series.aspx Economy 81 starting a business time required to start a new business, Greenland (Den) June 2011 Faeroe 45 days or more Islands Iceland (Den) 30–44 days 15–29 days The Netherlands C a n a d a United 10–14 days Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) less than 10 days Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal High-income countries Bermuda (UK) Gibraltar (UK) 17 days British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 23 days Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 58 days Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Best performers based on number of days Business meeting, Mozambique to start a business in developing countries Days Rank Country (as of June 2011) 1 Georgia 2 2 Macedonia, FYR 3 3 Rwanda 3 4 Albania 5 5 Belarus 5 6 Senegal 5 7 Liberia 6 8 Malaysia 6 9 Mauritius 6 10 Turkey 6 82 Europe & Central Asia 16 days Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 39 days Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 23 days Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 34 days New Zealand Facts Internet links In the past six years, policy makers in 163 economies made domestic regulations more business friendly. World Bank— www.doingbusiness.org Doing Business database Fifty-three economies made it easier to start a business between 2010 and 2011. In 2010–2011, Bhutan launched a public credit registry and World Bank— www.enterprisesurveys.org streamlined business start-up procedures. Enterprise Surveys In Colombia, new firm registrations increased by 5.2 percent after the creation of a one-stop shop for businesses in 2010–2011. World Bank— ppi.worldbank.org/ In 2010–2011, FYR Macedonia streamlined the filing and Private Participation in payment of taxes, introduced an electronic cadastre for property Infrastructure database registration, and started an operation of the online system for business registration. World Bank— rru.worldbank.org/ In 2010–2011, Malawi improved its credit information system by Privatization database Privatization/ passing a new law allowing the creation of a private credit bureau. Economy 83 The integrating world production and distribution, which are often spread over multiple locations. Developing Economies have become more economies offering lower costs and new dependent on each other for goods, markets are attracting foreign investment services, labor, and capital. Although in manufacturing. Skilled as well as unskilled workers are seeking employment many barriers remain, advances in in economies that offer higher wages. information and communications High-income economies are looking at the technology, expanding financial developing world to meet their increasing markets, and cheaper transportation demand for service and technology workers. systems enable easier movement International trade is a critical channel for of inputs and outputs among integration. Despite a drop in global trade in economies, accelerating global 2009, goods equivalent to 48 percent of global integration. Global integration gross domestic product (GDP) were traded in 2010, up from 32 percent in 1990. Over creates many opportunities, but the the same period, trade in services increased benefits need to be shared equitably from 8 percent to 12 percent of global both among and within economies. GDP. These trends are likely to continue as Traditional patterns of production and globally diversified production processes employment have given way to new modes of require more trade in intermediate goods. After a sharp decline in 2009, global trade rebounded in 2010 Merchandise trade, high-income Merchandise trade, middle-income Merchandise trade, low-income Share of GDP (%) Trade in services, high-income Trade in services, middle-income Trade in services, low-income 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database Developing economies are trading more with other developing economies Exports to developing economies outside region Exports to developing economies within region Exports to high-income economies Middle-income economies Low-income economies Share of exports (%) Share of exports (%) 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: World Bank calculation based on data from the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics database 84 Agricultural and textile products are subject to higher trade restrictions Foreign direct investment and portfolio equity flows to developing economies Agriculture 2000 2010 Manufacturing 2000 2010 Textiles 2000 2010 continue to increase Simple mean applied tariff rates (%) Net inflows to developing economies ($ billions) 35 600 1995 30 2000 500 25 2005 2010 20 400 15 300 10 200 5 0 100 On imports from On imports from On imports from On imports from high-income economies developing economies high-income economies developing economies 0 Imposed by high-income economies Imposed by developing economies Foreign direct Portfolio investment equity flows Source: World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution, based on data from the UN Conference on Trade and Development’s Trade Analysis and Information System database and the UN Statistics Division’s Comtrade database Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database High-income economies remain the principal source representing a 3.1 percent increase and destination of international trade, but more developing from 2009, in nominal terms. economies are participating, and trade with other developing During the past decade, flows economies is growing. of foreign direct investment (FDI) Developing economies now account for almost 30 percent of toward developing economies have world trade. Some, such as China, Mexico, and Thailand, are increased substantially. It has long specializing in manufactured goods, but many remain primary been recognized that FDI flows can exporters of food, fuel, and raw materials. Between 2000 and 2010, carry with them benefits of knowledge trade (in nominal terms) among developing economies grew and technology transfer to domestic at an annual average rate of 21.7 percent—over 14 percentage firms and the labor force, productivity points faster than trade among high-income economies—while spillover, enhanced competition, and trade between high-income economies and low- and middle- improved access for exports abroad. income economies grew by 14 percent during the period. As Moreover, they are the preferred of 2010, almost half of merchandise exports from low-income source of capital for financing a economies and a third from middle-income economies now go current account deficit because FDI is to other developing economies, but demand from high-income non-debt-creating. Although slowed economies remains the driving force of international trade. by the financial crisis, FDI inflows Reductions in tariff and nontariff barriers have helped to spur to developing economies recovered trade, but many trade barriers remain. The poorest countries significantly from $400 billion in 2009 impose higher barriers across a broad range of goods to protect to $587 billion in 2010. Emerging their producers and raise revenues for their governments. Rich economies, particularly in East Asia countries often impose their highest barriers selectively on the and the Pacific, experienced a robust exports of developing countries, especially agricultural and increase in economic growth supported textile products. In addition to tariff protection, they provide by foreign investment. China received subsidies and other forms of support to their farmers, enabling 79 percent of the regional inflows and them to sell agricultural products at very low prices that commanded one-quarter of all FDI developing country producers cannot match. Total agricultural inflows in the developing economies. support in OECD countries exceeded $366 billion in 2010, Economy 85 merchandise trade exports and imports as a share of GDP, 2010 Greenland (Den) less than 40% Faeroe 40–59% Islands Iceland (Den) 60–74% The Netherlands 75–99% C a n a d a United 100% or more Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda (UK) Middle East & North Africa Portugal British Virgin 2000: 48% Gibraltar (UK) Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas 2005: 63% Alg Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 2010: 61% Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Western Sahara Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Colombia French Guiana Suriname (Fr) 2000: 36% Ecuador São Tomé and Príncipe 2005: 40% 2010: 35% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Mexico is a major importer Merchandise trade Largest merchandise Largest merchandise exporters, 2010 importers, 2010 $ $ Rank Developing country billions Rank Developing country billions 1 China 1,578 1 China 1,395 2 Russian Federation 400 2 India 350 3 Mexico 298 3 Mexico 310 4 India 220 4 Russian Federation 249 5 Brazil 202 5 Brazil 191 86 Europe & Central Asia 2000: 53% 2005: 54% 2010: 52% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar East Asia & Pacific Oman Lao P.D.R. 2000: 59% Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) 2005: 71% Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 2010: 57% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 2000: 23% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Zambia Malawi Mayotte (Fr) 2005: 32% 2010: 34% Vanuatu Fiji Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 2000: 51% 2005: 57% New Zealand 2010: 58% Facts Internet links The five largest exporters in 2010 accounted for more than half Organisation for www.oecd.org/trade the merchandise exports of developing economies. Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)—Trade World trade in services as a percentage of GDP grew from 7 percent in 1990 to over 12 percent in 2008, but after the global International Monetary Fund— www.imfstatistics.org Statistics (select ‘BOPS’ or ‘DOTS’) financial crisis, it declined to 11 percent in 2009 and 2010. World Trade Organization— www.wto.org Average tariffs imposed by high-income economies have declined, Statistics Database (go to ‘Documents and resources’, but high barriers to some exports of developing countries remain, select ‘Statistics Database’) especially agricultural and textile products. For instance, simple mean United Nations Conference on www.unctad.org applied tariff on imported agricultural products from developing Trade and Development— (go to ‘Statistics’, select ‘UNCTADstat’) countries rose to 4.7 percent in 2010 from 2.5 percent in 2000. Statistics Starting in 2009, China replaced Germany as the second-ranking United Nations— unstats.un.org/unsd/trade importer of the world, with only the United States importing more Trade Statistics unstats.un.org/unsd/ goods. servicetrade Economy 87 foreign direct investment foreign direct investment net inflows as a Greenland (Den) share of GDP, 2010 or latest available data Faeroe less than 1.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0–1.9% 2.0–3.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 4.0–5.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 6.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 2.7% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) US Virgin St. Martin (Fr) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 2.4% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina China received over 80 percent of FDI inflows to East Asia and Developing countries that attracted the the Pacific in 2010 largest FDI net inflows, 2010 Rank Developing country $ billions 1 China 185.1 2 Brazil 48.5 3 Russian Federation 43.3 4 India 24.2 5 Mexico 20.2 6 Chile 15.1 7 Indonesia 13.8 8 Kazakhstan 10.8 9 Thailand 9.7 10 Malaysia 9.2 © Cory Doctorow Used via a Creative Commons license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ 88 Europe & Central Asia 2.8% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 3.1% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 1.4% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 2.3% New Zealand Facts Internet links Luxembourg’s net outward direct investment in foreign economies in 2010 was nearly 3.5 times its GDP. Hong Kong S.A.R., China was the International Monetary Fund— www.imfstatistics.org Balance of Payments Statistics (select ‘BOPS’) second-highest with FDI outflows accounting for 42 percent of its GDP. Mexico, the second-largest recipient of FDI in Latin America and the Caribbean, received US$19 billion FDI in 2010, up 25 percent over the 2009 level. Low-income countries as a group saw FDI inflows increase by almost World Bank Group—Data data.worldbank.org 40 percent in 2010, largely due to rising South-South investment in extractive industries and infrastructure development. But an overwhelming share of FDI inflows went to China, where they increased by 62 percent to $185 billion. FDI net flows to high-income countries accounted for nearly 65 percent United Nations Conference on www.unctad.org of the world total in 2010. Among developing regions, East Asia and Trade and Development— (go to ‘Statistics’, then the Pacific received the largest amount in 2010 ($231.3 billion), having Statistics select ‘UNCTADstat’) grown fivefold since 2000. Economy 89 People on the move economies, the population is aging and growing slowly, while in many developing The movement of people across countries the population is young and national borders is a visible and growing rapidly. This imbalance creates a increasingly important aspect of strong demand for developing-economy workers, especially to provide services that global integration. Three percent can be supplied only locally. Immigrants of the world’s population—more in high-income economies have increased than 213 million people—now live to 12 percent of the population, up from in countries in which they were not 8 percent two decades before. There can born. The forces driving the flow be other reasons for immigration. After of migrants from poor economies the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, to rich economies are likely to many people moved between the newly grow stronger in the future. independent states, raising the number of migrants recorded in middle-income Migration is on the rise, especially from economies. poor economies to rich economies. Wage Migration is often accompanied by a differences and demographic trends flow of remittances—transfers of gifts and encourage migration. In many high-income wages and salaries earned abroad—from migrants to their countries of origin. The Most migrants reside in high-income economies direction of the remittances is related to International migrant stock (millions) the geographical movement of the labor 140 High-income force and the relative economic positions 120 Middle-income 100 Low-income of sending and receiving countries, as 80 well as the impact these flows have on the 60 receiving economies. Over the past decade, 40 international migration has intensified and 20 this is reflected in remittances becoming 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 an increasing source of financial flows to Source: World Bank estimates based on data from the UN Population Division low- and middle-income and even some A larger share of remittance flows are now going to developing economies Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, received World East Asia & Pacific World 5% Europe & Central Asia $68.4 billion 5% $449.2 billion East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean 21% High-income 8% 27% High-income Middle East & Europe & 57% North Africa 1990 14% 2010 Central Asia 8% Sub-Saharan Africa 5% Latin America & South Asia Caribbean 8% 13% South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 18% Middle East & 3% North Africa Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database 8% 90 Remittances to developing countries have fallen slightly since 2008 Among developing regions, Sub-Saharan Africa was the highest net migrant sender during Remittances received (% of GDP) 2005–2010 12 Net out-migration (millions) Remittances received, low-income economies 10 10 Remittances received, middle-income economies 1990 Remittances received, high-income economies 2000 8 8 2010 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 a Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E b-S 0 Am Eas So dd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201 Su in Mi Lat Source: World Bank estimates based on the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Statistics and Source: United Nations Population Division, OECD DAC’s International Development Statistics World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision high-income economies. Unlike other kinds of financial people who have moved to developed flows, remittances do not create liabilities and are often countries from developing countries. received by people who need financing the most. From By migrating they improve their own 2000 to 2010, remittance inflows to developing economies prospects and provide valuable services more than quadrupled. Global remittance flows almost in high-income economies, but the reached $450 billion in 2010, with 72 percent going to loss of human capital, so-called brain developing economies. drain, from developing countries, may In 2010, the largest share of remittances went to Asia: increase the concentration of poverty East Asia and the Pacific received $94.0 billion in remittances and reduce the social benefits of and South Asia received $82.0 billion. The top remittance- migration. receiving developing economies in 2010 were India Remittances have remained fairly ($54.0 billion), China ($53.0 billion), Mexico ($22.0 billion), resilient during the global financial and the Philippines ($21.4 billion). Among the high-income crisis. The slowdown of the global economies, France ($15.6 billion), Germany ($11.3 billion), economy during the second half Spain ($10.5 billion), and the Republic of Korea ($8.7 billion) of 2008 affected remittance flows received the largest amount of remittances in the form of in all regions. Remittance flows to compensation of employees. developing countries dropped from Empirical studies have found that remittances can raise $323 billion in 2008 to $306 billion income levels, especially among the poor. Evidence from in 2009, but increased in 2010 to some countries suggests that a large proportion of $325 billion, above the 2008 level. remittances received are invested, which should lead to Even though remittances fell improvements in the overall economy. Migration opportunities 5.2 percent in 2009, other financial may also encourage higher levels of educational attainment. flows to developing countries, such as And increases in income from remittances along with the foreign direct investment, fell much transfer of knowledge through migrants result in better health more drastically in response to the outcomes for other household members. financial crisis (36.3 percent from Migration may also have negative effects. Among 2008 to 2009). international migrants are millions of highly educated Economy 91 migration international migrants as a Greenland (Den) share of population, 2010 Faeroe less than 1.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0–2.9% 3.0–5.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 6.0–14.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 15.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Fra Luxembourg Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 3.6% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti St. Kitts and Nevis Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia Kiribati French Guiana Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 1.1% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Immigrants becoming U.S. citizens at a naturalization oath ceremony Countries with highest migrations, 2005–2010 Net in-migration Rank Country (thousands) 1 United States 4,955 2 United Arab Emirates 3,077 3 Spain 2,250 4 Italy 1,999 5 Russian Federation 1,136 Net out-migration Rank Country (thousands) 1 India 3,000 2 Bangladesh 2,908 3 Pakistan 2,000 4 China 1,884 5 Mexico 1,805 92 Europe & Central Asia 6.9% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 0.3% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Guinea Tanzania Comoros 0.8% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 2.1% New Zealand High-income 12.0% Facts Internet links In the 1960s, the majority of migrants lived in developing countries. United Nations www.un.org/esa/ In 2010, nearly two-thirds resided in high-income countries. Population Division— population/migration International Migration The number of migrants in the world grew from about 72 million in 1960 to more than 213 million in 2010. This represents about 3 percent United Nations Refugee www.unhcr.org/ of the world’s population. Agency—Statistics statistics.html As of 2010, 81 million migrants lived in developing countries (about 1.4 percent of their population), compared to 132 million in OECD—Migration www.oecd.org/migration high-income countries (about 12 percent of their population). International Organization www.iom.int Refugees are an important component of the migrant stock. At the end for Migration of 2010, the number of refugees, including those under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the International Labour www.ilo.org Near East (UNRWA), stood at 15.4 million, accounting for approximately Organization— (go to ‘Topics’, select 7 percent of the migrants in the world. Labour Migration ‘Labour Migration’) Economy 93 remittances remittances received as a share of GDP, Greenland (Den) 2010 or latest available data Faeroe less than 0.5% Islands Iceland (Den) 0.5–0.9% 1.0–2.4% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 2.5–4.9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland 5.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein U n i t e d S t a t e s Middle East & North Africa Andorra Monaco Spain Bermuda (UK) received the largest workers’ Portugal British Virgin Islands (UK) remittances and compensation Gibraltar (UK) Morocco The Bahamas of employees as a share of its Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic GDP in 2010 (4.3 percent) Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Western Sahara Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti St. Kitts and Nevis Cape Verde Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Burkina Faso Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Guinea Benin Over 38 percent of the Costa Rica Panama Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Martinique (Fr) Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados remittances received in Curaçao (Neth) R.B. de Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Liberia d'Ivoire Togo Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Colombia Suriname French Guiana (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe go to Mexico. Guatemala, Ecuador second-highest in the region, received 7 percent Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Top recipients of workers’ remittances and India has the world’s largest migrant outflow compensation of employees, 2010 Rank Developing country $ billions 1 India 54.0 2 China 53.0 3 Mexico 22.0 4 Philippines 21.4 5 Bangladesh 10.9 6 Nigeria 10.0 7 Pakistan 9.7 8 Vietnam 8.3 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7.7 10 Lebanon 7.6 94 Outflows of remittances from high-income economies were $245 billion in 2010, up from $61 billion in 1990 In 2010 only two countries in Europe & Central Asia had a larger outflow in remittances Sweden than their inflow. Russia Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ($19 billion outflow vs $5 billion Denmark Estonia Latvia Lithuania inflow) and Kazakhstan Czech Republic Germany Poland Belarus Slovak Republic ($3 billion outflow vs Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Austria Hungary Moldova Croatia Serbia Kazakhstan $0.3 billion inflow) nce Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan eria West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Nepal Bhutan East Asia & Pacific received the Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab largest amount of remittances Qatar Bangladesh in 2010 ($94 billion) Emirates India Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros India accounted for 67 percent Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) of all workers’ remittances and Vanuatu Fiji Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique compensation of employees Madagascar ($54 billion) flowing into Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia South Asia in 2010 A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa received the New Zealand smallest amount of remittances in 2010 ($21 billion in 2010), equivalent to 2.2 percent of its GDP Facts Internet links As a share of GDP, Tajikistan (40 percent), Lesotho (34 percent), the World Bank— www.worldbank.org/prospects/ Kyrgz Republic (27 percent), and Samoa (24 percent) were the largest Migration and Remittances migrationandremittances recipients of remittances in 2010. Chile (0.001 percent), Japan (0.03 percent), R.B. Venezuela (0.04 percent), and the United States OECD—Migration www.oecd.org/migration (0.04 percent) were the lowest. At the beginning of the 1990s, more than half of remittances went to International Monetary www.imf.org/ Fund—Balance of (go to ‘Data and Statistics’, high-income economies. In 2010, middle-income economies received Payments Statistics then select ‘Balance of nearly 67 percent of all remittances, and low-income economies Payments Statistics’) received 5.5 percent. Remittances to developing countries increased from 1.1 percent of Development Research www.migrationdrc.org GDP in 1990 to 1.7 percent in 2010. In high-income countries they Centre on Migration, remained constant at 0.3 percent. Globalisation and Poverty High-income economies are the principal source of outward remittance flows. The United States is the largest, with $51.6 billion in 2010. Saudi Migration Information www.migrationinformation.org Arabia ($27.1 billion) is the second, followed by Switzerland ($21.7 billion). Source Economy 95 Aid for development Development is a partnership between developing and donor countries. Donor The global economy is more countries help recipient countries build integrated than ever. Countries the capacity to foster change; recipient are exchanging more goods and countries invest in their people and create an environment that sustains services, international financial growth. Countries that have difficulty flows have increased, and private tapping financial markets must rely investors are active in many on aid flows from wealthier countries developing countries. But even to fund development programs. Net in an expanding world economy, official development assistance (ODA) many countries cannot finance to developing countries reached their own development. Aid helps $131.1 billion in 2010, the highest to fill the gap. ever in nominal terms—representing a 3.2 percent increase in real terms Net ODA received in per capita terms has increased from the 2009 level. for most regions According to the Organisation for Net ODA per capita ($) 1990 2000 2010 Economic Co-operation and Development’s 60 Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 50 the top 10 donors in 2010 contributed 40 84 percent of all aid provided by DAC 30 members. The top four—the United States, 20 the European Commission, France, and 10 Germany—contributed 53 percent. 0 Aid increased sharply in 2005, as East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Caribbean Africa Asia Saharan Africa donor countries followed through on Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database promises made at the 2002 United Nations Who were the largest donors in 2010? The social sector received the most DAC donor bilateral aid in 2010 DAC donors Net bilateral ODA Aid by sector as share of donors’ bilateral commitments, 2010 disbursements in 2010 Rank Country $ millions % of total Other 10% 1 United States 26,586 25.7 2 European Commission 12,428 12.0 Humanitarian 9% Social 37% 3 France 8,036 7.8 4 Germany 8,017 7.8 Debt-related 3% 5 United Kingdom 7,787 7.5 General program aid 6 Japan 7,337 7.1 3% 7 Netherlands 4,841 4.7 8 Spain 3,999 3.9 Multi-sector 13% 9 Norway 3,926 3.8 10 Canada 3,561 3.4 Other DAC members 16,867 16.3 Production 8% Economic All DAC members 103,385 100.0 17% Source: OECD DAC Source: OECD DAC 96 International Conference on Financing for Development, Aid is the biggest source of financing for Sub-Saharan Africa in Monterrey, Mexico, and reinforced at the 2005 Group of Eight (G8) summit at Gleneagles, Scotland. But a large FDI & portfolio equity inflows Aid Workers’ remittances received part of this increase came as debt relief, not new aid flows. Sources of financial flows (US$ billions), 2010 Aid in absolute terms and measured as a share of donors’ gross national income declined between 2005 and 2007, but has increased since then. Still, a significant increase in East Asia & Pacific donor commitment is required to meet the targets set at Gleneagles. The form of aid and purpose for which it is given make a Europe & Central Asia difference. Debt-related aid provides relief from liabilities that recipient countries have difficulty servicing, and can free up public resources for other purposes, but it may not Latin America & result in an equivalent expansion of development activities. Caribbean Humanitarian assistance provides relief for sudden disasters and emergency situations, but it does not generally contribute Middle East & to financing long-term development. Furthermore, the North Africa administrative costs of providing aid are mainly spent in the donor economy. Aid is not the only source of development finance or, for South Asia many countries, the most important. Remittances and private capital flows are a growing source of financing for some. Remittances received worldwide more than tripled in the Sub-Saharan Africa past decade, from $136 billion in 2000 to $449 billion in 2010. But extremely poor countries, especially in Sub-Saharan 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Africa, still require substantial increases in aid to reach their Source: World Bank’s Global Development Finance; World Bank estimates based on data from International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments development goals. Statistics; OECD DAC’s International Development Statistics In 2010, DAC aid to recipient countries increased, but the amount of aid received as a percentage of GNI decreased 2010 $ (billions) % of GNI 150 0.30 125 0.25 100 0.20 Net ODA received as a % of GNI 75 0.15 Net ODA received in constant 2010 dollars 50 0.10 25 0.05 0 0.00 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: OECD DAC Economy 97 aid aid per capita, 2010 Greenland (Den) received donated Faeroe $100 or more $200 or more Islands Iceland (Den) $50–99 $100–199 $10–49 $50–99 The Netherlands C a n a d a United less than $10 less than $50 Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data net donor* Channel Islands (UK) * A ‘net aid donor’ both Luxembourg Fra gives and receives official development assistance Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) The United States is the British Virgin Morocco US Virgin largest donor of total aid Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Islands (UK) Islands (US) Alg Mexico Dominican St. Martin (Fr) Islands (UK) Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba Rico (US) St. Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina In 2010, aid per capita received by developing countries was $23, up from $13, in 2008 A British Chinook helicopter takes UNHCR relief items to the Leepa Valley, in Pakistan-administered Kashmir Net ODA received as a share of GNI, 2010 Rank Developing country % 1 Liberia 175.5 2 Solomon Islands 61.4 3 Marshall Islands 45.9 4 Haiti 45.5 5 Afghanistan 42.4 6 Federated States of Micronesia 40.2 7 Burundi 31.0 8 Democratic Republic of Congo 29.0 9 Tuvalu 26.2 10 Samoa 25.5 98 Norway leads all donors in the share of gross national income provided as aid in 2010 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan eria West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Nepal Bhutan East Asia and the Pacific received Libya Arab Rep. of Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab the smallest amount of aid per Qatar India Bangladesh Emirates Myanmar capita of any region Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa received the largest South Africa amount of net aid of any region New Zealand Facts Internet links Many donor countries pledged to provide aid equivalent to at least Organisation for Economic www.oecd.org/dac 0.7 percent of GNI, but the average remains around 0.31 percent. Co-operation and Development In 2010, only five countries—Denmark, Luxembourg, the (OECD), Development Assistance Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden—fulfilled their pledge. Committee (DAC) Since 1990, aid per capita has increased by $17 in Sub-Saharan Africa, from $35 to $52. Aid per capita to the Middle East and Statistics on aid from OECD DAC www.oecd.org/dac/stats North Africa decreased by more than half in recent years, from The European Commission, ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ $76 in 2008 to $37 in 2010. Development and Cooperation— index_en.htm Aid received by low-income countries in 2010 constituted Europeaid 9.5 percent of their GNI. In middle-income countries, aid was only 0.3 percent of GNI. World Bank Group, International www.worldbank.org/ida The top non-DAC donor that reports aid is Saudi Arabia, which Development Association provided $3.5 billion in 2010. This would rank 11th among the top International Monetary Fund, www.imf.org DAC donors behind Norway's 3.6 billion. Turkey is the second- Extended Credit Facility (go to ‘About the IMF’, then highest non-DAC donor, providing less than a billion in aid in 2010. select ‘Factsheet’) Economy 99 External debt Developing countries borrow because at early stages of development they have Many countries borrow from small stocks of capital and are likely to abroad to finance development, have investment opportunities that may but when debt exceeds a country’s be risky but have high returns. Often these investment projects have a significant public capacity to service it, the debt good component, such as transportation, burden becomes unsustainable infrastructure, education, and public health. and hinders development. Because government budgets and domestic Making debt manageable for poor savings are low, many countries must turn countries frees up resources that to external sources of funding. Poor and can be used to support economic less creditworthy countries may qualify for growth and social development. concessional lending by official creditors, such as the multilateral development banks and other governments; creditworthy middle- Debt service continued to decline for most regions in 2010 income countries can borrow at market rates Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services, and income) from official and private lenders. 45 2000 By the end of 2010, developing countries’ 2005 40 2010 external debt was $4 trillion, with the 10 35 largest debtors owing 73 percent of the 30 total. External debt from private creditors 25 20 to developing countries increased from 15 $1.3 trillion in 2000 to $3 trillion in 2010. 10 Short-term debt was the fastest growing 5 component. Multilateral creditors, the 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- World Bank Group in particular, were & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Caribbean Africa Asia Saharan Africa important sources of financing to public Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database sector borrowers. In 2010 alone the World Eighty-five percent of IBRD disbursements in 2010 India was the largest recipient of IDA disbursements went to the 10 largest borrowers in 2010 IBRD disbursements ($ millions) 2009 2010 IDA loans and grants disbursement ($ millions) 2009 2010 Brazil India India Nigeria Turkey Vietnam Mexico Tanzania Indonesia Ethiopia Kazakhstan Pakistan China Bangladesh Colombia Uganda Argentina Ghana Egypt, Arab Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database 100 Net debt inflows from private creditors rebounded in 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa saw significant reductions Official Private Short in its external debt stocks over the last decade, Net debt flows (US$ billions) creditors creditors term mostly due to HIPC and MDRI 525 External debt stocks (% of GNI) 2000 2010 450 70 375 60 300 50 40 225 30 150 20 75 10 0 0 East Asia Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- -75 & Pacific Central America & & North Asia Saharan 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Asia Caribbean Africa Africa Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance database Bank Group made $43 billion in new commitments and All developing regions have disbursements of $34 billion. This included commitments improved their external debt position. of $32 billion made through the International Bank for Measured against gross national Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) at market rates and income (GNI), the stock of external $11 billion in grants and concessional lending made by the debt was 21 percent in 2010, compared International Development Association (IDA). to 37.8 percent in 2000. The ratio of debt service (principal and interest Debt burdens and debt relief payments) to exports fell to 9.8 percent. Overborrowing and unexpected events such as terms-of-trade And the ratio of external debt shocks, natural disasters, or civil conflict can turn ordinary debt outstanding to exports fell from burdens into unmanageable ones. Oil price increases in the 128.5 percent in 2000 to 68.7 percent 1980s precipitated a debt crisis among middle-income countries. in 2010. East Asia and the Pacific and For many poor countries, especially those in Africa, debt the Middle East and North Africa had burdens became unsustainable after a decade of slow growth the lowest external debt ratios. Europe in the 1990s. In 1996, the World Bank and the International and Central Asia was the most indebted Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily Indebted Poor region in 2010: the ratios of external Countries (HIPC) initiative to provide relief to low-income debt outstanding to GNI (43 percent) countries with recurring debt repayment problems. The and to export earnings (121 percent) initiative aimed to provide permanent relief from unsustainable were three times those of the East debt and to redirect the resources going to debt service to Asian countries. The debt-to-export social expenditures aimed at poverty reduction. By the end of ratio in Sub-Saharan African countries 2011, 36 countries had participated in the initiative and received declined to 54 percent at the end of debt relief of $76.4 billion. Since 2006, the World Bank, the 2010, compared with 185.1 percent in IMF, the African Development Fund, and the Inter-American 2000, and the debt service to export Development Bank have provided additional debt relief under ratio fell to 3.3 percent, less than the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). As of September one-third its 2000 level. 2011, 32 HIPC countries, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, had received additional assistance of $47.1 billion under the MDRI. Economy 101 external debt external debt as a share of GNI, 2010 Greenland (Den) 60% or more Faeroe 45–59% Islands Iceland (Den) 30–44% The Netherlands 15–29% C a n a d a United less than 15% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Cape Verde Jamaica Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador St. Lucia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Panama Benin Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sierra Côte Ghana Nicaragua Curaçao (Neth) R.B. de French Guiana Leone Liberia d'Ivoire Venezuela Guyana Togo 2000: 181% (Fr) Colombia Kiribati Guinea-Bissau 2010: 77% Suriname São Tomé Ecuador 2000: 467% and Príncipe 2010: 125% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Liberia Bolivia 2000: 719% 2010: 28% Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina India is among the 10 most indebted developing economies Highest debtors in 2010 Total external debt Developing (US$ billions) Rank country [Total debt (% of GNI)] 1 China 548 [9%] 2 Russian Federation 384 [27%] 3 Brazil 346 [17%] 4 Turkey 293 [40%] 5 India 290 [17%] 6 Mexico 200 [20%] 7 Indonesia 179 [26%] 8 Argentina 127 [36%] 9 Romania 121 [76%] 10 Kazakhstan 118 [94%] 102 Russian Federation Latvia 2000: 63% 2000: 62% 2010: 27% 2010: 164% Sweden Finland Norway R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand 2000 2010 Low- & middle-income 38% 21% Low-income 68% 28% Middle-income 37% 21% Facts Internet links In Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of debt to GNI fell from an average World Bank Data data.worldbank.org 65 percent in 2000 to 20 percent in 2010. Net debt inflows from private creditors surged to $424 billion in Bank for International www.bis.org 2010, from $86 billion in 2009. Settlements (go to ‘Statistics’, then select ‘External debt’) The ratio of debt service to exports for developing countries fell from 21 percent in 2000 to 9.8 percent in 2010. Quarterly External www.worldbank.org/qeds Short-term debt inflow to the top 10 borrowers was $220 billion, Debt Statistics 80 percent of the total short-term inflow of $269 billion in 2010. Half of this went to China, where imports rose 34 percent in U.S. dollar terms in 2010. External Debt Statistics and www.imf.org/external/ the IMF np/sta/ed/ed.htm In 2010 the World Bank committed over $43 billion in loan, credits, and grants, equivalent to 53 percent of the commitments from all multilateral institutions to public sector borrowers in 2010. Joint External Debt Hub www.jedh.org Economy 103 The urban environment access to public services, and a higher standard of living. The world’s urban Cities will continue to grow as population is expected to almost double by people seek the economic and 2050, rising to 6.4 billion from 3.5 billion in social opportunities they offer. 2010. Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a drastic increase in its urban population, Cities can be efficient providers of from 315 million to more than a billion water and sanitation services and over the next four decades. access to health care, education, Among developing regions, urbanization and other social and cultural has gone farthest in Latin America and the services, but they also face Caribbean, where 79 percent of the people increasing costs of congestion and now live in urban areas; this number is pollution, and they make demands expected to increase to 88 percent by 2050. on the environment and natural By 2050, 70 percent of the world’s population will live in urban areas, in some countries resources. placing tremendous pressure on the capacity of the natural and human-made environment Cities, now home to more than half of to support them. The consequences could be the world’s people, are growing rapidly in further deterioration of living conditions, the size and number, especially in developing growth of slums, the destruction of habitat, countries. People flock to cities for work, and increased air and water pollution. East Asia now has the largest number of people living in cities Population living in urban areas (millions) East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia 1,000 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa High-income 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2011 revision; World Bank estimates Pollution from particulate matter in cities is decreasing Urban-population-weighted particulate matter (PM10 per cubic meter) 150 120 90 60 30 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 0 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan High-income Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Source: World Bank estimates based on the study Ambient Particulate Matter Concentration in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of the World Cities; New estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS), 2011 104 Cities house more than half the world’s population, but basic services are Sub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing more often lacking in poor areas rapidly than other regions Average annual growth in urban population (%), 1990–2010 5 4 3 2 1 0 e Afr ran a Pac ia & Afr & rib a & al A & Asi com ica ific ica n sia rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce uro tA No le E -in b-S Am Eas So E gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: United Nations Population Division; World Bank estimates UN Habitat defines a slum dwelling as a household that Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the lowest access to improved sanitation lacks one or more of the following: in urban areas • Durable housing of a permanent nature Proportion of urban population with access to • Sufficient living space improved sanitation facilities (%) • Easy access to safe water East Asia & 1990 Pacific • Access to adequate sanitation 2010 • Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. Europe & 1990 Central Asia 2010 By this definition, more than 900 million people in developing regions live in slums—about one in three people Latin America & Caribbean 1990 2010 living in urban areas or one of every six people worldwide. Middle East & 1990 To achieve significant improvements in the lives of slum North Africa 2010 dwellers, public and private investment in durable, affordable 1990 South Asia housing is required. 2010 Sub-Saharan 1990 Africa 2010 Urbanization and the environment The cost of urbanization to human health comes from a variety High-income 1990 2010 of sources. The proximity to industrial works and roadways and 0 20 40 60 80 100 the use of inefficient and polluting sources of energy can result Source: World Health Organization; World Bank estimates in exposure to high levels of soot and small, airborne particles (designated ‘PM10’—fine, suspended particles less than the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe. 10 microns in diameter) that contribute to lung cancer, Not only are the human and financial other respiratory diseases, and heart disease. costs of pollution high, they tend to Air and water pollution in many of the world’s major cities fall disproportionately on poor people. cause moderate to severe sickness and death and cost billions Therefore addressing pollution is of dollars in lost productivity and damages. Although all the justified on equity, economic, and world’s large cities share these problems, water pollution tends environmental grounds. to be most serious in South, Southeast, and Central Asia. Air pollution has the biggest impact in China, Latin America and Environment 105 urbanization urban population as a share of Greenland (Den) total population, 2011 Faeroe less than 35% Islands Iceland (Den) 35–49% The Netherlands 50–64% C a n a d a United 65–79% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) Ireland 80% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 59% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 79% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Dhaka, Bangladesh, is one of the fastest-growing cities in the Largest urban agglomerations in developing developing world countries, 2011 Urban Population Rank Country agglomeration (millions) 1 India Delhi 22.7 2 Mexico Mexico City 20.4 3 China Shanghai 20.2 4 Brazil São Paulo 19.9 5 India Mumbai 19.7 6 China Beijing 15.6 7 Bangladesh Dhaka 15.4 8 India Calcutta 14.4 9 Pakistan Karachi 13.9 10 Argentina Buenos Aires 13.5 106 Europe & Central Asia 64% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 48% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 31% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 36% New Zealand Facts Internet links Latin America and the Caribbean has the highest share of people United Nations Population www.un.org/popin living in urban areas. Information Network An estimated 1 billion people live in urban slums in developing Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org countries. World Bank Urban Development www.worldbank.org/urban The urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at an average annual rate of 3.9 percent, faster than any other region. United Nations, World esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ In 1800, 3 percent of the world’s people lived in urban areas; Urbanization Prospects, CD-ROM/Urban-Rural- by 1900, 14 percent did; and today more than 50 percent do. 2011 Revision Population.htm Over 90 percent of urbanization is taking place in the developing World Bank Open Data data.worldbank.org/ world. United Nations—Habitat www.unhabitat.org/ A total of 227 million people in the world have moved out of slum documents/SOWC10/ conditions since 2000. R1.pdf Environment 107 Feeding a The demand for agricultural outputs will continue to grow because of population growing world growth, rising incomes, changes in dietary The world’s food supply has preferences, and industrial demand for commodities such as maize and oilseeds. expanded faster than its By 2050, there will be 9 billion people living population, but increasing on Earth, almost 2 billion more than today. consumption in middle- and Most will live in cities, but all will depend high-income economies and on agricultural areas around the world to industrial demand for agricultural feed them. outputs have led to higher prices Meeting the growing demand for food and local shortages. One billion requires producing more food and moving it, often across borders, from surplus to people lack adequate nutrition deficit areas. Improving the quality of to meet their daily needs— life of those who produce it requires a a situation that climate change continuously increasing productivity and could make worse. sustainable use of land. In recent decades, about two-thirds of growth of the world In recent years, the world has had difficulty agricultural output has come from higher producing enough food to feed all at agricultural productivity and only one-third affordable prices, causing 1 billion people from the expansion of agricultural land. to lack sufficient food to meet their daily Agricultural output has grown more rapidly energy needs. Inadequate calorie intake than population, but so has the demand for and diets that do not supply vital nutrients agricultural products. For the past 50 years, take a pervasive toll on early childhood production in the developing regions of Asia development, impairing children’s cognitive and South America has grown even faster, development and adversely affecting health around 2 percent a year. But in Sub-Saharan and productivity. Africa, with some of the highest rates of Over the past two decades, world food production World food prices rose sharply in 2008 and 2011, has increased by 18 percent reaching their highest levels in 30 years Food production index, 2002–2004 = 100 Real food price index, 2002–2004 = 100 120 180 World Food 110 Africa Meat 160 South America Dairy 100 Southeast Asia Cereals 140 90 120 80 100 70 80 60 50 60 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 * 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 20 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization Source: Food and Agriculture Organization * July 2012 108 Land degradation costs an estimated $40 billion annually worldwide. Cereal yields have improved in most developing Overgrazing is one of many causes of land degradation regions but still trail high-income producers Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 0 a e Afr ran Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi com ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in b-S Am Eas So gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and undernourishment, food production has barely kept pace with World Bank estimates population increase, and it remains expensive to import food Land under cereal production has expanded... from Latin America, Eastern Europe, and other surplus regions. Land under cereal production (million hectares) Producing more affordable food entails more efficient 180 use of the agricultural inputs. Intensified cultivation through 160 the use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and new plant 140 120 varieties can make limited land more productive. Such 100 practices, however, may also cause further environmental 80 degradation. Moreover, agricultural inputs are becoming 60 40 costlier along with rising crude oil prices. The effects of climate 1990 20 1990 2010 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 change that causes more frequent droughts and floods as well 0 as more erratic weather patterns represent another challenge a Afr ran e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi com ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in b-S to efforts to raise agricultural productivity. Am Eas So gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Many poor farmers subsist on fragile lands, not always Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates well suited to intensive farming. Even on lands suitable for intensive farming practices, the farmers often lack fertilizers, ...and cereal production has increased farm equipment, irrigation systems, and high-yielding plant Cereal production (million metric tons) varieties and are poorly linked to markets for their produce. 800 Overgrazing, deforestation, improper crop rotation, and poor 700 soil and water management contribute to land degradation. 600 500 The degradation of land reduces its productivity, encouraging 400 growing populations to move on to new and poorer land, 300 converting forests and fragile, semiarid areas into low- 200 1990 productivity cultivated areas. 2010 1990 1990 1990 100 1990 2010 2010 2010 1990 2010 2010 1990 2010 Sustainable production methods, based on environmentally 0 a Afr ran e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & sound practices, along with the development of more efficient Asi com ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s uth Ce Euro tA No le E -in b-S Am Eas So markets for farm inputs and outputs and off-farm activities, gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat are the keys to improving rural livelihoods and expanding the Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates global food supply. Environment 109 agricultural land agricultural land (% of land area), Greenland (Den) 2007−2009, most recent year available Faeroe less than 15.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 15.0–29.9% The Netherlands 30.0–44.9% C a n a d a United 45.0–59.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland 60.0% or more Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 23% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 36% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Agriculture is the main user of land and water, but to remain viable, it must also maintain the quality and quantity of these resources Countries with highest cereal yield, 2010 Kilograms per Rank Country hectare 1 Oman 18,987 2 Mauritius 10,000 3 Belgium 9,231 4 Netherlands 8,574 5 Ireland 7,409 6 New Zealand 7,387 7 France 7,093 8 United States 6,988 9 United Kingdom 6,957 10 Chile 6,822 110 Europe & Central Asia 28% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Lebanon Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 49% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu 55% Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 45% New Zealand Facts Internet links To meet the demand of a larger and more affluent population, Food and Agriculture www.fao.org/corp/statistics/en/ annual cereal production will have to grow from 2.1 billion tons to Organization of the 3 billion tons by 2050. United Nations—Statistics Thirty percent of the Earth's land is used for growing crops and pastureland; another 30 percent is covered by forests. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2012 www.fao.org/docrep/015/ i2490e/i2490e00.htm Seventy percent of freshwater withdrawals are used for irrigating crops. International Fund for www.ifad.org/english/water/ Only 0.2 hectare of arable land is available per person, less than Agricultural Development— pub/water_food.pdf half the amount 50 years ago. Water and Food Security Environment 111 A thirsty planet With the projected growth in population and economic activity, the share of the gets thirstier world’s population facing water shortages Water is crucial to economic will increase more than fivefold by 2050. Human needs for water in daily life compete growth and development—and with demands from agriculture, energy to the survival of terrestrial and production, and other industrial uses. aquatic ecosystems. Demand Urbanization and changes in lifestyle have for water is increasing for food led to higher per capita use. Climate change production, industrial uses, is also expected to influence the availability and human consumption. and distribution of freshwater supplies. Meanwhile, over 800 million These trends pose a significant challenge for meeting the Millennium Development people lack convenient access Goals and sustaining the growth of to safe drinking water. developing countries. South Asia and Middle East and North Africa Although the Earth’s water resources face severe water conditions are estimated at about 1.4 billion cubic Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (1,000 cubic meters), 2009 kilometers, only a fraction is available for 25 human needs. Freshwater makes up only 20 2.5 percent of total water resources, or 15 about 35 million cubic kilometers. Most 10 freshwater occurs in the form of permanent 5 ice or snow, locked up in Antarctica and 0 Greenland, or in deep groundwater aquifers. Afr ran a e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi om ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe The principal sources of water for human use bea aha Ca eric s c uth Ce Euro tA No e E -in b-S Am Eas So l gh dd are lakes, rivers, soil moisture, and relatively Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: World Resources Institute; Food and Agriculture Organization’s AQUASTAT database shallow groundwater basins. The usable Most freshwater in developing countries is used Irrigated lands are increasing, putting more for agriculture pressure on water resources Share of freshwater withdrawals (%), MRY 1999–2009 Irrigated land d Domestic i Industry a Agriculture (million hectares) 100 100 d d d d d i d d i i 80 i 80 i i i 60 60 a a a 40 40 2009 a a a 2009 2009 1990 1990 1970 20 a 20 1970 1990 2009 1990 1970 1970 1970 1990 2009 1970 1990 2009 com 1970 e 1990 2009 0 0 Afr ran Afr ran a e a Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi Asi com ica ica ific sia n ica ific sia n ica rth ast rth ast ntr pe ntr pe bea bea aha aha Ca eric Ca eric s s uth uth Ce Euro Ce Euro tA tA No e E No le E -in -in b-S b-S Am Am Eas Eas So So l gh gh dd dd Su Su Hi Hi in in Mi Mi Lat Lat Source: World Resources Institute; Food and Agriculture Organization’s AQUASTAT database Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates 112 Increasing water scarcity increases the competition for water by different Despite progress, almost 40 percent of sectors of the economy, and agriculture accounts for 70 percent of global the population of Sub-Saharan Africa water withdrawal lacks access to an improved water source Access to an improved water source (% of population) East Asia & 1990 Pacific 2010 Europe & 1990 Central Asia 2010 Latin America & 1990 Caribbean 2010 Middle East & 1990 North Africa 2010 1990 South Asia 2010 Sub-Saharan 1990 Africa 2010 1990 High-income 2010 portion is less than 1 percent of all freshwater and only 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.03 percent of all water on Earth. Much of that is located Source: World Health Organization and World Bank estimates far from human populations. Humans compete with natural systems in the use of People in rural areas are more likely to lack access to improved water sources freshwater. Extraction of water for human needs diminishes the amount available to maintain the integrity of terrestrial People without access to improved water (millions), 2010 Urban Rural and marine ecosystems. The three major factors leading to increased water demand over the past century have been East Asia & Pacific population growth, industrial development, and the expansion of irrigated land in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for Europe & Central Asia more than 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals in the world and 90 percent in low-income countries. Most of this water Latin America & is used for irrigation to provide about 40 percent of world Caribbean food production. Pollution of water bodies causes further Middle East & degradation of natural systems and reduces the supply fit North Africa for human consumption. Although domestic use of water for drinking and South Asia washing is the smallest part of the demand for water— usually less than 5 percent of the total—providing safe Sub-Saharan Africa water for human consumption is of great importance for health and wellbeing. Water supplies should be free of High-income chemical and biological contaminants and delivered in such 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 a way that their cleanliness is protected. They should also be Source: World Health Organization and World Bank estimates regularly and conveniently available. Environment 113 access to water share of population with access to Greenland (Den) an improved water source, 2010 Faeroe less than 50% Islands Iceland (Den) 50–69% 70–89% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 90–99% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) 100% Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 89% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Haiti Cape Verde Belize Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 94% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Many people still lack access to a convenient and reliable water source Lowest access to clean water sources, 2010 Access to an improved water source Rank Country (% of population) 1 Somalia 29 2 Papua New Guinea 40 3 Ethiopia 44 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 45 5 Madagascar 46 6 Mozambique 47 7 Niger 49 8 Afghanistan 50 9 Mauritania 50 10 Angola 51 114 Europe & Central Asia 96% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep. of Korea San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Iraq Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 90% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Marshall Islands Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Singapore Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Seychelles South Asia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Tanzania Comoros 90% Timor-Leste American Samoa (US) Mayotte Angola (Fr) Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 61% New Zealand Facts Internet links Between 1990 and 2000, world population increased from 1.6 billion to 6 billion while water withdrawals increased from AQUASTAT, Food and www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/ 500 cubic kilometers to 3,830 cubic kilometers. Agriculture Organization main/index.stm South Asia uses 91 percent of total freshwater withdrawals for agriculture. UN Environment Programme www.unep.org By 2050, the world’s water will have to support the agricultural systems to feed and create livelihoods for an additional 2.7 billion people. Latin America, with 32 percent, and East Asia, with 21 percent, World Resources Institute www.wri.org have more than half of the world’s freshwater resources. Environment 115 Protecting forests Forest loss is taking a terrible toll on both the natural and the economic resources of Forests contribute to the many countries. Forests meet many people’s livelihood of poor people and basic, everyday needs, providing food, fuel, nourish the natural systems on building materials, and clean water. Forests also provide essential public goods of global which many more people depend. value. They facilitate the hydrological and More than 31 percent of the nutrient cycles and act as carbon sinks, world’s land area is forested, reducing the accumulation of greenhouse which accounts for as much gases in the atmosphere. as 90 percent of terrestrial Deforestation is the main cause of biodiversity. In most countries, biodiversity loss. Biodiversity refers to the however, forests are shrinking. variety of plants and animal species on Earth, the genetic variability within each species, and the variety of ecosystems in Forests cover more than 31 percent of all land Among developing regions, Latin America and worldwide the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa have the largest areas of protected land Forest coverage (% of land area) 60 Regional distribution of protected land area (1,000 sq. km), 2010 50 East Asia & Pacific 2,404 40 High-income 5,127 Europe & Central Asia 30 1,765 20 10 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 Latin America & 0 Sub-Saharan Africa Caribbean 2,846 4,118 Afr ran a e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & Asi om ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric s c uth Ce Euro tA No e E -in South Asia Middle East & North Africa b-S Am Eas So l gh 290 336 dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: United Nations Environment Programme; Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates World Conservation Monitoring Centre and World Bank estimates Protected areas conserve habitat for Nearly 75 percent of all forest areas are in plants and animals developing economies Nationally protected terrestrial areas (% of total area), 2010 Regional forest coverage (1,000 sq. km), 2010 25 East Asia & Pacific 20 4,698 High-income 9,630 15 Europe & Central Asia 8,784 10 5 Sub-Saharan Africa 6,605 0 South Asia Afr ran a e Pac ia & al A & rib a & Afr & 817 Latin America & Caribbean Asi com ica ific sia n ica rth ast ntr pe bea aha Ca eric 9,460 s uth Middle East & North Africa Ce Euro tA No e E -in b-S Am 211 Eas So l gh dd Su Hi in Mi Lat Source: United Nations Environment Programme; World Conservation Monitoring Centre and World Bank estimates Source: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank estimates 116 A bend in the Ganga River, India which they live. Tropical forests are particularly Rainforest protected from destruction within the Argentinian sector of Iguazú National Park rich in diversity of life. In addition, forest loss in the tropics is responsible for 10 to 30 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation is largely driven by human action. Because many services provided by forests are not valued, forests are subject to destructive and unsustainable exploitation that is not economically or environmentally justified. Forests are cleared to expand agricultural land or allow the exploitation of minerals. Timber is used to provide fuel and raw material for manufacturing and construction. In many cases, a proper accounting would show that forests are more valuable than these destructive uses. Global deforestation is proceeding at 13 million hectares a year, but because of reforestation in some regions, net forest losses will average 5 million hectares a year between 2000 and 2010. New incentives and careful regulation are needed to stop deforestation. Forest areas may be designated as protected areas to prevent illegal and unsustainable exploitation. About 13 percent of the world’s forest area is under protection, including some lower-density forest areas. Generally, the least well-protected forests are located in Africa. Environment 117 forest lost and gained average annual change in forest area, Greenland (Den) between 2000 and 2010 Faeroe decrease of 1.0% or more Islands Iceland (Den) decrease of 0.1–0.9% no significant change The Netherlands C a n a d a United increase of 0.1–0.9% Kingdom Isle of Man (UK) increase of 1.0% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Cape Verde Jamaica Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia El Salvador Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Panama Benin Costa Rica Trinidad and Tobago Grenada St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sierra Leone Côte Ghana Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Indonesia is among the top 10 countries with the largest forest area Countries with the largest forest area, 2010 Forest area Rank Country (1,000 sq. km) 1 Russian Federation 8,091 2 Brazil 5,195 3 Canada 3,101 4 United States 3,040 5 China 2,069 6 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,541 7 Australia 1,493 8 Indonesia 944 9 Sudan 699 10 India 684 118 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links Between 1990 and 2010, the world lost about 138 million hectares of forest, almost 7 million hectares per year. Food and Agriculture www.fao.org Organization—Forestry (click on Forestry) China added an average of about 2.5 million hectares of forest each year from 1990 to 2010. International Union for www.iucn.org The forest area in Brazil decreased by more than 55 million Conservation of Nature hectares, more than 40 percent of the world’s forest loss, between 1990 and 2010. Food and Agriculture www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010 At the global level, deforestation seems to be slowing: Organization’s the estimate of forest cover change indicates an annual loss of Global Forest Resources 5.3 million hectares during the years 2000 to 2010, compared Assessment 2010 database with 13.8 million hectares annually between 1990 and 2010. Environment 119 protected areas nationally protected terrestrial and marine areas Greenland (Den) as a share of total land area, 2010 Faeroe less than 1.0% Islands Iceland (Den) 1.0–4.9% 5.0–9.9% The Netherlands C a n a d a United 10.0–19.9% Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom 20.0% or more Ireland Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco Turks and Caicos The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Republic 4.0% Western Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Jamaica Haiti Cape Verde St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica Ghana and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Ecuador Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe 19.8% Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina The Cara, one of the many species of fish found in the Economies with the highest proportion of Amazon region of Brazil near Manaus protected terrestrial and marine areas, 2010 Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of Rank Economy total territorial area) 1 Venezuela, RB 50 2 Liechtenstein 42 3 Germany 42 4 Hong Kong SAR, China 42 5 Greenland 40 6 Ecuador 38 7 Nicaragua 37 8 Zambia 36 9 Botswana 31 10 Saudi Arabia 30 120 Europe & Central Asia 7.7% Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 13.3% Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Seychelles Tanzania Comoros 5.6% Timor-Leste Guinea American Samoa (US) Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 12.4% New Zealand Facts Internet links The world’s nationally protected areas were about 17 million United Nations Environment unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/ square kilometers or 12 percent of the total terrestrial area Programme World Conservation Data.aspx in 2010. Monitoring Centre International Union for www.iucn.org Global marine protected areas were about 1.4 million square Conservation of Nature kilometers or 10 percent of the world’s territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles in 2010. World Database on www.wdpa.org/Default.aspx Protected Areas There were 130,709 nationally and 27,188 internationally designated marine and terrestrial protected areas in 2011. Food and Agriculture www.fao.org/forestry/fra2010 Organization’s About 10 percent, or about 400 million hectares, of the world’s Global Forest Resources forest area has been declared protected. Assessment 2010 database Environment 121 Energy security and Developing countries contain more than five-sixths of the world’s population and climate change use more than half the world’s energy, and World demand for energy is their demand is growing faster than richer countries’. Energy use around the globe surging. The share of energy decreased by about 1 percent during the production from alternative sources recession from 2007 to 2008, but in fast- has increased slightly since 1990, growing East Asia and the Pacific, it grew but fossil fuels supplied more than by 5.3 percent. 80 percent of the world’s total As economies develop, technological energy production in 2009. Fossil progress and a shift away from energy- fuels are the primary source of intensive activities help to increase energy efficiency, but rising incomes and growing carbon dioxide emissions, which, populations increase the demand for energy. along with the other greenhouse As a result, between 1990 and 2009, worldwide gases, are believed to be the energy use increased by about 38 percent principal cause of global climate while the population rose by only 29 percent. change. Producing the energy The way energy is generated determines needed for growth while mitigating its environmental consequences. The its effects on the world’s climate is extensive use of fossil fuels in recent decades a global challenge for everyone. has boosted emissions of carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide emissions are highest in high-income economies, and still growing Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) 12 10 8 6 4 1990 1990 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2 2008 1990 2008 2008 1990 2008 2008 1990 0 2008 East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan Low- & middle- High-income Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa income Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates The four largest emitters account for about half of all carbon dioxide emissions produced in 2008, but average emissions per person in China and India are still quite low Carbon dioxide emissions (billion metric tons) Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) 8 20 7 6 15 5 4 10 3 2 5 1990 1990 2008 1990 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 2008 1990 2008 2008 1990 2008 1 0 0 United States China Russian India United States China Russian India Federation Federation Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and World Bank estimates 122 the principal greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Global warming shrinks glaciers, atmosphere. Burning coal releases twice as much carbon changes the frequency and intensity of dioxide as burning the equivalent amount of natural gas. rainfall, shifts growing seasons, advances It is estimated that half the amount of carbon released each the flowering of trees and emergence year by human activities stays in the atmosphere, contributing of insects, and causes the sea level to to climate change; half the remaining carbon is being rise. The magnitude and effect of dissolved in the ocean and the other half is absorbed on land climate change vary across regions, but by vegetation and soils. Clearing of forests has reduced their developing countries are likely to suffer ability to trap carbon dioxide. most because of their dependence on The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has climate-sensitive activities such as increased by more than 30 percent since the beginning of agriculture and fishing. They also have the industrial revolution. According to the Intergovernmental more limited capacity to respond to the Panel on Climate Change, the rate and duration of global effects of climate change. warming in the 20th century are unprecedented in the past High-income economies use almost 50 percent thousand years. The global average surface temperature has of the world’s energy, but developing countries’ demand is rising increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1861, the year Energy use (million kilotons of oil equivalent) instrument records became available, and the 1990s were 12 the warmest decade yet recorded. A recent study found that 10 average summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere 8 are now about 0.5–0.6 degrees Celsius warmer than during a 1950–1980 base period. An important change in recent years 6 is the emergence of extremely hot outliers. These hot 4 extremes, which covered much less than 1 percent of Earth’s 2 surface during the base period, now typically cover about 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 10 percent of the land area. Warming is expected to continue, Low- Lower-middle- Upper-middle- High- with increases in the range of 1.4–5.8 degrees Celsius over income income income income the next 100 years. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) and World Bank estimates Using solar energy to generate electricity has changed the lives of Fossil fuels are the source of more than hundreds of rural families 80 percent of the world's energy supply Global primary energy supply by sources, 2009 Combustible renewable and Other waste 1% 10% Hydro Coal 2% 27% Nuclear 6% Natural gas 21% Crude oil 33% Source: International Energy Agency’s World Energy Balance database Environment 123 energy use energy use per capita, Greenland (Den) kilograms of oil equivalent, 2009 Faeroe 5,000 or more Islands Iceland (Den) 2,500–4,999 The Netherlands 1,000–2,499 C a n a d a United 500–999 Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland less than 500 Channel Islands (UK) no data Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Portugal Bermuda Gibraltar (UK) (UK) Morocco British Virgin US Virgin Islands (UK) Islands (US) The Bahamas Alg Turks and Caicos St. Martin (Fr) Mexico Islands (UK) Western Dominican Republic Sint Maarten (Neth) Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto Cuba St. Kitts and Nevis Rico (US) Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Belize Haiti Cape Verde Jamaica Guadeloupe (Fr) Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia Martinique (Fr) The Gambia Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Barbados Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Costa Rica St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ghana and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Curaçao R.B. de d'Ivoire French Guiana Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana (Fr) Togo Colombia Kiribati Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Countries with highest energy consumption, Water pipes at mini hydroelectric plant 2009 Million metric tons of oil Rank Country equivalent 1 China 2,257 2 United States 2,163 3 India 676 4 Russian Federation 647 5 Japan 472 6 Germany 319 7 France 256 8 Canada 254 9 Brazil 240 10 Korea, Rep. 229 124 Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger N. Mariana Islands (US) Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Chad Yemen Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Djibouti Guam (US) Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi Solomon Islands Tuvalu Papua New Seychelles Guinea Tanzania American Samoa (US) Comoros Timor-Leste Angola Mayotte Zambia Malawi (Fr) Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland Lesotho South Africa New Zealand Facts Internet links In 2009, petroleum, coal, and natural gas were the top sources of the world’s energy supply, accounting for 33, 26, and 21 percent, respectively. International Energy Agency www.iea.org Renewable energy from nuclear, hydro, and solar sources constituted less than 10 percent of the world’s energy consumption in 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa still gets more than half of its energy from traditional combustible renewable sources and waste. The World Bank Group www.worldbank.org/energy China, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and the Russian Federation Energy Program produce more than half of the world’s hydropower energy. Latin America and the Caribbean produces more than 55 percent of its electricity from hydropower. International Energy Agency’s www.iea.org/publications/ About 1.8 billion people in the world live without access to electricity. World Energy Outlook worldenergyoutlook/resources In Sub-Saharan Africa, almost 68 percent of people live without access to electricity. Environment 125 greenhouse gases carbon dioxide emissions per capita, 2008 Greenland (Den) 15.0 metric tons or more Faeroe 10.0–14.9 metric tons Islands Iceland (Den) 5.0–9.9 metric tons The Netherlands 1.0–4.9 metric tons C a n a d a United less than 1.0 metric tons Isle of Man (UK) Kingdom Ireland no data Channel Islands (UK) Luxembourg Fra Liechtenstein Andorra Spain U n i t e d S t a t e s Monaco Bermuda Portugal (UK) Gibraltar (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) Morocco The Bahamas Middle East & North Africa Alg 3.8 metric tons Turks and Caicos Mexico Islands (UK) Dominican Western Republic Sahara Cayman Islands (UK) Puerto St. Martin (Fr) Cuba US Virgin Rico (US) Islands (US) Sint Maarten (Neth) Mauritania Belize Haiti Cape Verde Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Guatemala Honduras Aruba Dominica Senegal Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador (Neth) St. Lucia The Gambia Nicaragua Guadeloupe (Fr) Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Guinea Benin Panama Trinidad Martinique (Fr) Costa Rica Ghana and Tobago Grenada Sierra Leone Côte Barbados d'Ivoire Curaçao R.B. de Liberia (Neth) Venezuela Guyana St. Vincent and the Grenadines Togo Colombia French Guiana Kiribati Latin America & Caribbean Suriname (Fr) São Tomé and Príncipe Ecuador 2.8 metric tons Peru B r a z i l French Polynesia (Fr) Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Chile Argentina Use of biomass energy increases health risks for many poor people who depend on biomass energy from plant materials or Greatest increase in emissions between animal wastes for cooking and heating 1990 and 2008 Increase in carbon dioxide emissions (million metric Rank Country tons of oil equivalent) 1 China 4,571 2 India 1,052 3 United States 582 4 Iran, Islamic Rep. 311 5 Korea, Rep. 265 6 Indonesia 256 7 Saudi Arabia 219 8 Thailand 190 9 Brazil 184 10 Malaysia 152 126 Europe & Central Asia 7.8 metric tons Sweden Norway Finland R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Czech Republic Belarus Slovak Republic Germany Poland Slovenia Belgium Ukraine Croatia Kazakhstan nce Austria Hungary Moldova Serbia Switzerland Romania Bosnia and Herzegovina Mongolia Italy FYR Macedonia Montenegro Bulgaria Uzbekistan Kosovo Georgia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Dem. People's Albania Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Rep. of Korea Tajikistan San Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Japan Marino Lebanon Islamic Republic Korea Tunisia Arab Rep. Malta Iraq of Iran Afghanistan C h i n a Israel Kuwait Jordan West Bank and Gaza Pakistan eria Bahrain Nepal Bhutan Libya Arab Rep. Saudi Arabia of Egypt United Arab Qatar Emirates India Bangladesh Myanmar Oman Lao P.D.R. Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Yemen Thailand Vietnam N. Mariana Islands (US) East Asia & Pacific Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Guam (US) 4.3 metric tons Nigeria Central Ethiopia South Sri Lanka Marshall Islands African Sudan Brunei Darussalam Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Federated States of Micronesia Uganda Rep. of Kenya Maldives Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Dem. Rep. Indonesia Nauru of Congo Burundi South Asia Papua New Solomon Islands Tuvalu Tanzania Seychelles Comoros 1.2 metric tons Guinea American Samoa (US) Timor-Leste Mayotte Angola (Fr) Zambia Malawi Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Zimbabwe Mozambique Madagascar Tonga Namibia Botswana Mauritius New Réunion (Fr) Caledonia A u s t r a l i a (Fr) Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 metric tons New Zealand Facts Internet links Between 1990 and 2008, the world’s carbon dioxide energy-related U.S. Energy Information www.eia.gov/ emissions rose by 36 percent to 30.2 billion metric tons. They are Administration projected to rise to 35.2 billion metric tons in 2020 and 43.2 billion metric tons in 2035. Intergovernmental Panel on www.ipcc.ch High-income economies emit more than four times as much Climate Change carbon dioxide per person as developing economies. Carbon Dioxide Information cdiac.ornl.gov Developing countries emitted nearly half the world’s 32 billion Analysis Center metric tons of total carbon dioxide emissions in 2008. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased National Oceanic and www.noaa.gov/ from 280 parts per million in preindustrial times to 390.4 in 2011 Atmospheric Administration —an increase of more than 39 percent—and will likely reach (NOAA) 400 by 2016. The IEA Greenhouse Gas www.ieaghg.org Carbon dioxide constitutes about 75 percent of global greenhouse R&D Programme gas emissions. Environment 127 Key indicators of development Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source millions years per 1,000 live births % of population $ billions per capita $ Economy 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2011 Afghanistan 35.32 48 101 50 14.3 410 Albania 3.22 77 14 95 12.8 3,980 Algeria 35.98 73 30 83 160.8 4,470 American Samoa 0.07 .. .. .. .. d .. Andorra 0.09 .. 3 100 .. .. e Angola 19.62 51 158 51 79.7 4,060 Antigua and Barbuda 0.09 .. 8 .. 1.1 12,060 Argentina 40.76 76 14 .. 397.2 9,740 Armenia 3.10 74 18 98 10.4 3,360 Aruba 0.11 75 .. 100 .. .. e Australia 22.62 82 5 100 1,030.3 46,200 Austria 8.42 80 4 100 406.6 48,300 Azerbaijan 9.17 71 45 80 48.5 5,290 Bahamas, The 0.35 75 16 .. 7.5 21,970 Bahrain 1.32 75 10 .. 20.1 15,920 Bangladesh 150.49 69 46 81 116.4 770 Barbados 0.27 77 20 100 3.5 12,660 Belarus 9.47 70 6 100 55.3 5,830 Belgium 11.01 80 4 100 508.1 46,160 Belize 0.36 76 17 98 1.3 3,690 Benin 9.10 56 106 75 7.1 780 Bermuda 0.06 79 .. .. .. .. e Bhutan 0.74 67 54 96 1.5 2,070 Bolivia 10.09 66 51 88 20.5 2,040 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.75 75 8 99 18.0 4,780 Botswana 2.03 53 26 96 15.2 7,480 Brazil 196.66 73 16 98 2,107.6 10,720 Brunei Darussalam 0.41 78 7 .. 12.5 31,800 Bulgaria 7.48 74 12 100 48.9 6,550 Burkina Faso 16.97 55 146 79 9.7 570 Burundi 8.58 50 139 72 2.2 250 Cambodia 14.31 63 43 64 11.8 830 Cameroon 20.03 51 127 77 24.2 1,210 Canada 34.48 81 6 100 1,570.9 45,560 Cape Verde 0.50 74 21 88 1.8 3,540 Cayman Islands 0.06 .. .. 96 .. .. e Central African Republic 4.49 48 164 67 2.1 470 Chad 11.53 49 169 51 8.0 690 Channel Islands 0.15 80 .. .. .. .. e Chile 17.27 79 9 96 212.0 12,280 China 1,344.13 73 15 91 6,644.3 4,940 Hong Kong SAR, China 7.07 83 .. .. 248.7 35,160 Macao SAR, China 0.56 81 .. .. 24.7 45,460 Colombia 46.93 73 18 92 286.5 6,110 Comoros 0.75 61 79 95 0.6 770 Congo, Dem. Rep. 67.76 48 168 45 13.1 190 Congo, Rep. 4.14 57 99 71 9.4 2,270 Costa Rica 4.73 79 10 97 36.2 7,660 Côte d'Ivoire 20.15 55 115 80 22.1 1,100 Croatia 4.41 76 5 99 61.0 13,850 Cuba 11.25 79 6 94 .. d .. Curaçao 0.15 .. .. .. .. .. e Cyprus 1.12 79 3 100 23.7 f 29,450 f Czech Republic 10.55 77 4 100 195.3 18,520 Denmark 5.57 79 4 100 336.6 60,390 Djibouti 0.91 58 90 88 1.1 1,270 Dominica 0.07 .. 12 .. 0.5 7,090 Dominican Republic 10.06 73 25 86 52.6 5,240 Ecuador 14.67 75 23 94 60.7 4,140 Egypt, Arab Rep. 82.54 73 21 99 214.7 2,600 El Salvador 6.23 72 15 88 21.7 3,480 Equatorial Guinea 0.72 51 118 .. 10.5 14,540 Eritrea 5.42 61 68 .. 2.3 430 Estonia 1.34 75 4 98 20.4 15,200 Ethiopia 84.73 59 77 44 33.8 400 Faeroe Islands 0.05 .. .. .. .. .. e Fiji 0.87 69 16 98 3.2 3,680 Finland 5.39 80 3 100 260.8 48,420 France 65.44 81 4 100 2,775.7 42,420 French Polynesia 0.27 75 .. 100 .. .. e Gabon 1.53 62 66 87 12.2 7,980 Gambia, The 1.78 58 101 89 1.1 610 Georgia 4.49 73 21 98 12.8 g 2,860 g Germany 81.73 80 4 100 3,594.3 43,980 Ghana 24.97 64 78 86 35.1 1,410 Greece 11.30 80 4 100 283.0 25,030 128 Total debt service Mobile cellular Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business subscriptionsc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2010 2010 2010 June 2011 2011 2008 Economy .. 28 0.4 7 54 0.0 Afghanistan 11.1 52 9.4 5 96 1.3 Albania 1.0 60 1.4 25 99 3.2 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. American Samoa .. .. .. .. 75 6.5 Andorra 4.5 91 -3.9 68 48 1.4 Angola .. 55 8.4 21 182 5.1 Antigua and Barbuda 16.7 34 1.6 26 135 4.8 Argentina 33.4 51 6.5 8 104 1.8 Armenia .. .. .. .. 123 21.7 Aruba .. 37 2.7 2 108 18.6 Australia .. 83 3.3 28 155 8.1 Austria 1.4 63 2.3 8 109 5.4 Azerbaijan .. 42 7.6 31 86 6.5 Bahamas, The .. 103 0.7 9 128 21.4 Bahrain 4.7 47 0.7 19 56 0.3 Bangladesh .. 49 16.3 .. 127 5.0 Barbados 4.6 109 7.2 5 112 6.5 Belarus .. 172 18.0 4 117 9.8 Belgium 12.1 74 6.2 44 64 1.3 Belize .. 52 1.7 29 85 0.5 Benin .. 17 7.0 .. 136 6.1 Bermuda .. 86 1.3 36 66 1.0 Bhutan 9.3 59 3.2 50 83 1.3 Bolivia 19.9 84 2.4 40 85 8.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.5 69 1.8 61 143 2.5 Botswana 19.0 18 2.7 119 123 2.1 Brazil .. 98 4.0 101 109 27.5 Brunei Darussalam 14.2 97 3.4 18 141 6.6 Bulgaria .. 38 0.4 13 45 0.1 Burkina Faso .. 30 0.0 14 14 0.0 Burundi .. 111 7.0 85 70 0.3 Cambodia 3.6 39 0.0 15 52 0.3 Cameroon .. 50 2.4 5 75 16.3 Canada 5.3 47 6.7 11 79 0.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 168 10.1 Cayman Islands .. 24 3.6 21 25 0.1 Central African Republic .. 71 9.1 66 32 0.0 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Channel Islands 15.2 60 7.0 7 130 4.4 Chile 3.3 50 3.1 38 73 5.3 China .. 376 34.1 3 210 5.5 Hong Kong SAR, China .. 23 12.3 .. 243 2.6 Macao SAR, China 21.0 28 4.0 14 98 1.5 Colombia .. 38 1.7 24 29 0.2 Comoros 3.8 75 22.4 65 23 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 92 23.5 160 94 0.5 Congo, Rep. 7.7 63 5.1 60 92 1.8 Costa Rica .. 79 1.8 32 86 0.4 Côte d'Ivoire .. 52 2.3 7 116 5.3 Croatia .. .. .. .. 12 2.8 Cuba .. .. .. .. .. .. Curaçao .. 43 1.0 8 98 7.9 Cyprus .. 131 2.5 20 122 11.2 Czech Republic .. 58 4.6 6 126 8.4 Denmark 7.5 .. .. 37 21 0.6 Djibouti 9.8 58 5.2 14 164 1.9 Dominica 11.0 42 3.2 19 87 2.2 Dominican Republic 9.4 66 0.3 56 105 1.9 Ecuador 6.0 36 2.9 7 101 2.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 19.0 61 1.5 17 126 1.0 El Salvador .. 112 4.8 137 59 7.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 33 2.6 84 4 0.1 Eritrea .. 127 0.8 7 139 13.6 Estonia .. 36 1.0 9 17 0.1 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. 122 14.6 Faeroe Islands .. 71 6.2 45 84 1.5 Fiji .. 58 0.0 14 166 10.6 Finland .. 44 1.5 7 105 5.9 France .. .. .. .. 81 3.4 French Polynesia .. 94 1.3 58 117 1.7 Gabon 7.2 28 3.2 27 89 0.3 Gambia, The 18.1 57 6.8 2 102 1.2 Georgia .. 72 1.1 15 132 9.6 Germany 3.4 58 7.9 12 85 0.4 Ghana .. 28 0.6 10 106 8.7 Greece Statistics 129 Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source millions years per 1,000 live births % of population $ billions per capita $ Economy 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2011 Greenland 0.06 .. .. 100 1.5 26,020 Grenada 0.10 76 13 .. 0.8 7,220 Guam 0.18 76 .. 100 .. .. e Guatemala 14.76 71 30 92 42.4 2,870 Guinea 10.22 54 126 74 4.5 440 Guinea-Bissau 1.55 48 161 64 0.9 600 Guyana 0.76 70 36 94 2.2 2,900 Haiti 10.12 62 70 69 7.1 700 Honduras 7.75 73 21 87 15.3 1,970 Hungary 9.97 74 6 100 126.9 12,730 Iceland 0.32 81 3 100 11.2 35,020 India 1,241.49 65 61 92 1,746.5 1,410 Indonesia 242.33 69 32 82 712.7 2,940 Iran, Islamic Rep. 74.80 73 25 96 330.4 4,520 Iraq 32.96 68 38 79 87.0 2,640 Ireland 4.49 80 4 100 173.1 38,580 Isle of Man 0.08 .. .. .. .. .. e Israel 7.77 82 4 100 224.7 28,930 Italy 60.77 82 4 100 2,147.0 35,330 Jamaica 2.71 73 18 93 13.5 4,980 Japan 127.82 83 3 100 5,774.4 45,180 Jordan 6.18 73 21 97 27.1 4,380 Kazakhstan 16.56 68 28 95 136.1 8,220 Kenya 41.61 56 73 59 34.2 820 Kiribati 0.10 .. 47 .. 0.2 2,110 Korea, Dem. Rep. 24.45 69 33 98 .. h .. Korea, Rep. 49.78 81 5 98 1,039.0 20,870 Kosovo 1.79 70 .. .. 6.3 3,520 Kuwait 2.82 75 11 99 133.8 48,900 Kyrgyz Republic 5.51 69 31 90 5.1 920 Lao P.D.R. 6.29 67 42 67 7.1 1,130 Latvia 2.22 73 8 99 27.4 12,350 Lebanon 4.26 72 9 100 38.8 9,110 Lesotho 2.19 47 86 78 2.7 1,220 Liberia 4.13 56 78 73 1.0 240 Libya 6.42 75 16 .. 77.1 12,320 Liechtenstein 0.04 .. 2 .. 4.9 137,070 Lithuania 3.20 73 6 .. 39.3 12,280 Luxembourg 0.52 80 3 100 40.4 78,130 Macedonia, FYR 2.06 75 10 100 9.8 4,730 Madagascar 21.32 66 62 46 9.1 430 Malawi 15.38 53 83 83 5.2 340 Malaysia 28.86 74 7 100 243.1 8,420 Maldives 0.32 77 11 98 2.1 6,530 Mali 15.84 51 176 64 9.6 610 Malta 0.42 81 6 100 7.7 18,620 Marshall Islands 0.05 .. 26 94 0.2 3,910 Mauritania 3.54 58 112 50 3.5 1,000 Mauritius 1.29 73 15 99 10.6 8,240 Mexico 114.79 77 16 96 1,060.2 9,240 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.11 69 42 .. 0.3 2,900 Moldova 3.56 69 16 96 7.1 i 1,980 i Monaco 0.04 .. 4 100 6.5 183,150 Mongolia 2.80 68 31 82 6.5 2,320 Montenegro 0.63 74 7 98 4.5 7,060 Morocco 32.27 72 33 83 97.6 j 2,970 j Mozambique 23.93 50 103 47 11.2 470 Myanmar 48.34 65 62 83 .. h .. Namibia 2.32 62 42 93 10.9 4,700 Nepal 30.49 68 48 89 16.6 540 Netherlands 16.70 81 4 100 830.2 49,730 New Caledonia 0.25 76 .. .. .. .. e New Zealand 4.41 81 6 100 128.2 29,350 Nicaragua 5.87 74 26 85 6.8 1,170 Niger 16.07 54 125 49 5.8 360 Nigeria 162.47 51 124 58 195.3 1,200 Northern Mariana Islands 0.06 .. .. 98 .. .. e Norway 4.95 81 3 100 440.2 88,890 Oman 2.85 73 9 89 53.6 19,260 Pakistan 176.75 65 72 92 197.6 1,120 Palau 0.02 .. 19 85 0.1 7,250 Panama 3.57 76 20 .. 28.3 7,910 Papua New Guinea 7.01 62 58 40 10.4 1,480 Paraguay 6.57 72 22 86 19.5 2,970 Peru 29.40 74 18 85 161.7 5,500 Philippines 94.85 68 25 92 209.4 2,210 Poland 38.22 76 6 .. 477.0 12,480 Portugal 10.64 79 3 99 226.0 21,250 Puerto Rico 3.71 79 .. .. 61.6 16,560 130 Total debt service Mobile cellular Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business subscriptionsc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2010 2010 2010 June 2011 2011 2008 Economy .. .. .. .. 103 10.2 Greenland 14.3 40 7.7 15 117 2.4 Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. Guam 14.3 54 2.2 37 140 0.9 Guatemala 5.6 50 2.1 40 44 0.1 Guinea .. 41 1.1 9 26 0.2 Guinea-Bissau .. 101 11.9 26 69 2.0 Guyana 15.7 56 2.3 105 41 0.3 Haiti 7.6 93 5.9 14 104 1.2 Honduras .. 143 17.1 4 117 5.4 Hungary .. 68 7.2 5 106 7.0 Iceland 5.6 34 1.4 29 72 1.5 India 16.6 41 2.1 45 98 1.7 Indonesia .. .. .. 8 75 7.4 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. 117 1.8 77 78 3.4 Iraq .. 86 6.4 13 108 9.9 Ireland .. .. .. .. .. .. Isle of Man .. 55 4.7 34 122 5.2 Israel .. 46 1.5 6 152 7.4 Italy 27.9 47 1.6 7 108 4.5 Jamaica .. 27 0.0 23 103 9.5 Japan 4.9 85 6.4 12 118 3.7 Jordan 71.4 60 6.9 19 143 15.1 Kazakhstan 4.4 54 0.6 33 65 0.3 Kenya .. 73 2.4 31 14 0.3 Kiribati .. .. .. .. 4 3.2 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. 88 0.4 7 109 10.4 Korea, Rep. 1.6 .. 8.5 58 .. .. Kosovo .. 72 0.1 32 161 30.1 Kuwait 21.9 104 6.6 10 105 1.2 Kyrgyz Republic .. 47 3.9 93 87 0.3 Lao P.D.R. 76.4 88 5.5 16 103 3.3 Latvia 19.1 60 11.0 9 79 4.1 Lebanon 1.9 139 5.4 40 48 .. Lesotho 1.3 94 45.8 6 49 0.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. 156 9.5 Libya .. .. .. .. 102 .. Liechtenstein 34.3 122 2.9 22 151 4.5 Lithuania .. 82 542.9 19 148 21.5 Luxembourg 15.2 96 4.0 3 109 5.8 Macedonia, FYR 2.6 43 9.9 8 38 0.1 Madagascar .. 59 2.8 39 25 0.1 Malawi 5.2 153 3.9 6 127 7.6 Malaysia 21.3 62 7.9 9 166 3.0 Maldives 2.5 55 1.6 8 68 0.0 Mali .. 82 12.2 .. 125 6.2 Malta .. 90 5.3 17 7 1.9 Marshall Islands .. 107 0.4 19 93 0.6 Mauritania 2.4 68 4.4 6 99 3.1 Mauritius 9.8 59 1.7 9 82 4.3 Mexico .. 61 3.4 16 25 0.6 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 12.8 94 3.9 9 105 1.3 Moldova .. .. .. .. 86 .. Monaco 5.0 100 23.5 13 105 4.1 Mongolia 5.9 65 18.5 10 185 3.1 Montenegro 10.7 58 2.5 12 113 1.5 Morocco 2.9 84 8.6 13 33 0.1 Mozambique .. .. .. .. 3 0.3 Myanmar .. 85 7.1 66 105 1.8 Namibia 10.5 38 0.5 29 44 0.1 Nepal .. 141 1.9 8 115 10.6 Netherlands .. .. .. .. 89 12.9 New Caledonia .. 44 0.5 1 109 7.8 New Zealand 14.3 91 13.3 39 82 0.8 Nicaragua .. 57 17.5 17 27 0.1 Niger 0.4 64 3.1 34 59 0.6 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Northern Mariana Islands .. 50 2.8 7 117 10.5 Norway .. 98 1.1 8 169 17.3 Oman 15.2 34 1.1 21 62 1.0 Pakistan .. 74 1.4 28 75 10.5 Palau 5.7 37 8.8 8 204 2.0 Panama 12.9 100 0.3 51 34 0.3 Papua New Guinea 4.6 80 2.1 35 99 0.7 Paraguay 16.7 43 4.8 26 110 1.4 Peru 18.4 55 0.6 35 92 0.9 Philippines .. 70 2.8 32 128 8.3 Poland .. 55 4.3 5 115 5.3 Portugal .. .. .. 6 83 .. Puerto Rico Statistics 131 Access to an improved Gross national income (GNI)ª Total population Life expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate water source millions years per 1,000 live births % of population $ billions per capita $ Economy 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2011 Qatar 1.87 78 8 100 150.4 80,440 Romania 21.39 73 13 .. 169.2 7,910 Russian Federation 141.93 69 12 97 1,476.1 10,400 Rwanda 10.94 55 54 65 6.2 570 Samoa 0.18 72 19 96 0.6 3,190 San Marino 0.03 83 2 .. .. .. e São Tomé and Principe 0.17 64 89 89 0.2 1,360 Saudi Arabia 28.08 74 9 .. 500.5 17,820 Senegal 12.77 59 65 72 13.7 1,070 Serbia 7.26 74 7 99 41.2 5,680 Seychelles 0.09 73 14 .. 1.0 11,130 Sierra Leone 6.00 47 185 55 2.1 340 Singapore 5.18 82 3 100 222.6 42,930 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 0.04 .. .. .. .. .. e Slovak Republic 5.44 75 8 100 87.4 16,070 Slovenia 2.05 79 3 99 48.5 23,610 Solomon Islands 0.55 67 22 .. 0.6 1,110 Somalia 9.56 51 180 29 .. h .. South Africa 50.59 52 47 91 352.0 6,960 South Sudan 10.31 .. 121 .. .. .. k Spain 46.24 82 4 100 1,432.8 30,990 Sri Lanka 20.87 75 12 91 53.8 2,580 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.05 .. 7 99 0.7 12,480 St. Lucia 0.18 74 16 96 1.2 6,680 St. Martin (French part) 0.03 .. .. .. .. .. e St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11 72 21 .. 0.7 6,100 Sudan 34.32 61 86 58 56.7 l 1,300 l Suriname 0.53 70 30 92 4.0 7,640 Swaziland 1.07 48 104 71 3.5 3,300 Sweden 9.45 81 3 100 503.2 53,230 Switzerland 7.91 82 4 100 603.9 76,380 Syrian Arab Republic 20.82 76 15 90 56.3 2,750 Tajikistan 6.98 67 63 64 6.1 870 Tanzania 46.22 57 68 53 24.3 m 540 m Thailand 69.52 74 12 96 307.1 4,420 Timor-Leste 1.18 62 54 69 3.1 2,730 Togo 6.15 57 110 61 3.4 560 Tonga 0.10 72 15 100 0.4 3,580 Trinidad and Tobago 1.35 70 28 94 20.2 15,040 Tunisia 10.67 75 16 .. 43.4 4,070 Turkey 73.64 74 15 100 766.4 10,410 Turkmenistan 5.11 65 53 .. 21.0 4,110 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.04 .. .. 100 .. .. e Tuvalu 0.01 .. 30 98 0.0 5,010 Uganda 34.51 54 90 72 17.5 510 Ukraine 45.71 70 10 98 142.8 3,120 United Arab Emirates 7.89 77 7 100 321.7 40,760 United Kingdom 62.64 80 5 100 2,366.5 37,780 United States 311.59 78 8 99 15,097.1 48,450 Uruguay 3.37 76 10 100 40.0 11,860 Uzbekistan 29.34 68 49 87 44.2 1,510 Vanuatu 0.25 71 13 90 0.7 2,870 Venezuela, R.B. 29.28 74 15 .. 349.1 11,920 Vietnam 87.84 75 22 95 110.9 1,260 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.11 79 .. .. .. .. e West Bank and Gaza 4.02 73 22 85 .. .. k Yemen, Rep. 24.80 65 77 55 26.4 1,070 Zambia 13.47 48 83 61 15.6 1,160 Zimbabwe 12.75 50 67 80 8.1 640 World 6,973.74 s 70 w 52 w 88 w 66,185.0 t 9,491 w Low-income 816.81 59 95 65 463.0 567 Middle-income 5,021.92 69 47 90 20,717.3 4,125 Lower-middle-income 2,532.83 66 63 87 4,457.7 1,760 Upper-middle-income 2,489.10 73 20 93 16,253.0 6,530 Low- & middle- income 5,838.73 68 57 86 21,203.3 3,631 East Asia & Pacific 1,974.22 72 21 90 8,376.8 4,243 Europe & Central Asia 407.56 71 21 96 3,101.4 7,610 Latin America & Caribbean 589.02 74 19 94 5,032.8 8,544 Middle East & North Africa 336.63 72 32 89 1,280.6 3,869 South Asia 1,656.46 65 62 90 2,151.1 1,299 Sub-Saharan Africa 874.84 54 108 61 1,098.1 1,255 High-income 1,135.00 80 6 100 45,153.9 39,783 Euro area 332.99 81 4 100 12,844.3 38,573 See page 142 for explanation of symbols. c. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication/ Note: Figures in italics are for years other than those specified. ICT Indicators database. Please cite ITU for third-party use of these data. 132 a. Calculated using World Bank Atlas method. d. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($4,036 to $12,475). b. Exports include workers’ remittances. e. Estimated to be high-income ($12,476 or more). Total debt service Mobile cellular Carbon dioxide emissions % of exports of goods, Merchandise trade Foreign direct investment Starting a business subscriptionsc per capita services and incomeb % of GDP net inflows, % of GDP time required in days per 100 people metric tons 2010 2010 2010 June 2011 2011 2008 Economy .. 67 4.3 12 123 49.1 Qatar 31.2 69 1.5 14 109 4.4 Romania 12.8 44 2.8 30 179 12.0 Russian Federation 2.3 31 0.8 3 41 0.1 Rwanda 5.2 62 0.1 9 91 0.9 Samoa .. .. .. .. 112 .. San Marino 6.5 61 12.3 10 68 0.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 77 2.8 5 191 16.6 Saudi Arabia .. 54 1.8 5 73 0.4 Senegal 30.9 69 6.0 13 125 6.8 Serbia 5.7 109 17.4 39 146 7.8 Seychelles 2.6 58 4.5 12 36 0.2 Sierra Leone .. 311 18.1 3 149 6.7 Singapore .. .. .. .. .. .. Sint Maarten (Dutch part) .. 151 0.6 18 109 6.9 Slovak Republic .. 127 2.2 6 107 8.5 Slovenia 5.9 93 35.1 43 50 0.4 Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. 7 0.1 Somalia 4.9 48 1.4 19 127 8.9 South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. South Sudan .. 40 1.7 28 114 7.2 Spain 13.0 44 1.0 35 87 0.6 Sri Lanka 23.2 51 17.9 19 153 4.9 St. Kitts and Nevis 7.1 59 9.2 15 123 2.3 St. Lucia .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Martin (French part) St. Vincent and the 16.4 62 15.3 10 121 1.8 Grenadines 4.2 32 3.1 36 56 0.3 Sudan .. 81 -5.9 694 179 4.7 Suriname .. 88 3.7 56 64 1.1 Swaziland .. 66 2.3 15 119 5.3 Sweden .. 70 0.4 18 130 5.3 Switzerland .. 51 2.5 13 63 3.6 Syrian Arab Republic 44.8 73 0.3 24 91 0.5 Tajikistan 3.0 50 1.9 29 56 0.2 Tanzania 4.8 118 3.0 29 113 4.2 Thailand .. 36 32.0 103 53 0.2 Timor-Leste .. 74 1.3 84 50 0.2 Togo 9.1 50 4.5 16 53 1.7 Tonga .. 82 2.6 43 136 37.4 Trinidad and Tobago 10.4 87 3.2 11 117 2.4 Tunisia 36.7 41 2.1 6 89 4.0 Turkey .. 60 10.4 .. 69 9.7 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. 4.4 Turks and Caicos Islands .. 52 4.8 .. 22 .. Tuvalu 1.8 36 4.7 34 48 0.1 Uganda 40.7 82 4.4 24 123 7.0 Ukraine .. 128 1.3 13 149 25.0 United Arab Emirates .. 43 2.2 13 131 8.5 United Kingdom .. 22 1.5 6 106 18.0 United States 12.4 39 4.1 7 141 2.5 Uruguay .. 51 2.1 14 92 4.6 Uzbekistan 1.7 48 5.6 35 119 0.4 Vanuatu 8.8 27 1.7 141 98 6.1 Venezuela, R.B. 1.7 148 7.5 44 143 1.5 Vietnam .. .. .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. 49 46 0.5 West Bank and Gaza 2.8 59 0.2 12 47 1.0 Yemen, Rep. 1.9 77 10.3 18 61 0.2 Zambia .. 84 1.4 90 72 0.7 Zimbabwe .. w 48 w 2.6 w 31 u 86 w 4.8 w World 4.8 52 3.1 33 41 0.3 Low-income 9.9 48 2.6 36 86 3.4 Middle-income 10.1 47 2.2 33 79 1.5 Lower-middle-income 9.9 48 2.7 40 92 5.3 Upper-middle-income 9.8 48 2.6 35 79 3.0 Low- & middle-income 4.8 57 3.1 39 80 4.3 East Asia & Pacific 24.2 52 3.1 16 132 7.8 Europe & Central Asia Latin America & 13.8 35 2.4 58 107 2.8 Caribbean Middle East & 5.1 61 2.7 23 89 3.8 North Africa 6.4 34 1.4 23 69 1.2 South Asia 3.3 58 2.3 34 53 0.8 Sub-Saharan Africa .. 48 2.6 17 117 11.9 High-income .. 66 4.7 12 126 8.0 Euro area he Republic of Cyprus. f. Data are for the area controlled by the government of t j. Data includes Former Spanish Sahara. g. Data excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia. k. Estimated to be lower-middle-income ($1,026 to $4,035). h. Estimated to be low-income ($1,025 or less). l. Data includes South Sudan. Statistics 133 i. Data excludes Transnistria. m. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. Ranking of economies Rank Economy Atlas Purchasing methodology power parity $ international $ PPP rank by GNI per capita 71 Latvia 72 Chile 12,350 12,280 17,820 16,330 73 76 72 Lithuania 12,280 19,690 70 74 Antigua and Barbuda 12,060 15,670 b 77 Atlas Purchasing 75 Venezuela, RB 11,920 12,620 92 methodology power parity PPP Rank Economy $ international $ rank 76 Uruguay 11,860 14,740 83 1 Monaco 183,150 a .. .. 77 Seychelles 11,130 25,320 b 55 2 Liechtenstein 137,070 a .. .. 78 Brazil 10,720 11,500 98 3 Bermuda .. a .. .. 80 Turkey 10,410 17,340 74 4 Norway 88,890 62,970 6 81 Russian Federation 10,400 19,940 69 5 Qatar 80,440 87,030 3 82 Argentina 9,740 17,250 75 6 Luxembourg 78,130 64,410 5 83 Mexico 9,240 15,060 81 7 Switzerland 76,380 52,320 12 84 Lebanon 9,110 14,000 88 8 Isle of Man .. a .. .. 85 Malaysia 8,420 15,190 78 9 Denmark 60,390 42,300 22 86 Mauritius 8,240 14,760 82 10 Channel Islands .. a .. .. 87 Kazakhstan 8,220 11,310 100 11 Sweden 53,230 42,200 23 88 Gabon 7,980 13,650 91 12 Cayman Islands .. a .. .. 89 Panama 7,910 14,740 b 83 13 Faeroe Islands .. a .. .. 89 Romania 7,910 15,140 80 14 Netherlands 49,730 43,260 21 91 Suriname 7,640 a 7,710 a,b 120 15 Kuwait 48,900 a 53,820 a 10 92 Costa Rica 7,660 11,950 b 95 16 United States 48,450 48,890 16 93 Botswana 7,480 14,560 85 17 Finland 48,420 38,500 32 94 Palau 7,250 12,330 b 94 18 Austria 48,300 42,080 24 95 Grenada 7,220 10,530 b 103 19 Australia 46,200 a 36,410 a 33 96 Dominica 7,090 12,460 b 93 20 Macao SAR, China 45,462 a 57,060 a 8 97 Montenegro 7,060 13,720 90 21 Belgium 46,160 39,270 31 98 Libya 12,320 a 16,750 a,b 107 22 Canada 45,560 39,730 30 99 South Africa 6,960 10,790 101 23 Japan 45,180 35,530 36 100 St. Lucia 6,680 9,080 b 111 25 Germany 43,980 39,970 27 101 Bulgaria 6,550 13,980 89 27 Singapore 42,930 59,790 7 102 Maldives 6,530 8,540 114 28 France 42,420 35,650 35 103 Colombia 6,110 9,640 106 29 United Arab Emirates 40,760 48,220 b 17 104 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6,100 10,560 b 102 32 Ireland 38,580 33,230 37 105 Belarus 5,830 14,560 85 34 United Kingdom 37,780 35,940 34 107 Serbia 5,680 11,640 97 35 Greenland 26,020 a .. .. 108 Peru 5,500 10,160 104 36 Italy 35,330 32,710 38 109 Azerbaijan 5,290 9,020 112 37 Hong Kong SAR, China 35,160 51,490 13 110 Dominican Republic 5,240 9,490 b 108 38 Iceland 35,020 30,760 43 111 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4,520 a 11,400 a 96 39 Brunei Darussalam 31,800 a 49,790 a 14 112 Tuvalu 5,010 .. .. 40 Spain 30,990 31,660 39 113 Jamaica 4,980 7,770 b 121 41 Cyprus 29,450 a,c 30,910 a,c 42 114 China 4,940 8,450 115 42 New Zealand 29,350 a 28,970 a 46 115 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,780 9,200 109 43 Israel 28,930 27,120 51 116 Macedonia, FYR 4,730 11,490 99 46 Greece 25,030 26,090 54 117 Namibia 4,700 6,600 125 47 Slovenia 23,610 26,960 52 118 Algeria 4,470 8,370 b 117 48 Bahamas, The 21,970 a 29,850 a,b 45 119 Thailand 4,420 8,390 116 51 Portugal 21,250 24,480 59 120 Jordan 4,380 5,970 131 53 Korea, Rep. 20,870 30,340 44 121 Ecuador 4,140 8,310 119 55 Oman 19,260 a 25,770 a 53 122 Turkmenistan 4,110 8,350 b 118 56 Malta 18,620 a 24,170 a 58 123 Tunisia 4,070 9,090 110 57 Czech Republic 18,520 24,280 60 124 Angola 4,060 5,290 137 58 Saudi Arabia 17,820 24,870 57 125 Albania 3,980 8,900 113 59 Puerto Rico 16,560 a .. .. 126 Marshall Islands 3,910 .. .. 60 Bahrain 15,920 a 21,240 a 64 127 Belize 3,690 6,070 b 129 61 Slovak Republic 16,070 22,230 63 128 Fiji 3,680 4,590 144 62 Estonia 15,200 20,830 65 129 Tonga 3,580 4,690 b 143 63 Trinidad and Tobago 15,040 24,940 b 56 130 Cape Verde 3,540 4,000 150 64 Equatorial Guinea 14,540 24,110 61 131 Kosovo 3,520 .. .. 65 Croatia 13,850 19,330 71 132 El Salvador 3,480 6,690 b 124 66 Barbados 12,660 a 18,850 a,b 72 133 Armenia 3,360 6,140 127 67 Hungary 12,730 20,260 67 134 Swaziland 3,300 5,970 131 69 Poland 12,480 20,480 66 135 Samoa 3,190 4,430 b 147 69 St. Kitts and Nevis 12,480 14,490 b 87 136 Ukraine 3,120 7,080 123 134 Atlas Purchasing Atlas Purchasing methodology power parity PPP methodology power parity PPP Rank Economy $ international $ rank Rank Economy $ international $ rank 137 Morocco 2,970 d 4,910 d 141 204 Madagascar 430 950 205 137 Paraguay 2,970 5,310 136 206 Afghanistan 410 a 1,060 a,b 200 139 Guyana 2,900 a 3,460 a,b 157 207 Ethiopia 400 1,110 199 140 Indonesia 2,940 4,530 145 208 Niger 360 720 209 141 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,900 3,610 b 156 209 Malawi 340 870 206 142 Guatemala 2,870 4,800 b 142 209 Sierra Leone 340 850 207 142 Vanuatu 2,870 4,500 b 146 211 Burundi 250 610 210 144 Georgia 2,860 e 5,390 e 135 212 Liberia 240 520 212 145 Syrian Arab Republic 2,750 a 5,090 a 139 213 Congo, Dem. Rep. 190 350 214 146 Timor-Leste 2,730 a 5,210 a,b 137 147 Iraq 2,640 3,770 153 148 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,600 6,160 126 149 Sri Lanka 2,580 5,560 133 150 Mongolia 2,320 4,360 148 Note: Rankings include all 214 World Bank Atlas economies 151 Congo, Rep. 2,270 3,280 160 presented in the key indicators table, but only those with confirmed 152 Philippines 2,210 4,160 149 GNI per capita estimates or those that rank among the top twenty 153 Kiribati 2,110 3,480 b 158 for the Atlas method are shown in rank order. 154 Bhutan 2,070 5,480 134 156 Bolivia 2,040 4,920 140 Estimated ranges for economies that do not have confirmed 157 Moldova 1,980 f 3,670 f 154 World Bank Atlas GNI per capita figures are : 158 Honduras 1,970 3,840 b 151 High-income ($12,476 or more): 159 Uzbekistan 1,510 3,440 b 159 Andorra 160 Papua New Guinea 1,480 2,590 b 165 Aruba 161 Ghana 1,410 1,820 181 Curaçao 161 India 1,410 3,620 155 French Polynesia 163 Djibouti 1,270 a 2,450 a 166 Guam 164 São Tomé and Principe 1,360 2,080 175 New Caledonia 165 Sudan 1,300 a,g 2,020 a,g 178 Northern Mariana Islands 166 Vietnam 1,260 3,260 161 San Marino 167 Lesotho 1,220 2,070 176 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 168 Cameroon 1,210 2,360 168 St. Martin (French part) 170 Nigeria 1,200 2,300 171 Turks and Caicos Islands 171 Nicaragua 1,170 2,840 b 163 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 172 Zambia 1,160 1,490 188 173 Lao P.D.R. 1,130 2,600 164 Upper-middle-income ($4,036 to $12,475) 174 Pakistan 1,120 2,880 162 American Samoa 175 Solomon Islands 1,110 2,360 b 168 Cuba 176 Côte d’Ivoire 1,100 1,730 183 177 Senegal 1,070 1,960 179 Lower-middle-income ($1,026 to $4,035) 177 Yemen, Rep. 1,070 2,180 174 South Sudan 179 Mauritania 1,000 2,410 167 West Bank and Gaza 180 Kyrgyz Republic 920 2,290 172 181 Tajikistan 870 2,310 170 Low-income ($1,025 or less) 182 Cambodia 830 2,260 173 Korea, Dem. Rep. 183 Kenya 820 1,720 184 Myanmar 184 Benin 780 1,630 186 Somalia 185 Bangladesh 770 1,940 180 185 Comoros 770 1,120 198 .. Not available. Figures in italics are for 2010 or 2009. 188 Haiti 700 1,190 196 a. 2011 data not available; ranking is approximate. 189 Chad 690 1,370 189 b. Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are 190 Zimbabwe 640 .. .. extrapolated from the 2005 International Comparison 191 Gambia, The 610 2,060 177 Program benchmark estimates. 191 Mali 610 1,050 201 c. Data are for the area controlled by the government of the 193 Guinea-Bissau 600 1,250 194 Republic of Cyprus. 194 Burkina Faso 570 1,310 192 d. Data include Former Spanish Sahara. 194 Rwanda 570 1,240 195 e. Data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia. 196 Togo 560 1,030 203 f. Data exclude Transnistria. 197 Tanzania 540 h 1,510 h 187 g. Data include South Sudan. 199 Uganda 510 1,320 191 h. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. 200 Nepal 540 1,260 193 201 Central African Republic 470 810 208 201 Mozambique 470 980 204 203 Guinea 440 1,050 201 204 Eritrea 430 580 b 211 Statistics 135 Definitions, sources, Births attended by skilled health staff The proportion of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give notes, and abbreviations the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own and to care for Adjusted net saving Net national saving plus education newborns. (Household Surveys) expenditure minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particle Bonds Securities issued with a fixed rate of interest for emissions damage. (World Bank) a period of more than one year. They include net flows through cross-border public and publicly guaranteed Adolescent fertility rate The number of births per 1,000 and private nonguaranteed bond issues. (World Bank) women ages 15–19. (UN Population Division) Business, time to start up The time, in calendar days, Agricultural land Permanent pastures, arable land, and needed to complete all the procedures required to land under permanent crops. Permanent pasture is legally operate a business. If a procedure can be land used for five or more years for forage, including speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, natural and cultivated crops. Arable land includes land regardless of cost, is chosen. Time spent gathering defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops information about the registration process is excluded. (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary (World Bank) meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land that is temporarily fallow. Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions from the burning of Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is fossil fuels (including the consumption of solid, liquid, excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated and gas fuels and gas flaring) and the manufacture of with crops that occupy the land for long periods and cement. (CDIAC) need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, Cereal production Cereals generally of the gramineous coffee, and rubber. Land under flowering shrubs, fruit family harvested for dry grain only. (FAO) trees, nut trees, and vines is included, but land under Cereal yield The production of wheat, rice, maize, barley, trees grown for wood or timber is not. (FAO) oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains, Agricultural products Commodities classified in SITC measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested land. revision 2 sections 0,1, 2, excluding 27 and 28, and 4. Refers to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal Agricultural support, total The value of gross transfers crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, from taxpayers and consumers arising from policy feed, or silage, and those used for grazing are excluded. measures, net of associated budgetary receipts, The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year regardless of their objectives and impacts on farm in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a production and income or production of farm crop harvested near the end of the year will be used in products. (OECD) the following year. (FAO) Aid, net Aid flows classified as official development Child labor Children ages 7–14 who are involved in assistance, net of repayments. (OECD DAC) economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the survey. (UCW) Aid, untied Bilateral official development assistance commitment not subject to restrictions by donors on Child labor, Agriculture Children ages 7–14 who are procurement sources. (OECD) involved in economic activity in the agricultural sector. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2), Antiretroviral therapy coverage The percentage of adults categories A and B (ISIC revision 3), or category A and children with advanced HIV infection currently (ISIC revision 4) and includes agriculture and hunting, receiving antiretroviral therapy according to nationally forestry and logging, and fishing. (UCW) approved treatment protocols (or WHO/UNAIDS standards) among the estimated number of people Child labor, Manufacturing Children ages 7–14 who are with advanced HIV infection. (WHO) involved in economic activity in the manufacturing sector. Manufacturing corresponds to division 3 (ISIC Bilateral ODA commitments Firm obligations, revision 2), category D (ISIC revision 3), or category C expressed in writing and backed by the necessary (ISIC revision 4). (UCW) funds, undertaken by official bilateral donors to provide specified assistance to a recipient country or Child labor, Service Children ages 7–14 who are involved a multilateral organization. Bilateral commitments in economic activity in the service sector. Services are recorded in the full amount of expected transfer, correspond to divisions 6–9 (ISIC revision 2), categories irrespective of the time required for completing G–P (ISIC revision 3) or categories Q–U (ISIC revision disbursements. (OECD DAC) 4) and include wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, financial intermediation, real Birth at health facility Percentage of live births in the estate, public administration, education, health and years preceding the survey that took place at a health social work, other community services, and private facility. (Household Surveys) household activity. (UCW) 136 Child labor, paid workers Children ages 7–14 who are Deforestation The permanent conversion of natural involved in economic activity and hold the type of jobs forest area to other uses, including shifting cultivation, defined as “paid employment jobs.” (UCW) permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and Child labor, self-employed workers Children ages infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not 7–14 who are involved in economic activity and hold include areas logged but intended for regeneration or the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs,” areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, working on their own account or with one or a few or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in partners. (UCW) forest area. (FAO) Child labor, unpaid family workers Children ages Education, primary The level of education that provides 7–14 who are involved in economic activity and work children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics without pay in a market-oriented establishment or skills along with an elementary understanding of such activity operated by a related person living in the subjects as history, geography, natural science, social same household. (UCW) science, art, and music. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Children out of school, primary school-age children Education, secondary The level of education that The number of children of primary school age who completes the provision of basic education aimed are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) human development by offering more subject- or skill- oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. Commercial bank and other lending Net flows of (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) commercial bank lending (public and publicly guaranteed and private nonguaranteed) and other Education, tertiary The level of education leading to private credits. (World Bank) an advanced research qualification that normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the Contraceptive prevalence rate The percentage of women successful completion of education at the secondary married or in-union ages 15–49 who are practicing, level. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. (Household Surveys) Energy and minerals rents The product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities extracted. Energy Corruption is the abuse of public office for private gain covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas; minerals include and is an outcome of poor governance, reflecting the bauxite, copper, gold, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, breakdown of accountability. (World Bank) silver, tin, and zinc. (World Bank) Debt, private nonguaranteed The long-term external Energy use The use of primary energy before obligations of private debtors that are not guaranteed transformation to other end-use fuels, which equals for repayment by a public entity. (World Bank) indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, Debt, public and publicly guaranteed The long-term minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft external obligations of public debtors, including the engaged in international transport. (IEA) national governments and political subdivisions (or Enrollment rate, gross The ratio of children who are an agency of either) and autonomous public bodies, enrolled in an education level, regardless of age, to the and the external obligations of private debtors that are population of the corresponding official school age, as guaranteed for repayment by a public entity. (World Bank) defined by the International Standard Classification of Debt, short term All debt having an original maturity of Education 1997 (ISCED97). (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term Enrollment rate, net The ratio of children of official school debt. (World Bank) age who are enrolled in school, to the population of Debt, total external Debt owed to nonresidents repayable the corresponding official school age, as defined by the in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of International Standard Classification of Education 1997 public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed (ISCED97). (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) long-term debt, use of International Monetary Fund Exchange rate, official The exchange rate (local currency credit, and short-term debt. (World Bank) units relative to the U.S. dollar) determined by national Debt service, public The sum of principal repayments authorities or the rate determined in the legally and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an services for long-term public and publicly guaranteed annual average based on monthly averages. (IMF) debt and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the Exports of goods, services, and income International International Monetary Fund. (World Bank) transactions involving a change in ownership of Debt service, total The sum of principal repayments and general merchandise, goods sent for processing interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or and repairs, nonmonetary gold, services, receipts of services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term employee compensation for nonresident workers, debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the and investment income. (IMF) International Monetary Fund. (World Bank) Statistics 137 Exports to developing economies outside region Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total water withdrawals, The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting not counting evaporation losses from storage basins but economy to other developing economies in other including water from desalination plants in countries World Bank regions as a percentage of total where they are a significant source. Withdrawals also merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) include water from desalination sources. Withdrawals Exports to developing economies within region for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting for irrigation and livestock production and for direct economy to other developing economies in the industrial use (including for cooling thermoelectric same World Bank region as a percentage of total plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. (FAO) Exports to high-income economies The sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy Gross capital formation (commonly called investment) to high-income economies as a percentage of total Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy, merchandise exports by the economy. (World Bank) net of changes in the level of inventories, and net acquisitions of valuables. Fixed assets include land Female-to-male enrollments in secondary schools improvements (such as fences, ditches, and drains); The ratio of female-to-male gross enrollment rates plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and in secondary schools. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) the construction of roads, railways, and dwellings. Fertility rate, total The number of children that would (World Bank, OECD, UN) be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value her childbearing years and bear children in accordance added by all resident producers in the economy plus with the age-specific fertility rates of the specific year. any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the (World Bank) value of the products. It is calculated using purchaser Financing from abroad (obtained from nonresidents) prices and without deductions for the depreciation of and domestic financing (obtained from residents) fabricated assets or for the depletion and degradation The means by which a government provides financial of natural resources. (World Bank) resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Gross domestic resources arising from a budget surplus. Includes all product divided by midyear population. (World Bank) government liabilities—other than those for currency issues or demand, time, or savings deposits with Gross national income (GNI) Gross domestic product government—or claims on others held by government, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of and changes in government holdings of cash and employees and property income) from abroad. Data are deposits. Excludes government guarantees of the converted to dollars using the World Bank Atlas method. debt of others. (IMF) (World Bank) Food price index Includes the average of six commodity Gross national income (GNI) per capita Gross national group price indexes of meat, dairy, cereals, oil and income divided by midyear population. (World Bank) fats, and sugar. These commodities are weighted with Gross national income (GNI), PPP Gross national income the average export shares of each of the groups for converted to international dollars using purchasing 2002–2004. (FAO) power parity rates. An international dollar has the same Food production index Covers food crops that are purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the considered edible and that contain nutrients. (FAO) United States. (World Bank) Foreign direct investment, net inflows Net inflows Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative of investment to acquire a lasting interest in or a A program of official creditors designed to relieve management control over (10 percent or more of the poorest, most heavily indebted countries of their voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy debt to certain multilateral creditors, including the other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term (World Bank) capital, and short-term capital as shown in the High-income economies Those with a gross national balance of payments. (IMF) income (GNI) per capita of $12,476 or more in 2011. Forest area Land under natural or planted stands of trees (World Bank) of at least 5 meters in height in situ, whether productive HIV, adult prevalence of The proportion of people ages or not, excluding trees stands in agriculture production 15–49 who are infected with HIV. (UNAIDS) systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry Households reporting adult women and men as systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. (FAO) the usual person collecting water Proportion of Freshwater resources, internal renewable resources households reporting adult women and men as Average annual flows of river and groundwater from the usual person collecting water. (Nistha Sinha, 2010, rainfall. (FAO) “Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence”) 138 Immunization rate, measles, child Percentage of children Manufactured products Commodities classified in SITC ages 12–23 months who received a vaccination for revision 2 sections 5–8 excluding division 68. measles before 12 months of age or at any time before Manufacturing The output of industries corresponding the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) against measles after receiving one dose of the vaccine. divisions 15–37. (WHO and UNICEF) Merchandise trade The sum of merchandise exports and Individuals using the Internet Refers to the percentage imports measured in current U.S. dollars. Also referred of individuals who have used the Internet (from any to as trade in goods. (WTO) location) in the past 12 months. The Internet can be Middle-income economies Those with a gross national used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital income (GNI) per capita of $1,026 or more but less assistant, games machine, digital TV, etc. (ITU) than $12,476 in 2011. (World Bank) Industry The output of the industrial sector corresponding Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Subscriptions to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) to a public mobile telephone service using cellular divisions 2–5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories technology, which provides access to the public switched C–F (ISIC revision 3). (ILO) telephone network. Post-paid and pre-paid subscriptions Interest payments Payments of interest on debt— are included. (ITU) including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and Mortality rate, infant The number of infants dying before other debt instruments—to both domestic and reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given foreign residents. (World Bank) year. (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation) International migrant, stock The number of people Mortality rate, under-5 The probability that a newborn born in a country other than that in which they live; baby will die before reaching age 5, if subject to the this includes refugees. (UN Population Division) age-specific mortality rates of the specified year. Irrigated land Areas purposely provided with water, The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. including land irrigated by controlled flooding. (FAO) (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation) Labor force participation rate The proportion of the Mortality ratio, maternal The number of women who population ages 15 and older that is economically die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or active: all people who supply labor for the production within 42 days of pregnancy termination, per 100,000 of goods and services during a specified period. (ILO) live births. The data shown are modeled estimates based Land area A country’s total area, excluding area under on an exercise by the World Health Organization, the inland water bodies and national claims to the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations continental shelf and to exclusive economic zones. Population Fund, and the World Bank. (WHO, UNICEF, In most cases, definitions of inland water bodies UNFPA, and World Bank) includes major rivers and lakes. (FAO) Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) An initiative Land under cereal production Refers to harvested areas, that further reduces the debt of heavily indebted poor although some countries report only sown or cultivated countries and provides resources for meeting the areas. (FAO) Millennium Development Goals. Under the MDRI, Life expectancy at birth The number of years a newborn the International Development Association, the infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at International Monetary Fund, the African Development the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout Fund, and the Inter-American Development Bank its life. (World Bank) provide 100 percent debt relief on eligible debts due to them from countries that completed the HIPC Lifetime risk of maternal death The probability that a Initiative process. (World Bank) 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause, if throughout her lifetime she experiences the Nationally protected terrestrial and marine areas maternal death risk and overall fertility and mortality Totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 rates of the specified year for a given population. (WHO,hectares that are designated as national parks, natural UNICEF, UNFPA, and World Bank) monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes or seascapes, or scientific reserves Low-income economies Those with a gross national income with limited public access. The terrestrial protected (GNI) per capita of $1,025 or less in 2011. (World Bank) areas exclude marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral Malnutrition, underweight children, prevalence of (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or The percentage of children under 5 whose weight for provincial law. Marine protected areas (territorial waters age is more than two standard deviations below the up to 12 nautical miles) are areas of intertidal or subtidal median for the international reference population ages terrain (and overlying water and associated flora and 0–59 months. The data are based on the international fauna and historical and cultural features) that have child growth standards for infants and young children, been reserved to protect part of or the entire enclosed Child Growth Standards, released in 2006 by the World environment. (UNEP/WCMC) Health Organization. (WHO) Statistics 139 Net migration The total number of immigrants less the Population ages 15–64 The percentage of total total number of emigrants, including both citizens and population whose ages are between 15 and 64. noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates. (UN Population (UN Population Division) Division) Population ages 65+ The percentage of total population Number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy whose ages are 65 and older. (UN Population Division) The number of adults and children with advanced Population below $1 a day The proportion of the HIV infection currently receiving antiretroviral therapy population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 according to nationally approved treatment protocols purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank) (or WHO/UNAIDS standards). (WHO) Population below $2 a day The proportion of the Official development assistance (ODA) Disbursement of population living on less than $2.15 a day at 1993 loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments) purchasing power parity prices. (World Bank) and grants by official agencies of the members of Population density Midyear population divided by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by land area in square kilometers. (World Bank) multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare Portfolio equity flow Net inflows from equity securities in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA other than those recorded as direct investment, recipients. (OECD DAC) including shares, stocks, depository receipts, and direct purchases of shares in local stock markets by Overqualification rate The share of people working in foreign investors. (World Bank) jobs or occupations for which their skills are too high. Education and job qualification levels are grouped Pregnant women receiving prenatal care The proportion into three categories: low, intermediate, and high. of women attended to at least once during pregnancy An overqualified individual is one who holds a job by skilled health personnel for reasons related to that requires lesser qualifications than one that would pregnancy. (Household Surveys) theoretically be available at his or her education level. Primary completion rate The proportion of students Overqualification rates are calculated for individuals completing the last year of primary school, calculated with an intermediate or higher education. (OECD) by taking the total number of students in the last grade Particulate matter concentration Fine suspended of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that grade, divided by the total number of children of that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory official graduation age. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) tract and causing significant health damage. Data are Private participation in infrastructure Investment urban-population-weighted PM10 levels in residential commitments in infrastructure projects in areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The telecommunications, energy, transport, and water and estimates represent the average annual exposure level sanitation with private participation that have reached of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the matter. (World Bank) public. All investment (public and private) in projects Percent of repeaters, primary The number of students in which a private company assumes the operating enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year as a risk is included. (World Bank) percentage of all students enrolled in primary school. Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Internationally comparable assessment, coordinated Population, average annual growth rate The exponential by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and rate of change in population for the period indicated. Development (OECD), that measures the knowledge (World Bank) and skills of 15-year-olds. The assessment tests reading, mathematical, and scientific literacy in terms of general Population, rural Calculated as the difference between competencies. (OECD) the total population and the urban population. (UN Population Division, World Bank) Public sector management and institutions A proxy measure of governance that includes assessments of Population, total Midyear population that includes all property rights and rule-based governance; quality of residents regardless of legal status or citizenship— budgetary and financial management; efficiency of except for refugees not permanently settled in the revenue mobilization; quality of public administration; country of asylum, who are generally considered part and transparency, accountability, and corruption in the of the population of their country of origin. (World Bank) public sector. (World Bank) Population, urban The midyear population of areas Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor defined as urban in each country and reported to the The number of units of a country’s currency required United Nations. (UN Population Division, World Bank) to buy the same amount of goods and services in the Population ages 0–14 The percentage of total population domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the whose ages are between 0 and 14. (UN Population Division) United States. (World Bank) 140 Ratio of female-to-male hourly wage The ratio of the Unofficial payments to public officials The percentage of female hourly wage to male hourly wage. (Household Surveys) firms expected to make unofficial or informal payments to Refugees People recognized as refugees under the public officials to “get things done” with regard to customs, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees taxes, licenses, regulations, and services. (World Bank) or its 1967 Protocol; the 1969 Organization of African Value added The net output of an industry after adding Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Refugee Problems in Africa; people recognized as The industrial origin of value added is determined by refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute; the International Standard Industrial Classification people granted a refugee-like humanitarian status; (ISIC) revision 3. and people provided with temporary protection. Water source, access to an improved The share of the Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) population with reasonable access to an adequate whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and amount of water from an improved source, such as May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. (UNHCR and UNRWA) Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, Renewable internal freshwater resources Average and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access annual flows of rivers and groundwater from rainfall is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person in the country. Natural incoming flows originating per day from a source within one kilometer of the outside a country’s borders are excluded. Overlapping dwelling. (WHO and UNICEF) water resources between surface runoff and Women in parliament The percentage of parliamentary groundwater recharge are also deducted. seats in a single or lower chamber occupied by women. (FAO’s AQUASTAT) (IPU) Sanitation, access to an improved facility The share of Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, the urban population with access to at least adequate received and paid Current transfers by migrant workers excreta disposal facilities (private or shared but not and wages and salaries earned by nonresident workers. public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and (World Bank and IMF) insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range World Bank Atlas method A conversion factor to convert from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets national currency units to U.S. dollars at prevailing with a sewage connection. (WHO/UNICEF) exchange rates, adjusted for inflation and averaged Services Corresponds to International Standard Industrial over three years. The purpose is to reduce the effect Classification (ISIC) divisions 6–9 (ISIC revision 2) or of exchange rate fluctuations in the cross-country tabulation categories G–P (ISIC revision 3). (ILO) comparison of national incomes. (World Bank) Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) A regional network consisting of 15 Ministries of Education in Southern and Eastern Africa. It measures student performance on reading and mathematics. (SACMEQ) Tariff, simple mean The unweighted average of the effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs. (World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO) Textiles Commodities classified in SITC revision 2 divisions 26, 65 and 84. Time spent fetching water Minutes per day that people spent fetching water (Nistha Sinha, 2010, “Infrastructure, Gender Differences, and Impacts: The Evidence”) Trade The two-way flow of exports and imports of goods (merchandise trade) and services (service trade). (IMF) Trade in services The sum of services exports and Data sources imports. (IMF) The indicators presented in this Atlas are compiled by international agencies and by public and private organizations, usually on the basis Treated bednets, use of The proportion of children ages of survey data or administrative statistics obtained from national governments. The principal source of each indicator is given in 0–59 months who slept under an insecticide-impregnated parentheses following the definition. bednet the night before the survey. (UNICEF) The World Bank publishes these and many other statistical series in Tuberculosis, incidence of The number of new and the World Development Indicators, available in print, CD-ROM, and online. Excerpts from this Atlas, additional information about sources, relapse cases of tuberculosis (all types) including definitions, and statistical methods, and suggestions for further reading patients with HIV per 100,000 people. (WHO) are available at data.worldbank.org. Statistics 141 Data notes and symbols The data in this book are for the most recent year, unless otherwise noted. • Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year. • Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. • Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than those specified. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000, or less if they are members of the World Bank. The term country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank, but refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The regional groupings of countries include only low- and middle-income economies. For the income groups, every economy is classified as low-income, middle-income, or high-income. • Low-income economies are those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $1,025 or less in 2011. • Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $1,026 or more but less than $12,476. • Lower-middle-income economies and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4,035. • High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,476 or more. Symbols used in the data table .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data. 0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown. $ means current U.S. dollars. The methods used to calculate regional and income group aggregates are denoted by: m (median), s (simple total), t (total including estimates for missing data), u (unweighted average), and w (weighted average). Abbreviations CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center PPI Private Participation in Infrastructure CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment PPP Purchasing Power Parity DAC Development Assistance Committee of the UCW Understanding Children’s Work Organisation for Economic Co-operation and UN United Nations Development UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS DHS Demographic and Health Surveys UNDP United Nations Development Programme FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNEP United Nations Environment Programme United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and FDI Foreign Direct Investment Cultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product UNFPA United Nations Population Fund GNI Gross National Income UNHCR The Office of the United Nations HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries High Commissioner for Refugees ICT Information and Communications Technology UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund IDA International Development Association UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women IEA International Energy Agency UNPD United Nations Population Division ILO International Labour Organization UNSD United Nations Statistics Division IMF International Monetary Fund UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union Palestine Refugees in the Near East ITU International Telecommunication Union WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre MDGs Millennium Development Goals WDI World Development Indicators MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative WHO World Health Organization ODA Official Development Assistance WRI World Resources Institute OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and WTO World Trade Organization Development For more information • World Development Indicators (WDI) is the World Bank’s premier compilation of data about development. This Atlas complements the World Development Indicators by providing a geographical view of pertinent data. The World Development Indicators is available at data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators • International Debt Statistics (IDS) (formerly Global Development Finance) is the World Bank’s comprehensive compilation of data on external debt and financial flows. It is available at data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/international-debt-statistics • African Development Indicators, the World Bank’s most detailed collection of data on Africa, is available in one volume at www.worldbank.org/adi • The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the data and indicators required to track progress toward them are available at www.developmentgoals.org • The MDG database is available at mdgs.un.org • The PARIS21 Consortium and information about how it promotes evidence-based policy making and monitoring are available at www.paris21.org • The Statistical Capacity Building Program, which offers tools and advice for statistical capacity building in developing countries, can be accessed at www.worldbank.org/data/bbsc • The International Comparison Program (ICP) and information about the ICP and the final results from the 2005 round can be found at www.worldbank.org/data/icp • United Nations data can be accessed at unstats.un.org/unsd/databases.htm 142 Index Note: Page numbers in bold refer to maps; page numbers in italics refer to information presented in graphs and tables. abortion 59, 61 debt service 129, 131, 133 forests 116, 116, 118, 123 accountability 70, 73 ratios 100–1, 100, 103 loss 116–17, 118–19, 119 adjusted net saving (ANS) 24–5, 24–5, deforestation 116–17, 118–19, 119 tropical 117 26–7, 26–7 developing (low-/middle-income) economies fossil fuels 122–3, 123, 125 African Development Fund 101 8–9, 8–9, 14 fragile lands 109 agriculture 66–7, 67–9, 68–9 diarrhea 52, 55 freshwater supplies 112–13, 112, 115 and child labor 38, 41 disease and deforestation 117 chronic/non-communicable 33, 63, 65 gas 123, 123, 125 and environmental degradation 109 combating 12 GDP see gross domestic product intensive methods 109 communicable 62–5, 62–5, 64–5 gender 46–51 and international trade 85, 85 deaths from 12 and education 11, 45, 46, 46, 48–9, 48–9, 59 productivity 108 domestic labor 39, 46, 47 and employment 50–1, 50–1 sustainability 109 donor countries 96–7, 96, 99 equity 11, 11, 48–51, 48–51, 59 and trade barriers 85, 85 see also women and water supplies 112–3, 112, 115 Earth Summit 1992 13 Gini coefficient 19, 19 aid 13, 13, 96–9, 96–9, 98–9 eAtlas 6–7 global economic structure 66–9, 66–9, 68–9 debt relief 97, 100, 101 economic growth 18–23, 18–21, 20–1 global integration 84–9, 84–9, 86–9 humanitarian 97 investment for 78–81, 78–81, 80–1 global partnership for development 13, 13 net 96, 96, 98 economic integration, global 84–9, 84–9, global warming 123 AIDS 12, 12, 55, 62, 64–5 86–9 goods 84–5 see also HIV economic wellbeing 24 governance 70–3, 70–3, 72–3, 79 ANS see adjusted net saving economies government policy, and investment 78 antenatal care 12, 46, 58, 61 classification 8–9, 8–9 greenhouse gas emissions 116, 122–3, 122, antiretroviral therapy 62, 62 global structure 66–9, 66–9, 68–9 126–7, 126–7, 129, 131, 133 assets 24 gross national income ranking 128, 130, gross capital formation 78–81, 78–81, 80–1 132 gross domestic product (GDP) 18, 18, 20, 20–1, bednets, insecticide-treated 52, 63, 63 ecosystems 113, 116–17 66–7, 79, 79 biodiversity 116–7 education 42–5, 42–5, 44–5 gross national income (GNI) 14, 14, 128, 130, brain drain 91 attendance 42 132 breastfeeding 52–3 and child labor 38–9, 39 per capita 8, 14–15, 15–17, 16–17, 128, 130, business and employment 38–9, 39 132, 134 reform 79, 79 enrollment in 15, 15, 42–3, 43, 45, 46, 48–9 Group of Eight (G8) summit 2005 97 start-ups 82–3 , 82–3, 129, 131, 133 female 11, 43, 45, 46, 46, 48–9, 48–9, 59 Business Fighting Corruption Through non-attendance 42 hazards, workplace 38, 39 Collective Action Initiative 70 primary 10, 10, 42–3, 42–5, 48, 48–9 health, and urbanization 105 primary completion rates 42, 42, 44, 44–5 health care capital and remittances 91 child 52–3 human 24–5 secondary 15, 15, 43, 43, 48–9, 48–9 HIV 62, 62 natural 24–5, 24, 26–7 tertiary 43, 43, 49 maternal 46, 47, 58–9, 58–9, 61 physical 24 universal primary 10, 10, 42 health facilities 46, 47 carbon dioxide emissions 122–3, 122, 126–7, EITI see Extractive Industries Transparency Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) 101 126–7, 129, 131, 133 Initiative high-income (developed) economies 8, 8–9, 14 carbon sinks 116 electricity supplies 74, 125 HIV cereals 108, 109 employment antiretroviral therapy 62, 62 child labor 38–41, 38–41, 40–1, 42 vulnerable 51 and children 62, 65 agricultural 38, 41 see also child labor; labor and the Millennium Development Goals and education 38–9, 39 energy 12, 12 girls 39 renewable sources 125 mother-to-child transmission 52, 62 unpaid 38–9 security 122–7, 123, 124–5, 125 prevalence 62, 62, 64–5, 64–5 child mortality 11, 11, 29, 52–5, 52–5, 54–5, environment and women 12, 62, 65 128, 130, 132 deforestation 116–17, 118–19, 119 see also AIDS childbirth 12, 46, 47, 58, 58 degradation 109, 113 hunger, eradication 10 childcare practices 52–3 exploitation 117 hydropower 123, 125 children protection 116–21, 116–21, 118–21 health care for 52–3 sustainability issues 13, 13 IBRD see International Bank for and HIV 62, 65 and urbanization 104–5, 104–5 Reconstruction and Development and nutrition 53, 56–7, 56–7 exchange rates 14, 15 illiteracy 49 rights of 39 exports 84–5, 84, 86–7, 86–7 IMF see International Monetary Fund underweight 53, 56–7, 57 external debt 100–3, 100–3, 102–3 immigration 32, 90 cities 33, 104–7, 104–7, 106–7 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative immunizations 11, 11 climate change 108, 112, 122–7, 122–3, (EITI) 70 imports 86–7, 86–7 126–7, 126–7 income coal 123, 123, 125 fertility rate 32, 33 and eating habits 108 communicable diseases 62–5, 62–5, 64–5 adolescent 59, 59 gap 18 Construction Sector Transparency Initiative fertilizers 109 inequality 19, 19, 22–3, 22–3 (CoST) 70 financial crisis 2007–9 18–19, 18, 21 measures 14–17, 14–15, 16–17 contraception 59, 59, 60 and international trade 84–5, 84, 87 of the poor 28, 29 corruption 70–1, 70, 72–3, 72–3 food prices 108 and remittances 91 food production 108–11, 108–11, 110–11 see also high-income economies; debt, external 100–3, 100–3, 102–3 foreign direct investment (FDI) 85, 85, 88–9, low-income economies; middle-income debt relief 97, 100, 101 88–9, 129, 131, 133 economies Index 143 indicators of development, key 128–33 mortality rural areas industry 66–7, 69 child 11, 11, 29, 52–5, 52–5, 54–5, 128, and child mortality 53 inequality 130, 132 and infrastructure 75 gender 11, 11, 46–7, 46–51, 48–51, 59 and disease 12 and maternal health care 47 income 19, 19, 22–3, 22–3 maternal 12, 58–9, 58, 60–1, 61 and underweight children 57 of opportunity 19 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) 101 and water supplies 113 inequality ratio 22 information and communication technology nationally protected areas 116, 117, 120–1, sanitation 13, 74–5, 74, 105, 105 74–7, 74–7, 76–7 120–1 savings 78 see also Internet natural resources 24–5, 26–7 see also adjusted net saving infrastructure 74–7, 74–7, 76–7 rents 24, 25, 27 service sector 66–7, 66, 69, 84, 87 institutions 70–1 nutrition 58 slum dwellings 33, 104–5, 107 integration, global 84–9, 84–9, 86–9 child 53, 56–7, 56–7 Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative 70 Inter-American Development Bank 101 food prices 108 sustainability 13, 13, 109 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change food production 108–11, 108–11, 110–11 (IPCC) 123 malnutrition 53, 56–7, 56–7 tariffs 85, 85, 87 International Bank for Reconstruction and undernourishment 108 teenage mothers 59, 59 Development (IBRD) 101 underweight 53, 56–7, 57 textiles 85 International Comparison Program 29 timber industry 117 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 101 official development assistance (ODA) 96, trade international poverty line 28–9, 28, 30–1, 30–1 96, 98 barriers to 85, 85, 87 international trade 84–5, 84–5 online atlas 6–7 international 84–5, 84–5 Internet 75, 75, 77 opportunity 19 merchandise 86–7, 86–7, 129, 131, 133 investment Organisation for Economic Co-operation transport infrastructure 75 foreign direct 85, 85, 88–9, 88–9, 129, and Development (OECD), Development tuberculosis 12, 62–3, 63, 65 131, 133 Assistance Committee (DAC) 96, 96–7, 99 for growth 78–81, 78–81, 80–1 overgrazing 109 undernourishment 108 in infrastructure 74–5, 74 underweight 53, 56–7, 57 physical (gross capital formation) 78–81, pandemics 12 United Nations International Conference on 78–81, 80–1 particulate matter concentration 104, 105 Financing for Development 2002 96–7 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on pesticides 109 urban environment 104–7, 104–7, 106–7 Climate Change pneumonia 54 urbanization 33, 35, 104–7, 104–7, 106–7, irrigation 109, 112, 113 political participation 47, 51, 73 112 isolation 75 pollution air 104–5, 104 violence, organized 71 labor and urbanization 104–5, 104 domestic 39, 46, 47 water 104–5, 113 water pollution 104–5, 113 see also child labor; employment see also greenhouse gas emissions water supplies 112–15, 112–15, 114–15 land population by country 128, 130, 132 degradation 109 aging 32–3, 33, 63, 90 infrastructure 74–5, 74 fragile 109 figures by country 128, 130, 132 Millennium Development Goals protected 116, 117, 120–1, 120–1 population growth regarding 13, 13 life expectancy at birth 32, 36–7, 36–7 and energy use 122 wealth 24–7, 24–7, 26–7 by country 128, 130, 132 and food production 108 women 46–51, 46–51 and GNI per capita 15, 15 and transition 32–7, 32–5, 34–5 and education 11, 43, 45, 46, 46, 48–9, living standards 14, 15 and water supplies 112–13, 115 48–9, 59 low-income economies 8–9, 8–9, 14 in urban areas 104, 105 in employment 50–1, 50–1 poverty 28–9, 28–31, 30–1 empowerment 11, 11 malaria 12, 52, 55, 63, 65 and child mortality 52, 53 and HIV/AIDS 12, 62, 65 malnutrition 53, 56–7, 56–7 and communicable disease 62 maternal health 12, 12, 46, 47, 58–9, manufacturing 85 and economic growth 19 58–9, 61 market exchange rates 14, 15 eradication 10, 10 see also pregnancy maternal health 12, 12, 46, 47, 58–9, extreme 10, 10, 28–9, 31 workplace hazards 38, 39 58–9, 61 and global recession 18 World Bank maternal health care 12, 12, 46, 47, 58–9, and infrastructure 75 classification of economies 8–9, 8–9 58–9, 61 and maternal health care 58, 59 Country Policy and Institutional maternal mortality rates 12, 58–9, 58, and pollution 105 Assessment 71 60–1, 61 poverty line, international 28–9, 28, 30–1, 30–1 and debt relief 100–1, 103 MDRI see Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative pregnancy 12, 12, 58–9, 59, 61 International Development Association measles 11, 11, 53 antenatal care 12, 46, 58, 61 71, 101 merchandise trade 86–7, 86–7, 129, 131, 133 complications 58, 61 web site 9 middle-income economies 8–9, 8–9, 14 teenage 59, 59 World Bank Group 100–1 migration 32, 90–3, 90–3, 92–3 prenatal care 12, 58, 59 World Health Organization (WHO) 12, 13 Millennium Development Goals 10–13, 10–13, protected areas 116, 117, 120–1, 120–1 71, 112 purchasing power parities (PPPs) 14, 14, 15, 29 child mortality reduction 11 combating disease 12, 12 rainforests 117, 117 environmental sustainability 13, 13 ratios, external debt 100–1 eradication of extreme poverty and recession 74 hunger 10 global 2009 18–19, 18, 74 gender equality and female empowerment reforestation 117, 118–19, 119 11, 11 refugees 93 global partnership for development 13, 13 regional groupings 8–9 improving maternal health 12, 12 remittances 90–1, 90–1, 94–5, 94–5, 97 universal primary education 10, 10 renewable energy 125 mobile cellular subscriptions 129, 131, 133 reproductive health 12, 12, 46, 47, 58–61 mobile phones 75, 75, 76–7, 76–7 roads 75 144