WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 76 INDUSTRY AND FINANCE SERIES Industrial Minerals A Technical Review Richard Noetstaller The World Bank Washington, D.C. ' RECENT IIORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 2n. Watar Qunlity in Hydroelectric Projects: Considcratlons for Planning in Troplcnl Forest Regions No. 21. Industrial Restructuring: Issues and Experiences in Selected Developed Economies No. 22. Energy Efficiency in the S":eel Industry with Emphasis on Developing Countrieo No. 23. The Twinning of Institutions: Its Use as e Technical Ausistance Delivery Svstem No. 24. World Sulphur Survey No. 25. Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Afri~u: Strate ies and Performanc. nlffo in French, 25F) No. 26. Small Enterprise Development: Economic Issues from Af·:-ican Experience (also in French, 26F) No. 27. Farmin S stems in Africa: The Great Lakrs Hi blonds t·f Zaire, Rwanda, ant: Burundi also in French, 27F) No. 28. Tr.chnical Assistance and Aid Agency Staff: Alternative techniques for Greater Effectiveness No. 29. Handpumps Testing and 0-dvfllopment: Progress Report on Field and Laboratory Testing No. 30. Recycling from Municipal hefuse: A State-of-the-Art Review and Annotated Bibliography No. 31. Ji· .nanufacturing: The Experience of the United States and Implications for Dev~loping Countries No. 32 •. World Refinery Industry: Need for Restructuring No. 33. Guidelines for Calculating Financial and Economic Rates of Return for DFC Projects (also in French, J3F, and Spanish 1 335) No. 34. !D,_~r~y Efficiency in the Pulp and Paper Industry with Emphasis on D~veloping Countries No. 35. Potential for Energy Efficiency in the Fertilizer Ir.du~ No. 36. Aquaculture: A Component of :ow Cost Sanitation Technology No. 37. ~P.al Waste Processing in Europe: A Status Report on Selected Materials and Energy Recovery ProjectB No. 38. Bulk Shipping and Terminal Logistics No. 39. Cocoa Production: Present Constraints and Pc!orities for Researc~ No. 40. Irrigation D~sign and Managem~nt: . Experience in Thailand No. 41. Fuel Peat in Developing Countries No. 42. Administrative and Operational Procedures for Programs for Sites and Services and Area Upgrading No. 43. Farming Systems Research: A Review No. 44. Animal Health Services in Su~-Saharan Africa: Alternative Approache!_ No. 45. The International Road ~oughness Experiment: Establishing Correlation and and e Calibration Standard for Measurements No. 46. Guidelines for Conducting and Calibrating Road Roughness Measurements No. 47. Guidelines for Evaluating the Management Information Svstems of Industrial Enterprises No. ~8. Handpumps Testing and Development: Proceedings of a Workshop in China No. 49. Anaerobic Digestion: Principals and Practices for 9iogas Systems No. ~O. Investment and Finance in Agricultural Se~vice Cooperatives (~continues on the inside back cover.) - ii - Indu1try and Finance Series Vol1111e 24 This series is produced by the Indust:.:'y Department of the World Bank to disseminate ongoing work and stimulate further discussion, The series will include studies of individual sectors in industry, aspects of world industry, industrial strategy and policy, and industrial finance and financial development, AlrLady published are the following: ...•.. Volume 1, Structural Changes in World Industry: A Quantitative * Analysis of Recent Developments * Volume 2, Energy Efficiency and Fuel Substitution in the Cem,mt Industry with Emphasis on Developing Countries Volume 3, Industrial Restructuring: Issues and Experiences in * Selected Developed Economies Volume 4, Energy Efficiency in the Steel Industry with Emph&sis on * Developing Countrieo * Volume 5, World Sulphur Survey Volw,1e 6, Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Strategies and * Performance Volume 7, Small Enterorise Developm2nt: Economic Issues from * African Experience Vol•.J111e 8, World Refinery Industry: Need for Restructuring * Volume 9, Gu:ideli'.1es for Calculating Financial and Economic Rates * of Return for DFC Pxojects {also in French and Spanish) Volume 10, A Framework for Export Policy and Administration, Lessons from the East Asian Experience (also in Spanish) Volume 11, Fertilizer Producer Pricing in Developing Countries: Issues and Approaches Volume 12, Iron Ore: Global Prospects for the Industry, 1985-~S Volume 13, Tax Policy and Tax Reform in Semi-Industrial Countries Volume 14, Interest Rate Policies in Selected Developing Countries, 1970-82 Volume 15, Mobilizing Small Scale Savings: Approaches, Costs, and Benefits Volume 16, World Bank Lending to Small EnterpriE·~s: A Review Volume 17, Public Industrial r.nterprises: Determinants of Performance Volu.me 18, High Interest Rates, Spreads, and the Costs of Intermediation: Two Studies Volume 19, Credit Guarantee Schemes for Small and Medium Enterprises * Volume 20, World Nitrogen Survey * Volume 21., Financial Information for lianagement of a Development * Finance Institution * Volume 22, Management Contrac:t: Main Features and Design Issues Volume 23, Small-Scale Miuing: A Review of the Issues * * Published as World Bank Technical Papers, Industrial Minerals • A Technical Review Copyright© 1988 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLn BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.J\. All rights reserved Manufactured In the United Stales of America First printing January 1988 Technical Papers are nol formal publications of the World Bank, and are circulated to encourage discussion and comment ar.d lo communicate the results of the Bank's work quickly lo the dr.velopmenl community; citation and the use of these papers should take account of their provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressrd In this paper are entirely those of the aulhor(s) and should not be attributed in any manner lo the World Bank, lo its afAliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Any maps lhal accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or ils Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimilalion of ils bounda1ies or its national affiliation. Because of the informality and lo present the results of research with the least possible delay, the lypescripl 'has nol been prepared in accordance with the procedures appr'.;priate to formal printed lexls, and the World 13ank accepts no responsibility for errors. The most recent World Bank publications are described in the catalog New Publications, a new edition of which is issued in the spring and fall of each year. The complete bacldist of publications is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title !isl and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries an:I regions; it is of value principally lo libraries and institutional purchasers. The latest edition of each of these is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 7S 116 Paris, France. Richard Noelslaller is head of lhe Mining Division of AUSTROPLAN, Vienna, and a consult-.:..-~ In the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Noetstailer, Ricnard, 1941- Industrial minerals : a technical review/ Richard Noetstaller. p. cm. -- :relation between per capita m~.neral consumption and per capita GDP, each commodity apparently foll.owe its own intensity of use pattern, Commodities with early intensity of use (IOU) maAiJIB include the bulk, low unit value construction materials such as crushed stone, sand & -2- gravel and cement, as well as major chemical minerals like salt, soda ash and sulfur, Most industrial minei:als, however, attain their IOU maxima in the more advanced stages of development r,1presentative for the industrialized countries, All commodities with the exception of the principal fertilizer materials phosphate, potash and nitrogen, show clear indications of a demand saturation at high levels cf per capita income in post-industrial economies, 0,07 Trade and Market. Most industrial minerals are internationally tradeable, An exception are the low value commodities, such es sand & gravel or crushed stone which are primarily produced for local markets, Lower middle unit value minerals from cement to salt can be transferred over intermediate t,. 1 ong distances provided they are shipped in bulk, and by low-cost n. .,d of transport, Practically all upper middle and high value industrial minerals are internationally tradeable, even when shipped in small lots or bagged condition, 0,08 Industrial minerals are generally less affected during periods of economic contraction than metals, a fact which tends to reduce project risks, Particularly with commodities used in industrial or consumer non-durables, e.g. fertilizer minerals and minerals used in chemicals, paint, paper and rubber, demand remains comparatively stable, With industrial mineralr. primar'Uy consumed in capital goods or consumer durables, e,g, constru,1tion mir.e~&J.s, refractory materials, fluxes and foundry minerals, demand is considerably more cyclical and errat.1.c. 0,09 For the bulk of industrial minerals, the degree of concentration of supply is moderate to low, with more than 10 producing countries existing for most commodities, Only with a small group of commodities, consumed in comparatively small quantities, e,g .. iodine, boron, lithium minerals, rutile, rare earths, industrial diainonds and zirconium & hafnium, the market structure can be considered oligopolistic, 0,10 Industrialized countries clearly dominate both the demand and, to a lesser extent, the Rupply side of the global industrial minerals market, However, with barite, bauxite, fluorspar, mica, phosphates, graphite and manganese, do LDC's play a major role as exporters, -3- 0.11 !!:'.2_duction Requirements. Low value, large volume industrial minerals are almost exclusivel.y extracted from surface operations with stripping ratios rarely exceeding values of 1: 1 to 2: 1. Medium to high value commodities are mined both open pit and underground, both generally at shallow depths. The chemical mine~ale group comprising commodities for the chemical, fertilizer, ceramics and metallurgical industry, is frequently processed on site, While processes employed can be complex, procesaing usually is a routine job due to the fact that minerals are procesaed to established, fixed product specifications. With physical minerals which are generally processed for a great number of end-uses involving varying specifications, processing plants must be more fJ,exible and customer tailored beneficiation is not unusual. The main objective frequently is the protluction of mineral flours and granulations, with grinding and classification being the economically most significant processes. 0.12 The production of high-grade qualities of certain physical minerals with narrow specifications requires sophisticated technology combined with stringent process and quality control practices. Process technologies frequently are the result of many years of research, development and operational refinement of a few leading 1roducers. Such technologi1Js must be considered non-universal and lack of access to this expertise usually is a major barrier to entry for LDC's. This applies to high-quality industrial fillers produced from high-purity calcium carbonate or talc as well as to other commodities such as lithium minerals, bentonite and certain kaolin products, among others. 0.13 For high-volume, low unit value commodities with small con- centration factors, such as construction materials, efficient bulk transport infrastructure is essential. With minerals requiring higher (;;:ncentration factors, the importance of transport infrastructure dim~nishes in favor of the supply of power, process water and operational inputs. While total investment basically inr.reases with project size, depth of mining and sophistication of processing, specific investment costs fall with growing capacities, due to the effects of economy of scale. Depending upon depth of mining, haulage distances and project size, specific investment costs vary from 3,600 to 40,000 $/tpd for underground mines and 2,200 to 10,000 $/tpd for surface operations. For integrated m1.ne-mill operations, investment costs range from a low level of 7,000 $/tpd for large scale surface operations to a high level of 70,000 $/tpd for small-scale units involving underground mining and flotat·,on, 0.14 Various industrial minerals are almost entiraly produced in small scale operations. These include commodities like fluorspar, graphite, talc, vermiculite and pumice. Others such as feldspar, clays, gypsum, barite, sand & gravel, stone, salt and asbestos have an important small scale component. Total investment costs for small-scale operations extracting and processing these minerals will typically be in the range of 2 to 20 million U.S.$. Other industrial minerals, such as certain construction materials, bauxite, phosphate or soda ash are primarily produced o~ a large scale. With those, typical project investment will fall between 100 and 500 million U.S.$ and more. -4- 0.15 An essential element in project design and selection ia an appraisal of comparative advantages of LDC'a with respect to the type of project considered, Basically, comparative advantages of LDC'a can be expected with labor-intensive industrial mineral projects, i,e, with commodities extracted primarily in small-scale underground operations, Comparative advantages will genP.rally be smallest in highly mechanized, large~scale surface mines and with commodities requiring sophisticated processing operations, Particularly with commodities requiring non-universal processing technology, exporting crude ore will, therefore, frequently be the only viable alternative for LDC'a, 0, 16 Future Prospects. With the exception of sulfur and to a certain extent barite, talc & pyrophyllite, known world reserves of industrial minerals, workable at current levels of commodity prices, are adequate to meet cumulative global demand through 2000, Aa a result, no significant increases in real long-term pricea are anticipated for the great majority of this commodity category, Only sulfur could experience a a11bstantial price increase, while with talc, and some of the commodities with a ?ronounced supply concentration, e,g, boron, iodine, vermiculite, a moderate price rise coulcl occur, 0.17 For the great majority of industrial minerals, moderate to high growth rates are forecast throughout the century, Thus, in terms of demand growth prospects, the futura of industrial minerals looks brighter than for metals and even l-~l minerals, High volume, high growtn commodities include ilmenite, dimension stone, talc & pyrophyllite, chromite, asbestos, bauxite, phosphate, salt, sulfur, clays, lime and cement, High average annual growth rates exceeding 4 % p,a. are forecast for 9 industrial minerals, moderate growth rates between 2 % and 4 % p.a. for another 29 commodities of this group. 0,18 Since with practically all industrial minerals current production capacities exceed present demand, no capacity - related supply shortages are expected in the short- and medium term future, Contrary to metals, the recycling potential with industrial minerals is limited to a small number of commodities, comprising bromine, fluor-compo~nds, industrial diamonds, iodine and feldspar in the form of recycled glass, In addition, recycled quantities are generally small, While moat industrial minei:·ala :1re basically sub.1ect to substitution, existing competitive materials 1.re frequently less efficient or more expensive. In general, primary production of industrial minerals will, thus, not he significantly affected by recycling or substitution, 0.19 ProllOtional Initiatives. The planned development of the industrial minerals eubeector in LDC's can serve several essential objectives including commodity export, import substitution and the objective of balanced industrial development through the creation of domestic linkages, In the pursuance of these objectives, most LDC's have to rely on extensive outside assistance, a situation in which MLI's can play a significant role, Potential promotional initiatives of MLI' s include: (1) the provision of funds and technical asai~tance for the -s- identification of workable industrial minerals deposits and for their subsequent development; (ii) the initiation of policy adjustments in target LDC' e suitable to create a pc,licy environment coni!ucive to mine development in general and to private sector involvement in industrial minerah extraction in particular; and (iii) th:i building and strengthening of the institutional framework in LDJ'a required to specifically promota mining activities in the indus~rial minerals subsector, 0.20 A profile of aspects and recommendations to be considered in pJ.anning promo•~ional initiatives appropriate to stimulate industrial mineral developme.nt in LDC' s can be summarized as follows: (i) In view of the demonstrated strong correlation between per capita industrial mineral consumption and per capita income, MLI':; should r;ontinue to expand lending operations in favor of this commodity category, (ii) For the same reason, target LDC'e should be encouraged by MLI's to pursue an active, selective and rational policy of industrial minerals sector development, In many LDC's the initial step in program implementation has to be the execution of a nation-wide inventory of the geological potential of target industrial minerals and the identification of suitable prospects. Such geological inventories usually have to be financed through bilateral or multinational assistance funds. (iii) Thie has to be accompanied by long-term concepts in resource management and land-use planning combined with the early resolution of potentially conflicting interests relative to land-use priorities. In particular, the reservation of adequate minetal lands for the extraction of low value const,uction materials close to rapidly expanding urban areas will :1ocreasingly become a matter of urgency in many densely pop,1!ated LDC' s. (iv) Promotional initiatives of MLI's in industrial mineral sector development have to commence with the selection of suitable country-commodity combinations in accordance with aspects discussed in Chapter VII, Main factors to be considered in this process include expected industrial minorals demand growth, geological potential, political stability, quality of economic environment and institutional infrastructure, attractiveness of uining code as 1;0cll ae the associated development objective to be pursued. (v) .:ountries with a combination of a comparatively large populat:lon and high per capita income growth rate, e.g. China, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Rep. of Korea, Pakistan, Thailand, Egypt, Philippines and Turkey, can be considered principal targets regarding future industrial minerals demand growth. LDC's with a promising geopotential include Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, -6- Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Phili.ppines, Malaysia and Thailand, among others, (vi) Target commodities relative to the foreign exchange earnings objective comprise the medium to high unit value, medium to high growth indus.trial minerals, listed in para, 7, 10, Potential target countries are the larger LDC's with a relatively well established transport infrastructure and good access to ocean transport and with low to moderate GUP per capita growth rates and small to medium size populations, They have a distinct comparative advantage in commodity export vis-a-vis landlocked nations while at the same time local demand is low, (vii) Medium to large volume, low to medium value industrial minerals that reach early intensicy of use maxima are important targP.ts regarding the import substitution objective in view of theit comparatively higher demand growth rates in LDC' s, Countries with a large population and a medium to high GNP per capita growth rate are principal targets in this context, (viii) In LDC'A with low per capita income levels and growth rates and medium to large population, priority should be placed on commodities that best serve the domestic development objective, Target commodities ar.e the high-volume, low value industrial minerals with early IOU - maxima and low barriers to entry for local entrepreneurs, (ix) In low-income LDC's, particularly in small, landlocked countries with elevated population densities, initial industria; mineral surveys should be funded by MLI's on a grant basis, In these countries, priority has to be on the development of industrial minerals for local consumption, For other LDC's, the establishment of revolving exploration funds on a regional basis appears to be a suitable option, In low-income regions, initial funding of exploration funds shoula be provided by MLI's under a grant or soft loan arrangement, (x) Due to the fact that most industrial minerals are produced on a small scale and in view of the heterogeneity of commodities, the quality of the institutional infrastructure ls of particular relevance since assistance in tareet sector development will largely require a subsectoral approach, MLI' e should therefore continue to expand the capabilities of govern~ent institutions acting as executing agencies through financing appropriate upgrading and strengthening programs, In large LDC's consideration should be given to the· establishment of a seperate industrial minerals unit within the geological survey or mines department, (xi) The installation of processing facilities for industrial minerals requiring sophisticated or non-universal technology will frequently necessitate the involvement of an expa• ·' ate -7- partner providing the operationa1. expertise, This will only be possible in LDC's with a demonstrated favorable attitude toward foreign investment, Where this is not the case, MLI's should .use their influential position to initiate policy reforms and adjustments adequate to cr~ate an economic and policy environment conducive to foreign partnership in the sector development, Stability of contract, absence of restrictions on international business and a :favorable tax regime are among the most important policy elements suitable to attract foreign investment, (xii) Where mining and processing tradition is lacking, MLI lending operations should initially be directed toward the development of construction minerals that can be extracted in surface operations and that are comparatively simple to process, In addition, relaxed quality specifications of industrial minerals products for local consumption may be appropriate to facilitate the establishment and operation of domestic mining capacities during infancy, -a- I. .B!!fil),!)UCTION 1.01 While it is basically accepted that the availability of mineral resources is a key factor for economic progress, the emphnsis in most LDC's has traditionally been on the development of metalr and energy minerals. At the same time, the interest in industrial minerals as a group has generally been limited. This is apparently due to the lack of a coherent identity of this commodity category, a fact that is caused by iU great heterogeneity in characteristics, individual substances and end-uses. Disappointing markets for metals and fuel minerals together with steady growth of industrial mineral consumption and comparatively stable prices have, however, contributed to direct attention in search of investment opportunities in the extractive sector. more equitably toward industrial minerals in the recent past. 1.02 In recognition of this development, World Bank decided to implement an Industry Re1;-iew Project on Industrial Minerals. The principal objectives of this research project are (i) to identify and evaluate circumstances under which the exploitation of industrial minarals in developing ctmntries, for e.itport purposes or domestic consumption, is desirabl~ and economically justified, (ii) to define opportunities for the profitable extraction of industrial minerals in developing countries based on th~ principle of maximizing econor.lic benefits from the extraction of national resources, and (iii) to derive recommendationY as to the Bank's role and approach to support this target segment. An excerpt of the terms of reference, listing the topics ·· , to be addressed, is presented in Annex 1. 1.03 In Section II of this report, the prominent characteristics of the va1:ious commodity subgroups are discussed and classification practices reviewed. Section II~,,examines the role and significance of industrial minerals in the ~omy while Section IV investigates factors affecting their tradeability alon2; with principal market aspects. It also includes a review of main prc,ducers and suppliers. Essential implementation and operating requirements are explored in Section V, followed by a discusgion of future prospects of this commodity category in Section VI. In Section VII an attempt is made to narrow down favorable country-commodity combinations for industrial mineral development initiatives. In Section VIII, finally, the main findings are presented and conclusions are drawn as to the role and approach of MLI's. -9- II. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION Conventional Delineation aud Definition 2.01 Industrial minerals have been defined as any rock, mineral or other naturally occurring substance of economic value, exclusive of metallic ores, mineral fuels and gernstones. 1/ The term indusi~rial minerals is, moreover, commonly interpreted as being iaentical with nonmetallics, It is interesting to note that, contrhry to the other commodity categories, i,e, metals, fuel minerals and gemstones the delineation of industrial minerals is based on a description of what these substances are not, rather than on a definition of what they aL·e, Obviously due to the great variety of this mineral category, a delineation by common characteristics would be impractical, This also contributes to making its classification difficult, 2.02 Hhile this general definition of industrial minerals is clear and useful, further qualifications are desirable to delineate the category boundaries more accurately, Significant quantities of commodities that qualify as metal ores, such as bauxite, chromite, ilmenite and manganese ore are also important raw materials for nonmetallic end-uses, In this report an attempt has, therefore, been made to allow for the dual nature of these commodities by including only the category-related quantities in statistical tabulations, Similarly, with diamonds only industrial diamonds are ccnsidered industrial minerals while gem diamonds are excluded. On the other hand, ordinary rock materials such as sand and gravel as well as crushed and dimension stone are considered industrial minerals. 2,03 Furthermore, in line with prevalent practice, various manufactured products like abrasives, cement, lime and refractories are included in this category. For the purpose of this report, the industrial mineral category, thus, is defined as comprising all 1onmetallic, non-fuel minerals extracted and processed for industrial end-uses with the addition of that proportion of metal ores consumed in non-metallurgical applications, In all cases, the actual end-use should be taken as the final categorization crite:,:ion, Prominent Category Characteristics 2.04 Apart from the industrial end-use, diversity is the sole characteristic which unifies the industrial mineral5 and the outstanding feature of this mineral category. This i~ valid with regard to their genetic origin, mode of occurrence, physical or chemical properties, associated industrial application, unit value and place value, bullt, tradeability, extraction techniques, processing requirements, production quantities and aggregate demand, 2.05 The extent of the diversity can be impressively illustrated by comparing two members of the category located at the extremes of tha entire spectrum of industrial minerals. With sand and gravel, world -10- production in 1983 amounted to approx. 7.2 billion tons at a unit value of 3 U,S, $/ton, In that year, induetr.ial diamond production totalled 6,7 tone at o unit value of some 25,000,000 U,S. $/ton. JJ i/ All other industrial minerals inhabit the space in between these extremes, 2. 06 Bulk industrial minerals such as sand and gravel or crushed stone have a high place value, a concept which derives from the fact that their value largely derives from their geographic location via-a-vis potential points of consumption. At the same time, these mc:terials have a low unit value which dticreas~s rapidly with increasing distance from th~ place of use,!!./ As a consequence, high place value commodities are of little or no value unless available close to a market, They, therefore, hardly ente:o. international trade, Moreover, these materials are extracted in large quantities, almost exclusively from surface or near surf~ce deposits, These are important characteristics of bulk industrial minerals to b~ taken into account in land-use planning, particulat:.\y around fast growing urban centers, Conversely, with high unit value minerals like industrial diamonds, sheet mica or certain grades of asbestos and graphite, location is largely irrelevant. 2,07 A significant economic attribute of industrial minerals is that with most commodities both short- and long••term prices tend to be more stable than with major metals, In Annex 2.1 long-term price trends of major industrial minerals are reported, expressed in constant 1983 u.s. Dollars, Values are presented as average annual prices foT che years 1965, 1975 and 1983, The compilation confirms that with most industrial minerals long-term price changes have been low to moderata, "Sy contrast, short- and long-term price fluctuations of major metals, such as copper, tin, nickel, lead and zinc. are considerably more pronounced, 32/Price fluctuations of several hundred percent in relation to lowest values are ~ot uncommon with major metals, Comparative stability of prices can be considered an important factor in reducing project risk, The financial risk associated with mining investment thus tends to be lower with the industrial mineral CRtegory than with metal mining projects. 2,08 As a category, industrial minerals are highly interrelated with all stages and branches of modern industry, permeating every segment of todays society, They are contained as components in durable and non-durable consumer goods, required as process aids in various material processing requirements and stages or used as input materials in the manufacture of intermediate products. In many industrial activities and products, from the construction of buildings and infrastructural facilities to the manufacture of ceramic table or sanitary ware, the use of industrial mine.•als is readily visible or can be easily derived, With numerous other uee:1 or goods, ranging from books to pharmaceu~icals, the ultimate consumer is frequently not awar1? that industrial millerals play an essential role. -ll- 2.09 Another characteristic of the target category is that for a large proportion, the physical propertieo of the material are of primary importance, a fact which bus implications regarding the processing requir•,t;::ents and methods to be employed. With these commodities, the physic-al properties for which they are valued, remain essentially unchanged in the end-use. Among others, these physical minerals comprise sand and gravel as well as crushed and architectural stone for construction purposes, and, to a certain extent, asbestos, graphite, kaolin and mica. 2.10 With chemical industrial minerals, on the other hand, physical properties are not significant since these materials are chemically reacted in processing and primarily used as sources of specific chemical elements. Their value is, thus, based on the chemical element which they contain. The chemical minerals class includes essential commodities such as limestone, fluorspar, potash, salt and sulfur. Classification Practices 2.11 The multiple character of th~ industrial mineral category has been a major obstacle in the development of a universally applicable and consistent classification ocheme. Depending on the purpose of classification and the classification criteria employed, various arrangements have been proposed or used. Current practices include (i) conventional alphabetical listing, (ii) basic economic classification (iii) genetic classification (iv) economic-geologic classification and (v) detailed end-use classification. 2.12 Broad economic classification schemes are developed on the basis of unit value or price, place value and bulk produced. An arrangement of this type including end-use indicetions is reported below •..Y Commodity subgroup Typical ~011110dities (i) low-price, large-volume primarily construction commodities materials, e.g. sand and gravel (ii) medium to high-price, large-volume chemical and fertilizer commodities minerals, e.g. salt, sulfu,·, potash (iii) high-price, small-volume process minerals, e.g. feldspar, commodities fluorspar, talc, baryte While the source quoted does not provide quantitatlve classification criteria, for comparative purposes low-price commodities can be -12- considered those with values below approximately U,S,$ 5/ton and high-price commodities those above U,S, $ 50/ton in 1983 terms, The bulk commodity subgroup also includes raw materials for the manufacture of cement such as limestone and shale as well as clay for brickmaking, among others, Process minerals comprise a large variety of minerals for abrasivee, ceramics, glass and foundry, metallurgical, refractory and general industrial applications, 2,13 For the purpose of gEoscient!fic investigations and geological resource inventories, a purely genetic classification is helpful, The genetic classification employed in a recent publication on the geology of I • .lrunetallics is reported in Annex 2,2, 5/ In this arrangement, nonmetallics are grouped under the four main genetic subdivisions (1) igneous, (11) sedimentary, (iii) surficially altered, and (iv) metamorphic, with further subdivisions in the first two classes, A total of 52 minerals are included in thio detailed scheme, While this purely genetic arrangement is valuable for geoscientific work, its major drawback is that it is entirely unrelated to economic asrects, 2,14 A two-dimensional classification approach using a combination of economic, geological and technical aspects is presented in Annex 2,3, 4/ In a first step, a number of criteria including bulk, unit value, place value, distribution, imports - exports, geology and processing are employed to subdivide the nonmetallice into the two distinct groups industrial rocks and industrial minerals, Within these two groups, individual minerals are subsequently arranged in genetic classes, In group 1, industrial rocks, a total of 13 commodities, primarily construction materials, are listed; in group 2, industrial minerals, 20 commodities are included, This combined arrangement is suitable both for geological study and preliminnry economic considerations, It is therefore a valuable tool for economic geologists, 2,15 Apart from alphabetical listings, the AIME/SME publications Industrial Minerals and Rocks, also contain a section in which industrial minerals are grouped and discussed by end-use, as presented in Annex 2,4, ~ ?..! 2,16 A similar classification arrangement, however, based on both characteristic property classes of the minerals and principal industrial end-uses is displayed in Annex 2,5, §/ There, rhe initial segmentation is into the two classes chemical minerals and physical minerals, which are then further subdivided into 11 end-use subgroups, Chemical minerals ar~ produced primarily for the chemical, fertilizer, ceramic and metallurgical industry, while physical minerals are used as structural materials, extender and filler pi~ments, process aids, abrasives, foundry minerals, industrial gem materials, and electronic and optical minerals, 2,17 The most elaborate attempt is a matrix classification in which geological factors such as genetic classes, rock types and -13- . techno-economic factors, such as processes and end-uses ar~ related in chart form, 9/ Although intricate to use, this arrangement is of value in directinir-the attention ~f the uaer to materials available for particula~ application and in assisting the geologist to identify potential uses for materials found, -14- III, ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Basic Aspects of Mineral Conemaption 3,01 In the static view, regional or national mineral consumption is closely related to population size and lr.vel of per capita income, Consequently, population growth and per capita income growth are the most significant factors affecting future mineral demand on a national, regionel and global scale, Other important factors effective in the long run include business cycles, technical progress and substitution, together with changing consumer preferences, 3,02 With the exception of fertilizer minerals required by the agricultural sector, the by fnr largest proportion of industrial minerals is consumed by the industrial sector of the economy for the production of non-durable and durable consumer goods, as well as for capital goods, Because of this, growth rates of mineral consumption are closely associated with structural changes of sectors in an economy during the process of economic development, In the typical long-term development pattern of economies, the share of th~ industrial sector in total GDP increases from below 20 % in the least developed economies to between 30-50 % in the most advanced countries, In the process of rapid industrialization, growth in mineral consumption, therefore, is highest, diminishing in the po&t-industrial economy in which the Bervice sector predominates, 3,03 Thia process is illustrated by growth factors of world m:l.naral consumption, for the period 1750 - 1900, as presented below:.!.Q/ Observed Quantity Between 1750 - 1900 Observed Quantity Expanded by a Factor of World Population 2,2 Per Capita Mineral Consumption 4,5 Quantity of World Mineral Consumption 10,0 For the more contemporary period from 1950-1970, the same source reports the following growth rates of population and value of world mineral production in constant 1972 prices: Observed Quantity Growth Rate (1950-1970) ·world Population 1,9 Value of World Production of All Minerals 5,9 Fuels 5,4 Base Metals 5,6 Nonmetnllics 7,2 -15- Particularly Mteworthy is the high growth rate for nonmetallice in the Post-World-War II Period of advanced industrialization. 3.04 The strong positive relationship between per capita mineral consumption and the general level of economic development is documented by the respective national and regional data presented below. The table lists comparative values of per capita consumption of all fuel minerals, major metals and cielected induetr~al minerals in relation to the global average. Country /Region Ratio of Local per Capita Mineral Consumption to Global Average in 1983 USA/Canada s.o USSR 3.3 Eastern Europe 2.9 EEC of 10 2.4 Japan 2.0 Latin .unedca 0.59 CPE Asia 0.34 Non-CPE Asia 0.23 Africa w/o South-Africa· 0.13 Source: F, Callot (1985) Regional per capita mineral consumption, thus, differs by a factor of more than 38 between the most advanced industrialized nations and the least developed regions. 3 .OS A similarly pronounced correlation exists between regional mineral production intensity in terms of value of production per square kilometer and the respective level of GDP per capita • .!!/ According to this relationship, the value of mine·ral production per 1.f subdivided further will result in similarly numerous end-uses. The t,ompilation also shows that clays, construction materials, fertilizer minerals and the chemical minerals salt and sulfur are consumed in large volume, while others like industrial diamonds, lithium and mica are used in very small, almost negligible quantities, Patterns of Specific Consumption 3,21 In order to assess the role of industrial minerals in economic development more accurately, an attempt has been made to examine the relationship between specific mineral consumption and level of economic development in quantitative terms. For this purpose two distinct approaches were followed. With the first method, U.S. per capita consumption of the 40 major industrial minerals was recorded for a time series comprising the period from 1900 to 1983 and correlated with respective GDP per capita values in constant 1983 terms. For each commodity, a regression model was then computed in separate sections for the four GDP per capita ranges below 400 U.S.$, 400 to 1,500 U.S.$, 1,500 to 5,000 U.S.$ and 5,000 to 14,0CO U.S.$ that are currently used to distinguish country groups of different levels of economic development. 3.22 With the second approach, for a sample of up to 42 countries of different GDP per capita levels and a total of 11 commodities, national values of 1983 per capita mineral consumption were correlated with 1983 per capita GDP, and regression models computed for the entire GDP per capita range observed.• In both cases, the selection of time frame, commodities and countries observed was governed by the availability of nata. In view of apparent differences in the quality of available input dat&, the results of the u.s, analysis mus~ be considered more accurate. With about half of the 11 commodities covered in both methods, results of the two approaches correspond well. With the -21- rest, substantial deviations occur, with the values of the U.S. analys:ls typically being higher, in some cases up to double the value of the cross-sectional country analysis. In spite of these limitations, results ubtained are considered useful for the global assessment of development petterns of regional or national industrial mineral consumption. 3.23 Synoptic results of tile analyses are presented in Annex 3.4. in graphical form. With commodities covered by both methods, results shown represent the arithmetic average of both analyses. With the re&t, values depicted are results of the U.S. analysis. For practical purposes, commodities had to be grouped into ranges of comparable per capita consumption, e.g. crushed stone and sand & gravel in the plus 1,000 kg/esp. range, cement, phosphate rock and salt in the 100 to 1,000 kg/ cap. range, etc. 3.2,4 The specific mineral consumption graphs permit a number of interesting observations. While all commodities exhibit a strong positive correlation between per capita m:l.neral consumption and GDP per capita up tc the high per capita income lev~ls, each industrial mineral apparently has its own unique evolutionary pattern. In spite of the differences, certain similarities can, however, be detected which are associated with diatinct i•hases of economic development. In the pre-growth phase of very early development, the priority is on the very basic needs such as food and clothing and the specific mineral consumption is very low. In the subsequent phase, emphasis is placed on housing and constriction and consumption of most minerals commences to increase steeply. During the following industrialization phase, consumption of all industrial minerals rises sharply, with most commodities reaching a saturation phase thereafter. The subsequent post- industrial phase then leads to a reduction in spe~ific mineral consumption. 3.25 In this general evolutionary ·pattern, one group of commodities follows a more or less pronounced S-shaped consumption path. This includes the construction materials cement, sand & gravel, clays, gypsum, perlite and vermiculite, the chemical mineral fluorspar, as well as ceramic and refractory minerals such as magnesite, graphite and feldspar. They reach their highest growth rates in the construction and industrialization phase showing clear indications of saturating demand in the high income range of_ economic development. A second group comprising stone, salt, asbestos, diatomite, silicon and bromine show a comparatively steep rise already in the early stages of development with a gradual decline in the more mature stages. A third group including sulfur, sodium sulfate and barite continue to increase at a ateady slope without any signs of saturation. several other commodities, notably the fertilizer minerals phosphate, nitrogen and potash but also boron apparently start slowly reaching their maximum growth in the high income range without any indications of reduced per capita consumption. -22- 3.26 The global conclusion to be draW!'. is that with all industrial minerals, per capita consumption correlates strongly witn per capita income up to high levels of economic development. Specific consumption is generally highest in the most advanced industrialized countries, showing a more or less pronounced tendency to decline in the postindustrial economy. In the high income economies the target category, thus, plays a significant role, decreasing in importance with their transition to the services dominated, mature st.ages of development. By contrast, the role of industrial mini!rals appears to be insignificant in the very early development stage in which per capita mineral consumption values are extremely low. With most of the commodities, consumption rates increase most rapidly as economics move from low income levels to high income levels. Thus, in this central section cf economic de•;elopment, the industrial minerals apparently play a predominant role. 3.2i Lack of time-aeries data for LDC's covering a sufficiently long period of time does not permit to confirm that consumption functions determined for the u.s.A, will be identical for less developed economies. In fact, certain deviations are expected to occur as a result of steadily changing consumption trends due, inter alia, to substitution and recycling. There can, however, 'be no doubt in the validity of the basic relationship between growth in mineral consumption a~d growth in material well-being during the process of industrial development up to the high income levels of industrialized nations. From this it follows that LDC's can only benefit from increasing income to the extent that actions are taken regarding the required growth in industrial mineral .~vailability. 3.28 In this context it is also interesting to note that evidence exists according to which at some point during industrial development, non-metallics become more important in terms of value of production than metallics in a nation's economy especially if cement production is included. 14/ In the U.K. this point occurred in the nineteenth century, in the U.S.A. early in this century, in Spain in the early seventies, while in younger economies like Australia it is currently happening. Thus, the time of the crossover point can be considered a measure for the industrial maturity of a country, since in almost all mature industrialized economies the value of non-metallics is much greater than that of metallics. It can therefore be concluded that as LDC's continue to make progress toward industrial maturity, also there emphasis has to be placed on securing an increasing supply of industrial minerals rather than on the development of additional metal producing capacities. -23- IV. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS MARKET Tradeability of Industrial Minerals 4.01 The key quantity affecting tradeability of mineral commodities is unit value. As a general rule, the higher the unit value, the larger the competitive marketing radius of a mineral is going to be. Other significant factors inrlude bulk to be moved together with proximity, type and quality of in'« Sard Ard ~awl 1 l,lll,111 2 7111111.t I I I 12 233",I I 11121,1 CJ111hd StaN 2'118ll.l 3 4 I II ' -·· Clay.s, Coaan S1hca, Jrd, S.rd Soll Ill.Ill • 1,111.111 4 114112,1 111111.2 UlfU,I 151171.1 5 7 I 9 71 5 II 17 II II " 75 Gml,S 1112,4 1211., 2111,5 2 21 II 14 Phni,J'•lu II ,Ill • Ill.Ill 94111,1 II I! 71 31!1,I 12 Gyptm , Anhydnh S.lplor Patuh llll7,I 32151.1 211N,I II II 14 9 ,a 112 " S! SI "'·' 2575.1 2919.7 31 16 II tulin o,.mbn StoN 11111,1 i15'5,S M IS II " Ill H 47 1271,1 1!18.s ,. 21 KllJn1111t1 11171,1 1,1 17 l1 - 58 - Annex J.1. (continued) Precious Minerals SIZE aITTl:OR't !0!1U. IIOILD PROIIJCTIDH I I lfJll!l:E UHIT \!IUJil I 1.1\LlJI OF OOTl'llT I CUttODIT'I IICDO at! Ho. 1sa3 um atl I !!"lC I 1913 IUSMdl I 11H: I 1983 IHIO USll I il!K I Silwr 10- m I 12,4 I I I I I 71 I 3"KS I I I 11 I I I'--'I 4554.3 I 10 I I I I I I I !:old I - II 1,4 I 1S I 13'ffl9i I 2I 19018.9 I 4 I I I I I I I P11ti1110-graup Hatala CI 2 t.2 I II I ffl4115 I 3I 1'08.1 I 23 I Dimn:la, Gt:.• S. '8'11 Stana, 1.114 lb) I 88 I IVII I wq I 5000.0 (cl I 9 I 1_1 I I I I Tola! llarld IU I I I I 30341.3 I I I I I I I I ' Solid Fuel Minerals and Uranium SIZE aITTl:OR't i'!OTAL I IIOILD PIOIIIC!IDH I I IWIIAli! IIUT 1.1\LOII I 1.lU.11£ OF OOTl'llT I CUttOOJl"! moo atl Ho. 1 19e3 um atl I 11'11: I 1913 IUSl!atl I ll!K I 1983 !HID USll I i!K I I I I I I 1_ _1 Bituaift'Jut Coal and Anthracite I > 1.000.000 2I 2922201.0 I 2 I 36 I 11 I 105514,0 ·- I I I Lignite I I mma.1 I 4 I 12 I 111 12156.1 I 6 I I I I I I I I I • Unniaa I 10- m I I 49.4 (bl I 59 I 11261 I II I 4014.3 I II I I I ·r,1a1 llarld I I I I 4804281.4 --' I I I I I 122285.0 I I I I I I I I I I I l1l excluding China lbl o:clndi~ U.S.S.R. and CPE's . le> estiuhd HIA., .not available Sources: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1985); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1986);Callot (1985). - 59 - Annex 3.2. Profile of Industrial Minerals by End-Use Classes End-Use Class Minerals and Mineral- Major Function, Intermediate Derived Compounds or End-Product Abrasives industrial diamonds drill bits, dies, saws, wheels garnet abrasl ve paper, sandblasting grains silica sand pressure blasting, cutting sand diatomite metal polish, dental paste pumice pollahlng compounds tripoli cleaning powders and soaps corundum l.:. emery nonslip f/ioors, stair treads glass sand & salt silicon carbide (artificial abrasive) Ceramic clay, silica, skeleton formers Rsw Materials kaolin I alumina, zirconia, other refractory fillers magn!lsite, olivine, talc, wollastonite, limestone, calcite chromite, pyrophyllite silica from quartz glass former & bonding agent sand, sandstone compounds of lithium, ceramic fluxes sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron Chemical boron (from borax, fluxes in metal processing & Industry colemanite, etc.) ceramics, constituent in glass, aid in glass & textile manufacture; gasoline additives, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, flame retardent; bromine (from brines, flame retardants, gasoline additives, seawater) :nsecticides, desinfectants, bleaching agents, photography, medicines, textiles, rubber; flourlne (from chemicals for refrigerants, aerosol flourspar) propellants, fire extinguishing agents, dielectrics, anesthetics, medicines; various process aids sodl!Jm, caustic soda, glass manufacture, chemicals, pulp and soda ,1sh (from salt, paper, soaps & detergents, water limestone) treatment - 60 - Annex 3.2. (continue~ End-Use Class Minerals and Mineral- Major Function, Intermediate Derived Compounds or End-Product sulfur (from brim- sulfuric acid for fertilizer manufacture, stone, pyrite) chemicals, pigments, textilss, steel, pe- troleum, insecticides, pulp & paper Construction Crushed stone: Materials granite, diorite, crushed stone aggregate for basalt,diabase, highway construction, residential dolomite, limestone, and non-residential construction; sandstone, gneiss, roadbase stone, concrete aggregate, amphibolite, · bituminous aggregate marble, quartzit!l pumice, volcanic light weight aggregate, concrete and cinders, tuff, clay, plaster aggr Jgate, masonry and cavity shale, slate, fill, formed products, insulation vermiculite, P"rlite send and gravel concrete aggregate, plaster sand, as- phaltic concrete, concrete products, roadbases, fill, snow and ice control, railroad ballast cement raw materials: general-type and specialty cement limestone, marble, marl as concrete component for construction shale, clay, bauxite building stone: dimension and cut stone, monumental granite, sandstone, stone, paving, roofing slate, curbing, limestone, marble laboratory furniture, mill-stones, slate, basalt, grindstones pumice, greenstone gypsum & anhydrite construction materials: wallboard, plaster; industrial use: moulding for sanitary ware, pottery, metal casting; cementing agent in well drilling; retarder in port- land cement, container glass; agri- cultural use: soil conditioner inst..:ating materials: perlite, pumice, ver- thermal and acoustic insulating miculite, argiilaceous barriers, rock wool, glass fiber, limestone insulating plaster end aggregate - 61- Annex :5.2. (continued) End-Use Class Minerals and Mineral- Major Function, Intermediate Derived Compounds or End-Product roofing granules: basaltic gravels, roof surfacing, coating asphalt shingles diabase, nephellne syenlte, greenstone Electronic & quartz crystals, piezoelectric units, microscope Optical Uses calcite, mica accessories, light retardation plates, thermometer, oscillators Fertilizer phosphorous, potassium primary, secondary and trace minerals Minerals calcium, magnesium for fertilizer production, plant sulfur, boron, nutrients manganese, chlorine Fillers, Filters Absorbents Filler Materials asbestos, barite, industrial fillers for: bentonite, diatomite floor tiles, plastics, building /l,: feldspar & nepheline insulating compounds, r11bber, paint, synenite, fuller's earth, asphalt, detergents, pesticides, pellets, gypsum, kaolin, lime- paper, greases, adhesives, ink, drilllng stone, mica, perlite, mud, wallpaper, plasters, insecticides, cement, pumicite, pro- cosmetics, textiles phyllite, talc, tripoli, vermiculite Filter Media dlatomite, asbestos, filtration of: fuller's earth, acti- water, waste effluents, coolants, vated bauxite industrial liquids, petroleum, motallur- gical processes, drugs /l,: pharmaceuticals, chemic&ls, food products Absorbents fuller's earth, bentonite, absorption of: montmorillonite, dia- oils, fats, waxes, resins, brewery tomite products; carriers for: Insecticides, herbicides Fluxes sodium, potassium cleaning /l,: dugraaslng metal surfaces lithium, boi·on, for solderingr arc welding flourides limestone, silica, metallurgical smelting operations, flourspar increasing s!::.g fluidity, lowering melting point - 62 - Annex 3.2. (continued) End-Use Class Minerals and Mineral- Major Function, Intermediate Derived Compounds or End-Product Foundry Sand clay-free silica mold making and core media for send; clay containing foundry industry; sllicon sand; zircon, olivin sand,chromite sand, stauroli te; Industrial Gema diamonds, sapphire, drill bits, too!s, g1•indlng wheelo; ruby, topaz, quartz, optical instruments, bearings in garnet, tourmaline, watches, compasses, gages and fluorite; metering devices, analytical balances; GIB811 Raw s!lica, sand, soda glass containers, pressed end Materials ash, limestone, blown glass, flat glass; dolomite, feldspar, nepheline syenite, fluorspar, borax, gypsum, berite; Mineral natural iron oxides: paints & coatings: primers, rur- Pigment& limonite, hematite, fm.:ers; colouring of rubber, siderite, pyrite, plastics, building materials; magnetite; · Refractories clay I kaolin fire clay bricks: metallurgical furnaces, ceramic kilns; bauxite, kyenite high alumina brick: cement & lime kilns, metellur• gicel furnaces; quartzite silica brick: steel-making; magnesite, pericl:ase, basic brick: steel & cement chromite, dolomite industry I glass; zircon, chromite, special refrec.tories: cruciblas, graphite heat treating furnaces; Well Drilling barite, bentonite, components of muds: weighting Fluids asbestos, fuller's earth, materials, viscosifiers, thinning & graphite, gypsum,lime- dispersing agents, fluidless cont- " stone, mica, perlite, rol egents, hydrofracking, cake quartz, salt; formation; - 63 - Annex 3.3. Demand Pattern of Industrial Minerals In the United States in 1983 !!DI I DES!Qfl!llll OF DESJiiitiJIII OF I U,5, llilRII I DIITIIB, OF U,5, I Ill, I lltl!ITIJIV. lllllliAL IIUOi USES I 1983 11111 all I llilRII IH 1983 I _ _I ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I I I I, Rabnlo, Toh! I 217 I 111,n I - floDtillJ Prodoc:b 1·-·----· I 45 ···········-····-1 21,7\ I • RablllOI Cnonl I 26 12,1\ I • ioaling !radach I 6 2,n I .. rriction Pra&.:b I 48 22.1\ - Rabt1\o, Cnonl Sin\ I II 4,i\ I • PKking ,.i l:ukah I 12 5.51 I - Jnaulation l 1,5\ I .. Paper Pro4Gcb 2 1,9\ I - Tntiln 1 1.5\ I • Colling, ,ro! Coopaorm 23 IUI I - Plutica 1 1.5\ I • Olbor 42 19.41 I -,--,-----1------------.,-' I 2, Batite I Total 24'1 1 111,D\ I I -1--·-·-·-·1 I• Oil 1ro! i;., Jrdos\riu 2112 I 96.51 I I- Irdtatrial Cmiull ~ l 1.5\ I I• Plinh 26 I 1,11 I I• Olbor 25 I 1.n I .,,..-,,--,--,,-,.-:I I I 3. B&clxit1 ani Aluainal Total 414 I lH,C\ I 1-·-·--·--1-··--·········1 I 127 I 31,71 I - hfnctariH - Chnicab ard attar I 221 I 53.41 I .. Abr11iv11 I lo I IS.SI I I I J I 4, :~ao=-,-,-,-,ro!.,...,Ba:-,-,1:-,-,-:-------,T'"a"'h.,...1I 319 I 111,C\ I I I· ··I· I 1 .. C.rai~• 1Td ,au, I 158 I 54,2\ I I .. Coating and Pl.ting I 11 I 3.3\ I I - llojricul\ar1 I 13 I 4,2\ I I - Soap, aro! Dohrg,nl1 I 2B I I.Ii I I • Fabrica\14 111\ol !rad, I 3 I 1,11 I I • Olbor I 17 I 21,31 I 1---,-----•------~,-1- I I I 5, I lkaai.. Tola! I 14'1 I 111,11 I I I 1---1 I I I • "2iolira Additiv11 I 39 I 2',I\ I I I " Sanitary Pr1ru1tior. I 1& I 1l,I\ I I I - fin Riltu4tnb t 45 I 31,4' I I I ·Olbor I 441 31,1\1 I_ _ I I I I I 6, I Cnonl Toto! I 17133 I Ill, I\ I I I 1-··--1--··-·--···1 I 1 • ha4y-Nin4 Con:rate I 42638 I '3,5\ I I I • C.1ml!Jt OF I U,S, 11111K) I D1ST111B. Of U.S. I II), 1H00STR1AL H!HE1>1L _ _ _ 1__ m!Oi __ _ _ _ 1,I 1913 nm oil I 11,IS I_DllmD __ !H _ 1913 _, 17, !odi,. Tola! I 3,67 I Ill.II I - Cltalvs,b 1----------1----------------1 I D,11 I 13.1\ I .. Food Product. I 1.91 I 24,71 I ., Phlraacsu\icab I 1,lfl I 12,21 I .. Stabilil1ra I 1.19 I 2,11 I - Ink and Colorant. I 1,36 I 9.91 I - Sanitary 0111 I 1,16 I 23,11 I - Phaloieaphy I l.09 I 2.11 I - OU1C1r I 1,15 I 1,21 I I I I IB, _[_1"_"_·1-,-,-h-l-,t-,a-'-------T-o_la_l I 911 111,1\ I Hiner1l1 - Iron and Shd 1-------·-·······1···-··············· I SI I IS.II I 1 • Hanf1rro111 Hebb I 18 I 2D,91 I .. lilau ard C1raic1 I 14 I IS.II I - Other I 9I 11,11 I I I I 19, -:L-i.,-----•-------,T'"ot'"a.,.-1I 13518 I 111, I\ I - Iron ind Steal 1------------1--------1 I 4891 I 36,21 I • Chnical I 71Dl I 52.11 I - CoMtruction I 109D I 8.11 I • idractor1, I 319 I 2,81 I - tlgricultun I 551 1.41 I _ _ _ _ _ _ ,I I I """ii:"""1 Lilhiaa Tola! I 2,1 I 111.11 I I I • Priauy Alminioa 1--------1------1 O,? I 36,4\ I I .. C1t•ic1 ard lilu1 1,5 I 27,3\ I I • lwltiunb 1,4 I 21.5\ I I • Bl\bri11 O,D I 2,3\ I I - Olhar 1,3 I 13,11 I _ _I I I I 21, I Hlsrm•i\1 Yalal 612 I lDl,11 I I I ----1-------1 I I • idr&eloriH 518 I 83;1\ I I I - et.11ical Prodacb 1H I 17,n I __1·-c--------------------1 1 I 22, I Kangaren 1otal 43 I 111,t\ I I I I 1--------1---------1 I I Chl1ic1b I 21 I 46.8\ I I l Bdhriea I 23 I 53,2' I I I I I I 23, I Hica 1Sha,tl Tola! I 1.111 I m.11 I 1--- I - Uacami Tube• I 1,12! 2.n I • E11c.tric.e.l, I~trial I I and &~ehald I 1.961 96,11 I - Capac.itun I 1,112 1.21 I - Olhar I 1,118 1.91 I I I Hie.a (Scrap and Tata! I 115 IOI.II I Flalol ,__ --1 • Ehctronic afli El1dri- I 3 2.4' I cal Irdo1tri11 I I - ;yp.aa llallbaard C..nl I 14 '16.51 I - P1inl Pigo,nl Exlandor I 1S IJ,41 I - !loll Dri11i1'IJ ltid I 11 9.41 I - Olhar I 33 21,3' I I I I ~ Hi\rog,n i:..poun!o '------=-T,"'"t."'1-:1 12411 111.11 I I 1------------1---------------1 I - Ferlili11n I 99l!t I ID.I\ I I - Plulica ard SynUatic1 I 1Z41 I 11,1\ I I • bploaivn I 496 I 4,1\ I I I - Olh,r I 744 I 6,R I t_ _ l I I I - 66 - Annex :5.:5. (continued) I !!DI I DISl-1111 or DESl-1111 or I U.S. llllRil I Dl5n1B. DF U.S. I I«), I IH!IJSlilAI. Hllli!U. 11\JOR USES I 1981 nm •II I llllRil IN 1961 l_,.1..,.....,.,.,_ _ _ _ ' . - - - - - - - : - ~ I 1---,.,.,.-,,,..- 1 25, I Ptrlil, Tobi I 441 I IOD.11 I I I 1----------1-----------1 I I - Construction I 318 I I 69.1\ I I - Filhr Kedia I 76 I I 11,D\ I I - Agricollon I 35 I I 7.11 I I - Dllwr I 2? I I S.11 1_ _1 I I 1 I 2&, I Plo1pha\1 lock Tobi I ll?IID I Ill.II I I 1 1------·-----1·--··------·---1 I I - Fertilb1n I 1"8U I 91,1\ I I I - Dllwr I 1960 1 11,11 1 !_ _ I 1 1 I 1 2?, 1 l'ollSh Told I 5653 I Ill.I< I I I 1------1-------1 I I - Agrica!t11re I 5341 I 94,5\ I I I - Clnit1h I 312 I 5,51 I 1 _ _1 I I I I 28, I l'oait1 1n! l'oaicib 1obl I 513 I II0.11 1 I I I 1-------------1---------------1 I I I - Condradion I 548 I 95.6' I I I I · Abruivu I 15 I 2.8\ I 1 1 1-Dlhcr I 91 t.&11 1_ _1 I 1 I I I 25, ~ b Cr111\1I I Toi,! I IVR I IVR I 1 I 1--------------1----------------1 I 1-Cnltttrad~b I 1,31 .. NIA I I I- r,..a l),ub I IVR I IVR I I I I 1 I 31. Ru1-Elrlh Elnonhl Told I 19.& I Ill.II I 1-------1---------1 - hhohta C.hlyah I 12.? I &4.BI 1 - Clu, end C.naics I 2.4 I 12.21 I - Hetalllll'gical I 3.9 I 19.!I l - ottw:r 1 0.6 I 3.11 I 31. ·------·--------1 Sall Tola! I llll6 I I Ila. II I 1 - Chnic1ll 19225 52.SI - Daicing &251 11.21 - P1;-r ProdGcb 249 1.11 .. Food Product. ms 5.11 - .icaltttr• 1456 4.11 - 111111 Prodoclion 228 - Potroltaa - T111til11 ard DviiflJ 833 IS5 "'' 2,31 1.41 - U.hr Tr11t•nl '21 2,11 - Ollar 5146 14.21 32. Silicon 1obl 43S Ill.II I - Tnnap:ir 1ti11n - Conshactian 1-----1-----1 I I 136 I 6D I 31.3' I U,8\ I - Hlchirwry I 15 I !? .31 l - ll1ctric1l I 18 I 4,2\ I • Oil and t:&t lrdastri11 I 13 I 2.9\ I - Applian:11 ant Eqqiiantl 21 I 4,11 I - Cmicab I 78 I 17 ,9\ I - Dllwr l 34 1 ?.91 1 I I I ~1"'s."'a"";,.--=c.,-.,,--,,.'"'1t-:-------,T,-,'"'b.,...l1 I &2311 Ill.II I 1 1--------+----------1 I · C:ltt1 I 3131 I Sl,2\ I 1 • ctninh I 1270 I 21,4\ I I - Pulp an! P,p,r 1 Ill I 2.91 I I - lialtr Trul•nt I 2D9 I 3.3\ I I - Soap an! Dotug,nb I 562 I 5.11 l I • Onical Prcdocb I 118 I 14,11 I _ _1 .1 _I I - 67 - Annox J.J. (continued) l!Dt I IIISIQffll(II OI I ,. IIISIQffll(II OF I o.s. Dl!RG I OIS111B, or O,S, I I«>, I IIIIJS111AL Klll:IIILI IIIIOI USES I l!ll 11111 •II I lllK'III IM 191l I I '-----~-'I I 1· 34, I So41t• Su1fat1 I Total I SH I 111.1\ I I I 1-··--····1···--·-·-••I I I .. Irdt P1P9r I 4'4 I 47,1\ I I I " D11t1r9111tt, I 3t5 I 41.9\ I I I • lilu1 I 41 I 4,1\ I I I • othor I HI l,R I I I I I I 35. S\orm,S.rd, Cu\1111 Total I Uffl71 I 111,n I I 1-··----·1-·---·-1 Store (crm. ..U I Sab\otal I ffl914 I 55,9\ I 1--··-····-·· 1--·-··-·--1 - Cona.lracti,n1 I lil474 I a.n I - Cl•nl tl!lrafac- ... , I ,ma I 5,4\ I • Li• Haraf1et,;.1.. I 11151 I 1.4\ I - Iran ard Shd Pro4, I lll51 1.i\l - fUhn an! Uhtdt~a I 451' I l,n I - l\:;titaltan I 11151 I 1,4\ I • ot.t.r I 5531' I 4.1\ I I I I Sabtolll I 978 I 1.n. I 1·······--···1-·---1 - Cr1nib Conahac\ion I 211 I I.II I - Curbing I 114 I I.I\ I - OlNr I 612 I I.I\ I I I I S1Td an! Craye, Sa.btohl I C16181 1 44, t\ I • Conltraclian 1--·-···- I 5!1311 ···------1 43,4\ I - cau, San! I 1511 1.i\ I - l'Dllrdry San! I 11'/B 1,4\ I • filruiwa I 1114 1,1\ I - ly!raqlic rrac\ariftJ I 911 1,11 t - O\Nr I 5-\U 1,4\ 1 1-;:-1- ----'------ Strorrlica - 'I ToW 21.C 111.1\ I I I 1- I I .. Tllavilion Pir:tm1 TWII I I I lilu1 I 13,2 S3,9\ I I ... ~hcmic Hltui1lt I 2,9 14,1\ I I • furih Hlgnlb I 1,1 4,11 I I .. Cmair:1 ard au, I 1,2 I,!\ I I - Pigar.\l I 1,6 3,1\ I • othor 2,7 ll,2\ 1I,_____ .________ 1:---,,=:---=.,,.... I 3', Sulfur Total I tnH 111,t\ I 1----- .. A;ri~ltatt I ?ii1' I 71.1\ • Drag,anl fool Prod, I l5 I 1.n • Soap, D1t.tr91nl1 1 1tc, I 251 I 2.n I .. Plutic ud 51,mh. Prod., I 4'9 I 4,4\ I .. Papr PrDdccb I 2'2 1 2,4\ I .. Paint,, In:irg. Piganb I 121 I 1.n I .. ~tal Hining, Proc111i"9I 319 1 2,!\ I • txpb1iw1 I 21 I 1,2\ I • hlnlaa ltfini'9 I 119 I 7,5\ I • Iran 11'111 St.ocl Prod. I 94 I I,!\ I • Stor191 Blltari11 I 51 I 1,5\ I • othor I I I 711 II, _ _ _ _ l,4\ _ 38, I Tile , l\l"Cl~llihl Ta\11 I 153 I 111.n I I 1-----1··-----I I I - C.rinitt I 314 I 35,2\ I I I - Co1•tic1 I 45 I 5,1\ I I I - i:uadicia.. I 15 I 1,1\ I I l - P1in\ I 152 I 17,R I I I • hpr I 73 I 1,2\ I I I - Plutie1 I 51 I 5,9\ I I I - llfraclori11 t 21 I 2,5\ I I I • lnafing I 95 I 11,7' I I I • Mblr. I ts I 2,1\ I I I I • othor I 17 I II.!\ I 1_1 I I I I - 68 - Annex J.J. (continued) ITEH I DES!Gtffllotl OF I DESIGllATIOH OF I U.S. DEIRID I DISTIIIB. OF U.S. HO, I IHIIUSTRIAL HIHERAL HAJOR USES I 1983 UOOO •ti I DDRfll IH 1983 _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_________1 _ _1 '------ 39. Ti\ani1111 Total I 467 I 100.0\ I 1----------------1------------------1 - Paint, I 223 I 47,B\ I - Paper Product. I 124 I 26.6\ I - Pla,tic, and 511"lhetic I I I Product. I 60 I 12.8\ I - Robber Prodact, I Bl 1.7\I - Cor .. ic, and Gia,, I 5I 1.2\ I - FIWI u 1111,1 m., 11,!t 11,!t II 21 l61,7 11,lt 14,11 2S u,., 15,41 81,'1 19 21 I I Carundua and &try Btntonilt tnd Fulbr'a Earlh Ci1ro1il1 for Hon--l•l Ult 71,1 1181.1 1111.1 >I 21 211 "·' 00,1 441,1 0,2' 11,11 ll,11 II ! 2' I '4,1 !JIU tM.~ 11,41 "·· n.11 II 22 17 14,1 !Ill.I 1112.1 11,lt 11.21 82.11 21 22 21 I I I tt'.y.anltt & Rllatad nin. )12,1 > 11 I 117,1 n.n 11 I 241,l 11,11 2, 21'2,l 8!.11 24 I I I I Pho,pl\llu 14111,1 ll,21 Di•uion StDnt ll•nitl 1111',I 2211,1 HI > ll 21111,1 HII.I !ll,7 11,11 1,,71 21 I 121!1,I 12 I Al!J,I "·" 11,41 24 ' 1'116,1 211 1111.1 "·" "·" 2! 26 I I Sulphur Btudl1 for tmn--1•1 Isl 12111,1 1217,1 ll II 1111.1 mu 24,11 12,11 ll 1 12n.1 l2 I 1'111,1 11,21 11,11 JI I 17!1,l 28 I 25]~6., "·" "·" 27 29 I I lll91Hilt r.ao1in lll71,1 11111,1 22 21 !I 2211,1 llM,2 11,lt ll,4' 24 I II I 211 117!,I 1111,1 11176.2 "·" !J,21 11,!t 21 I lJ I UI Jl!B.4 "4"·' ll~2.2 11,61 "·" II.It 2' JI ll I I I "ephit:, 121.1 II m.1 ff.ft (l!,I Di1h111it1 F1IDp1r !Ill.I lilt.I ,, > II 111.6 lli,I l7,II 11,61 2' I 211 ff I Ml.I Ill.I 1112,1 !4 •• l2 I 11;n ll I ltl4,7 "·" "·" 12 ll I I Talc, Soap1tona, Pyrophyllitl Fl~tlplr 1441,1 4221.1 l5 21 1111., 111,1 17,ll U,4' 41 I 411 mu am., 41.41 ,w ,Ill Q,Jt '" l6 I Joi I 2111,2 411J8,7 2177,6 "·" 6',21 ii.It " i; l6 I I I I C""'1,d s,,.. 21.n ll I 12l6!1l.6 I o.ri ff I mms., I tilieon Bari It 21lNll,1 lff4,I WI.I > Ill ll a;., 11211',I 1111,1 21,81 11,lt MI lf I A7.l 22M.I 44,!t 41,lt l7 I lll9,4 21111., "·" " 17,11 ll I I Soll W';p9Ma & IWl)ldri t1 111111,1 11!!7.I " I! lll64.I 11112,1 11,!t 14,11 l7 I ll4ll.1 lf,41 ll I 41 I 12116.4 12.11 11,Q ' JI 41 I r..,, Cl¥, Cnanl U.822,1 llllll,2 >II > " >II 12711!,2 !llll,1 14 •• ll,Jq 42 I 21417.l 4l I ll'612,0 44 I ll!Ml,7 l2,!t 14,11 a.• GI 41 I l6ll7,I am,., 01 111151.1 "'·"' a 45,91 41.ll 41 I I 4l I Si1ic1, Ind, Send Sllld 6tld ;r,wl 111441,1 1111111,1 > l! >" 21"7,I fflll7',I ll,11 7,!t 41 I 41. 1I__ "™·' ffllll,I 11,11 ll,lt 44 I I 41114,1 oil I 12Slll8.9 22,11 17.!t 44 I 45 I Sources: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1985); Callot (1985). - Share !n "lo m~ g ; ; a =~ =t ~ ~ =~ ~ ~ n : =: • ' . . Nitrate, w Sodium Carbonate, naturol ..'' .~-,'. ~ I ----- _.,....- ~ \. / odlne Garr.Jt Vermiculite Boran I e; ' ;;; :: ' "' / .......... / Wollustonlta l.lthlum Raw Material, F' ;;; •' \ ----- \ '\. / Bromine Rutlle -u, :::, .. C. QI 5i ::r ~ ;;; Zlrcorilum & Hafnium :?. 0 ; / I Rare Earths QI ~· r.- ..... z_ / . ~--- :S: r{ / Dlamond1, Industrial C • :r ..,.. .,. 3 - .- ~ '\ --- --- Sodium Sulfate, natural ., ctl .., ·- -· .. -. Q a .. "O - Cl, N - ........._ \ / "- I I I Strontium Perllte Mica D> en ~~. n !§ \D . . Asbestos .. CD .., C - !l . ... _.,....- ./ "''< :, N Potash ~ ........... (Q ~ • r. • / ./" ' Pumice & Related Min• MangDne1n ::r .,, a, :, . - ::!, . y N "' ......... ' \. Corundum and Emery .. ~· ---- ~ Bentonlta and F"ulla~, Earth fll N I -I ::r . • ;; '. / Chromite for non-metal uae Kyanlta & Related Min, m w ' I y .'' ' -...__ \. Pho1pate1 QI .. a ---- w Dlmemlon Stone • - .. ' ./' Ilmenite ::r .,, !l a, \ \ • Sulphur I ~· I ::I N • / " / / Bauxite for non-metal usa Magnesite ... .,, I y • ;; ' I ''- / Kaolin Graphite :::· a, Q !9 gi gi " . : ~ ../' " I ./ \ j J Dlatomlta F"eld1par ... C :, al " " al al w y / Talc, Soap,tone, Pyrophy!llte ::!. ~ -.......... I / 1 Q " Q ;. ;. ::!! . N • ......... \. .I F"luorspar :i' " " .I ""1.,," . y y ' / j 1 Crushed Stolle :,: Silicon ti ' --·n .I .I Q ' / / Barlte Cl. ""§ ' I 1 J Salt ,. ;!... .. ::!! n" " " '< en ., I / \ ./ J Gypsum & Ant;ydrlte Cement l C r, § Q / J i:r. .. c Clays, Cammon ., /_- 0 - -·" ; :, ., ~· /// Slllca, Ind, Sand Sand and Gravel :, ... 0 • ber Ireland Ltd., Ireland M!nerocao Rio do Norte S.A., Brazil Megcobar Minerals Div. ~ m " ~ TX, U.S.A. Minerals & Minerals Ltd., lndla Mitchem Jnc:orpoi•ated, TX, U.S.A. Nabalco Pty, Ltd., Australia Mineral Mining Co."1J. (1965) Ltd., ':'"mya National Aluminum Company Ltd. (NALCO), Indlu Minerarla sm~ S p.A., Italy NV Billiton Maatschapp)j Suriname, Surinam ??? Mon~e Bar!t11_11 Co. Inc., MT, U.S.A. Offlees de Bauxites de Kindla, Debele Mine, Giunea Montana Eiarlte C:i;., Inc. MT, U.S.Ae P ..T. Aneko Tambang, Indonesia Moooutn Minerals Co. Ltd., Canada Reynolds Jamaica Mt··~,s Ltd., Jamaica New Riverrlde Ochre Com~y, GA, U.S.A. S.A. des Bauxites et Aiumines De pro-.ence, France NL lndustrl .. , Inc. (Berold Division), Peru S.A.V.A. S.P.A~ Italy Ourk-Maiionlng Co., IL, U.S.A. .5/A Mlnc:-acao Da Tindcde (Samltrl), Brazil P&S Barite Mining Co. Ltd., Thalland· Somiga, Societe Mlnlere et de Partlcipstions Guinea, Rep. of Tha Paga Mining Company, GA, U.S.A. Guinea Perubar S..A., Peru Suriname Aluminurh Co., Suii,,\.Sr.1 Pfizer, Inc.. Minerals Pigmer:ts & Metals DI\"., CT, U.S.A. Swiss Aluminum Ltd. (Alusui~), Switzerland Proussag AG Metall, West Germany Wilson-Snead Mining Company, AL, U.S.A. SUt:er & Baryte Ores Mining Co., Greece Soclete Des Produits Chim: ,,:es De Vlt;Jez S.A., France · ~· Annex 4.4. (continued) COMMOOITY PRODUCER COMMODITY PRODUCER BENTONJTE Athi Rker Mining Ltd., K~,1,ye Do Beers Lesotho Minlng Comp. Limited, Lesotho Benguet Exploration lnc. 1 PhUJpplnes Oominton Mining NL, Australia Cl!dgen RZ Ltd., Australia Ghana ConsU1dated Diamonds Ltd., Ghana Falcon Minerals Inc., Phlllpplnes Idaho Garnet Abrasi\'B Co., Idaho, U.S.A. lntemstionel Mineral & Chemical Corp., NV, U.S.A. Minerocao Tejucano S.A., Brazil tran Baril~ Co., Iran NrJtlonaJ Diamond Mining Co., Sierra Leone Sil\ er end Beryle Ores Mining Co., Greece Nail~i-:!:!'I Mineral 0.-,,\'elopment Corp., Ltd., India New Alomeal Ltd., Tanzanta Pakistan Mineral Oe\'elopment Corp. Ltd.1 Pakistan ll(!RATE Etlbank, Turkey Premier Diamond Mining Co. Ltd., South Africa Rio T(nlo·Zlnc Corp. p.c, England S.A. De Recherches et D'Exploltstlons Mlnlem En Cote U:'llted States Borax a Chemical Corp., NV, U.S.A. O'l\'oire, kory Coast Soc. Mlnlere DE Bskwsnga, Zaire BROMll'E Gre1:1t Lai:es Chemical Corp., U.S.A. Stole Gold Mining Corp. Ghane Ethyl Corporation Comp., U.S.A. Wllllams'Jn Diamonds Ltd., Tanzania Dow C~micol Comp., U.S.A. ·( Dead Sea Bromine Co. Ltd., Israel DIATOMITE Man\·llle Corp., U.S.A. Associated Octet Co. Ltd., U.K. General Refractories Co., U.S.A. C."LCIUM Cyprus Dlatomite Co., U.S.A. CAR.BONATE Pluess Staufer A.G., Switzerland Carbonisation et Cherbons Actlfa, France Omya GmbH, W. t:;ermany Canak Moler Jndustri A/S, Denmark A/S Kelkbrud, C.·enmark Blanca Mlnereux de Paris, France FELDSPAR Amberger Kaollnwerke GmbH., Weat Germany I Bellamar Enterprise,, Phlllpplnes CiROMITE& QiRCJM11.N ORES Acoje Mining Co., Inc., l'hlllpplnos Cle. Miners Agregados Calcareos S.A.1 Peru The Feldaper Corporation, NC, U.S.A. " a, Botlhako Mining Ltd., South Africa Induatrlal Mineral Products, Inc., WA, U.S.A. Benguet Corporation, PhJllppines lntematlonal Minerals & Chemical Corp., NC, U.S.A. Calmlnea S.A., Caledonta Kings Mountain Mica Co., Inc., l\'C, U.S.A. · Cam-Meta Mineral,, Inc., Phlllpp1nes Lithium Corporation of Amerlce, NC, U.S.A. Cromore Ltd., South Africa Lohja Corporation, Finland Etlbank C!anel Muclurlugu, Turkoy Materlas Primas Mlneralea de Ahuazotepec, S.A., Mexico Flnenclol-Mlnlng-indt.,trlel ar.d Shipping Corp., Gn,ece Mlndeco Small Mines Ltd., Zambia G. Lluch & S..n., Inc., Philippines Mineral Mining Corp., Ltd., K'fnys Hellenic Mining Company, Ltd., Cyprus Mlnerla DI Fragne S.p.A., Italy Henry Gould (Pty.), Ltd., South Africa Pegmln Ltd., South Africa lngeasana HIIJ1 Mines, SUdan Kraomlta Melag..y O•. Relyea Phosphate Mine, MT, U.s.A. Union Explosi\'os Rio Tinto, S.A.1 Spain Hindustan Zinc Ltd., India PU,11CE Pumex SpA, ~taly ' Annex 4.4. (continued)_ COMMODITY PROOUCER COMMODITY PRODUCER ltalpomice SpA, Italy Mineral Oepostts Ltd., Australia Lava Mining & Quarrying Comp. Ltd., Greece Molycorp Inc., PA, U.S.A. Heracles Cement Comp., Greece GJueenland Titanium Mines Pty Ltd., Australia Central Oregon Pumice Co., U.S.A. Graystone Corp., U.S.A. ROCK SALT American Seit Co., UT, U.S.A. B.M. Valla Ltd., Iceland CargUl Incorporated, Salt DI\·., Australia Dampier Seit Ltd., Australia \ PYRITES Acoje Mining Co., fnc., ~"'tillpplnes lndep~ndent Salt Company, KS, U.S.A. A/5 Blelkvasali Gruber, Norway lntemetional Salt Company, LA, NY, OH - U.S.A.; England A/5 Stordo Kisgruber, Norway Kall Und Selz AG, West Germeny A/S Visnea Kobberverk, Norway Kerr.McGee Chemical Corporation, CA, U.S.A. AsturJena de Zinc S.A., Spain Les Mines Selelne Inc., Canada Atlas Consolidated Mining And Oele 1;opment Corp., Phlltpplnes Morton Salt Dh·. Morton Thiokol Inc., TX, U.S.A. Bergverk:saelskapel Nord.Norge A/S, Norway Pacific Salt & Chemical Co., CA, U.S.A. Bollden Mlnernl AB, Sweden Pakistan Mineral Development Corp. Ltd., Pakistan Buffelsfonteln Gold Mining Co., Ltd., South Afrlca Compagnle Royale Asurlenne Des Mines, Spain RUTILE AIJied Eneabba Ltd., Australia Oowa Mining Co., Ltd., Japan Asaoclated Minerals (USA) Inc., FL, U.S.A. Etlbank Genet Mudurlugu, Turkey Consolidated Ruttle Ltd., Au:tralla F olldal Verk AID, Norway Hume & MIiia Companie de Aluml:ilo de Mlsiones, Argentine F01dahr•c, Berverk1-Aktieael1kab, Norwsy Indian Rare Earths Ltd (IRE), India Hanawa :"'inlng Co., Ltd., Japan Ishihara Ssngyo KaUJha Ltd., Japan I Harmony Go!d Mining Co., Ltd., South Africa Kerr-McGee Chemlcsl Corp., AL, U.S.A. Hertebeoatfontein Gold Mining Co., Ltd., South Africa Mineral Depostts Ltd., Australla a, Hellenic Mining Company, Ltd., Cyprus Kllllngdal Gruboaolokab A/D, Norway Queensland Titanium Mir.es Pty Ltd., Australia Richards Bay Minerals, So,Jth Africa "' Loraine Gold Minos Ltd., South Africa Rutlle ond Zircon Mines (Newcastle) Ltd., Australia Marlnduquo Mining And Industrial Corporation, Phllll'l'inea Sierra Rutllt> Ltd., Sierra Leone Matsuo Mining Co., Ltd., Japan Western Mining Corp. Ltd., Australia Miners Celdren, S.A., Spatn Outokumpu Oy, Finland sn.ICASAN> SCR-Slbelco SA, Belgium Plrltes AlenteJanas, Sari, Portugal tluarzwerke GmbH, W. Germany Prleako Cooper Mines (Pty), South Africa Amberger Kaollnwerke GmbH, W. Germi.ny Rio Tinto Mlnera, S.A., Spain British Industrial Sand Ltd., UJ<. Stii.:htleb6n Bergbsu GmbH, West Germany SAMIN (Ste. d'Exploltetlon des Sablleres et Mlneraux), France Soc. D'Expioltstlon de la Pyrrhatlne de Kettera, Morocco Siro SpA, Italy Stllfonteln Gold Mining Co., Ltd., South Africa BV Lleben, Netherlands SUUtjelme Bergverk A/D, Norway TUcon, Ltd., UJ(. The Thersls Sulphur and Copper Co., Ltd., Spain Lohje Corporation, Finland Taumeb Corporation Ltd., Namibia Australian Consolidated Industries, Ltd., Australia Union Explosl\'os Rio Tinto, S.A. Spain Veal Reefs Exploration end Mining Co. Ltd, South Africa SDOAASH Solvay & Cle., Belgium, France .. W. Germany, Italy, SpAin Venterspost Gold Mining Co., Ltd., South Africa FMC Corp., U.S.A. We-.tern Arean Gold Mining Co. Ltd., South Africa Stauffer Chemical Co., U.S.A. Zambl:l Consulideted Copper Mines Ltd., Zombie Kerr McGee Chemical Corporation, U.S.A. Texasgulf, U.S.A. RARE EARTHS Allied Encebba Ltd., Australia ICI, U.K. Associated Minerals (USA), FL, U.S.A. MISR Chemical Industries Co., Egypt lndien Rare Earths Ltd (IRE), Tndla Maged) Sode Co. PLC, Kenya Indian Rare Earths Ltd (IRE) Mineral Division, India lndustrle Del Alcall SA, Mexico Kadune Prospectors (Nigeria) Ltd., Nigeria Iran Fcrtllizer Co., Iran Annex 4.4. (continued) COMMODITY PRODUCER COM\IODITY PROOUCER STONE, Southern Clay Product,, Inc., TX, U.S.A. DIMENSION lndustrla Marml e -'lranlt SpA, Italy The Standard Slag Co., CA, U.S.A. lnduatrla Morini Aquanl SpA, Italy SteeUey Jndustrlec Ltd., Minerals Group, Canada So!ubema, Portugal Three Springs Talc Pty. Ltd., Australia Marmr,tal, Portugal Vermont Talc, DI\·., Omya Inc., VT, U.S.A. Marmoles Cosentinc-, Spain Westem SourcP. Inc., CA, U.S.A. Guinet Dcrrioz, France Windsor Minerals Inc., VT, U.S.A. FE Holdings Ltd,, UJ<. Yhtyneet Paperltchtaet Oy Seamen Talktcl, Finland Flnska Stelnlnduatrl AB, Flnhmd Rock of Ages Corp., U.S.A. WOI..LASTON!TE Processed Minerals tnc., U.S.A. Jo!''" Swef:IOn Granite Comp.1 U.S.A. R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc., U.S.A. H,E. Fluti:her Comp., U.S.A. Pfizer Inc., U.S.A. Acoclated Stone Industries OHl moo.o 1 37961,6 I 48.2, I Flourapu 4220,D I 1m.6 I 47,0, I Sulphur 32090,0 I 14682,2 I 44.6\ I Barlh 5470,0 I 2432,l I «.5, I ll11nit, & Rutila (gr, woighlll lOll,Q I 1295.5 I 4i.o, I I I I I 11:ng,n,,, (all u,a,l I 8250,1 I l17l,6 I 38.5% l A>b11tD1 I 4180.0 l 1576,l l l7.7'1 l O,ro1ih (all usul I 7900,0 I 2869,9 I '6,6M f Per lit a I 1307,0 I 461,0 I n.1, I Bro1ln, I 358,0 I 124.9 I l4,9' I Graphita I 620,0 I 206,8 I ll,n I Pho1phat11 ,4690,0 I ll4l0,l I Oiato•ita Hie, 1m.o 256.R 1 l 475,1 I 78.1 l ll.2' ll.~\ l0.5% ' 1' I 1/miculita 447.2 I Us.ti l0.4' I I I I Kaolin 19000,0 I 4960,6 I 26.1' I 111gnaalta 1\J70,0 275U I ~4.2t I Talc, So1p1ton1, Pyrophyl!lte mo.o 1375,6 I 20." l I I G\ll••• & ~yclrit• 78357,0 12928,l I 1u, I Silt 161170,0 2om., 1 12,711 I Faldapa, lBlO,O 41U I 10.e, I Btntonlta and Full1r 11 Earth 7110,0 751,S I 10.5, I I I Corund~•, Elery an~ l'li1lc1 I Ct11nt I SIiica, Ind, Sand llllD,6 914822,0 IQl,140,0 942.5 I 59843.0 l 1981,2 I ,.~, 8,,t 1.1, I Claya, Co•n mue.2 1764.1 I 1.0, I Sand end Graw I 7166880,C lll99.S I o•.- I I Sources: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1985); U,5,Bureau of Mines (1986); Cellot (1995); United Netions Conference on Trade and Development (1985); Industrial Mlnert!ls (August 1986), - 85 - is arid and Gra\'el Clays, Common ;Hca, Ind, Sand /-•s ,_. Cement Corundum, Emery end Pumlc& ,-. Bentonlte 11nd Fuller's Earth f-- Feldspar salt 1- Gypsum "' CD .... °' I & Anhydrite Talc, Soapstone, Pyrophylllte, .5 I C: Magne3lte ·- 0 .., tJ I I Kaolin .g Vermiculite 0 a: "O Mice ;: Dlatomlte ~ Phosphates .5 ., "E a, ,_ ___ , Graphite Bromine C: F'erllte ~ - b a, ., Chromite (all uses) Asbed~OS ::::, "O Manganese (all uses) .... C: .... J ilmenite & Rutlle 0 Cl! Barlte "O a, Sulphur t -as C: 0 Flourapar Bauxite (all use~) .:: / . ~ .l!l I Lithium Flaw Matfjrlal, Nephellne Syenlte .5 .... / Stone, Dimension I . 0 a, a, I Boron Iodine 6i I Zlr.::onlum (alll uses) - m ./ m m m m . . . . . . m m ·,v . Nltrat"a Diamonds, Industrial -- ID ID a:, ID ID cu-ma,mrr.. &Dtn .. P!N- SHARE In % - 86 - Annex 4.6. Net Expc;-ts and Net Imports of Industrial Minerals of the First Five Net E:xpo1•tlng and Net Importing Countries and Sha,•e in World Damand in 19B3 I MorH Prob:hon I 'l'ill Fir~\ Fiw Oautil; Shu, in I Ttw.: Fml fiw 1,1>,,hty SNr1 Sn Coao1hty I 1111 11111 •ti I Hit lii:portm llllhll IIDrtl llnlfll I lilt 1-,ar~ua UUl•ll lllrll llnool I I I - Asb11to1 I 4111.t C."41 '51,4 U,t\ I Jtpt.l\ 23',7 5.7' I D.S.S.I. ffl,I 1,11 I 11,,_"1, 114, hp, 151.I 3,71 I St.th Africa m.1 4,1\ I Wl" Sh\n 141,1 3.41 I UI.I 3,S\ I bt11 1 •P• If lll,l 2,71 I lttly 11,1 1,5\ I France n.1 1,71 I I B&uh Wt,I Chi .. m.t ll,h I lnitd Stah, 1215.1 21.1\ -..,eeco ffl,I 5,n I u,11,111.- 12? 7 2,3\ 1r.,1,111 ln,l l,11 I '"""'' Dn, hp, 113,2 I.II thllla... 151.1 2,71 I Mu111y 11,4 1,71 hrup 11., 1,4\ I Hllhlrhflb 11,7 1.1, I B&ullh lall1l and l'lln-1tll1 71711,1 I Oahu 11172,1 11.n I Vnitd Slllu 1214&,I 15.71 1,11 I Cw4o 4,31 "" I Australia I J.,.ita I lruil 1371.1 4157.1 3'111.l C,2\ I c,~, Fd, llp, 4,1\ I J1pa11 3317,1 mu 3115.8 4.11 3.1\ I Sarira 2177.1 1.n I u.s.s.1. mu 2,41 I I 6.ntonth and Mhr'a lulh 7111.1 I Cmta m.1 4.51 I C.."" 187.1 2,6' I Unih4 Stdn 211,2 2,9\ I rnrca l\l,I 1.1\ I ttarom1 23.5 1,3' I Ci""'I, ltl, hp. 51.2 1,71 I fm9ul 1',4 1,2\ I ~thirhfm (1.5 ,.71 I '-Rl"I, 'On. bp, 11.5 1.11• tlm,av 31.4 1,4\ Soron I 2211.1 I hru7 I lhtlloa lblH m., Iii.I 21,11 27.11 ,,.... Ihtv 152.2 111.9 '·" 5,1\ 1u.s.s.1. 12.1 1.1, " ~ ' , ... Rip. 15,7 4,31 1,... 4.1 1,2\ •11i• ,s,, 3.41 I J.,.. (8,5 2.21 I Brasuw: 351,1 I llrMl 17,1 11.71 rrw, (,5 1,11 I Unit.ti Stat.1 51,1 14.21 c.m1r1, r,a. •,. 4.2 1,2\ 1,5\ Japon I Vnill4 Ii,,,. I I 1,1 Sladi kabia lhlj 3,2 2,7 l,l '·" '·" UI I C.•nl 11(822,1 I Jlplll 14317,1 1.1, Sto41 llral11 15111,1 1,61 11:, .... )ffl,! 1.n (11111it !3'5.1 1,4\ I Iana, tip. af !111.1 l,C\ I A11J1ri• mu 1,4.\ I Tai111n U54.I 1,4' I t:itiud Shtu 332.1.1 u, I baniA ___1 2fH.I 1,31 I Sinppm 31~.7 1.3\ I ~n1l1 tgton .. ight 1 •bl ~II.I l tea\h P.irica m.1 11,2\ I Japtn HU 8.21 and 111111-•hl UIII I Albtia 5!1.1 7,4\ IS.Un lll,9 4,31 1u.s.s.1. til.l ,.n 1 "rur,;i, r.a. ••· 231.5 3.11 I ""•v 312.7 4,S\ I Ital, m.s 2,4\ I lrtia 151,1 1,S\ I V.11tvi1 191.( :.a I I Cla\11, Coai:in 311138,2 I Ca""'I, 114, lr1, 1113.1 1,3' I lhlp 79!.I 1.21 I Dnibc1 SLa\n Iii,] 1.2\ I Hllhlr4n41 2".9 1.11 1 CuchadOVWa 257.2 1,1\ I •t1i• 211.1 1,1\ I Chi• 211,1 I.II I U.lbHi")b 173.( u, m.1 Cilrandca I buy ard £\aiu tun., I rranca I 1 lirNct 21U 34"4 1.1, 1...,, I J,11 I lllti.rt&l!b 253.l '·" 2.2' I C:.rMIIIJ, , ....,. 112.l l,n I ltnibd lingb. 219.2 1,9' I Italy llU 1,11 I lhuld Shln IIU 1,5!'< hrldity 1111 IIUI 111 Hot bportm 1!111 oil lilrld Dlur4 I Hot 1..,or1111 11111111 llorld D111,t I :Hitr'&111 122,! "'a,'"1"'1,-------,,"'11'"'.t,----,!,,-d,"'4'"°:--:l!l"A,--""-----,1!1::,A:----:IVe,A:-\ I I WA II/A • WA I I I l!IA WA HIA I I I HIA HIA HIA I I I HIA HIA HIA I l-=---,.---------::::::,-:-l-::---------,,.,.,..,-----,:,-:e-1-- I I Pmll1 lll7.I Gmco Ill.I 11.511 I L~lt,d Kln,1,1 11,1 J,4' I I U,S,S,R, Ill.I 1,2' I '°'""llr Fod, lbp, 71,7 I.Ill I I 11rot11y 18,1 d,11 I 111191.. di.I 4,1' I 1 Italy !7.2 4,4' I Fr111<1 44.Z 1,4' 1 I Turk,y J,7 1,5' I llllhd Sl1t11 17,2 1,11 1 I 1 I I l'ho1ph1t1• tlft. ,;ont,nU ,4'n.l 11Drocco fJ1',Q '·" I franc, JM7.t J,2' I I lllllod SIIIH 12H,2 1,1:'1 I !:Milo 1111.S 1,ft I I u.s.s.R. Jill.! MJ I Ji?on 1117.1 1,11 I I T1.11l1l1 2111,1 2.!11 I llollorllllli• 14U,I 1,11 I I Judon 21H,I 2.211 I t111t11ll1 1111,1 1,11 I I 1 I I Solt -, 111171.1 llldco 1141.d 2,4' I Jap,n 1171,7 4.11 I I I llothsrllllll, 21!1.1 1,111 I llllhd 61,1.-. '971,! 1,11 I I I [nuny1 Rip, Ult.IDo,. 1.11 I S..dtn 1111.4 1,7. I I I Conodl 1117.1 l,;\1 111191.. 111,1 1,4' I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1 1 I_ _ _ _ _ 1,I_ _ _Fod, i;,.,,,,y, __ Rip, 1141,7 ___ _____ I.Ill_Korn, __ Rip, __ of _ _ _ 114.2 _ _ _ _ 1,11 __ I Sood 11111 i;r...,1 I 7116110,1 I ln,Joo,alo Im,, 1,11 r.111.. !441.1 1,11 I I I i;,,uny, Dlo, 11,p, 2114,9 1,ke Conodt 11:;.1 I.la I I F1•00C1 112S,I 1.111 Sl'i""' 1111,1 l.11" 1 I i;,,oany, F~. fllt>, 12'9,I 1,12' liwltmllllll 111:1.1 1,12' I I 0,1'11 H7.I I.Ill ltoly 174.1 I.Ill I 1 I 5illco 1 Ind. Sood 111441,I I lllllod SIIIH 117.2 1,11 llor"'ll 41U 1,2' I 'I 5iedwl 211,1 1,11 Fr- 114.I 1,1' I :.O.dl 111.4 1.11 Jap,n 71.4 1,141 I lliog,ry 71.1 1.14!1 11111,orll'-dl 21.1 I.Ill _________________ ,_________ , I I S1IOl 1 '°'""Yr ,;.,,.;"' ..,,.,..,.,..,.,,...--------=·-----' 11111,1 ltoly Fod, iit,l, '1,1 1127,J I.Ill 11,11 .Jap,o ltoly 11,2 71M I.Ill d,11 I Portug,I • JIU 1,11 Soudl ~11111 '71,,7 !,R 1,R 1 '°""'llr Fad, Rip, I 1 i;.,...y, D11, hp, 1111,11. S..dtn m., 7-0,1 211,1 2,4' 1 r,""' 1,11 I lllllol 611111 431.1 112.1 2",7 1,11 1.!l 2.411 ·-.,..,..------·:---=~·---,------=,...,...--=.,..'-------,=:-----,-,.,..-· 5"1pt..r 12111,1 CWdl !ldl.4 17.2t I llln1C, - 1ii Corundum, Emery end Pumice ~~ ·- .... .. C: \ ' Gypsum & Anhydrite m"O C:l.5 / " .... Q) !!! u - Iodine "O "O ..s \ I I C: Chromite (ell uses) ... o~ m '". / Salt .... w 0, ·"' \ I ~~ Boron ,.~ c.- \ I ....lll L,J 0 Q) - 0 E 1 -~ I felc, Soapstone, Pyrophylllte Mtmgsnne (el! us19s) .. C: m o Graphite .r:. tnW tl I l Pho;,sphetes I \ Mice I F'lourspar I \. - BaulCI te (an uses) / -........ ---- t--+-1-+- · -•Barlte !! ! ., • Nitrates, Natural SHARE of EXPORTS In 91, - 91- Annex 4.7 "· Share of Imports of Industrial Minerals Into De\'eloplng Countries (DC's), Industrial Market Economies (IME's) and Centrall)' Planned Economies (CPE's) in 1983 I IHPORTS ________ ______ ____ _____ I I OC. I 11£1 Cl'Ea TOTAL , I COl\!DITY , IIDII 1tl • ,,I llOID 1tJ • , IIIDI 1\1 ~ 11100 111 ,_......,,_ I Co11ot 44Ul,2 7J,BI I 1"61,9 21,3' 17'9,9 2,9ij 59841.~ I I 1 Fotd,1,., m.s n." 1 25,1,9 61,ll 29,B 1.21 414.5 I !illph.,, 4548.6 Jl,R I ,ear., 51,ll 2Jl'i,I 15.7!1 w...2.2 I I I Bontonit, wnd Fuller'• Earth 212,B 27,R I 54JS 7l,ll 5,2 D,7!1 m.s I Phosph,1111 8246,6 26,2. I 1417.!,I 45,7!1 BBll,6 2e.o, Jl4JO.l I l'tibHIOI J4J,6 21,Bll I 1125,7 65,1. 217,1 IJ.I. 1576.J 1 ct,y,, t•-n ,ea.,21.11 1 2619,4 69.6' m.o Ml )764.1 I Diaaonds, lnduatricl 1.112 20,5• I D.1111 74,R 1,111 M• 0.011 Gypsus & Anh)ldrite 2Jll,8 17,BI lfi2D,( B!.4• 116,I I.Bl 1292R,J Talc, Soopaton•, Pyrcphyllite 226,J 16,411 1121., 81.5• 28.I 2.0• 1)75.6 llarito lcdina "9,1 16,411 1,4 14,411 1955.5 8,2 ,o.411 Bl.6• "·' ,.2• 1,4 4,°' 24)2,) 10.1 Diato1i11 6',9 ll,411 411,4 84,5, 9,8 2.1, 475,1 Slane, Di•n1ion IIOJ,i IJ,lt 7247.6 86,)l 51,7 0.6' 8402.9 Corundu1, Ellry ind Pu1ic1 114,8 II.I~ 835.,! 88.7!1 2,1 1.2• 942.5 Otro1it1 (all UHII 26',B 9.t, 1856.5 64,2. 769,7 26.6' 2889.9 Graphite IB.2 B,8' 171.5 82,411 ii.: O.H 206.B Kaolin 4JQ,I B,i'II 4346.1 87.6' 184,5 l,7!1 4960.6 lloenita and Rutile 118,4 8,411 1145,J 88.4. 41,8 ,.2, 1295.5 Hica 6,J 1.1, I 69.8 89,411 1,9 2.'11 711,1 Bouxit, (all u111) 2941,1 '·" 1m:., e2,a 3627,9 9.6' )7961.6 Sand and Graw( me.4 s.21 29361,9 94.1. 217,2 1.7!1 )1199.5 llang1n111 (111 u111l 149.9 4,7!1 2111,6 72.5. 722.I 22.e, )17'.6 S.lt 948,9 4,6' 18624,2 91,7!1 959.9 4.7' 205'2,9 Flourapar 89.J 4,5' 155),1 78.3' 141,2 1,.2, 198).6 ~•gmit, 88,1 J,21 1741,J 63.2!! ffi,J ll.6• 2754.5 Zir1o.....'l:!~ (111 uses) ' 6,2 1,11 9.1 1,6' 577,) 561.9 "·" V.raiculit1 1.1 1.11 m.e 99,2• 1.0 o.o• ms Silica, Ind. S.nd 7,7 1,411 19'2.8 99.1. 11,8 I.J• 1981,2 Parlito 0,1 1,R 458,5 9M• 2,5 Q.5• 461,Q Hephelin, S),,nita 1.1 1.n ,n., m.n 1.1 1.11 6n., Lilhiua Raw llateri1l1 I.I l,R I 4,J 99.6• I.I 0.411 4,J I _________ ______,_____ ____________ Hitrat" HIA HIA I HIA HIA WA HIA 600,0 Boron HIA HIA I NIA NIA HIA HIA 1711.6 Bro1ine , NIA NIA I HIA HIA , HIA HIA 12M TDTIIL 69291,4 2,.s, I 159611,5 6J.,. 21554.4 &.5. 252292.7 ---------'------'----- Sources: U.S.Bureau of Mines (1985); U.S.. Bureau of Mines (1986); Callot (1995); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1985). - 92 - - . Llthlum Raw Material, Nephellne Syenlte p erllte iii slllca, !nd. Sand h !':I "CJ Varmlcullte .5 Zirconium (all uses) 'i u \, I Magnesite e."' co Flourspar salt "'°' .. ·-"' Q) .... •c C c,..... Manganese (all uses) :, Send and Gravel 8~ gig ·a 0 a, ' Bauxite (ell uses) Mica -a;·e Q) > 0 Ilmenlte and Rutlle QI C Oo .., Kaolin Bw Graphite .5 -c "' Q) Chromite (all uses) - E a C \ I' !! C: Corundum, Emery and Pumice 1 ·- >, ::E - .Stone. Dimension h .. iii 1! ·- ., a, C: Dletomlte Iodine :, u "CJ 'Cl ,5 C Berite .._ CII o ..... Talc, Soapstone, Pvrophylllte .fl ti Gypsum & Anhyd~lte :s ~ a.- \ I E ';; iJlamonds, Industrial ....- - m o .r:. 0 Q) ., C II) w" Q) E 0 \. l '\ I I / Clays, Common Asbestos Phocphates Bentonlte enc;! Fuller'o Earth Sulphur I 1 I Feldspar I Cement . . . . . m .,, m n • in ;:g 1n m 1n m an m in m ., :JI 1n m u, m m - en ., • ill """ ~ UI UI an VI ~ .. C'1 C'1 N N - - SHAnE of IMPORTS In % Amex 5.1. Mineral Potential Assessment of Large Areas for Certain Industrial Minerals (!=Promising Prospects, 2:Average Prospects, J:Poor Prospects to Locate Mineral Indicated) ~ Bulk Raw ~ Gypsum Raw Low- High- Hater 1a 1s Hater~a 1s and Haterfals Grade Grade Salt Useful Marine Kaolfn Feldspars far Con- for L1ee- •-h • f Ce • Ce Heavy Dia- and Sulfur structfon !. Cement nu ydr1 t!!: or Glass ra:111c ra.a I c Deposits Minerals ta::ifte Clays Mfca Industry Industry Racks Industry Chys Cbys I 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 I 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Sediments Predcafnate =~:~Lagoonal X X X X X X X X X X X X X tT. Reefs X X I X X ronaatfon r;;~~::- X X X X X X XXX X X X Delta!< Fonaation X X I z.:r• :r L . :r Z. • X Lim!< X X X X X X X X X X X X l!l n~~~ X X Xa xx X XX X X xx X Rivers 1111th Act.hi? Erosion X X River X X X X Terr1ces Eoltan X X X z.T. z.T. X X X X X X X X X ~~~. s.nc1s X z.T. z.T. X X G1101a1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ~~f!:!~uvlatne >: X X X X X ~~~ - X X X End Moraine X X X X ~:~ ~~:~·,1e. X X X X X X X X X X X e.ysvlth XX X X X - ~ a a a Fjo,d C..sts z.T. X X X X 1'Pical Gra.Je of r.0.1. On I Mr1g1 I Errde of narhlabl, Product I Ca n c I n t r 1 , i o n F I c t o r I I ················-··········! Ooignation of I C.nl1nl I lndu1tri1l tHn,nl I nineral I ···················-·-····1····-····································1 I Rttov,ry I C.ntont I I I I I arllhaotlc ,________,I I npr, 1111 1,.., _ _ _1 I upper _ _ _1 1· Ill I I npr, HI1 1... _ _ _1, I _ _ _1 opptr I lowr II upper I ,,mg, _ I, ___ Di1aond1• Jndu1tri1I I I 6,1E•6 I l.lE-6 I 99 I I IIO l . Ill I mnm.7 I lll4l94l,2 I 227l865),4 I I l I I I I I I I lodin, I l lodlntl 1,111 I 1,12 I ID I l lodlnel 9M I ~M I 921.l I l6851,9 I 18886.6 I I I I I I 1 I I I Zirconlua I l Zr112 I D,2 I 2I II I I Zt112 I 15 I 16 I 416,l I 412.5 I Bro1in1 l Br2 I 1.16 I 1,1 I II I I Br2 I ff,5 I ,t,9 I Ill.I I 69l,8 I I I I I I I I I I IMll1 l Till;; I I I 50 I ID I l Ti112 I 54 I f7 I 1,4 I 121,l I 61,l Rare Eartha I RED I 1I ll I 81 I I RED I 55 I 71 I 2,l I B1,5 I «.9 ll11nit1 I TIO'I I 1I 51 I II I I Tl112 I 54 I 6D I I.~ I )U l8,2 I I I I I I I I Hitrat11 I 51 211 851 I 981 981 UI 2,.1 14.4 Gr•;'hit1 IC I 5I ll I 85 I l C I 8D I 19 I l,1 I 2),) ll,2 :itbeatos I IVA I IVA I IVA I I IVA I IVA I 10.0 I 16,2 ll,I Boron and Bont11 lB20ll 61 411 !lllB20ll 911 991 2.5 18,) 10,4 I I I I I I l tlica , • I • I 51 I I • I • I 7,1 10.S 8,B Pho1ph1t11 l PW; I 4I 18 I 71 I l P21!5 I ll I l4 I 2.4 12,1 7,) Flouuptr l tof2 I Ii I ID I 79 I I W:Z I 8D I 98 I 1,l 12.4 6,8 Gunet I II I 8D I 8D I I 9D I 9S I 1,4 11.9 6,6 Sulphur l S I II I SI I 85 I l S I 85 I 99.9 I 2,0 10,7 6,) Sodlu1 Cirbonala l Ho2COl ID I 8D I 9D I l Ho2COll 99,2 99.9 I 1.4 11,1 ,.2 6,2 Nan51n111 lit, Ill !DI Bllllti I 74 851 1,9 :0,61 Lithiua RIN '1ilhri1l1 l ll20 I I 2,8 I 7t I l li20 I 4 7I 2,0 10,1 I 6,D S.rit, '81Sol4 10 I 95 I 91 I l BoS04 I f4 98 I 1,1 10,9 I 6,D Potnh I IC20 7I )5 I 86 I I IC2D I 41 6D I 1,l 10,1 I 5.6 Ueraiculit1 Di1toait1 21 I • I 21 I ll I • I 61 I 71 I IVA I 85 I I I I 91 ID 95 I • I 91 I 4,l 2,1 1.6 I 6,8 I 5,2 5,l ,., 5,5 ),4 lloll .. tonite Kyan1t1 & R:al1t1d ttin, • I • I IVA I I • I 2,1 I l,6 2,9 n.gnHill • I • I Ill I • I 2.5 I l,I 2,8 Fold,p.r ll I 71 I 91 I Ill Ill I 1,1 I l,7 2,6 Stone, Di•ntion I • I • I II I I • I 2,D I l,I 2,5 Strontiua I l StS04 I 51 I ID I 74 I l StS04 I 91 97 I 2,1 I 2,6 2,) Sodii• Su1l1t1 I l Ho!S041 !5 I 75 I 9t I l Ho2Sll4I 90 99 I l,l I l,I 2,2 Chroaite llCr2Dll 171 551 85llCr2Dl1 ll 481 1,11 l,l 2.2 S.udh I l A12Dl I 41 I U I 90 I l AIW I Bl 19.5 I 1,5 I 2,8 2,1 Tole oli .. si,....... I I IVAI IVAI Ill IVAI IVAI IVAI IVAI IVA OJtrlz Cr~t1l I I • I • I IVA I • I • I 1111,1 I IVA I IVA C.ruoduo ond E..rv I I •I •I IVAI ·I •I IVAI IVAI IVA --------·' I I I I 1_1 1_ _ _ _ ,I _ _ _ _ , Note: Concentration factor=Ratio of processed ore per unit marketable product (tons/ton); N/ A=not available Sources: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1985); Lefond (1983); Weiss (l9l:l5); Harben and Bates (19B,~); Cummins and Given (l 973). - 99 - Annex 5.4. Survey of Salected Industrial Minerals Mini! & P!ant Projectu In Planning or Development Stage or Rec&ntly Completed Commodity/ Capacity Type of ProJ,ct/ lnv11lminl Loc1tloo ••• Scheduled Start.. up u.s. ' ASS.CSTOS BlrJ1nd/lran 0,400 mlo plant/19BB 1£2,Dmlo Sudat, 0 1 1 m\o mine & t-onc.nlralor/n. •• J15 1Dmlc. 8AAITE Oourak1kl/Gr.hon o,o:somlo mlne/1986 12 10 mlo BAUXITE P1r1/8r1zll 4 10mlo open pit mlne/19B8 256 10 mlo Almerlon/BrHII 0 1 1 mlo open f,ll mlna/n. •• 40,0mlo 116mlo La Braque/rrance O,Jmlo mine n.1. BORON Klrka/Tutkey 0 1160 mto dl!rlv1llvt1 plant/1984 20,0mlo nUORSPAR Nfld,/C1n1d1 o,oa mlo mlno/l'JB6 4,0mlo GYPSUM North v...nen o,oe~ mlo mine & ptant/19B6 71 )mlo V1fr1n/Llby1 0,200 mlo• o,,oomlo mine & plant/1980 40 10-50 10 mlo 11.M£NITE CoolJ1rloo/Autlr1lli1 0 12mlo mlne/n. ,. 11 5mlo C1pel/Auatr1ll1 0 1 1 mlo mine & concantrator/l98B 65 10 mlo lN>, DIAMON)S Blrum Rlver/Chat'la 1,0mlo mine & plant/iS87 :0 10 mlo car1t1 Sierra Leone 0 12/a mlo 111deroroood mln'l/1986 140 10 mlo carah Transvul/S. Africa 6 1Dmlo mdergroood mlne/1988 112,D mlo cant, lhydrite 61514.5 I 2.1, J5D09.9 77817.8 2827.9 l.61 2.1, 2.4' I Strontiua 98.2 I 1.6t 115.1 53.5 -!1.5 -114.91 1.6' -5.9' I nica, Scrap and Flake 229.5 I 1.5, ~66.4 216.8 -29.6 -12.5' 1.5' 0.1' I Diaension Stoni, 2Dl6B.5 I 1.Ll I 22499.5 I 11575.9 -10921.6 -94.4' I 1.0, -5.5' I Silica, Industrial Sand 190512.D I HIA I HIA I IB14'!D.O HIA HIA I HIA -0.5l I nica, Sheet 8.4 I -4.6t I 5.J I 6.1 0.9 15.21 I -4.6, -l.8t I I I I I I Sources: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1985); '..J.S. Bureau of Mines (1975). -107 Annex 6.5 • Industrial Mineral lntensl ties ••• k I • • ••• • •~~· CeruahetU u • • G D ••• 111n• wul Cnwl • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• "·" 11,1 ,~., ll,I GIP par Ca,illa In I - Lal ...f :: .. k . • • • ~.· II .. C.•n• -- l • • • u .. II PhHph~\e "1,ok I I G D • .•• II - Sall I • • I I ••• ,_ ..... 11.s 11,!I 11.s IJ,!I GIP peP c~••• '" - IDB Annex 6,5, (continued) ••.• ~~~~,~~~~~~~~·~,=~-.:::~~~~~·~~~~-, II .... 11.1 II II • •••• • ••• 10 . • \ I • r ••• I C • ••• • • • LIM ••• .. .. ................. ····· ····· ...... .. u I • •••I I • .... ····· ············ ••• ..,• ..... ······ D • Gr,aua I ••• I 1.1 I ••• • 1...-,,41:::.,.,!:-=4::--=-1:---=t--:+.-=t--::-'::--::t--,,::l~c:+,:--,,,-:-c:+,:,--J •·• 1.s 1.s 1.s 4,1 1.1 1.1 1.s 1.1 1.1 aa.s 11.s n.s 11.s CZP , •• c.,11. In laft USI a.• ••• • ••• • ••• ••• ~ .. I lulflolf' ••• 1.1 , .. ... ,uh ••• lb•• fllh ••• ••• ••• ••• • 1a,s U,S 11,S 11,:1 GIii 11•• Cac,lla In I - U!II - 109 Annex 6,5. (continued) 1,7 ••• • I • • ••• ldlua "-Ihle r I • I I ••• larlh u • • .... '•,, '1•U1'8flal' • D ••• .............. • T~I• I l'>'raphyllll• / ••• I, I '-~:--,+.c--fo:-=+:--fo:--,::+.,--::+=--::t--::t--,-t-"'."::"="'"'"''=""'-="::-C:-::1,:--' 1,!I 1,! l,S 1,d 4,5 1,5 1,5 ?,I 1,1 1,1 11,I 11,1 11,I 11,1 G.n.- par C:ap,lt.a In laN UII 1., r------------·~----------------, 1., • I • • rellll•p,•P r I 1., .... • 3 l111DIID • u ............ .... •• 1,1 ········ ... l'nlll• .• D .............. Tll1t1lua 1,1 I L--,l.,-+,--t--~.--t-,---,,+,-,.+----+,:---4,,_..,.,._,--+-,-i-,:-..,l'"'""..J 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,'I 4,1 1,1 1,1 7,1 a.I 1,1 11,1 11,I 1:1,1 11,1 -110 Annex 6,5, (continued) • • • • • I ..... • • • ••• YeralCAII Ila u • I G • "........ • ........................... .. '•, "'·· GIP , ... c.,11. tn aw, 1111 ... .----------------------------~ • • • • • I • • • u Ztpe-,.fYa I Hafnl ... • I G • • I L......,,.,,--...,_-,,,,.,_...,,.,_...,_....,,-.-+---+,----,,.,_____,,_---t,---+-.......1 ••• 1.1 ••• ••• 4.1 11.1 ••• ,.. ••• ••• 11.1 11.1 •••• 11.1 - lll. - Annex 7.1. Developing Countries with Favorable Market Conditions for Industrial Mir,er·als Sector Growth Population Area In A\'Braga annual Country mid- 198:S 10• km' growth rate of GNP (millions) per capita (1965 - BJ) In% Low lncoms Economies Burma J5,5 677 2,2 China 1019,1 9 561 4,4 Sri Lanka 15,4 66 2,9 Kenya 18,9 58:S 2,J Pakistan 89,7 804 2,5 Lower Middle-Income Economies Indonesia 155,7 1919 5,0 Egypt 45,2 1001 4,2 Morocco 20,B 447 2,9 Philippines 52,1 JOO ?,9 Nigeria 9:S,6 924 :s,2 Thailand 49,2 514 4,J Turkey 47,J 781 :s,o Colombia 27,5 11:S!/ J,2 Upper Middle-Income Economies Malaysia 14,9 JJO 4,5 Brazil 129,7 8 512 5,0 Korea, Rep, of 40,0 98 6,7 Portugal 10,1 92 :s,1 Mexico 75,0 197:S :s,2 Algeria 20,6 2 J82 J,6 Yugosl11vla 22,B 256 4,7 High-Income Oil Exporters Saudi Arabia 10,4 2150 6,7 Source: World Bank (1985). -112- Annex 7.2. Cla~·sl flcatlon of Developing Countries According to Their Geological Potential Class Country Ranking according to C,E, Michener (1969) 10 M•Jxico, Brazil 9 Indonesia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique B Argentina, Chile, Congo, Philippines 7 Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria, Saudi Arable, Turkey, India, Pakistan, Burma 6 n.a. 5 n.a. 4 Surinam, Ct>te d'Ivoire, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait 3 Guinea 2 1 n .a, not available 10= positive l= negative Class Country Ranking according to G, LUttlg (1978) 1 Bolivia, Brazil, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Zambia, Theliend, Zaire 2 Angola, Argentina, Chile, Botswana, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Colombia, Congo, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Philippines , Zimbabwe, Surinam 3 n.a. 4 n.a. 5 Afghanistan, Benin, Bhutan, Guinee--8issau, Yemen (AR), Yemen (PDR), Cape Verde, Comores, Malawi, Reunion, Sene- gal, Sudan, Tanzania, Tched 6 Bangladesh, Djibouti, Meli, Niger, Upper Volte, Somalia n,e, not available 1= excellent gE>opotentiel 5= low geopotentiai 2= very good geopotentiei 6= very low geopotentlei Source: Brixel (1985), -113 - Annex 7.3. Clnsslflcation of Developing Economies According to Po\itlcal Investment Climate Economies BI-Classification Y (Jegeler et al. 1982) Hong Kong 98 Singapor 95 Taiwan BB Chile 85 Mexico BO Malaysia 79 Brazil 79 Kenya 79 Colombia 78 Tunisia 77 Saudi Arabia 77 Venezuela 76 Libya 63 -Thailand 61 Nigeria 57 Iraq 56 Liberia 54 Zaire 51 Tu.-key 49 Iran 33 100= maximum stability !/ Modified lnd!lx of Business International Corp. Political Investment Climate it Economies (Coplin et al. 198,) Good Taiwan, Cameroon Medium Mexit.10, Turkey, Rep. Korea, India, Egypt, Vene·;!uela, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Jamaica, Chil!:,, Zambia, Costa Rica, Zaire, Peru, Ecuador, Morocco, Philippines, Colombia, Thailand, Tunisia Poor Iran, Argentina, China, Brazil, Algeria, Zimbabwe, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, El Sslvac'-:1r, Nicaragua Y According t.o Frost and Sullivan's WPRF-System Source: Brlxel (1985), - 115 - REFERENCES !/ Bates( R,L, 1983. "Introduction". In: Industrial Minerals EJnd Rocks, Amer can Institute of Mining, MetallurgicuI, and Petroleum Engineers, inc, New York, 'lJ U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1985, Mineral Facts and Problems. Washington, D.C. 'J/ Cellot, F,1985, "Production et Consommatlon Mondlales de Minerals en 1983," Annales des Mines. No, 7-8-9, Paris, Bates, R,L, 1960. Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals, New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row Publishers, Harben, P.W ., and R,L. Bates, 1984, Geology of the Nonmetalllcs, New York: Metal Bulletin Inc, Lefond, S,J, (Editor-In-Chief), 1983. Industrial Minerals and Rocks, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, lnc, New York. II Lafond, S.J. (Editor-in-Chief), 1975, Indus,.-lal Minerals and Rocks. Americen Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, ~, Inc. New York. Kline, C.H. 1970, "Industrial Minerals ere Big Business", Mining Engl nee!: !!!9i December: 46-48. '2/ Dunn, J,R, 1972. "A Meirlx Clesslficetlon for Industrial Minerals and Rocks". Procoedlnga 1 Eighth Forum on Geology of Industrial Minerals, Iowa City: Geological Survey, 10/ Bosson, R,, and B, Varon, 1979, The Mining Inductry end the Developing Countries, New 'lork: Oxford University Press. 11/ Myers, J,G,, and H.J. Barnett, 1985. "Minerals and Economic Growth". In: Er.onomics of the Mineral Industries. American Insltltute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc, New York, United Nations, 1970. Mlner6.I Resources Development with Pi:rtlculer Reference to the Developing Countries, New York, 13/ Toon, S. 1985. "The Salt Trade". Industrial Mlnerels 1 September: 53-73, • Brlb.:ow, C.M. 1987. "Society's Changing Requirements for Primary Raw Materials". Industrial Minerals, February: 59-65, Maddox, A,G, 1986. ''Freights". !ndustrlal Minerels 1 January, March, July, Kruythoff, S.P.T, 1984, "Mineral 'Transportation - Focus on Mineral Sands", Industrial Minerals. Trading In Minerals Supplement: 17-19, - 116 - 17/ Toon, S. 1986, "Fare Comment, Transport Decisions and Cost Evaluation". Industrial Minerals, May: 43-61. 18/ Kline, C.H. 1976, "Forecasting the Long-Range Demand for Industrial Minerals", Second Industrial Minerals International Congress. Munich. 19/ Read, T, 1986. "The Changing Economic Environment for Minerals", Industri"l Minerals, February: 55-57, 20/ E & MJ International Directory of Mining. 1986, New York: Mc Graw-Hill Publication, · Financial Times Mining International Vear Book. 1986. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group Limited. Carman, J,S, 1985. "The Contribution of Small-Scale Mining to World Mineral Production". Natural Resources Forum, Unite" Nations, New York. pp 119-24. 23/ Koeten, K. 1976. "Commercial Processing of Minerals for the Industrial Market", Second Industrial Minerals International Congress. Munich. 24/ Kapteln, W, 1986. "Processing Nature to Suit Industry's Needs". Industrial Minerals, February: 50-57. 25/ Schippers, H.J. 1980, "Mining and Infrastructure in Developing Countries", Natural Resources and Development, 12: 27-39, 26/ Schumacher, O.L. (Editor), 1984, Mining Cost Service. Western Mine Engi- neering, Spokane, Washington. 27/ Sheldrick, W.F. 1984, World Sulphur Survey, World Bank T,~::hnical Paper Number 24. Washington, D,C, Harben, P, 1986, "Sulphur". Mining Magazine, October: 374-79. Brixel, Ch,1985. Gesamtwirtschaftliche Vorteilhaftigkeit der Mineralroh- atoff-Exploratlon und Explcrationspolitik der Entwicklungslander, Nemes Verlagsges. Baden-Baden, Stein, V. 1981, 11 Wirtschaftageologische Bewertung von Nlchtmeta11roh- stoffen". In: Ang_ewandte Geowlssenschaften (F, Bender). Bd.I. Stuttg.~rt: Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Coplin, W.D., and M,K. O'Leary, 1983. "A Systematic Approach to Political Risk Analysis for Extractive Industries". CIM Bu11etin, O•Jtober: 51-60. 32/ World Bank. 1986, Price Pros ecta for Ma"or Primer Commodities. Vol, IV, Report No. 814 B6, Washington, D.C. -- 33/ Wiilde, Th. 1982. "Contract Stability: Adaptation and Conflict Resolu- tion", In: Legal and Institutional Arrangements in Mineral Devi,~opment. London: Mining Journal Books Ltd. • 117 - Additional Sources Cummins, A,B,, and I.A. Given. (Editors). 1973. SME Mining Englneerin;I Handbook, The American Institut2 of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Eng neers, Inc. New York. Industrial Minerals. 1980-1986. Various Editions. Metal Bulletin Journals Ltd. United Nations Confer,mce on Trade and Development. 1985. Yearbook of Industrial Commodity Statistics. New York. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1975. Mineral Facts and Problems. Washington, D.C. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1986. Minerals Yearbook 1984, Area Report International. Washington. D.C. Weiss, N.L. (Editor), 1985. SME Mineral Processing Handbook. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. New York. World Bank. 1985. World Development Report. Washington, D.C. 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