33504 Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes Note No. 2, January 2005 Assessment of Resource Flows in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Ethiopia Case Study Peter L. Watson Joseph Gadek Eyob Defere Catherine Revels Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes are published by the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board of the Infrastructure Network of the World Bank Group. Working Notes are available on-line: www.worldbank.org/watsan. Working Notes are lightly edited documents intended to elicit discussion on topical issues in the water supply and sanitation sector. They disseminate results of conceptual work by World Bank staff to peer professionals in the sector at an early stage, i.e. "works in progress". Comments should be emailed to the authors. Contact details Peter L. Watson, PLW Development Solutions Limited, +44-1628-829625, peterwatson@devsolutions.fsnet.co.uk Joseph Gadek, Senior Sanitary Engineer, World Bank, +234-9-314-5269 jgadek@worldbank.org Eyob Defere, EDM Consult, +251 1 728167, edmcons@ethionet.et Catherine Revels, Senior Financial Specialist, World Bank, 1-202-493-3392, crevels@worldbank.org Acknowledgments The authors wish to express their gratitude to the government officials in Ethiopia--at all levels: federal, regional, zonal, woreda (ward), and water suppliers. In addition, they would like to thank Meera Mehta of the World Bank-United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Water and Sanitation Program (Africa), who prepared a Background Paper for the Ethiopia Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), and to DHV Consultants BV, who assembled much useful data and analysis for the Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Interim Master Plan. This report was funded by the Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership (BNWP), a facility that enhances World Bank operations to increase delivery of water supply and sanitation services to the poor (for more information, see http://www.worldbank.org/watsan/bnwp). Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed in any manner to BNWP or the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Neither BNWP nor the World Bank guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication or accept responsibility for any consequences of their use. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1 2 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY........................................................................................2 3 DATA ADEQUACY .......................................................................................................................3 4 FINDINGS......................................................................................................................................4 5 SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS ON ANALYZING WSS RESOURCE FLOWS IN ETHIOPIA...................5 6 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................6 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................7 ANNEXES 1: REGIONAL POPULATION DATA..................................................................................................8 2: REGIONAL WSS EXPENDITURE DATA .......................................................................................10 1993 Expenditures.....................................................................................................................10 1994 Expenditures.....................................................................................................................11 1995 Expenditures.....................................................................................................................12 3: SUGGESTED DATA COLLECTION TEMPLATES.............................................................................13 Table 1. Summary Form..........................................................................................................13 Table 2. Central Government Budget .................................................................................14 Table 3. Regional Government Budget...............................................................................15 Table 4. Zonal Government Budget.....................................................................................16 Table 5. Woreda Government Budget................................................................................17 Table 6. Special Government Budget .................................................................................18 Table 7. U.N. and Other NGO Budgets................................................................................19 1 INTRODUCTION This case study reports on the work undertaken to collect data for the Background Paper for the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Chapter of the Ethiopia 2003 Public Expenditure Review (PER). The Background Paper focused on: · Analyzing WSS targets as set out in Ethiopian policy and strategy documents, the wishes of the population, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) · Describing the current situation in the WSS sector in Ethiopia · Examining expenditure patterns in the sector to determine: ­ Their consistency with policy objectives and the policy priorities that may be inferred from the expenditure patterns ­ Their adequacy in terms of meeting sector targets · Elaborating "development scenarios" for the sector for the next 25 years · Analyzing financial and other constraints on the government's ability to meet its targets · Suggesting options for removing constraints and improving sector performance · Assessing the feasibility of achieving sectoral goals. The Background Paper was based on discussions with various stakeholders and a synthesis of available studies and consultant reports. It also draws on reports and proceedings of a number of consultations that the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) has had with different stakeholders at federal and regional levels. Primary data collection constituted an important part of the exercise and is the main subject of this case study. The data collection exercise was conducted during December 2002 and January 2003, with some follow-up clarifications of data from February to April 2003. This study appears to have been the first attempt to consolidate all expenditures for the Ethiopian WSS sector to give an indicative picture of the level of funding, in both absolute terms and per capita figures. The results are alarming; the low levels of investment clearly explain why the levels of service are so dreadfully low. The results of the flow-of-financing study constitute a first step toward better tracking of investments, with the objective of setting realistic financing goals that would then translate into improved levels of service. This attempt to aggregate the WSS sector investments was not conducted without difficulties. The quantity and quality of data obtained from the regions varied greatly. Many of the data gathered from different sources were found to be contradictory. No simple explanations were found--other than that the capacity for financial management and record-keeping at the regional, zonal, and woreda levels requires considerable improvement. However, the findings and conclusions of the Background Paper were not influenced by the many inconsistencies in the data. The fact is that the sector is tremendously underfunded, and unless that trend is reversed--and reversed in a substantial way--WSS services will remain as poor as they are, and may well deteriorate further. This case study sets out the field methodology adopted, the issues and difficulties encountered in carrying out the exercise, and recommendations for improving matters for future exercises. 1 2 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY The first step in the data collection exercise was to draw up spreadsheets setting out the data that the team needed to collect for the Background Paper. They are not reproduced here because this case study concludes with recommendations for improving the methodology, including suggested templates for data collection. The primary data for this report were collected from (a) the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Finance and (b) the four largest regions (Oromiya, Amhara, Southern Nations/Nationalities and Peoples, and Tigray).1 Based on the 2001 Statistical Abstract published by the Central Statistics Authority, these four regions constitute 58.1 million of the total estimated population of Ethiopia of 67.2 million for 2002 (86.5 percent of the population). The consultant team visited these four regions--and other local staff were hired and spent considerable time in each of these regional headquarters--in an attempt to gather the detailed budget and physical target data needed for this assessment of financial flows, inputs, outputs, and outcomes for the Public Expenditure Review. Based on the data collected for these four regions, an assessment of resource flows was made. The financial flow patterns for the remaining five regions of Afar, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambela, and Harari were assumed to be similar to the four larger regions. Additional data were collected from the special areas of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. Because of time constraints, only limited and indicative data were collected for woredas. The consultants visited Lume Woreda in Mojo town, Adama (Nazareth) municipality, and Zuway town to assess the realities of the WSS sector at the local level. To structure the discussions with the regions, a checklist of topics was drawn up (see box). It is instructive to note that most of the regional staff were not in a position to respond to many of the questions or, in some cases, to even comprehend the concepts. What was abundantly clear is that the regional WSS staff in general do not think in terms of linking expenditures to priorities or targets. Check List for Discussions with Regions 1. General Investment planning procedures. Priority selection for budget allocation to different sectors by regional government. Priority selection for budget allocation between urban and rural water supply and sanitation by Water Bureau. Budget allocations for zones and woredas. Investment allocation between new schemes and rehabilitation. 2. Rural Water Supply Selection of rural communities. Priority and mechanism for subsidizing. Principles for setting community contribution. How do communities make decisions on service and technology? Mechanism for charging maintenance support. 3. Urban Water Supply Selection of towns for investment. Priority and mechanism for subsidizing poorer sections of society and smaller towns. Principles for tariff setting. How do communities make decisions on service and technology? How are investment and business plans prepared by towns? Mechanism for charging maintenance support. (continued) 1 To put the administrative structures of these regions into an overall perspective, Annex 1 gives a detailed breakdown of population per region, zone, and woreda. 2 4. Sanitation Selection of communities for investment. Priority/mechanisms for subsidizing poorer sections of society. Principles for involving users in cost sharing. How do communities make decisions on service and technology? How are the health bureaus and other agencies involved? 3 DATA ADEQUACY A Public Expenditure Review (PER) exercise can only be carried out satisfactorily if adequate data are available. In the case of Ethiopia, the team encountered significant problems in assembling and interpreting the data that were provided.2 Key issues included: · The completeness of the data: ­ While data were produced for the team by both federal and regional officials, it was clear that in many cases, they were responding to ad hoc requests, did not have the data readily available or organized, and did not view the availability of data as important. ­ It proved impossible to obtain consistent data on the Water Resources Development Fund (WRDF), especially regarding foreign loans and grants. ­ It was in almost all cases difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile budgeted figures with actual expenditures. ­ No significant data were available on woreda expenditures. ­ No significant data were available on nongovernmental organization (NGO) expenditures. · The consistency of the data: ­ The federal and the regional governments do not use the same reporting conventions. ­ Data on government loans and grants were not consistent with sectoral budget data. ­ The regional governments themselves use different reporting conventions. ­ The urban water suppliers do not seem to have any consistent reporting requirements, and some of them do not seem to know what their financial position actually is. · The timeliness of the data: ­ The regions seem to be reporting at least two years out of date. ­ The Ethiopia Social Rehabilitation and Development Fund (ESRDF) reporting is also far from current. 2A summary of the data collected is presented in Annex 2. More detailed data can be found in the Background Paper. 3 In addition, the following features were noted: 1. Most town water utilities do not have proper accounts. The first step would be for all of them to produce accounts according to internationally accepted standards. A key factor would be to shift from theoretical "access" data to realistic consumption data so that actual consumption can be compared with international norms. 2. The regional water authorities need to produce much better data on rural water supply coverage, including: a. The number of rural water points, categorized by type b. The operational status of each water point c. The actual (not the theoretical) population served by each water point d. The status of community contributions to operations and maintenance e. The effectiveness of community operations and maintenance governance arrangements. 3. Data on sanitation in Ethiopia are virtually nonexistent, although fragmentary evidence suggests that even the inadequate number of latrines that exist are not operational. The authorities need to establish a serious data collection exercise to determine the true state of sanitation in Ethiopia. 4. While it is clear that NGOs are doing a great deal of useful WSS work in Ethiopia, it is equally clear that they are doing it in an uncoordinated fashion and without due collaboration with the responsible authorities. The authorities should survey all NGOs that are active in the country to get an overall picture of the extent and scope of their activities. They should also institute a system whereby a Ministry of Water Resources authorization would be required for any NGO to undertake a WSS project in Ethiopia. 4 FINDINGS The conclusion is clear: The data on WSS that are available in Ethiopia are inadequate to provide a sound basis for a Public Expenditure Review--or even to allow the authorities in Ethiopia to have a clear picture of what is happening in their sector. The most important lesson learned during the production of the PER Background Chapter is that a major effort has to be made to establish data collection and reporting conventions in order to be able to produce a consolidated picture of WSS sector financing and its effectiveness. If the data collected are to be useful to policymakers and donors, it is vital that the data be accurate, timely, consistent, and compatible. Any efforts undertaken will be ineffective if different ministries or different regions continue to use their own data collection and reporting conventions that are not compatible with each other. Improving the situation will require a concerted effort on behalf of all the stakeholders. The donors would need to be quite explicit regarding the type of data that they require; the central government would need to accept responsibility for organizing the data collection exercise; the regions and woredas would need to understand the rationale for the data collection and to cooperate in carrying it out; the water suppliers would need to be convinced of the need to keep proper accounts and to report regularly; and other partners, such as the NGOs, would need to understand that they have to keep government informed of their activities. 4 5 SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS ON ANALYZING WSS RESOURCE FLOWS IN ETHIOPIA Perhaps the best way to provide an appropriate context for this would be to start planning now for the next WSS PER. The planning process would give all stakeholders adequate warning as to what would be expected of them and would give them a reasonable time frame to set up systems and procedures and to train staff. The planning process should include the following steps: 1. Sensitizing all the main stakeholders as to the issues involved and the need to improve data availability and quality: a. The Background Chapter provides multiple examples of data deficiencies and could be used as a workbook at a workshop to discuss the issues, attended by donor and government (at all levels) representatives. 2. Agree on the type of data to be collected: a. Annex 3 provides a series of suggested templates that could form the basis of the data collection effort by the different stakeholders. b. The templates could be discussed and agreed on at the workshop, as could deadlines for collecting the data. c. Here, it is important that both the authorities and the donors be totally explicit about the type of data that they are requesting and the uses to which the data will be put. 3. Identify (at the workshop) any institutional prerequisites for the data collection exercise. These could include: a. Staff training b. Data systems c. Revised reporting requirements d. Computer hardware or software or both e. Budget implications. 4. Identify the processes and procedures for collating and analyzing the data, including: a. Responsibilities (ministries or consultants or both) b. Systems, training, and budgets. 5. Identify the procedures for discussing the results of the analysis, including: a. Reviewing the data collection exercise b. Assessing the completeness, accuracy, and compatibility of the data collected c. Examining the implications of the analysis for policies, programs, and practices d. Identifying the next steps, including: i. Revised procedures (if necessary) for collecting, collating, and analyzing the data ii. Revised policies, procedures, and practices. It is likely that the first attempt at this exercise will not be easy, but it is important to move toward establishing procedures that will produce sound and consistent data to underpin a consolidated picture of WSS sector finance. If the exercise were to lead to effective data collection on a regular basis, the government would be in a much better position to ensure that programs are consistent with policy objectives and to assess the delivery effectiveness of its programs. This information would 5 enable the government to make a more convincing case for the increased funding that will be required to improve WSS performance in Ethiopia. 6 CONCLUSION In this case study, the authors have attempted to set out: · The field methodology utilized in collecting data for the 2002 Ethiopian WSS PER exercise · The problems encountered · Suggestions for improving future exercises. It is hoped that these suggestions will be useful not only to policymakers and analysts concerned with Ethiopia but also to those undertaking similar exercises elsewhere. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY [The word processed describes informally reproduced works that may not be commonly available through libraries.] 1. Environmental Support Project (ESP). 2001. "Status Report, Volume 1: Summary, Volume II: Physical Resource Base, Volume III: Financial and Economic Resource Base, Volume IV: Legal, Institutional, and Human Resource Development." Report of the ESP. By DHV Consultants for Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Government of Ethiopia (GOE). 2. Lium, T., and G. Garvey. 2001. "ESRDF Supervision Mission Report: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Component." Processed. 3. Ministry of Water Resources (MWR). 1997. "Data Compilation and Analysis Project." January 1997. By consultants Ernst and Young/Tropics. 4. ------. 2000. "Water Sector Development Program: Sector Review Report." February 2000. Federal Republic of Ethiopia. Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise. 5. ------. n.d. "Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy." Federal Republic of Ethiopia. 6. ------. 2001a. "Water Supply and Sanitation Development Strategy." April. Federal Republic of Ethiopia. 7. ------. 2001b. "Water Sector Development Program: Methodological Framework." Processed. 8. ------. 2001c. "Water Sector Development Program." Draft. Volumes I­IV. Federal Republic of Ethiopia. By Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise. 9. ------. 2002a. "Water Sector Development Program." Final Draft, Executive Summary. Federal Republic of Ethiopia. By Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise. 10. ------. 2002b. "Interim Master Plan." By DHV Consultants BV, in association with DHV Ethiopia plc and T&A Consultants plc, under the Environmental Support Project, Component 3 (ESP, C3). Volume 1 contains the Main Report; Volume 2 contains the National Master Plan. 11. Rahmato, D., and A. Kidanu. 1999. "Consultations with the Poor: A Study to Inform the World Development Report 2000­01 on Poverty and Development." National Report, Ethiopia. Processed. 12. Sahilu, T. 2001. "The Challenge of Designing a Pro-Poor Tariff Structure." Paper presented at the regional workshop on Building Partnerships to Provide WSS Services to the Urban Poor, at Abidjan. November. Processed. 13. Sahle Sisay and Associates. 1999. "Study on Operation and Maintenance Strategies of Rural Water Supply Schemes." Study for the Amhara State Water, Mines, and Energy Resources Development Bureau. May 1999. Processed. 14. Sima, G. 2001. "ESRDF ­ RWS Performance." Presentation at the national workshop on RWSS Performance Review, in Addis Ababa. November 2001. Processed. 15. Watson, Peter. 2002. "Establishing a Water Resource Development Fund in Ethiopia: Issues and Lessons from International Experience." Processed. 16. World Bank. 1999. "Ethiopia: Public Expenditure Review." Volumes I­II. Author. 17. ------. 2000a. "Ethiopia: Regionalization Study." Author. 18. ------. 2000b. "Ethiopia: Public Expenditure Review." Volumes I­II. Author. 19. ------. 2000c. "World Development Report." Author. 20. ------. 2001a. "The Woreda Study: Main Phase." October 2001. Author. 7 ANNEX 1: REGIONAL POPULATION DATA TIGRAY AFAR AMARA Total Population 3,901,004 Total Population 1,272,000 Total Population 17,204,999 ZONES 4 ZONES 5 ZONES 11 AVG 975,251 AVG 254,400 AVG 1,564,091 MIN 727,232 MIN 144,608 MIN 140,084 MAX 1,161,469 MAX 378,683 MAX 2,646,149 WOREDA 26 WOREDA 29 WOREDA 107 AVG 111,457 AVG 111,457 AVG 160,794 MIN 21,580 MIN 21,580 MIN 32,705 MAX 160,162 MAX 160,162 MAX 365,461 OROMIYA SOMALI BENISHANGUL-GUMUZ Total Population 23,703,990 Total Population 3,898,000 Total Population 565,003 ZONES 12 ZONES 9 ZONES 3 AVG 1,975,333 AVG 433,111 AVG 188,334 MIN 1,069,842 MIN 263,010 MIN 61,378 MAX 2,943,229 MAX 927,138 MAX 255,452 WOREDA 180 WOREDA 44 WOREDA 20 AVG 131,689 AVG 88,591 AVG 28,250 MIN 23,013 MIN 3,455 MIN 9,393 MAX 491,518 MAX 309,679 MAX 92,144 SOUTHERN NATIONS.... GAMBELA HARARI Total Population 13,293,010 Total Population 221,998 Total Population 172,000 ZONES 9 ZONES 4 ZONES 0 AVG 1,477,001 AVG 55,500 AVG MIN 417,766 MIN 38,954 MIN MAX 3,337,438 MAX 81,087 MAX WOREDA 76 WOREDA 8 WOREDA 0 AVG 174,908 AVG 8 AVG MIN 17,308 MIN 4,516 MIN MAX 535,057 MAX 24,533 MAX 8 ADDIS ABABA DIRE DAWA TOTALS Total Population 2,646,000 Total Population 342,000 Total Population 67,220,004 ZONES 6 ZONES 2 ZONES 65 AVG 441,000 AVG AVG MIN 106,960 MIN MIN MAX 585,603 MAX MAX WOREDA 28 WOREDA 0 WOREDA 518 AVG 94,500 AVG AVG MIN 46,617 MIN MIN MAX 111,559 MAX MAX 9 ANNEX 2: REGIONAL WSS EXPENDITURE DATA 1993 Expenditures Southern Nations / Nationalities and Region Oromiya Amara Peoples Tigray Population 23,704,000 17,205,000 13,293,000 3,901,000 Estimated Coverage 33% Rural 20,786,000 15,367,000 12,236,000 3,219,000 Estimated Coverage 27% Urban 2,918,000 1,838,000 1,057,000 682,000 Estimated Coverage 80% 1993 Expenditures (Birr) Capital: 85,898,000 14,898,400 20,543,900 26,390,000 Rural 11,984,500 3,807,400 9,464,700 21,561,800 Urban 73,913,500 11,091,000 11,079,200 4,828,200 Recurrent 44,176,778 11,339,000 1,940,700 2,267,200 Rural 44,176,778 11,339,000 1,940,700 2,267,200 Urban 0 0 0 0 Capital (per capita) Rural 0.58 0.25 0.77 6.70 Urban 25.33 6.03 10.48 7.08 Recurrent (per capita) Rural 2.13 0.74 0.16 0.70 Urban 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 No. of Rural Systems Developed 122 108 154 422 Average Cost per Rural System 98,234 35,254 61,459 51,094 10 1994 Expenditures Southern Nations / Nationalities and Region Oromiya Amara Peoples Tigray Population 23,704,000 17,205,000 13,293,000 3,901,000 Estimated Coverage 33% Rural 20,786,000 15,367,000 12,236,000 3,219,000 Estimated Coverage 27% Urban 2,918,000 1,838,000 1,057,000 682,000 Estimated Coverage 80% 1994 Expenditures (Birr) Capital 89,470,407 18,894,500 23,147,400 30,158,000 Rural 36,380,207 5,421,800 12,009,900 27,645,000 Urban 53,090,200 13,472,700 11,137,500 2,513,000 Recurrent 48,008,350 5,606,800 2,458,300 2,553,800 Rural 48,008,350 5,606,800 2,458,300 2,553,800 Urban 0 0 0 0 Capital (per capita) Rural 1.75 0.35 0.98 8.59 Urban 18.19 7.33 10.54 3.68 Recurrent (per capita) Rural 2.31 0.36 0.20 0.79 Urban 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 No. of Rural Systems Developed 144 122 774 546 Average Cost per Rural System 252,640 44,441 15,517 50,632 11 1995 Expenditures Southern Nations / Nationalities and Region Oromiya Amara Peoples Tigray Population 23,704,000 17,205,000 13,293,000 3,901,000 Estimated Coverage 33% Rural 20,786,000 15,367,000 12,236,000 3,219,000 Estimated Coverage 27% Urban 2,918,000 1,838,000 1,057,000 682,000 Estimated Coverage 80% 1995 Expenditures (Birr) Capital 62,660,598 49,241,500 16,221,000 13,989,200 Rural 30,454,398 2,000 9,131,500 11,599,800 Urban 32,206,200 49,239,500 7,089,500 2,389,400 Recurrent 46,665,700 3,635,300 2,450,000 4,215,800 Rural 46,665,700 3,635,300 2,450,000 4,215,800 Urban 0 0 0 0 Capital (per capita) Rural 1.47 0.00 0.75 3.60 Urban 11.04 26.79 6.71 3.50 Recurrent (per capita) Rural 2.25 0.24 0.20 1.31 Urban 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 No. of Rural Systems Developed Average Cost per Rural System 12 ANNEX 3: SUGGESTED DATA COLLECTION TEMPLATES Table 1. Summary Form SUMMARY FORM FY (Ethiopian year basis) FY (western year equivalent) Water Sanitation Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Water Sanitation Ministry of Water Resources Regional Zonal Woreda Special Government Funding U.N. and NGOs TOTAL 13 Table 2. Central Government Budget Water Resources Ministry FY (Ethiopian calendar) FY (Gregorian calendar equivalent) Transfer / Net WSS Transfer into Allocation to Budget for Ministry Regions / MWR Woredas Capital Budget Water Supply Total Policy / Studies Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Policy / Studies Urban Rural Water Resources Management Total Policy / Studies Works Irrigation Total Policy / Studies Works Subtotal Capital Recurrent Budget Water Supply Total Policy / Studies Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Policy / Studies Urban Rural Water Resources Management Total Policy / Studies Works Irrigation Total Policy / Studies Works Subtotal Recurrent 14 Table 3. Regional Government Budget (One form per region) Region FY (Ethiopian calendar) FY (Gregorian calendar equivalent) Transfer / Net WSS Tranfer into Allocation to Budget for Region Zones / Region Woredas Capital Budget Water Supply Total Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Urban Rural Water Resources Management Irrigation Subtotal Capital Recurrent Budget Water Supply Total Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Urban Rural Water Resources Management Irrigation Subtotal Recurrent 15 Table 4. Zonal Government Budget (One form per zone in each region) Zone No. of Zones in Region Region FY (Ethiopian calendar) FY (Gregorian calendar equivalent) otnI ot / s er er sf en sf ionta dae SS orfte W ranT Zo ranT llocA Wor Net udgB en Zo Capital Budget Water Supply Rural Sanitation Rural Subtotal Capital Recurrent Budget Water Supply Rural Sanitation Rural Subtotal Recurrent 16 Table 5. Woreda Government Budget (One form per woreda in each zone or region) Woreda No. of Woredas in Zone Zone No. of Zones in Region Region FY (Ethiopian calendar) FY (Gregorian calendar equivalent) Transfer into Own Woreda Resources Capital Budget Water Supply Total Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Urban Rural Subtotal Capital Recurrent Budget Water Supply Total Urban Rural Sewerage / Sanitation Total Urban Rural Subtotal Recurrent 17 Table 6. Special Government Budget (Fill in multiple sheets if required; probably to be done at central government level) Special Government Funding, e.g. ESRDF, etc. FY (Ethiopian year basis) FY (Gregorian calendar year equivalent) URBAN Subtotal Water Sanitation Urban Tigray Afar Amara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz Southern Nations Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa TOTALS RURAL Subtotal Water Sanitation Rural Tigray Afar Amara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz Southern Nations Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa TOTALS 18 Table 7. U.N. and Other NGO Budgets (Fill in multiple sheets if required; probably to be done at central government level) U.N. and NGO Funding (for example, UNICEF, CARE) FY (Ethiopian year basis) FY (Gregorian calendar year equivalent) URBAN Subtotal Water Sanitation Urban Tigray Afar Amara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz Southern Nations Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa TOTALS RURAL Subtotal Water Sanitation Rural Tigray Afar Amara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz Southern Nations Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa TOTALS 19 Other Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes are published by the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board of the Infrastructure Network of the World Bank Group. Working Notes are available on-line: www.worldbank.org/watsan. Working Notes are lightly edited documents intended to elicit discussion on topical issues in the water supply and sanitation sector. They disseminate results of conceptual work by World Bank staff to peer professionals in the sector at an early stage, i.e. "works in progress". Comments should be emailed to the authors. No. 1 Models of Aggregation for Water and Sanitation Provision. ERM in association with Stephen Meyers Associates and Hydroconseil, and William D. Kingdom. January, 2005. No. 2 Assessment of Resource Flows in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector: Ethiopia Case Study. Peter L. Watson, Joseph Gadek, Eyob Defere and Catherine Revels. January, 2005. No. 3 Pro-Poor Subsidies for Water Connections in West Africa: A Preliminary Study (full report). Donald T. Lauria, Omar S. Hopkins and Sylvie Debomy. January, 2005. No. 4 Pro-Poor Subsidies for Water Connections in West Africa: A Preliminary Study (executive summary). Sylvie Debomy, Donald T. Lauria and Omar S. Hopkins. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Papers The Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Papers are published by the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board of the Infrastructure Network of the World Bank Group. Discussion papers present the knowledge gained and good practices developed by the World Bank's professional community. They thus keep the world-wide water supply and sanitation community up to date with the World Bank projects and operational research. All publications in the series are peer-reviewed. Discussion papers are available in hardcopy and online: www.worldbank.org/watsan. No. 1 Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal. Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens. January, 2004. No. 2 Can the Principles of Franchising be used to Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services? ­ A Preliminary Analysis. Meike van Ginneken, Ross Tyler and David Tagg. January, 2004. No. 3 Ten Years of Water Service Reform in Latin America: Toward an Anglo-French Model. Vivien Foster. January, 2005. No. 4 Financing Water Supply and Sanitation Investments: Utilizing Risk Mitigation Instruments to Bridge the Financing Gap. Aldo Baietti and Peter Raymond. January, 2005. No. 5 Water for the Urban Poor: Water Markets, Household Demand, and Service Preferences in Kenya. Sumila Gulyani, DebebrataTalukdar and R. Mukami Kariuki. January, 2005. Copyright © 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. All rights reserved.