THE WORLD BANK Discussion Paper EDUCATION AND TRAINING SERIES Report No. EDT38 The Educational Attainment of the Labor Force: An International Comparison George Psacharopoulos Ana-Maria Arriagada October 1986 Education and Training Department Operations Policy Staff The views presented here are those of the author(s), and they should not be interpreted as reflecting those of the VVorld BanK. Discussion Paper Education and Training Series Report No. EDT38 THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE LABOR FORCE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON George Psacharopoulos Ana-Maria Arriagada Research Division Education and Training Department October 1986 The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, which are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research or analysis supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank. 4(_ 1986 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Abstract The most commonly used indicator of human resource development is the enrollment ratio for different levels of schooling. The paper argues that a more accurate indicator in this respect, although more difficult to obtain, is the educational attainment of the labor force. Therefore, such data have been collected mainly from the 1980 round of censuses for nearly ioo countries and summarized into regional indicies of human resource development. One such index, the mean years of schooling embodied in the labor force, shows significant differences in the human capital stock between world regions, as well as between countries within a given region. Such differences in human capital endowments could be further used to explain variations in economic growth patterns across countries, or to form the basis for assessing relative priorities in educational investment. CONT4NTS Flows versus Stocks****...*...*. .. .......... * * .. **...... 1 The Data Set.o-o ......... .... .......*.... ........... 2 Data Reduction..o.ooo .....oo ..o. ....oo.oo ... ... .. .* ... ** 3 Longitudinal Trendso.......... .... ..ooo .. .. . .... ... Q . .. .. .. . .... . . . . 13 Concluding Comment............ . ....... -*-.***.O..**.**0.60. 0.0 .... 14 Rjeferences-o - o - o - ..,o o o o s o . o .6 0 0 0 0 0 . ~ 6 0 21 Appendiceso.* oo.0. .0 .. . ..... . . . . . . ... . -d0 *0 .0 . -.. 0... 23 I ~~~~~I . THE EDOCATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE LABOR FORCE: AN INTERNATIONM.. (XOPARISON When assessing human capital scarcities, analysts typically use differential enrollment ratios between different countries or regions as a justification for educational investment. In this paper we argue that although the enrollment ratio is a readily available school statistic, it may not be the most appropriate indicator for setting investment priorities in education. Instead we compile and present statistics and a more sensitive human capital index -- the educational composition of the labor force. Flows versus Stocks At any given point in time, a country's productive capacity is largely determined by its factor endowments, like the amount of cultivated land, the amount of installed physical capital, the size of the labor force and the amount of human capital embodied in the labor force. Such stocks of productive resources are changing over time by means of investment flows, e.g. the stock of physical capital is augmented each year by the flow of net investment in new machines. In a similar fashion, the human capital stock ia changlng by means of the net additions to the labor force of the flow of graduates of the educational system. In the case of education the difference between stocks and flows is perhaps more important relative to other factors of production for the following zeasons: -2- t the time lag between investment in education (say, as measured by enrollments) and additions to the human capital stock is longer than in any other sector; (b) some investment in education may never translate to additions to the human capital stock because of losses in the process ke.g. graduates of the educational system not participating in the labor force, or school time wasted by dropout and repetition). It is true that enrollment ratios measure the effort a country is making to alter the human capital stock -- such enrollment ratios will some time be reflected in the stock. But enrollment ratios may give an inaccurate or distorted picture when assessing relative priorities for educational investment. A more accurate measure is the stock of human capital embodied in the country's labor force. The Data Set Of courae the limiting factor in moving from enrollment to labor force statistics, is that the -;ter are not as readily available, and if they are, they are seldom cross-classified by the educational level of the worker. Layard and Saigal (1967), the OECD (!970) and Psacharopoulos (1973) made attempts in the past to compile such data, although the number -3- of countries never exceeded 14. Given the availability of the 1980 round of censuses, two fresl¶fafforts have been made to generate such data set: (a) a search was conducted on published censuses and special labor force surveys, which generated usable data for 66 countries in all world regions; (b) the above data base was supplemented by the material available at the US Bureau of the Census, (Maryland Office), refined to include the educational attainment of the population at large by age and sex, yielding an additional 33 countries. (Kaneko, 1986). Given that nearly all the male population over 15 years old participate in the labor force, we considered source (b), above an acceptable proxy of the labor force educational attainment. Thus, oU1' sample includes 99 countries. Appendix B contains a detailed account of the labor force definitions and the exact sources of information used in each country case. Data Reduction Table 1 gives the distribution of the total labor force by level of educational attainment (Appendix Table A-1 reports a more aggregate distribution along with more information on the sample composition). Given such wide variation between countries and regions, a method of data * reduction is dictated. As such we used the mean years of schooling embodied in the labor force, estimated as: S - LiSi, where Li is the share of persons in the labor force with the ith level of schooling, Si is the number of years of the ith level of schooling, and where i ranges over illiterates, primary incomplete, primary completed, secondary incomplete, secondary completed and university. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -5- Table 1: Educational Attainment of tha Labor Force Percentage of the Labor Force with Region No Primary Secondary Mean and Edu- -------- Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling East Africa Botswana 60.2 27.1 8.8 2.5 0.8 0.4 2.0 Ethiopia * 62.1 15.6 6.7 6.7 7.1 1.8 2.6 Kenya 48.9 16.0 24.9 4.0 5.8 0.4 3.5 Lesotho + 38.1 26.0 22.7 12.3 0.8 0.1 4.3 Malawi + 35.4 31.7 18.0 13.1 1.5 0.3 2.9 Mauritius 21.7 42.5 13.9 15.2 4.9 1.8 4.5 Mozambique + 57.7 28.2 11.4 2.5 0.2 0.1 1.2 Reunion + 19.8 28.4 9.4 25.1 13.1 4.2 5.4 Rwanda + 55.2 21.3 19.3 3.2 0.6 0.3 2.2 Sudan 35.0 10.6 26.1 13.0 10.3 5.1 5.5 Swaziland 38.7 17.8 22.8 14.8 3.3 2.6 4.4 Zambia * 20.2 38.4 13.8 6.3 20.2 1.1 5.5 Regional Average 41.1 25.3 16.5 9.8 5.7 1.5 3.7 West Africa Cameroon 61.7 17.6 14.3 0.7 5.0 0.7 2.2 Ivory Coast 59.2 3.1 18.0 14.4 5.3 0.0 1/ 3.2 Liberia £2.9 5.1 3.2 4.3 2.5 1.9 1.3 Mali 91.0 3.2 4.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 Nigeria 86.2 3.8 9.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 1/ 0.8 Senegal + 37.0 43.6 10.9 5.4 1.8 1.2 2.) Regional Average 69.7 12.7 10.1 4.3 2.5 0.7 1.8 East Asia and the Pacific China 28.3 13.1 21.3 25.8 10.7 0.9 4.5 Fiji + 9.0 13.8 24.5 27.9 21.4 3.3 8.3 Hong Kong + 7.6 17.6 19.1 21.3 26.2 8.1 8.8 Indonesia 31.6 23.1 35.7 5.3 3.8 0.5 3.9 Korea 14.8 1.1 33.2 18.5 23.4 9.1 8.0 Malaysia 27.0 1.7 55.7 9.2 4.6 1.8 5.0 New Caledonia + 6.0 52.7 0.0 1/36.6 0.0 1/ 4.6 5.9 Phillipines + 7.8 21.3 27.4 15.1 12.7 15.7 7.0 Singapore 40.3 4.9 21.9 16.0 8.3 8.5 5.3 Taiwan 8.9 5.1 32,7 17.7 24.0 11.5 8.4 Thailand 12.0 72.2 6.8 4.9 2.0 2.2 4.1 Tonga + 0.2 25.8 JO.1 60.8 0.2 2.9 7.3 Regional Average 16.1 21.0 24.0 21.6 11.4 5.8 6.4 - continued - -6- Table 1 - continued Percentage of the Labor Force ith _ _ _ _ _._ _ _-_-- --- -- - ---- - -- -- -- --__- No Primary Secondary Mean Edu- ---------- ---------- Highier Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling South Asia Bangladesh 62.4 15.9 4.1 10.7 5.5 1.5 2.4 India 66.6 14.5 6.9 4.9 3.9 3.2 1.9 Maldiveu 76.7 17.1 2.1 3.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 Pakistan 75.8 11.2 7.7 3.7 0.6 1.0 1.2 Sri Lanka 23.1 15.7 23.6 32.4 4.4 0.8 6.2 Regional Average 60.9 14.9 8.9 11.1 3.0 1.4 2.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------__--- Afghanistan + 72.0 6.1 9.4 5.6 7.0 0.0 2.1 Algeria 37.0 17.1 12.7 19.0 5.7 2.1 4.0 Bahrain + 43.9 10.6 8.0 15.2 15.5 6.8 4.9 Egypt Arab R. 53.2 19.3 10.1 5.6 6.7 5.1 3.3 Iran 63.5 1.0.1 10.9 9.1 3.2 3.2 2.7 Jordan + 37.0 10.3 12.9 20.7 11.0 8.1 5.6 Kuwait * 33.8 24.8 10.9 9.2 13.1 8.2 4.5 Lebanon * 29.5 35.2 15.2 9.5 6.3 4.3 3.9 Morocco 81.9 6.5 0.7 8.4 2.5 0.0 1/ 1.2 Qatar * 66.8 11.0 7.5 5.5 6.0 3.2 2.5 Syrian Arab R. 33.6 31.9 17.3 5.2 8.3 3.7 4 Tunisia 73.0 3.1 12.3 5.4 4.3 1.9 2.2 United Arab E.* 77.1 0.0 12.2 0.0 7.7 2.9 2.1 Yemen Arab R. 0.0 80.3 10.9 2.4 4.9 1.5 4.1 Regional Average 50.2 19.0 10.8 8.6 7.3 3.6 3.4 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina 7.0 35.4 38.2 5.7 9.9 3.7 6.2 Barbados 0.6 7.2 15.8 60.1 5.2 11.1 8.9 Belize 8.3 31.5 34.4 13.4 11.2 1.2 6.9 Bolivia 31.0 13.8 23.4 14.2 11.6 6.0 5.4 D'azil 24.7 35.3 7.9 19.6 6.6 5.9 5.6 C: ln1 4.1 32.2 18.8 24.4 12.2 8.3 8.1 '..oiombia 16.3 31.3 23.6 9.2 14.9 4.7 5.0 Costa Rica 10.6 34.7 34.7 8.4 6.5 5.1 6.4 Cuba + 4.2 23.5 22.6 29.0 8.9 11.9 8.2 Ecuador + 16.2 13.9 37.0 13.5 10.8 8.5 6.5 Guadaloupe + 8.7 31.8 10.6 21.4 22.3 5.3 6.5 Guatemala 51.7 12.7 28.1 2.6 3.5 1.4 3.0 - continued - -7- 1 Table 1 - continued Percentage of the Labor Forc, with No Primary Secondar- Mean Edu- -------- ----------- Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling , Latin America and the Caribbean - continued Guyana 17.6 0.0 34.2 41.7 1.2 5.3 6.8 Haiti 72.9 15.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 0.8 1.6 Hondutras 53.3 33.3 8.2 2.0 2.6 0.7 2.1 Jamaica 2.6 1.6 76.6 7.1 12.1 0.0 1/ 6.9 11artinique 2.3 40.9 1.9 18.7 27.9 8.3 6.0 Mexico 26.9 28.8 26.9 8.9 3.2 5.2 4.5 Nicaragua 49.7 19.5 20.5 4.5 4.8 1.0 4.4 Pandma 34.2 19.5 19.5 11.2 10.5 5.1 4.8 Paraguay 10.5 62.2 11.2 7.6 5.9 2.6 4.3 Peru 13.5 20.7 26.2 12.9 14.6 12.1 7.0 Trinidad-Tobago+ 3.5 21.7 40.4 22.3 9.1 2.9 6.6 Uruguay 5.1 33.8 29.2 12.3 7.3 12.4 6.7 Venezuela 15.9 24.8 24.8 17.1 11.1 6.3 6.2 Regional Average 19.7 25.0 24.7 15.7 9.5 5.4 5.8 South Europe Greece + 3.9 12.5 44.5 12.8 15.1 11.3 7.9 Israel + 2.5 5.8 20.5 17.6 31.6 22.1 11.3 Portugal + 16.3 53.3 8.4 10.8 5.4 5.8 4.5 Spain 13.5 9.5 47.6 10.8 8.8 9.7 6.2 Turkey + 16.1 10.3 50.4 9.8 8.9 4.5 5.1 Yugoslavia + 7.4 2.7 49.8 32.9 3.0 4.2 5.6 Regional Average 10.0 15.7 36.8 15.8 i2.1 9.6 6.8 East Europe & Non-Market Bulgaria + 4.0 3.3 64.3 5.6 16.9 5.8 8.7 _ Czechoslovakia + 0.0 0.3 37.2 7.8 47.9 6.9 11.5 Germany D.R. + 0.2 0.0 19.2 0.0 63.9 16.7 11.9 Hungary + 0.7 6.1 22.1 30.2 32.5 8.4 10.4 Poland + 1.3 3.2 5.4 41.4 43.3 5.5 10.7 Romania 0.0 3.3 38.8 29.9 23.1 4.9 9.8 Regional Average 1.0 2.7 31.2 19.2 37.9 8.0 10.5 - continued - -8- Table 1 - continued Percentage of the Labor Force with Region No Primary Secondary Mean and Edu- ------ - Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom> Compl. Schooling Developed Countries Australia + 0.7 2.9 3.4 67.8 21.9 3.3 11.1 Belgium 3.9 2/ 7.2 38.3 25.7 16.8 8.1 8.1 Canaed 0.0 3.1 10.2 26.9 23.9 35.9 11.7 Denmark 0.0 4.9 39.3 33.5 11.7 10.6 8.6 Finland + 0.0 21.5 26.3 11.1 33.2 8.0 8.5 France + 0.4 38.6 24.8 18.2 9.6 8.4 6.2 Germany F.R.+ 0.7 0.0 12.5 53.9 19.4 13.5 10.4 Japan 0.0 0.0 39.3 20.3 22.4 18.0 9.8 Netherlands The 0.0 1.7 31.3 44.9 11.2 10.9 9.1 New Zealand 0.0 0.0 9.3 44.2 15.6 30.9 11.7 Norway + 0.0 2.1 0.0 67.7 16.7 13.4 11.3 Switzerland + 0.0 4.0 21.8 9.2 49.4 15.6 11.0 United States 0.0 2.1 7.8 18.8 35.8 35.6 12.6 Regional Average 0.4 6.8 20.3 34.0 22.1 16.3 10.0 Source: Appendix Table A-1 * : Non-census data + : Refers to the educational attainment of the male population 1/ No data available to separate them from the previous level 2/ Includes "unknown education level" - 9 - Appendix B gives the Si used for each country, as well as a description of the methodology used in its calculation. As shown in Table 2, West Africa ITable 2: Mean Years of Schooling of the Labor Force, by Region Region (N) Mean Years of Schooling East Africa (12) 3.7 West Africa (6) 1.8 East Asia (12) 6.4 South Asia (5) 2.5 EMENA (14) 3.4 Latin America (25) 5.8 South Europe (6) 6.8 East Europe & Non-Market (6) 10.5 Developed countries (13) 10.0 (N) - Number of countries reporting. Source: Appendix B. is the least _-ducationally developed region with 1.8 years of schooling embodied in the labor force, foliowed by South Asia (2.5 years), EMENA (3.4) and East Afrtza (3.7). East Asia and Latin American score over five years of schooling. which is about half the value of the index in OECD countries. Friguc: 1 ,rj 2 give a graphic summary of the dlfferential level of edu. -l: .e -elo?ment in the World. -10 - FQ YEARS OF- SCHOOLING OF THE LABOR FORCE Regional Averages3 102i. B .c 7 6 0 C 4 5.-7 2 1/ 0 E.Africa W.Africa E.Asia S.Asia EMENA LAC S.Eu'rop i:Europe DC's E.AfriaW LABOf WITH NO SCHOOLING 70 - ~~~~~Regional Averaqes 60 50- 0 o 40 0 30 C 10 E.Africa W.Africa E..Asio S.Aia EMENA LAC S.EuropE.Europe DC's I~~~~~~~~ - 11 - At this point it is worth contrasting the mean Fears of education embodied in the labor force to another popular index based on enrollment ratios. Harbison and Myers (1964), facing the same problem as us for data reduction, constructed a "composite index of human resource development" as the weighted sum of the enrollment ratios at the secondary and higher education level, i.e., I Ep(O) + Es(1) + Eh(5) where Ep, Es, and Eh refer to the enrollment ratios at the primary, secondary and higher education levels, respectively, and the numbers in parenthesis to the arbitrary weights attached to each level of educatiot. The authors justify the 5:1 weight of higher relative to secondary education as follows: "In our judgement higher education should be weighted more heavily than second-level" (Harbison and Myers, 1964, p.32). However, the authors are silent regarding the 0 weight implicitly attached to primary education. By contrast, our index of mean years of schooling of the labor force explicitly incorporates primary education in its estimation, and the relative weights are non-arbitrary and have a particular meaning. For example, a simple version of our index, for facilitating comparison with the Harbison and Myers one, is S - Lo(O) + Lp(6) + L5(12) + Lh(16), - 12 - where Li stands for the share of the labor force with a particular educational level, and the weight is the length in years of the respective educational cycle. The difference between using enrollment or labor force information is far from being academic - it can influence decision 3 on educational policy, and this has indeed happened in practice. For example, the prescription for boosting a country's score of educational development on the Harbison and Myers index would be to increase university enrollments, since such enrollments carry a heavy weight in the value of the index. By contrast, the index of the mean years of schooling of the labor force is more responsive to primary education, not only be means of a non-zero weight, but also by the fact that Lp constitutes the second largest share in the distribution of the labor force by educational level in developing countries. 1, - 13 - Longitudinal Trends In thirty four out of the ninety-nine countries in our sample, info.-mation exists on more than one year in the past on the educational composition of the labor force. Table 3 demonstrates the slow process of building human capital stock. In most developing countries, the educational level of the labor force is being upgraded by about one-tenth of one schooling year per calendar year. Even spectacular increases in enrollment ratios, as in the case of West Africa, do not readily translate to an improvement in the educational composition of the labor force (see Figures 3 to 8). The reason is that enrollment ratios hide information on the internal efficiency of the system, e.g., its capacity to retain students. And even if the system were perfectly efficient, the labor forces stock is about 30-40 times greater than the annual flow of new entrants. To illustrate the above point let us look at India. The primary level enrollment ratio was 61% in 1960, 73% in 1970 and 72Z in 1980. These figures do not appear too low compared to other developing countries, and may lead one to think that primary schooling is being handled well. However, if we look at the educational attainment of the labor force in 1981, 67% are illiterate, while 20% attended primary education. Furthermore, of the 20% with primary education, only 6% completed the cycle. In terms of policy formulation, the conclusions reached by using one indicator rather than another can lead to different priuritie for educational investment. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 14 - Concluding Comment The educational attainment of the labor force is a more accurate indicator to evaluzte the accomplishments of educational investmen.ii than enrollment ratios. The former assesses the effective supply of human resources available or unavailable for economic growth, and captures the degree in which flows translate into human capital stocks. Enrollment ratios alone are insufficient to derive education policies or priorities for the sector because they give a false (upwardly biased) impression of the educational attainment of a country's human resources. Enrollment ratios say little about the outcomes of enrollment. For example, do "enrolled" students in fact attend school? Moreover, enrollment ratios hide the degree of internal efficiency of the education system because they include in the numerator students over the age of the denomiuator cohort. Do students complete the cycles they enroll into? Do they drop out of school before they attain literacy? Do they repeat grades? Thus the use of enrollment statistics can be misleading in the formulation of education policies, not only in regard to priorities for educational investment, but also in evaluating the internal efficiency of the system. - 15 - Table 3: Over Time Changes in the Educational Composition oi the Labor Force Percentage of the Labor Force with No Primary Secondary Mean Edu- ------------- ------------ Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling East Africa Mauritius 1972 21.7 42.5 13.9 15.2 4.9 1.8 4.5 Mauritius + 1983 10.2 14.2 34.7 31.4 5.4 4.1 6.7 Zambia 1963 51.9 19.6 11.9 16.5 0.1 0.0 3.3 Zambia * 1979 20.2 38.4 13.8 6.3 20.2 1.1 5.5 West africa Nigeria 1963 90.0 5.9 2.6 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.5 Nigeria 1967 86.2 3.8 9.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.8 Egypt Arab R. 1960 63.6 27.7 2.1 4.7 0.3 1.9 1.7 Egypt Arab R. 1976 53.2 19.3 10.1 5.6 6.7 5.1 3.3 Morocco 1971 81.9 6.5 0.7 8.4 2.5 0.0 1.2 Morocco + 1982 56.4 12.9 8.8 14.9 5.1 1.9 2.9 Syrian Arab R. 1960 54.8 31.8 9.0 2.6 1.1 0.8 2.0 Syrian Arab R. 1975 33.6 31.9 17.3 5.2 8.3 3.7 4.1 East Asia and the Pacific Indonesia 1978 31.6 23.1 35.7 5.3 3.8 0.5 3.9 Indonesia + 1980 26.1 18.9 33.4 11.4 8.9 1.2 4.9 Korea 1969 44.9 9.1 30.2 7.3 6.1 2.4 3.9 Korea 1980 14.8 1.1 33.2 18.5 23.4 9.1 8.0 Malaysia 1967 27.0 1.7 55.7 9.2 4.6 1.8 5.0 Malaysia + 1980 17.9 17.1 23.4 22.9 16.1 2.6 6.5 Singapore 1974 40.3 4.9 21.9 16 8.3 8.5 5.3 Singapore + 1980 21.9 3.0 46.4 18.4 6.3 4.0 6.0 Taiwvn + 1980 9.3 4.5 30.2 18.9 24.3 12.7 8.6 Taiwan 1983 8.9 5.1 32.7 17.7 24.0 11.5 8.4 Thailand 1960 37.4 55.6 1.1 3.5 2.0 0.4 3.3 Thailand 1974 12.0 72.2 6.8 4.9 2.0 2.2 4.1 Tiailatid + i980 10.1 64.2 7.0 11.2 4.1 3.4 4.6 - continued - - 16 - Table 3 - continued Percentage of the Labor Force with No Primary Secondary Mean Edu- ---------- Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling South Asia India 1961 89.9 5.2 2.1 1.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 India 1981 66.6 14.5 6.9 4.9 3.9 3.2 1.9 Pakistan 1975 75.8 11.2 7.7 3.7 0.6 1.0 1.2 Pakistan + 1981 65.9 7.4 5.2 16.4 2.4 2.7 2.5 Sri Lanka 1963 22.2 27.9 41.9 2.7 3.2 2.1 5.3 Sri Lanka 1971 23.1 15,7 23.6 32.4 4.4 0.8 6.2 Sri Lanka + 1981 8.5 12.7 35.9 38.3 2.8 1.8 7.5 Latin Aaerica and the Caribbean Argentina 1960 7.0 35.4 38.2 5.7 9.9 3.7 6.2 Argentina + 1980 4.7 24.9 34.8 17.7 9.5 8.4 7.4 Brazil 1960 48.2 45.1 3.4 2.3 0.4 0.5 2.4 Brazil 1980 24.7 35.3 7.9 19.6 6.6 5.9 5.6 Chile 1969 18.6 36.0 20.5 11.3 11.2 2.3 5.9 Chile 1981 4.1 32.2 18.8 24.4 12.2 8.3 8.1 Colombia 1951 42.3 41.7 8.0 5.3 1.7 1.0 2.2 Colombia 1964 28.9 48.5 12.1 5.8 3.3 1.3 2.8 Colombia 1973 16.8 35.5 20.1 10.1 13.2 4.3 4.8 Colombia 1978 16.3 31.3 23.6 9.2 14.9 4.7 5.0 Guatemala 1964 63.6 27.0 5.1 2.6 0.6 1.1 1.7 Guatemala 1973 51.7 12.7 28.1 2.6 3.5 1.4 3.0 Honduras 1961 53.3 33.3 8.2 2.0 2.6 0.7 2.1 Honduras + 1974 42.3 27.2 21.6 3.6 3.9 1.4 3.0 Mexico 1970 23.6 43.5 17 6.3 5.5 4.1 4.2 Mexico 1977 26.9 28.8 26.9 8.9 3.2 5.2 4.5 Panama 1960 43.9 13.0 22.5 8.5 8.8 3.3 4.0 Panana 1970 34.2 19.5 19.5 11.2 10.5 5.1 4.8 Panama + 1980 12.5 17.9 30.0 19.9 11.7 8.0 6.6 - continued - I - 17 l Table 3 - continued Perce~ntage of the Labor Force with No Primary Secondary Mean Edu- ------Higher Years of Country cation Incom. Compl. Incom. Compl. Schooling Latin AzAerica and the Caribbean - continued Paraguay 1972 10.5 62.2 11.2 7.6 5.9 2.6 4.3 Paraguay + 1982 8.1 39.4 26.4 15.4 6.9 3.8 5.6 Peru 1961 31.1 33.7 20.7 6.1 5.4 3.0 3.9 Peru 1981 13.5 20.7 26.2 12.9 14.6 12.1 7.0 Uruguay 1963 8.8 44.8 24.5 14.7 3.7 3.4 5.1 Uruguay + 1975 5.1 33.8 29.2 12.3 7.3 12.4 6.7 Venezuela 1979 15.9 24.8 24.8 17.1 11.1 6.3 6.2 Venezuela + 1982 14.1 23.4 23.4 19.8 12.1 7.2 6.4 Developed Countries Belgium 1970 3.9 7.2 38.3 25.7 16.8 8.1 . Belgium + 1977 3.6 7.8 43.0 20.8 13.9 11.0 8.3 Canada 1969 0.0 6.2 34.3 20.3 30.4 8.8 9.1 Canada 1981 0.0 3.1 10.2 26.9 23.9 35.9 11.7 Denmark 1981 0.0 4.9 39.3 33.5 11.7 10.6 8.6 Denmark + 1983 0.0 2.2 17.6 15.2 47.9 17.1 10.8 Greece 1961 42.0 29.8 17.4 5.1 2.8 2.9 3.2 Greece 1971 30.4 29.2 24.0 6.8 4.6 4.9 4.3 Greece -r1981 3.9 12.5 44.5 12.8 15.1 11.3 7.9 Japan 1969 0.0 3.9 66.5 12.4 10.6 6.6 7.6 Japan 1979 0.0 0.,0 39.3 20.3 22.4 18.0 9.8 Netherlands 1967 0.0 2.9 54.1 8.8 2.2 11.0 6.1 Netherlands 1975 0.0 1.7 31.3 44.9 11.2 10.9 9.1 United States 1950 0.0 33.8 28.2 20.0 3.2 14.8 8.3 United States 1969 0.0 12.3 23.3 10.1 35.1 19.2 10.6 United States 1981 0.0 2.1 7.8 18.8 35.8 35.6 12.6 Source: Appendix Table A-1 and Appefnd-'x C * : Non-Census data + : Refers to the educational attainment of the male population. - 18 - Figure 3. EAST AFRICA. FLOWS VS STOK (enrollment rcatios vs bbor forts educationd a4imt) 7 OIi ENROLLMENT I LABOR FORCE* 100 - 82ZS 80 - 65 60 F 44.6 41.9 40 /b25 20 - 13.1 i 156 PRJMARY SECONDARY Figure 4. WEST AFRCA. FLDVV VS STOCK (enrosmsnt rutimos vs ktir force edLcatond adnment) EN ~ROLLMENT M LABOR FmRCE*" 100 - 80 75.6 80- 52.4 40 -3. 8 20 ~~~~~~~~~~~~17.6 7 6.8 2 0- PRMARY SECONDARY *World Bank estimates "Most Recent Estimates. - 19 - Filure 5. EAST ASIA AN:) PACFC. FLDWS VS STOCK - (enrollnent ratioe vs lbor force educattond attainevt) l Ze a ENROLLMENT I LABOR FORCE** 150 - 113 100 ro rDZ102.6 105 50 -45.1 36 3 19.4 23.4 PRIMARY SECONDARY FiUre 6. SOUrH ASIA ANDMAi FLOWS VS SMOC (enrlment to vs labor fore edctond attinment) 7. 1= ENROLLMENT E3 LABOR FORCE* 100 80 - 73.1 67.8 -- o; 60 -56 4C0 23.8 23.9 25.2 20- 74 13.9 PRIMARY SECONDARY *Worid Bcnk ettlaos. *!IAcst Recent Estfmates. -20- igure 7. EMENA. FLOWS VS STOC (enrollment ratlos vs 3bbor fon:e educafiond attdanmont) 7% v- ENROLLMENT Z LABOR FORCE** 100 -I 8l9.8 80 69.7 60 5311 41.9 40- 24.6 20 -2. - 15.9 PRIMARY SECONDARY Figure 8. LATIN AMERICA AND CAR4BBEAN. FLOWS VS STOCK (enrolhient ratios" vs bbor forle educatlond attainment) 7e r- ENROLLMENT I LABOR FORCE* 150 - 105 1 00 94.5 50 ~~~~~~~~~~~38.6 VA 25.2 WorI Ban 1 [ PRIMARY SECONDARY *World Bank estimates *Most Recent Estimates - 21 - Harbison, F. and Myers, C.A., Education, Manpower and Economic Growth. McGraw-Hill, 1964. Kaneko, M., "The Educational Composition of the World's Population: A Database," Education and Training Department, The World Bank, Report No. 29, 1986. - Layard, R. and Saigal, J., "Educational and Occupational Characteristics of Manpower: An International Comparison,' British Journal of Industrial Relations, 4, July 1966: 222-66. OECD, Statistics of the Educational and Educational Structure of the La!uor Force in 53 Countries, OECD, 1969. Psacharopoulos, G., Returns to Education: An International Ccmparison, Elsevier-Jossey Bass, 1973. L.~4 ._i m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (it~~~~ *1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~ 's~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o ' % j . .... m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -23 - APPENDIX TABLE A-1 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE LABOR FORCE AND NEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING BY REGION Mean Years Country Year Total LF LO% LP% l.S% LH% of Schooling East Africa Botswana 1971 304,714 60.2 35.9 3.3 0.4 2.0 Ethiopia * 1973 194,080 62.1 22.3 13.8 1.8 2.6 Kenya 1980 6,561,050 48.9 40.9 9.8 0.4 3.5 'Lesotho + 1976 356,509 38.1 48.6 13.1 0.1 4.3 Malawi + 1977 1,432,799 35.4 49.6 14.6 0.3 2.9 Mauritius 1972 215,22. 21.7 56.4 20.1 1.8 4.5 Mozambique + 1980 2,917,175 57.7 39.6 2.6 0.1 1.2 Reunion + 1982 157,354 i9.8 37.8 38.2 4.2 5.4 Rwanda + 1978 1,257,542 55.2 40.6 3.8 0.3 2.2 Sudan 1974 201,850 35.0 36.7 23.3 5.1 5.5 Swaziland 1976 108,237 38.7 40.6 18.1 2.6 4.4 Zambia * 1979 51,425 20.2 52.2 26.5 1.1 5.5 Regional Average 41.1 41.8 15.6 1.5 3.7 West Africa Cameroon 1976 2,748,314 61.7 31.9 5.7 0.7 2.2 Ivory coast 1978 435,124 59.2 21.1 19.7 0.0 1/ 3.2 Liberia 1974 432,871 82.9 8.3 6.8 1.9 1.3 Mali 1976 2,119,647 91.0 8.0 0.7 0.2 0.5 Nigeria 1967 24,073,923 86.2 12.9 0.8 0.0 1/ 0.8 Senegal + 1976 1,395,151 37.0 54.5 7.2 1.2 2.9 Regional Average 69.7 22.8 6.8 0.7 1.8 East Asia and the Pacific China 1982 521,377,'30 28.3 34.4 36.5 0.9 4.5 Fiji + 1976 171,300 9.0 38.3 49.3 3.3 8.3 Hong Kong + 1981 1,961,803 7.6 36.8 47.5 8.1 8.8 Indonecia 1978 53,097,095 31.6 58.8 9.1 0.5 3.9 Korea 1980 12,681,981 14.8 34.3 41.9 9.1 8.0 Malaysia 1967 2,946,216 27.0 57.4 13.8 1.8 5.0 New Caledonia + 1983 56,409 6.0 52.7 36.6 4.6 5.9 Ph' l'pines + '980 13,599,271 7.8 48.7 27.8 15.7 '.0 Singapore 1974 823,281 40.3 26.8 24.3 8.5 5.3 Taiwan 1983 7,070,000 8.9 37.8 41.7 11.5 8.4 Thailand 1974 13,560,100 12.0 79.0 6.9 2.2 4.1 Tonga + 1976 24,930 0.2 36.0 60.9 2.9 7.3 Reglonal Average 16.1 45.1 33.0 5.8 6.4 - continued - - 24 - APPENDIX TABLE A-1 - continued Mean Years Country Year Total LF LOZ LP% LSX LH% of Schooling South Asia Bangladesh 1981 23,598,677 62.4 19.9 16.2 1.5 2.4 India 1981 222,517,574 66.6 21.4 8.8 3.2 1.9 Maldives 1977 60,207 76.7 19.2 3.3 0.2 0.9 Pakistan 1975 48,775,000 75.8 18.9 4.3 1.0 1.2 Sri Lanka 1971 3,642,844 23.1 39.3 36.8 0.8 6.2 Regional Average 60.9 23.8 13.9 1.4 2.5 EMA Afghanistan + 1979 3,707,028. 72.0 15.4 12.6 0.0 2.1 Algeria 1977 3,425,000 37.0 29.8 24.7 2.1 4.0 Barhain + 1980 70,346 43.9 18.7 30.7 6.8 4.9 Egypt Arab R. 1976 10,265,300 53.2 29.4 12.3 5.1 3.3 Iran 1976 8,924,926 63.5 21.0 12.3 3.2 2.7 Kuwait * 1975 304,582 33.8 35.7 22.3 8.2 4.5 Jordan+ 1979 488,969 37.0 23.1 31.7 8.1 5.6 Lebanon * 1970 571,756 29.5 50.4 15.8 4.3 3.9 Morocco 1971 4,041,757 81.9 7.2 10.9 0.0 1/ 1.2 Qatar * 1970 48,290 66.8 18.5 11.5 3.2 2.5 Syrian Arab R. 1975 1,838,949 33.6 49.2 13.5 3.7 4.1 Tunisia 1975 794,922 73.0 15.4 9.7 1.9 2.2 United Arab E.* 1968 78,071 77.1 12.2 7.7 2.9 2.1 Yemen Arab R. 1981 1,201,600 0.0 91.2 7.3 1.5 4.1 Regional Average 50.2 29.8 15.9 3.6 3.4 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina 1960 7,840,430 7.0 73.6 15.6 3.7 6.2 Barbados '970 81,903 0.6 23.0 65.3 11., 8.9 Belize 1970 30,677 8.3 65.9 24.6 1.2 6.9 Bolivia i976 1,396,245 31.0 37.2 25.8 6.0 6.3 Brazil 1980 43,768,454 24.7 43.2 26.2 5.) 5.6 Chile 1981 3,592,014 4.1 51.0 36.6 8.3 8.1 Colombia 1978 7,660,000 16.3 54.9 24.1 4.7 5.0 Costa Rica 1973 575,313 10.6 69.4 14.9 5.1 6.4 Cuba + 1981 3,404,381 4.2 46.1 37.8 11.9 8.2 Ecuador + 1982 2,216,459 16.2 51.0 24.3 8.5 6.5 Guadeloupe + 1982 103,249 8.7 42.3 43.6 5.3 6.5 Guatemala 1973 1,749,100 51.7 40.8 6.1 1.4 3.0 - continued - I I I - 25 - APPENDIX TABLE A-1 - continued Mean Years Country Year Total 1. LO% LP% LS% LHX of Schooling Latin America and the Caribbean - continued Guyana 1982 472,420 17.6 34.2 42.9 5.3 6.8 Haiti 1982 .,869,409 72.9 18.9 7.5 0.8 1.6 Honduras 1961 553,206 53.3 41.5 4.6 0.7 2.1 Jamaica 1978 936,620 2.6 78.2 19.2 0.0 1/ 6.9 Martinique 1982 93,619 2.3 42.8 46.6 8.3 6.0 Mexico 1977 11,248,627 26.9 55.7 12.1 5.2 4.5 Nicaragua 1971 488,415 49.7 40.0 9.3 1.0 4.4 Panama 1970 470,859 34.2 39.0 2i.7 5.1 4.6 Paraguay 1972 727,181 10.5 73.4 13.5 2.6 4.3 Peru 1981 4,927,345 13.5 46.9 27.5 12.1 7.0 Trinidad-Tobago+ 1980 335,600 3.5 62.1 31.5 2.9 6.6 Uruguay 1975 1,041,000 5.] 63.0 19.6 12.4 6.7 Venezuela 1979 4,104,597 15.9 49.6 28.2 6.3 6.2 Regional Average 19.7 49.8 25.2 5.4 5.8 South Europe Greece + 1981 3,569,944 3.9 56.9 27.8 11.3 7.9 Israel + 1983 1,329,070 2.5 26.3 49.1 22.1 11.3 Portugal + 1981 3,457,987 16.3 61.7 16.2 5.8 4.5 Spain 1981 12,918,900 13.5 57.1 19.6 9.7 6.2 Turkey + 1980 13,615,248 16.1 60.7 18.7 4.5 5.1 Yugoslavia + 1981 8,216,554 7.4 52.5 35.9 4.2 5.6 Regional Average 10.0 52.5 27.9 9.6 6.8 East Europe & Non-Market Bulgaria + 1975 3,363,979 4.0 67.6 22.6 5.8 8.7 Czechoslovakia + 1980 5,503,413 0.0 37.5 55.6 6.9 11.5 Germany D.R. + 1981 6,187,889 0.2 19.2 63.9 16.7 11.9 Hungary + 1980 3,983,317 0.7 28.2 62.7 8.4 10.4 Poland + 1978 12,745,411 1.3 8.6 84.7 5.5 10.7 Romania 1977 10,793,602 0.0 42.1 53.0 4.9 9.8 Regional Average 1.0 33.9 57.1 8.0 10.5 - continued - - 26 - APPENDIX TABLE A-1 - continued Mean Years Country Year Total LF LO% LP% LS% LH% of Schooling Developed Countries Australia + 1981 5,155,490 0.7 6.3 89.7 3.3 11.1 Belgium 1970 3,520,186 3.9 2/45.5 42.5 8.1 8.1 Canada 1981 12,054,165 0.0 13.3 50.8 35.9 11.7 Denmark 1981 1,946,327 0.0 44.2 45.2 10.6 8.6 Finland + 1980 1,817,238 0.0 47.8 44.2 8.0 8.5 France + 1982 20,731,220 0.4 63.4 27.8 8.4 6.2 Germany F.R. + 1982 24,167,000 0.7 12.5 73.3 13.5 10.4 Japan 1979 54,352,000 0.0 39.3 42.7 18.0 9.8 Netherlands The 1975 5,188,139 0.0 33.0 56.1 10.9 9.1 New Zealand 1981 1,316,586 0.0 9.3 59.8 30.9 11.7 Norway + 1980 1,536,826 0.0 2.2 84.4 13.4 11.3 Switzerland + 1980 2,489,142 0.0 25.8 58.6 15.6 11.0 United States 1981 101,852,880 0.0 9.9 54.6 35.6 12.6 Regional Average 0.4 27.1 56.1 16.3 10.0 Source: Appendix C * : Non-Census data + : Refers to the educational attainment of the male population 1/ No data available to separate them from previous level 2/ Includes "unknown education level" 27 - APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF MEAN NUMBER OF YEARS OF SCHOOLING OF THE LABOR FORCE In order to estimate the mean number of years of schooling of the labor force in each country, the following formula was used: S - I LPI * (YRSP/2) + (LP2 * YRSP) + LSI * ((YRSP + (YRSS/2)) + LS2 * (YRSP + YRSS) + LH * (YRSP + YRSS + YRSH) I /100 where: S -mean number of years of schooling LPI - percentage of the labor force with incomplete primary schooling YRSP - number of years of primary level education cycle LP2 - percentage of the labor force with complete primary schooling LS1 - percentage of the labor force with incomplete secondary schooling YRSS - number of years of secondary level education cycle LS2 - percentage of the labor force with complete secondary schooling LH - percentage of the labor force with complete and incomplete higher level education YRSH -number of years of higher level education cycle assuming that the workers with incomplete primary and secondary education, attended to half of the years of the corresponding level (i.e. primary level - 6 years, for LPI - 3 years). EXAMPLE Applying the above to Cameroon ('976) we have: LPO - 61.7% of the labor force LP1 -17.6% of the labor force YRSP - 6 years LP2 -14.3% of the labor force LSI -0.7% of the labor force YRSS -7 years LS2 - 5.0% of the labor force LH - 0.7% of the labor force YRSH - 4 years Thus, the average years of schooling is: S - [(17.6 *3) + (14.3 * 6) + (0.7 * 9.5) + (5 * 13) + (0.7 * 17)1/100 S - 2.2 years I ~ ~ ~ ~~ - 28 - APPENDIX TABLE B-1 THL STRUCTURE OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS Years of Schooling Cycle -------------------------- Age of Years of School Compulsory Country Year Primary Secondary Higher Entry Schooling East Africa Botswana 1971 7 5 4 6 - Ethiopia 1978 6 6 4 7 - Kenya 1980 7 6 4 6 - Lesotho + 1976 8 5 4 6 7 Malawi + 1977 5 6 4 - - Mauritius 1972 6 7 4 5 7 Mozambique + 1980 4 7 4 - - Reunion + 1982 5 7 4 6 10 Rwanda + 1978 6 6 4 7 8 Sudan 1974 7 5 4 7 - Swaziland 1976 7 5 4 6 7 Zambia 1979 7 5 4 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------__ West Africa Cameroon 1976 6 7 4 6 6 Ivory Coast 1978 6 7 5 6 - Liberia 1974 6 6 4 6 11 Mali 1976 6 6 5 6 7 Nigeria 1967 6 7 5 6 6 Senegal + 1976 6 7 4 6 5 -- ---___------…--…--------------------------------------------------- East Asia and the Pacific China 1982 5 5 5 7 - Fiji + 1976 8 6 4 - - Hong Kong + 1981 6 7 4 6 9 Indonesia 1978 6 6 5 6 6 Korea 1980 6 6 5 6 6 Malaysia 1967 6 7 3 6 6 New Caledonia + 1983 6 7 4 6 - Phillipines 1980 6 4 4 6 - Singapore 1974 6 6 4 6 - Taiwan 1983 6 6 4 - - Thailand 1974 7 5 4 5 7 Tonga + 1976 6 7 4 5 6 - continued - I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 29 - APPENDIX TABLE B-1 - continued Years of Schooling Cycle -…-------------------°- Age of Years of School Compulsory Country Year Primary Secondary Higher Entry Schooling South Asia Bangladesh 1981 5 7 4 6 5 India 1981 5 6 3 6 5 Maldivas 1977 5 6 4 6 - Pakistan 1975 5 7 3 5 - Sri Lanka 1971 8 3 3 6 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __- -_ EIfENA Algeria 1977 6 7 4 6 9 Afghanistan + 1979 6 6 5 7 8 Barhain + 1980 6 5 5 6 9 Egypt Arab R. 1976 6 6 4 6 6 Iran 1976 6 6 4 6 8 Kuwait 1975 4 8 3 6 8 Jordan + 1979 6 6 4 6 9 Lebanon 1970 5 7 4 5 - Morocco 1971 5 7 4 7 - Qatar 1970 6 6 4 5 - Syrian Arab R. 1975 6 6 4 6 6 Tunisia 1975 6 7 4 6 6 United Arab E. 1968 6 6 3 6 6 Yemen Arab R. 1981 6 6 4 7 - -__ _ _ _ -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina 1960 7 5 4 5 7 Barbados 1970 7 6 5 5 9 Belize 1970 8 4 4 6 8 Bolivia 1976 6 6 3 6 8 Brazil 1980 8 3 5 7 8 Chile 1981 8 4 5 6 8 Colombia 1978 5 6 4.5 7 5 Costa Rica 1973 7 7 5 6 9 Cuba + 1981 6 7 5 6 6 Ecuador + 1982 6 6 4 6 - Guadeloupe + 1982 5 7 4 6 10 Guatemala 1973 6 6 5 7 6 Guyana 1982 6 6 4 5 8 Haiti 1982 6 6 4 6 6 Honduras 1961 6 5 5 6 6 Jamaica 1978 6 7 4 6 11 - continued - I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 30 - APPENDIX TABLE B-1 - continued Years of Schooling Cycle -------------------------- Age of Years of School Compulsory Country Year Primary Secondary Higher Entry Schooling Latin America and the Caribbean - continued Martinique 1982 5 4 4 6 10 Mexico 1977 6 6 5 6 6 Nicaragua 1971 6 6 5 6 6 Panama 1970 6 6 4 6 9 Paraguay 1972 6 6 3 7 6 Peru 1981 6 6 4 6 9 Trinidad-Tobago+ 1980 6 6 5 6 7 Uruguay 1975 6 6 4 6 9 Venezuela 1979 6 6 5 7 6 South Europe Greece + 1981 6 6 4 6 9 Israel + 1983 8 4 4 5 9 Portugal + 1981 6 5 4 6 6 Spain 1981 5 7 5 6 10 Turkey + 1980 5 6 4 6 5 Yugoslavia + 1981 4 8 4 7 8 East Europe & Non-Market Bulgaria + 1975 8 4 4 7 8 Czechoslovakia + 1980 9 4 4 6 9 Germany D.R. + 1981 10 2 4 6 10 Hungary + 1980 8 4 4 6 10 Poland + 1978 8 4 4 7 8 Romania 1977 8 4 5 6 10 - continued - - 31 - APPENDIX TABLE B-1 - continued Years of Schooling Cycle -------------------- Age of Years of School Compulsory Country Year Primary Secondary Higher Entry Schooling Developed Countries Australia + 1981 7 6 4 6 10 Belgium 1970 6 6 4 6 8 Canada 1981 6 6 4 6 9 Denmark 1981 6 6 4 6 9 Finland + 1980 6 6 4 7 9 France + 1982 5 7 5 7 10 Germany F.R.+ 1982 4 7 4 6 9 Japan 1979 6 6 4 6 9 Netherlands The 1975 6 6 4 6 10 New Zealand 1981 6 7 3 6 9 Switzerland + 1981 6 7 4 7 9 United States 1981 8 4 4 7 10 Source: - : Not Available + : From Kaneko, 1986. - 32 - APPENDIX C LABOR FORCE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES This Appendix describes the definitions and sources used in the estimates of the educational attainment of the labor force in each country. The following symbols have been used to describe the data: Definitions LF : Definition of labor force, age limits, employment status and data coverage. LO : Definition of category 'without schooling". LP : Definition of "primary level" schooling. LS : Definition of 'secondary level" schooling. LH : Definition of "higher level" schooling. LT : Treatment of workers with "unknown" educational attainment. NOTE: Additional remarks and/or basic source of estimates. Comments on apparent inconsistenciea with data frem World Bank, World Tables, 1983, Vol. II. The number of years of each schooling, when not stated otherwise, are from M. Kaneko, "The Educational Composition of the World Population: A Database", Education and Training Series Report No. 25, The World Bank, April 1986; and, UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, Paris, 1984. The estimates of the labor force with complete and incomplete pre-university schooling (LP1, LP2, LSI, LS2) when not provided by each country source, were based on M. Kaneko, "The Educational... op.cit.", UNESCO, Statistical...op.cit., and The British Council, Education Profile (country specific), We assumed for these countries, that the proportion of individuals 14 years old and over in the population who do not complete primary and secondary schooling is the same as in the labor force. Complete detail of definitions in countries taken from Kaneko (with a + next to the name) in his paper. - 33 - Data Sources EAST AFRICA BOTSWANA LF Employed workers 10 years old and over in cash employment and "family agriculture" (non-cash employment). LT There are 1,968 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Central Statistics Office, Report on the Population Census 1971, August 1972, table 15.14, p.149, table 24. NOTE: According to the census figures 13% of total labor force is in cash employment. ETHIOPIA LF Urban labor force 10 years old and over.It does not specify employment status. LO It includes illiterate individuals and people who attended adult literacy programs (4,397 individuals). See Ethiopia Education Sector Survey, 1985, Report No. 4868-ET for a description of the system. LP It includes Grades 1 to 6 and Priest or Koranic schooling (16,289 individuals). LS It includes Grades 7 to 8 and senior secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Central Statistical Office, 'Population, Labor Force and Housing Characteristics of Seventeen Major Towns". Results of Manpower and Housing Survey, 1978. In Statistical Bulletin, 27, August 1980, table 6, p.247. NOTE: Figures based on a sample of the 17 major towns. No more details on the definition of "urban". KENYA LF Employed labor force. Age limits non-specified. LP It includes Standards 1 to 8. LS It includes Forms 1 to 6. LH It includes university studies. Peter Fallon, The Labor Market in Kenva: Recent Evidence, World Bank, Development Research Department, Discussion Paper DRD156, October 1985, tables 1 and 5, pp. 42 and 45. LESOTHO + Kingdom of Lesotho, The Bureau of Statistics, 1976 population Census, Vol. III, tables 10A, p.52, table 11A, p. 73. - 34 - MOZAMBIQUE + Republica Popular de Mocambique, Conselho Coordenador de Recenseamento, Recenseamento General da Populacao, Quadro BA. REUNION + Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (France), Reunion, Resultats du recensement de la population dans les departments d'outre-mer 9 mars 1982, For4. RWANDA + Republique Rwandaise, Bureau National de Recensement, Vol. I, Effectives de la Population, Tableau 10, pp. 313 and 324. MAURITIUS LF Employed labor force 12 years old and over. LT There are 603 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Central Statistical Office, 1972 Housing and Population Census of Mauritius, Vol. V, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, February 1976, table 29, p.106. SUDAN LF Employed workers 12 years old and over in Greater Khartoum. LO It includes individuals withour formal schooling. LP It includes individuals with incomplete and complete primary schooling. LS It includes individuals with incomplete and complete secondary schooling. LH It includes complete and incomplete post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT There are 550 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. ILO/UNDP, Employment Mission, Growth, Employment and Equity, A Comprehensive strategy for Sudan, table 106, p. 410. NOTE: Figures based on CESM Houpehold Survey, 1974. SWAZILAND LF E-mployed workers 15 years old and over. LO It includes individuals with unknown education leveli LP It includes from Grade 1 to Standard 6. LS It includes from Form 1 to Form 5. LH It includes all types of post-secondary education. LT it considers employed those workers holding part-time jobs. - 35 - Central Statistical Office, Report on the 1976 Swaziland Population Census, Vol. II, Statistical Tables, table 10, pp.17-20. NOTE: Total LF (108,237) figure differs from World Bank estimates, World...op.cit. (249,845), p.86. ZAMBIA (1963) LF Employed and unemployed African males. Age limits non specified. LP It includes individuals with 1 to 5 years of school attendance. LS It includes individuals with 6 and more years of school attendance. LH No data available to separate individuals with higher education from LS. M.F. McPherson, A Study of Employment in Zambia, World Bank, DRD, RPO 671-06 Employment Models and Projections, 1978, table II.44, p.138a. NOTE: Based on Second Report of the May/June 1963 Census of Africans, 1964,pp.29, 31, 32. ZAMBIA (1979) LF Urban employed and uneaployed workers 15 years old and over in the Kabwe region. LO Illiterate individuals. LP It includes individuals with complete and incomplete primary schooling. LS It includes individuals with complete and incomplete secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. PCC/Ministry of Labour, Report on the Pilot Labour Force Survey of Kabwe Urban, January 1980, table 3.3, p.24. NOTE: World Bank, World...op.cit., estimates the Zambian labor force in 1979 in 1,999,105. See p.102. WEST AFRICA CAMEROON LF Employed and unemployed labor force 15 years old and over. LP It includes "Koranic- schooling. According to World Bank, Education Sector Memorandum, Vol. I, December 1978, Report No.2229-CM, p.5, koranic education is equivalent to primary education. LS It includes general and technical secondary schooling. LT There are 9,525 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. J.M Atangana-Mebara, J-Y. Marrin, Ta Ngoc C., Education, Employ et Salaire au Cameroun, UNESCO, Institut International de Planification de l'Education, Paris, 1984, p.89. NOTE: Figures based on 1976 population census. - 36 - IVORY COAST LF Abidjan A.rican labor force 15 to 59 years old. No employment status specified. There are 23,028 non-African workers in Abidjan. LO It includes individuals without formal r.chooling. LP LS It includes lower and upper secondary schooling and all post- seccndary studies. LH among population 15 years old and over is less than 1%. LH No data available to separate individuals with higher education from LS. LT It excludes 1,544 workers from the total due to unknown education level. Service d'Etudes du Developpement, Ministere des Relations Exterieures, Bilan National de l'Emploi au Cote d'Ivoire, Etudes et Documents No.47, may 1982, table 66, p.137. NOTE: Based on P.Antoine and C.Herry, "Abidjan: Principaux Resultats Manuels de l'Enquete a passages repetes", ORSTOM, Direction de la Statistique, Abidjan, september 1979, (random sample of 40,000 people). LIBERIA LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LO It includes individuals with no grade completed. Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, &1974 Population and Housing Census of Liberia, Population Characteristics of Major Areas, Liberia and Major Political Divisions, PC-1, Monrovia, Liberia, 1977, table 25, p.130. MALI LF Employed labor force 8 years old and over. LO It includes individuals wichouc formal schooling. LP It includes Grades 1 tv 6 (FP) and Grades 7 to 9 (F2). LS It includes techniical-vocational, teacher training secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT There are 73,520 worker- excluded from the total aue to unknown education level. Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Informatique, Recensement General de la Population, Decembre 1976, Resultats Definitifs, Vol.II, Serie Economique, Ministere du Plan, Bureau Central de Recensement, Republique du Mali, table E-3-4, p.68. -37 NIGERIA LF Labor force 15 to 55 years old. It does not specify employment status. LO It includes illiterate individuals and literates without formal schooling (3,269,357 individuals). Victor P. Diejomaoh, "Nigeria's Human Resources: A Preliminary Assessment". In U.C.Damachi and V.P. Diejomaoh (eds.), Human kesources and African Development, table 4.6, p.40 for educational level of Nigerian labor force. Population and labor force data from World Bank, World...op.cit., p.69. SENEGAL + Republiqtue du Senegal, Bureau National du Recensement, Recensement General de la Population d'Avril 1976, Analyse des Resultats Nationaux, Tableau No. 14, p. 28, Tableau No. 15, p. 29. EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC CHINA LF Employed labor force, 15 years old and over. LH It includes only university studies. State Statistical Bureau, People's Republic of China. Statistical Yearbook of China, 1984, p.102; 10% Sampling Tabulatior. on the 1982 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, October 1983, table 39, pp.383-388. FIJI + United Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Issue, New York, 1985, Table 38, pp. 998-999. HONG KONG + Hong kong, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong 1981 Census, Basic Tables, Hong Kong 1982. table 5, p. 12. INDONESIA LF Employed and unemployed labor force 10 years ald and over. LS It includes complete and incomplete general and technical-vocational secor.dary schooling. LH It tncludes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Central Bureau of Statistics, Republic of Indonesia. National Labor Force Sample Survey (SAKERNAS), 1978, Jakarta, 1978. - 38 - KOREA (1960) LF Employed labor force 13 years old and over. OECD, Statistics of The Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.199-202. KOREA (1980) LF Employed labor force 14 years old and over. National Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Board, 1980 Population and Houcing Census Report, Vol. 2, 15% Sample Survey, 3-1 Economic Activity, Republic of Korea, December 1982, table 11, pp.490-494. MALAYSIA LF Employed laMir .orce 15 years old and over. LT There are 17,784 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. UNESCO, Education in Malaysia, Vol I, Paria, March 1970, table 1, p.4, table 2, p.6. NOTE: Figures based on EPU, -The Employment Problem in West Malaysia", July 1969, and Malaysia Socio-Economic Sample Survey of Households, 1967-68, Kuala Lumpur, April 1970. NEW CALEDONIA + Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (France), Resultats du Recensement de la Population dans lee Territoires d'outre Mer, 15 Avril, 1983, Nouvelle Caledonie, Table RGP84-N.C.-P28, p.178. PHILIPPINES + Republic of the Philippines, National Census and Statistics Office, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Vol 2, National Summary, table 5, pp. 41-42, Manila, 1983. S INGAPORE LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LO It includes "non-applicable" without explanation of its content. LS It includes post-primary, general,technical-vocational, commercial secondary, applied arts certificate and trade certificate. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Ministry of Labour and National Statistical Commision, Report on the Labour Force Survey of Singapore 1974, table 22, p.42, table 72, p.114, and table 11, p.31. - 39- TAIWAN LF Employed workers 15 years old and over. LO Illiterate and self-educated individuals. No explanation of later category. LS It includes vocational and -normal" schooling (primary teachers). Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Yearbook of Labor Statistics, Republic of China, 1984, Executive Yuan, Republic of China, table 8, p.20. THAILAND (1960) LF Employed labor force 15 years old and over. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.249-250. THAILAND (1974) LF Employed labor force. Age limits not specified. LT There are 83,800 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. UNESCO, Thailand Education: Towards Equalization and Reform, Paris, October 1976, Annex II/2. NOTE: Figures based on National Statistical Office, Labor Force Survey, 1974. TONGA + Kingdom of Tcnga, Census of Population and ,lousing 1976, Vol 1, Ad'mJdistrative Report and Tables, Table 10, p. 89, Table 11, pp= °P'-91. SOUTH JA AND PACIFIC BANGLADESH LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. It excludes beggers. LT Employed workerl defined as the indiviltuals wN o worked deiring tho last 6 months preceaiding the census date (March 6, 1981). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Population Census 19s1, Analytical Findings and National Tables, Secretary Statistics Division and Director General, August 1984, table P18, p.236. INDIA (1961) LF Employed labor force. No age limits specified. LP It includes literate individuals withiout formal. schooling.. LS It includes middle and matriculation (or higher secondary). LH It includes Non-Technical Diploma or Certificate not equal to degree, Technical Diploma or Certificate not equal to degree, graduate and abovec 4 40 - OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.180-181. NOTE: Figures based on Census of Tndia 1961, Vol. I, India, Part II-B. INDIA (1981) LF Labor force defined as 'main workers". These are individuals who worked for the major part of the year preceding the date of enumeration and whose main activity was an economic activity. LO It includes 20,209,728 literates without formal schooling. LP It includes primary and middle (upper primary, standards VI-IIIII). LS It includes lower and upper secondary, intermediate and pre-university. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. P. Padmanabha, Indian Administrative Service, Census of India 1981, Report and Tables Based on 57 Sample Data, Series-1, INDIA, Part II, Special Tables B-4 Part A, p.10; B-4 Part B, p.14. MALDIVES LF Employed labor force 5 years old and over. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT There is a 0.1% workers with unknown education level. National Planning Agency, Government of Maldives, Population and Housing Census 1977, Vol.1, Maldives, 1981, table 34, p. 105. PAKISTAN LF Employed and unemployed workers 10 years old and over. LP It includes individuals who completed Grades 5 to 9. LS It includes matriculation and intermediate. LH It includes degree graduates. Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, The Fourth Five Year Plan, 1970-1975, July 1970, pp.112-113. SRI LANKA LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LP It includes Grades I to V. LS It includes Grades VI to X (junior secondary), GCE. "O" examination and GCE "A" examination. Department of Census and Statistics, Census of Population 1971, Sri Lanka, General Report, table 9.18, p.149. Series-India, Part II-B, New Delhi. I - 41 - EMENA ALGERIA LF Employed labor force. Age limits non-specified. LS It includes vocational, technical, teacher training secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT It includes resident Algerians only. World Bank, Algeria. The Five-Year Development Plan and the Medium-Term Prospects for 1980-84, Report No. 3668-AL, Vol II, table A.17, p.31, table 1.2 Appendix, p. 168. BAHRAIN + State of Bahrain, Directorate of Statistics, Bahrain Census of Population and Housing, 1981, Table 56, p. 7. EGYPT ARAB R.(1960) LF Employed and unemployed workers. It does not specify age limits. LP It includes literate individuals who do not hold primary education certificate. LT There are 19,050 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.141-146. NOTE: Figures based on J960 Census of Population, Vol. II. EGYPT ARAB R.(1976) LF Employed and unemployed workers 6 years old and over. It excludes foreigners. LP It includes literate individuals who do not hold primary education certificate (2,593,300). LT There are 166,600 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Bent Hansenm Samir Radwan, Emplnyment Opportunities and Equity in Egypt, International Labor Office (ILO), Geneva, 1982, table 19, p.68. NOTE: Figures based on CAPMAS population census. IRAN LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LO It includes 467,396 literate workers without formal schooling. LS It includes guidance, technical-vocational, new and old secondary schooling. LH It includes posL-secondary non-university and university studies. _I -42- Statistical Centre of Iran, National Census of Population and Housing, November 1976, Total Country, table 19. NOTE: Figures based on a 5% sample of census data. KTWAIT LF Employed and unemployed workers. No age limits specified. LS It includes intermediate, secondary and post-secondary schooling. LH It includes university graduates. United Nations, Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA), "Levels and Structure of Wages in Selected ECWA Countries and their Effect on Employment and Labor Mobility at the National and Regional Levels", Beirut, May 1980, Appendix, tables 1 and 2. LEBANON LF Employed and unemployed workers. No age limits specified. LS It includes intermediate,secondary and post-secondary schooling. LH It includes university graduates. United Nations, Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA), "Levels and Structure of Wages in Selected ECWA Countries and their Effects on Employment and Labor Mobility at the National and Regional Levels", Beirut, May 1980, Appendix, tables 1 and 2. MOROCCO LF Employed and unemployed labor force 5 years old and over. LP It includes individuals with 1 to 5 years of primary schooling. LS It includes individuals with one or more years of technical-vocational and general secondary schooling and all types of higher education. LH No data available to separate individuals with higher education from LS. Secretariat d'Etat au Plan, Recensement General de la Population et de 1'Habitat 1971, Resultats de l'exhaustif, Niveau National, Serie E, Vol.11I, August 1976, table 34-AE, p.160. QATAR LF It does not specify employment status nor age limits. LS It tncludes general and technicai secondary schooling. A.M. Farrag, "Migration between Arab Countries", table 17, p.99. In International Labor Office (ILO), Manpower and Employment In Arab Countries. Some critical Issues, Geneva, 1975. NOTE: Figures based on Socknat, "Labor Market Conditions and Prospects in the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia", paper presented in a Seminar in Amman, Jordan, June 1975, p.24. - 43 _ SYRIAN ARAB R. (1960) LF Employed and unemployed arab workers. No age limits specified. LS It includes inter3*diate, secondary and post-secondary schooling. LH It includes university graduates. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.243-248. NOTE: Figures based on 1960 Census of Population. SYRIAN ARAB R. (1975) LF Employed and unemployed workers. No age limits specified. LS It includes intermediate, secondary and post-secondary schooling. LH It includes university graduates. United Nations, Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA), "Levels and Structure of Wages in Selected ECWA Countries and their Effects on Employment and Labor Mobility at the National and Regional Levels', Beirut, Lebanon, May 1980, Appendix, tables 1 and 2. TULNISIA LF Heads of households data from a sample of 10% of the population census. Not stated they are all in the labor force. No age limits specified. LO It includes individuals without formal schooling. LP It includes primary schooling and "Kouttab" schooling. LS It includes secondary professional, long and "ecole specialisee". LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Institut National de la Statistique, Ministere du Plan, "Menages et Chefs de Menage-, Tableaux et Analyses de Resultats du Sondage au 1/lOeme. Recensement General de la Population et des Logements, 1975, Vol.I1, chapter X, pp.148-149. NOTE: The World Bank, World...op.cit., estimates the Tunisian labor force in 1975 in 1,407,608. See, p.92. UNITED ARAB E. LF It does aot specify employment status nor age limits. LP It includes complete primary schooling. LS It includes complete secondary schooling. LY It includes all types of post-secondary education. A.M. Farrag, -Migration Between Arab Countries", table 17, p.99. In, International Labor Office (ILO), Manpower and Employment in Arab Cou-ntries. Fo3me Cricical Iseues, Geneva, 1975. _I - 44 - NOTE: Figures based on Socknat, "Labor Market Conditions and Prospects in the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia", paper presented in a Seminar In Amman, Jordan, June 1975, p. 24. YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC LF No definition provided. It seems to include only employed workers in the "formal" sector. LO No data available to separate individuals without formal schooling from LP. LP It includes individuals without formal schooling and persons with post-primary vocational training. LS It includes individuals with intermediate secondary, secondary schooling and vocational training. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Educational Research and Development Center, Albany U./USAID, Yemen Arab Republic. Education and Human Resources. Sector Assessment, February 1895, table 3.1. NOTE: Figures based on CPO, Second Five Year Plan of the YAR. 1982-86, Sana'a, 1980. LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN ARGENTINA LF Employed and unemployed workers 14 years old and over. LS It includes general, pedagogical, commercial, agricultural and industrial secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Ressources Humaines et Developpement en Argentine, Paris, 1967. Figures from 1960 National Population Census, tables III.1, II1.19. BARBADOS LF Employed workers. No age limits specified. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Barbados Statistical Service, Population Census 1970, Barbados, Preliminary Bulletin, Working Population, Part I, Garrison, St. Michael, September 1972. BELIZE LF Employed workers 14 years old and over. LO It includes pre-primary and without formal schooling. LP It includes complete and incomplete primary schooling. LS It includes complete and incomplete secondary schooling. LH It includes degree holders. LT There are 443 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. - 45 - Central Planning Unit, Abstract of Statistics 1976, Belmopan, Belize, August 1978, table 18, p.19. NOTE: Figures are based on the 1970 population census. BOLIVIA LF Labor force 15 years old and over. It does not specify employment status, but it seems to include employed and unemployed workers. LH It Includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT There are 33,360 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. UNESCO, Bolivia, &Reparacion de las Desigualdades Ruzrales y Mejoramiento del Sistema Educativo&, Vol.1I, Annex 10, p.98. NOTE: Figures based on Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda 1976, BRAZIL (1960) LF Employed workers. No age limits specified. Instiluto Brasileiro de Estadistica, Dados, Vol.I, 1960. BRAZIL (1980) LF Employed and unemployed workers 10 years old and over. LT There are 28,309 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Ministerio de Educacao e Cultura, Secretaria Geral,SEPLAN/SEINF, Dados, Brasilia, 1981, table 1.2, p.20. NOTE: Figures based on IBGE, Tabulacoes do Censo Demogragrifo, Brazil, 1980. CHILE (1969) LF Employed and unemployed labor force 12 years old and over. instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Diciembre 1969. CHILE (1981) LF Employed ard unemployed labor force 12 years old and over. LT There are 81,133 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Guillermo Briones, La Distribucion de la Educacion en el Modelo de Economia Neo-liberal: 1974-1982, Programa Interdisciplinario Ae Investigaciones en Educacion (PIIE), July 1983, Santiago, Chile, p.15. -4b - NOTE: Basic data from Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Octubre-Diciembre 1981. COLOMBIA LF Employed workers 15 years old and over. Francois Bourguignon, The Labor Market in Colombia: An Overview of its Evolution Over the Past Three Decades, World Bank, Development Research Department, Discussion Paper No. DRD157, January 1986, Tables 2 and 5, pp. 15 and 29. NOTE: Figures based on 1951 and 1964 population census. Figures on 1973 and 1978 based on household surveys. COSTA RICA LF Employed and unemployed workers 12 years old and over. Direccion General de Estadistica y Censos, Censo de Poblacion 1973, Vol. 2, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1975, table 66, p.494, table 69, p.511. CUBA + Republica de Cuba, Oficina Nacional del Censo, Censo de Poblacion y Viviendas de 1981, Vol XVI, Tomo 2, Tabla 38, pp. 150-161. ECUTADOR + Republica de Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, TV Censo de Poblacion - III de Vivienda, Resultados Anticipados por Muestreo (5%), Cuadro 12, p. 26. GUADELOUPE + Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (France), Resultats du recensement de la population dans les departments d'outre-mer 9 mars 1982, For4. GUATEMALA (1964) LF Employed workers 10 years old and over. UNESCO, Guatemala, Education and Development, Descriptive and Statistical Data, Vol.II, EFM/51, Paris, october 1972, tables 203-204/ NOTE: Figures are based on Guatemala 1964 census data. GUATEMALA (1973) LF Employed workers 10 years old and over. Ii - 47 - UNESCO, Guatemala, Educacion Para el Trabalo, EFM/103, SGNPE/Unidad de Empleo y Poblacion, Paris, November 1979, Annex I/19. NOTE: Figures ar? based on Guatemala 1973 census data. GLY ANA LF Employed and unemployed workers 15 years old and over. LO It includes pre-primary education. LT There are 4,600 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Institute National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Resultats du Recensement de la Population Dans les Departements D'Outre-Mer, 9 Mars 1982, Guyana, May 1983, table PA4, p.100. NOTE: Total population figures (730,120 table DG2, p.40) are different from World Bank, World Tables 1983, Vol II, p. 38. LF participation rates are also different. The Bank estimates 33.6% and the census publication estimates 65.3%. HAITI LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LS It includes technical, vocational secondary schooling, and teacher training. See, World Bank, Haiti, Education Sector Memorandum, November 1980, Report No.3201-HA, for the structure of the education system. The Institute for International Research Inc., Haiti, Education and Human Resources. Sector Assessment, draft, T1ie Florida State University, June 1985, table 2.35, p.2-66. NOTE: Figures based on Haitian Institute of Statistics, Resultats Anticipes du Recensement General, 1984. HONDURAS LF Employed and unemployed workers 10 years old and over. LS It includes individuals who completed 6 years of secondary school. LH It includes individuals who completed 5 years of college. LT There are 14,782 workers exetuded from the total due to unknown education level. UNESCO, Honduras, Education in Development. Projects and Reccommendations, Vol. II, Supporting Statistical Data. Past and Present. EFM/43, Paris,December 1971, Annex II/B.4. NOTE: Figures based on Censo Nacional de Honduras, April, 1961. - 48 - JAMAICA LF Employed and unemployed workers 14 years old and over. LS It includes all levels of post-primary education. LH No data available. They are included in post-primary. LT There are 2,570 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. National Planning Agency, Economic and Social Survey, Jamaica, 1978, table 15.11, p.15.19. MARTINIQUE LF Employed labor force 15 years old and over. LO It includes individuals without formal schooling. LP It includes "ecole maternelle' and primary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary ncn-university and university studies. LT It excludes 1,227 workers from the total due to unknown education level. Institute National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Resultats du Recensement de la Population dans les Departements d'Outre-Mer, 9 mars 1982, Martinique, July 1983, table PA4, p.100. MEXICO (1970) LF Wage earners 15 years old and over only. It excludes selfemployed workers. According to Van Ginneken wage earners represent 60.9% of Mexican Labor force. M. Carnoy, Can Educational Policy Equalise Income Distribution in Latin America?, International Labor Office (ILO), Saxon House, England, 1979, table 24, pp.84-85. W. Van Ginneken, Socio-Economic Groups and Income Distribution in Mexico, International Labor Office (ILO), WEP, Croom Helm, London. NOTE: Carnoy figures based on Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, sample of 2Z of National Demographic Census of Mexico. MEXICO (1977) LF Employed head of households. No age limits specified. LO It includes individuals without formal schooling. LP It includes primary complete and incomplete. LS It includes secondary schooling complete and incomplete. LH It includes university and post-graduate studies complete and incomplete. LT It excludes 90,419 head of households due to unknown education level. Secreteria de Programacion y Presupuesto (SPP), Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogeres, 1977, Mexico, december 1981, table 1.9, p.55. - 49 _ NOTE: Figures based on 1977 households survey. National representative sample of 12,000 nouseholds from the p3pulation census 1970. NICARAGUA LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Republica de Nicaragua, Censos Nacionales 1971, April 20, 1971, Poblacion, Vol. III, "Carateristicas Economicas", Octuhre 1974, table 6. UNESCO, Republic of Nicaragua. Educational Development-Selected Aspects, Vol. II, "Supporting Documentaticn", Paris, April 1972, table 15, p.51. PANAMA (1960) LF Employed labor force 10 years old and over. it includes individuals working ir. the Panama Canal Zone. LO It includes individuals with less than 4 years of schooling. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational Structure of the Labor Forcein 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.214-218. NOTE: Figures based on Population Census, 1960. PANAMA (1970) LF Employed and unemployed labor force 10 years old and over. It excludes 17,085 new workers (seeking first job). LO It includes individuals with less than 4 years of schooling, LT It excludes 391 workers from the total due to of unknown education level. Direccion de Estadistica y Censos, Censos Nacionales de 1970, VII Censo de Poblacion, Caracteristicas Economicas, Vol. V, table 8, p.161, table 11, p.205. PARAGUAY LF Emploayed i1hor force 12 years old and over. LT There are 3,395 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Direccion General de Estadisticas y Censos, Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Viviendas 1972, Asuncion. July 1975, table 20, pp.296-297. PERU (1961) LF Enployed and unemployed labor force 15 years old and over, LH It includes pnst-secondary non-university and university studies. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, "aris, 1969, pp.219-221. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 50 - PERU (1981) LF Employed labor force 15 years old and over. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Censos Nacionales, VI!I Censo de Poblacion, III Censo de Vivienda, Muestra Nacional, Lima 1984, table 47, no page number. NOTE: Figures baved or. a 25% nationt.l sample from census data. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO + United Nations, Sf !s!Cical Office Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Issue, New Ylock, 1986, Table 38, pp. 971-972. URUGUAY (1963) LF Employed and unemployed labor force 10 years old and over. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.256-260. NOTE: Figures based on prelimir'ry results of the Population Census 1963. URUGUAY (1975) LF Employed and unemployed labor force 12 years old and over. It excludes new workers (seeking first job). LT It excludes 36,200 workers from the total due to -nknown education level. Direccion General de Estadittica y Censos, V Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda Ano 1975, Muestra de Anticipacion, Republica Oriental del Uruguay, Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas, table ED-04, p.174. VENEZUELA LF Employed labor force 15 years old and over. LT There are 1,642 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Oficira Central de Estadistica e Infc.rmatica, Anuario Estadistico 1979, Vol. VII, Situacion Social, Caracas, January 1982, table 471-8, p.63. EAST EUROPE AND NON-MARKET BULGARIA + United Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Issue, new York, 1985, Table 38, p. 992. 1-~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 - 51 - CZECHOSLOVAKIA + Unitd Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Issue, New York, 1985, Table 38, p. 992. GERMANY D.R. + United Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Issue, New York, 1985, Table 38, p. 992. HUNGARY + United Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth Isbie, New York, 1985, Table 38, p. 993. POLAND + Uidited Nations, Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook 1983, Thirty Fifth issue, New York, 1985, Ta.ble 3C, p. 995-996. ROMANIA LF Employed labor force 14 years old and over. LS It includes vocational, technical, teacher training secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Directia Centrala de Statistica, Recensamintul Populatei Si Al Lourintelor Din 5 Ianuarie 1977, Republica Socialista Romania, 1980, Vol. II, pp.600-601. SOUTH EUROPE GREECZ LF Employed and unemployed workers 14 years old and over. Nattonal Statistical Service of Greece, 1961, Population Census, 1971 Population. Censup, Table 15.3, p. 251. Republique Hellenique, Office National de Statistique de Grece Resultats de Recensement de la Population et des Habitations, Effectue le 5 Avril. 1981, Vol II, Athens, 1984, Table 5, p. 79. ISRAEL + State of Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics, 1983 Census of Population and Housing Publications, Selected Results from the Samlle Enumeratior, Educational Level, Reprint from the supplement to the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, No. 3, 1985, Table 2, pp. 19-27. - 52 - PORTUTGAL + Portugal, Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, XII Recenseamento Geral da Populacao - II Recenseamento Geral da Habitacao, 1981, Resultados Definitivos, Table 6.07, pp. 183-184. SPAIN LF Labor force lb years old and over. It does not specify employment status. It seems -o include employed and unemployed workers. LO It includes illftrrate and individuals without 'ccmal -hocling. LS It inclucdes -c iler elemental" and "bachiller superfc. - r equivale.r t , LH It inclL.es professional training, post-secondary non-il';ersity and university studies. Comision Asesora de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica, Informe Sociologico sobre Educacion y Cambio Social en Espana 1975-1983, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Ed. ELTRAMERICA, Madrid, 1983, tables 115 and 116, p.315 TURKEY + Turkey, State Institute of Statistics, Census of Population, 12, 10, 1980, Social and Economic Characteristics, Istanbul, 1984, Table 18, pp. 56-57. YUGOSLAVIA + Socijalisticka Federativna Republika Jugoslavije, Savezni Zavod za Statistiku, Statisticki Godisnjak Jugoslavije 1984, Godine XXX:, Becgrad, 1984, Table 104-11. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AUSTRALIA + Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1981 Census of Population and Housing, Australia. Cross-Classified Characteristics of Persons and Dwellings, No. 9, Canberra, 1983, Table 48, p. 86. BELGIUM LF Employed labor force 14 years old and over. LO It includes persons with unknown education level. 'LS It includes general,pedagogical and artistic secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Institut National de Statistique, Recensement de la Population, 31 Decembre 1970, Vol 10, Bruxelles, 1975, Niveau d'Instruction de la Population, table VII, pp.184-189. - 53 - CANADA (1961) LF Employed workers 15 years old and over. LS It includes complete and incomplete general and technical-vocational secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non university and university studies. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp. 19-24. CANADA (1981) LF Employed and unemployed workers 15 years old and over. LP It includes individuals with less than Grade 9. LS It includes complete and incomplete general and technical-vocational secondary schooling. LH It includes post-secondary non university and university studies. Minister of Supply and Services, Canada, 1981 Census of Canada, Labour Force-industry by Demographic and Educational Characteristics. January 1984, table 4, pp.4-1 to 4-16. NOTE: The figures are based on a 20% sample of the census data. DENMARK LF Employed workers 15 to 59 years old not currently attending school. LP It includes individuals with less than 9th. grade. LS It includes individuals with 9th. to 11th. grade of secondary school. LH It includes individuals with gymnasium education and above. LT There are 403,755 workers excluded from the total due to unknown education level. Danmarks Statistik, Folke- og Boligtaellingen. 1. januar 1981, LI, Landstabelvaerk, Denmark Statistics Office, Kobenhavn, 1984, table 10,pp.60-65. FINLAND + Finland, Tilastokegkus (Central Statistical Office of Finland), Vaesto-ja Asuntolaskenta (Population and Housing Census) 1980, Vol VI A - Koulutus, Koko vaesto (Education, Total Population), Table 1.501, pp. 52-57 Helsinki, 1983. FRANCE + France, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Recensement General de la Population de 1982, Formation, Sondage au 1/20, France Metropolitaine, Les Collections de l'Insee, 101 D, Tableau 06. GERMANY F.R. + Statistiches Bundesam, Statistiches Jahrbuch, 1985, Table 16.1, p. 351. I - 54 - JAPAN (1960) LF Employed labor for-e 15 years old and over. LP It includes individuals without formal schooling and with less than one year of senior high school. LS It includes senior high shool. LH It includes junior college, college and university studies. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.54-59. JAPAN (1979) LF Employed labor force 15 years old and over not currently attending school. LP It includes individuals without formal schooling and with less than one year of senior high school. LS It includes senior high shool. LH It includes junior college, college and university studies. LT It excludes 362,000 workers currently attending school. Statistics Bureau, Prime Minister's Office, Japan, Statistical Yearbook, 1982, table 40, p.64. NETHERLANDS THE (1967) LF Employed workers. It does not specify age limits. LS It includes "extended elementary". LH It includes post-secondary non-university ind university studies. Jan Tinbergen, "Employment and Unemployment in Europe: Lessons of the Past 20 Years". In Shirley Williams, Employment and Unemployment in Europe, sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation, November 1979, table 5, p.57. Labor force figures from World Bank, World...op.cit., p.124. NETHERLANDS THE (1975) LF It does not specify employment status nor age limits. It seems to refer to employed workers. LS It includes "extended elementary". LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. Jan Tinbergen, "Employment and Unemployment in Europe: Lessons of the Past 20 Years". In Shirle.y Williams, Employment and Unemployment in Europe, sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation, November 1979, table 5, p.57. Labor force figures from World Bank, World...op.cit., p.124. - 55 - NEW ZEALAND LF Employed and unemployed workers 15 years old and over. LP It includes individuals without schooling. LO among population 15 years old and over is only 0.1%. LS It includes individuals with 3rd to 6th Form. LH It includes post-secondary non-university and university studies. LT There are 130,896 workers who are still attending an educational institution who were excluded from the total labor force. Department of Statistics, New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings, 1981, Vol. 6, Education and Training, Wellington, April 1984, table 15, p.32. SWITZERLAND + Switzerland, Burdesamt fur Statistik, Fidgenossische Volkszahlung 1980 Band 10, Shulbildung, erlernter Beruf Bern, 1985 Table 3.36. UNITED STATES (1950) LF Employed labor force. It does not specify age limits. LP It includes individuals reporting no school years completed as well as less than 8 vears of elementary school. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Cotuntries, Paris, 1969, pp.103-1i4. UNITED STATES (1960) LF Employed labor force. It does not specify age limits. IP It Includes indIviduals reporting no school years completed as well as less than 8 years of elementary school. OECD, Statistics of the Occupational and Educational Structure of the Labor Force in 53 Countries, Paris, 1969, pp.103-114. UNITED STATES (1981) LF Employed labor force 16 years old and over. LP It includes individuals reporting no school years completed as well as less than 8 years of elementary school. W. Vance Grant, Leo J. EIden, Digest of Education Statistics 19F2, National CenLer for Education Statistics, table 159, pp.180-181. NOTE: Bas.i on data from uUSA Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Special J.abor Force Report, -Educational Attainment of Workers", March 19Xi;.