RP1312 v3 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN  (RAP) FINAL  March, 2012    RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN Final Volume I: Main Report March 2012 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN Final Volume II: Annex M (Signatures PAHs) March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) i Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS PROJECT LOCATION MAP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... I 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP ...................................................................................... 1 1.2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures .......................................................................................... 2 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA ...................................... 4 2.1. Location and Population .................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Social Services ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Education ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2. Health Service ................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3. Water supply...................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4. Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services ................................... 14 2.2.5. Tourist Attraction Sites ..................................................................................... 14 2.3. Economic Activities......................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Gender Issues ................................................................................................................... 18 3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK....................... 21 3.1. Legal Background ............................................................................................................ 21 3.2. The Constitution .............................................................................................................. 21 3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation................................. 22 3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................ 23 3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005 ...................................................................................... 24 3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework) ............................................................. 24 3.7. Land use and the Right of Way ....................................................................................... 25 3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12) ............................................................. 26 3.9. Institutional Framework ................................................................................................... 31 3.9.1. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) ............................ 31 3.9.2. The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) ............................................................. 31 3.9.3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) ...................................................... 31 3.9.4. General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues .............................. 32 4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................................................. 33 4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers ........................................................... 33 4.1.1 Attitude about the Project ................................................................................................ 33 4.1.2 Positive Expectations ....................................................................................................... 34 4.1.3 Negative Expectations ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations............................................................................ 35 5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ............................. 36 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) ii Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs ............................................................................... 36 5.2. Assets Possession............................................................................................................. 37 5.3. Vulnerable Groups ........................................................................................................... 37 5.4. Compensation Preference ................................................................................................ 38 5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources...................................................................... 38 5.6. Social acceptability of the project road ............................................................................ 38 5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project ............................................................................ 38 5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas ........................................................................... 43 5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands .................................................................... 43 5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees ........................................................ 43 5.8.3 Disruption to services ........................................................................................ 43 5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works ........................................................... 44 5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS ............................................................... 45 6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 47 7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS ...................................................... 48 7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation ........................................................................................... 48 7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business ................................................... 49 7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures ...................................... 54 7.2.2 Compensation for business ................................................................................ 54 7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands ................................................ 55 7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands ..................... 59 7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands .................... 60 7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees.......................................... 60 7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services ................................................................. 61 8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS 62 8.1 Compensation Committee................................................................................................ 62 8.2 Awareness Creation Phase ............................................................................................... 67 8.3 Committee Formation Phase ............................................................................................ 67 8.4 Compensation Phase ........................................................................................................ 67 8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation ............................................................ 67 8.5.1 Reporting ........................................................................................................... 67 8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee ......................................... 68 9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ........................................................................... 69 9.1 General Arbitration Process ............................................................................................. 69 9.2 Grievance Process ............................................................................................................ 70 10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST....................................................................................... 72 11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................. 74 11.1 Responsible Authority ..................................................................................................... 74 11.1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 74 11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP ................................................................ 75 11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP .......................................................................... 76 11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance .................................................................... 76 11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:- ................................................................... 77 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) iii Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 11.2.2 Handcraft ........................................................................................................... 78 11.2.3 Flour Mill .......................................................................................................... 78 11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support ......................................................................... 79 11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women ................................................................... 79 11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building ........................................................................... 79 11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS ........................................... 80 12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................... 82 ANNEXES Annex A: Minutes of Meetings Annex B: Compensation for Buildings Annex C: Compensation for Farm land and Grazing land Annex D: Compensation for Tree Annex E: Compensation for Fence Annex F: Electric Pole data Annex G: Telephone Pole data Annex H: Water Tap data Annex I: Unit price Annex J: PAHs Annex K: Vulnerable Group Annex L: List of Consulted Persons and Organizations Volume II: Annex M: Signatures PAHs Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) iv Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrial CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet CSA Central Statistical Authority DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMT Environmental and Social Management Team EPA Environmental Protection Authority ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FHH Female headed household GCRC Gross Current Replacement Cost Ha Hectare HCB Hollow Concrete Block HHH Household Heads HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Km Kilometer MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development M’s Meters NA Not Available NGO Non Governmental Organization OD Operational Directives PAPs Project Affected Persons Qt Quintal RAP Resettlement Action Plan ROW Right of Way RSDP Road Sector Development Program WB World Bank Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) v Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation KEY CONCEPTS Affected Population Groups of people who likely lose their physical or non physical assets like residential houses, working places, productive land resources, religious or cultural sites and social net-works due to the project. Assessment The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and communicating data relevant for the preparation of RAP. Auditing The process through which then provides an opportunity and mechanism to learn from the experience, correcting setbacks or to refrain project design and implementation procedures. Compensation The payment in kind, cash or other assets given in exchange for the taking of land, or loss of other assets, including fixed assets there on in part or whole. Compensation payments incorporate transaction payments or assistances. Compliance To act in accordance with the rules and regulations set for the purpose. Cut-off-Date The date of commencement of the census of PAPs within the project area boundaries (RoW). This is the date on and beyond which any person who occupied land designated for the project use will not be eligible for compensation. Development The act of altering or modifying resources in order to obtain potential benefits. Displacement Could be physical, i.e. whether the affected people are required to relocate, or economic, where the impacts or loss of incomes forces the affected persons to move or to initiate alternative strategies for income restoration. Entitlement Range of measures comprising compensation, income restoration, transfer assistance, income substitution, relocation and other provisions depending on the nature of their losses to restore or improve their livelihoods. Environmental Impact The degree of change in an environment resulting from the effect of an activity on the environment, whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts may be the direct consequence of the project activities or may be indirectly caused by them. Environmental Impact A process of examining the environmental consequences of the project Assessment activities. Evaluation The process of weighting information, the act of making value judgments or ascribing values to data in order to reach decision. Expropriation An action of annihilating productive land or other assets by the government involuntarily for the project cause in compliance to its sovereignty. Host community Community residing in or near the area to which resettles are to be relocated. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) vi Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Impact The effect of an activity on use and property rights, assets, social net- works and the environment whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts could be the direct consequences of the project or be indirectly caused by a specific project. Income Restoration Restitution / giving backs of income generating activities to PAPs at least equivalent to their pre-project income level. Involuntary Project affected people who have no option but to give up their use or Resettlement property rights and as a result lawfully forced to restore their homesteads, income and asset bases elsewhere. Land use The activities that takes place within a given area or a space. Mitigation Measures taken to prevent, reduce or ratify impacts of a particular project of the assessment processes and concludes that the impacts are significant. Monitoring The respective and continued observation, measurement and assessment of the project activities that likely to be changed over a period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures. Negative Impact A change that reduces the quality of the environment, damaging health, property, causing nuisance, disturbances in free movements, access to resources etc. Positive impacts A change that improves the quality of life, development endeavors, access to social services, transport facilities, access to resources etc. Rehabilitation Restoration of livelihoods and the environment to better or pre-project level. Rehabilitation The provision of development assistance in addition to compensation Assistance such as land preparation, credit facilities, training, or job opportunities, needed to enable project affected persons to improve their living standards, income earning capacity and production levels, or at least maintain them to pre- project level. Replacement cost The amount required to replace the asset in its existing condition. It should be equal to the cost of constructing / purchasing a new structure, without making any deductions for depreciation. Resettlement The entire process of relocation and rehabilitation. Resettlement Assistance The means to ensure that project affected persons who may require physically relocated are provided with assistances such as moving allowances, residential housing constructions or rentals whichever is feasible and as required, for ease of resettlement during relocation. Resettlement Plan A time bound action plan with objectives, resettlement strategy, a budget, entitlements, actions, responsible bodies, time table and monitoring and evaluation. Relocation Rebuilding residential housing, working places and other assets including productive land and public utilities to another location. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) vii Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Squatters and Groups of people or individuals without legal titles to the land and Encroachers structures occupied/used by them. The term ‘squatters’ is typically used for those occupying structures for residential/commercial purposes, while ‘encroachers’ are those occupying land for agriculture. Vulnerable Group Group of people likely disproportionately affected by the project. The concept incorporates female headed households, the disabled, marginalized ethnic groups, the aged, child headed households, street children’s and HIV/AIDS positive headed households. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) I Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A) General The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town. Table 1.1 describes list of villages and towns traversed by the envisaged road project. Table 1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road List of Villages/ No. Change Zone Woreda Remark towns 1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo Town Woreda & Zuria Zonal Capital 2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo 3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo 4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso Town Woreda & Zonal capital Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010 B) Objectives of the RAP The main purpose of this Resettlement Action Plan is to prepare a guideline, identifying adverse social impacts induced by the road construction operations, and to suggest mitigation measures. In line with the overall requirements of the RAP includes costing of displacement/resettlement activities incurred by the road project to provide information to the client and development partners. In addition to these objectives, the RAP incorporates sufficient data about the likely impacts on the existing socio-economic and ecological conditions of the proposed road project influence area and mitigation measures. This RAP will be used to justify, modification or rejection of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation. C) Methodology As per the agreed methodologies outlined in the inception report for the preparation of this RAP, the consultant adopted the following:- • Desk studies and document reviews: Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) II Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • Field visits and surveys to collect first hand data on the socio-economic impacts of the project and the characteristics of the people affected. • Public consultations to procure information about public attitudes towards the project and compensation mechanisms, and giving clarifications about the project for the public. • Focus group discussions to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project and propose mitigation measures. • Identification of key informants to inform the project team about customary laws, traditions, religious observances, needs and aspirations of the community, and • Studies of the livelihood situations, incomes, religious observances, and personal attitudes towards the project. D) Population structure Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies. According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923 (49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively. Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases, significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to significant proportion of unemployed youth. E) Public and stakeholders Consultation A serious and continuous public consultation has been undergone for the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan and the project cause at different times and localities. The main purpose of executing public consultation was to inform the public about the proposed project, collecting data on public attitudes towards the project, informing the public about the likely impacts of the project and mitigation measures that will take place by the client, seeking all possible assistances and support from responsible institutions and the public for the project cause. Hence, during the field survey, i.e. 14/08/2010, 15/08/2010 and 20/08/2010 at Chitu, Woliso and Ambo towns respectively for the preparation of RAP manual respectively, the consultant undergone focused group discussions with community elders, professionals at zone and Woreda level, women associations, and administrative officials. Moreover, the consultant interviewed possible project affected people and community members and inventoried possible affected properties all along the RoW. Public consultation outcomes indicate that all consulted are supportive of the project cause and vowed to cooperate and provide their assistance at their capacity. During the sessions the consultant team discussed matters on the possible expropriation of properties, physical displacements and provisions like land to land compensations and monetary remunerations. They all agreed on the aforementioned terms. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) III Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation F) Socio-Economic Survey The socio- economic survey incorporates all those living close to the project road alignments and assessed the likely impacts of the project on the socio-economic and cultural situations of residents. All potentially affected people were identified, impact types and categories checked. The socio- economic survey identified 1117 affected household heads with their 6702 family members and 31 institutions will be affected by the project. Moreover, the survey assessed the general demographic, health, schooling, agricultural systems and productions, religious observances, gender issues, linguistic classifications, and other social services. Table 2: Key Data of the RAP 1 Location Southern western Ethiopia a. Region Oromia b. Zone West Shewa and South-West Shewa 2 Project Length (km) 62.3km’s 3 Status Gravel/earth surface 4 Road functional classification Link road 5 Proposed surfacing type Asphalt concert 6 Number of project affected household heads 1117 7 Total number of project affected persons 6702 8 Total residential houses and other buildings that will 65 be fully affected 9 Total residential houses and other buildings that will 240 be partially affected 10 Total public and government buildings to be affected 53 partially and fully, (out of the total) 11 Total number of residences, shops and other 177 buildings to be affected partially and fully 12 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands permanently 19.8ha 13 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands temporarily 48.80ha 14 Total number of fruit bearing and non fruit bearing 159,8911 trees to be affected 15 Telephone line to be affected 226 poles 16 Electric lines to be affected 218 poles 17 Water pipes, point and well to be affected 41, 70 and 1 Source: Consultant Survey, 2011 1 Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about 1.3% (approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as live fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) IV Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation G) Legal Framework ERA is responsible for initiating preparation, implementation, and execution of compensation payments as per the guidelines set in this resettlement action plan. The Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT) and Right of Way (ROW) branch are directly responsible for reviewing, monitoring, and implementation of RAP. ESMT is also responsible and in charge for the identification of adverse environmental and social impacts and for monitoring the implementation of its mitigation measures. A series of legal documents like Proclamation No. 455/2005, on expropriation of land holdings for public use and Regulation No 135/2007 on payment of compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes, ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework, Environmental policy of Ethiopia and the World Bank OP and BP 4.12 have formed basis for preparation of this RAP. In addition to these the Oromia national regional government land use and administration proclamation No. 56/2002 is used for the purpose. Article 44.2, of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995) provides interventions for public goods, which may cause displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihoods of the local populations. It shall also give the right to commensurate by monetary or other means of compensations including relocation, (resettlement), with adequate state assistances. The World Bank policies on OP and procedures BP 4.12 explicitly addressed the need for proper compensation payments and restitution of lively hoods. Based on these broad legal and institutional frameworks, the required compensation types, amounts and organizational procedures are prepared in this guideline. If there is a conflict between the national and the international law, the latter has precedence over the former. However, this statement will be applicable for only internationally funded projects. H) Potential impacts and mitigation measures The proposed 62.3km’s road ROW limit is vary from section to sections, the methodology is used to survey was +3m on both side from construction area in rural areas and +1.5m of ROW in urban areas likely incur negative impacts on residential houses, farmlands, institutions and business installations along its corridors. Although it is temporary, the project impact will be felt also in possession of lands for the purpose of ancillary works. (Quarry sites, borrow pits, camps and detour roads). As to the consultant survey result, a total of 1117 household and 31 institutions are likely affected by the proposed project. Out of this total 122 of them are female headed households and 985 of them are male headed. (For further details see section four of the manual) In urban areas, major impacts of the project will be on residential houses, institutions and business installations. This condition may entail dislocations / relocations. In rural areas major impacts of the project will be on18.9 ha of farm and 1.207ha of grazing lands. The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702family members are living in the 1117 households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family size of 6 persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the remaining 12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed, divorced or single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the proportion of female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working force (18-65 years old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest remaining are below 18 and children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) V Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation years old. The marital status data of Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads are married; 8% widowed and divorced and the remaining is single. To mitigate adverse impacts of the project, a replacement cost approach is adopted for computing compensation payments. The RAP shows the total amount of resources and organizational procedures required for rehabilitation / restoration of livelihoods. A summary of the main findings of adverse impacts are presented under table above. I) Positive and Negative impacts of the project The upgrading project expected to have both positive and negative impacts. To begin with its positive impacts, the project is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport and time costs for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport services. Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio-economic and cultural activities. In the long term the project is envisaged to change the quality of life of the people residing along the project influence area for better. The following are some of the major positive impacts the upgrading project: • Increase and improve trade and market facilities • Timely provision of agricultural inputs • Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other modern technologies. • Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices. • Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises • Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements • Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities • Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places. • Employment opportunities during and after construction • Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities. • Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements The upgrading project may have the following negative impacts: • Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS • Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements • Noise disturbance specifically during construction • Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points • Pressure on local facilities and services Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VI Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • Land acquisitions for the project and related activities • Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures. • Pressure on vegetative cover of the area However, these negative impacts shall be minimized by employing appropriate mitigation measures. Table 2: Mitigation Measures S. Negative Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies No. Impacts Impact types Actions to be taken 1 Loss of Remuneration payments at ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda productive assets replacement rates or replacement of and Kebele Administrations in that incorporate the lost productive assets. Income association with sector bureaus land, income, substitution and transfer costs at Woreda level like bureaus of livelihood and during re-establishment plus agriculture and rural networks income restoration measures in the development, rural roads case of lost livelihoods. authority, capacity building etc. 2 Loss of housing, Compensation for loss of housing ERA’s RoW branch, zone possibly entire and associated assets at sector bureaus of the Ethiopian community replacement rates, relocation Telecommunication and structures, options including relocation sites Electric Power Corporations, systems and development if required plus Woreda and Kebele services. measures to restoring living Administration’s, and lowest standards. level sector bureaus of water, health, roads, schools and agriculture. 3 Loss of entire Remuneration payments at ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda assets. replacement rates or replacement and Kebele Administration’s, including important provisions up sector bureaus like town to restitution of livelihoods to pre- administrations, agriculture project level or better. and rural development, 4 Loss of Replacement of the lost community ERA’s ESMT, Woreda community resources, habitat, cultural sites and Administration’s, Woreda resources, habitat, goods, restoration if possible or level Environment Protection cultural sites and payment of compensation to the Authority, cultural bureaus and goods. community based on consultations other sector bureaus like and agreements. capacity building. 5 Spread of Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation ERA’s ESMT and the sexually program at the workplace based on contractor in association with transmitted the sectoral policy Woreda health bureaus and diseases (STD) nongovernmental and HIV/AIDS organizations. 6 Growth of This could be tamed by controlling ERA’s ESMT and RoW Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VII Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation S. Negative Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies No. Impacts Impact types Actions to be taken squatters and This could be tamed by controlling branches, Woreda uncontrolled ribbon developments (building of Administrations, the contractor settlements house near along the road) and and supervision consultant. unlawful squatters in collaboration with the lowest administrative bodies. 7 Noise Disturbances could be mitigated by The contractor and supervision disturbances using new machineries and limiting consultant. specifically operations to only working hours in during densely populated areas. constructions 8 Hazardous waste Collecting and storing in septic The contractor and supervision materials tanks for further removal of consultant. dumping on hazardous waste materials or farmlands, burning solid wastes. settlement areas and water points 9 Pressure on local These could be mitigated by The contractor. facilities and provision of independent basic services facilities and services to the working force. 10 Land acquisition Remuneration payment for the lost ERA’s ESMT and RoW for the project productive asset or replacement of branches, Woreda and Kebele cause it with equal productive capacity. administrations. 11 Demolition of Remuneration payments for the lost ERA’s ESMT and RoW residential houses, structures at replacement rates, branches, Woreda commercial providing new sites, important administrations and lowest ventures, service provisions till restitution of level sector bureaus. providing livelihoods. installations and institutions 12 Pressure on flora Replacement of the lost flora if ERA’s ESMT, the contractor, and fauna of possible or other types and Woreda level Environment project influence precautionary measures not to Protection Authority, area disturb wild animals and including agriculture and rural construction of animal crossings development bureaus and during construction. supervision consultant. 13 Demolition of A serious precautionary measures ERA’s ESMT and RoW Historical and to be taken during design and branches, Woreda level culture Archaeological construction in not to endanger bureaus, the contractor and sites these past relics. supervision consultant. J) Principles of Compensations Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VIII Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • For agricultural lands impacted temporarily compensation payments shall be based on lost income, measured as the average annual income secured for the last five years, multiplied by the number of years of impact. Lands used for ancillary works (temporarily) shall be reinstated to their original conditions. • For permanently impacted agricultural lands, a land to land compensation is desirable. If land of comparable productivity can be substituted for the lost land, compensation will also be equal to the average annual income secured in previous five years. If comparable land is not available, compensation payments will be equal to ten times average income. • Compensation for annual crops shall be based on the current market value of the estimated production that could have been harvested from damaged crops. Compensation for fruit and other trees will be based on the current and net present value of the future income that could have been generated until a similar new tree comes to maturity. • For the partially affected structures, i.e. properties affected 25% and above shall receive full compensation. Properties affected below 25% shall receive partial compensation. Compensation payments shall include inconvenience costs and other transactions to rebuild a similar or better residence in the remaining plot. • For partially affected business installations compensation payments will be based on the above set principles. However, compensation for business shall include additional payments for disruption periods. • For fully affected residences, compensation payments shall be inclusive of land replacements for private holders, full compensation to rebuild a similar new structure or better and displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the demolished residence. Tenants in buildings owned by urban administrations will be provided with new residential or business structures at the same rental costs as well as a payment based upon the annual rental coast for inconvenience and other transaction cost. • Compensation for fully affected business will be inclusive of substitution of land, the costs of building a similar or better structure, displacement / transaction payments for disruption periods and transport cost. • For resident tenants compensation payments shall include transport and other transaction coasts. Resident tenants shall have a priority privileges to rent the newly constructed structures by municipalities or Kebele associations at the same rental coast to the demolished ones. K) Resettlement / Rehabilitation Budget The method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been based on a replacement cost approach. The compensation for affected farmlands is based on unit rates and productivity established in this RAP. The following is a summary of the total amount of fund that will be required for the implementation of this manual. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) IX Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 3: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget Unit No. Budget Item Quantity Rate Total Cost (ETB) A-Compensation Costs-4 1 Replacement Cost of 784 varies Houses & Fences 8,262,613 2 Compensation for varies Trees/Fruits 25,033,764 3 Compensation for 19.8ha number 459,122.40 Farmland and Annual/Cereal Crops 4 Compensation for Grazing 1.207ha number land or Pasture 232,485 5 compensation for loss of 167 number 1,539000 income and business 6 compensation for loss of 305 80 24,400 affected social services 7 compensation for temporary loss of strips of land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20 8 compensation for vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00 B- Resettlement & Rehabilitation Support 1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800 2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600 C-Support for Project Implementation 1 Monitoring &Evaluation Ls 278,645 Cost 2 Training on HIV/AIDS Ls 2,000,000 Prevention Activities Total 40,431,616.90 Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) X Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Grand Total 44,474,778.59 Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011. L) The RAP Disclosure Once approved, for public disclosure purposes the RAP shall be made available for immediate stakeholders like donors, Regional and Woreda Administrations and to the public through electronic media or news papers. In addition, short brochures shall be printed and distributed to the public on the RAP implementation arrangements. M) Implementation of the RAP and Monitoring ERA’s Environmental and Social Management Team and its Right of Way, (ROW), division with other stakeholders’ specifically local authorities will be responsible for the implementation and management of the RAP activities. Again ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch, in close collaboration with the ROW agent will be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation tasks. In that the following variables will be checked for the purpose. • Appropriateness of relocation sites • Restoration and restitution of PAPs • Amounts and methodologies used for compensation payments • Special cares and supports given for vulnerable group members • Restoration of affected social services • Appropriateness of the time schedule • Grievances and problems encountered in the implementation of the RAP • Appropriateness of grievance alleviating mechanisms Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 1 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 1. INTRODUCTION The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town. 1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP The main objectives of preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan are: (a) to prevent or at least mitigate the adverse impacts associated with the implementation of the road project, (b) to deliver entitlements to project affected people and support them in restoration of livelihoods in line with ERAs Resettlement Policy Framework and the World Bank operational policies and procedures (BP & OP 4.12), (c) to maximize PAPs and community members participations in all stages of the project and, (d) to ensure that the standard of living of PAPs is improved or restored to pre-project level. Moreover, the RAP addresses pertinent issues to be considered in the compensation process and other subsequent operations. In line with the overall requirements of the TOR, the broad objectives of the RAP study are: Preparation of RAP for the proposed road project including costing of resettlement activities along the route corridor so as to provide the Government and the development partners (i.e. Donors) with sufficient information about the likely impacts of the proposed road project on the existing environmental and socio-economic factors in the project area to justify acceptance, modification or rejection of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation. Consistent with the objectives of the RAP, the scope of works include the following • Legal, policy and institutional framework • Socio-economic survey • Eligibility for compensation and resettlement • Valuation of compensation for losses • Public consultations • Resettlement measures • Site selection, preparation and relocation • Housing infrastructure and social services • Implementation schedule • Costs and budgets • Monitoring and evaluation 1.2. Methodology For the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan the following sociological and social anthropological methodologies have been adopted:- Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 2 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • Desk study / Document review: In the process of desk studies, the consultant reviewed project documents, Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) resettlement / rehabilitation policy framework, World Bank operational procedures (OP and BP 4.12), national legislations on expropriation of properties for public purposes and compensation payments, Federal and Regional level Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamations and other relevant legal documents. Central Statistical Authorities (CSA) releases were also checked to procure information on demographic and population variables. • Field visits: Detailed visits and surveys have been executed from 22/03/09 to 05/04/09, 24/06/09 to 18/07/09 and 13/02/ 10 to 9/03/10 to collect first hand qualitative and quantitative data on the socio-economic, cultural and linguistic composition of the project area. This methodology was used to collect data and familiarization on the specific socio- economic, cultural, settlement patterns, geographical and ecological condition of the project area. The field level assessment was instrumental in identifying problem related to the project road and identifying mitigation measures. • Public consultation: - This methodology is employed to obtain data on public attitudes towards the project, livelihood strategies, to understand local knowledge about grievance redress mechanism and to give clarification about the project to the public. Focus group discussions have been held and identified both the negative and positive impacts of the project collectively. Agreements have been reached with specific government bodies regarding collaboration and facilitation of administrative measures directly related to the road project and implementation of the RAP. • Identification and consultation with key informants: These informants are knowledgeable about their environs, customary laws, traditions, religious observances and adherences, needs and aspiration of the community. Furthermore, a series of meetings, discussions, and consultations with different Woreda level government officials, professionals, and experts were held during the field surveys. Minutes of these meetings are incorporated at Annex A. • Structured and unstructured questionnaires: Structured questionnaires were prepared and used to obtain information on individual PAP’s, institutions and government offices. The unstructured questionnaires have been targeted on the general socio-economic and cultural aspects of communities residing in the project area. 1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures This RAP is divided into twelve sections as follows: Executive Summary: gives a brief summary of the guideline, highlighting the major findings and activities undertaken in the preparation of the RAP. Introduction (Section 1): contains brief background of the present study along with its objectives, ToR and methodologies adopted for preparation of the RAP. Socio-economic Condition of the Project Area (Section 2): describes the project area in terms of its socio- economic and demographic aspects. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 3 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework (Section 3): presents a summary of the legal, policy and institutional frameworks related to compensation and resettlement /rehabilitation issues. Public Consultation (Section 4 :) describe the public consultation which explain the community response to word the proposed road project. Potential Socio-economic Impacts of the Project (Section 5): describes the socio-economic profile of PAP’s and the likely impacts of the project. Eligibility Criteria (Section 6): This section deals with eligible groups, draws criteria’s and analyses the process of eligibility based on the National legislations, policies and international donor’s procedures. Methods of Valuing Affected Assets (Section 7): describes and analyzed the methods adopted for valuation of all properties affected by the project. Organizational Procedures and RAP Implementation (Section 8): This section deals or indicates the responsibility of the various stakeholders in the delivery of entitlement rights and compensation payments. Moreover, RAP implementation deals with responsible bodies for the implementation of RAP and how compensation committee shall be formed for the purpose. Moreover, the section will show proposed implementation schedule and budget required for Compensation Committee. Grievance Redress Mechanism (Section 9): This section deals with available arbitration processes and grievance redressing channels. RAP Implementation Cost (Section 10): This section deals with budget requirement for the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan. Monitoring and Evaluation (Section 11): This section deals with how these variables shall be executed and responsible bodies for Monitoring and Evaluation processes. Moreover, the section elaborates objectives of the variables. Consultation with PAPs (Section 12): This section discussed public outlooks towards the project and outcomes. The RAP Disclosure (Section 13): This section high lights the importance of disclosure and transparency. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 4 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA 2.1. Location and Population The road is planned to connect West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town. Table 2.1 describes list of villages and towns traversed by the envisaged road project. Table 2.1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road No List of Villages/ towns Change Zone Woreda Remark 1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo Woreda & Town Zuria Zonal Capital 2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo 3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo 4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi 12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso Woreda & Town Zonal capital Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010 As can be inferred, from table 2.1 and 2.2, besides to the major towns (Ambo & Woliso) the road links several rural communities falling in three Woreda namely Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso. Table 2.2: Road length distribution by Woreda S. No Woreda Capital Zone Change Distance (km) Percent 1 Ambo Ambo W/Shewa 00+00-23+00 23 37 2 Wenchi Chitu S/W/Shewa 23+00-56+80 34 55 3 Weliso Weliso S/W/Shewa 56+80-61+80 5 8 Total 62 100 Source: Consultant Field Survey July: 2010 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 5 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Significant portion 55% of the road crosses Wenchi Woreda, Ambo Woreda 37% and Woliso Woreda 8%.Ambo town and Ambo Woreda are found in West Shewa zone, whereas Woliso town and Woliso Woreda as well as Wenchi Woreda are in Southwest Shewa zone. a) Population size Development planning would not be viable unless it takes in to account the size and type of population groups that are expected to benefit and also the kind of human resources available to plan, develop and implement programs. Nonetheless, efforts to integrated demographic variables into social and economic development process are of relatively recent phenomenon in Ethiopia. With the objectives of assessing the beneficiaries, population size and the available human resource in relation with intended road project, the demographic features of the project area considered in the social impact assessment study. The major data sources are Central Statistical Authority (CSA) and zonal and Woreda Finance and Economic Development Departments and offices respectively. The description of the population by the target zones and Woredas found in the project area indicates there are a combined total 508,649 populations in rural and urban communities of Woredas crossed by the project road accounting 73 and 26 Percents respectively. As can be inferred from table above, there are a total of 178,310 populations in Ambo town and Ambo Woreda and these account 8.6% of the total population size of West Showa. Similarly, there are a combined total 330,339 populations in Wenchi, and Woliso Woredas as well as Woliso town and these account 31% of total population size of South Western Showa zone. b) Population structure Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies. According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923 (49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively. Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases, significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to significant proportion of unemployed youth. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 6 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 2.3: Population Distribution by Woredas Urban Rural Total Woredas Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total Ambo Town 34,276 33,238 67,514 100 - - - - 34,276 33,238 67,51 Ambo 564 764 1,328 1.2 54,741 54,727 1009,468.00 98.8 55,305 55,491 110,7 Wenchi 976 928 1,904 1.59 55,280 62,552 117,832.00 98.41 56,256 63,480 119,7 Woliso 2,173 2,680 4,853 3 71,043 73,978 145,021.00 96.76 73,216 76,658 149,8 Woliso Town 29,870 30,859 60,729 100 - - - - 29,870 30,859 60,72 Total 67,859 68,469 136,328 26.8 181,064 191,257 372,321.00 73.2 248923 259,726 508,6 W/Shewa 123,840 118,654 242,494 11.69 912,147 919,120 1,831,267.00 88.31 1,035,987 1,037,774 2,07 S/W/Shewa 50,840 55,809 106,649 10 474,160 479,631 953,791.00 89.94 525,000 535,440 1,06 Source: Zonal/ Woreda finance and economic Development Offices: 2010 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 7 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 2.4: Population Size in Broader Age Category Population Size in Broader Age Group By Percent Community <15 Years 15-65 65 & Above Total Ambo Town 42.75 54.44 2.80 100 Ambo Woreda 47.68 48.7 3.62 100 Woliso Town 40.44 56.2 3.36 100 Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices, 2010 b) Dependency ratio Large ratio of dependents in a population of an area indicates the burden put up on the active population. Although children are often engaged in productive activities as of age 7 particularly in rural Ethiopia, it is conventional to categorize children under 15 as dependents. On the other hand, old people above the age of 65 too are considered as dependents. Table 2.5: Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio Community Youth Elders Total Ambo Town 63 6 69 Ambo 98 742 105.33 Woliso Town 72 3 75 National 78.53 5.14 83.67 Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development offices: 2010 Accordingly the youth and old dependency ratio of Woredas in the project area indicates there is high dependency ratio in all Woredas of the project area. As can be inferred from table above, the youth and old age dependency ratio of Ambo town is 63 and 6 respectively making the total dependency ratio 69. Similarly, the youth and old dependency ratio of Woliso town is 72 and 3 making the total dependency ratio 75 which means every 100 persons in the productive age group are responsible for additional 70 and 75 person in the provision of food, shelter and other necessities in Ambo and Woliso towns respectively and see Table 3.5 c) Ethnic and religious composition According to data obtained from the project area the majority of the population in the project area belongs to Oromo ethnic group adhering Orthodox Christian and the tables under are depicting thoroughly these issues. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 8 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 2.6: Population Distribution by Ethnic and Religious Composition Woreda Orthodox Muslim Protestant Catholic Traditional Other Total Ambo Town 74 2 21 .4 2.4 0.2 100 Wenchi 55 3 42 - - - 100 Woliso Town 77.8 16.9 4.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 100 Ambo town 73.5 18.6 1.7 3 3.2 100 Ambo 80 2.4 1.7 13.7 2.2 100 Woliso Town 80 - 13.7 6.3 100 Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices and Town Administration 2010 Similar to other urban communities, Ambo and Woliso towns are consisting of heterogeneous people in terms of ethnic and religious composition; whereas the remaining Woredas are consisting of relatively homogeneous population in terms of religion. 2.2. Social Services The Ethiopian Government has paid greater attention and made vagarious efforts within the elapsed tentative few years towards scaling up the number of educational institutions, health services and safe water supply schemes especially in the rural areas, as the development in education, health and water supply interventions are important investment sectors for the attainment of social development in given country. The government has also enacted a number of policies and adopted strategies to create access to education opportunities, and other related socio economic services especially for the rural community. Hence, by the relentless effort of the government and active public participation on development intervention, some Woredas, which were neglected from social services development, are on track currently to enjoy the benefits of the country’s overall socioeconomic development impacts. This situation is true for Woredas of the project area. 2.2.1.Education Education is a process by which man transmits his experience, new findings and values accumulated over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generation. Specially, primary education and girls’ education are important areas for linking economic growth with human development. Besides, the realization of agricultural led development industrialization and democratization would be possible with promotion of education program. This case becomes clear with the fact that as farmers got the opportunity to attend basic education, they can easily adopt agricultural technologies, improve their environment and sanitation; and manage properly their household income. In addition, the availability of skilled and semi-skilled labor could promote the proliferation of labor intensive industries. Taking into account the role of education playing in socio economic development of the country; the Ethiopian government has paid greater attention for the promotion of education program in various Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 9 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation regions of the country. Thus, education is one of social development sectors, which have got focus in the country in general and Woredas of the project area in particular. Educational institution The distribution of educational institutions and student enrolment rate varies among Woredas falling under the project impact zone. Table under shows the distribution of educational institution among Woredas of the project area. Table 2.7: Number of Educational institution Primary Secondary Preparatory No. Woreda TVET Colleges University 1-4 5-8 1-8 9-10 11-12 9-12 1 Ambo Town 12 8 20 2 1 3 1 8 1 2 Ambo 41 26 67 - 0 0 3 Wenchi 12 19 31 1 0 0 4 Woliso 24 23 47 24 24 48 5 Woliso Town 0 6 6 1 1 2 Total 89 82 171 26 53 79 W/Shewa 684 381 1065 28 14 42 S/West Shewa 172 187 359 13 6 19 Source: Zonal /Woreda Education Offices: 2010 According to information obtained from each Woreda Education Office, the existing numbers of institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In addition, the existing numbers of education institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In addition, some of the existing schools classrooms are suffering from lack of furniture. Student Enrolment Ratio Gross and net enrolment ratios are indicators of the expansion of education program in a given country or area. With this regard the government of Ethiopia has made relentless efforts and carried out considerable activities for creating access to education opportunity for the rural communities in all regions of the country. Among others, a number of strategies have been designed and implemented to enhance girl’s participation in the education sector. With this sort of intervention remarkable achievements have been recorded within the elapsed few years in the country. Nonetheless to achieve the desired goals still much remains to be done in the future. As can be seen on the table above, both gross and net enrolment ratio varies from Woreda to Woreda. In addition, both net and gross enrolment ratio of girls is much lower than boys in all Woredas and zones of the project area. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 10 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 2.8 GER and NER of Primary Students at Primary School Level (1-8) GER(1-8) NER(1-8) Student Student No. Woreda Teacher Section Male Female Total Male Female Total Ratio (1-8) Ratio (1-8) 1 Ambo Town 85 106.6 95.4 34.3 41.2 37.6 1:38 1:57 2 Ambo 80 70.3 75.2 30.1 26 28 1:61 1:58 3 Wenchi 97.1 87.6 92 74.7 69.8 72.3 1:66 1:66 4 Woliso 73.6 62.8 68.3 69.7 60.6 65.2 1:58 1:59 5 Woliso Town 96.5 104.3 100.4 71.2 81.4 76.3 1:37 1:55 West Shewa 84.2 82.4 83.3 26.5 26.5 26.5 1:60 1:63 S/W/ Shewa 84.1 77.1 80.7 62 59.4 60.70 1:54 1:58 6 Oromia 94.4 83.3 88.9 80.9 74.8 77.9 1:72 D/N/A National 97.6 90.7 94.2 84.6 81.3 83.0 1:62 D/N/A Source: Woreda Education offices: 2008-09; Zonal Education Departments: 2008-09; Ministry of Education Abstract: 2008-09 Health has great importance to country like Ethiopia to bring about meaningful development and growth. What are perhaps become more challenging are the means and strategies to be adopted in order to provide and full fill better health services to citizens. Farmers, whether educated or not, cannot engage themselves in production unless they are healthy. If, in the absence of choice, they are made to struggle to earn a living despite high morbidity, their productivity will be low and results in terms of output will not be satisfactory. Hence, ensuring the health of farmers is as a key element in the overall objective of enhancing the productive capacity of the agricultural labor force. The national healthy policy adopted in this respect is envisaged to establish a health delivery system that places emphasis on disease prevention and primary health care. While it is obvious that medical service (curative care) is also necessary, this cannot be the main health service option under the objective conditions in the country. Disease prevention helps to ensure the health of a person without large expenditures on medicine, medical equipment and medical expertise. On the basis of this, a number of activities carried out in the project area of which construction of health posts and training and deployment of health extension workers have been the main undertaking. 2.2.2.Health Service Providing access to health services has been one of the major intervention areas, which has received attention from the government. Similar to the education sector relentless efforts and a number of activities have been carried to create access to health services for the population in the country in general and the project area in particular. According to data obtained from each Woreda office, a number of health services constructed in four Woredas of the project area within elapsed tentative ten years. Nonetheless, to achieve the standards set on health policy still much remains to be done. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 11 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 2.9: Distributions of Health Services Basic Health Services No. Woreda Health Health Health Drug coverage Hospital Clinic Pharmacy Post Centre Vendor 1 Ambo Town 95 3 1 1 12 1 1 2 Ambo 59 13 3 - - - 2 3 Wenchi 97 23 4 - - - 1 4 Woliso 71.6 37 6 - - - 1 5 Woliso Town d.n.a - 1 1 6 6 4 Total 76 15 2 18 7 9 Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010 As stated on the table above, there are 76 health posts, 15 health centres, 2 hospitals, 18 Clinics, 7 pharmacies and 9 drug vendors. The number of health posts out numbers that of other types of health services and this indicates the direction of the intervention is geared to prevention than curative activities. The hospitals are concentrated at zonal capital (Woliso and Ambo towns). Health personnel Building of health service alone cannot ensure the provision adequate and efficient health services provision. The health service has to be manned with health professionals at the required number pursuance to the standard set on the National Health Policy. As to the case of Woredas of the project area the numbers of health professional are stated in table 2.10. According to information obtained from each Woreda health office, there is shortage of health professionals, and even the existing and not working at their maximum capacity due to lack of treatment equipment. Table 2.10: Number of Health Personnel in the Project Area Health Personnel Health All Health Laboratory Health No. Woreda Doctor Druggist Extension Nurse Officer Technician Assistant Worker 1 Ambo town 9 87 14 11 9 - 3 2 Ambo - 31 1 2 2 70 1 3 Wenchi - 36 4 3 4 44 4 Woliso - 26 3 - - 68 - 5 Woliso Town 13 93 6 - 9 - 9 Total 22 273 28 16 24 182 13 Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 12 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Major Disease As elsewhere other part of the country, the major diseases prevailing in the project area are ensuing from lack of primary health care facilities. Table 2.11: Ten Top Diseases in West and Southwest Showa Zones in 2009 No. West Showa South-west Showa Diagnosis Number Percent Type of Diseases Number Percent 1 Injury 2772 23.2 Deliveries 2200 42.6 2 Helminthes 1642 13.8 Trauma 600 11.6 3 URTI 1514 12.7 Respiratory 500 9.7 4 Tonsillitis 1507 12.6 Malnutrition 350 6.8 5 Tuberculosis 895 7.5 Abortion 350 6.8 6 Rheumatics 685 5.7 Gast. Intestinal 250 4.8 7 Bronco Pneumonia 884 7.4 Tuberculosis 240 4.7 8 All others 650 5.4 Mussel & Skeleton 230 4.5 9 Adenoids 821 6.9 Surg. G.Int 220 4.3 10 Genitourinary 571 4.8 Tumors 220 4.3 Total 11941 100 Total 5160 100.00 Source: West and southwest Showa Zone Health Dept.:2010 This indicates that most of the diseases prevailing in the area are potentially preventable and could be talked by promoting primary health care which is the strategy stipulated in the national health policy of the country. The existing health extension package also deemed to reduce the prevalence rate of top diseases in the country in general and the project area in particular. HIV/AIDS It is well known that most Ethiopian who live in the rural or urban area are highly exposed to HIV/AIDS pandemic mainly because of their low economic status and lack of access to education though the degree varies from place to place. Due to this HIV/AIDS infections are very high and alarming and still AIDS has claimed the lives of thousands and millions of people, it is also knocking at every ones door. The most destructive loss due to HIV/AIDS happens when the productive part of the society who are sexually active and highly liable to the virus are infected. Besides, the time and the money wasted, for treatment of the victims have remarkable impact on the economy of the country. According to data drawn from Ministry of Health indicators issued in 2007/2008, there were a total of 323,402 people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA) in Oromia region accounting 24% of the country. The paper also indicated that the Regional and National HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is 1.5 and 2.1 respectively. When disaggregated by sex, the figure bears 1.2 and 1.8 for Oromia and 1.7 and 2.6 for Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 13 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation national male and female respectively. This indicates HIV/AIDS in Woliso town, the trends of HIV positive Persons for the last five years is taken in to account. Table 2.12: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Woliso Town Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons Male Female Total Male % Female % Total % 2004 194 85 279 10 3.6 4 1.4 14 5 2005 386 215 601 63 10.5 63 10.5 126 21 2006 1713 1230 2943 256 8.7 249 8.5 505 17.2 2007 3332 2680 6012 540 9 549 9.1 1089 18.1 2008 5860 3914 9774 276 2.8 266 2.7 542 5.5 2009 3803 3402 7205 280 3.9 337 4.7 617 8.6 Total 15288 11526 26814 1425 5.3 1468 5.5 2893 10.4 Source: Woliso Town Health Office and saint Luke Catholic Hospital From the above table, we can learn that the trend of HIV/AIDS is at an increasing pace. In general according to data obtained from Woliso town Health office and St. Luke Hospital, the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the town is 10.8%. This is rate is slightly more than that of the regional prevalence rate for urban centres, which is 10.7%. Similarly to look the situation of HIV/AIDS in Ambo town, the trends of HIV infected persons for the last four years is taken in to account. Table 2.13: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Ambo Town Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons Male Female Total Male % Female % Total % 2006 179 129 308 11 47.8 12 52.2 23 7.5 2007 5412 3210 8622 190 42.4 258 57.6 448 5.2 2008 7100 5319 12419 199 39.2 309 60.8 508 4.1 2009 1311 1729 3040 33 29.5 79 70.5 112 3.7 Total 14002 10387 24389 433 39.7 658 60.3 1091 4.5 Source: Ambo Hospital and Ambo Town Administration Office, 2009 As can be inferred from figures specified above, the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the town during the last four years is 4.5. This rate is considerable less than that of the national prevalence rate for urban centers. Increasing number of the identified HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in the specified towns are attributed to lack of awareness (unsafe sexual practice), consuming excess alcohol, harmful traditional practice (HTP), such as circumcision, rape, etc. Besides, the presence of considerable number of commercial sex workers in the specified towns, the expansion of pornographic video show, high rate of unemployment, increasing numbers of Chat addiction in the specified towns contributed to the expansion of HIV/AIDS. The risk is expected to increase in relation with the envisaged road project and appropriate mitigation measures are stipulated under section 4.8.5 of this report. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 14 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 2.2.3.Water supply The availability of adequate and potable water at reasonable distance is one of the basic necessities for human survival. Besides to utilizing for drinking and keeping personal and household hygiene, potable water supply secures health by reducing water born diseases. The merit also trickles to reducing morbidity and mortality rates and the number of working hours lost for queuing and drawing water from far distance which in turn increases productivity. Nonetheless, considerable size of populations is suffering Ethiopia from lack of this vital necessity. Table 2.14: Coverage of Clean Water Supply by Woredas No. Woreda Coverage in Protected Hand Motorized Remark % Spring Pump Scheme 1 Ambo 58 27 28 16 2 Woliso 51 2 4 1 3 Wenchi 29.7 20 17 1 4 Ambo town 51 - - 1 River Diversion 5 Woliso Town 68 - - 1 Deep Wells Source: Woreda & Urban Water Supply Offices & services, 2010 As to the case of the project area, the majority of the populations have no access to clean water supply and suffer from diseases ensuing from consumption of contaminated water drawn from rivers, and hand dug wells. 2.2.4.Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services The travel and transport pattern of the population in the project area and in the region is mainly carried out by non-motorized means of transport, and in particular by walking on foot. It is estimated that more than 70% of households in the project area walk on foot to reach different social services and facilities, such as, administrative centers, courts, police stations, markets, agriculture input stores, sources of drinking water, flour mills, and fuel wood collection places. In the project area, an estimated small percentage of population is also dependent on motorized or vehicular transport. Public transport services operate in the major towns (Woliso and Ambo) and there is a daily schedule of public transport service to the specified major towns from Addis Ababa. Large buses operate from Addis Ababa; medium buses operate between Ambo and Nekmete towns, and Woliso and Jimma towns. There are also mini buses that carry out short distances between towns located along the project road. There are taxis (mainly Bajaj) giving services in Ambo and Woliso towns. All the major towns of the project area have digital and mobile telephone access and services. The Major towns (Ambo and Woliso) also have postal service and internet access. 2.2.5.Tourist Attraction Sites Ethiopia is well known with various sorts of historical, cultural as well as natural tourist attractions. Nonetheless, much of these abundant resources are not utilized effectively for promotion tourist industry due to economic reasons, lack of experience and trained personnel in the sector. Oromia is one of the richest regions in the country with natural and manmade (Cultural and historical) tourist attractions. The region is endowed with a great deal of attractions which can be used and exploited for Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 15 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation socioeconomic development of the people by development of tourism sector. Similarly there are natural tourist attraction sites in the project area. Among others Wenchi creator lake, panoramic view of Wenchi Woreda landscape in wenchi Woreda and panoramic view of Tulu Maja (Abbo Mountain) in Woliso Woreda of south West Showa zone and Huluka water fall, book-tulle and Boku-chitu ritual sites are the main tourist attraction identified in Ambo Woreda of West Showa zone. So it is deemed that the construction of envisaged road will have significant contribution for effective utilization of the specified attraction and to explore the non-identified sites. 2.3. Economic Activities (i) General According to recent World Bank Report, about 81% of the Ethiopian populations live on less than 2 USD a day. The average per capital income is 141 USD compared to 37,000 for UK. More than half of the GDP is dependent on agriculture, which suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation process. The national and regional, dominant sector of the economy agriculture is constrained by age-old production practices and structural problems. It has failed to provide even sustained incomes for the great majority of the people who are engaged in the sector and to satisfy national food requirements. Although 85% of the national population work force is engaged in agriculture, the country has not been able to feed its citizen. For thousands of years, we have been using the same poor cultivation system due to limitation in capacity of our farmers and farming practice. Besides, agriculture is characterized by smallholder subsistence production, with smallholding farmers growing crops on 96% of the land under cultivation. They produce 90% of all agricultural production mainly through low input, low-yield rain fed agriculture. The average household land holding is about one hectare and yet the average house hold size is 5 people per household. The crop production is based on rain fed agriculture and this made the majority of the population to be vulnerable for frequent food shortage and its aftermaths. In other words, a growing number of farmers are no more able to feed themselves because they are too many for the existing cultivable area and productivity is too low. Poor farmers cannot adopt more intensive production techniques because they do not have the required minimum income to purchase, the necessary inputs. (ii) Project Area a) Agriculture Agriculture is the main stay for the majority of population in the project area and it provides the largest share for livelihood of the population. Mixed farming is a common practice in the area involving dominantly crop production and livestock rearing though both are carried out at private level in a traditional way. Nonetheless, Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Offices are aspiring to acquaint farmers with modern production systems by distributing in put (improved seeds and fertilizers) and giving training via extension package. Crop Production Smallholder subsistence agriculture is the main character of crop production in the area, which of course is the case for other parts of the country. Crop production is mainly rain fed and practiced in traditional style. The project area and its environs are relatively free from meager and erratic rain fall Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 16 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation distribution, and food insecurity problem compared with other woredas of Oromia. However, the production is characterized by lack of access to modern technology, low input supply, dependency on rainfall and shortage of irrigation practice. Major Crops The agro climatic condition of the area is very suitable for the production of cereals, pulses, and oil seeds. Thus, Teff, wheat, barley, maize and sorghum for cereals and field pea, house bean, Chick pea and lentil from pulse are the major types of crops produced in three rural Woredas of the project area as well as West and South West Shewa zones which are going to be linked by the envisaged road project. Ensat is also dominantly cultivated in Wenchi Woreda. Crop productivity has shown significant improvements for the elapsed tentative few years in all Woredas an associated with promotion of extension package and provision of agricultural inputs to the farmers. Table 2.15: Crops productivity in West and South-West Shewa Zones West Shewa South-West Shewa Produc- Produc- Crop Type Cultivated production Cultivated Production in tivity Per tivity Per land in ha in Quintal land in ha Quintal ha. ha. Teff 222905 4006741 18 310085 1806987 14 Wheat 158865 5513534 35 80425.25 2222283 28 Barley 43041 81427 19 33586 87756 26 Sorghum 43041 814237 19 3435.25 81740.25 24 Maize 73589 3185979 43 22345.5 824106 37 Total 541441 14334728 26 269877 5812872 22 Pulses Field peas 12225 187639 15 16189 283858.8 18 Horse beans 29544 530258 18 4919 2150 0 Chick peas 12237 268680 22 17267 2630 0 Lentils 2391 33851 14 35199.14 585001.8 17 Total 56396 1020427 18 73574.34 87364.6 12 Oil seed Niger seed 33257 256961 8 867.25 3814 4 Line seed 22596 21567 10 19442.12 230756 12 Rape seed 4171 49202.9 12 6396.2 25671 4 Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10 Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10 Total Sum 657863 15892886 24 370157 6946754 19 Sources: Zonal Agriculture and Rural development Office: 2010. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 17 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation According to data obtained from each zone agriculture and rural development offices, although the zones productivity has been improved, in the past few years, through provision of agricultural imputes to the farmers, the productivity is still less as compared to the potential. b) Land Use Pattern Land use pattern is usually the function of the type of the existing socioeconomic features and farming system of the people dwelling in the project area. As can be seen in the table 16, the land use pattern is dominantly utilized for cultivation in the specified three Woredas as crop production is the major means of livelihood of the people dwelling in the project area. Table 2.16 Land Use Patterns of Woredas in the Project Area Other Cultivated Grazing Vegetation Water Body Total Woreda Purposes ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % Ambo 57220 72 8370 11 1379 2 2455 3 9228 12 78652 100 Wenchi 24490 33 5583 8 4551 6 490 1 37534 52 72,648 100 Weliso 45500 66 4754 7 4075 6 0 0 14057 21 68386 100 Total 127210 57 18707 9 10005 5 2945 1 60819 28 219686 100 Source; Woreda Agriculture & rural Development Offices: 2010 c) Existing irrigation practices There are modern and traditional irrigation schemes practiced by a number of households especially in Wenchi and Woliso Woredas using rivers and streams. According to data obtained from Wenchi and Woliso Woredas there is about 2943ha irrigated farm currently owned by 19593 households. Table 2.16: Distribution of Irrigation Farm by Woredas S. No. Woreda Irrigated Area HHs Remark 1 Ambo N/A N/A 2 Wenchi 928 6194 3 Woliso 2015 13399 Total 2943 19593 Source; Wenchi and Woliso Woreda: 2010 Onion, tomato, potato and other type of vegetables are produced by irrigation farming in the area. The envisaged road project will have significant contribution to assist farmers transporting their product to market centers and intensify the production. d) Livestock As has been stated in the preceding section, livestock husbandry is one of the dominant means of livelihood of the people in the project area. All of the studied Woredas have diversified livestock Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 18 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation population and the number of cattle population stands first for all Woredas accounting 97%. the sector is stranded by shortage of pasture grazing land), prevalence of cattle diseases, lack of veterinary clinics, lack of modern know how on livestock herding and the likes. Table 2.17: Numbers of Livestock Livestock Woreda % Category Ambo Wenchi Woliso Total Cattle 114481 89732 1666008 1870221 97 Sheep 36796 29881 20931 87608 1 Goats 18381 24639 30634 73654 0 Poultry 52084 78532 89319 219935 1 Horses 8805 7876 4081 20762 0 Donkey 9660 9225 18104 36989 0 Mules 624 824 1263 2711 0 Total 240831 240709 1830340 2311880 100 Source; Agriculture and Rural Development Offices of Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas, 2010 The major livestock feed along the project area include open pasture, bushes and hay as well crop residues. There is gradual declining of grazing land from time to time. On the other hand, there has been no forage development in regular extension services. As can be seen in the table above, there are large numbers of livestock in the specified three Woredas. Nonetheless, the land use pattern of the area is indicating that only 9% of the land is utilized for grazing out of the total area of the Woredas (See table 2.17) and there is critical shortage of grazing land. Therefore modern forage development is required to make the sector productive. 2.4. Gender Issues In Ethiopia, the Gender proportion of men and women shows that women constitute approximately 50% 0 f the population. Having almost equal proportion of men and women, the Gender disparity between men and women is believed to be very high in the country and this disparity is believed to be one of the bottlenecks for its development. FDRE Constitution gives women equal right with men, Article 35 (Rights of Women) No.1 states: "Women shall, in the employment of rights and protections provided for by this Constitution, have equal right with men" Women make a significant contribution in the area of economic and social development of the country. However, women's contribution to the economy and social development is not recognized as such, mainly because of the economy and political power is controlled and dominated by men. Women do not receive equal opportunity in education, employment and in other social development activities. In the welfare monitoring survey carried out by CSA, it was found that women have low school enrolment rates and are also less literate than men. This and other development indicators show that women do not receive equal opportunity and access to education like that of their men Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 19 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation counterparts. The social impacts that will be created due to the construction of the project road affect women more than men, Among the social impacts, resettlement/ relocation of PAPs may lead to the breakdown of community social networks and this has direct impact on women more than men because women rely and depend on community and social networks for their emotional, family and practical supports. Since the different social impacts affect and are reflected more on women than men, there is a need for women to be consulted concerning the proposed mitigation measures to address those negative impacts. FDRE constitution, on Article 35, No.6 states that: "women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women". Women have equal right to ownership of property and enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property. Hence, compensation payments and other measures related to resettlement/relocation shall be done equally for women and men; and it will also take into consideration the interest women as enshrined in FDRE constitution on its Article 35, No.7 that states women have "... the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. in particular, they have equal rights with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property� women also have different roles and relations and division labor than men. The gender roles and division labor is shown in the following paragraphs. Gender Roles and Relations: Men and women have different roles and responsibilities in the project road corridor and its influence zone. Men traditionally have more socially recognized power and authority in decision-making, control and access over resources. Women have limited access and control over resources and in decision making either at household or community level. Gender Division of Labor: Men are mostly engaged in productive (agricultural activity) and also in other socio - political responsibilities also. Women on the contrary play triple roles and responsibilities. Women are mainly responsible for productive, reproductive and also social activities. Women play significant r ole in agricultural production in the project influence zone and in the corridor generally. This is also true f or the country and other parts of Africa. It is estimated that in rural Africa women account for more than 7 0% of agricultural activity. The different roles and responsibilities assumed by women and men in the project road corridor imply that they have differing transport needs and requirements. The transport needs of women and men obviously vary in accordance with tasks and roles in their everyday life. There is high demand for travel and transport by women both for within and outside their village travel. Hence, it is highly crucial that the construction and upgrading of the project road gives sufficient emphasis and proper attention to Gender related issues and specifically addresses the transport demands of women. Women play very important role in travel and transport. The demand for travel and transport by women either for household or community activities is very high. Travel and transport related activities carried out by women include: domestic travel and transport, agricultural transport and transport related to social services. In a study carried out by ERA in 1999 on village level travel and transport (VLTT), it is estimated that the women in Ethiopia are responsible for some 76% of the time and about 86% of the effort made for transport (domestic transport is the highest). A study made to introduce IMT in selected woredas shows that women perform major travel and transport related activities mainly for domestic (fuel wood, water collection, etc), market, agricultural Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 20 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation and social purposes. Walking on foot is the common mode of transport followed by pack animals in rural and semi urban parts of Ethiopia. According to the VL TT study "fuel, water, food, etc, accounts 73% of the trips and 61 % of the travel time and 93% of the transport effort". Women are also responsible to carry out significant transport activities that are related to reproductive and productive activities. In Ethiopia, "women work from 13-17 hours a day grinding grain, fetching water, collecting fire wood, preparing manure for fuel, cooking food, raising children, taking care of domestic animals and managing the family". In the project road corridor, women’s transport needs are mainly related to: • Travel for domestic activities: This is travel to collect fire wood, travel to water points, travel to grinding mills, etc. • Travel for economic activities: It includes, travel to markets, travel to farm fields, travel t o saving and credit associations, cooperatives, etc. • Travel to social service facilities: It includes, travel to health facilities and traditional healers, women associations meetings, etc. • Travel for social and communal activities: This is travel to places of worship, to funerals, visiting the sick, visiting of families and friends, etc. The construction of the project road is expected to provide some sort of assistance and support to women in improving their condition in their productive, reproductive and socio political activities. Productive activities: it is expected to provide and introduce women with labor and time saving tools and equipment, and at the same time improve their productive capacity. This could be realized with improved road network and communication. Hence, the construction of the project road is expected to contribute towards this. Reproductive activities: It would also provide women to have enough time to look and take care for their children and other household members. Socio political activities: In the long term, women would be exposed to improved technologies, tools, create additional income and build confidence in their day-to-day life and work. It would also create opportunity for women to participate in other socio political activities and issues that are related to their community and beyond. FDRE constitution, on Article 35,No.6 states that:� women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women�. In the rural sections of the project road corridor, link most other rural areas of Ethiopia, the poverty situate on is among women and in particular female head households (FHH). The magnitude of women’s poverty situation is manifested through lack of transport services and facilities. With the construction of the project road, it is expected that the poverty situation of women will be changed to economic development. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 21 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK 3.1. Legal Background Currently there are a number of legal documents at Federal and Regional levels dealing with involuntary resettlement & restitution. Previous legal documents which are consistent with the provisions of the F.D.R.E constitution are also checked. The major documents are proclamation No. 1/ 1995 of the Ethiopian Constitution, the 1997 Environment Policy, the Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation No. 299/2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document (July 2000), Proclamation No. 455/2005 on Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes and Payments of Compensations, Proclamation No. 456 / 2005 on Rural Land Administration and Land use Proclamation and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on the payment of compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes. The Councils of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 is based on Article 14(1) of Proclamation No. 455/2005 which states: “with a purpose of not only paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood�. In this guideline an attempt has been made to summarize some of the provisions in these legal documents, which are found to be relevant to the present task. Hence, the present exercise subject to base these legal documents for identifications, valuation of damaged properties and rights for compensation payment procedures. In addition to these legal documents and regulations, major frameworks like ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework and World Bank procedures are checked for the preparation of this guideline. The 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, article 40(2) and 40(3) stipulates public ownership of land and expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation. Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided provisions for compensations. The basic principle of ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework is to address the importance of compensation payments for the loss of assets at replacement cost, giving opportunities to locals to share project benefits and assisting PAPs’ during relocation / rehabilitation. Detailed regulations for valuation of properties situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes are promulgated on Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007. These legal documents have a more or less parallel similarity to the World Bank OP and BP 4.12. Regarding compensations, all documents clearly state that individuals have the right to be compensated for the works on land created by labour, capital and land use rights. In line with these basic principles major resettlement and compensation issues are addressed from various legal documents as follows. However, if the national and international laws are in conflict, the latter overrules as to the World Bank policies for International Development Assisted projects. 3.2. The Constitution As the major binding document for all other derivative national and regional policies, laws and regulations, the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (FDRE), have provisions, which have a direct policy, legal and institutional relevance’s for the appropriate implementation of resettlement action plans, which will be executed by the Ethiopian Roads Authority. Article 40.3 of the Constitution declares public ownership of both rural and urban land as well as all natural resources. It further states that land is the common property of the Ethiopian people and cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Moreover, ownership of land is vested on the public and the people while rural and urban dwellers have only usufruct right over the land. A use Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 22 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation right gives the user the right to use the land and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour and capital which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any other permanent works such as buildings etc. Article 44.2 of the Constitution indicates that interventions for public goods that may cause the displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihood of the local population shall give the right to commensurate monetary or other means of compensation including relocation / rehabilitation with adequate state assistance. This provision has a strong relevance to the Resettlement Action Plans that ERA shall undertake while involved in road projects. The provisions in the constitution clearly states government’s obligation not only to compensate for the loss of properties created by the labor and capital but also to compensate for the lost usufruct right over land through resettling the affected individuals/communities by the state programs with adequate assistances. 3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation Based on the Federal land administration and utilization proclamation No.456 / 2005, (which repealed the Federal Government Rural Land Administration Proclamation No.89/ 1997); regions will commence their own land administration and utilization laws. Hence, the preparation of this RAP is obliged to adopt and used the Oromia and national regional state rural land administration and land use proclamation. Under proclamation No. 56/2002 of the regional government of Oromia, the following rights and obligations are stated related to holding rights, expropriation of properties for public uses and remuneration payments for the lost asset. Article 4(1) stated that “Land is the common property of the state and people, and shall not be subject to sale or other means of exchange�. Moreover, on the same article sub-Article (2) declares woman shall have equal right with men in all activities of rural land use and administration. Article 6(1) is cantered on land use rights and states that “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, has a lifelong right to use land for agricultural purpose as well as to lease and while the right to remains in effect, bequeath it to his family member/s/ and includes the right to acquire property produced there on by his labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath. Article 6(4) is on termination of rights and stated that “the use of right of an individual land user shall be subject to termination, only if that land is required for more important public uses and decided with the participation of the community�. Sub-Article (5) of Article (6) is on compensation payments and declares “when use right changes hands under condition in Sub- Article (4) of Article (6), an individual land holder, whose use right is terminated shall be guaranteed with the right to remove permanent work built or tree crops cultivated on land or to claim payment of compensation there on or collection of fruits thereof, or compensation of similar land. As to this proclamation Article 11 any farmer or pastoralist has a right to lease his/her holdings on certain regulations. Article 11(1) states that “any peasant or pastoralist has the right to lease out up to half of the land under his holding. However, “duration of land lease agreement between the peasant or the pastoralist, and the lease shall be; up to three years for those who apply traditional farming and fifteen years for users of modern farming technology�. Lease agreements shall be valid if and only if approved by local responsible organ that administer rural land issues according to Article 11(4) of the aforementioned proclamation. Article 15 is dealing with land user right security. According to this Article Sub- Article (1), “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, shall be provided with a lifelong certification of holding right by responsible organ�. According to the World Bank policy Research Working paper No. 4218, rural land certification in main regions of the country started in 2003. Up to the publication of the above mentioned research working paper in April 2007, 88% of households in Tigray, 79% in Amara and 46% in SNNPR (not Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 23 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation available to the Oromia) were undergone the land registration process. Again related to this specific issue of land registration and certification, Article 15 (2) and (4) of the Oromia regional state has the following provisions. According to Sub-Article two, “Husband and wife shall be jointly certified to their common land holding�. In case of polygamy Sub-Article four provides another regulation by stating “In the case of a polygamous marriage, a husband is allowed to get a holding right certificate with only one of his wife’s, and the other shall get severally�. Another important Article of the aforementioned proclamation is provision on Article 1(a) (b) related to conflict and dispute resolution. As to Article (1) “any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding shall be resolved by; (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court. (b) Party who has compliant on the decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Decisions’ given by the local court shall be respected by both parties. 3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia The Environmental Protection Authority which is directly accountable to the prime minister office is re-established in October 2002, under Proclamation No 295 / 2002. This Proclamation repealed Proclamation No 9/1995. The Ethiopian Environment Policy has provisions relevant to preparation of Resettlement Action plan guidelines. Major elements of the policy are: • To ensure that the environmental impact assessments (EIA) consider not only physical and biological impacts but also address socio-economic, political and cultural conditions; • To recognize public consultation is an integral part of the EIA and ensure that EIA procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comments before consideration of decision makers; • To ensure that, an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plans for environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents; • To ensure that, at specified intervals during the project implementation, environmental audits regarding monitoring, inspection and record keeping take place for activities where these have been required by the Environmental Impact Statement; • To ensure that preliminary and full EIA’s are undertaken by the relevant sectoral ministries or departments, if in the public sector, and by the developer in the private sector; • To create by law an EIA process which requires appropriate environmental impact statements and environmental audits for private and state development projects; • To establish the necessary institutional framework and determine the linkages of its parts for undertaking, co-coordinating and approving EIA’s and the subsequent system of environmental audits required to ensure compliance with conditional ties; • To develop detailed sectoral technical guidelines in EIA’s and environmental audits; • To ensure that social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions are considered in environmental impact assessment procedures and included in sectoral guidelines; and • To develop EIA and environmental audit capacity and capability in the Environmental Protection Authority, sectoral ministries and agencies as well as in the regions Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 24 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005 Article 8(1) of this proclamation sates that a rural landholder whose landholding has been permanently expropriated shall be paid for his (her) displacement/ rehabilitation options an amount equivalent to ten times (years) the average income he secured during the preceding past five years in addition to other payments like losing fixed assets, annual and perennial crops and cash crops. Again Article 8(2) stipulates that a landholder whose land provisionally expropriated shall be paid for the lost income, based on the average annual income secured for the preceding five years, until he/she repossesses the land. In accordance with this proclamation Article 14(1) provision which state “The council of Ministers may issue regulations necessary for the proper implementation of this proclamation� Regulation No.135/2007 is promulgated and effective as of 4th day of July 2007. There is an expectation among professionals that this regulation might solve ambiguities related to valuation of properties and compensation payments. The valuation procedure for determining additional compensation, (like for permanent land improvement), is yet officially enacted. Those individuals who will get a land-to-land replacement shall be compensated for the loss an amount equivalent to the average annual income secured during the preceding five years. As per this proclamation Article 8(4) urban landholder whose land holding has been expropriated shall be provided, apart from the estimated payment for the lost structures, with a plot of urban land to construct a structure and to be paid a displacement compensation equivalent to the annual rent of the demolished house or be allowed to live in public house without rent for one year. In order to conduct an effective and full-fledged compensation for project-affected peoples, the enactment of the regulation has been essential. Article 19(1) of Regulation 135/2007 stipulates on properties for which compensation is not payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or improvements made like buildings, any crops sown, perennial crops planted or any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the possessor of the land is served with the expropriation order�. The broad framework within Proclamation No. 455/2005 and regulation 135/2007 are binding in implementing valuation of properties and remuneration payments. 3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework) Apart from the broad policy frameworks at national level, the main reference behind the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is ERA’s guiding principles as stipulated in its Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy Framework. The principles in the framework are adopted basically from the World Bank’s policy on resettlement and rehabilitation. The following statement is adopted from ERA’s Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework to show when and where a RAP is required or not. At project identification, social screening/social impact assessment (SIA) of the subprojects will be conducted with the aim to determine whether or not a subproject requires detailed resettlement action plans as specified in World Bank policy. The principles of compensation/rehabilitation will be triggered wherever there will be a land requirement and adverse social impacts. If the SIA findings reveal that more than 200 persons are affected by a subproject, a resettlement action plan will be prepared (ERA 2002). However, as to OP 4.12, “where impacts on the entire displaced is minor, or fewer than 200 people are displaced, an abbreviated resettlement plan may be agreed with the borrower� Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 25 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation As per the above framework and the Bank policy, a threshold has been set whether or not to proceed with a detail RAP once a social screening is done on any proposed road development project. A Road development that entails the relocation of more than 200 individuals or above 40 households is expected to entail a resettlement action plan. Those road projects that would displace less than 200 individuals are not expected to come up with a detailed/full scale RAP. In such cases an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan shall be prepared. Although this is the case, there is a major gap between the National Legislations and the WB Operational Policies (OP4.12) in notification period and expropriation of properties. Proclamation No 455/2005 Article (3) (4) requires that property must be handed over 90 days after compensation has been paid. On the other hand OP.4.12 requires that displacement must not occur before necessary measures for resettlements are in place. In case of a conflict between the national and international procedures, OP4.12 states that� where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost, compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the replacement cost standard�. 3.7. Land use and the Right of Way Conceptually the term land use implies the function of land determined by natural conditions and human intervention. Usually it is categorized according to the status of the specific land and employment by human interventions. Land use in the present context upholds direct use as well as preservation, conservation, development and management. Land in Ethiopia is the property of the state / public and does not require compensation. The land proclamation No. 31/1975 on rural land and No. 47/1975 of the urban land states that government holds the ownership of land; it is the property of the Ethiopian People. However, Article 7(72) of proclamation No 47/1975 states that the government shall pay fair compensation for property situated on the land, but the amount of compensation shall not take any value of the land into account, because land is owned by state. The change to state ownership was enshrined in proclamation No.1 / 1987 and proclamation No. 1 / 1995. Moreover, the Federal Government issued the rural land administration proclamation (No. 456/2005) that vested power on regional states to enact regional laws to the purpose consistent with the principles and laws of the Federal government. According to this proclamation Article 17(1) “each regional council shall enact rural land administration and land use law, which consists of detailed provisions necessary to implement this proclamation�. Proclamation No.80/1997 article 6(18) states that ERA shall use, free of charge, land and such other resources and quarry substances for the purpose of construction of highways, camps, storage of equipment and other required services, provided however, that it shall pay compensation in accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses. The Oromia National Regional state proclamation No.56/2002 is more or less consistent with the Federal Government Constitution dealing with land tenure, expropriation and compensation payments procedures. The Right-of-Way (RoW) is the land allocated and preserved by the law for public use in road construction, rehabilitation and maintenance work. For example in the RR50 standard 15mt width on either side of the road centerline fall into the legal RoW. In recognition of Article 6(17) of proclamation No.80/1997 in re-establishing ERA gave the mandate to “determine the extent of land required for its activities in the adjacency as well as surrounding of highways and the conditions of use of such land by others�. However, this proclamation does not explicitly determine the extent of the Right of Way. Traditionally ERA exercises 30mt of ROW for its projects. As to this proclamation ERA has a mandate: (a) to develop and administer highways, (b) To ensure the standard of road construction and, (c) To create a proper condition on which the road net- work is co-ordinately Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 26 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation promoted. The RoW branch of ERA is the primary and responsible body to posses and maintains land required for the project causes and compensation payments. Proclamation No 455/2005, which is targeted on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensations, is the base for this RAP. For detailed regulations on valuation of properties situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes, the RAP relied on Council of Ministers regulations No.135/2007. For the Ambo – Woliso road project the consultant adopted +1.5m for urban and +3m for rural from construction areas to minimize impacts. The ROW in the urban centers has been reduced to 20m in order to reduce the number of affected properties. In most town sections like Woliso, Chitu, Sonkole, Darian, Haro Wenchi and Ambo town the houses are built close to the existing gravel road. 50 m ROW has significant impacts on the road side houses, shops and institutional buildings. In similar way the 30m in the urban sections ROW has no less impact on these properties. The 20m ROW has less impact and no need to compromise the quality and the standard. Therefore, the consultant firmly believes that 20m in the rural sections have less impact environmentally and socially as well as economically. The trend in the rural sections along the Ambo-Woliso road project is the farmer plant perennial crops, trees, commercial trees like eucalyptus (Yebahir Zaf) and Cuppress lustanica (Tid) on the road side. Therefore, following the 50m ROW has significant impacts on the roadside vegetation and on farmland in some location. The 20m ROW on the other hand is too narrow. Indeed, ERA could not protect the ROW boundary in most of his projects. Adopting 20m ROW has significant impact on the future maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of the roads. Therefore, 30m in the rural section is more feasible than the two options (50m and 20m). 3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12) The Operational Policies of the World Bank on Involuntary Resettlement focused on to ensure project affected people especially the poor and vulnerable ones have more to say and participate as equal partners and to improve their livelihoods and standard of living or at least restore them in real terms. Moreover, it is geared towards to avoid or minimize adverse impacts of projects. The Bank experience indicates that development projects, if unmitigated, may cause severe long-term hardships, impoverishment, and environmental damages. Hence, the following are policy objectives of the World Bank as outlined in the aforementioned Operational Policies. • Involuntary Resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs. • Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development program, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the person displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement program. • Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real term, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 27 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Moreover, as per OP4.12 footnote 1; the World Bank requirements for compensation must be followed with: “Where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost, compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the replacement cost standard�. These conditions are applicable for all PAPs including squatters and illegally settled people except prospectors and intruders after the cut-off- dates. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 28 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 3.1: Comparison of Ethiopian Legislation and OP 4.12 Recommendations to Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison Address Gaps Policy World bank OP4.12 has overall policy Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article The World Bank requirement World Band OP 4.12 Objectives objectives, requiring that: 3(1)) gives power to Woreda or for avoidance or minimization overall objectives shall Involuntary resettlement should be avoided urban administrations to “expropriate of involuntary resettlement is be applied to avoiding wherever possible, or minimized, exploring rural or urban landholdings for public not written into Ethiopian or minimizing all alternatives. purpose where it believes that it legislation. Proclamation No involuntary Resettlement program should be should be used for a better 455/2005 does not indicate resettlement to ensure sustainable, include meaningful development…�This is supported by consultation with displaced resettlement program consultation with affected parties, and Article 51(5) and Article 40(8) of the persons throughout the sustainable and provide benefits to the affected parties 1995 Constitution. resettlement process, rather only includes meaningful Displaced persons should be assisted in allows for a complaints and consultation. improving livelihoods etc, or at least Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article grievance process. Although restoring them to previous levels 7(5) states that� the cost of removal, Proclamation No 455/2005 transportation and erection shall be allows for some form of support paid as compensation for a property to the displaced persons, it does that could be relocated and continue not explicitly state that it serves as before.� livelihoods should be restored to previous levels or improved. Notification Article 10 of World Bank OP4.12 requires Article 4 of Proclamation No There is a gap in Proclamation Displaced person period/ timing that the resettlement activities associated 455/2005 requires notification in No 455/2005 to allow land to be should always be paid of with a sub -projects are linked to the writing, with details of timing and expropriated before necessary compensation and displacement implementation of development program to compensation, which cannot be less measures for resettlement take support before the land ensure displacement or restriction of access than 90 days from notification. It place, particularly before the is handed over, as per does not occur before necessary measures requires that land should be handed displaced person has been paid. World Bank OP4.12. for resettlement are in place. In particular, over within 90 days of payment of This can have serious taking of land and related assets may take compensation payments. If there is consequences for those affected, place only after compensation has been no crop or other property on the land, as they may be displaced paid, and, where applicable, resettlement it must be handed over within 30 without shelter or livelihood. sites and moving allowances have been days of notice of expropriation. It Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 29 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Recommendations to Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison Address Gaps provided to displaced persons. further gives power to seize the land through police force should the landholder be unwilling to hand over the land Eligibility for World Bank OP4.12 gives eligibility to: Proclamation No 455/2005, Article According to World Bank The requirements of Compensation Those who have formal legal rights to the 7(1) allows’ landholders’ to be OP4.12, eligibility for World Bank OP4.12, as land; eligible for compensation, where the compensation is granted to described in Column 2 Those who do not have formal legal rights term “landholder� (Article2(3) “affected parties. Ethiopian of this table, expected to land, but have a claim to such land; and means� and individual, government Legislation only grants to be applied, Those who do not have recognizable legal or private organization or any other compensation to those with right or claim to the land organ which has legal personality lawful possession of the land, and have lawful possession over the and as per Proclamation No land to be expropriated and owns 456, those with traditional property situated thereon� possession i.e. Communal lands. It therefore does not recognize those without a legal right or claim as eligible for compensation. Compensation World Bank OP4.12 Article 6(a) requires Article 7 of Proclamation No. The World Bank requirement The World Bank that displaced persons are provided with 455/2005 entitles the landholder to for compensation and valuation requirements for prompt and effective compensation at full compensation for the property on the of assets it that compensation compensation must be replacement cost for losses of assets land on the basis of replacement cost; and relocation must result in the followed, as per OP4.12 attributable directly to the project. If and permanent improvements to the affected person must have footnote 1, which physical relocation is an impact, displaced land, equal to the value of capital and property and a livelihood states, “Where domestic persons must be provided with assistance labor expended. returned to them to at least law does not meet the during relocation and residential housing, equivalent standards as before. standard of housing sites and /or agricultural sites to at Where property is on urban land, This is not clearly stated in local compensation at full least equivalent standards as the previous compensation may not be less than Proclamations. It is expected replacement cost, site. Replacement cost does not take constructing a single room low cost that the regulations and compensation under Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 30 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Recommendations to Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison Address Gaps depreciation into account. In term of house as per the region in which it is directives will provide more domestic law is valuing assets. If the residual of the asset located. It also requires that the cost clarity and clearer guidance in supplemented by being taken is not economically viable, of removal, transportation and this regard. additional measures erection will be paid as compensation necessary to meet the for a relocated property continuing replacement cost its service as before. Valuation standard� formula are provided in Regulation No. 135/2007 Responsibilitie According to OP4.12, Article 14 and 18), Article 5 of Proclamation No The process required for the As per the World Bank s of the project the borrower is responsible for conducting a 455/2005 sets out the responsibilities project proponent / requirements, project proponent census and preparing, implementing, and of the implementing agency, implementing agency lacks processes included monitoring the appropriate resettlement requiring them to gather data on the descriptive processes in local screening, a census, instrument. Article 24 states that the land needed and works, and to send legislations... development plan, borrower is also responsible for adequate this to the appropriate officials for management of monitoring and evaluation of the activities permission. If also requires them to remuneration payments, set forth in the resettlement instrument. In pay compensation to affected monitoring and addition, upon completion of the project, landholders. evaluation of success. It the borrower must undertake an assessment must also include to determine whether the objectives of the proper consultation resettlement instrument have been achieved. with the affected parties This must all be done according to the throughout the process. requirements of OP4.12. Article 19 requires that the borrower inform potentially displaced persons at an early stage about the resettlement aspects of the project and takes their views into account in project design. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 31 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 3.9. Institutional Framework 3.9.1.Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is the responsible ministry for the disbursement of the allotted budget for resettlements and restitutions of livelihoods. ERA submits its annual budget for proposed projects including the portion for resettlements and rehabilitations, which would then be ratified by the House of the Peoples' Representatives. 3.9.2.The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) was established in 1951 and again re-established under proclamation No.80/1997 with responsibilities for the construction, improvement and maintenance of the Federal road network. The highest body in the management hierarchy is the board. ERA’s Environmental and Social Managemnt (ESMT) established in January 1998 with major responsibility of setting and implementing ERA’s environmental guidelines in support of the national level requirements. The ESMT holds the capacity of advisory, co-ordination and supervision aspects that are pertinent to the project road environmental impacts and co-ordination with the respective ERA district offices. 3.9.3.Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) The Environmental Protection authority is a competent agency at Federal level. Hence, the authority have the following responsibilities in the EIA processes to: (a) ensure that the proponent complies with requirements of the EIA process, maintain cooperation and consultation between sectoral agencies throughout the EIA process, (b) Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to provide guidance on process and; (c) evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the EIA process. Prototype authorities shall be organized at regional level to deal with environmental issues. The regional EPA shall consult and demanded assistances to the federal EPA in case of the EIA have a national significance or when the regional authority identified a specific EIA beyond its capacity. The federal authority may involve in the EIA that; (a) have an environmental effect across the international boundaries of Ethiopia, (b) have an environmental effect across regional boundaries within Ethiopia, (c) have an effect on an environment of natural or international significance, including but not limited to natural forests, wetlands, national parks, cultural heritages etc, (d) have a federal government department, the relevant regional authority or another statuary body as proponent and, (e) have the federal investment authority as the investment approval body. The Oromia national regional state established the regional environmental office in 2002. This office is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the region’s environmental, social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainable use and development of natural resources. To achieve this end the regional government environmental office adopted a community based or led environmental protection strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of Woreda level offices and communities are important in environmental conservation and management. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 32 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 3.9.4.General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues The analysis of all the above legal documents indicates that proper legal and institutional frameworks are in place to execute all remuneration payments and restitution of livelihoods. This resettlement action plan is prepared within the provisions of the proclamations and WB policies. The policy and institutional frameworks in relation to compensation and resettlement has wide cross- cutting issues that entail the participation of different stakeholders at different levels of the operations. A number of governmental bodies shall have a horizontal and vertical interaction in implementing the various legal procedures. Their concerted efforts are very much required. ERA expected to manage its activities with other relevant bodies outside and within its structures. In executing resettlement action plan, for instance, management and coordinated efforts between the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch and the Right of Way Branch within ERA is very much essential. Moreover, the following major issues are adopted to show the ongoing key polices and institutional reform on the road sector from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development release, (2005/06). • Improvement of resource mobilization and allocation through equitable road pricing and provision, adequate budget for road maintenance and strengthen the road fund, • Enhancing the capacity of road construction and maintenance by creating an enabling environment for increased participation of domestic private contractors, • Reduce reliance on force account by turning ERA’s district maintenance organizations, (DMOs) into fully commercial operating units, • Setting strict directives for the enforcement of safety regulations so as to reduce the number and severity of road accidents, • Strengthening the enforcement of axle loads limits • Addressing the environmental effects of road construction by taking measures to ensure conformity of design standards with environmental protection requirements, • Promote the use of labour-intensive technology and ensure community participation wherever possible in building and maintaining local and community roads, • Provide community based integrated village travel and transport services and reduce travel time and burden on villages, especially women, to meet the expected increase in the movement of agricultural input and surplus production, • Strengthening administration and management in such a manner that federal and regional road agencies have the institutional capacity to manage and maintain the current road assets and protecting future investments in the road sector, • Develop a coherent planning and programming approach based on a net-work stabilization program, in which federal and regional road agencies formulate common methodologies of allocation of available and projected resources. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 33 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION Public consultation and field level investigation was carried out in of the major urban centers and in those villages located along the proposed road project. Public consultations were carried out with the following major objectives: • To solicit the attitude of the community towards the project; • To inform the public on the potential impacts and seek the participation and contribution of the public during the construction of the proposed road project; • To ensure that acceptance of the project by the stakeholders and the community along the route corridor; • Identifying the potential social impacts (positive and negative); and on the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the negative impacts and on measures of reinforcement for the positive impacts; The primary purpose of public consultation is to make the stakeholders at different level and the community at large participate in the whole process of the project i.e. form design to implementation phase. It also gives opportunity for the affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse impacts, maximize additional benefits, and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation. Public consultation was carried out through formal meetings & public gatherings, focused group discussions, meeting with women groups, meeting with teachers and health professionals, and also through informal meetings held with different sections of the community. Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community. FDRE Constitution Article 43 No.2 4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers The team held group discussion with Woreda level government officials and Kebele Administrators crossed by the road and local people to identify their attitude toward the project in general and its potential impacts in particular. The discussions were cheered by the respective woreda administrators and attended by heads of different Offices including: Labour and Social Affairs, Health, Women’s and HIV/AIDS Affairs and esteemed elders, Land Administration & Environmental Protection officers, Clan and Religious leaders, School Teachers, Health Workers and Agricultural Development Agents(Das) etc. The gatherings for the consultations were organised by the local administration. The consultant tried to involve the local NGOs, particularly those who are working on natural resource protection, health and sanitation, HIV/AIDS protection, rural development, etc. However, there are no major NGOs are active along this route. Instead, there were various local groups that took part in the consultations, including religious leaders, elders, youth associations, women associations, and farmers groups. 4.1.1 Attitude about the Project The team consisting of economist and sociologists participated and briefed participants of the public consultation about objectives and processes of the project. The team has briefed starting and end points of the proposed road project and locations where impact on properties will be felt. In the meantime, different questions and views were forwarded by the discussants and replied to them by the consultant team. Their questions and views focused mainly on the availability of standard measures in order to compensate the properties that could be lost due to the proposed road construction and the timing of the ROW clearance. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 34 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation The team has briefed thoroughly about the existing conventional means to protect public interests and mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts of the project. The team had also tried to avoid their fear on the timing describing what is being planned between the client and the consultant to accomplish the task of ROW clearance as scheduled. It was a general consensus with all groups that there is no doubt that the proposed road project will have an important contribution on the development of the project area in particular and the country in general. Therefore, it was the demand of all stakeholders consulted that the proposed road should be built soon. The participants of the consultation were also asked to list down the positive and negative impacts that they expect to result from the implementation of the project and the following summarized impacts were forwarded accordingly. They were also requested to indicate locations where major social and environmental impacts will be felt in each kebeles crossed by the proposed road. 4.1.2 Positive Expectations The proposed road project will accelerate the country’s five year transformation and development plan to reduce poverty; The proposed road project will open a door for modernization to the areas that remained backward; It will reduce the immense transport problem in the project area, The project will connect the regions with the neighboring regions; The proposed road will enable the inhabitants of the corridor to be benefited from future development endeavors; The construction of the proposed road would also enable the community of the Woredas traversed to get employed on construction and related works during construction; It will enable to transport the products of the project area into central markets and hence facilitate to get good price for local products; It will enable to reduce fright cost; 4.1.3 Negative Expectations The major apprehension observed by the discussants was that the project may entails affecting HHs from their current dwelling areas and some other HHs could also lose their farm land and corps on their land. They also have fear that in connection with compensation and asset valuation process, people may not be satisfied and may affect the good governance. Dislocation of people from their dwelling, trading and farming areas; In connection with the speedy nature of proposed road Transport, people, livestock may be exposed to accident; Unless the design work is completed in integration with other development plans along the ROW, conflict could arise and this could affect the effectiveness and timely completion of the project; Sexual harassment on women and labour Exploitation; Students could be attracted to short-term employment created by the project and hence, School dropout may increase; Spread of HIV/AIDS and Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); The contractor may share the resources of the community in the project area like Water ponds and walk over the farm beyond the ROW; Many people may come from outside of the local area in search of employment and business nearby station areas; this could in turn create conflict with local people and overcrowd; Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 35 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation In response to their apprehension the team briefed the intended mitigation measures based on statements specified in article 40 of the constitution and proclamation no 445/2005 regarding compensation for the owner whose property will be affected for development projects. The team has also confirmed to them that appropriate mitigation measures will be taken with participation of the local people and concerned offices in the project area. The discussants have themselves depicted such offices as (the woreda HIV /AIDS Secretariat Offices, Bureau of the Regional State Information Culture Tourism and Social Affairs) and Woreda land administration and Environmental protection offices that could play vital role in taking mitigation measures for the negative impacts throughout the project process. 4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations In general, the communities are highly supportive and positive about the construction of the proposed road project and are happy about the plan. The overall understandings of the public and consensus reached include the following: • All the woredas, traversed by the proposed road project have agreed to provide support and assistance for people who will lose their land (farmland or residential land) for the construction of the right of way, and other construction purposes, although aware of some inconveniences the community welcomed the construction of the proposed road project, • The woreda officials have agreed to contribute their effort in reducing and mitigating the expected potential negative impacts of the project and in enhancing the positive expectations, • Special support will be made by the woredas and the community for female headed households, elderly and other socially disadvantaged groups if affected by the construction of the proposed road project.; • Shall facilitate the smooth implementation of the construction works and provide other routine administrative supports if need be; • Shall facilitate the employment of labour force from the locality; • The woreda administrators shall avail the places and sources selected for construction materials like places for rock sources, sand sources, water sources and others that may be selected during construction; • The administration shall maintain the peace and security of the project area for the smooth completion of the project, Finally, all the participants reached common consensus that the construction of the project will enhance development and growth and contribute to poverty reduction strategy of the country and hence are looking forewords to the immediate commencement of the construction works. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 36 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs This part of the report tries to highlight the socio economic profile of the Project Affected People (PAPs) in particular and the project influence area in general. It draws data from primary level house- to house survey as well as from secondary sources secured from various relevant offices. The socio- economic survey was conducted in two rounds and covered 1117 household heads. The number of households covered by the house to house survey is match with the number of people affected by road project. The consultant surveyed each and every household of affected people in Woredas and Kebeles. Hence, a total of 6702 families covered by the surveys do depict the socio economic profile of all the PAPs and their locality. 5.5.1 Demographic and Livelihood Issues As already mentioned in the previous chapters of this report Ambo - Woliso Road project area falls into Ambo, Woliso and Chitu Woredas West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. The Socio- economic profile of the Project-Affected People is similar to the rest of the people living elsewhere in the Ambo or Woliso Woredas. As per the latest National Census (2011), the population of Ambo Woreda is 12126 Woliso Woreda is 160490 and Chitu’s Woreda 104803 people. The densities, people living per km2, of the three Woredas are 127.7 in Ambo and 213.6 in Woliso and 227.3 Chitu Woreda. The Project Affected People are living in a subsistence way of life with mixed agriculture as their primary occupation. Engagement other than this mixed agriculture is quite rare. Discussions with the local people and officials at Kebele and Woreda level indicates that the people in the project areas are in a relatively better socio-economic condition than previous days, according to rural agriculture officer this days government is providing selected seed, pest side and fertilizers to nearby villages to reach out farmers. It was reported that they are better endowed with croplands as well as with livestock possession and milk production. The average cow holding per household is two and above. The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702 family members are living in the 1117 households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family size of 6 persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the remaining 12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed, divorced or single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the proportion of female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working force (18-65 years old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest remaining are below 18 and children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120 years old. The marital status data of Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads are married; 8% widowed and divorced and the remaining is single. Table 5.1: Socio-economic and Demographic Indicators amongst PAPs in all Woredas Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 37 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Illiteracy Rate amongst the Household Heads Female Headed Households Family size (%) (%) 6 25.6 7.7 Source: Household Survey, 2011 Socio-Economic survey result on educational status of the PAPs shows that an average of 25.6% of the household heads is illiterate. This implies the existence of high level of human capital development constraint within the project area. 4.8 percent of household heads have religious education; 8% of the PAPs have basic education: 40.45 % with primary level education. 19.2% of PAPs have secondary level education. 99% of the project affected household heads are from Oromo ethnic group and 1% of ethnic group is shared by Amhara and Gurage respectively. 65.2 % of them adhering to Orthodox Christianity, 30% Protestant and remain 3% shared by Muslim and Traditional beliefs. 5.2. Assets Possession The household survey result reveals the current asset possession status of the PAHHs, as mainly explained by the size of arable land, annual cash income and livestock ownership. The next table shows that the average total land holding size possessed by a single family is 1.89. As per focus discussion held with local people in the three Woredas, it was reported that their yearly production dose not sustain them. To fulfil the food gap they sell their livestock. In terms of livestock ownership, as one way of gauging asset status amongst the PAPs, the survey result shows the following picture. Table 5.2: Livestock Ownership amongst PAPs Woreda Ox Cow Sheep/ goat Donkey Bee Hive Ambo 1.7 1.5 7.3 1 1.33 Wenchi 2.2 1.8 3 1.7 2.14 Woliso 1.8 1.2 2.25 1 2 Source: Household Survey, 2011 5.3. Vulnerable Groups As per the policy and legal framework of the Government and major donor agencies (like the World Bank), vulnerable groups, like the elderly, women household heads ( labour poor ones ) and those with physical and emotional impairment, are expected to have special support to address part of their problems during the relocation and resettlement process. The house to house survey result shows that about 23.5 percent of the household heads are falling within the category of vulnerable groups. Those aged ones (65 and plus) and women headed (labour poor) added to the vulnerable groups. Table 5.3: Vulnerability Status amongst PAPs Vulnerability Type Old Age Hearing Sight ( 65 +) Impairment Impairment Amputee FHHs 132 15 7 5 123 Source: Household Survey, 2011 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 38 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation According to socio-economic survey result 15 hearing, 7 Sight, 5 Amputee impairment, 132 old age and 123 Female household heads respectively. This group of people needs to be qualified as vulnerable ones and deserve additional assistance. The additional assistance could be extended in the form of helping them during the relocation of their properties, giving priorities to select their relocation sites as well as other physical or financial support that might ease their inconvenience. The special measure or support they deserve varies according to the local situation and the vulnerability situation in which they are living. 5.4. Compensation Preference In identifying compensation preference, field investigation result reveals that 67% Project-Affected People prefer cash for land compensation and the 6% prefer to have land for land and the remain 27% demand both in cash and land. 5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources The survey did not identify any historical and archaeological sites in the right of way of the proposed road. 5.6. Social acceptability of the project road The study team could identify the entire respondents, appreciate the road project. Community members along the project road give high priority and value to the road construction and are fully aware of the benefits that the upgrading of the gravel road to asphalt levels to the development of the towns and the Woredas in West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. During the field survey, project affected persons were often heard saying that they would not bear any pains for the realization of the road project. Some of the benefits of the project they cited are relief from the dust pollution, better access to transport facilities, reduction of transport tariffs, better movements of goods and agricultural products, etc. In addition to community members all administrative bodies of the Zone and Woredas were fully supportive of the project. They facilitated the study team engagements with the households within the ROW very effectively and have shown the maximum commitment for the realization of the project. 5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project The project road may entail impoverishment with displacement. This phenomenon not only captures economic hardships, but also social and cultural impoverishments. Displaced people will lose natural capital, manmade capital, human capital and social capital. Impoverishments that could be created as a result of displacement are: (1) landlessness, (2) joblessness (3) Homelessness (4) marginalization (5) increased morbidity (6) food insecurity (7) loss of access to common property (8) social disarticulation (9) migration (10) increased exposures to HIV / AIDS pandemic and, (11) Loss of access to schools. These social maladies that may happen as a result of the project will be tamed as a result of an encompassing strategy to solve these problems. The encompassing strategy should incorporate the following variables: - (a) A well studied and planed policy framework to restore livelihoods and other social networks. (b) Financial resources should not be falling short for the purpose. (c) The displacement/rehabilitation coast needs to be incorporated with the overall budget of the project. (d) All stakeholders who will participate in the resettlement action plan must have a strong policy mandate, organizational capacity and professional skill. (e) The displacement / rehabilitation Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 39 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation processes expected to be inclusive of local community members and, (F) Proper participation and consultation of PAPs. Hence the socio-economic impacts of the project are multi-faceted. The project with its +3m in rural sections both side and +1.5m of both side from construction limit in urban areas has a socio-economic impact in all the towns’ and rural villages it passes through. Its impacts vary from place to place depending on the proximity of the houses and farm areas to the road alignment. Most of project areas are very little space between the road and other properties like fences, shops, farmlands and houses. As it has been indicated above, the project has both positive and negative impacts. To begin with the anticipated positive impacts of the project, it is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport and time costs for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport services. Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio- economic and cultural activities. In the long term the project will also change the quality of life of the people residing all along the project influence area for better. The following are some of the major anticipated positive impacts of the project: • Increase and improve trade and market facilities • Timely provision of agricultural inputs • Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other modern technologies. • Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices. • Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises • Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements • Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities • Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places. • Employment opportunities during and after construction • Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities. • Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements Although the above outlined issues indicate the major positive impacts of the project, it likely has also the following negative impacts: • Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS • Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements • Noise disturbance specifically during construction • Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points • Pressure on local facilities and services Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 40 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • Land acquisitions for the project and related activities • Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures. • Pressure on vegetative cover of the area Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 41 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 5.4: Mitigation Measures Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies No. Impact types Actions to be taken 1 Loss of productive assets Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administrations that incorporate land, of the lost productive assets. Income substitution and transfer in association with sector bureaus at Woreda level like income, livelihood and costs during re-establishment plus income restoration bureaus of agriculture and rural development, rural roads networks measures in the case of lost livelihoods. authority, capacity building etc. 2 Loss of housing, Compensation for loss of housing and associated assets at ERA’s RoW branch, zone sector bureaus of the Ethiopian possibly entire replacement rates, relocation options including relocation sites Telecommunication and Electric Power Corporations, community structures, development if required plus measures to restoring living Woreda and Kebele Administration’s, and lowest level systems and services. standards. sector bureaus of water, health, roads, schools and agriculture. 3 Loss of entire assets. Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administration’s, including important provisions up to restitution of livelihoods sector bureaus like town administrations, agriculture and to pre-project level or better. rural development, 4 Loss of community Replacement of the lost community resources, habitat, church ERA’s ESMT, Woreda Administration’s, Woreda level resources, habitat and and goods, restoration if possible or payment of compensation Environment Protection Authority, cultural bureaus and Church. to the community based on consultations and agreements. other sector bureaus like capacity building. 5 Spread of sexually Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation program at the workplace ERA’s ESMT and the contractor in association with transmitted diseases based on the sectoral policy Woreda health bureaus and nongovernmental organizations. (STD) and HIV/AIDS 6 Growth of squatters and This could be tamed by controlling ribbon developments ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda Administrations, uncontrolled settlements (Meaning building of houses deep along a road) and unlawful the contractor and supervision consultant. squatters in collaboration with the lowest administrative bodies. 7 Noise disturbances Disturbances could be mitigated by using new machineries The contractor and supervision consultant. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 42 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies No. Impact types Actions to be taken specifically during and limiting operations to only working hours in densely constructions populated areas. 8 Hazardous waste Collecting and storing in septic tanks for further removal of The contractor and supervision consultant. materials dumping on hazardous waste materials or burning solid wastes. farmlands, settlement areas and water points 9 Pressure on local These could be mitigated by provision of independent basic The contractor. facilities and services facilities and services to the working force. 10 Land acquisition for the Remuneration payment for the lost productive asset or ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda and Kebele project cause replacement of it with equal productive capacity. administrations. 11 Demolition of residential Remuneration payments for the lost structures at replacement ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda administrations houses, commercial rates, providing new sites, important provisions till restitution and lowest level sector bureaus. ventures, service of livelihoods. providing installations and institutions 12 Pressure on flora and Replacement of the lost flora if possible or other types and ERA’s ESMT, the contractor, Woreda level Environment fauna of project precautionary measures not to disturb wild animals and Protection Authority, agriculture and rural development influence area. including construction of animal crossings during bureaus and supervision consultant. construction. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 43 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas The impact of the project in urban areas will be high on small business installations, fences and residences. Depending on the proximity of the houses to the road, the impact varies from loss of strips of land and fences to full displacements of houses and businesses. Apart from these, social services such as electric, telephone lines and water pipes will also be affected. In rural areas, the project affects houses, strips of farmlands and permanent trees along the ROW (See subsequent subsections for further details). In all a total number of 307 residential houses, 477 fences and 171 commercial shops (kiosks and other properties will be affected due to the road upgrading works. Details of affected houses are given under Annex B. Table 5.5.: Number of affected Residential houses by category Fully Affected Partially Affected Total 65 240 305 Source: Consultant survey result, 2011 As the table above indicates out of the total residential houses impacted by the project 65 of them will be fully affected by the project and 240 of them partially. All fully affected residential houses are found in towns as they are closely constructed to the road rights way for various reasons of earlier design and proximity. 5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands The road alignment, detour, quarry and campsites will have a significant impact on farmlands in the rural areas. Except in few sections where the existing road is narrower and farmlands are near to the ROW, the road alignment is not expected to cause significant impact on farmlands. Nonetheless, the detour, quarry and campsites will be impacted farmlands. Due to the road-upgrading project 19.8 hectares of seasonal farmlands permanently and 1.2 ha of grazing land will be impacted. Moreover, Gerar, Banana, Mango, Bessana, Weyera, Tid, Wanza, coffee, Avocado and Enset, Hope (gesso zaf) eucalyptus trees will be impacted permanently. Additionally 48.8 hectares of farmlands will be needed temporarily for ancillary works like detour quarry and borrow pits, campsites and spoil areas. 5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees It has been indicated above that the road widening does have an impact on fruit bearing and non fruit bearing trees. Accordingly a total of 159,8912 of them will be dismantled due to the project. The amounts of remuneration payments for the impacts are given at annex D. 5.8.3 Disruption to services The project involves relocation of electric and telephone lines and water pipes, especially in the major towns. Thus there will be a temporary disruption of electric, water supply and telephone services in major towns. It will be safe and a common practice that E.R.A should discuss this issue with 2 Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about 1.3% (approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as live fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 44 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation concerned governmental offices regarding compensations and restorations of these social services. In the process of the civil work, 226 of telephone poles, 218 of electric poles will be impacted. 5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works Ancillary works associated with the road construction like quarries, construction camps and detour roads will dispossess certain crop and grazing lands and trees. Normally such demands are temporary in nature and the land can be reinstated to its original condition. However, past experience in Ethiopia shows that hardly any attempts were made to reinstate the land. Moreover, campsites as they remained for other services after the commencement of the road project should not be constructed on rich agricultural lands and ecologically sensitive areas. Contrary to past experience this RAP assumes that the land required for temporary activities related to the road construction will be reinstated to their pre-project situation. Hence, compensation for temporary land expropriation is calculated for the period of impact only. The following table shows temporary land requirement for the ancillary works. Table 5.6: Temporary farmland land requirements No. Item Width Length Area 1a Camp 1 Area 150 200 30,000 1b Camp1 Access 250 1,500 2a Camp 2 150 200 30,000 2b Camp2 Access 200 1,200 Total 62,700 Select Material No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha) 1 2+500 25,000 2,500 0.25 2 2+850 20,000 1,000 0.10 3 2+600 100,000 5,000 0.50 4 2+850 4,500 643 0.06 5 26+600 60,000 4,000 0.40 6 39+000 60,000 6,000 0.60 7 51+800 50,000 5,000 0.50 8 2+000 12,000 2,400 0.24 9 3+200 20,000 4,000 0.40 Cumulative Area in hectare 3.5 ha Quarry Site No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha) 1 2+000 60,000 2,800 0.28 2 26+600 35,000 4,167 0.42 3 58+400 25,000 5,000 0.5 4 15+700 100,000 3,000 0.3 5 26+600 30,000 2,800 0.28 6 2+000 60,000 4,167 0.42 Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 45 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Quarry Site No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha) 7 26+600 35,000 5,000 0.5 Cumulative Area in hectare 2.6934 ha Source:-Consultant Engineers Material report, 2011. 5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS The 2010 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) of the government of Ethiopia take gender as a cross cutting issue. The plan underscores the issue as the “inclusion of gender in any effort to alleviate poverty is non-negotiable�. As to the Central Agricultural Census Commission (2003) agricultural census result, women constituted 49.5% of the agricultural households. In spite of certain measures to alleviate gender related problems by the government and nongovernmental institutions , still women in general and female headed households in particular are identified as disadvantaged and vulnerable. The survey done by the above mentioned program office in 1999/00 indicated that in terms of determinants of poverty in rural areas, female headed households face 8.9% higher probability of being poor as compared to male headed ones. Moreover a number of empirical studies show that there is a trend in increasing in female headship for various reasons. Gender related dynamics remained an obstacle for empowerment, equal communications and negotiate to make family planning and safer sex. To halt the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the most appropriate starting point is launching mainstreaming of Gender into the national and regional HIV/AIDS strategic plans and programs. The national policy of the Federal government (1998) on HIV/AIDS addresses Gender issues as objectives. The policy has acknowledged Gender inequality as one of the root cause of the spread of HIV/AIDS. Therefore mainstreaming Gender issue in a fight to the pandemic is an important variable. A recent study at country level shows that an average adult HIV/AIDs prevalence rate estimated 4.6%. This ratio comprises 5.2% prevalence among women and 4% among male counterparts. From this total ratio the urban and rural prevalence rate estimated 12% and 2.8% respectively. However, there is a great worry among professionals that the rural infection would increase as the urban rate would keep on or decreasing at country level. Currently the dominant approach of the government, donors and NGOs to the HIV/AIDS alleviation program focused on information, education, communication and medical assistance. However, these alleviation programs faced multiple challenges like, (1) Lack of adequate and reliable evidence and data on existing prevalence rates, (2) Severe shortages of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases testing equipments as well as counseling services before and after testing, (3) Inadequate care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families, (4) Lack of or shortage of programs that targets vulnerable population that incorporates displaced people, commercial sex workers and the unemployed, street children, (5) little efforts to prevent mother to child transmission of the disease and, (6) Knowledge and behavior mismatch among local people. Therefore, these variables shall attract attentions for successful implementation of HIV/AIDS alleviation programs. Development projects like road constructions may entail displacements and population mobility’s for various reasons. Such mobility’s and dislocations does enhance vulnerability to be contracted by HIV/ AIDS pandemic. Various studies on internally displaced people in the country shows there are risk practices directly related to displacement and mobility. To combat this risk practices at work places ERA adopted a sectoral policy in June 2004. This sectoral policy is designed to operate within the legal Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 46 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation framework created by the labour proclamation No.377/2003.ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch through its HIV/AIDS program coordinator shall monitor the awareness creation programs and other related activities at work places. HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases preventive clauses shall be incorporated in the bill of quantities. Hence Gender and HIV/AIDS issue is one component of this RAP manual. The 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has certain provisions related to the rights of women of the country. According to Article 35.6 of the constitution, “Women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, designing and execution of projects, and particularly in case projects affecting the interests of women.� In the case of the Ambo-Woliso road project women have been consulted about the benefit of the project and its possible impacts on the community they resides in general and upon them in particular. All of them are delighted about the proposed project as their male counter parts. As to the Oromia national regional state land use and land administration proclamation No.56/2002 Article 5(1) women have an equal right to possess and use right over land. Article 35.7 of the constitution states,� Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights with men in respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property�. Therefore the constitution gender provisions have a significant importance in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the RAP. The project is expected to reduce the burden of women in agricultural and pastoral activities, transporting utilities, will reduce travel time to market places, schools and health centers. During the implementation of this RAP special attentions and support shall be given to vulnerable families, mainly female and elderly headed households. The socio-economic survey result identified a total of 282 vulnerable PAPs who requested assisted resettlement. Out of these, 123 of them are female headed households and 132 of them are old age, 15 hearing, and 7 sight and 5 Amputee households. Assistances and supports that shall be given to this group of people include rebuilding their houses, transferring and transporting their household items and materials to new sites. Kebele administration offices in both urban and rural areas and RAP implementation committees have an obligation to give special attention to this group of PAP’s. All Project Affected People shall get an access to credit facilities, on time delivery of agricultural inputs and agricultural extension program’s. Moreover, timely provisions of basic social services and vocational trainings to Project Affected People have a paramount importance to resituate their lively hoods. Assistances to vulnerable group members shall include 10% of their total remuneration as additional provisions which is 1,184,400.00 ETB. The lists vulnerable group are annexed K. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 47 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Past experiences of the compensation process indicate that setting some criteria is very important to identify eligible individuals for compensation. In this regard setting a particular date as a cut - off -date is essential. Individuals whose properties inventoried prior to this date are eligible for any compensation. For the Ambo-Woliso the field level socio-economic survey and property inventory was completed between 30/06/11 to 29/07/11. Accordingly a cut-off date has been set for 28/07/11. Fixing such cut-off date is quite essential so as to avoid unnecessary and sometimes fraudulent claims for compensation. Easing the compensation process through such fixed criteria also helps during the construction stage that usually delayed by issues related to compensation and relocation. Once the Woreda and town level compensation committees approve holdings and use rights of an individual who would lose houses, crop lands, permanent trees, fruit trees, business installations and other properties, individuals will be eligible for compensation. Eligibility for compensation are discussed in the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures for resettlement / rehabilitation, proclamation No 455/2005 of the federal government of Ethiopia, article 44(2) of the constitution, and ERAs' resettlement /rehabilitation framework. These are adopted as part of this RAP. According to the World Bank OP 4.12, (2001), procedures, the following project affected citizens would be eligible for compensations. • Those who have formal legal right to land (including customary and traditional rights recognized by law of the country). • Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time of the census begins but have a claim to such lands assets: provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process in the resettlement plan. • Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying. Proclamation No 455/2005 of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, Article 2(1) stipulates the issue like this:- • A landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of compensation for his property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he made to such lands. However, prospectors or individuals who may come to the project area after the cut of date for an anticipation of compensations or other reasons are not entitled for compensation. Hence, based on the above-mentioned legal platforms and international policy frameworks, all project-affected individuals (except encroachers after the cutoff date) have a legal and a policy backup to be eligible for compensation. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 48 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS On the basis of proclamation number 455/2005 compensation for expropriation of landholdings for public purposes or impacts of projects has to be calculated at replacement cost, taking into account market values for land, structures, and/or materials. In determining the replacement cost, depreciation of assets and salvage materials are not taken into account, nor is the value of benefits to be derived from the project deducted from the valuation of affected assets. ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework, which was issued before the proclamation, also take the gross current replacement cost as the basis for calculation for compensation. Gross Current Replacement Cost is defined as “the estimated cost of erecting a building as new having the same gross external area that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of land�. Hence, the valuations of affected assets along the ROW of the Ambo-Woliso project consider a replacement cost approach for determination of compensation payments. For the methods of valuing affected land structures, fruit and eucalyptus trees and business both productivity valuation methods, current market valuation, material and labour valuation and average monthly income are taken into consideration. Regulation No. 135/2007, (on the payment of compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes), part two gives provisions on assessment of compensation and part four miscellaneous provisions. Article 22 of this regulation is in conflict with the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures in eligibility for compensation payments in demanding or considering only those groups of PAPs who have legal titles for eligibility. It states “Any person who claims for payment of compensation in accordance with the proclamation and this regulation shall produce proof of legitimate possession of the expropriated landholding and ownership of the property entitling compensation.� This article recognizes only those who have formal legal rights eligible for compensation. However, for reasons of the Bank OP 4.12 procedures demanded, in case of conflicts between the national and international laws and regulations the later has precedence over the former for the Bank assisted projects. 7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation • All immediate stakeholders shall be formally informed about the specific project • Zone, Woreda and Kebele level government institutions shall be consulted and involved in the project cycle. • Project Affected Persons and community members shall be informed, consulted and encouraged to participate in the project cycle. • Project Affected People shall be identified and their properties inventoried • All project affected persons except encroachers’ are equally eligible for compensations and rehabilitation assistances irrespective of their sex, religion and ethnicity. • Project affected persons shall be compensated for their lost assets and livelihoods in a way to ensure at least they are to be well off, if not better off than they would have been before project. • The compensation package shall reflect replacement cost approaches. • Compensation and resettlement packages shall be satisfactory and completed before the commencement of the civil works. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 49 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business According to proclamation No.455/2005, ERA’s policy framework on involuntary resettlement and established practices, the following considerations and assumptions applied in this RAP in assessing the amount of compensation for loss of houses and businesses: • Entitlements and compensations provided to PAPs are adequate to at least to maintain or improve their pre-project standard of living; • Compensation for replacement of houses and buildings is calculated at the current construction cost, (based on the floor area and type of construction material), without allowing for depreciation of the assets to be replaced; • The compensation rate was determined in consideration of the information collected from town municipalities and rural village level administrative organs. • Urban dwellers who could be completely displaced from their locations are entitled to a displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the house to be demolished; • Business owners shall get remuneration payments for disruption periods in addition to compensation payments for the lost structure and other fixed assets. • 25% or more partially affected houses/structures are considered as fully affected and are entitled to compensation for the entire house/structure. • The entire project affected persons, irrespective of whether they have formal legal title to land or not, are considered eligible for compensation. The compensation principles for urban affected households are provided under the table below. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 50 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 7.1: Entitlement Matrix for Urban Population Fully Affected Entitlements Category Type of loss Compensation for Compensation for loss of Compensation for of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances land & structures assets loss of income Business Land A new land Replacement cost lost assets Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic owner comparable or better during relocation/ for disruption fixed assets, removal social services like advantage demolishing & other periods. Multiplying of salvage materials electric city, potable Structures Costs to rebuild a improvements done the average monthly & debris water and access similar or better income of the owners roads. structure for the by the disruption and business. transition periods. Business Rental Provision/construction Replacement cost of the lost Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic tenant accommodation of comparable or better assets during demolishing & for disruption fixed assets. Removal social services like business structure by relocation periods. Multiplying of salvage materials electric city, potable the Kebele/urban the average monthly and debris water and access administration at the income of the tenants incorporated with the roads. same rental cost & by disruption and costs of the location advantages transition periods. municipalities or Kebeles. Residence Land A new land owner comparable or better advantage Structure Costs to rebuild a new Replacement cost for the Shifting costs for non Provisions of basic residence in similar or lost assets, & improvements fixed assets. Removal social services like better structures within made on land and extension of salvage materials electric city, potable the new plot. of social services to the and debris. water and access Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 51 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Entitlements Category Type of loss Compensation for Compensation for loss of Compensation for of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances land & structures assets loss of income compound roads. Residence Rental Provision/construction Replacement cost for the Shifting costs for non Provisions of basic tenant accommodation of comparable or better lost asset during fixed assets. Removal social services like houses for the tenants demolishing and transfer. of salvage materials electric city, potable within the new plot that and debris included water and access has location advantages with costs of the roads. and social services. municipalities or Kebeles. Vulnerable Structures, Provisions as per the Replacement cost for the Additional payments Shifting costs for non Special attentions groups business & type of loss and title. lost assets & title for the lost income as fixed assets salvage from local officials, rental stated above if they materials and debris logistical support, accommodation engaged in business based on their helping to restore activities holding rights. impacted properties and livelihoods. 10% additional payments. Squatters’ Structures/ Costs to rebuild their Replacement cost for the Payment for the Shifting costs for non Business lost structures that has lost asset during disturbed & transition fixed assets and been served for demolishing and transfer. period if they salvage materials. residences or business engaged in business. Street Structures/ Costs to rebuild their Replacement cost for the Payments for the Shifting costs for non Vendors Business lost structure that has lost asset during disturbed & transition fixed assets and been served for demolishing and transfer. period if they salvage materials. business. engaged in business. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 52 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Partially Affected Entitlements Category Type of loss Compensation for land and Compensation for Compensation for of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances structures loss of assets loss of income Business Land Non owner Structures Costs to rebuild/restructure Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting cost for non business premises within the of the lost assets & for disruption periods. fixed assets & removal remaining plot in a similar or extension of social Multiplying the of salvage materials better condition. Structures services. average monthly affected bellow 25% is partial income of the owners impact. by the disruption and transition periods. Business Rental Provision / construction of Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic tenant accommodation comparable business structure of the lost assets for disruption periods. fixed assets. Removal social services like by the urban / Kebele Multiplying the of salvage materials and electric city, potable administration at the same average monthly debris will be water and access rental cost & location income of the tenants incorporated with the road if they advantages by disruption and costs of the transferred to another transition periods. municipalities or location. Kebeles. Residence Land owner Structure Costs to rebuild/restructure the Replacement cost Shifting costs for non residence in similar or better for the lost assets fixed assets. Removal conditions within the remaining & extension of of salvage materials and plot. Structures affected bellow social services. debris. 25% is partial impact. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 53 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Entitlements Category Type of loss Compensation for land and Compensation for Compensation for of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances structures loss of assets loss of income Residence Rental Provision/construction of Replacement cost Shifting costs for non Provision of social tenant accommodation comparable or better houses for for the lost asset in fixed assets. Removal services like electric the tenants at the same rental times of shifting. of salvage materials and city, potable water, cost within the remaining plot debris shall be and access road if or other places that has location incorporated with the they transferred to advantages. costs of the another location. municipalities or Kebeles. Vulnerable Structures, Provisions as per the type of Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting costs for non Special attentions groups business & rental loss and title. for the lost asset for the lost income as fixed assets salvage from local officials, accommodation. and title. stated above if they materials and debris logistical support, engaged in business based on their title. helping to restore activities impacted properties and livelihoods. 10% additional payments. Squatters’ Structures/ Costs to rebuild their impacted Replacement cost Payments for the Shifting costs for non Business structures that has been served for the lost assets disturbed & transfer fixed assets and salvage for residences/business during demolishing periods if they materials. & transfer. engaged in business. Street Structures/ Costs to rebuild their lost Replacement cost Payments for the Shifting costs for non Vendors Business structure that served for for the lost asset disturbed & transition fixed assets and salvage business. during demolishing period if they engaged materials. and transfer. in business. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 54 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures 307 residential houses and 477 fences are affected in urban and rural areas. The rest constituted churches, institutions and offices. Regarding Kebele (local administration) owned rented houses and other institutional structures like Woreda administration office, Church, school, and compensation shall be paid to respective institutions, so that they could reconstruct impacted institutional structures and residential houses and re- rent to households that were living in the demolished houses at the same rent as to previous holdings. No houses will be demolished prior to finalization of new constructions. Table 7.2.: Compensation rates for affected houses and fences Affected House/ Fence Unit Birr/ Unit Hollow block building with CIS roof m² of built area 5390 Concrete building with CIS roof m² of built area 3200 Wood and Mud building with CIS roof m² of built area 2250 Cottages (residential) with thatched roof No. 650 CIS with CIS m² of built area 4270 Hard metal with CIS m² of built area 4270 Wooden fence m² of surface 110 Mesh wire fence with iron poles m² of surface 400 Brick fence m² of surface 1200 Hollow block fence m² of surface 900 C.I.S fence m2 900 Source: Respective Woreda Municipality Offices, 2011 7.2.2 Compensation for business Businesses are mostly located along roadsides in pursuit of location advantages for commercial activities. In small towns they are often constructed as extensions to the already existing residences at very small distance from the road. Such is the case with most of the businesses to be affected by the Ambo-Woliso road project. Dislocations of businesses have far more significant negative impact on the incomes and livelihoods of the owners than having to relocate residences. The impact will even get higher when the businesses are relocated away from the main road or the centers of the towns. Therefore, the business owners will be paid compensation for loss of earnings besides the compensation for the structures / houses and displacement compensation. Average monthly income of business will be calculated to establish the compensation rates. The trader category upholds those who involved in retail trading activities of various items including food stuffs, shop keepers, local drink brewers, tea and coffee shop owners, restaurants, rural drug vendors, bear house owners and small scale commercial endeavors. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 55 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation During the socio -economic survey, the study team noted that some of the presumed PAPs were overstating while others were understating their incomes from their businesses. From informal discussions it was learned that those who overstated their incomes were in anticipation of more compensation. They have got information from other areas correlating the level of income with the amount of compensation for the businesses. On the other hand, some of the PAPs were highly understating their incomes probably afraid of taxes. Still some other portion of the PAPs declined from giving a conclusive answer for their monthly income levels. Hence, the income data collected from the PAPs were highly flawed and unreliable to base any compensation calculation for loss of business earnings. For the purpose of this RAP, the team has estimated 1500 birr as an average monthly income for businesses after gathering information from all traders PAPs. The total compensation for loss of business earnings is then calculated to be the estimated average monthly income multiplied by six months for all businesses affected. (6 x 171x 1500 = 1,539,000 ETB) 7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands Since the project entails upgrading of the existing road, its impact on the existing land use is expected to be minimal. Furthermore, in sections just outside the road right of way, there are eucalyptus trees mostly concentrated on the edge of the existing road will be affected. In places where there is a need for road widening and detour roads, its impact on this roadside cultivation would be significant. Where road detours are built, it will be possible to restore the abandoned road section as agricultural land by removing the pavement and restoring topsoil instead. If agricultural land is expropriated for the project cause, it shall be charged against land reclaimed through such restoration or against equivalent land nearby and the compensation principles for the temporary dispossession of agricultural land shall be applied. In instances where it is not possible to compensate land-to-land, then monetary compensation will be made in consideration of the permanent dispossession of the land. According to Proclamation 455/ 2005, temporary loss of farmland will entitle the user a compensation amount equivalent to the five preceding years average annual income multiplied by the number of years of dispossession of the land. The compensation for permanent loss of land will be ten times the average annual income stated above. As to the Ethiopian constitution land belongs to the state, but citizens have a use right. The compensation principles for temporary and permanent loss of land and crops are given under the table below. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 56 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 7.3.: Entitlement Matrix for Rural Population* Temporarily / Permanently Affected Entitlements Category of Type of loss Compensation for land Compensation for Compensation for loss of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances & structures loss of assets income Own farmer Land Full replacement of land Crops on land, for Average annual income of Mobility allowance Modern farming permanently with the same or better improvements made the farmer secured during that incorporates techniques’ teaching productive potential & on land and land the five years preceding transportation cost by extension workers the title for the preparation for the the land expropriation for for non fixed assets. and provisions of permanently affected new harvest. ten years. No if a selected seeds and land. substitute land is given. imputes. Land Restore land to its Crops on land, for Average annual income of Mobility allowance Reinstatement of the Temporarily original condition. improvements made the farmer secured during that incorporates land and modern on land and land the five years preceding transportation cost farming techniques. preparation for the the land expropriation for non fixed assets new harvest. multiplied by the number if available. of years of the impact. Partially Costs to rebuild Replacement cost Non for residential houses. Shifting costs for impacted houses /restructure the residence for the lost assets For Business additional non fixed assets. & other in similar or better during demolishing payments for disruption Removal of salvage structures conditions in the & relocation. periods. Multiplying the materials and remaining plot. average monthly income debris. Structures affected of the owners by the bellow 25% will be disruption and transition considered as a partial periods impact. Fully impacted A new land with Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 57 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Entitlements Category of Type of loss Compensation for land Compensation for Compensation for loss of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances & structures loss of assets income houses & other comparable location structures advantage and title Compensation to rebuild Replacement cost Loss of income if there is Shifting costs for Provision of basic a similar or better for the lost assets & a business installation. non fixed assets. social services like structure / houses in the extension of social Non for residential houses. Removal of salvage electric city, potable new plot and the title. services if available materials and debris water &access roads. Crops /fruit & A new land with For annual crops it Valuation of fruit and non Non Selected seeds & high non fruit bearing comparable productive shall be based on fruit bearing trees shall be yield fruit trees. trees advantage. the current market based on the current and price of the net present value of the estimated future benefits that could production that have been generated until could have been similar new trees comes to harvested from the maturity. damaged crop. Lease holder Rental Full replacement of land Crops on land, for Refund the amount of Shifting costs for farmer accommodation equal or better improvements made money paid for the non fixed assets, productive potential or on land and land remaining lease years. removal of salvage Refund the amount of preparation for the This amount takes into materials money that covers new harvest consideration interest rates remaining years. and inflation. Vulnerable Structures, Compensation amounts Replacement cost Additional payments for Shifting costs for Special attentions groups business & calculated as per above for the lost asset the lost income as stated non fixed assets, from local officials, rental mentioned variables and above will be done if they salvage materials logistical support, Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 58 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Entitlements Category of Type of loss Compensation for land Compensation for Compensation for loss of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances & structures loss of assets income accommodation the title. engaged in business and debris based on helping to restore activities their holding titles. impacted properties and livelihoods. 10% additional payments. Encroacher’s Land Costs to rebuild their lost Replacement cost None Shifting costs for asset and improvements for lost asset/crops. non fixed assets & made on land. salvage materials. *Note: The compensation for affected rural residences is similar to the one stated to the urban population. As to the 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, there will not be a tenant farmer. This is strictly stipulated in article 40(3) of the constitution. In that “land shall not be subject to sale or other means of transfer� Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 59 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands Compensation for permanent loss of farmlands depends on the average income from the same land for the five years preceding expropriation. Steps followed to calculate the average income is presented below. Step 1: Primarily, the average yield, (for five commonly grown crops), per hectare is calculated for each of the preceding five years. For simplicity, yield per hectare for each Woreda has been worked out by dividing the total quintal of seasonal crops produced in each year by the total area covered with the same crops in each year. Based on these Woreda level yields, (data), the average yield per hectare for the entire projected affected area has been computed as the sample average of Woreda wise yields. Step 2: Determination of the total area of land to be dispossessed permanently. Based on our surveying data permanent land expropriated from centre is 23m ROW. • The 60km’s of a rural road with a width of seven meters, it is estimated that 7m of RoW will be additionally needed (11% land under cultivation). 62km’s x 23m x 11% =19.8hectares. • Therefore the total agricultural land to be dispossessed permanently will be 19.8 hectares. Step 3: Once the average yield per hectare of the major Woreda is given, agricultural land to be dispossessed permanently determined. Then the total production on the dispossessed land will be calculated as a product of the two. Moreover, according the information that has been gathered from Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas agricultural offices, major environmental disruptions or changes in productivity may not specifically in all Woredas for the proceeding agricultural seasons. Table 7.4.: Gross annual income of a given from Woreda Yield Qt/Crop Proportion of Yield (Qt/ha) Market Price Crop area Gross Sales crop area Traditional Birr/Qt Type Traditional (Birr) covered per Ha method (average) method 1 2 3 4=2x3 5 6=4x5 Teff 0.2 15.6 3.12 719.4 2245 Wheat 0.25 28.52 7.13 424 3023 Barley 0.22 25.56 5.6232 363.4 2043 Maze 0.21 11.86 2.4906 312 777 Chick Pea 0.12 9.9 1.188 500 594 Total 1 19.552 8682.18608 Source: Market price per quintal is obtained from Woreda Agriculture offices, 2011 Step 4: Once the weighted average price for the selected six commonly grown crops in the project influence area in one hectare of land is obtained, the total value of production on the permanently and temporarily dispossessed land could be obtained. Accordingly the five years average income from the permanently expropriated land would be: 19.8 hectares x 2318.8= 45, 912.24 Birr. Again this shall be multiplied by ten times. The total compensation payment for the permanently dispossessed land would be: 45912.24 x 10 = 459,122.4 Birr. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 60 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands Compensation calculation for temporary losses of farmlands/grazing lands follows the same logical procedures as of the above. However, the amount of compensation should be multiplied by the number of years the land will stay expropriated. For the temporary loss of farmlands, holders shall get an amount equal to the five years average income multiplied by the dispossessed land and years of expropriation. Expropriation years in the case of temporary losses upholds three crop years during construction and two years of soil recovery after the land is reinstated and returned to the holder. For temporary loss of grazing lands an average yield of hay (205 bundles / hectare) multiplied by current market price and number of expropriation years shall be taken into consideration. Based on this calculation compensation payment for temporarily loss of farmlands / grazing lands for the Ambo- Woliso project is calculated as follows: • 37.36ha of land for detour roads • 6.27ha of land is needed for camp sites • 2.1ha of land is needed temporarily for quarry site • 3.05ha of land is needed for selected material The total temporary loss of farmland land is computed as 48.8ha. Hence, 48.8ha x 2318.8x 5years= 565,787.2 Birr. 7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees All along the project road traversed the study team identified fruit and none fruit bearing trees having commercial advantages to be impacted by the project. Accordingly there are Acacia seyal Del (Girar), Banana, Mango, Avocado, Orange, Wanza, Tid, Besana, Mukerba trees, Hope (Gesho), Enset and eucalyptus trees, Besana, Kondo berbere. Compensation payments for these fruit and non fruit bearing trees worked out based on their vegetative natures, productivity and usages. For the detail see the annex D part. a) Eucalyptus Tree Eucalyptus trees mature in five years time. Therefore, the compensation for this tree will be the net present value of harvests from the tree within the five year period. Once eucalyptus tree is cut it is only after five years that it will again give another harvest from the same original root. So, according to the compensation principles, this means that the value of compensation for the tree is just the market value of the single harvest. A total of 110,647.00 eucalyptus trees of different sizes will be affected by the road construction. Therefore, the total compensation to be paid for eucalyptus trees is 4,411,670.80 Birr. b) Fruit trees (Enset, Banana and Avocado) Depending on the number of years each specific trees takes from planting to maturity, the average annual value of outputs from each tree, the net present values of the trees is calculated based on present day market value of each fruit trees. Based on the net present values of each plant mentioned above, the total values of compensations are provided under the table annex D. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 61 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services Development of social services and amenities in the entire project area are found, electric, postal and telephone services. As per the socio-economic survey result, a total of 218 of electric and 226 telephone poles will be impacted. Hence, 305 poles X80 birr = 35,520birr. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 62 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS The organizational procedure presented below indicates the responsibilities of the various stakeholders to be involved in the delivery of entitlement rights and compensation payments due to the project road. Zone, Woreda, municipality, and Kebele administrative officials are expected to discharge their respective responsibilities and work together with other stakeholders and professionals in the verification, organization and facilitation of compensation activities. Major activities for these primary stakeholders include the followings: • Final verifications and registrations of Project Affected People (PAP) make clear their entitlement rights. In this regard the Kebele and Woreda authorities have a role in ratifying and enforcing entitlements to PAPs who were found to be eligible. The cut–off date for eligibility shall be respected (the cut- off - date is the final date when the field inventory was completed). The cut of date for the Ambo-Woliso project is 30/06/11 - 31/07/11. Although Regulation No. 135/2007 does not have an article specifically dealt with the cut- off-date, Article 19 gives restrictions on properties that compensation payments are not payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or improvement for a building, any crops sown, perennial crops planted or any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the possessor of the land is served with the expropriation order.� • Work together for the facilitation of the legal and customary rights of PAPs. • Assessment of the resettlement action plan and monitoring of it to ensure compliance with national and international agreements. • Consultations with PAPs to reach a common understanding and consensus regarding their entitlement rights and to solve misunderstandings. Commercial Nominees or other financial institutions contracted by ERA shall pay compensations either in cash or bank payment orders after agreements with individual PAP. Handover of the cash or check shall take place in the presence of the compensation committee members and affected individuals (both husband and wife are preferably to be present on the occasion or legal representative of a given household). Such measures are intended for fast transfer of money and transparency purposes. 8.1 Compensation Committee The RAP shall be implemented by the Contract and Planning Division of ERA through the Right of Way Branch and ESMT in consultations with local government authorities (Woreda, municipality and Kebele administrations) and road project contractors. Moreover, day to day supervision and monitoring shall be held by the road project resident engineers. Periodic supervision and monitoring has to be arranged by the ERA. As it has been indicated above, ERA is responsible for the implementation of the compensation process and relocation of PAPs, after new sites are selected and prepared for resettlement. Zone, Woreda, Municipalities, urban and rural kebele administration officials of the project area shall be consulted. For the whole process, in addition to the aforementioned government and public institutions, the participation of representatives of PAPs, community elders and NGOs is highly Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 63 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation demanded. During the field assessment by the consultant team, the following governmental institutions and community representatives were consulted. • Zone administration offices • Municipalities of the towns affected • Woreda level administration offices • Zone water resource offices • Zone telecommunication offices • Zone EEPCO offices • Zone rural road authority offices • Woreda level water resource offices • Woreda level agricultural desks • Woreda level road authority offices • Woreda level health bureaus • Woreda level education bureaus • Rural and urban Kebele administration offices • Community elders /Representatives of PAPs As the above actors do have a direct and indirect stakes over the RAP, their participation should be sought whenever required. During the field survey it was learned that there is high enthusiasm on the part of the communities living along the project area. The people had made strong pledge for cooperation and participation in the entire project implementation period. Tables 8.1 and 8.2 present respective roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders during the implementation of the compensation process for both urban area and rural areas. Table 8.1: Roles of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Town) No. Institutions Responsibilities 1 Ministry of Federal • Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation Affairs • Giving technical and capacity building assistance 2 Ethiopian Roads • Management, implementation of the resettlement action plan, Authority, (ERA) compensation payments, monitoring and evaluation. • Management for the restoration of basic amenities like water, electronic and telephone lines. 3 Oromia Regional Coordination of the various stakeholders’ offices under its direct State/ Office supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the project 4 Zonal Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 64 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation No. Institutions Responsibilities Administration land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring compensations, Offices selections and confirmations of relocation sites. 5 Zone industry and Preparations of site plans for the relocated PAPs and estimation of urban development compensation for affected houses and other individual productive desks or installations. departments 6 Municipalities Selections and identification of land for the relocated, provisions of support for the restoration of livelihoods, giving special attentions and support for the disabled, sick, elderly and female headed households. 7 Zone Agricultural Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, cash crops and other Offices or desks individually owned vegetations. Provision of technical assistance to PAPs in the restoration of their livelihoods. 8 Urban Water Responsible in the restoration of affected water supplies and construction Supply of new lines in areas where PAP relocated/housed. 9 Kebele Organizing PAPs for the implementation of RAP, awareness creation and Associations & working together with other stakeholders for the fairness of selection of Community relocation sites and other related process. Leaders Consultations for the fairness of valuation of properties, resettlement costs and provisions of special attentions for FHH, elders, disabled and sick PAPs. 10 Representatives of Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings. PAP They are expected to work together with ERA’s right of way branch and other stakeholders. 11 Telecommunication Restoration of telephone lines and construction of new ones for PAP’s. 12 EEPC Restoration of electric lines and provisions of its services for relocated PAPs. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 65 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 8.2: Role of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Rural) No. Institutions Responsibilities 1 Ministry of Federal • Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation affairs • Giving technical and capacity building assistance • Preparation of national valuation formula for determination of compensation 2 Ethiopian Roads Management of implementation of the resettlement action plan, Authority (ERA) compensation, monitoring and evaluation. 3 Oromia Regional Coordination of the various stakeholder offices under its direct State/ Office supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation. 4 Zonal Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for Administration land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring Offices compensations, selections and confirmations of relocation sites. 5 Woreda Identifications and selections of land for relocation of PAPs, provisions Administration of the necessary support for the restoration of livelihoods. They are Offices responsible in facilitation of RAP and giving special attentions for the needy. 6 Woreda Agricultural • Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, perennial crops Offices/decks and other individually owned vegetations. • Provisions of technical assistance to PAPs in the restoration of their lively hoods. 7 Representatives of Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings. PAP They are expected to have strong role and work together with ERA’s right-of-way branch and other stakeholders. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 66 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Fig 8.1: Synchronized Implementation Schedule Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 67 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 8.2 Awareness Creation Phase Briefings to the appropriate bodies (at Regional, Zone and Woreda and Kebele levels) on the Ambo- Woliso project and its impacts shall be done by the client. Committee members to be formed in charge of the compensation process needs to be well aware of their duties and responsibilities. Committee members in turn with representatives of the PAPs and community elders elaborate the scope and nature of the project to community members and all PAPs.The orientation and briefing designed to establish a transparent and full participation of the PAPs and others, thereby smoothing the compensation, relocation and restoration of livelihood. Composition of the compensation committee in rural areas shall uphold representative from the Woreda administration, ROW agent, representative from Woreda agriculture and rural development and representatives of PAPs. In urban sections of the road committee members shall be representatives from the municipality or town administrations, ROW agent, representatives from Woreda urban development office and representatives from PAPs. 8.3 Committee Formation Phase The Ethiopian Roads Authority in close collaborations with the Oromia National Regional state and its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to inform about the project cause and formation of the ad-hoc compensation committees at Woreda level. The Client (ERA) has to draw a time frame for this task. The Oromia National Regional State and its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to establish these ad-hock compensation committees at Woredas, towns and villages to facilitate identification of eligible PAPs, property inventories, valuation of affected properties, selection of resettlement sites and compensation payments in consultations with ERA’s ROW branch. 8.4 Compensation Phase This phase is a stage where all form of compensations shall be executed in accordance with eligibility criteria and principles outlined earlier. ERA is responsible for remuneration payments to all impacted properties and use rights. Proper notifications have to be made by the compensation committee to project affected people to collect their remunerations. Based on these notifications, owners of properties or their representatives shall be checked in relation to the study document for eligibility and receive their compensation amount in the presence of the compensation committee. For fast transfer of money and transparency purposes ERA shall contract financial institutions like Commercial Nominees, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia or regional credit and saving institutions. 8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation All compensation and relocation activities shall be completed ahead of the civil works. No relocation has to done prior to the compensation. Past experiences indicates that four to six (4-6) months would be enough for relocation of the affected people if proper support, guidance and supervisions are in place. 8.5.1 Reporting The RoW branch, zone and Woreda level administrative offices shall produce a report regarding their accomplishments and submit to ERA and the Oromia Regional State. The regional state has a responsibility to notify to the client (ERA) about the accomplishment of the remuneration process and the readiness of sites for road constructions. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 68 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee The ad-hock compensation committee has a responsibility to ensure proper assessment and timely disbursement of compensations to PAPs. A one day training program for all compensation committee members at Woreda level has to be given by dispatched Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch members. The committee shall provide a progress report to the regional government office, zone, Woreda administrations, municipalities (city councils) and to the client (ERA). As committee members are entitled for per diem payments compatible to the rate they deserve a minimum of 120 Birr per day has to be paid. Fund required for the compensation committee is given under table below. Table 8.3: Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee No. Cost Item Amount (Birr) 1 Per diem for 4 members for 120 days 120 birr/day 57,600 2 Per diem for 2 surveyors for 120 days 80 birr/day 19,200 3 Per diem for 1 driver for 120 days 70 birr/day 8,400 4 Per diem for 1 Professional from ESMT for 45 days 120 Birr/day 5,400 5 Fuel and lubricants 350 birr/day for 120 days 42,000 Total 132,600 Source: Consultant cost estimation ERA is responsible for provision of financial resources for the implementation of the RAP. Figure 8.2: Composition of the Implementing Committees ERA RAP Compensation RAP Compensation Committee Urban Committee Rural Areas Representative of the Representative from the Municipality affected Woreda Chairman Representative from the Representative from the Woreda Urban Woreda Agriculture office office Member Representative from PAP Representative from PAP Member Member Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 69 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 9.1 General Arbitration Process The traditional Geda system among the Oromo initially developed for guiding the social, political, economic and religious life of the people. This cultural and Juror-political system is instrumental in management of natural resources like water points, grazing lands, browses and conflict resolutions among individuals and communities. The foundation of the Geda system is rooted in the informal or customary Oromo institution of the Aadda, (custom or tradition), Seera, (Borena laws), Safuu (ethics) and Heera (justice). The Abba Gadda is the highest level of the institution and positioned by different individuals elected every eight years. Where a dispute arises between parties, in this case mainly between ERA, project affected persons (institutions) the initially preferred means of settling disputes is arbitration. For arbitrations local elders and officials have the capacity to mediate disputes. These traditional conflict resolution mechanisms are suggested for their timesaving, non bureaucratic, cost saving and traditionally functional and accepted natures. Moreover, Such grievance redressing mechanism have a legal backup in the constitution and other proclamations like, Articles 3325-3336 of the civil code (1960), proclamation No.455/2005 and Article 11 of proclamation No.456/2005.As to this article “Where disputes arise over rural land holding rights, efforts shall be made to resolve the dispute through discussion and agreement of the concerned parties. Where the dispute could not be resolved through agreement it shall be decided by an arbitral body to be elected by the parties or to be decided in accordance with the rural land administration laws of the region.� Almost similar to the Federal proclamation the Oromia national regional state land use and land administration proclamation No. 56/2006 has provisions on customary laws, As per this proclamation Article 25 (1) (a) and (b) ‘any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding shall be resolved (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court, (b) party who has complaint on the decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Article 25(4) refers such traditional mechanism as one way of resolving conflicts during land expropriations for public purposes and compensation payments. In addition to these statuary and customary institutions aggrieved parties could also organize arbitral tribunal on site and the concerned parties may determine the number and composition of the arbitral tribunal. Nevertheless the consultant would like to suggest the maximum number of the arbitral tribunal members should not exceed five. This would allow meaningful representations and avoid unnecessary delay in decision-making. Individual members of the compensation committee who initially decided the compensation rates should by no means be member of the arbitral tribunal since they have already taken a position. Accordingly, the ad-hoc arbitration committee will be inclusive of the following members: In urban areas • Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community. • One member from the kebele administration • One member from the city council • One member from urban development department Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 70 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation In rural areas • One member from Woreda administration • One member from Woreda agricultural office • One member from Kebele peasant association • Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community. 9.2 Grievance Process The procedures for handling grievances will be as follows if not resolved amicably: • The affected person shall file his discontents in writing to committee chairperson. The grievance needs to be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person is unable to write, he shall obtain assistance to write the note and emboss the letter with his thumb print; • Committees shall respond within fifteen days after they discussed the matter with the aggrieved person. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, experts may need to be requested to revalue the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this case, the aggrieved person must be notified by the committee that his/her complaint is being considered; • If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome he/she may lodge the case to the local Court; • Decisions of local courts shall be the final. But the preferred option for dispute settlement is amicable settlement and arbitration among aggrieved parties. Project affected people; also have a right to appeal their cases to ERA’s Right-Of-Way Branch, to the resident engineer or to the contractor before taking their appeals to the court. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 71 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Fig 9.1 General Process RAP - IC presents the compensation package to PAP The PAP evaluates the compensation package PAP's Decision The PAP refuses to accept the compensation package and expresses his reservation to the RAP-IC The aggrieved PAP is given a chance by the RAP-IC to explain why the package is not acceptable to him PAP's Decision The PAP and the RAP-IC fail to agree ad either party reports the situation to the local authority The local authority brings the PAP and the RAP-IC for further discussion Decision The PAP and RAP-IC fail to agree and the local authority appoints arbitral tribunal The arbitral tribunal hears from the PAP and the RAP-IC. The tribunal The RAP-IC review the compensation package The PAP refuses to accept the Decision as agreed by the PAP verdict of the arbitral tribunal PAP accepts the package The RAP-IC refuses to review the compensation package as per the verdict of the arbitral tribunal The PAP gives his written consent to the ROW-A/RAP-IC The PAP receives the The PAP takes his case to compensation from ERA the first instance court Right of-way Agent PAP: Project Affected Person RAP: Resettlement Action Plan IC: Implementing Committee ERA: Ethiopian Roads Authority R.O.W: Right -of Way Agent Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 72 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST According to Ethiopian Roads Authority resettlement/rehabilitation policy framework a budget requirement for the implementation of a RAP is inclusive of compensation costs for the relocations of project affected households, restoration of assets and properties, replacement of dwellings, working places and restorations of social amenities and services. Details regarding estimation of compensation for the affected residential houses and other buildings are presented in table 10.1. It has been stated earlier that the method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been based on replacement cost approach. Remuneration payments for affected farmlands are based on unit rates and productivity established in this RAP. Although the project is a new one, there is more temporary loss of farmlands than permanent losses under the project operations due to the fact that all through the route inhabitants are residing in a relative congested manner in pockets of settlements and they are either pastoralist or agro-pastoralist. Beyond pockets of settlement areas, the land is covered by bushes and woodlands. Compensation payments for residential houses and other buildings are worked out in assuming full compensation for 25% and above impacted parts of a given property and payments for only damaged parts bellows. The source of funding for the implementation of the RAP is the Ethiopian government and disbursement of the budget is subject to monitored by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, (MoFED), after ratified by the house of people’s representatives. The summery budget is presented bellow. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 73 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Table 10.1: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget Unit No. Budget Item Quantity Rate Total Cost (ETB) A-Compensation Costs-4 1 Replacement Cost of 784 varies Houses & Fences 8,262,613 2 Compensation for varies Trees/Fruits 25,033,764 3 Compensation for 19.8ha number 459,122.40 Farmland and Annual/Cereal Crops 4 Compensation for Grazing 1.207ha number land or Pasture 232,485 5 compensation for loss of 167 number 1,539000 income and business 6 compensation for loss of 305 80 24,400 affected social services 7 compensation for temporary loss of strips of land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20 8 compensation for vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00 B- Resettlement & Rehabilitation Support 1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800 2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600 C-Support for Project Implementation 1 Monitoring &Evaluation Ls 278,645 Cost 2 Training on HIV/AIDS Ls 2,000,000 Prevention Activities Total 40,431,616.90 Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69 Grand Total 44,474,778.59 Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 74 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 11.1 Responsible Authority The Environmental Protection Authority is responsible to give technical and advisory support for the sustainable use of natural and cultural resources and environmental management at Federal, Regional, Zone, Woreda and community level.EPA is also responsible for the management, coordination and evaluation of environmental issues from the Federal down to the community level as stated in the Environmental Policy of the country (1995). Moreover, the aforementioned authority is responsible for the integration of environmental planning with development planning. To minimize and alleviate environmental impacts the Oromia national regional state established regional environmental office in 2002. This office is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the region’s environmental, social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that shall protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainable use and develop of natural resources. To achieve this end the regional government environmental office adopted a community based or led environmental protection strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of Woreda level environmental offices and local communities geared towards environmental conservation and management. The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA shall monitor the implementation of this RAP. Monitoring aim to correct implementation methods during the course of the project as required. Evaluation is intended to check whether the RAP has been implemented in accordance with the existing local and international laws and procedures. Monitoring will be internal and external and shall be done by the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch as an internal monitor, and hired consultants, municipalities and local administration representatives as an external monitor. Monitoring will provide both a warning system for corrective measures and a channel for affected people to make known their needs and reactions to the executed RAP. Internal monitoring is a performance monitoring of the physical progress of the RAP, inputs, outputs and outcomes. External monitoring should focus on impacts and outputs. According to ERA’s Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework, evaluation needs to be external.ERA will hire or consult local NGO’s or consultants for this purpose. The participation of project affected people in monitoring and evaluation processes is crucial. Evaluation will be used as a planning instrument to correct pending issues and suggest a post project monitoring period in the aim to ensure that PAP’s have not been subject to impoverishment after the project. 11.1.1 Objectives The general objectives of evaluation and monitoring, which are key components of the resettlement action plan are: Monitoring of specific situations or difficulties arising from the implementation of the RAP and its compliance. • Evaluation of the long and mid-term positive/negative impacts of the resettlement/rehabilitation framework on the project affected people and the community in the project area. • Furthermore, the main purpose of monitoring will be to verify: • Actions and commitments described in the RAP are implemented; • Eligible project affected people receive their compensations prior to the civil work; Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 75 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • The magnitude of RAP actions and compensation measures in restoring or improving pre- project livelihoods and lost incomes; • Complaints and grievances forwarded by project affected people followed up and appropriate corrective measures are taken; • If necessary, changes in RAP procedures are made to improve delivery of entitlements to project affected people; • Compensation disbursement to correct parties; • The physical progress of resettlement and rehabilitation; • Restoration of social services and amenities; and • Special care and assistance given for social groups that needs additional help. 11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP Performance monitoring shall have to be carried out as an internal management function. In this case the Resettlement Implementation Committee will play a major role in close workings with the Woreda environmental protection office and local communities. The participation of the affected people in performance monitoring is also necessary. The PAPs will elect their representative to participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the RAP. They should also be involved in the identification of indicators for monitoring purposes. Cash compensation shall be paid directly to the PAPs. The compensation committee will monitor the rehabilitation process and is also responsible for ensuring that the PAPs are using the compensation fund for restitution of livelihoods, rebuilding the affected houses, structures or other properties. A simple means of conducting performance monitoring is by measuring progress against a list of required actions and milestones. For example, each month the compensation committees expected to document the following indicators: • The number of meetings held with the PAPs, content of the discussions meetings, and agreements reached. • Grievance redress: the number of complaints lodged, how many complaints are being addressed, how many have been resolved and how the grievance redress mechanism is functioning; • The number of compensation payments made, and the number of pending payments; • The number of houses/structures constructed, and the number pending; • The number of PAPs relocated to their new houses/structures, and the number that still have to be relocated; • The number of vulnerable people assisted the kind of assistance sought and how it was given. The Compensation committee shall present monthly reports to the Right of Way Branch and to the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA. In addition, the Regional Bureau for Planning and Economic Development should be availed of the monthly reports. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 76 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP Impact evaluation commissioned by ERA will be conducted by an independent third party to assess compliance of the outcome of the RAP with the involuntary resettlement policy, in other words, to determine the overall impact of the RAP. The key objective of the external evaluation will be to determine whether efforts to restore the living standards of the affected population have been properly executed. Evaluation will also verify the results of performance monitoring, and identify adjustments to the RAP if required. Evaluation will assess, inter alia: • The appropriateness of the relocation sites; • The appropriateness of the implementation schedule; • The appropriateness of the grievance mechanism; • Mechanism for assisting vulnerable groups. During the external evaluation, a social survey shall be conducted. The baseline information collected on the socio-economic conditions of the affected population at the beginning of the project (before displacement) will be compared with the data collected during evaluation. Thus, any adverse or beneficial socio-economic impacts due to the resettlement process (and also due to the road project) may be determined, such as the impact on income levels, school attendance, health status, changes in land use, changes in occupation patterns, changes in settlement patterns, etc. PAPs and local communities shall be actively involved in impact monitoring, particularly in the identification of indicators. Participatory meetings with PAPs and local community members are necessary. A working with compensation committee is important during these evaluations. As stated in the first and second paragraphs of this section, federal and regional EPA’s are responsible to perform periodic impact monitoring of the project. Impact monitoring should be first carried out approximately 3 months after the PAPs have been relocated, and thereafter annually for a period of at least 2 years. At the end of each monitoring and evaluation, a report should be submitted to the Right of Way and Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branches of ERA. Costs for internal monitoring are accommodated within the contingency amount in the total budget for the RAP. 11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance Resettlement and rehabilitation assistances are mandatory as stipulated in various legal documents issued by the government and the donors. This is due to the fact that mere compensation given for lost assets does not necessarily ensure livelihood restoration. In this report attempt has been made to briefly discuss the resettlement and rehabilitation assistance that are needed to restore the livelihood of the PAPs at least to the pre project situation. The consultant recommends that collaboration and integration of all stakeholders to make the proposed schemes practicable. As a result, the role of the Kebele will organize and motivate the people to participate to the proposed schemes and at the same time hearing the grievance of the beneficiaries and minimizing the gap with the respective stakeholders. According to the woreda officials the Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 77 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation woreda have a package of schemes, hence, the woreda has to provide the needed assistant like providing land, consult the kebele level officials and arrange experts those who can give technical support to the beneficiaries and kebeles’ officials. The Woredas were not only promised just for the sake of consultation or not only suggested what should happen. The Woreda has mentioned the location available and elaborated their experience what they did in the same project previously. There − There are many pocket plot of land which can balance the land loss by PAPs. Almost all PAPs prefer to have these lands. Because these sites are already developed, all facilities, schools, markets, grind mills, telephone, water line, etc are available. − These lands will be provided to the PAPs once approved by the regional government. Based on the current procedure, the authority of providing the land is that of the regional government. The Woreda identifies the location and send for approval to the regional government not only for those who are dismantled due to road but also for investments. If there is any requests for land for investments the Woreda identify the location and forward to the regional state for approval. Since it is for the road as per the proclamation 455/2002 and regulation by the council of ministers 135/2007 there will no objection by the regional government. − For the dwellers in Kebele house the house to where they shift were already identified and told to PAPs during public hearings held in each Woreda. The Mitigation measure is sub divided into five major components and the activities considered under each component are outline in the following paragraph. 11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:- Objective: increase household income and standard of living from the sale of quality honey production and there by food security. Description: In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by projects, it is essential to train, and provision of the necessary inputs. Thus improving honey production through the introduction of modern technology/ modern beehives/ well produced through Woreda Agricultural office and distribute to the affected household by project. The traditional beekeeping practice is low in yield in region. As a result the average amount of honey in crude from per harvest from a local hive is around 4 to 4.5 kg. Therefore, through training and utilizing modern beehives one can harvest two times per year the best quality honey and can sell in a better price. To do this there will be two beehives to each households that are affected by the projects, and totally 1–2 honey extractor with fully equipped modern technical instruments (wax printer, spoon, smoker and the like) for the whole group of beneficiaries. Output: - the honey yield of the improved hives well increases from 4.5kg of a traditional hives 30kg to modern hive. Therefore, by providing training in beekeeping with intensive supervision, it would be possible to increase honey production and increase income of the affected farmers. The main output expected will be increment in yield and better quality production of honey from bee hive per Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 78 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation harvesting season. Improvement in quality and quantity bee products will play role in the livelihood of affected households by the scheme. The other output from the production of improved apiculture practice is production of bee wax. Therefore, through training, improved dry season bee forage and utilization products will pay role in the livelihood dry season bee forage and utilizing modern bee hive technology the amount of honey production will increase from 4.5 kg to 30 kg pure honey from a single beehive/harvest period, due to increment in its yield and quality there will be augmentation in price. The price of a kilogram honey harvested from traditional beehive in the area costs about 45birr, where the pure honey produced from modern beehive cost 60 birr, therefore a household having one modern beehives can harvest 60 kg pure honey per year, of which 10kg for in house compensation and the result 50kg will be 60birr and each HH will have 3000 Birr. If each household has two modern beehives he/she will have 4000birr and from the sale of bees wax approximately will get around 200 birr for the first time and they will get an income from selling of each honey colony from birr 120 to 180. 11.2.2 Handcraft Objective: - The main objective of the scheme to benefit and increase the income of affected Households and poverty alleviation by the proposed venture. It will have support from Government offices like micro finance development, small scale industry and women association. The micro finance will have support in financing the organized group correlating with Small scale industries enterprise and women association. Beside the stated offices have the same packages working on and enhancing and/or support the project activities. Description: - In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by projects, it is essential to train, and provides necessary inputs. Micro and Small scale enterprises are a group of people organized together with a minimum capital of 20,000 – 50,000.Through cooperation with the local government the organizations (group) will have a provision of working premises and space, information services, registration of new business as tax payers, credit facilitation. The organizations (groups) will have access to information on market development training and a market linkage. At the same time other vulnerable people will have the advantage of employment opportunities. Hence, a provision of training for the beneficiary group is essential and mandatory, facilitation of credit and monitoring of their business activities developing their business. Output: - The outcome/profit from handcraft business development will be subsistence used of cloth and crafty tolls and the amount of cash income obtained from the sale of products. 11.2.3 Flour Mill Objective: -it is aimed to enhancement financial capacity of the targeted Household heads. Description:-Establishment of Flourmills for in all Woredas. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 79 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Outputs:-Service giving for community in the project area. 11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support Objective: - to enable the project affected households maintain food self-Sufficiency Description: - this component involves Agricultural extensive • Provision of input supply fertilizer, proved seed, etc • If any surplus is produced to provide marketing support Benefits: -to the minimum the Households affected by the project will secure their food. 11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women Objective of introducing petty trading for organized women group is to generate income and enhance project benefit for those female household headed in the project site. Description The petty trade will be managed by each individual female household head who at the same time are in ensure of organized income generating groups to be estimated by the form waredas cooperative promotion desk. Two IGAs (income generation activity) group would be established in from all woredas. Seed money will be expended from the project to kick off saving and credit activities in the two IGAs. The local micro finance organization is expected to handle this until the IGAs reach full cooperative status and run their own business. The Woreda cooperative is expected to give all technical support that includes assessment of business option for petty traders, market, legal support, etc. Target household Female headed households affected by the project would be the primary benefit carries from petty trading revolving fund scheme for female headed households from all woredas would be organized to start the scheme. Individual beneficiaries have the liberty to choose on what kind of petty trading to engage in, with strong technical back up by the woreda cooperative office. 11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building Objective: -it is aimed to enhance the skill and capacity of the implementing bodies including the affected Households, Resettlement implementation committee as well as concerned offices of form woredas. Description: -it will have two sub-components, i.e.; Training, and Capacity Building. The Training subcomponent focuses mainly on DA’s refreshment course on investigation and such as bee keeping, Handcraft and others. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 80 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation Output/Benefits: Number of households trained in beekeeping and women trained in handicrafts and petty trading. • Complementation and Management capacity of the Woreda Agricultural and Rural development office; RIC Will be strengthened. 11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS All household head PAPs are consulted about the intended project and possible out-comes. This had been done in the process of identification of project affected households age categories, occupational stratifications, religion, and gender related issues. Community members and PAPs have a great aspiration about the commencement of the intended project and eagerly awaited its realities. Loss of agricultural and grazing lands, perennial crop areas and residential or other service giving installations due to the project would be tolerable if reasonable compensations paid for affected properties as per the consultation outcome. They disclosed that, they could be fully co-operative and participant in all activities that the project demanded. During the field survey, public consultation meetings were held with the Woreda officials, PAPs and local communities along the project road. Public consultations were done through formal meetings and public gatherings. Focus group discussions with selected women, professionals and elderly community leaders were done to clarify misunderstandings and gaining additional information’s on public attitudes towards the proposed project. Informal meetings were held with different age category members of the community. As it has been mentioned above, local community members and other stakeholders vowed to participate in activities that the project demanded and contribute whatever assistances at their own capacity. Public consultation outcomes indicate that problems relating to displacement and dispossession of properties can be contained by the primary stakeholders (community and local leaders), with the appropriate assistance from outside. Local authorities signed a commitment with the consultant to prepare land for resettlement specifically for those totally displaced and needy households in the urban section of the project. (Please refer minutes of meetings under Annex A). There is a relative abundance of land for extending resettlement site within the immediate locality. Minutes of the meetings were in Amharic major outcomes are summarized as follows: • List of PAPs within the ROW of the project had been identified in the presence of local administrative officials, public representatives and professionals. The full list of PAP’s in Werdea Towns and villages had been given by the consultant to each respective body. • Local authorities had been informed about the cut-off-date of identifications and supervisions. They agreed to take precautionary measures to halt new constructions close to the right of way. • Local authorities had been requested about the availability of lands for those who would be displaced and resettled. Despite the current problem to have vacant lands to provide land for constructions of new residences, shopping and market places and provisions of plots of lands for fully demolished government, community and non-governmental institutions, they agreed to make all possible menses to find for the cause. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 81 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation • Local authorities were informed about their responsibilities and commitments during the operational stages for which all agree vehemently. With regard to Kebele-owned houses, all agreed to construct similar or if possible better houses for the affected people by using compensation payments. They also agreed to re-rent these newly constructed houses for PAPs (Kebele clients) with the same amount as they paid previously. • Local authorities had been informed about their role in monitoring the proper usages of compensation payments, especially in restorations of livelihoods. They all agreed to encourage and help the affected people to properly use the compensation. • Local authorities had been informed about the importance of giving special attentions to the disabled, elderly, sick household head members and Female headed families. They all agreed to extend the necessary support for these groups of PAPs to rebuild their residences and restore livelihoods. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012 Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 82 Ambo - Woliso Road Project Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation 12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE Once the final RAP manual approved by ERA and accepted by the development partner, it is subject to be disclosed first at national level. Accordingly, the manual with a summary of translation in Oromiffa will be sent to the Oromia National Regional Government and its lowest administrative bodies. Once approved and the Ethiopian government allowed the World Bank for public disclosure purposes, the RAP will be made available via the World Bank Info Shop. In addition, short brochures will be printed and distributed to inform people on the RAP implementation arrangements. The following process will be followed by ERA to disclose the RAP. • ERA will make available the RAP manual at designated places to the public in the electronic media (including ERA’s Web site) and government news papers; • ERA will send copies of the final RAP to immediate stakeholders including respective Regional government, zone and Woreda offices with translations of the executive summary in local languages and; Furthermore, before project implementation, RAP consultant and the project director will prepare and conduct information dissemination program in the project area. The main objectives this program will be • To inform and explain the entitlement policy and various options to the affected people prior to financial assistance. • To make public consultations and awareness creation for local community members about relocations / rehabilitation. • To minimize counter rumors and prevent unnecessary distress. • To bring clarity on issues that might be raised related to entitlements and benefits through question and answer. • To seek help from local government officials and others, and encourage their participation in the RAP implementation. • To ensure that vulnerable groups understand the process and their needs are specifically taken into consideration. Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012