-14<b~b                 - lett}5
ONeT 0   MMpOBOM pa3BI1TI1I1                              1995
                     _ \Jt'ldd J)C.~l~ft'-\~tl--r        ~\~<\ \qqS

                       bjClrKCkS" \.~   ~-tc rc.,.-n ~     W~r\c\


    PY40BbIE PECYPCbI
                 Russ '{Q~

              ~~-...,.~.~ H

         rAO BAAl13AIJl1a
            3KOHOMl1Kl1
                                         --------------------------------------------




                                                                            -----....---
.............................................................................
()rqeT 0 MMPOBOM pa3BMTMM                I995




    PY40BbIE PECYPCbI
                                           M
       fAOBAAI13ALJI1JI
          3KOHOMI1KI1




           BeE M V1 P H bl 1I1   6 AHK
                    1995 Me)f(4\'HapO,'lHhlll oaHK peKOHCTpYKljml         H
                    pa3Hl1THHiBceMl1pHbli1 BallK,
                    1818 H Sueet, N.W., Washington, D.C 204')3, U.S.A,

                    l1eplloHa'lCL\bliO ,)l!\'6,\I1KOllafIO IIJ aHf.Hli\cKOM H3blKe K:lK   World Development
                    Report   1994 l1'HaTeM,CTBO'1 Oxford University Press        ,1.\R BCeMl1pHoro BaHKa.



                    Bee lIpaBa coxpaIleIlbL Hmi<lKaJl YaCTb H<lc-n:)J1I1Jem 113,j3HHH He 'H))f(eT 6blTb
                    BOClIP0I13BC,lcn;!, nmlCHJeHa Ha XpaHeHl1e B lIH(11OpMaYII0IlHO-n0I1CKOB),1O
                    CHeTeM\' 11\11 lIepC;jJHa B .\KlOOil cj:x'PMC I1UI\lo6brMH epC;leTHaMH. 6Y/lh TO
                    :~t\eK'rpOHHbJMi:1, ~1eXam-1qeCKHI\1H, q)OTOKOrmpOna,\hHhIMH, ytarHHTHbIMI1 H/\H
                    HHblMH, 6e:l11pe,1!lapIJTe.\bHoro pa3peUleHI1J1 Ike,mpllom baHKa


                    l-hroTOll.\eHO B COe,HllleHHbIX     U ITaTax fhlepllKI1
                    IlepBOC H."'laJ1Jle -   lllOHb   1995 ro,la

                    nOMeIljellHaH Ha 06,\OlKKe paoul'a /l>KeilK06a ;\o),peHea          Boce. l lh crjlOUT~1etl
                    09R2   m,l) HOCrrpOH3BO,lHTca c ,W)Oe3Horo pa3peUl<;'llHR X){)O!KH>lK<I >l raA,\e-
                    peH <Dp:mCI1H Cqepc. Opm·llWI.\ KapTllHhr BXO,jHT B K(l\.\CKljHkl rrepe.1HIl!K-
                    HhlX pa6uI' f'O[Xli\a CH:3T,\;l, HaXO,lml)YIOCR no,l YllpaB\eHlICM KmIHceHH
                    CU3T,\:l 110 ,)e,\a" HCKVCCTB <DoTOrpact' CnlB 5IlIr:


                    HaCTllHIIJee Ij1,jaIlIl€ n(l,lmlClMeHO COTP):jll!lKllMI1 Bce'lI1pHoro baHKa, H
                    CO;lepltCa.IIJHeCH B Hel\! !>1Heuytfi ~oryT He OTl-Xlli\aTh H3r.,UI.lhI COBeT;] HCJI(1'\HH~
                    Te,\bHb[X ;)l1peKTOpOH baBKa 1"\11 IIpe.1CmlL\RelhIX l1~lH CTpan. Bce"HpHb1l1
                    ballK lie l-apaHT!lpYeT TO'lHOCTL rJaHllhlX, npllHo,lHMbiX H HacmRlIJdi rryfi,\Il-
                    Kar;IlH II lle npIIHHMaeT Ha cefiR HHKaKOH OTBeTCTHeHIIOCTlI :m KaKHe-,\H6o
                    1l0C\C,lCTHIIJl !IX IK[](1\b30KIJlIU!. Halj!lOHa,\bHble rpaHI!IJhr. I)BeTa, o(io:lHa'le"
                    HllR II IlpO'JaJ! lIHq,op'larJHH, YKa.'laHllaJ! IlU KapTUx, CO,\ep)Kall)IIXCB H HUCn)B-
                    IlJeM n:-uaHvfH, He OJnattalOT KaKoro-.\u60 ~1HelnHI co C'TOPOltbI Bce~lHpHOf'()
                    BaHKa OTHOCIlTe.\hHO ",PII.,]fI'lecKoro CTaTVea K3KOil' UI6,) TeppHTIlpHIl 11<\11
                    1l0ilileplKKIJ H IlpH:maIUJR TaKlIX rpaHHlJ.


                    ISBN 08213289R-O




                    OTlre'IaTaHO rm H'IOP"4HOii oYMare. Ul'HeyaKlIlJeii AMepllKarrcKo'IY Hal)1I0-
                    lIa,\hlloMY CTall,japTY ilmroBe<IHOCTl1 6pram ,1.\R ne'l3THhrX 6116.u10TeYHbrX
                    'laTepHa, \OB,   z39.4R-1984




___     , _ _ _ _ _MII!!
   :I.....            .. '. -_'
                            ...._ ,_ _....._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. .     .,.••
                                                                         ,_,.''             "':r~'~~     -
                                                                                                       ___
                                                                                                         __ ,.   "l"",," i!i l'   'loT   11
                  Py';1-       BE30TIACHbIY1, TIPOM3B04M-                      BMeCTe C TeM npaHlfTeAbCTHY OTH0411TOI HaJKHa5f poAb H




T
                  TeAhHhII1,3KOAOrH'leCKI1 '1I1CThll1 -             I10BCe-    OKa3aHHH IIOMOIIJH pa60THHKa:-'1, IlOCTpa4allWI1M Il pe3Y,\b-

                  l>teCTHO CTa,\ KMO'leBhIM 3Ae:-'1eHIDM 3KOHO'                TaTe H3MeHemm CTPYKTYPbl IDprullAH 11 npl1TOKa KarlH-

                  MH'IeCKorO H COlJl1aAhHOro I1porpecca.                       T3J\a,     Hpl1'1eM   pe'lb    114eT       He TO.\bKO       06    06eCne'leHHH

                  PelIJalOllJee 3HaqeHI1e TpV4a AaBHO 6hI.\0                   CHCTeMbI        cOIJl1aAbHOH       3allJHTbl,    [iO    H 06 opr3HH331JHH

I1pI13H3HO       H peKOMeHAaljHBX             BceMHpHoro            BaHKa      lIpoq)eCCI10Ha,\bHoi!          II04ruIDHKH       TpY40!lhIX           pecypcoH       K

npaHwreAbCTH3~I CTp~UI H B lIPOHOilHMOti HM I10,\Hn!Ke.                        TaKHM uepeMeHaM.

Tpy,'l -     31'0 He T();\hKO 3KOHOMH'IeCK3R K3TeropHR; pe'lh                      B-TpeTbHx, BO :>morHX cTpaHax llU>\HTI1K3 pblllKa TpY4a

H4eT 0      caMol1 "YIIJliOCTH p3311HTHR '1eAOlleqeCTIl3, H                    Heo6ocHoHamlO TRroTeeT                 K    111'IeK)U)I1M    Ilpo<mylO 3aH5f-

I10T<JMY T):'Y4 6C·Aee '1e:-.! 'ITO-AI100 3aCAYJKHHaeT CT3Tb                   IDCTb, IDr,.p KaK 11HTepecbl :>aHilTbiX Il Ce,\bCKOM X03HflcTHe

TeMol1 H3CORIIJef'() ll\)CeMH<41lj3IDro Bhll1yCKa eJKer04Horu                  11 HeperHclVHpyeMoM ceKTope If Tex, KID I[OTep'V\ pa60TY,

OT~eT'a 0 MUp08o.'t pa:WUTUU. B OTqeTe paCCMaTpH-                              3a6bIHaIOTCH.      MelKAY TeM          HIlOAHe O'leHH4Ha               POAh npa-

B310TCR TaBle BOIlPOChI, KaK ,10XOilhl p3fiOTHI1KOll, pa3.\Hq-                 HI1Te.\hCTHa B BbIpa60TKe HopManmHo-upaBOHofi OCHOBhI

Hhle (j)3KTOPbl PI1CK3, C KOTOPhlCl-1l1 OfHl CTaAKHllaK)TCJI,                  "Ail ,le}ITeAbHOCTI1 llpocpeCCI10Ha,\bHblX COlO30B H                         KOl'l-

YCAOHI1R ilX Tpv4a. TIOqTI1 B TOH JKe CTelleHI1, 'ITO 11                       lIaHl1ti 11 B CO'M3UHH YCAOllHti, clloc06cTBYlOIIJHX IKHOJKH-

paOOTalOlI)l1e, J\M111HHe TpVila Hel136eJKHhlM o6pa30M                         TeAbHOMY        IlK,\a/[y yqaCTHIIKoB 3KOUOMI1QeCKOfi 4eRTe,\b-

OIlJYlIJalOT H3 ce6c Te, KTO He panOTaeT -                          4eTH,      HOCTH       B    npOIJecc      pa3BI1THR.        TIpaHI1TeAbCTHO           TaKJKe

I1peCTapeAble H I1eTpY40CIIOCOOHble.                                           4();\JKHO YCT3HOlll1Th MHHl1MflAhHble HOPMbI, OlIpe"e,\RIO-

    AKTya,\bHOCTb 11aHHoru OT'IeT3 nO/l'lepKHHaeTCB YCH-                       llJl1e TPY/l0llble OTHoweHHR, H He /10IIYCKaTb 3KcnAyaTflljlll1

AeHHCM 3HaqeHHR 4HYX xapaKTepllhIX rAOOa,\bHblX TeH/jeH-                       11 /lIKKpHMI1HaIJHH.          YCIleWHaR         [JO\HTI1Ka TP)ilOBbIX pe-

ljHl1:   COKp,l1lJelH!R   rOC}ilapCTHelHlOrO       HMeW3Tb\bCTHa          H    CYPCOH C[JOCOOHa rapMOHH'IHO CO'1eTaTbCR C PhIHO'lHbIMH

.1elrre,\bHOCTb PbIHKOll, C o.·IHOti cropOHbl.              H paCTYI1Jeti      MexaHH3MaMH,          He    I1pe40CTall,,\RH      Cl1eIJllaAhHbIX         I1PHIH1-

I1HTerpaIJIH1 TOPf'()}L\H, nOIDKOIl K311HTaAa H 06MeHa HlI-                    AerHti H AbrOTHhIX YC\OBI1H OT4eAhUbIM llpo<i,eCCHOHa,\b-

cpopMalJHei! II Tt:XlIO \OrHHMH, C ,1P)TOit B YC\OHHRX "PO-                    HhIM KaTef'()pHRM 3a C'!eT fJe4,Hei1mHX CAoeH HaCeAeHI1R.

HCXO,lRUJH\ myCI1HHJ,JX H3"IeHeuHti "p1lH1JIl"HaAbUble pe-                         B-QeTBepTbIX,          1l0\oJKemle TpY;'lm1,lHXClI,               Il KOHeQHOM

welU1R, Ka('aIOHJlieCR .3apa60THoH IIAaTbT H }T.\OBHH TP)'ll<l,                HIDl'e, Y\Y'lll1aeTC5f Q,aru,13p51 3KOHOMH'1eCKHM pecpOp:>IaM,

np~lx04HTUI lIpllHllMaTb IIOA /13B/,eHlleM l:Ao6aAbllofi KOH-                  cOJ[ponOlK4aK)Il)HM lIepeX04 01' lJeHTpa,\H.1011aIIHom Il,\a-

KYpeHljlll1. CypoliaR peaAbUOCTb mo6a,\bHOm pblHKa TaKOHa,                     Ill1pOHaHI1H K PbIHO'lHOH CI1CTeMC 11 OT npOTeKIJHOHI1.3Ma K

'ITO oUUI61m B IK1\HTllKe 6e3JKMOCTHO HaKa31,lllaKITCH -                       OTKPhlIDCTI1 3KOHOMl1KH. Ho IIpe06pa30HaHHR MorVT OKa-

na4eHileM BaAK)THOID Kypca, vTpaToti ;1Cl-\H phlHKa, a                    Il   'laThC5f    neCh\la    60,\e:lHeHHhIMI1,         KOr;1<I    OHH        conpOBOlK-

KOUe'lHOM CqeTe, COKpaIIJeHHeM 33URTOCTll H                      na/!eHl1eM    4alOTCH      HpeMeHHblM         Clla,10M     3aH!lIDCTH          11   CHHlKeHHeM

3apa6oTHoit I1~\aThl.                                                          3apa60TH0l1        I1AaTbl,    a   pa60THI1KI1         HhIHYlK4ellhi      MeHHTb

    O,ilUH    Ui;'\5fT Ii IIOBOM r,\OfkL\bHOM pblHKe             IKID'IHI1K    MeCTO pa50Tbl. B           llepeXOI1HblH lIepH04 coxpaHHeTCR no-

1l03"OlKUOI'Teil, 06eIIJalOllJHi'I 6bICTpoe B03HarpalK/leHlle                  Tpe()HOCTb H aKTHIIHOI1 roC\:lapCTHeHHol1 1I044ePJKKC pa-

'Ja TP)\lOAI: )611e H 3HeprH'IUOCTb; ;lpyrHe IlOClIplll!HMalOT                 nOTHHKaM 11 HX ceMbRN.

H3MeHeHHlI KaK vrpo.1Y 6AamCOCTORUHIO, 11, 4eHCTBHTC,\b-                           4amlhlfl OT'IeT Ilpli3llaH 1l0AOJKHTb Ha'la,\O lilHPOKOMY

HO, II P}l4E KaK elH4ICTPIl3,\bHhIX, TaK 11 pa:mHBaKlI1,lI1XCll                H   KOMneTeHTHOl'1Y           ooq'lK;leHHIO       3TI1X     'IaCID      CfIOPHbIX

CTpaIl     npI.'4110Cbl,\KII   upOTeKljHOHH3M3       elIJe    4aAeKO    He     IIOllPOCOB, 110 eflJe 6Q<\ee llalKHoe em Ua3Ha'leHHe                             -

I1peO,10AeHbL                                                                  Ilbl311aTb i.j:'MelleHI1R nCv\HTIIKH, ClIoconCTBYIDIlJl1e paljHO-

    C04ep)l'>aHHe      4allHOf'(1 OTqCTa       CH04I1TC5f    K   qeThIpeM      Ha, \hHOMY CPOpMl1pOBaHVlIO HOBOM 33HRTOCTH. Be;1b H ,lJ\iI

OCHOIlHhlM nO\O;KeHllllM:                                                      3KOUOMHKH H lJe.\OM, H ![AR OT.1eAbHhIX ,\K)4eI1 TPYA 5fHAReT-

    BO-IlepllblX,     HCX!14R    H3   "POlllAblX    HCCAetIOnaHHti,      H     CH e4HHCTBeHHhlM CPYH;j3MeHTOM, Ha KOTOPOM MOJKeT 6bITh

"p',JK4C Beem enD              OT~eT   ()   ,'1UP08(),)t pa36U'[UU             UOCTpoefl IIPOqHhli! YCllex.

199(),     IIOt.qepKllHaeTCH nOAh3a ;lMl p36oTHHKon no Hcex

CTpaHax,      !lC06CHHO Il 6e,lHblX,        3KOHO"fllqeCKoru pocra,

COilPOIlOJK13IDU)erucR nOHhllueHHeM np0I1311011I1Te,\hHOCTH

Tp)/la H IlHTaeNoru palJllOH<L\bHbIM HHlleCTl1pOllamleM Il

KanHT3A H H 3NlpOBbe H 06pa30B3Hl1e HaCe,\eHHR.

    BO-H1DPWX, paCTVIIJaH HHTerpaIJI1R MelK4Y CTpaUa~lI'L II                                               ,4JKetiMc 4. BYAcpeHcoH

ID;\I '1HCW II 6,\am,lapR MllrpaljHH, OTlle'IaeT HHTepecaM                                                   TIpe3H.1eHT BceMHpHOf'() BaHKa

pa60THIIKOB KaK H f..e/1f!hIX, TaK 11 H 60raThIX CTpauax.                                                    1 I1IDHll 1995 r04a



                                                                                                                                                                        iii
iv

_   ..
     ,.. ! ...._ _ _
       ,..          d ...._   ...._ _ _...._ _ _ _ _ _ _           .....
                                                           ."~"'~"',  ,, . ," , ..
                                                                            ...  ,_    iI/l,...._
                                                                                   ......            *_. . . . . ...
                                                                                                                   ,..
                                                                                                    ..         ~     "..,fi'_...    ..
                                                                                                                                    ,_....________
                                                                                                                              *'i~'~,            J.~ __   "_~.~~~~~'~·
Onpep;e.,il.eHHH H npHMe'CIaHHH                  viii
Pe3IOMe         1
1                                           10
£facrl) I

CTpaTerHH pa3BHTHJI H pa60THHKH                                    17
2      3KoHoMJrqCCKI111: POCT 11 OTA:aQa OT Tp)~'la             18
3      ltmroxQ:l5IticTHa, :')KOHOMH'-leCKHii POCT H 3aH5ITOCTb                26
4      TIOJ,HTW(a H cnpoc Ha PblHKC TpWla               34
5     9'e/\OHeQeCKUlj Kam1Ta;\ 11 pa3JH1T11e            40
6     PbIHKI1, TPWIOBblC pCcypCbl 11 HepaBCHCTBO                 46

£facrb II

rlio6aJ\H3alJHJI 3KOHO]\fHKH: HOBbIe B03]\fO)KHOCTH H;\H yrp03a
,z,,)\JI pa6oTHHKoB?              55
7     CT3HOMeHl1e rAo6a;\bHoro pblHKa TpYA:a                  56
8      I131-leHel-me Me:>KA:YHapO(lHoro pa3/leAeHl15I Tpy/la             61
9     ::YI0)IMhHOCTb KarIl1Ta_\a: 6;\aro l1AI1 6e(1cTHl1e?              68
10     MCiKllYl!ap(V(Ha5I ]'vH1rpaIJI15I    73

£fClCTb III

rOCYAapCTIJeHHoe pery.}\HpOBaHHe PbIHKOB TpYAa                                           79
11     RKyilapCTHeHHa5I nOM1TI1Ka H TPy/!OBble HOPMbl                   80
12    Pml,lIp()(flCOJ030H         92
13     f1pco;lo \em1e HCCTa611.;\bHOCTH ;10XOil0B               101
14    [oCv,laPCTHO Il pOM1 pa6oTo(laTCJ\5I              107

£faCTb   Iv
Bhl60p nOliHTHKH H nO)\O)KeHHe TPYAJlllJHXCJI B npolJecce npe06pa30BaHHH                      113
15    MO,'\CAII PCCpOpMbI         114
16    TIp1106pen:HI15I 11 1I0Tepl1         120
17     nepCCTpottKa cTpywrYPbJ 3aH5rrOCTI1                127

£faCTb V

nepcneKTHBhI TpYAJlllJHXCJl B               XXI BeKe                    137
18    TIC.\I1TJIKa 1I ncpCIICKTI1HbJ pblHKa TPYila 138
BII6/lIforpa<pHH            147
IIpH)l.olKeHHe: Me)K4ynapo4HaH craTHcTHKa TpY4a                                    165

                                                                                                v
  Bpe3KIf
  1       MHP 3a pa60mH            2
  1.1     KaK conOCTaHHTL ypcmellh peaAbHoi1 :lapa6oTfloi1 IL\aTbl Il pa311blX cTpaHax'                              14
  3.1     Ym Tawe 6e3pa6oTl11p?            31
  4.1     rTpwlIlHhl HIBKOTD cnpoca Ha TP}1l0IlbJe PCCYPChl H ce"\LCKOM X03JlHCTIlC: rrpl1l\1Cp K()..\Y"16mi                               38
  5.1     HaCKO,ILKO rrOIlLIIIlJ<CYfCJl 3aplL\aTa Il pe3YALTJTe IIU\Y'leHHJl 06pU30HJHI1R?                      43
  6J      5IIl.c\JleTCJl All [xnee Hn:1KJJl :lapa6oTHaJl IlMlTa lKeHlIJI1H pe'W,\hTJTIlM ,lI1CKpI1MI1HaIJI1I1'                   50
  7.1     IIocrrellalOT .\H OC,1Hble Crpal1hJ 3a ooraTLIMl1'        60
  8.1     BAHJlHHe TOproBAI1 c pa3Bl1llaKJII)HMI1CJl crpaHaMH Ha nQ,\OlKellHe HeKBa,ll1qJHIJl1pOllaHHLlx pa60'llfX

          1I npoMblllLICHHO pa3Bl1ThlX CTpaflax         63
  8.2     Mo,leAb XeKWepa-O\l1l!a           66
  14.1    rTpo6,\e~[a 3aKa:i'lI1Ka H I1C[J();\IlHTeMI II roCYtlapCTllermO,,1 ceKTope                 109
  16.1    HacKoAbKO CHl1lKaeTCJl 6AarucOCTI)J!HHe HaCeACHHJl 1I1lepYJ(1,1 KopeHHhlX nepc"leH?                              123
  17.1    HacKoAbKO 3cpej)CKTHIlHhl rOC}/lapcTllclIHhle uporpUMMhl ncpcnO/llDTIlllKH KU,lpOIl?                             131

  PIfCYHKIf
  1       PeaM,HaJ! 3upaGoTllaJl IL\UTa B IlPO"lhlll.L\CHHOCTH           4
  2       YpOlleHL pOCTa BBn ~I KamITa,\Oll..\OlKCHHH fla pa60THHKa                        5
  3       !bCT peaAbHoH 3apa6oTlloH IlAaThl B IlPOMhlW,\CHIlOCTH II 3KC[JopTHaJl Opl1elHalJl1JI                             6
  4       Pca.\bHaJl 3apa6oTHaJl IL\aTa Ha .wwy lraCe~\eIlHJl B 'leThlpex crpaHax, OCYUjeCTBAJllOllJHX

          Ull1poKo:'>lacwTa6m,le pecpop~lbl        8
  11      CTPYKTypa llaCeAelll1J! TpY(10cnoco6l1Of'O Il03paCTa no ceKmpa~1 H rpylllla~1 ,10XO,10B                           12
  1.2     3apa6oTI!aJl nAura no PClllY 3aflJlTHH B ceMH roPO(lax              13
  1.3     POCT BBrT Ha OtlllOro pa60TlII1Ka no pcmOllaM             15
  2.1     4111!aMIIKa pea,\bIl0l1 :Japa6oTHofi IL\aTb! B faHe, MaAai1:ml1 H Iloi\hUlC                      19
  2.2     Te~mbl pocTa BBD Ha 4YUIY Hacc"\eHHJl 11 peMhH0l1 3apaOOTHofi IlAaThl B ceAhCKO)1 XCHJlikTlle II npOMbllIlAeHHOCTH                             21
  23      BBI I lIa O,lHoro pa6oT1lI1Ka H Y4eAbllb1l1 IleC ImeMHblX pa6oTlIHKOB, 3aHJlThlX B HeCCAbCKOX03ilHCTBeHHO)!

          IIPOH3H04CTBe       22
  2.::1   EaKOfV\CHHe cpH3H'leCKOrO H 'le,\OBe'leCKoro Kam1TaAa II npl1pcxl' BBDlla O(lHOro paGoTHHKa                                       24
  ,-
  _.)     PoCT BBDI1 [Jpl1pOCT HaCe,\eHHJl Tpytlocnoc06Horo H03paCTa 110 pen101IaM                               25
  31      Yponellb 1py;10110J;\ aKTHBlIOCTl1 HO 1l0AOIKB1XlCTIll>tM rpY[JllaM
                                                                                               ,-
                                                                                               -/
  3.2     nOAOIlOCtPUCTllaJl CTpyKTypa 3allJ!TIKTH IfaCCACJIl1J! TP}:10CIlocofilloro 1l03paC'J'a B MaAaf'13lHl                         28
  .3.3    BED Ha 4YlllY HaCCAeHWll1 fie3pa6oTlIT)a             32
  4.1     OrpacAeBaJ! CTpyKTypa 3aHJlmCl'I1 B pa3HhlX CTpaHax no ypOlllllO il0XOilOB                             34
  4.2     406alnellHaJl CTOHMOCTb Ha pa60THlIKa II OTpaC\ellaJl CTpyKl'ypa .1aHJlTIKTH H Mal\ai1:ml1 H Pecny6,\IIKe KopeJl                       35
  4.3     BBn Ha patloTHIIKa H pa3Mep ropO,lcKOro ncpefl1C'rpllpyeMOTD CE'KTOpa                             39
  5.1     YpOlleHb ofipa30HuHHll 11 POCT BHII Ha Il)'wy HuceAeHHil B IOro- BOCH)'lHOH AJHH                                 42
  6.1     Pa3~\H'lIU! B 3apa60Tl!oi1 IlAaTe ME'lK4Y Bl>mYCKIIIIKaMH YHI11lelJeHTeTIlB II lIa'laJ\L,IIl>lX !IlKOA                      48
  7.1     CWHMOCTb MelK4Yllapo,lHoro TpalICHOpTHOTD C006H)CIlHI! II CPC,lCTB CIl}!:m                             58
  7.2     ToproBAil. HOTI)KI1 Kalll1TaAa II :.mrpalJl1Jl B I1H,WCl'Pl1iL\bllhIX CTpaHax, pa311l1BaK)lJJHXCJI CTpaHax H CTpanax

          C nepexo,lHoi1 3KOHOMI1KO}r        59
  Rl      1eMHhl pocra peaAbHO!1 3apa6oTHoH nAUl'h! B npc)MblllL\ellHOCTH 11 ofi1,cMa :?KCIlopra                             62
  11.1    MIIIIH~laAhHaJl 3apa60THaJl Il.UTa 11 BErT lIa ,wwy HaCeAl'Hllil                      87
  11.2    Co6AIO,lelll1e lI<llJHOHaAhHoro TPYtlOllOro 3UKO!IO;UITeAhCTBa MHKPOllpe/lllPHJlTHJl:'>HI                        89
  12.1    Y.i!e,\hHblfi Bel' 'lAeHOllllpOCPCOI030B B COCTalle TPY,lOBhlX peCypCOB 01::1eAhHblX CTpaH                         95
  12.2    Pea,~bH<lJl :3apa6oTl!aJl IIA<lTa waXTcpOB B HHilllH           97
  141     3aHJllDCTb It npiIlJHTC,lhCTUClIHbIX Opr<lHaX H Ii rOC}/lallCTBeHHO~1 arlll;JpaTe                      108
  14.2    Pa3AI1'lI1Jl B OllAaTe TpY/la ~lelK(lY rocy(mpCTIlCHHbIM II 'laCTHbl:V1 CeKTIJpaMH EnmTa 11 fallbi                          1\0
  15.1    POCT 061,cMa TOprOlnl1 H ,ll)'\11 3aHJlThlX II 'laCTHOM CeKTIlpe B OT,'leAbHblX CTpaHax,

          npOIlO,lJlIIJHX 3KOI!OMH'leCKHe pe(I)OpMhl         117
  15.2    OrpacAellaJl crpyKTypa 3aHJlTOCTI1 H KllTae 11 !bCCI1I1             119
  16.1    HepalleHcTBo ilOXOtl01l 11 TeMllhl :JKOHOMH'leCKoro pOCTa II C1var!ax AaTl1lKKOfi A~ICPI1KH H CTpaHax,

          rile paHee npaKTHKOllaAOCb IJeHTpa,\1I30BallHOe ILlaflllpOllaHl1e                    122


  vi
_. . ,
     .______. . .tt---------------.
                 .                 .,. .
                                       .,,_.' ' '.                                     ...
                                                                                         ,_______... ...
                                                                              ~~!f'''.!i              ' '1..,
                                                                                                          ...    1-·~'    ·""_,_~_~_~~_-rw_~r    __       ..
                                                                                                                                                      !I!."'~"''''\iI'· ~~'''''."
17.1     MlHH1Ma,-\hHall :,apaOOTHaJI H,\aTa COCTaIL\HCT AI1Wb 1'1a/\)lIO /10AIO OT CpC,1Hero :{apaGoTKa B OT;1C,\hIlbIX

         cTpalHlx. OCYlIJCCTtlMllOLlJI1X perjJOp1'1bI            130
m.l      (])aKTHYCCKl1e H npOrH(Xmpye1'1ble 3apa6oHla1l I1AaTa H 'j;le/\bllbII1IleC 3aHlI1'blX lIO pCrHOllaIVl 11 ypOlllllO Kfl3,\I1¢I1K3Ylm              141

Ta6;\HIJbI
1.1      C1'pYK1'ypa TPPOflblX pecypcoll MHpa 110 rpynn31\1 .10XO/l01l H pemoHaM                          10
2.1      C1'pYKTypa H3Ce,\CHHR 1'pY.!jOCllOCOOHOlU 1l03paC1'a 110 1'Hlly 3aHilTOCTI1 H faHe. MaMlii31111 II               1kJ,\blllC   19
2.2      /LoXO;.lbl ntl   po,1Y 3aHlI1'HH H .'Vl<L\ai13HI1       20
4.1      V13McHeHI1iI II "[)(l!lHe /1(lXtl;10!l II oopa6aTbillaIOUjefr lIpm.lbllllAeHlIOCTH 11 :,aHHTOC1'11 B C1'p3Hax c

         lIpC)TeKIJHOHHC1'CKHl\l pelKH~10M H II CTp3H3X C 3KCIlOjJTHOti opHcHTalJHeti 3KOIlO,,>1HKI1                 37
6.1      Cpe,lHee <,I1CN, ,\eT WKO/\bHOrO o6pa3011aH1111 no KBlHiTI1AR1vl ,10XO,la !Ia <'WIlly Hace/\eIlI1H B HeKCJTOpblX

         pa311HHaK)IYHX'.1I CTpaHax           47
8.1      Dpo!'Hm . tllHa~1HKH;apaG()THoi1I1,\aTbI H IJell ,10               2005   ro,p B pe3YAb1'aT<:: npI1Hl!THH COmameH¥!t\ YpyrHaiicKoro paYH,!j::l    64
9.1      3a;10,\lKeHHoc·b. COCTOJlIlHe (POH;1011oro pblHKa H .lapa6oTH<l5lIMaTa B WITH Kpy!IJ-let\WHX cTpanaX-;10AlKn!1K::lX

         J\aTI!HCKPH Ai'lepHKH         71
10.1     CTp',KTyp.l MHI'paIJHOIIHOro HaCe,\eHlll1 no peruoHaM :'>mpa                         74
11. 1    BI1/11>1 ronnapC1'IlCHI!OrO pcryAHpoHaHHl! PhIllKOIl TPY<13                     HI
11.2     X1elbllhlM Bec Hae:-'ll1oro TPY;1a H oOUjeil ;,aH5ITOCTH C pa3t)I1HKol'i 110 CCKTOpaN H rpynnaM CTpaH

         C pal,\I1YllbIM ypoIlIleM ,10X0;10B          82
11.3     Dpe,yeI!Tlla;r ,t(HlI MYlKYI1H I1lKCHIIJHH. 3<lHlI1'[,IX B HeperHCTpl1pyeMoM ceK1upe 3KOHOMI1KH                     84
11       COOTIIOUleHH(' -1apa60T!loti n,\a1'hI Uf;1eAhllhlX KaTcrOpHl'111[XIMblUl,\CHHhlX paoo'1Hx B rop04ax 11 3apa60THoti n/\aTbl

         B ceo \bCKI1X paiiollax        RR
115      06E'CnC'WH!1e HOpM rHrHCHbl H 6e'lOlIaCIIOCTH Tpy;la Ha OXllayellHblX 11 He OXllaqCHHbIX IIpmjlcOI03<l">1I1

         qll1P"JaX B CLIIA C p,n6I1BKoi1110 pa3Mepy q)l1P~1                   91
12.1     Cmllb MeFt(ilYleRTC,\bllOCTbKl IIPO(I)(0103011 Ha (pllpMax .'V1a,\ai13HI1 11 Ilpl1HHNaeMLIMH PYKOBO;lC1'HO,,1

         Mep,IMH   II)    1l0BbIllleHHKI IIPC1tl3HO;1I1Te,\bHOCTH TPY;l<l           93
12.2     Pa3nH4HlI 11 3apa601'Hoii !!.\a1'C 4AellOll H IICq,\CHOllnpo¢coI03011 B O'!;JtC/\bHblX CTp,max                94
12J      THllhl npl 'Q1COI03I1hIX opraHI13alJl1l1lJ PCCl!y6M1KC Kopel!                   97
131      CTrVKT,)Ta !1 pa3Mcpbl 4aCTlIhlX TpaHcq)CpTOB B OT;lC,\bHhlX crpaHax                            102
151      XapaKTeprhle 4ep1'bl '1eTblpex OCIIOBIIblX MOil(~\ci1 pe¢op1'1                        115
15.2     Pea.\bllall 3ap,16oTmllI n,\aTa H ypOllellh 6e3pa6oTHIJhl B YC1'hlpex C1'pan<lX AaTHHCKoit A~lepl1KH H ACPPI1KI1 K lOry 01' Cax:lphI.

         !lPC!lO;lH1'[][H} pC¢OPMbl           116
153      Pea \bH,UI 3ap:IGoTlIall [1/\a1'a H ypOBeHh f)c3paf)oTHIJhI II n5lTH C1'pallax, me paHee !lpaK1'I1KOHa/\OCh

         IJellrpaMI30Hafllioe n,\<lHl1p(lIlaHlIC           116
16.1     [JoCc\C,lCTlll1l1   PC(POP~lbj fl,\H pa60THl1KOB B CTpaHax, HCnOAL:iOBalllllHX tle1'blpe OCHOllllhIC MCl,lCAH peq)OpMhl               124
17. l    Mepb!, CllOCO/)CTI1YIOUJI1C ncpcCTpoilKe crpyKTVPbl 3aHJl1'OCTH                           128
18, I    /LOll YUjCIIHJl , \elKaUjI1C B OCHOHC npOrtlUia               139
18.2     l1POl'H03bl pOCTa BBD IIa /tVIIlY HaCC~\CHI1l!11 :~KCllopTa 110 pCraOH<lM                       140
183      nporHo3 poc-ra .3<1pa6oTHoi1 fV\<lTbl KllaMlq)l1lJHpoBallllblx H HCKB3/\Hc!mYl1pOllaHHblx paGOYHX 110 pCrl10llaM                     140

Ta6AHIJhlrrpHAO*CHHH
A   ~1   /LHlla"'IHKa npC,1/\OlKCBHlI Tp)",a          166
A2       C1'PYKTypa paGo'leti CHAbI            169
A-5      POCT 061,cMa npm13HO,lCTHa 11 3apa6oTllofl IL\aTbl lla ,WillY HaCC,\eHI1H                        171
A'I      Rrm¢HK.!lJHP OCHOllHblX KOHHelH)Hii           MOT            172




                                                                                                                                                            VII
                  HeKOTopble TepMMHbl, MCnOnb30BaHHbie B                                             nOJll,\llH HJ BH03HMhIC npOlBBQlCTBCHHblC pecypCbI, 3 B
                  OTl.feTe                                                                           HeKompblX C\Y'Ja)lX lIC Il001;\eJKaT ,lCI1C1'BI1l0 OT,je. \bHblX
                                                                                                     3aKOllOH C1'lXlllbL
                  7pyg06ble pecypC1~1 U UX 3/leMeHTtJl. 7j)),g08blc                   peCl'P-
                     Cbl tlK.\lO'laKlT BCe HaCeAeHl1e (TpaHbI H TpY9ocnoco6IiO.l{
                                                                                                  KwLteKTU6HtJle nepe<!oaoptJt. f1epemBopbl ylelK:1Y I IPC)(P-
                     B03paaC CU1!Ja B H03paCTe OT            15 40 64           CpaKTl1'lCCKI1
                                                                                                     COK110M (11"\11 :1 P}TI1~lH rrpe;lCTamrrc, \lIMIl paG01'HI1 K(m) H
                     pa6oTalOlIJee IL\11           11IIJYlIJee pa60TY   3TcJT    nOKa:laTe~\b        lIaHHMaTeAJlMH 0 pa3Mcpe 3apafJOTHOM TlA3TbI H npO'lIIX
                     BKAlO'laeT 6e3pa6oTllblX (;\I1!J. He.1YlIJHX 6C3)Tnellml>lH
                                                                                                     YC\OHI1J1X 1'P}iU.
                     nOI1CK pa6oTbd, HO He BIV\lO'laeT M1!J, 07"taJl8/uUXCJl
                     HaHT!1 paG01Y, a TaKJKe Hcex Tex. KTO HC pa60TaeT 11 HC
                                                                                                  neHCUOHHtJle 1LlaHtJl geAJlTCH Ha g6a OCHOOHtJtX
                     I1llJeT pa60TY ('l.\eHOH CeMI>I1, :>aHlITI>]X YXO,]O;V1 :la     ,lCTb~111,      Tuna. IlepBbIli npe/lC1'aMHC1' c060li roqilapCTBeHIIYlU
                     CTY4CHTOll,      neHO!OllepoH,       HHBaAH40H     11 1:nJ.    f10lUITHe
                                                                                                     cue1'eM)' HhllL \aThI lIenCl10HHhlX Hoc06uM H3 TeK\'lIJI1X
                     HcnOAHoil 3WiJlTOCTU onpe4e;\HeTClI H ;\HTCpaType no-
                                                                                                     IIOCTVlIN.'HI1it TO CCTb llcpellO,l CPC;\CTB 01' paGoT3hllIJl1X
                     pa3HOMY, 3(lCCu JKe OHO OnHCI>IHaeT no.\OJKeHHe pa60TIIlI-
                                                                                                     l! 113CTOJIIIJee BpC~I5I.   13 OT,\Il'lHe OT 3TOro C11CTe~la cpllHaH-
                     Ka. l'OTOIlOl'O Tp)?lHTbClI G(l\bille 'laCOB, 'lCM OH (InlKTI1-
                                                                                                     CHpOll;JHl111    rrpe,wnlaTpHBaCT           BblIl,\aT),     ncncHii       113
                     'leCKI1 3aHlIT B Te'leHlIC onpc/le~\eHllOl'O lIqmoila. )j)OBCllb
                                                                                                     (tXJII,lOl!, ot'ipa:lOB3IlHhIX lI3 OT'lIIC\CIIHH npOJll,\!'IX ncpHO-
                     T/l)'Q()f3()U aKTU61iOaU lIaCeltCflUJl COOTIK"TCTByeT Ylle/\l>-
                                                                                                     .,OB. fI, 1'3KHM 06p,nml, 5IInlle1'ClI      Tlepcmt 10~1      CpC.]CTIl1l3
                     HOMY      Becy    HaceN.:!mlH      TPi?lOCIIOco6HOro       B03paCTJ     B
                                                                                                     Gy.1VIIJec (l,lllIlM I10KO,\elme~1 paGoTdKXlJHX ca~m"I ce6e.
                     TP}?1OllhIX pecypcax. Pa6()l{Clfl CUACl IlKAlO'laeT Hcex CP3K-
                     Tl1'leCKH 3aHHTbiX K3K H oqlHlJHa;\I>HO perl1CTpHpyeMON.
                                                                                                  nU>lUTUKtl gOXOg06. f101Ib1TKIl OrpallH'llITb POCT :lapat'ioT-
                     TaK H Il HepenIcrpHpyeMoM ceKTopax. TO eCTu 3TO
                                                                                                     lIOI"! IL\;!Tb]' IlLLmaHHbIC. KaK npaBl1,\O. CrpeM,\C!U!e~! npa-
                     TPY/10Ilule pecypChl MHHyC 6e3paOOrHule. O'tlll!JHaAbHU
                                                                                                     BHTe\LCTlla c,]CplKaTb Hl!(tJ.\ll!JI110 11~\H COXIXlHl1Th CfHJe-
                     pemC1'pHpYCc>lblH ceKTOp 06p33YIOT mcy;wpCTHCHHhle 11
                                                                                                     C1'll),j()LlJllii ypOIlCllb 3aHII1'OCTH.
                     'laC1'HhIC npc,lnpHllTIJlI, npOIl3BD,VlllJHC HaeM pa60THHKoH
                     u no,~AClKaII)11e ;~CtfcTBHIO 33KOHOB H IIO~\OlKCHHM 0 Tp);lC.
                                                                                                  nOnpaOKtl napUTeTa nOKynaTe,ltJHOU cnoco6HOCTU
                     4.\1l lJC;\eH 31--lnHpH'leCKoro aHa~\H3a IIOHll1'He pCrHCTp"-
                                                                                                     (nnc).        [IpH IJ:lY'leHHlI /l3HHbIX 0 ;]eHCJKHbIX ,10;,043X
                     pye!'tol'O cCKmpa llKAIO'laeT Bce HeCe;\bCKOX03HMCTlleHllhle
                                                                                                     'l3IlHTbIX ,lC.\aeTO! IIOnpaBKa, O'rpaJK3EOIljaJl ¢3KTH'l(:'<.'KYlO
                     llpC/lnpH1!TI111, paGO'1YKJ CHAY KO'mphIx COCTaB,\lllOT HaCM-
                                                                                                     nOKynaTe\bllYKl       CIloco6HUCTh C,lHHl1ljbl            HaljllOH<l;',hHoti
                     Hble pa601'HHKH, nG\Y'lalOl!Jlle 3apa601'H)'lU n;\aTY
                                                                                                     ll3~\KJTbl   npH nm;ynKe B CTpaHe BbmYCKa 'mllapoH 11 "C\yl:
                                                                                                     'GlKOti IIOKa3aTC,\b "IOJKC1' GhITh BblWC IL\H IIlIJKe ,IOKY-
                  AKTU6Ha1l mUUTUKtl PblHKtl Tpyga. :V1epbl, nplBll<lli
                                                                                                     lJaTCAbHOH clloco6HOC1'H e.1HliHIjhl TOii JKC lla~\lOTbl HpH
                     IIblC c04el1cTIlOBa1'b H0306HOIl;\CHl1lO 3JH1!TOCTI1             6e,Qpa'        TlOKYlIKC aH,L\Ofl!4HbIX TIlllapOB H       yewr    B ,lPyr'Hx CTpaHUX
                     6UTHbiX 11 paClllHpCI1HlO B(BMOlKHocTeii .l:\lI ct1<lKTWleCKH
                                                                                                     1I0   ~VllJCCTIlYlOl!JC~lY pbIllO'IHO~ly 06~leHHOMY KYrK\,. ,ll.aH~
                     3aHlITbIX.   B 'lI1C\O TaKI1X     ~lep BXOJ111T OKa:iaHl1e 1I0MOUJlI II         HhlC 0 110X(lile C llOllpallKoii Ira   I If1C   ~loryT GblTb l1el [(1\,,-
                     lIOl1CKC paGoTbI, npocj)eCCI10Ha,\bHOe oGY'leIUle. I1HI1lJl1a-
                                                                                                     30BUllhi npH COllOCTUrl.\CllHH } POBflJl JKI1:lllH pa60THHKOll B
                     TYIIlI>I no C03/13HHK) 3aHllTOCTH, BapH/l)' C 3Tml cyuJcn-
                                                                                                     pa:lIlblX CTpaHax, 4UllHbIe. BhIP3JKt:fll!bIC H MCJK.1YHaPO,l-
                     nYlOT 11aCCHB1Ible MepbL H3IlpaB,\eHllble Ha YAY'lilleHI1C
                                                                                                     flbIX IjeHax. nplIHnlJl1'Cll 3,leCb c nOlIpaHKOH fla          line.
                     ypOllfUl JKl1'1IlH 6e3pa601'HhiX         nocpe,lCTHOM ,1ellCJKHbIX
                     I10C06l1ti If npO'1HX CPOPM nOMoIIJH.
                                                                                                  Ceo6oga 06'begUHeHuu. ITpaBo oGbeelHHCHHH paGClTlil1-
                                                                                                     KOB Il np()(llCCGIOH3.\bHbIC COlO:1bl H ,1pyrl1e opramn;r!JHI1,
                  AHTugUCK/JUJlIUHaq,UOHHtJle npocpll.'If}tfbl. f1pe,loc1'aH-                        nO'l!lOA)lEOllJHC H~I 6cnce :;Q](jlCKTllIlHO Becnl K(l\,\eE1'HB-
                     AeHHe ,\hl'OT IlpH HaHMC Mil), npH3HaHHbIX nOCTpa;lan-
                                                                                                     IIble nepcroHophl.
                     illHMI1 B npOill/\OM (rr 4HCKplH,mHaIJHH npa nOCTYn;\eH!1I1

                     113 pa601'Y,
                                                                                                  lJe.106e'leCKUUKtlnUTll.1. f1pocpecuIOHU,\l>llble 3HalIl!Jl II
                                                                                                     cnocoGllOCTH.      npHo6peTCIlllbJe        OT,lC,\bHLlM      .\I!IJOM   11.\11
                  30Ha 3KCnOpTHOcO npOU360gCT6a. CneIJI%\bHO HbI,jC-
                                                                                                     K(1\,\CKTI1HOM. OT'laC1'1I 6.\;In.napll J:\Y'lmeHlllU COCTOJlHHJl
                     ACHHaJl Teppl1mpHJl, Ha K01DPOH np0I131l0,,1lITe;\11 IlPO;1YK-
                                                                                                     3,10POllbJl II IIHT'lIIHJl. 06pa:lOBJHIIJl 11 Hpocj)eCCHOHa.\lHOl\l
                     !JHH 3Kcnopniom Ha3Ha'leHI1Jl OCIlOOOJK;leHhl OT YlnaThI
                                                                                                     o6Y'1emm.



      viii

  ..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -_ _ _ _ _. . . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,., _
                                                              . .......__j~rt_ _ _ _ _ _.....
                                                                                            ,. .,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. .                           "1·_____             ~--jO;<',.. -"--
"""                   ..   l               T'lfi
rpynnblcrpaH                                                                             3HQK / B 11aTax, HaIlpHMep,               «1990/91'"     03HaQaeT, 'ITO 3roT

B    []paKTl1'IeCKI1X         11     aHa,\I1Tl1'IeCKI1X    lJeMlX   II    Ka'IeC'fBe         lIepH04 BpeMeHH MOJKeT 6hITh Mcnee 4HYX Ael; HO 33XBa-

OCIJOIlHOI'O Kpl1TepHR Ij/\R K,\aCGlcpJ1KalJI1H CTpan Bce~IHpnblf!                           TbmaeT .'lila K3;\eU/lapHhIX ro4a Ii OTHOCHTCJl K                   ceAbCKO~

DanK HC[]Q\L3YeT 1I0Ka3aTe,\L Ba,\OllOro nal,lHOn<L\blloro f1PO~                             X03lIllcTlleHHOMY, 06:mpmJMY I1AI1 CPl1H3HCOllOMY ro4Y_

4YKTa (BHll) Ha 4YIlIY HaCe,\eHHlI, no KOropo~ly Bce CTp3HbJ
lleAJlTClI Ha (Tpallbl c lIH3KHM, CP{~HI1M (H3 rpyHua COCTOIlT
113 4l!YX 1I0,lrp},[][]             ( ypollHeM HIDKe H Bbllue cpe;1Hero) 11
llblCOKI1>1 ypOBHe,,! .'IOX040l!.            KpoMe 3TOH KMccJ.I(jmKal,lll1l
IlCIloAh3yeTcR TaK)Ke pa34e,\elll1e CYpaH []a aH<L\HTl1'IeCKl1e
rpj/[lfIbI    no    perllOHa!'I, IlOK33aTe,\RM 3KcnopT3 H                  ypOIIHRM      quC)1O     °11.\11   0,0 B Ta6AI1IJax 11 pl1CYHKax 03HaQaeT HyAb 11,\11
                                                                                             Beo\H'II1Hy Melibwe IlQ\OBllHbl YKa3anHOH e;llJlfHl,Ibl 113:-.re~
BHelllHeH 3<l4(]AJKeHnOCTH.
IlOCKU\bKY []OKa3;lTe,\b BHll Ha 4j/my HaCe,\eHHI'! []OCrolIHHO                              penHJI, ,\H60 OTCYTCTBlle 6cnee ro'IHb!X eBe/TenHH'.

MeHJ!eTCJI, ('OCTal, KalIUOI] 113 rpyllI1 paCIlpe.'leAeHHJI               no tl0XO~
11aM T3KJKe WlJKer H3MeHJlTbCJI II pa3Ilb!X 113ilaHHllx                  Or'lel'a 0          PeTpocneKTUBHble 4aHHble Il HacroJ!UJeM OT'IeTe NoryT

.11UJlO8W1/ jI(l36U,"UU. lloCAe              1urn,    KaK KAaCCHcpl1Kal,lHR .'I;\R       OT,\I1QaTbCl! 01' 4aHHb!X, ony6,\I1KOBaHHbIX Il npe;lLI4Yll,lJ1X

KOIIKpenlOJ'O H3.lalIHH YCTaHoHAeHa, Bce 1Ipt'.ACTallAeHllble Il                         IB4aIlHJlX, H3-3a IlOCTOJlHHOro 06HOll,\eHllR 110 Mepe nocT)'Il~

He'>! peTpc)( neKTHllnhle 4aHIlLle OCIIOBaHhl Ha 04HOH H rofl JKe                        ,\eHliJl   6(1\ee       40CTOBepHhlX       /laHHblX,     H3~3a   nepeXO/la        «

rpYllllHpOH',e CTp3H. B 4aHHOM H:uamll1 npHHRTa c\e4YIOUJaR                              ilaHHbl1V1 no neH3MeUHhlM l,Ienarvl :Ja IIPyroi1 6a3HCnb!1l ro4 H,\H

K,\aCCHcpmal,lHJI (TpaU no ypOBHRM ilOXOil0B.                                            H3-3a H3Me[JeHlUl COCT31la rpyllll CTpaH lIO ypOllHIO 40XO/lOB H
                                                                                         aHaAHHI'IeCKHX rpylllI.

Cl'paHbt        C   HUJKIL.... ypOtmeM goxog06 -                         CTpaHhI, II
    KOTOPbIX BHI1 Ha ;wwy Hace.N:'nHJI COCTaBAiH II                          1993   r.   OCHOBHble cOKpaw,eHr.1R
    He 6mce         695 ,10A.\. CLIlA.                                                   ACEAH                ACCOl,ll1aIJHJl roCY,1apCTB lOro~ BocroQnOH A3Hl1
                                                                                                              (npyneH,      HH40ne311l!.       MaMibl1Jl, CHHranyp,
CrpaHbl co cpegHIL.... YPo6Heo.... gOxog06                               CTpaHbl, B                           TaI-HaH4, <DIMHllllJ1Hbl)
    KOroPhlX HHIlIIa 4YIlIY HaCe,\eHHJI B                   1993 r. 6hrA OT 695          BBII                 BaAOIlOH BHyTpeHllHH Hpc)./l yKT
    ,10   8626      .1(1\A.   f~On(1\nHTeAhHO ~\R CTpaH C ypoBlle~l                      BHII                 Ba,\OIlOI1 Halj110HaAbHblH rrpO<'1YKT
    40XO,10H HI1JKe cpc",Hero RB0411TOI npe4eAbnblll BBll lia                            fATT                 feHepa\hHOe comawellHe 0 TapHCjl3x 11 roproMe
    'lYWY HaCe;\tHHJI              2785 . 1Cl\;\.   CIlJA Il   1993 r    CTpaHhl C       KCP                  KOMm-eT cO{leHcTBHJ! pa3Bl1THIO
    llO«a3a"'e\llMJ! BhIwe :noll: IJHCPPW llXQilJIT B nO/lrpynny                         MOT                  l>1eJK4Yllapo,lHaJ! acCOIJllal,lHJl Ypi,'la
    CTpaH ( ypOWie!>1 10XOil0B Bblwe                  c~Hero.                            MBT                  MeJK4YHapo(lHDe 61Opo Tpy,l(a
                                                                                         HA4tfA               CeBepoaMepHK3HCKDe corA3nrelme 0                   Cllo60;1-
CTpaHbl         C   6btCOKUO.... ypo6HeM gOxog06 -                       CYpaHbl. Il                          lion roproMe
    KOroph x Bli        n H:l 4YIllY HaCe~\eHHll II 1993 r. 6bl,\ BbIwe                  HIIO                 HenpaBllTe.\bCTBeHHJJl opraHH3alJI1J!
    8626 lFHA. (        WA.                                                              02)CP                OpraHH3al,lHll       9«OHOMl1'leCKOT'O      COTPY/l!lHQe~
                                                                                                              CTBa H pa3B11TIU! (ABcTpa.\I1J1. AIlCTPliJI, DeAb~
MHP    OXBaTblBaeT Bce eTpaHbl, BK,\IO'IaJl Te, no KOTOPb!M HeT                                               rl1Jl,   Be;\HK06pI1TaHllH, repMaHHJl, foA,\aHJ1l1J1,
    IIt1\Hbl:, ;jaUI!bIX. U CTpaHhl C HaceAeHHCM MeHee 04Horo                                                 ij'lel,lHJ!. 4aHuR, Hp,\aH;ll1J1, HC\3HI1HR, Hcna-
    MI1A\UIIHa 'ICAOlleK.             B   Ta6,\l1IjaX TeKCTa IIOC\Ci\flHe OT~                                 HHJ!,    HTaAI1J1,   KaHa,.la,    AIOKceM6ypr.       Bmwi
    ,TeAbHC' He      j/~a3blBaIOTCJI,                                                                         3e,\aH4Hll,     HOpBerHJI,       110PTYra,\I1l!,    CI   UA,
KAaCCH(!mKaIJllll lIO VpOIlHIO ;10X0401l lie 06113aTe,\hHo oTpa~                                              TYPl,lHJl, <Dml,.\JlHliI1Jl, <DpaHIJI1R, lllBeHIJapHJl,
    )!(aeT (Ta,lll~) pa iBUTHJI, ua KOropoll: Haxo411TCJI                   'm   H.\H                         WBe!JI1Jl H 51[]OHIlJlJ
    11lIOe InC};Tal'JCTll')' TepMHH «cTpaubp> IIpH,reIlHTeAhHO K                         I1DB                 llpJlMble 11l1OCTpaUHble HHlleCTl1ljll11
    pa3AwIHblM CI1CTeMaM X03JlHCTBa He JlIlAReTCJI llblpaJKe~                            I1I1C                IIapHTeT      lIO«ynaTeAbHoH        clloc06HOCTH         CervI.
    HHeM r-llIeHI111 nallKa OTHOCHTe.\hHO IOpH,lH'lecKoro I1AH                                                llblwe «HeKCyropble TepMllllh!, I1CIIQ\b30BaHHb!e
    IlHOro cTaTyca paCCMaTpl111aeMOH TeppHropJIH.                                                             B OTQeTe»)

CTfYdHbl, BXO,lR[JJHe II perHOHa,\hHble rpymlbL HCn(1\b30llall~                          C3B                  O)BeT 3KOI!O~mQeCKOH H3allMorroMouJH (TOp~
    Hble     n . )T'IeT(:, nplllle:leHM B Ta6Al1l,1e I1pIMOJKeHHJl A~ 1.                                      roBall CJ1CTeMa 6blBl!lero 6;\0«a COIjH3,\I1CTW!e-
                                                                                                              CKHX cTpaH)
npMMe"laHMR K AaHHblM                                                                    IOHDCE<I>            4eTcKHH qlOH4 OpraHI13aIjl1l1 06be;lI1HeHHh!X

/JOJl..'UlPhI                                                                                                 lial,ll1~1
    ]'!Hoe.                                                                              IOHDlJ;O             OpraHH3alJHR 06be,UlIleJ-lHblx Hal,lHH             no rrpo~
                                                                                                              MblUJAeHHOMY pa31lHTHIO

TeMnbt pOCTa           oeH' 'BaHbl Ha HeH3MeHHh!X l,IeHax 11 paCCqH-
    Tl,ma.\,lCb C 1l0MOLl,IblO Mcro/la HaHMellbumx KBMparon,
    eCM1 t e YKa,13HO 11110e.




                                                                                                                                                                                ix
- ----.. . .-   -- . .               .
                     '----- ~- -- -·-~~ -'-- r---- -          .
                                                       _ . _ .-
                    YOHr -           BbETHAMCKHI1 KPECTbJ!-                                                                               •••



 4                  HUH, KO'COp<J'{Y C TpygO~tt ygaerCJl IIpOKOp-                           )/(all-17oAb -               IlJlTltgeCJlTUAeniUu CPpaHl1Y3, U e20

                    NUTb ('6010 CeJttblO, 3a              38 'WC06 pa60Tbi 6           nepCneKTU6bl                )'crpoun,CJl            Ita     pa60T)'        Hef3eAUKU,     Ha

                    HeqeAlO Ha       PUCO(10~tt       Ilate Oil IlQily'taeT cy,tt-     'rpUKOTa){(1I0U             cpa6puxe           8     7)'AJ!3e,    2ge      011   OTpa6oTClA

                    Ni', 31<<31Wa,teHTIiY'0 10 go,uapaJ/                   CIliA,      gecRTb      ,leI',   e20 3ap<16oTOK 61JtA 3K6U8a,11?HTell                          400 [10k
HO TCMbKO 'UetT1- ,tte(Jll1e(3 6 20gy Oli 3aHJ1T mHHOCTbIO, a                          .1apa:tt'   (3    Nege,vo,        TO ecrb 6                 12   pa.3 8blUte cpegllezo
6He   ce301Ul      no~TtI        WHeeO         He    :wpa6aTbl6aeT,        )/(ella     3Clpafio7'Ka         (3    ipUKOTaJKHOii npnttblwAeHIlOCTU 60 Bbe'l-

/lYOfua It 'IX 'Ie'"Bepo ge7'eu pa60TalOT (3/\feCTe C HW't, HO                         Ha. tte, Ho 8 6)'qYUf,e"i ~tteCJllf,e )/(a1l-nO,lb OCTClHeTCfl 6e3

ce.'tbfl C.'tC,;Aa ItOWldTb         (3     WKCH), TCHbKO g130ux ca.'/btX               pa60Tbl, l'aK Kc/K cpa6pltKa 3(lKpbl6CleTcR, noco6ue 110

N,taqIUUX. o,qUltHagliaTUJteTHJlfl gO't1> /lYOHi'a no.ttOcaeT                          fie3pa607'tuf,e lIeCKn-lbKO Olfll1{UT 31'01' ,l',qap, Oqli{/KO 011

110 gOJUY, a       eco Tplmaql~aTU)terHUii CblN ycrp<IU/\Cfl 13                        eglla ~IU /laugeT /X160T)' C TaKUN JKe 3apa6oTKQtt.I7OTepJl8

copuge YAI''tHbLl{ ropc0611e.tt, no JtlO6bUii .'lejJKCLif, ce.'lbJl                    /X,60TY,         CPpall11.FJbl       (3       (303paGTI!         )/(afl-17(HR       06bl'tHO

/lYOllea nl'03Jl6£ler       Ij   HUUjere, TaKue )/\e pafiorllllKU, KaK                 6o.tblUe zoga He ,1./0<')''( Hall'll< 1I060e .14eero, U nO.'7lutty Oil

OH, i:l03ge.1hl6(/10UJue C60U ce.tteUllble y'ta<"TKU i:I CTP(//J(/X C                  llblTae7'CJI yfiegU1'b C60ezo CblNa ~t)I~lUe y~Un)CR B IUKcHe,

IIU3KU,iil U CpegNU/U JP<)BNeJU goxogO(3, COCUIBJtJlIOT OKaw                           'l7'06bl nOTG.lt nOCT]'IlUTb 6 J'llUi:lepCUTeT It eTaTb npOi?pa~1i'

40 IIp()l~ellrof3 Ti'y'qOObIX pecypc06 ,'LUpa,
                                              ...                                      .1/UC7'O,'[, TaKue KaJe 011 pa60TIIUKU flPO,1/1J/{u~teIlIlOeTU 13
                                                                                       eTpallax C 8blCOKU;11 ypo8He;l{ qOXOg06 COCra(3,tflI{)T .1UlUb

Xoa    -        >1alOtlaJl 6beTIla.t.tKCl,           ){(UBYUjaJl 6
6nejJl3ble )Ufta(3UfaJl OTIIOCUTeAblloe 6Aai!OCOCTOJlNUe, ONa
                                                                      i!opoge     U    4 npOlf,e1lTCI 'lfJ)'q081'!IX peC)'pC06 ,tlUpa,
                                                                                                                                          ...
nC.HY'Iaer npU.14epIlO 30 gouapO(3                   Cl11A     6 Hegl?,t/() 3a   48         3TH     'leThlpe Cel'lbH             -         /!lle   BO Br.eTHaNe H ?\Be BO

'1.aCO(j pafillTbf lfa COf3:'1.eCTHo.tt (3beTllaNcKo-cpP(//ll1),JCKO~14                <DpaHI)I1H -              pe3KO OnH'lmOTCJ! ,lpyr 01' "pyra 11 no CBDeMY

TpUKOTa)/\1I0,\f IIpegnpUJlTUU 6                  i'opoge XOWU,14UN, 3T()T             YPOBHIO IKfl3IHl, H no TeM Ha"eIK?\aM, K01'Opble OHH l103,\armOT

3apa601'o~        gO( 7'Clel'CJl    eit        lIeJtei?KU,14   TpygO,>t,   ,'111020    Ha   Oj4V[yee,            EC\fI   CpaBHI1Tb             llepcneKTflBbl 3aHlI1'OCTJ.!       fI

8pe>teNU (o'['/IU.Wle1' U y:.:og,(1 TpeJ14J1 geTb.ttlt,               Afy)/\   Xoa     3apa6oTHYK) n;\aTV, l}',\pa H XOlllmmH -                                 31'0 ;!IJa pa3HbiX

pa6()1'ae1' q(30PIIUK('>t, Ho Y/XJ8eHb ){(U3I1U ee Ce~ttbU 8                           l'fHpa, ,laIKe c            flonpaHKoi\            Ha   pa3,\I1'lHlI    B npoIKH'ro'lIlON

lIeO,'O,1bKO pa3 IbtWe, ~eN               y   /l.l'OHca, U no l31'!eTIICLttCKU.li      ypOBHe, KaK H 6bL\O C;lC,\aIlO lI11bllllenpHBeileHHblX npHMepax.

aall,qajJTt'N ee ce;tt':>}1 C'IU1'af?£'CR ()ntOCU1'e~bNO 06ecne-                       Bn(t\He O'leHH(lHO, 'ITO MH3epHblll :'\apat301'OK <Dpallcya3bl

'{elJHo/i, l:'CTb dce Oc/t06a1Wfl nUla2a1'b, ~TO Y/J06eNb                              c?\e;\<L\ t3b[ )!Q13Hb Xoa i3e3t3e/lHoll, fIo TpYrlOHble ?\OXO,lhl

){(U31lU U caJtt(),j }C)a, U ee qe1'eu 6)'geT 31WI[U7'e,lbflo                          Ot3bl'IHO ellJe HHIKC y orpO~III1111 \laCCbI pat3oTHHKOB B )'lI!pe,

(3hl1Ue,   ~eA Ghlt Y/X)(3ellh JKU311U ee poguTe.1eU. Taxue                            K01npble, KaK H 4yonI', He 1l0.\yYaIOT 3apat30TllOi1 1l,,\aTbl,

Ilae,tlHbte na601l-lUKII, KaK )(oa, 3aHJlTbie 6 ocpUlJuaAbHO                           pat30Tail Ila ceMei1Hblx Y'laCTKaX IL\H B HepeI'HcTpHpyeMOM

peZ1tCTpll{Ve"IWI Cel<TOpe           (j   crpallax C IlU3KU,\f U CpeqIlU,1i            CCK1'OPC                       1J,   MelK/W             Tel'!    IKH3Hb     pat3oTalOllJero

YP()BfteN    qO_YO(IOO,      COC1'a(3.1JlI07'        OKO~() 20 np01~eHTo8              roPO(1CKoro lIaCeAellHH B pa.'lllbIX cTpaHax MHpa Bce 'lal!Jc

TfJ)'q{)BIJI.\' peLypW6 _uupa,


C/JpIlllC)'a:w
                                              ...
                         oif!Ul~uaIlTKa, 1I.14,11lJi?pupoBa6wafl                 f30
                                                                                       rrepcru,eTaeTcH <DpalflJY3CKl1e 1100rpet3I1Te..\H nOKYllalOT llpO-
                                                                                       4)!KIJHK), npoH3Ile,lCHHYKl Xoa. 11, 110' JI.1HCI-IHIO /Kan- nOMI •
                                                                                       I1MeHIIO      113-3a        IIH3KOro      3apaOOTKa              TaKI1X,     KaK   Xoa,   011

C/Jpalll1ul<'    U3    BbCTlla"'{a,            CfT06b1     C6eCTU     KOHlJbl     C    :\l!Illt!J\CH pat3oThI, a ero I'Hell OUJ),lIJaIOT Ha cet3e <DpaHcya:l3 11

KOHl1a.lIU, eli       IIpUXOgU1'Cfl pa601'aTh no                  ),awi!)' '1aCOB      ,1p}THe pat30'1I1C-IIMi'lHrpaJlTbI. TeM BpCNClleN 4yonf I1blTaeT-

eJli'eqNeBNo. Ee Heqe.lbHhla 3apa6oToK, 6KJtla~aR 'taeBbte,                            CJ! H30 Bcex CH"\ C3KOHO:"U1Th ;lCHbI'H, 91'06b[ ero 4e1'H CMorMl

31c'i:lUlltLlell1'elt go ynW1'hi Ha.40':06 220,qoA,1apa,tt                 Cl1 fA.     110/\),YI1Tb oopa3011aHI1C H ncpet3paTbclI B roPO/l, r:1C IlHO-

3a50 'IaCO(3 pa601'nl, 170 (PPIWljJ'3CKU,lt cTClllqajJTCLl1 01la                       O'paHHble KOMl1aHHI1 npe4,\aI'aIOT pat30TY H t30Aee flblCOKHe

nUTaerCR        6eqlwil. FOpuqulfecKu                  Jl6A.JlJlCb 6pe~tteHH1J['}1     :lapa6oTKI1,

pa6()TNUK())'i, (])paHcya3a He U,lleeT IIUKaKlIX .:apaN1'uil,                               B MHP()lJOt\ :"KOHOMHKe HaC'fY1ll1,\ nepl!O,-\ pa;lHKaAbllblX

ogl/aKo ee I'IOM.·JKellUe 60 C/JpaHl1uu NI?Cpaf3HelINO A)''1lUe,                       llepeMeH, Bblt30P PblllO'lHOro nYTl1 i'IHOf!1MH pa3ll1malOll,Il1-

'te,lt ec.w 6bl ()lta !taXO[lUACICb 80 BbeTllaJtte, Ee 3apa-                           MI1CH CTpaHal>!H 11 cTIHllaMH, OTK<l3aflIllH'\oIl1CH 01' IJellTpaAl1-

60'l'HaJl n.W1'a nO'tTU 6 60ce.ttb pa.3 60~lblUe, 'lfe,'/ )' Xoa,                      30B3HHOH CHCTel'>lbJ 1l,\alll1pOBaHl1H, B03pOClllaH OTKPblTOCTb

){(U6YUf,ea 13 XOIUU,'1Ulle, C/JpaHcya3a U gfJ)'i!.ue pa60TNuKU                        MeIK4YHapo,lHbiX Pl>IHKOB, 3al>fCTllbill llporpecc B 060pOTe 1'0-

ce~Topa 06(1)')!{U(3aHUJl           (3    C1'pallax C 6bIC()KU,11 ypo(3l1e,lt          lJapOB 11 yCAyl~ B ()t3~lclIe 11,1eilMH MeJKi1Y pa3HblMH crpaHaMH -

qoxoq06      COC7'(18AJlJ01'       OKO.J()       9   1Ip<)IJeHT06     1pyg08b1X        Bce 31'0 OTKpl>lHaeT HOBble fl03MOIKHOCTI1, HO 11 C034aeT HOBbIe

pecVPCOI3 1iU/X1                                                                       PI1CKI1 ;1AlI MI1A\l1ap;10B J\lOilei1, B                        1978   ro4Y OKmo TpeTl1
    TpY40BbIX pecypcoll Ml1pa HaXO/ll1AOCb Il CTpalIaX C IJeHTpa-                       coxpaHlllOT        CBOIO   aKTyaAbHOCTb.          neCMOTp51       Ha   ?lKm OMll-
    A1130BaHliOi\     CI1CTe!'loi\     I1,\aHl1pOBaIlI1I1     3I«lIlOMI1KI1.      no    'lCCKIli\ POCT 11 e1a,\bHei1U1YIO IlHTerpaqlllo. D(nCe rom, '·IK.\O
    Kpai\Hei\ MCPC, ellJe TpeTb )K11,\a Il CTpaHax, BeCb,la cAa60                       6e;\HbIX ;\HUlb llmpaCTeT, eC\1l aKTllImal! pa60'lai! apMllil
    BOt\;\e'lellllhIX B Me)Kil}'Hapo4HylO 3KOHOMI1'leCKYIO IleIlTe;\b-                  Mllpa, HaC'lI1TblHaKJlJjai! Cel'OrlHll        25   ,L\P;l 'leAOHCK, ,IO,"rll['-
    HOCT!> 113-3a CYllJeCTBOBaIlllll1X lIa nyTl1 ropmMl1 11 l111BeC-                    HeT, co[',\aCHO npO['ll03aM,           3.7   M,\P/I 'iepe3   30    .\eT. CIHIIIe
    THIJl1H   6apl,epoB.    EC\l1     HaMenIBIllallC5I       Tell;lefll,lWll    npo-    MI1{\Al1ap4a 'lC.AOBeK Il l'lIipe CYllJeCTByeT f1a 04l1H ilOA1ap B
    ilOA)KI1TCll, Ha TaKlIe C1paHbl, npaKTlI'leCKH             OT~'le3allHLle     01'   .1CHb 11{\11 :'>leflhIIle, a MHomc, KaK HbeTHal>lCIJ 4YOHf H em
    MWPOBblX PblllKOB, K        2000    m{w 6Y/ICT npl1X0411ThCll ~IClll"e              CeMbi!, 3aBHCi!T OT          Hll'l-rO)KllOI'O 3apaooTKa, .106LlBae"lol'O
    10 npoIJellroB pa60THHKOB.                                                          Tll)Ke.\bIM tP~f311'lCCKI1M TpY40M.          Eo   MHomx c1'PaHax pa60T-
         Ho CrpeMl1TeAbnble ncpeMeHhl llllKor,W He 4arOTc5I ,\erKO.                     Hl1KI1 He IlMelOT OpraHl130HaflHoro npe/KTa1U1TeAbCTB<l CllOHX
    11   B 6e4HbIX, H II ooraTbIX CTpallax BhI3hlBaeT onaCCHHC POCT                     IlHTepeCOIl, BbIHY)K(leHb! pa60TaTb B HellblHOGfMblX YC\Ol'.llilX,
    Heonpe/\e{\eHHOCTH,         no Mepe rom          KaK     TeXllO;\O['WleCKHH         a f1a IIpcm:mO,lCTBe He C06,\K)!(3IOTCll Tpe60Baflllll TPy/l0Hoi1
    lIporpecc, aKTHIlI13aqwll Me)K,l}'HapO/\Hoi\ ropmMH H paClIa;\                      rl1r!leHbl 11 TCXflHKI1 6e30naCHOCTI1.             M,   HaKoHeq, B Ml1pt' Ha-
    Tpa;UlqlloHHblX      MCCTHbIX       CTpyKTYP         Ha'lIlHaIOT      yrpO)KaTb     C'II1ThllJaeTClI    120    MAH 6e3pa6oTHhlX, a ellJe MHome 'llik
    3aHllrocTIl,    YPOlllllO   3apa6OTKOB      11 5;\amcocrollmflO I1pe-               ,\IlOHbl   1l0TepllM!       BCllKYlO    HMe)K,l)        Hai1Tll    KaKYIO ,\1l60
    CTape.AbIX.     np06,\CMbJ       6e4HOCTll      11    ,\l1IlleHl1li    Ii   Mllpe   pa6OTy.




2
       O/lHaKO (lIIaCClIHll, 'lTD pa3HflTHe MeiK,l)'HapO,I(HOH lUproll-
                                                                                                                                     ...
,\H H HHHCCTHIJl1ii. Hapll;lY C COKpallJelll1e~1 roC}~JaPCTHeHlloro                           3KOHOMH'leCKlIH           POCT      tYme'laeT         HHTepeeUM           aKOHO~1l1"
BMelll<lTe,\bCTll<l, HhBOBeT ila.-\bHeHWee 060CTpCHl1e npothe-                            'leCKH aKnmlloro llaCe,\Cmlll, H II 2>TUM YiKe ilallllO y6eAvL \HCh

Mol        3allJlTOCTH,       B      :m3'lYlTe;\LIIOH    Mepe      neOOOCII(lHaHIILI.     iKHTC,\H TCX (TpaH       ~H!pa,      KOTOPblC BXO;lHT eeru/,HIl II 'lHe\o

IKIBHb TP\ll1L1JlIXClI :l3MCTHO yA\"llWL\aCb IlO MHOrHX CTpa-                             6oraTLIX, a C OC060H lIamll/1l1UCTblO :1TO [lO;lTllCP;lHNKb Ha

HaX, OCOOeIIHO B TCX, KOTopbIe nO;1,wpiK3AH 3TH mOfi;L\LHhIC                              Olll>ITe HOllhlX IIlJ;lycTpHaJ\bHhIX CTpaH BoCTI1'lHOH A311H 3a

TCH,lCH1JHVI, lIpllllHMall aKTllBHOC Y'laCTHC II pa60TC MeiK,ty-                          1l0C\CilHHe      ;leCllT'HCTHll.        3K()1l0~U1'leCKHij            POCT     CIIOCOt)-

HapO;1l!hIX PLIHK(lB H lnt)craJl 'l[X:J~lepHoro f'OcY/lapCTllCHHOIXl                      CTBOBa.-\ COKpallJCIIHIO t)C/1HOCTH tiuro,1apH C(B,l:lHIIIO HOHhlX

HMCW3Te,\I,CTH3 B :.JIDHOMHKy.                    HeOIOTpll Ha TIl 'lTD 'lHC-             paflo'lHx MCCT, YIlC;\H'leIlHIO npmnBO;lHTeAhHOCTH TpY;la H

ACIIOCTh Tjlli.l0ll[,;X ppCVPCOB H MH[lC HhlPOC\3 cia llOC\CrlHHC                         1l0BWIICHlIK)      pea,\bHOH      3<lpafloTHOH             IL\;!Tbl     (pllCYliOK     n
30     ,VeT H ,lIla pa ia, IIPOI131l0.1HTC,\oHOCTh TpY:la MC,lH<lHHOro                    3KOIIOMI1'leCKHH       POCT      TaKiKC         CIIOCOOCTHVCT           COKpallJCllHKl

pat)oTlll1Ka T3KiKC )ilH0l1 .. \ach.                                                      llcpaBellCTHa B 06uJeC'rBc, B 1'0;1<1 'lHC\C lIepaBCHCTBa \leiK,W

       B     ,WHilOM (IT'lCTe :\e.-\aeTCll BhIBO/l, '11'0 npo6,-\CMhl, C                  MyiK'llllla~lH II iKellUJllIla~ll1.       Y     CTpaH C BH3KII'I H cpe.ll!HM

K()TOphr~1H           CTa,\ KHHaIOTDl        MHorHe      paOOTIlHKH        B   P;13HhIX   VPOBHC:'>1 ,lOXO/l0B ccro:lHIl Bel' OCI!OllaHHH OnaC<lTbClI, 'ITO

CTpa!WX MHpa, I.K.\(()'Jall !ll13KHe 3apa60TKH, IlCllpHeM,\CMuiC                          3KOIIOMH'leCKHf1 poeT nOc.\yiKHT H nepHYKl O'lepc;U5 mITe-

YC\OHl111 Tp};la II HcoOecnccrelIHOCTh. MOl'y'T fibiTh YCIICllIllO                        pecaM KanHT3Aa, 6e3 pCa,\bBoro )'He_\Wlemm .13HlIRJCTH 1\

PCIlICHbI 1l\'Te~l ( OKpallJCHlU! fiC,1110CTH ,I HepaBeHCTHa YICiK,lY                     1l0HhllllCHHll    3apafioTHOH           II;\aT!>!.      BbeTllaYlCKI1C        paOO'lIlC

pa?llhl:'>1I1 pCf'HOllaMH I-Io ,1,\1I 31m,l 1l01'pc6YC'TCll 3QXjX:KTHll-                  cero;lHl! BXO-1J1T II 'lHC\O Cai'ILIX t)C,l11blX Il ~U1pC. EC\H iKC llX

HaJl HIIVTrellIllIl' no 'HTIIKa H 6AarollpHllTHblC BHellllle3KO-                          CTpalla IIOC\e,rYCT no 1\)1'1), iKe llyTH, Ila KOTnpOI'I ilOt)HMICb

HOMH'ICCKlle YC\'lIlHll. TIl CCTL llpaBllTe,\hCTBO ,lo,\iKHO:                             ycnexa /lpyrHC np:lI!uI BOCTIl'lHOH A,'11H, 3apa6umall [I,\aTa
                                                                                          AO BbCT1I3Me i'IOiKCT 'ICPC3 :leClITb ,\CT llblpaCTI1 Il {1Ila paJa.

•      C\e,10[UTh P[.IHO'll!uI)'1 npl1HlJHnaYI IX!3BHTlHl, HC,ll IIJcro K                     PolHO'lllLlij n)'Tb pa:-\BllTHl!, cm,laKlIIJHii               y npc/lupl1iITHl111
       fihlCTP'lMV PlCTY cnpoca H3 pa60'lYK) CH,\}" YKpellACHI1Kl                         pa60TIlllKOB :,amncpeCOllaHHOCTb H IlllBCCTUpOJlaHl1lI cpe,lCTt;

          npocjx CClIO! ra,\hHO!1          Ilo,lroRlBACIlHOCTH         Tp}:10cnocofi-     H ctm:m'1CCKHli       KamITa,\,       llOHble        TeXHU\O['HH         II   np01lec-

          lIoro     laCC.\{,III11l    H   1I0HblllIeHl11O np0I11BO:1HTC,\hHOCTH           Cf!Olla,\['Cloe 05Y'leHI1C, lIll;\lICTCll onTIl:>IaAhHhlM cnocoGoM,

       TP);la                                                                             06eCne'lHH<UOIlJ1IM       3KOHOMH'1eCKHH                  p<lCT     H    1I0HhlIueHflC

•      HCnO,\UOHaTI, HO".bIC IlHeIllHC3KOIIO~IH'ICCKlIe 1l03)'lOiKlIO-                    ypOllHJI iKJ1311H Tpyrll1l1Jl1XCl!. fIpe.1llPHHH:'>!;l11IIIHCOI B I'll/Ie

          CTfl, OTKphW rpallHlJhl ,nlI Rlpf'OH.\H H KamlT:na. no B Rl                     CTpaH    1I0llbITKH    y,\y'lIllIlTh           nOAOiKCHHe         pa60TIIlIKOll      npli

       iKe llP";>UI K(HlV' ''\vIP)'lI KpHlllCHbie lIMeHHlI, 1l0p<liK:1ac-                 IIOMOllJH 1I1lHCCTHlJHOlIHOH IlO·\HTHKH, OT/jaBaBlliCH npc;1110'l-

          )'ILIC nepC~1C'Ha)'lII. I1pOllCXO;lllIlJHYIIl Ha MeiK,lYHapo,1Iloti             TCHI1C   npOMhlLU,\CllHOCTl1            :-\a    C'leT     Ce,\hCKOf,(l     XO"litkTBa,

       apcHC                                                                              orpa/ll-ITu   paGO'lHe        MeCTa        B    OT;le,\bHhIX        IIpUOp,lTeTHhlX

•      llOMeC'HTh'l PPOllVIO lJOAIlTI1KY II TaKlle paYIKI1. K01Dpble                      OTpaC\llX 01' ~leiK;1YllapO,1HOH KOHKYflCHIJl1l1, pcrY,\HpOBaTL

          .10rI(n   {mol'   Hcq,opMa,\bllhIC 11 Ce,\hCKHe pulHKlI 1'1');13,               nOHbllHeHHC :iapaOUflIoil IlAaThl ,lHpeKTllBlIl>I,m ~lepaMH HMI

       CoJ,leH' TllVIO r 'la,;,,\IO'lCHHIO KO,\,\eKTl1HHhlX ,10(,,(lBOPOll II             CO.1,lilBaTL 11],nUIIHlOIO JaHlITIJCTL B             rOC~;lapCTHCllIiOM        CCKT\.lpe

       Oq)lllJll,L\hIH'       perHCTpl1pye:'>IOM         CCKTOpe,      rapaIITllpyKlT     OKOH'lIUHCh lIev,'la'leH              !lPH~ICphl TIlMV :Vlo;KHO HailTH Il

       3allJll1     Y Yl!3111I-IbIX   C\(lCIJ lJaCe,\CHHl! H HC (10II).'CKaKlT cm-        AaTlIllCKOi! A:V1epIIKe, B 6hlBLUCI'1 CCCP H B ,1pyrl1X CTpallilX_

       iIJHHH GlHe(' .\hr()TlfhIX YC\OllHii :1,\l! pa60TllHKOlJ, Il3XQ,1H-                3KOHO:VIH'lCCKH aKT!1BHOe HaCe,\eHlIC ,\Kii0l1 crpaHhl HYiK-

       IfJI1XCl B OTIIOCHTe,\LHO 6,\arolloAycrHOM 1'](1.\OiKeHllH                         ;jaeTCl], II nepH)'lO O'lcpe;1b, B 1I0HhlIIICHlIH cllpoca H:! (BOll

•      B crpaHax, IL16p:mWHX (t)(JP~l\' pa311I1THll, 60;\ee erporo                        yC\\'nJ, Hapll,1), C MaCClIHllhlMH HIIHeCTl1IJWIMH H 06paJOllJHHe.

       C\C,lVIOIlJYIi'        Pbll((l'IHLI:\I    JlPHHIJHna~1     II   llllC.l)'CM,npH-   npOCIJeCClIOHa,\hIlOC ot)Y'leHllC, ;10pOiKIIoe X0311HCI'IlO, CTaHKI1

       I1mOIlFIO         HlITCrl'31JHlO      B   MCiK.'1Y1l3p<l,IIl\'](1   3KOHOMHKY,     H ()60p~il0HallHe. TaKOH IIO,lxo,l OKa:1a,\ClI llall00.\eC YClIem-

       06eClIc'Il1Tu ,1<melllllelll1e TaKoro nepCXO,1a B KpaT'lailulHC                    IILI!>I II Tex CTPU1l3X, C']e, K3K, lIallpH:VICP, H l:klC1\l'lIlo{i A:ml1,

       CpOKH. IBfieiKaH '!pe:i~lcpllorrl H,\H HeoGpunl~Iom YLlJcpGa                       Gbl;\11 caMbDI 3(:pcj)eKTl1BHhl~1                          I1CIIC1\b30113HbI HOBble

       ;lM! TpYl0IJblX Ix:cypCOH.                                                         Hm~IOiKHOCTH        ~leiK,1YllapO;lHLIX            PbIHKOl),       0('06CHHO,        ,1_\1l
                                                                                          paCllUlpemm :';KCIlOPTa, a TaKiKC GulAa OKa3<111a HCeCTDpOHllHlI
CTpaTentR pa3B~T~R ~ TPYAOBble                                                            nO/lilcpiKKa ceMCHHblM X0311HCTBa~l. rbcv,~apCTlleHHhlil CCK1\)P
peCypCbl                                                                                  B TUKHX CTpaHax ClIocotlcTlloBaA 3cpqleKTHHIIOMY ''PYUKIJlIO-

B      o6pa6'ITbl(1dl{)1I!eiJ npo.. tlblllUeHll()aU "p),rmbl apCllI                       HllpOBaHlIlO      PhIIlKOB,    OOCClle'lHHall             ~IaKp03KOHOMH'leCKVK)

B()CTO~H(li1 AYJU, .iKOH{),'lUKel KOTOPbl,,;( (JpueIiTUpO(3elHCl                          CTaCill,\bHOCTb,     llCOtlxo,1HMYK)            ;PlI    pona        c6cpeiKeHllIJ       H

Ita aKCl16trc, 3(,pa6')1'KU (1blpoc..lU c 1970 no 1990 cog 1/Cl                           IlPllll,\C'lemm HHHccnnJI1H, a TaK)Ke cO/lei1cTIlYll pa~Bl1nllO

170 npol1>JIIToi' (1 petUb}/O,tl (1blpaJKeIlUU, el 3ClHJlTOCTb                            2>KOHOMH'leCKOil HIl(l)pacTp),KTypbl H COlJl1;l,\bllhIX C\yiKG_

liCI 400 Jlpol:jL IlTO<" 3apa6oTKu CetlJCKOX03f1l'tcmeJillbIX                                 Y1HlleCnllJH!l    II npo<jlCCCI10Ha,\bHOC OOY'lCIll1C, :Vlpallo-

pa6o'iux 13 i111.'1UU ,jbtPOCtll tiel               70 npolJeliT013. flo       :W TOT     oxpaHCHHe 11 IIHT:JllliC pa60TfiHKOll llB.\i1IOTCJ! :1a.\Oj'(l~1 I1X

)la'   Jlepucq 3ap,A6o/HaJ/               Il.laTa d ceKTOpe npo, 'lblllLleltHOcO          O,\3roCOCTIllIll!111 H 3KOllOMH'1CCKOro yellcxa. 0.,1131(0 HKllCCTH-

npOU3130,ICTiia             apcw          AaTUHCKOII        /utePUKU        dblpOe!a      lJHI1 H oGpa30llaHI1e /13,\\1 xopOlllHe pe3YM,TaTbl He 110 Ilcex

TO,lbKO lid 1211/l(J/je}r[,(J6, a IJ() ,tlHOmx crpaHax                     /HPpUKU K      CTpaHax. !i\OiKCHHe cpe/lCTH                     K:JK H (llH311'lCCKHCr, TaK v! H

}(J,?),   or C:/xapil CII1!3U,1ClCb.                                                      'lCNlBC'ICCKHH      K,UIIlT3,\   -...      eLIJc     He    rapaHTllpYCT         n:!Icxa




                                                                                                                                                                                        3
    (pHCytIOK     2).   CTpaHbl EBponLI 11 Cpe,1Hef! A:UIll, Il KOTOPblX                         ,je,\hIJell, 1'01,1a KaK 11:J6paHlILlii nyn 3KOHOMH'1eCKOrO poeTa

    C)"L[JeCTIIOB;],\;]    CHCTe~ta         IJeHTpa.,\H30HaHHoro n,\almpOHCIHIllI                lie OTBc'weT IlHTepCCaM Hae~lIlhIX pa60TIU1KOB,
    :~KOllOMI1KI1,      )[JL\ilIOT    coooii     Kpaiil!HH         C \1"laH     ~lacClnlHoro         OcofleWIO        ),cToii'1IlBblil       xapaKTep      !loon HepJBeHCTlIO
    IllllleCTIJ[XlHUI!HH, HOIl;1'1[1,\Y Ilbl'lllUllwero 3aCTOl! 3JpaOOH!oii                      ~ICiK, 1)   )IY)l('111ll<l,m   H     iKeHIlJHlIaMIl,    )1e)l(;I1'    :HI-IH'1eCJ(H~lH

    IL\aTbl, a :laTe:\I ee 06Ba,\bHOe na,lelme.                                                  rpYlllla~Ul H ,1(')I(,1Y reoqXl(tlll'1eCKI1)IH perW)!la'lH. /KelIIlJll-
        3KOllOMI!'1eCKI!H poeT, oCBOllallllblH ll<l PblllO'lllhlX                     np,Hl'     Ilbl J-ICPC;lKO pafioTaJOT l'io,\bIlIe, IIO lIo,IYQaKlT MCllhIlIC, '1eM

    IJHnax H conpOBO)l(.lUKlIIjHiio! CIlPOCO,,1 Ha pa60'1YKl Gtl},                               MY)l('11111bl. 1I0CKO,\bKY IlCC)T 6(1\bllle o61LlallllOCTe~1 IIO I1DMY,
    TaK)I(e 06b!<[HO Be;!CT K O)KpalIJelllllO lIepaBellCTBa                            KllK B    IlMelOT oo,\ec        1J1l3KHH       VpOBelJb oGp,noBaIlHl!             K\H         )1('    HC

    OT,lC,lbHL!X        CTP;lHllX,      TaK     11     B     IJe,\bIX   reorpac\),l'1eCKHX       H:>leIOT pallHOf'O 110CTnIa K ,\)''1we on,\aQllllac~toti pafoTe.

    perUOHax,             HO :PH ,!Tom TpeCiycTol IUH!)(lKJll IIp()rpa~I;\1a                     lh\hKO      G1MOil     1IJ.rlKOUIT,\J'1HlK1CMOH         pal'ioTOfl      IlhlllY)I(;ICllbl

    f'On;l'lpCTBellHblX         IlI!lleCTHlJHii B I!pOCileC010lla,\hIlOe                o6\'-    ilOIlC;"\hCTllOHaTbCll     TaK       lla:1hlBae~thle    3aperllCTpHpoB<lllllhle
    'ICI!He H cen,lalllle Ga3bl, onpe,lC.\RK)IIJei1HOBhle H03;\10)l(HOCTH                        KaCTbl B HI!, ]HI1. OC,l1!hlC perHOlJbl, TJKHe KaK UlTaT LfhilllJC II

    TPPOBhlX pecypCOB. CTIXlHbJ C IJeHTp;LIIBOllalll!oii OlCT(,;\lOll                            IvlcKcHKe, OOhl'-lJ-lO npCUU\)I(aK)T O(T3113TbCH OTHOCHTC'.lbllO

    IT. \allHpOBaHHH        ;leiicTBI1TC,u.HO               ,10CTHc\U      :1HJ'-IHTC,\I.1I0ro   Ge,lJ-IhIMH,    lI('C~tOTPlt       lIa    pa3BHTlle     3KOHO;\!l1KI!         l!    IJe.\O~L
    COljll;!,\hIlOrt) pJlleHCTll;!, HO cdi'1JC 31t) IlC1\O)l(el-IHe Ha'lIiHaCT                   [1(1\O)l(Clllte IlCKOTOPhlX 11:1 3T1IX ,leMorpa¢11'1eCKllX KaTen)-

    Me!lllTbCH.      Me)l(;l)        TC~I    CTpaTenIH,          J.nGpaHHaH       CTp;llla,111   pm1 O,\<lf'O;13PH pa31l1lTHK} y,\)''lWaeTCR (OCo()CIIIIO                           3a~leTJ[O
    BOCTO'1HOii         A3HH                OKJ3JHHe          1I0,1,1CP)l(KIi    cC~IetiHhJ~1    COK!XIIIJcIIHe pa3philla ~le)l(,1\' 3apaooTiloH n,\amii ~1yiK'1I11f H

    X03HHcTBaM,          yc-rpaHcHHC           lIapa,UC,\uHl,IX            PblHKOB    Tp):]a,    )l(CHIlJIJH), HO ilpyrlle rpyllllhl HJCCAeIlHll OCIaKlTCll :,a paM-

    06CCnC'lellHC YIlCpeHHOro paCIIIl1pCHIlH 3allilTOCTII B 04)11-                               Ka~1H :1TOrt) IIp()[Jecc;t, OKJ3aJ-lHe nO:>lOllJH TaKH:>1 rpynna"1 -
    IJHJ,\hIlO perHcTpHpyeMo,I ceKTope Ci.\anuapil :~KCII()PTV, . -                              o,lila H3 CAO)l(IIei:iIJUIX :l<1;la'1 roCV,]apCTJl(~IIHOll 1l(1\HTHH' KaK

    Il031lo.\ILla     ,1l1fiUThCR       6bICTPOrt)           :.KOHOMI1'leCKOm         pOCTa,     B 6C;lHhIX, T<lK H n CioraTblx CTpaHax.                    HCXO,l11 H:t CTponl

    HapR'1\' C COKpaIlJeHH(,)I Ge'lHOCTH H HcpaBCHCTBa. C ,1P\TOH                                :3KOHOMH'1CCKIIX        coo6pa)l(eI-lHll          3TO   MO)l(CT       IIpe, lCTJR \ilTb

    CTOPOHhl, II Go.\hlIIlllICTlle CTpaI-l AaTIlHCKoi\ AMCPl1KH lIa                              coGoH       lleOllpaB,UHIHhIH            PIlCK,   llOCK(1\hKY        PC'-Ih        lI;leT   ()

    npOTiI)I(Clll1H      ,T\IlTC,\hHOro         IlpeMeHH         lIaO,\1O:1aCTCl!    pC1Kall     ITpeCTape.lhIX, 0 CO[JHJ,lbJ-lO J-IellpIICIIOCo6,\CHlIhIX K BLIII(l.IHe-

    ;lH¢¢epClIIJHalJHl!          ,10XOLjOH,          IIpH    B!.ICOKOi'!   KOHIJellTpaljHH       Hl110 pafioTbl 11 0 ITpO)l(111l:.IKlIIJl1X B 3KOIlOMl1'lCCKI1 OTCT<l\bIX

    3eMC,\!'   B PYKax         lleMHOf'O'HlC\CHHbIX               K!WIlHbIX      3C~LICRla-      pCfIlOflax, 110 maGO'1ellIlOCTL HX IIHllJellCKJ.IM n(1\O)l(eI!He~1 Il




4
IIHTepeCbl COYllaAl,Hoti 11I1TerpaY11I1 Tpe6ylOT 0plleHTaYIIIl
roC}~1apCTlleHHoti HOAl1Tl1KH II Ha :,Tll rpYllnbl HaCe\eHIUL '1eM
/lQ\bHle COXpaHReTCR 3KOHOMH'IeCKOe 11 COIJHaAblloe llepallell'
CTHO,      TeM     c/\OIKHee            npeO/lrneTb        lJI1Ki\H'IeCKllti      XapaKTep
6CiIHOCTll, nepexoilRllJdi 11'1 1l0KQ\eHHH II nOKQ\eHlle,


3aHATOCTb                  11'1    rn06anll'l3alJ,II'IA 3KOHOMII'IKII'I
C 1960       no       1990          20g go,tfl npogYK1~UU npo,ltbllllA,eHHOi!O
IlPOlt380gC7'8a 8 06be.'te .3KcnOj:rra pa38U8{/I014UXCll CTpaH
81Jlpoc~a C       20 go 60 IIpOLJelfT08, U                  Ha CTpaHbl C HU3KU5t u
cpegHu_.t },p08Hel1 gOXOg08 YJKe npuxoguTCll nO'ITU                                        80
npotf,eHT'08 pa60THUKOB npo.l1bIUl..teHHOCTU Bceco ,">tupa,

                                                   •••
      ~1elK,1YHapO/lHble nOTOKll TOBapOll, yc\yr H Ka!lllTa,\a H
MHfpalJI1H        m        Oil:IOH         CTpaHbI II ilPyrylO OTKpblllalOT /l,\R
60AbU1l1HCTl;a pa!)OTHI'IKOIl HOBble                       H03~101KIlOCTI1, TaM, rile
lla6".1O.1<t\G         6bIC"Pbl!! POCT 3KcnopTa, pOCAa H pea.\I,H'Ul
3apatioTH<lR II/\a1 a                ---    II cpe,lHeM Ha        3   npoyeHTa H fOil
(pHCYIlOK        3),    JiUl'Cl/lapR npR~lblM llHOCTpaHHblM llHHCCTll-
IJllRM, KOTO,)b1e l\ HacmR1IJee llpeMIl COCTaMlllOT                                40    npo-
yeHToH npl11DKa KanHTa,\J H CTpJHbl C HH3KHM H CPE+lfHfM
ypOBHeM ,1c'XO,10B, lIOJH,\ReTCR ~lHOro HOllblX pa60'lHX MeeT; Il
1985-92        I' J,lbl      lIJ 3TH CTpaHbl lIPHW;\OCb                  60    npOI]CHIDll
~!l1pOBO!,() IlpHpOlTa QlOH4J 3apa6oTlfOti IlAaTh] TpaHcHaqHo-
HaAbHblX          KOpnopayml,                 MelK'lYHap(l;UlaH          MtlrpaLJHH,       He
RllAHIlCb CTC.\)' pe!UaIOIIJHM rpaKTOpOM IIepeMcn, KaK TOprOBMI
H I1IiHeCTtllJHH, TeM lie ~lellee 06bl'lHO nprlllO,HIT K poeT)'
,10X(l4011 pa60'lH~ -MHrpanIDH, YlleAH'IClIHIO Cpe/1CTIl, nepc"
HO;IHMblX        111'111    06paTHO           Ce~I)'R~f,   H    pOCT)'    UPOH3BOilCTBa
TOBapollll yeA)T B npHHll",lalOlIJHx CrpJHaX,
      ]),\aro4cpJl          ~!e)K.'lvHapc.l;1110H          HlITerpalJHH        :lKOHOMIlKI1
6;\arOCOCTOHHl1e ~IHonIX pa60THHKOB 1l0IlhlCll,\OCh, oc06eHHo,
Il C(,'AbCKOM X03RiiCTB(i', rrpOMhlWi\eHHOCTH H ceKTope yC\}T
CTp:lH A3IHL Me)f'4Y TeM ilpyrHe llH,lRT BO B11eWHCll OpHCHTJ-
IJHH npll'lJ.!riy YCll,\11H1ueticll n041lepIKCHHOCTI1 llO'I,\etlcTBHIO
MCJKi1)'Hapo,UloH                 Hecra6HM,lIoCTH, IDr;1a             KaK     11,\JI   TP)~IO­
CHoco6Hom Haee \eHUR pJli\a cTpaH, OCo5eHHO CTpall .<\qJPHKll
K KJf'y 0'1' Caxapbl, B03MOIKIIOCTH MelK,\yHapoilHoro phlllKa
OCTalOTCJI l\ IJ~\(jM HCj]ocTynHb]Mll,                      B   GIMHX IKe npOMhllJl-              npC,]CT3B(\ReTCll OOAce 3q.lrpeKTHIlHhIM []O;lXo' 10M ,          C   ,IP\TOI\
AelUlO pa3f.llTblX CTp:lHax cYUJecfByeT aKTHHHoe MeHbUHlH-                                        CroPOHl,I, "lC.lK/WllapO,l11aR    ~mfPaIJI1R     BCer,ja KOHTPQ\llpyeTcll
CTlIO,     BH/l~llJee             B n()IlIl.\eHIHl   HOHbIX      TeXHrnOrllH,           pOCTe     ;\0 oIIpe,leAelillOil CTeflCllll, H B        lui\   Mepe, II KdKOti :.JTO
MCIK,WHapU,11I0I1                   mp!'()IlAll,     Cllo60IlHOM         lIepe~lellJeHHll         onpe.~e,'\ReTCR CTpe~1.\CIll1e"l 1130eIK3Th Koml),\!IKTlIblX cana-
KJlIllTaAa H AIO(leH 'lepe:l rpaHHIJbl yrpmy CHOI1M I1HTCpeCaM,                                   [JUH, npH C06/\IO;lCHHI1 rp}'lU3"lelITJ,\hHhlX npaB ~ll1rpaHTOI\,
      HeK01D)1hle pa60THI1KH, HC ['OTOHhIe nOKHHYTh OTCTaIO-                                      TJK0l1     KOHTPQ\b     41JKTII'lCCKll     IlmBO,\lleT       pcrY,\llpClIlaTl,
llJHe OTpacMl 11 lIpHcnoco6HTbCR K npollcxO,lJ1uJIlYI Hepe-                                       ypoHeHh npHToK3       ~JI1fPJHTOll,

MCHaM, HCCOMllellHO, nocrpa;laK1T. O/lHaKO MC2K,WHapwlHall                                            B    AI060M C \ Y'lae, nepCMeUJelIHc KJlIHTa,\1l '1Cpel II:1LJllO-
IDproHAR, IIMMHrpaIJHIl 11 npl11DK KanHTJX\                                 ,",I1Illb M;,l,\3J1   Ha,\blIbIC rpaHHIJbl npm1Cxoi1HT Bce 5hlcrpee, lICCMOTPli HJ
'1aCTb npotlAeM, CTOJlllJl1X llcpe,l llOTepilIlIllH!'IH pa60T)' IlO                               npelflpmUIMaC'lble       lIeKOT()Pbl~1H    CTpallJMH IIOllblTKI1        KOHT~

<DpaHYHII HAll TIt'pe;l Ma,\()KBJ,\H(l)J1IJllpOBaHHhl~m paOO'lHMI1                                P<1\HpOBaTb      3m    JlB,\elIlle.   Me)K,l),    Te~1     npHIDK    'ICIK(1),-
IJ   CWA,     'lbH 3Jpa6oTKl1 IlpoilQ\lKa;\1l CHll2KaThCIl Ha llPOTIl-                            IIapo,IHoro KJIIHTa"\J OTlIK1/lh He       11(),~PblllaeT   mJ3HIJHH npaBII-
IKCHIlI!    ;IC~RTlH('Tllti,               IIpwleM   B ID caMoe           HpeMiI, Kor;ld          TC,YbCTBU, a, II:lo60pOT, IlOllbIlJlaeT 3lP4)(;'KTllllIlOCTb Blf}T[X'Il-
3apa601'tl,U n,\aTa cneIJHa,\IlCTOll C BhlCHll1M otipa3OflaHHcM                                   Heti nU\HTHKH pblllKJ T])):1a, lIJe,lpo llocmarp:JIK,1JlI YClI,\I1H B
lie    []peKplII)a,\<\              paCTH,      5rnee      TOro,      roCY.'lapCTBeHlIoe          HylKllml llanpal\,\eHIlH 11 HaK~Uhlll:1R :,;] OIlIHOKI1. 5"\aro,1apR
pcrYAl1pOlliUlllC ~le2KilyHapoilHoti mprolli\H 11 npllTOK3 K3flH-                                 YCKopeHI1IO II paCUlllpCHl110 1I0TOKOB KaIlllT:lAa, lIapll.1Y C
T;lc\:.! He pe:UHT npoti,\eYlbL DOHblll.leHIlC nporpeCCIlOHaAhHOf'O                               60Ablllcii BHellllle3KOIIOMI1'1CCKOH OTKPbrTIXTblO, B03paCTaCT
ypOBlIR II C,l/ICilcTHHC nepeKlla(\lIrpHKaYHH lI11ccAeHHIl, HapJl4Y                               3Ha'leHlle BH)'TpCIIHdi 1I0AlITllKl1 .1- \R pafiOTHHKOB,               >tHex
c coxpalle'lHeM aKTHHHoro Y'IaCTHJI II "IHPOHOH :lKOHOMHKe                                        nopoJK.1aeT ycnex, nOCKo..\bKY nCpH<IJI          ~mKpO:.JKOllmm'leCK<I1l     II




                                                                                                                                                                                    5
                                                                                                      C'IIlTaIO[J)l1eCIl     ofihl'lIlO      COCTaHHoii              'laCTblO     COHpe~ eHHOH
                                                                                                      ,"KOIlmIl1KH, He cofi\lO,lJIOT :,aKOllbl () Tp\;]e (eM. pl1C)H()K                            11.2
                                                                                                      Il r:\aHC 11).
                                                                                                             O:ma4aeT ,\11 :.lTO. 'ITO Il CTpaHax C HH3KIIM H q:e;lHIl~l
                                                                                                      ypOIlHeM        ,10XO;\OIl        roC\iwpCTllelllloe              IlMCmaTeAbCT;;O              HJ
                                                                                                      p],JIlKe TI1):'1a HeljCAecooGpa:mo, TaK KaK IIPOIlO;\I1~!aJl                              no.vlI
                                                                                                      TYlKa He OKCllKCT KClKOro~;\I1GO 3qxlJeKTa 113 nOAOlKeHH.: lIal1-
                                                                                                      6Ct\ce HYA<;PIOlljlIXCJl, 3 np'IllI1Mae:>ILIC :JaKOHLl OCT;,IIVTCJI
                                                                                                      HeI1C!I(1\HCHllhI~1lI?          KOlle'lHO          )Ke.     HeT.      [OcpapcTBt:Hllble
                                                                                                      lIpOrpa~I~lbl        WJrYT        ;llJl10,\1II1Tb       ~Iepbl.     npI1I1HMae'l',Ie           Ila
                                                                                                      ~IeCTIlO,1     vpoBlle,       H    cnocoficTllOIlJTb              nOllblWe[lJ1l0          '),\aro-
                                                                                                      COCTOllHI1Jl pafiOTHI1KOll HeperHcTpHpye:-Klro ceKTopa n)'TeM
                                                                                                      Y\ytIWCHI111 YC;\OHHli HX Tp\1a,                       B   ()(PHY1U\bHO PCflICTPI1'
                                                                                                      pyC~IOM       c('nope roC}:lapcTB('HHoe BMemaTe,\hCTIlO                                   1l0POH
                                                                                                      Tpe()"eTCJI,j.\!I 06CClIetIeHHll omee 3qXtJCKTlIBfloro CPVHKYHO-
                                                                                                      HlllxJBaHI1J1        p"IHKon,        palJellcTBa           H      :;alljl1Tbl         \X111I1MbIX
                                                                                                      KaTCmpl1H paooTIlHKOB.
                                                                                                             Pa()oTHHKaM Ce,\hCKOfU xmililcTB<1 H lIeperl1CTpHp)eMOm
                                                                                                      cCKTopa HC[X;,\KO IIPl1XO,ll1TCJl pa60TaTb l\ 6o.\ee HpeilHblx
                                                                                                      YC.\OlH1JlX.     tIe~I 3,HlllThl~! B 04111lj113,\b110 perl1CTpllp"eMoM
                                                                                                      ceKTope, IIC H~lell Ilpl1 3TOM rapaHTIlH JallJlrocTH. ):\Y4lL1CHH!I
                                                                                                      yC.\OBllt! Tpy:!a ).10)f(HO CKOPec ,!OOHTbC!I He ilHpeKTI1IIHLIMH
                                                                                                      JVlepa:>ll1, a B pe"y,\bTaTe HelIoqX";lCTHelillhIX 06Il)CCTH(:HllbIX
                                                                                                      ,1etICTBHH, HallpaB,\eHHhIX H<l YKpell.\elH!e YC.\OBHii It rW'l1eHbI
                                                                                                      TP}'la. BK,\IO'lail conepweHCTBon3HHc CHcTe~1 BO;10Cllat);f(eIH111
                                                                                                      11 K3113,\IBaJjl1H, ,1OPOA<HOro XO:illHCTB3 Ii ,\pell<lA<HbIX                            cooP),-
                                                                                                      )f(eHllii B ropo,lax !1 npllropO,jaX, V,\),'IllIeHYle camJTapll()~
                                                                                                      :?KCl\Ol'!1'lCCKO!1 cliTyaljlH1. AlIKIlHi13IJHil oHxoyepKcH3 (pC4-
                                                                                                      lIoii    C\CIIOTbl)     lIa   Ot)lllllPHOil            tIaCTH     33n<1,lHOii          AqpHKIl
                                                                                                      nplme,\a K t)O,\blJlOJV1Y 06,\eftlellIlKl 'lC,\OBC'leCKHX cTpa~laHl1ii
                                                                                                      ]>I   :1lIa'lIJTtC,\hHO:-'IY pOCT)' IIpe;1~\O)Kelmil TP~i1<1. Herpop.\ra~\h­

    CTPYKTypHaJl 1I(l\!lTI1Ka ilH,\ilCTCil ,1a,\O[,(N llplllnC'lCHHil 11                              lIhlC     IL\<lHbl   ooeCnetIelH1J1         ,]OXO.'IOB         .\lorVT     CO'leTaTbCil         C

    ~ilCp)KaHl'lil KalH1Ta~ \a B CTP;:llIC H OfX:CIlC'lCHHll lIpoH:mCHll'                             IIp()rpa'''I~ra~lI1 fDC):WPCTHeHllblX TpallccpeproB: (llITW'laAb-
    TC,\hHOCTH              Tp)ila.    lIeOOXO,1I1MOit           .1,\ll   C03/JaHllll     HOBhlX      Hhl~1     CllOCOOOM       OKa1allHil            no. 1, leplKKH       TP~;10C!JO('()r.1I0~lY
    pu6o'IHX ~leCT H pOCTa :lapa6oTHot\ n,\JThL Ilpl1 He):lU'lHOH                                     lI3ce.\eHHKl, KaK IIpaHH~\O. ilB,\JllOTCH IIp()['paM~ILl (Jolljec TlleH-

    A<e   nO\HTHKe HacTynaeT cna"                        [[()pT(pe~\LHLlX HHHeCTIlljl111 II           liblX pa60l:       B HH.lll~[CK(J~I     IliTaTC MaxapaulTpa pafiOTHI1KH H

    HHyTpeHHHX cOepC)KeHHl"t. H 1I0C\eiICTBllJ1 ;:rmro CKa1h[!laKJ1Til                                ceM,cKoti      ~leCTII()CTH         I1MC,\H Ha npOTIlA<ellHlI MliOrllX ,\eT

    llJ TpY10llhiX pecypcax.                                                                          rapallTl1pOBaIlll),!O :,allllWCTL II npnrpaM.\IaX oGIl)eCTlleHllblX
                                                                                                                  npl1     Oll,YaTe       TP\la        110    , leilcTBYIOlljll)'1          ~!eCTllbJM
    nonMTMKa pblHKa TPYAa                                                                             CTaIlKa\L

    )'(arJl (1 gO J/pOljf!HTaX fJa:JflU6Cl10IljUXCfI                      CTpall qi!l'ICT8YCT                3qXj:ICKTHHHbIM            C1IOCO()O~l          onpeile~\eHlllllapaO( 'THOH
    (j   Toii    1I/1lI 1lI1Oii       cj)OP"1C     CUCTC.'tc1 C()If,uaolbHO~O              (}6ec-     llAaTbl Ii YCNlBllH TP;';W Il OqJllIJIl;l,\bHO pe[,HCTpHp)':-~l(lM

    ne~eltllfl,       ona ()Xfl(/Tbillaer, 6 A)"lwe.ll 01),¥ae, AUWb                       3a;lfI~    cenope        JlR\ileTCll     :13K,\kJ4eHHe             KQ,'v\CKTHHHblX           <   10fD1;()POH

    Tbl.\' 6     O~r)l{ljlla.!bI(O /JCcU(TpUPYC.ltO.>1 C(,KTOpe, TO eCTb                              \le)K,W      npc,'ll1(JI111TI1HMH       H   He:lamlCl1~lbl'lI1            IIPOQ:lCOIC Ja~Ul.

    flCCcO       15    IlpOIJCIiTOfl Tj7j'g06bIX peC)'PCO!3 fl apollo.\' C                            O;lIlaKO no ~1l10rHX              C\Y'13)!X npamrre.VbCTBO npOTl1ll< l;le!1-

    IiU3KU,>{ J'po6/{C~>1 gO.\'Og06 U                 45 npOljenTO(J           (J   (,TPO'W.\· co     cTlIyeT ,\ellTe;\l,HOCTlI npocllCOl03011, KJK 3TO OLL\O II Kopee ,10
                                                                                                      80-x
    (peqlfu.>{ yp06lIe. 1{ go,YogO(J,
                                                     ...                                                       ro,loH IMH KaK >10)KHO BI1,lCTb II IlaWI! 11HI1 HfI npHMepe
                                                                                                      lIO,\IlTlBaljI1H      IlPOIJccca        lleperoHopoB              C Ilpo<ilcoI03a,m
                                                                                                                                                             Tpe6ol\aJ[[JJI~1
                                                                                                                                                                                                      B

          B     CTpaliax        C     mBKH~I      H      cpe,lml~l        yp()BHe~I     AOXO;10H      nanna,lew.           VIHOI;1<1.     YCT\,mUl                                 0        Cm,lalll1ll

    lI(l\lHI1Ka pbIHKJ TP\;·]a HIlKUK He CKa:lblHaeTCil Ha IlCt\OA<eHl1l1                             He:lallllOI,lblX      npOQ:lCOIo:mll, KaK 3'1ti 6bL\O H V111,1011e1HH,

    fimbWHHCTIlU paf)(lTllHKOH, KOropble. KaK ,4YOHr 110 BbeTHa~IC,                                   IlpallliTC;\bCTHO llpllHl1MaCT Hen()Cpe,lCTHelll1bJC                            ~lepbl.    1le.1Y~

    'laHilTl,l    B ceAbeKml X03iliicTlle 11.\11 Il HcpemCTpllpYCWJM                                  IIJI1C K V,VV'l[J[eHl1l0 VC\OIlI1H Tp"la, Hallpl1~lep, 1l0HblllWeT

    ceRrope B ropo/lax, .'vleA<,lV TeM TJKHe paGoTHllKH Hxo,ll1T Il                                   >mIlI1Ma,\bIlYIO 3apaOOTII)'KJ n,\a1'),. 110 :no :-10A<eT 06eplI\'ThCll

    'lHC\O       6e;lHeHIIIHX,           :1ClI./aCTYKJ     mnY'lail       MeHee       lIo.\OIlI1HLl   COKpaUjellHeM 3aJIllTOCTH.                  B    TO     A<e Bpe~Iil       npamiTe,\i ,CTIlO

    :lapaGoTHoii Il,\aTbi 3alillTblX Il oqmYlla.\hHO perllCTpupyeMoM                                  ;]C1\A<HO VCTJHOIIHTh             npaJ!H~\a      Bei\ellHil ncpemllopOH                  ~ICA<,1Y

    ceKTope.           a.     C\e/l0IlJTe.\hHO,            oco(iellllO        HYA<,13IOTCH       II   TP}:10BbIM       KO~HeKTIIBmi          H    I1pei][]pHHTl1e~l,            cm,]aTb         Mexa,

    COIJlla,\bHOH           ]<IlI)HTe.     F)(l\ee       TOro.    ~lll()nJe    Ilpt~lIlPllHTHH.       11113>11>1 yperY,\HpOBamlil cnopOIl, IIpl1HllTb OCIIOBHble 3aKOllbi 0




6
fHfHelle H 6e30nJCHOCTll 1'Pi;!a, 3:1 cotI\l{J,lelll1e'\t K01npblX                                               HenocpC4CTlleHHblM 06pa30M C 3aTp<lTaMII 113 pa60'lyKJ ClHY,
npoqlColO:,\hI c~lOryT c\eiHl1'b. TaM, rile npoq:,CCH03<lMI1 OXHa-                                               11 T3KHMII CTall;lJPTa~!H, KaK MHHl!MaAhHall 'l3pa6oTH:lll 1I;\a1'a.

'leHa ,\HUlb Hc50\bUl<lll 'lJC1'b TPiil0HblX pecypcoB, KJK                                                  B    HaXO/!!lIlJHMHC!I H npH~loti 3aBHCHMOCTlI 0'1 ypOllHH pa3I1HTHJI.
6oAbllll11lC1'ile CTlxIIl C HH3KI1>j H Cpe,lIlHM ypollHe~t ,]OXo.l0H.                                            TaKoe pa'\;le.\emlC npe;1CTa&\lleTCll onpall,laHHhrM, H q:,YH;la-
IlmL\Y'lUlHe PC:\\;\hTa1'hl ,1ac1' ilelJellTpaAH'lalJI1J1 npOlJeCC<l                                             MeIlT:L\blll,le 1l0pNhi 3ac.\}')!(HIl3KJT flHHMaHllil Me)!(/ly1l3poll-

nepemllopoB,                npoX(\lH1IJHX           Il       YC\Olll1llX          KOHKypHPYKJlIJHX               HOlD coo611JeCTlIa. B~lCCTe C TeM Ilpe,lCTaMReTCll IJe.\eco-

phlHKOH lIPOH31l0/1('TllJ. TaKOH 1I0,lXO/j Y)Ke ,1aBHo IlPI1~j(?HJleT-                                           06pa'lHbIM OrpaHH'll1Tb           ('{pepl'   npH:>lelleHHll MHOf'()CmpOUHI1X

01 Il fCJHKOIlI'e 11 511l0IHlII. a ceti'lac llCl\Y'lyL\ pacnpoCTpallelll1e                                       TIJP!'OlIhIX        COmameHl1fi           I!OllpOCa~lH,       HemXpe;lCTBeIlIlO
II Kopee 11 '1l1j\l1.                                                                                            CIlil3allllhlMI1 C TIlpro&\eH, 'lT06bl Ilpe;\j'llpe,jIITb 06YC\Olnell-

       npllMOC         H~lClIla1'e \hCTIlO               roC)tlapCTll<l            IJe,\eCOO6pJ3HO,              IlhIC npOTeKIJI1011113MOM nOllblTKII HCBOAh30HaTb TaKYKJ CBJl:lh
KOr,l:1 pe'lb H,1CT ,) ,1eTCKOM 1'p"ilC, a TJK)KC H Tex C\y'la!!X,                                               ,j,\H   orpallWlellHll        O(5'bc~la    1tlp!'OHAI1,     01'   K01tlpol\        6);4eT
Kor;la PhlllO'lllhle           ~leXalll13l'1bl ~loryT             11pHflecnl K HC)Ke.\aTC,\b-                    3JIlHCCYJ'b       B03MO)KIlOCTh      Ylle;\ll'lellHll       3apa60TllOil          IL\31'bl
Hbl~1    pe3y,\lnrr<l~1,               HalpHMep, K             4I1CKPH~UlH,llJHH                 )KeHlIJI1H.     pa60THI1KOIJ         H    CTpallax    C    Hl13KI1M     H    Cpe,lllll1M        vpOllHe~1
Ho o,lHoro\I1Ulh I10pM<lnIHIloro perpHpOllaHHll ;lAll 2JTOro                                                     ;IOX{)(lOB.       KaK    IlOKa3hIllaeT    HcmpHll       lI11ellIllen)p!'OBhIX         PC-
lIe;l()CT<lTIJ'l 10. Tpd'iYIOTCll H ;jpiTHe Mephl, B10\K)'IJll ,1eUlelloe                                        ¢OP~l, ;la)Ke "Y'lIllHC 1I paIJHOH<l,\bIible MephI WJrYT 6bITh
o(Jpa30BaHH~ H ]UClllllpeH!le ,1oCTyna )KeHIIjHII                                           I(   pafiOTC H       HCIl0.\h30BaHbI IlIlPOTI?KljHOllIICTCKI1X IJeMIX.
OCllHIJl1a,\bH) perl1cTpllpyeMoM CeKTI)pe. B                                        i-1H,1HH CYIIJe-
CTBYK)T         CT")()nle           3aKJllbl,      perpHpyKJlljHe                   ;leTCKHI1           TPY;],
                                                                                                                 YnpaBneHMe npou,eCCOM npe06pa30BaHMM
O;lllaKO MH',MIOllhl {WTex pa60T3K1T, npH'le~1 .,a'laCTYIO ll()                                                  113 2,5 11,.1p,q 'teAO(3eK, pa6oulIouf,UX B .ltupe ce2o,qHJI,
                                                                                                                               c




llpe,.1HhlX yc \OBHll'./\cTCKHi1 TPiil OT'laCTH llHAllCTCll C)Tpa)Ke-                                            1,4 .,1UPP )f(UByr B cr/JaJWX, jJeluu8wllX J10KOJi'lUTb c
HI1CM 6C:lll(lCT!1.            Ho        .JAll IiOPhlihl C IIaI1IiU\ee onaCHblMH H                               c()Lyqapcr8eftHbl.11              8,1feUlClre.!bCTBH'1            B    3KOH011UK)',
YIIH:H1Te.\bU,IMH :IcneK1'<lMH ;leTCKoro Tp}>la lIeT lleOOXO(111-                                                IlblC{)KUU crerWHblO npoTeKlf,uOllu.vla Il CljJepe 8/leW-
~I()CTH         110:KIl;lar,Cl!           CHI1)KeHHl!            ypOllHJI         6e,lHO(T11.            13K,    lIeil   rop":()(HU U tJ,eltTpClAU30(J(//IHbl.'l nUlNUp08wlue. 11.

6,\aro,\apJl ,leticTBl1il~1                 o6uJecTBeHIlJ,IX opram13aIJllti 6hL\3                                                                           •••
pe:~KO      CH11:1(Clla            {leTCKal!     npOCTfITYIJllil              B    (tlHNlmIHlKKo~l                   MlIorHM pa3HHB<lK)UJ[IMClI cTpaHa~1 H crpallaM c nepe-
ropO;]e l1arcallbllH. B 5pa311"\IIH, 11H;111H 11 Ha (J)IMHlInJ1HaX                                               X(l;lH0I1 2JKOIlOMIIKOH IlPI1XO/IHTCH peman, B paMKax cll<Jeii
~ICCTlIble O('lIJeCTlleHlIble opraHII:JaIJlHl ,100HH3KJTCl! IlPI11I0,'1-                                         CTpaTenm p33Bl1T1111 TaKHC IIpI1IUJI11111:L\bHble BOllPOCbl, K<lK
,1ep:.KKe roC~i]apC ma \',\Y'lllleHHl! COCTI)JlHI111 3,lOPOHhil pa60-                                            nepCX()j! 01' IlpOTeKIJHOtll13MU K (JO}\(.'C mHpoKol\ HHTerpaIJHII B
TaIOllJH'         ;leTI?1\         H     C03/]allllil        Il,\l!    IlHX    60Aee             IWIPOKHX        Me)K(1Yllapo,~Hhle          pLIHKH H 01'     HCCOXH~1TblHaK)UJero               r<:JC\1ap'
B03~IOlKHOC reH 11< C\y'lC'lllIll 06p3:l0Ilamm.                                                                  CTllellHoro BMeu.raTeAbCTII<l K PbIHO'lHoti 2JKOHOMHKe, OTBO;lll-
       lIeo6xo l11MO TaK)t;e Bhlpa&JTa1'b IIO:\HTI1KY 3alIllmCTl! II                                             lIJel1 !'OC);japcTlly OrpaHl1'lCHHYKJ pmh                     B pacnpele,\eIIlIl1
roCY.]aPCTBc'HHml                   ce,mpe.         MHome               pa60TI-IHKI1             !'OC}4ap-       pecvpCOll. 06e H<l3IlaHHble peq.lOpMhI MoryT OKJ3aTh cawJC
CTBCHHOro ,'eKTop3 ycep,lHO H np0;1YK1'HBlIO pa60TaK)T.                                               Ho lIO     Hellocpe,]CTBcHlloe Hm/leiic1'HI1C HJ PhlllOK TP},ja, T<lK KaK HX
MIlOrI1X CTpalJaX C lIH:lKIIM H cpe/1HIIM                                     ypOBHC~l           ,lOXO,101J,     OT.\H'lHTC"\bIlOii         xapaKTcpHCTHK0I1           i1ll;\Jle1'Cll     YCKopeHllall
OCOfJeHIIO ',1 CTpaH<1X AC\JP!lKIl K K)f'Y 01' Caxaphl 11 CTp:lHax                                               ,\HKBllila1JlIll lIepellTJ6e,\bHhIX pa60'lHX MeCT H Cm,1JHlIe
5,\I!)KHerO           BOC1DKa.             Ka'leCTHO           roq;'lapcTlIeHHOll                    C\Y)K6bl    llOllblX.     3mT        I1pOIJCCC   Hepe/!KO    COllPO!lO)K/lacTcil             M<lKpO'
nOC1'pa;'1ilNlOT Cfll1)!(ellHll 1'PV,IOIlOfi 3TI1KI1, 1I0;lopllallllOH lB'                                       3KOHOMII'ICCKHM            Clla/lOM H     pe3KHM      CIiH)KCmleM              cnpoca    IJ
'l<l   llcpeyK' )~tIl"\CKTIJIlaHHOCTII                   K3/1l)()Jl,     IIIBKOti :l3pa60THoti                   CTpaHe ua paGo'lyK) CII,\)'. HeMc;l.\CHllhIM pC:l)~\h1'<l1tlM TaKOlX)
n,\aTbl H H'~3(I)(p"KTIIBIIOCTH ynpml,\eHI1i1,                                Il,\ll    HCIlpall\ellHll          pa3HHTllil COGblTl1tl BO MIlOI'I1X C,\\''la!lX CTaHOIIHTClJ na/1CHI1C
CllTyalJHIl           BO      V1110rI1X        C\Y'lallX              Tpe6vCTCl!            IIOBhl!lleHl1e       pea,\blloi'i 3apa60THoii 11",aT&I, POCT 6e3pa60THlJhl H nepe-
ypOllHeii 3apa6oTHoli                      n,\<lTbl H C()KpaIlJeHHC 'lI1C\ClIIIOCTII                             opHeIiTalJHll 3aHllTOCTH n<l IlHilbl .1CJlTe,\hIiOCTH, J\C)K311)IIC 3<1
3aWITblX         II    f'()C\il<l[KTlleHlIOM              CCKTIll)(:.         HapllilV           C    ('(mep-    paMK<lMII Oq:,HIJHa"\bHO pefl1CTpHpye~toro ceKmpa. B Apren-
UIel!cTlIOBamle~l I IOpJI.1Ka llaH~Ja II npO,lllH)KCllllil 110 c,\},)Kfie H                                      THUC, DO,\HBHH. iVlcKcHKe II [hI,HI pCa,\hHall 3apa60TlJall11.\aTa
YKpeIl,\eHf'CM IlPlIHljl1110H OTHeTCTlJellllOCTH mcy,lapC1'HeU-                                                  CHH3,L\aCb lIa TpeTb 11 6oAee, npC)Kile 'Ie,! lIa'lil"\:I cmma
UblX C;\Y:.K311JHX. Y'Il!Te.\CI\, Me,]CeCTep 11 a,lMHIllICTpaTHllllhlX                                           paCTH.      B     l'>c1\rapl!H, IIo.\bwc, POCOlH, PVMhIHHI! II '1exHII
pa60THHKCIl,               nepcOC~IhIC\eHHC                     po.\11        rocpapCTB<1               nO/I-    na,lelIl-le       pe,Mbllhlx;apafioTKoll         B    nepllbll\        !'OIl    peq)op~1
'lCpKYlBaeT            HeO[)XO,liIMOCTb             ,100HB<lTbCiI                 :,q:,q:,eKTI1HUOCTH            COCTUBlL\O         18-40     IlpoIJeHTI)Il. a II OT,1Ci\bHbIX             CTp:max, II

roC\;lapCTllellHbl'(                   crpyKTyp          H      Tex      OO,\aCTilX,             K01tlpble       'l3CTHOCTH II DOArap11l1 11 nO,\bflle, 6e3pa601'HLja IlhlpOC\a c
OCTalOTCH I HX              1l,~]elil!lI.                                                                        lIpaKTI!'leCKlI lIeCYl.lJeCTBeHlIoro ypOHIIH tl0                  15   npOIJCH1DIl II
       Ec \1\    lIO/l/lel l)KKa npan C03,13H3Tb IlPOq:,COlO:-lhl H HeCTII                                       Bblllie. lIo B TIl )Ke IIpCMl! B faHe 11 KHnc npe06paJOll3HHil

Kl1\.·\eKTHBilhle Ilepemllopbl, <l TaK)Ke COKpallJClIlIe ilCTCKOro                                               COIlPOHO)K.13,\HCb POCTIlM 3apa6oTI-I0l1U,\3T1,I, a oC3pa60THlp
Tp);la 060ClIOllalhi ll11alJl10liaAbllOM KOBTCKCTC, lie C\e;!yeT ,UI                                             OCraHa,\aCb I!a         HH:~KOM   VpOHHC.

CIU[~aTb        3 rH       fl]llIHIJllllbl     C   ~IC)K, lVHapOclllhlMH                    TIlproHbl~1H             /l,,\ll O,ll111X pa601'lII1KOH 2JKOBO~lH'lCCKl1e pecj)Op~lhl CIlO~
COl:\<llIleHllilMH            11       npe.l;'CMllTpeTh               GIHKIJHH         II   CW'lae        IIX    COOBbl OTKp!'ITb HOBbIe 1l03~IO)KHOCTH. no /1,\11 Ilpyntx MorYT
llapYIllClll1~? CTOPOllllHKlI TaKoro 1l0(lxo, la BPOIIO,l!IT pa3-                                                lI~leTh C3M1,lrl GmC311CllIILIH 2J(P¢CKT. /l,a)Ke npl! caMblX 11pO-
,\WHlC MC:K,1Y (i'YIUJMeIlTa,\bllhIMH Ilop~la~Ul, KOTopble il,\ll                                                ;lYMJllllbiX [JeCPOpM3X O,lHI1 HU nepllO~l 2JTane llhUlrpbmaKJT,
MHJrHX a 13,\Or1l'lHhl                    OCllOBllhl~1         lIpall<lM H HC COnpll)!(ellbl                     clp}THe TCPHlOT. C,lC.UTh flpeoopa:~OHamll! MCHCC 6(1\C3HCH-




                                                                                                                                                                                                               7
    HblMH H OrpaHWfH1'b COIJI1,L\bHble lt1,lep/KKH :noro npOIJecca                    .lOlIYCK3KYf 1I0CTeneHHYKl AflKBl1.laIJHIO pafJOYHX MecT. lie
    nmllQMlT, H lIepllylo O'-lepe,lb. liCKopeHHhlH I1epeIlO.l :.JKOHOMH-              C1'allil   nOll    yrpmy          caMH     pecpopMbl,     lIe06xo,lHMble      .:IA!!
    KH Ila IlOllbIH ny1'b pa3HH1'HJI. PeIllalOllJee 3Ha'-leHHe R :nOH                 CO.i(\aHH!! HOIlOH 3aHJITOCTll, JlOC1'eneHHhIH nO/IXO;, onpall4aH.
    CR,LlH npwJ6pc1'ae1' ..loCTI1/KeHl1e MaKp03KOHO~H1'-leCKot\ CTa-                  3To    n(1\OlKeHl1e n0;1THeplK4aeTC!! IIpl1MepO~l KH1'aJl. Il(' T<I.\1
    611.\hHOCTl1   11 YKpelJ..\eHl1e ,10HepWI K rraKe1'Y               pe1lx)pM B     CYUJeC1'I!OB<l,\ 3Ha'-lI1Te/\uHblit n01'eHIJI13:\ .1J\Jl pona 3a!!Jlm
    IJe.\OM. OTHOCllTe.\bHbIX ycrrexoB Il 3-rnM ;10fiHAI1Ch KHTall,                   CTH, cneplla Ii CC,\bCKOM X03!111CTllC, a 3aTeM H Klla3H-'-laCrHOH
    3CTOHI1J1 H HeKOmpbJe Ilpyme CTpaHbL y/Ke cy~!eHIIIl1e ROC                        npoMhIUHeIlHOCTl1,           11    31'0   1l03IK1\)lAO 1l0KPblTb H3;lePlKKH
    CTaHOBl1Th ypOBeHb :npafi01'HOH rr. \aThl 11 3aHlITOCTH HAH                       OTIIOCllTe,\LHO He3(pcjJeKTuHHoro roq~lapcTllellHoro ceKTDpa.
    I1B1DKYrIJlleClI II 3TOM HaJIpaH.\elllll1.      C .IPY!'()l1   C1'OPOHbL He/IO-   B   6ClAhlllllHCTIle /Ke CTpaH 1I0CTenellllhiH llO/IXO,1 Hel,leAC-
    CTJ1DYHO pelliI1Te.\LHoe f1pOBe,le1me peq)OpM 11 oeAapYCI1 H                      coo6pa3eIl        11:l:1a   ~!aKp03KOllO~IWICCKI1X         ,11lCllponOpIJI1H     11
    BeHeCV3AC      I!bUlla.\O        cna;l   H.Ul    3aC1DH        3apa601'KOll   H   OO\bllll1X W\;lep/KeK B y6bl1D'1HbIX O1'paCMIX
    3aHlI1DC1'H (pIIC\'HOK     4).                                                         MUKPO:.JKOHO"!I1'-leCK<l!!           [[(1\HTHKa,   onpc.,e,\JllOlljaJl   MO-
        BLIHrpblJl<llOT Ml pafioTHHKH OT CTp3Tenm 1l0C1'erreHHblX                     6H/\bHOCTb        TPi~,OllhIX      pecypcoB       Ii    ypOlleHb   3apa6oTHoii
    IIpcofipa:loll3Hl1H'   B    Tex CTp3Hax, rile HCXo,lHble YC\OIlWI                 llAaThl, MOA(eT HMeT]' pellJ<lKllIJee :lH<l'1eI·me K3K il,\il O()IIJHX




8
TCMnOll npc06pa:mHamfH. TaK                  VI I1MI ofieCnC'lCHH5I 6Aaro-          HhlX Bceo6llJHM 6Aar'O;lcHCTBl1e~1 MoryT OKJ.'IUThClI Hco6pa-
COCTOJHlH5I pa60THHKoB llllCpeX04HblH nCpH()4.                   3 /1paHU5IIK1\H-   THMblMH H np}lllCCTH K IJHK.\H'lCCKOH 0601e,\eHlIOCTH, ncpcxo-
TYlKa [J04pa.1YMCBaCl; II       qC.\U~f,   npVlHIlTUC Mep B TpeX llanpaH-           ililIqcrl 113 nOKO,\CHl1l1 II nOKOAeHl1e.
ACHI151X: llOHblillCHHe ~10GH;\bHOCTI1, YKpen,\CHHC rapaHTHpo-                          CYllJCCTBVCT             HIIo,\HC       peaAhHall          onaCHOCTh             lUro,     'llU,
llaliHOCTYl ,lOXO,10ll H np()(l)eCCHOHaAbHa51 1I0llrOTOBKJ TP)::10-                 HapJl/l)i       C     YI:\v6.\CHUCl\1       Ge,.]HOCTH,            HepailCHcTHO             MeIK;lY
llblX pecypcoB K nepCMeHJM. Bce 3TH Mephl TeCHO B3JH~IO"                            GoraTbl~1H 11 6e,1IlLI"1H II 6AH)l(3HWHe ilCCIlTH.\CTHJI YUMI1TClL
CB1I3allbf. IloBLlIJJeHHC ~106vL\LliOCTI1 ucpe4KO conpUIl(J)K;\JCT"                 Ho :num l'>IO)l(HO HJ6e)l(aTh, eC,\H GilleT w,Gpalla llpalllMhllall
C5I ~lcpaMH. IIPH111<lllllb!~1H 06eCnC'lHTb IIpoqecc AHKBH;laqHYI                   HII)TPCllllllii H BlleWH5I5I1I0MITHK3.                 I Ip!1Aep)l(HB<lIlCh OTKPLI1U-
1aml'ltlCTI1, HKAIO'l<l1l     ~faCCOHble     YllOALlIeHHll B rOCYilUPCTHCII"        CTH H ltlpmllAe, lDflefall llbJTCCHCHl1lI HHIlCCTHqlfH GK1il)l(CT-
HOM cCKrope. Bo MHorHX CTpaHax Tpc6YK1TCll ~lepLJ, 1l031l0'                         HLIM flcctlllljHTOM, o6ecIIe'lHBall 3HCPfl1'lHhIH H yCTOH'lHllhIH
;\5110IIJHC OT,lCAJ1Th nOY\"ICHHe COIJHa;\bHbIX yCAyr H3                  Ilpe.~­   3KOHOMH\.feCKI1H POCT, CTpaHhl C BbICOKHM ,jOXO;l0l'>1 CMOr}"r
npI151THH     0':   ¢aKTa       TP);10YCTpOHCTHa        H   .\H6epaAH30BaTL         coxpaHHTb n06a,\LHbll\ cnpoc 11 Ilpe/l)'lIpe/U1Th IIpOTeKIJHO-
PLIlIOK )l(H.·\I,Il. Ho He ~,eHee H3)1(HO Y'leCTL HY)l(;lL1 TCX, KO~ly              HliCTCK(Je ;1311,\CHHe, KOTopoe MO)l(Cl' GLlTb llhl3HaliO lICH],IClI-

yrpO)l(JeT P"3KOC ':OKpdIlJeliHC ,10X04J. DC1'\LW31l P(l\b H 31UM                   liO HbICOKH~1 ypOHHCM 6e3pa6oTH1Jhl. EllJe ()(1\ee Ba)l(IIYJO
OTHO;lHTClI     ICpcp:Icnpe.-1CACHHIO ,lOXOilOB. 4,\1l HeKOTOpbIX                   pCl.\h HrpaeT BHYTpeHH5IlI nC1\HTIlK3. Clloc06cTHYIOIIJalI POCTY
KaTempHil pa60Tlil1KOH MOlKeT OKa3aTbG! IIOAC3HOii IICfJeKBa-                       Cllpoca      11<1      TP};]OHhle       PCCYPCbl.          a       T3K)l(C        3cpct1eKTHHHJlI
,\l1qmKJql1ll. 110 ~1;IA()Bl:pOliTHO, \.fTO OHa CMOlKeT peIl1!1Tb Bce               1l0AHTIIKa phIHK3 TpY;la.
flpoGAe~lhl.                                                                            IlpaBl1Te.\hCTIl3 H pa60TIIHKl1 Ha'IHHaIOT npHcnoca6Al1-
                                                                                    HaTbCR      K       np0I1CXOilflIIJI1l'>1    II   l'>ll1pe     I1cpel'>lellaM.           HaCAC, \lIe
AH¢UpepeHLI,HaLl,HR HnH BblpaBHHBaH14e?                                             npowAoro MO)l(eT OCAOIKlIHTL                      :~ltlT     npOlJecc H.\H ;la)l(C Bbl-

CorMICHO rrpOrW'3ayl,            B 6AH)l(ailuIHe      30    ,\CT Il TPy;,!OHbIC     JllaTL      CTpax         llepCA    IlPC)HCXOilRllJH'r.              O;lHaKO          PCl)l(ilCHHC
pecypchl !Vlhpa HO\bCTC5I OKo,\O "1l1;\;\Hap,lJ 'leAOBCK, npH'lCM                   HOBom Ml1pa, pa60T3 B KO'roPOl'>1 BOBAeKJCT llCC K3Tempml
99   npoqeH1lJH 11:,    :noro     'lI1C\J -      H CTpaIlJX, HMCIOIIJHX H<1         pa60TIIHKOB H ,1I1H<lMWlHbIii IIpOIJecc pOCTa ,IOXOAOIl, y>\Y'!-
CCf(l,~HllJIIHI'H ;lCI~h Hl13KHl1 !1 CpC,lH!1H ypOBCllb ,10XO,IOB.                  meHI1Jl YC\OBllii TpYAa H yKpell,\eHl1l1 mp<lIITHii JallllrocTH. -".-
YpoBeHb        lKH3HH        01: 1C,\bHhIX     KaTcropm1         OTHOCHTe.\bHO      II IJe,\O~l CB1I3<lHO C IlOUPOCOM oco:maHHoro llbl6opa, K<lK Il<l
6e/llIom pa(ioTalOllJen) HaCe,\CHI1l1 3aMeTHO HhlpOC 3<1 flOC\e,I-                  MeIK;lYHapo,lHOM ypOBHe, TaK H 113 HaIJHOH3.\bHOM. TaKOH
HHe   30   ;\eT, m:06CHHO B A3m1. Ho moGa,\bH0I1 TeH;lCIIqlHl K                     HbI60p lIO;lpa3pleH3CT I1C!l(1\L30BaHHe PblHKOIl ;1.·\1l C03/laHIlIl
COKpaIqemHl pa3;)bllla :-'IC)l((lY tlorJTbJ!V1H 11 6e,IIlLIMI1 C\OllMfl             HOHhlX      H03MO)l(HOCTeH, 3aIIJHT),                  }X,nH,lbIX            11    06i le.\CHHLIX
pa60TaKllqem          HclCCACHHR      HC      HaO;\IO,~3CTCIl.    bOAec    TOm,     rpyllli     HaCC.\eHHH,          06CCne'leH~1C             YC\OHl1ii,            1I03IlCl\ilIOIlJHX
CYllJeCTBYCT OIlaCHOCTb, 'Iro ypOllCHb )l(113flH paOOTHHKOll H                      pa60TIlJ1Ka:-.1 cllofio,1HO IlLI6HpaTh pa6ury, il06~1B:lTbCII n),TC,'
GCIlHei'lwVlx       cTp;IHax     npOIlC1\IKHT      CIl(1)l(aTbCH,    lJOCK(1\bKY    lIeperollopc'll           npHe~L\CMLIX        YC,\OBHH             Tpy'la.       AanaTb     CHOHl\I
OOAt'C 11113K.1H yp' mCHh HHHCCTHIJHH If 06p330HaIJHil Be/leT K                     ;\t'TIlM Gcv\ee xopolllee oGpa30naHHe. f.~YOHI: Xoa. <Dpallcya3J.
o60CTpellHI() pa3 \!l'llfi1. B oT/le.\bHbIX cTp31lax, OCO(leHHO B                   )K'lH-IloAb           H    MHA\~fOHb!        T<lKHX          IKe     pa60'lHX.           KaK   OIlH.
cTpaHax l\(llpHKII K K lry 0'1' CaX3phI, HCKOTOPblC KaTcmpHH                        Henocpe;]CTIlCHHblC>.1             06pa.10M        3aHHTcpeCClBaHbi                  B    :l;1P3BOil
pa60TlJHKOf         Mor'/T    cllJe   oT'leTMmcH        OllJYTHTb      CroR   :lJ   1IC1\HTHKe\ Be,lh ee lJOC\e,lCTBHlI OHH                              !l   If X    CC~lbH fi};WT
paMKaMI1 IIf:LIIJccca 3KOIIOMI1'leCKOfU pa3IlHTI1J1.             13 cYpallax )Ke,   OllJ),IIJ<lTL II CHodl )1(1131111.
nCpe)l(I1BJlOllJHX IIO;l'bCM 3KoHmulKll, nOTCpl1 ,IAlI 060H;lcH-




                                                                                                                                                                                           9
     r.AABA                        1




                       A nOCAE4HI1E           I~EOITl1;\ETlUI   B ,\IVlPE    IjPO~    lIaCe,\ClIIIOCTH, ~laCcoBot1 6e3pa6oTVII,le H pOCTe 6(4HOCTH, ne




     3                 H30me, \ MaCCHIIH.bIl1 PO.CT TPYil0BblX pCC)'pCOB.
                       no    Ol,leHKaM, of)IIJaR 'lHC\eHHOCTL TPY;IOHbIX
                       pecypCOB II
                     MYlK'IHH


     flHY. Cor:AaCHO npOfll03aM, /10
                                    H
                                         1995    ro(lV
                                        lKeHU,lllH


                                                 2025
                                                         COCTallH~\a
                                                     Tpyil0Cnoc06lloro
     paCTa, 'ITO ITO'lTH ll,lBOe ITpCBblllIaeT I1X 'lI1C,\eHHOCTL II
                                                         roila eUJc
     'le,\OIlCK nOITOAnRT pa60'I)'1O ap;'lHK) Ml1pa. npH 3TOM pac-
                                                                       25


                                                                       1.2
                                                                             ~L\p"l
                                                                              1l03~
                                                                             1965
                                                                             ~lAPII
                                                                                      J1(HTIlePlK4aIOTCH C06bITHlIMH I10C\C/ll1IlX ,.IeCJlTfL\CTI1l1./l,ulKe
                                                                                      IIpl1     He6bllU\OM
                                                                                      MC,lHaHrIoro pa60TIH1K3 cero4HIl HecpaIlHeHrIO ,\Y'JllIe. '{eM
                                                                                      30 AeT lIa3a(1.
                                                                                            MelK,w TeM
                                                                                      6e,1l!CHlIII1X
                                                                                                                   pOCTe




                                                                                                                 HC,,\b3i1
                                                                                                             pafiOTHHKOB
                                                                                                                               npe,l,\OlKellIlJl




                                                                                                                              nOpY<II1TbCJI,
                                                                                                                                  lIenpe~lelllIO
                                                                                                                                                      Tp)~la    nQ\OlKCnl1e




                                                                                                                                                  'ITO ypOBellb )t;113l!H
                                                                                                                                                       nORI,ICHTCiI.
                                                                                      6,\arococTOIlHHiI ']a nOC\C,iUIHC :leCIlTH,\CTI1J1KOCHr\Cl! ,jiL\eKO
                                                                                                                                                                         POCT



     cMaTpHllaeMbli1.       npoI,lecc    He OTM1'laeTOI      reorpaqlH'lecKol1        lIe     llcex, a       BO MIIOfllX      CrpaH<lX      VI   il<llKe qC,\hIX reorpa-

     C6a;\aHCHpOB;]HIIOCTblO. 3a           lTepllo.~ c   1965   ro4a   ilHH<l~IHKa    tpWleCKHX pcrmlHax ,lOXO,l Ha , WIll": Hace.~\enHJI IIpaKTWleClm

     npell;\OlKeHIUI TP)(J{<l ITO penlOHaM fihV\a IlCCb~la HepallHO-                  He H3MClIIL\CH. HcpaBeHCTI!O, KaK MelK4Y perHOHaMH. TaK Ii I!

     MepHoi1.: OT   40    ITpOlJeHTOB ITpHpoCTa H CTpaliax C IIhICOKI1l\l             npe;lC,,\aX OT;le.\bHhIX CTpalI, npO,ln\lKaCT OCTanaTbCll OilllOH

     yp0lltICrvl /10X0401l 110     93   ITpOI,leHTOB II IOlKlioi1. A31!l1 H    176    H'l xapat(TepllbIX 'JCpT MHpOflOH 3KOl!O~1HKH.                       110    o/lIioti H3

     lIpO!)ellTOB lia BMllKHeM BoClOKe 11 B CeBeplioi1. i\(PpHKC,                     OI,lCIIOK, Il   liFO      ro,lY Cpc"lHl1il 110Xo"          Ha   ,WillY   HaCe,\(~fIHJI R
     ITPH'lCM OlKHllaeTOI. 'ITO          99    IlPOI,lClITOIl pOCTa TP)('lOllhIX      caMhIX 60r3ThiX cTpaHax OhL\ H                   11    pa3 IlbIllle, 'leM fl CJ~lbIX

     pecypcoB (10        2025     rolla np'MeTCJI na CTpaHf.•I, Ilxo,lRHJHC           tie/llIblx, Tor:la KaK I!       1960 ro,lY 3TO         COOTllOIITeHHC YBe,\l1'm-

     CCro/lllll Il KaTeropHI1 C HI13KHM H CpClllil1M ypOlllieM ,lOXO.10B              AOCh ,,0    :)R,   a   II 1985 roil) /10 52.

     ha6~\I1!)a   1. n                                                                      CoxpalIHTCJI         ;\11   no, j06H<l1l    KapTHI'Ia       IIcpamloMcpnoro

         Ha   (tlOHC     Cf(W..    6yplioro     pOCTa    TPY:IOllhIX   PCCYPCOB,      pOCTa tharococTORIII11l1                B   3KOI!OMI1Ke CTpaH ~lHpa lIa6.\K)-

     OC06CI[1I0 0HJYHJaCl\10ro B 6(1\ec 6e;~HbIX perw)!Jax, 3a.la'la                  iWIOTCiI ,jBe TClI,jellljHl!           ClICTe~1II0ro   Tfm3, C3MblM        lICn()c'Peil~


     ITOBbIIlICHHJI ypOBrIJI lKI13rIH 6e,lHelUIIcro Hace.\ClIl1J1 l\!Hpa              CTI!elIHblM 06pa30M IlMIJlK)II)l1e rIa nepcneKTlIBbI pbllIKa Tpy,\a

     ;"IOlKCT 1I0Ka3<lTbCJI rIClTpOCToit a TO H HCITOCHAhHOH. O/lllaKO                B fi):lYllJe~l ThICIl'le,\eTI1H. Bo-nCpI!bIX, pe'lb H"eT                  00   113:·ICHC-

     ITCCCHIvmCTI1'leCKHe         ITpe/1CK<l33HHIl   0    neH36elKiioti      ncpe~    IlHI1 po.\H r()(.'\iwpCTIla, '1TI) BbI3IlalIO, lIPClK4C Bcero, He\:13'l-




10
llbl,,111 ilOllLITKaMH ,lo6HTbcJI pOCTa 6,\arOCOCTOJlllHH illlpCK~                                        .1CTei'\ H,Y}! .1;UI lITbl ,10:vmWIIHM X(BllHC1'flOl\j, 11p)THe iKe He

TllBIlLIMlJ MCpaMH. OC06~HH() Har.\R/1HO 3Ta T~H,leIlIJIHI ilpO-                                          CllOco6Hhi Bbll1(1\UllTL pa&)Ty H.\HIIC :'>lOryT TP}:10),CTP0I1'fhCJI

m~\HeTCR II KpaXC COYH<L\I1CTI1CleCKOil CI1CTetbl COHeTCKOIX)                                             (pHCYHOK       1. 1),   Ho f)(1\bIllHllCTBO H;}Ce;\CHHJI B :,;THX cTlxmax
OOpa:IIJa,       HO 11         IIn'lTH       BO    llCeX       CTpaHaX         l'lHpa   ilci\CTllllH      paoerraeT, H I1MCHHO HH3Kail :,apaI30THall InaTa,                              a   lie 6C:lpa-

roC)~lapCTIla 1I0,lHepralOlUl lICpeCMOTpy, BO-WroPLlX, Il PC-                                             60THIJ;J, lllt\lICTClll:\aBHoi'\ llPI1'1I1HOH {)e,1110CTH.                vb 'me\a po-
3Y.\hTaTC TCXHII'ICCKIlX :10CTHiKCHI1I1 Il cqlcpe TpallCIlOpTa,                                           &)1'aloLIJHx     60 lIpOIJemtlH 3aflRTO II Ce,\hCKO~1 X01HiicTlle, a H3
CBJl311 H npOl'lbIflL\ClIllO(TH, HO O(OOCIIIIO 6.\aro/1apilOO\LWeH                                        OCTaAI,lIoro Tp'y:locnoo.J6f1oro H<lCC.\eHHJI 'II1CYO 3~IIUlTbIX B

OTKPbITI)cTH 3KOHOMIIKII OTi1C\hHbJX (Tpall it,\JI MCiK/1YHapo,1-                                         CeKltlpe       yC\)T      ITO'lTH    Ha    50      llpOIJClImH     f)()AbWe,           'R~M B
lloii TOprolt\H, BCC IIpHlH<lKll 1:\06a.\hH()~l TCH.1cHyllll lIPH~                                        npOMbIllL\CHHOCTll            (IlK,\K)'IalI       iloohlBalouJYKl         II       lIepepat3a~
06pc.\J        IICYKNllllJ3i1 lfIlTCrp3IJl1J1                   K3K     BHyTpCHHllX,        'l'dK    H    TblHalOllJYIO, C1'I)()IITe..\LCTIlO, cepep,;, KO~IMylla,\bHor'o Xo:lllH'

MHPOllLIX pLHKOH. Hll1l,o,\ec :;aMeTHO I!O\OiKeIme TP};UIIIJHX-                                           cTlla), AIlWb OKO\()         15 IlpOlJCHltlH TP}: 10BblX P('CypCOfl COCTaB-
CR YAY'UIIlIAlCb H TeX CTpallaX, KOTIlpble C C3l\!OrO Ha'Ja.\a                                            ~\ilIOT pafiOTlIl1KH llaeNlIoro TP\;l<1 B ()(j1l11Jl1a,YhI1O pel'HCTpl1'
OTpCdmpOB~I.\1I            H;l HOBLIe MeiKi1}'H3po;lHLJe                           flmMOiKIIOCTH,         pyeMOl\1 ceK1'Ope 3KOllmlHKH, BK;\K)'IaKlllJCM, conaCiIO OllPC'

flce {)(1\bllle [((Har,lllCh II paClIpe/1C,\CHHI1 PCCypC(lH lIa PLIHO'l-                                  ,'1e,\ellllKl, lIeCe,\LCKOXO:1JlI1CTHeHllble 'JaC1'IIble IIpeilIlpHll1'llli.

HhIC ellAbl, a lIe Ha /lH[X'KTIIBHbIC pCWcmli1.                                                           llPC,lY01ClTpHBalOI.IJHC !leHeiKlIOC B03uarpaiK/lellHC Tppa, 11

      B      HacroHUJe\l OT'JCTC npe(lIlpl1HJl1'a IlOllbITKa 0IJeIIHTh                                    roc);wpcTlleIlHblH CeKTIlp.

3l1a'letIl1e PblHO'lflOI1 OPI1CHTaJJl11l II YCl1.yellllil IlH1'CrpalJHll                                      C()IlCe~1 IHlaJl CHTYalJlIll Ha6~\I(),laC1'CJl Il CTpalIax C HblCO-
:vmp<.'BoH 3KOHO~1l1l(1I           ,1 \iI    pafJOTHIlKOB, LJeHTpa,YbIIGe "teeTI) Ii                      KHM ytX)IIHC:Vl ,10XO;10rt          B HIlX OKCl \()   TpcTH ,\!Hj TP'\:'l':lClloc06-

IKCye/l0B<lHIIH           3JIIHl'IaI01'           C\C;lVK1I1Jlle          'JeThlpe      1l011pOCa;        noro 1lD:l!XIC1'<l 1'aKiKe lIaXO,l11TCll 'lU lIpe,le,YUMIl TP}:lOllbIX
Kantl?       cTpa rerllli        pa:"HIITIlJl          HaH6nyec           3(1)(lleKTflHIIhI    iPll       pecypcoll lJ,\1I Ill' HMe(,T pa{)oTbl. O.lHaKo nO'1T1l lice 0(T3,\[,-

1l0BblWeHHJl ypOBIiJI iI' ,XO/l0ll Ii YCYOBllfl Tpy,~a pa60THllKOB;                                       Hble, 10 eC1'b OKU\O            350     MAH 'l(;:.\OlleK, pafXJTaK)l: ml\Y'Jall

OTKpblHae1'         \H P;ETYUJaR HH1'crpmJIlJl MHpC)]jOi\ :3KOIIOMIlKH                                    3:1pa6onlYK) rL\aTV.          B ceKTope yC\yr           3aHJlTIl fiu\ce IIIC(TII H.1

HOBbIe I[(BMo)f(HOl n1 ,1.\JI pa60THH}'1)B HM1 )f(e IIpe,lCT3B,\llC1'                                     KCliK,lhlX ,leOITII parlO1'H II KOl\ , TIl CCTh 11:<: 'lHCN.'IIHOCTh [)(),yee

yrpOi}' HX C\amOlCTI))lHI1l0, oco6elmo Il 6C,lHellWHX perl10-                                             'IeM ll,lH(X: IIpeHLlIllaeT 'IHC\O :laHilTblX B IIPOMbIIll,\CHIIOCTH.

l1ax "mpa: [(aKaR [lC1\J, OTI[(),1I11'OI BllYTpelllldi IlC),\IlTI1Ke Ii                                   EllJe     3   npOIJeHTa TPV,10llhiX pecypCOB 3aHJT1tl n C'e;\bCKOM

COBepmCHC11l0Bamm ct'YIIKIJI10HHpOBaIlHi1 pbIHKa Tp};'la, Il mM                                           X03RHc1'Be.        no     oyeHKCll\l, B 'IIIC\O 3allil1'biX IIXO,ll11' TUKJKe

'IHL\C II 05e,'IIC'Jelmll TaKHX CjXIKTOPOB, KaK 3cpcpeKTHllHOC1'h                                         OKn\O     30 000    ,1cTei'\, CrpaHbl         co    Cpe'IHI1~1 ypOIlHeM ,lOXO,10B
PblHKOH, paHIlOlipallHOt· paCllpe/le,\(,Ul1e ,lOXO, lOB, rapaIlTI1p<.)-                                   HaXO,lRTCil Me)f(,lY OlHlGlllllblMH ,myMll I'py11l1a~U! CTpaIl. Ba

naHHOC1'h         31HlI10,:TI1          H     ,10XO,lOIl,          HOP:V!bl,   OlIpe,1e,\i1KlllJHC        ,j(l\IO                             IlPHXOillHCiI       40     IIPOIJ(,IlTOB            llcem

TP};j;)Hble       (TlIOlll<.~HHlI;           K<lKII1'!        06pa30M      IIpll    lIepexO,le       K    HaCe,\CHlUi Tp,)ijOCnOcooHoro B03paCTCl, OKO\O T!JeTIl 3<1HJIlt) Il

BlIelllHe:~Km uMH'lc'cKoil O1'KPblTOCTH                                    06eCUC'lellbl llyiK~           perHCTpH[WCMOM              CCKltlpC       (TO      eCT]'   11:vlCI01'     1l0ClUJ1HIlYIO

111>1 TP}:10Bbh pee: peOH Il                 CT~X.lllaX,       OTKa:laHIlIUXCJI OT IJCHTpa-               pat3ClTY      lTa llpe,lnpHJITlUIX IlpOMhllIL \CllllOCTl1                  II ot3c \YiKl1-

;YIHOBaIllIOI'<)        11." HliP' >HamiJ1               11    :,a:<IKHymCTll        3KOllOMliKU?         naHJ1ll, [](HY'laJl                                         OKo.\O     20      IlpolJeIlToll

               m"   Ha TIl 'CBJlIIJell<l pa'\6opy neCI>Ma flCO,jIIOPONILIX                                TP):10VC1'poeHO B CC,\hCKOM X03JII1cmc, a OCTU.\hHbIC 3aHllThl

ITOKa.laTe,\ell :>aHll mCTlt H 3apa('ioTHoH lli\UTLI H ~fHpe H HX                                         pa3.\l1'lHbIMIl     BIl,la~!H    ,]eJITe,\bHOCTll 3a         IXl~IKa:\lH           pCrHCTI)H-
3aIllKH~loCT:I 01' l'llq;ppcTHeHHOH 1100\HTIlKII.                                                         pye:'-lom CCK1'opa,         no lI~lel()UJH~ICJI Clle/lellllJ1:V1, Il cTlxmax co
                                                                                                          cpc/1Hml ypoBHe~l ;lUXO,jOB patJOTaCT Cllblwe                      7     "1,\11 IjeTel1.
CTPYKTypa 3apa6oTHoril nnaTbl M aaHATOCTM                                                                     Bo    Bce~1 ~mpc 6e3paooTHya, TIl CCTL fie:wcnClIIHhlH 1I0l1CI(
3KOHo:VlH'IeCKHC               IJe,\H       ce:V1CI1      BC3,le      O/!HllaKOBhl:      },'101t\eT-      pa6mu, COr:\;lC1I0 craHilapnlOMY Ollpe,le.\CIIHTU, COCTaB.YJleT
llopeHlle        OCHOHH"IX              nOTpCrlHOC1'el\                1I011blweHHC       ypClBHll        OKt1\O ,) IIIXlljellltllJ H<ICC,\CHHJl TP\10ClIOco6HOro Hmpacra
iKW>IIll, ynp..lll;\elllle PIICKO:<l,              Kom[lC)~ly          OllU II(Vl11CPr'aKJTClI II         (lIpH6,\Ir:une,\bIl0        5 IlpOlJeHltlB Tp);'lOBbIX        [Jec)'PCOH ), X01'11 Wl-
YC\OIllIi1X HE'onpe, \e..\eIfHOCTH, H paCWl1peHU(' B03MoiKHOCTeii                                         3a pa:l~\Ii'-IHH B OIfPe'lC~\(:,HH'1 {)c:ipa6oTHlJhlll palHhlX CTpaHax
,1,\ll ,1cTetL 01HiIKO. Il .>aHIlCH~10CTH OT ypOIIHlI 3KOllm>IH-                                          H c\OiKIIOCTCI1 CTaTIKTl1'lecKoro xapaKTepa 3Ta OIJeUKa He
'leCKoro       PU' HH1'llll,     BepOllT1l0CTb vcncxa B .10cTHiKeHHI1 :,lTllX                             MO)f(eT 6hlTI> TIl'1I101'i. De:;pa&JTHlJa 061>1'IHO Bbnll(, B CTpaHax
1J(,;\(,11   TP\il.)M     Il    O;lli I1X      perHOHaX              pe3KO     oT/\H'JaeTCJI        01'   C lILICOKHM } pOllHeM ,10XO,lOB, HO flO ~Icpe pOCTa .10XO,101l,

,1P'yTHX. DO\('(' lit nOBIIHhl l·mce,\eIlHJI TP}:10CIloc05HOro Ilm-                                       ila.\oHelimci'\         ypfialll1:,aYHl1      H     IJIHPOKHX        3KOllOMll'JCCKHX

paCTa H MIIJle, TIl CCTh lIpHMepHo                             2    :vtAp,1 'le"YOHeK, iKHlleT II         IIpeo6pa:mll<lHHti :-lTIl IlH.\ClIlle CTaAO 3a:VICTlIee 11 BO MIlOrHX

cTp3Hax C IIW1Kll'1              I'll' lBHe~1  ;1()X(),101l, COCT3MlIHIlIH:V1 II 1993                     crpallax C HIBKI1M II CP(';lHHM ypOHllCM ,lOXo,101l,

roilY II     cpe,11Ie~! ~1,"Hee      695 ;lo.\..UPOB Ha ;WIll\, HaCC\el!l1JI, K                               HaCi,\IOijClIOTCi1 C}TIJeCTBCllHble p;t'I.\WIlIJI ~leiK,lY npalJaC'1H

I1X ClHew        c. \e,l}'l""   :1o{i<lIlI1Tl, 40 M,\H npo,10.\iKalOllJHX paGo-                           II pentOlJa~!H KUK 110 ypOHIlIO 3apaOOfH01I lL\aTbl, TaK II 110

TaT]' upeCl'lpe,YhIX 11              50·~60 ,I,\lI             ;leTel], llj)l1'leM II Cll1l3H C           CTpyKType 3aHllTOCTI1 (PI1CYHOK                    1.2) C    Y'IC'n.JM pa3,\f!'IHi'\ Il

Illl1pOKoH II XIKTHmtl ;laIIH)]{eHHlI Cllei1eHIlH 0 ,1eTCKO!>1 TP\:le                                     lIoKyrraTe..\bU0I1 Clloc06110CTIl HJIJIIOIl;L\bHblX B<L\IOT MOiKHO

paOOTalOITJllX 11eTCI1 'IDiKCT 61>ITh lIa lICCKUYbKO ,It'CilTKOH                                          OnK'TH1'b, 'ITO lupa60T1I3J1 1I,"l'm HHiKeHepd flO cDpaHKcpypre,
~UL\.\110I!()n 60.\0l:IC.                                                                                 1(,p~laHlllI, II          pa3 IlpellhIWUL'T 'lapa60TOK HeKHa.\H(1)IlIJH-

     01\<:1\0 TpCTlI Hace.Yelll1R TPY40CIIOco6110fU Ilmpacra II                                           poHalllKlii      paOOTlII1IJhl       TeKCnL\hHOll           IljJOMbIllL\('HUOCTIl           Il

CTpallax C          1H3KI1'~ ypUIIHeM ;1()X()(1011 HC pafiOTaCT, O/IBi! HC                                Halip06ll, KeHlllI (Bpe3KJ        1,1), o,.'IaCTI1 T'dKOH pa:JphlI1 OOMe-
pa60TalOT 1I0TI):V1' , "ilt', OHH IlOCCllJaK)T III Keny , 1I0CIlIHblllaK1T                                HileTCll crpYKTypOlt         3apatxm Ioil I L \aTI>I B KJiK,loli npaH(,




                                                                                                                                                                                                           11
     HaHp0611 :oapa60THa!1 IHaTa I1HJKCHCpa BLIWe, '1C:>l 3alYJ.llOTHa51
     IL\aTa pa60TIll1ljLI WKCH1,\bHOH IIpOMblllHeHHOCTH Il                               8 pa1,   a
     IlO    <DpaHK<j:JYPTC        Il       3    pa3a      !1pyrOH     I1PlJl-IHIIOH     !lB \!JCTCJI
     pa3AH'UJC ]\!eJK/1Y CTpallaMH B Il03Harpa)l("lC1UlH all3J\Orl IqHOro
     Tpy,la           33pat)oTHJ!! n,\aTa I1HJKeHepa H repM3Hml B                           7   pa:<
     6mbwe, qC:>1 B KeHlHl, a pa60TIII1IJ3 TCKCHHLHOH llpOMblW-
     .\CHHOCTH rCpMaHI1H nC\-\Y'1aCT Il                    18 pa3 tx1\LWC,      'lCM TaKaJI )l(e
     patx)THHlj3         Il    KCHHH.          COpOK      npoljCHTOIl       TPiWJClIOco6HOro
     HaCC,\CIIHJll>mpa 3all!!1U B CCMCHllblX <j:JepMepcKHx XUWiCTll3X
     11 B HcpcrucTpHpyeMoM CCKTOPC, 06bl'lHO no\yqa!l H~I~1HOro
     MCHbllIC, qC~1 !la)l(C HCKB3,\I-!(tJHljHpOHaHllblc pa60THI1Kl1 F ropo-
     ,lax. ECJ\11 )l(C Y'ICCTb ilCHeJKHOC H03Harpa)l(/,cHHC HX Tf"13, 1U
     pa3phIH II 3apa60THo~i I'J,\aW OKa)l(eTCiI CIIJC 3ayILYfHee KaK H
     HaljI10Ha,\bHOM, T'J.K 111\ MC)I('lYHapn:1110M pa3pe3c.
           I10MH~IO paCXOJK/1CHHl'1 II CTpyKTypc 3aHJm)CTI1 l1 3apa·
     60TH011 ll;\aTbI MC)I(,lY CTpJHJMI1, B ca~HlX crpmIax Ha6,\I0-
     ;laKlTC!I PC:>KI1C pa3AIJ'll1il Il nU\OJKCHfUl MY)I('1l11111 )l(ClIlIJl1H. B
     6U'\blllHHCTHe            CTpall           )l(eHIlJl1HbI     BbIIlY)I(,]eHbl       pafiOTaTb
     6(l\bIllee KOAl1qCCTI!O 'laCOB 3a MCllbll.rYK) 11,\3T}: /KCHlIJHHbl
     1-J(~l")'T    HenpOllopljWl!la;\bHYIO HarpY3Ki'. llblfIO\HJlil ,1' lMallJ-
     1lI01O pa60Ti' fI BOCI1HTLlHa!! 4CTeH. 'm eCTb 3aHJlTLI BH,laMI1
     ;le!!W,\bIlOCTI1, llbIXOilllllJl1MH 3a paNKYI pbIIlKa. Bo :VI Honf X
     CTp3Hax )l(CHlIJflHbl HMelOT oo\ce HH3KI1H ypOlJCHb o6pa-
     30BUIll1il, peJKC llU\y'l3KlT xopomylO pa60TY, a HX 33pafioTHa!!
     [JAUTa OObiqHO HI1JKC, qCl'>l OIl,\UT3 aHa;\OrH'llioro Tpy"a :-.11')1(-
     '1I1H.       B03MOJKHO, 21TH              pa3.\H'IH.il     CBJl3aHLI    C Ky\bTypHblMH
     TpU;ll11JI1!1MI1, 110 OIlH llC..l)T K HepaBeIlCTllY Me)l(ilY no.\a~1H H
     npen!!TCTBYIOT             p3ljHOlla~\bHoMy                I1crrOAb3011aHHIO        qeN)lle-
     qCCKI1X pecypCOll ofiuJecTlla.


     nO"leMY 0AHliI pa60THliIKliI OKa3anlilCb
     B nY"IWeM nOnO)l(eHliIliI, "IeM APyrlile?
     I10qCl'IY CYIlJCCTIlYK)T CID\b pC3KHe pa3AI1'1I1!1 B CTPY KType
     3,H!!lTOCTl1 11 3apa6oTHotl lL\UTbJ. a C\eil0Il3TeAbHO, B l'pOBHe
     )l(H3HI1 Me)l(;lY pCI'110Ha"m?                             pa60qaJl 01.\a H        ce/' bCKOM
     X(X·urilcTBe       (TpaH          C       BblCOKI1M        VPOBHCM      ,10X(MOB       CID\b
     Ma,\OqHC\eHlla, II TO llpCl\!JI KaK II CTpallax c                      IIl13KH~l   ypUIlHCl'l
     (jOXO,10H II 3TOM ceK'T'Opc 3aH!lTO CIlhlllIe m"\OllI1Hbl TPYlOBLIX
     pecypCOIl? nO'leMY H3fi.\IO,jaeTCJl ("f(1\L pC3Ka!l ;HI<j:Jcj.'epCH-
     IJH3lJH!! 40X040B, KaK no P04Y 3aHJlTl1H B lIpe4CAax CTpallbl,
     TaK 11 Me)l(;lY pa60TIIHKaMI1, IlblfIO\WIIOLIJI1>m aHa,\Onl'lHYIO
     pa60TY B pa:mbIX CTpaHax?
           I10;IOOHble          pa3,\I1QI1!!           OObllCH!lIOTC!!.      npC)I(4e      Bcero,
     IIP0I13HO;]HTe,\bHOCTbK) TPY4a -                       KQ\H'IeCTHO:V1 11 ClOW'4, )CTblO
                     (flAbl, 3aTpa'lCIIHOIl H npoyecce npol13110,~CTB2,. npH
     llblCOKOH np0I13B04HTeo\hHOCTH Tpy:aa H<l <Vllloro pa60THHKa
     "'1mb He3HaQl1TCAbHa!l '1aCTh pa60TalOIlJI1X 3a/HITa H Ce,\b-
     CKO~I        XO:iJlHCTHC,     nOCKC1\bKY             1l0Tpe61l0CTH        3KOHOMIIKH         Il
     I1PO,lYKTax IIHTaHI1!1 MoryT fiMTb Yo]OHAeTBopeHbl orpallH'
     QCHllbl~l 'lI1C\OM <j:JeP~ICpOll crpaHbI. ,10CTJ.ffllJl1X BhlCOKOH
     IIPOH3BOill1TCAbHOCTH TpY,la, I1AI1 nYTeM B'laHMoBblro.1HOI-o
     06MCHa          1UllapOll,    IlpmnBe,leHHbIX                 npH      BbICOKO~l     np0l13-
     HO;lHTe,\hHOCTI1           TPi~m          pa60THI1KaMl1         I1POMblw,\ellIlOCTl1         H
     ceKTopa         yc.\yr:   Ila npO/1YKTbl nHTallllll, I1pOl13BetleHHhle 3d
     rpaHllyetl. I1pH conOCTall;\eIHll1iapa60THOH 1l,\aTbl MeJK4Y
     pa3HhlMI1 Hpa<j:JeCCl!!lMH MOJKHO OTMeTHTh, 'ITO 3apa6oTlla!l
     n.\aTa         I1HJKCHCPOI!           IlblIIle,     QC~l     pa60t II1X    TeKCTH.\bHOH




12
"POMhllILWIHOCTII,         n"CKQlbKY               PhlHOCfHJJI      CTOlIMOCTb        ro,lJ    Tp},la H clIpoca IIa Hcro. Kor, 1<1 Crtll1:-.10CTb H KOAIl'leCTHO
            :lJTpJCfeHHOrrJ lIa npOeKTl1llOBalll1e l'eKCTlIAbliOro                             TP\;'lJ OHpC;\e,llIl'TOI PhIHKOM, POCT :oapa60TIlOH HilaTbl II
CT3HKU,     3H,[CfHT€'.lhIlO    fi(1\hllIe.         CfeM    CTOH~IOCT"        rO;IOHoro        paCIlIHpeHHt' :oaHilmCTI1 Tpe6\'IOT Ylle,\II'leHHH rrpoll:m();lH-
o6'bcMa TCKCTI1,\I,HOH I1pOilVKIJI1H, npOlI3He,jCnHOil oIlcpa-                                 Te.lbHOCTIl Tp}:]a. 3m, Il ('BOlO 0gepC:]h. Tpe6yeT IXlCIllHpeUHiI
TOpml 3TOlO CT;JflK;J. BHYTPH iKe HPOcpCCCll11 p~n\HCfllll B                                   lIpOH:lBO, \CTllellllblX MO!lJlIOCTeH, '[0 CCTb PUOOTO;]JTC,\H VI
3Jpa6oTHoil      ILl an, ~leiK;]y            CTpJHJl<1l1 (lTpaiKJJOT Cpe,]llI1ii               HaCC,IClIVle ,1001iKHbI npHl\,ICKaTh C!lOH cfiepCiKCllllil ,],Iii
ypOBerIb IIP<)I1:lBO, IHTe·lhrIOCTl1 TPY;l:.! B 3KOllo.'lUl<:e iJ lJI'.lOX                     llaHCHpOfJUHI1!1 11HIlCCTHIJIlH Ii cpll311'leCKllti KJlIllT;LI. HOBblC
Eelll HOillne,u, <II1Tc.[ilca 11 CeYAe .,apafiaTbmaCT B Tpl1 p~n;J                             TCXHO\OI'lH1      Il     np()(lleCCllOHa,\bllVIO         nO,lrOTOBKY     Kll.lpOB.
60AhIlle,    Cf,:M   B   Bm.:fiee,           31D    OTHlO,jb       He    nOl\J~1V.     Cf1\J   PaCI'YIlpJI IlpOHJBO,1I1Te,lhHOCTb 1'P)iP 1l031lflc\!IeT pafioTOiP-
KOpd1cKI1H 110,\11'1',:'\1> I :O;]HT                     B TpI!   pa3<l .\YCfIlJe.             Te,\JlM 110BblCllTh 3apafioTIlYlO          rv\aTl,   TJK KaK YBe,\H9IlBaeTClI

CKOpei.:, B TI'l\!, 'ITt, 6(nee llbICOKUJI npOWmO;\HTe,lblIOCTL                      TP!i]<l   06'bel\1 TI111aIXJB !I ycwr, IlP0I13BO;1I1MbIX KaiK,'lhIM pafiOTHHKOM,
H 3KOnmll!Ke         KOPCH      Il     IJe;IOM.      a     CIC,\OnUTe,\bH(1.         fio,lee   HO H TIl iKe CaT,roe Bpe"'li! OilY! BblHyiK, jellbl 1I0HTl1 Ha aTO Vl3
HhICOKl1il n'OlleHl, /10X,);lOB (HflUCfaIOT. 'ITO, C o.\I!oil CroPOlIbL                        (()06paiKeHHH          KOlIK),peIlIJIlH,   1I0CKOAbK)       1'(1);1   CTaHOBHTC!I
OILlelTa TP"/I<l     III VlHTeAeil                          l]OliKHU 6bITb 6(J.lee             Bee    601Ci.:   IIPO,lYKTl1BHbll-l        B   Gl~lblX    PU3,\WIHbIX      IlH;lax
llPHIl.ICKUTelblloii,     geM        rrp!!    ,\OfihlH:!HHl1 3apafioTKu              HlIblM    .1ellTe, \bHOCTH,

rryTCM. a C lP}TOil CTOPOllbl, llOTpefiHTe.\11 B CCY.\l' roTOllhl 11                                 Pa.HH\.]HJlIlIla'll'1epe 3apafioTHoH IL\aTbl MCiK,lY Crpall<lMI1
CllOCOOHbl     fLlaTllTb :Ia rroe3;lK),              B allTt)6ycc 6o\l,lIle, 'le~,             C 1H13Kl1M 11    q){:ilHI1~!   ypoBlle:<! ,10XO;\OB OTpaiKUJOT, 1:\aBHbl;\1
rrOTpetJ1ITe,\11 H I:).J~16(,e.                                                                            ;lIIlIa~nIK\, IIOCI{',ll1HX ,1BYX-TI)('X ileCilTlLleTl1il. 11K.
    B VC;\OBHllX     PI,IHO'lliOH 3KOlIO~UJKH IXl1,\H'lI1J1 11 crpyKType                       35    ,veT Ha:la,l :lapa60THaJI 1l,I<lT<l BO,urre,\ei1 aBnJOYCOB B
3:1pafioTlIOil !L\:lTbl H ,aHlITOCTH onpe;\C,\llIOTCll HU ypOHHC                               Ce):\c,   BOlDTe, .ll,iK<lKapTC, [)ml6ee 11 HailpofiH panll'lJ,\aCh

pbIHK3 TP):]:t, r;le npoIlCXO:lHT Jr>al!~10/leticTHl1e npe,\;\OiKeHH!I                         He CT<:t\I, pe:lKO, KUK cero:lf1lL HeKOTtl(1bJC >13 nepi.:911CleHHblX




                                                                                                                                                                                    13
     roP0",\C)!J H3XO;1i1TCiI II CTpaH3X, I! 3KOIIOMVlKe KOTOPLIX npmno-                        06CCII<.?'lHTb npO,lYKTI!IJHOC HClIo,\b:10BaIJI1C pacrYI.IJCI1 Du6o-
     Ille~\   lIepCllOpOT B ClIpoce Ha            I1po~nBO,lV1M)'1O    npOilYKIJHlO VI          'Iell ap~n1l1 ~lIlpa.
     PC3KO      nO,lHlI,\aCL     IlpmI311(UHTe,\hHOCTb            Tp}~la,      O,\aro/13pJI
     '1C~ly era.\ B03MO;t(HhlM H :lH3'lHTe.,\Lllhlti POCT .10XO,IOB
                                                                                                TPM TMna paSBIr1TIr1R
     TaK)lJJcro HJCe,\CIIHR (pHCYHOK              1.3).                                         C TpC~lIlTC,\hllhrii      poCT     061,CMU        I1PO'13HO, KTIla   lJa        0, [HOro
         fIaHOo,\hI!lero        YClIcxa       !lo611,\Hl'h   cTpaHhl          BOCTO'HloH        pa60TIlHKU B TaKI1X CTpaHax BOCTO'!lIoii A311l1, K:lK HIl,lO-
     A.111V1, H KCyroPhIX  BBf! Ha o,moro paGoTHHK3 fimee '1CM                                  IJC3I1Jl, KopCR,:l 1l110C\c/1Hce Bpe:'-!JI -           KI1Tall, BhBBa,\ HO'pll'l)'
     npoH.\CR          1965-93 milhl, H CTpaHhl IOJI<Hoti Aum. f,lC                             C PC3Kl1M       YBC,UI'ICHl1C:'>1 ,10XO,jOH pa6o'lllx           H ,\l1Y,         pa6o-

     cpe;lHlIlI    IIPOH3!lO,jHTE'J\hHOCTb          TPWl<!   3a    TOT       ;t(e   Ilepl!O,\   Ta~JlJJl1X He 110 lJaii~ly, lIPIITOK TP}:10BhlX pCcypCOH ]13 CC~\h­
     }ijBOH,\<\Ch. npHMepHO (IBe TpeTH Hace.,\CHlUl TPy;\OCIlOc06-                              CKOti     MeCTHOCTl1      B     OTIX1c/\1l   npO,,!LItlHCIIIIOCTII         II    \'C\)T.

     HOm Ilm[KICTa lJ CTp,lIIax C                 IlH3KH~1   H cpeilllHM ypOBHeM                xapaKTcplLlYKlllJl1CClI (i(nCC BhlCOKoti IIIX)1l3BO,jI1TC,\hHCCfbK)

     ,10XO;IOB lIpo;t(I1BaeT B pCfI10HaX, I1CIlblThlllJllWI1X POl'T I1pO-                       TP);lJ.   Bo   Bcex TpCX CTpaIJaX ;,mCCHllflhle HHBccTHyml 13bl/\1l
     I!3BO,lHTC,\bIlOCTI1      Tpy; la   HJ'II1HaJl C   1980 !XliIa.   I) TO ;t(C BpC~rJl       Harrpar\.\CIJLI    HJ     (j)lBII'IeCKHH      H     'Ie. \()Be"leCKUH    KUIlHTa,\.

     B ACPPllKC, AaTI1HCKOH ANepI1KC. Ha B.\I1)KHc:'-r BocrOKC II H                             npl1"lCl\1 ocof)OC BHHylaHIIC ):jC.\JI,\oCb pa:mI1THK) ,\IO,ICKl!X

     crpaHax          ~.jKOHOMI1KOti        IlCPCXOilHoro      nllla     B    EBPOllC      11   pecypCOIJ B COCTJHC HaCe,\ClII1Jl. AKTlIHHOC \'1,lCTl1e B ,le}]-

     Cpe.lllcH AUlH, Ha KOTOPblC B o61lJer'i C,\O)KHOCTII npllX(11llTClI                        TC,\hHOCTH :,-rC;t(:lYHapOilllbIX PbIHKOIl Cblfpa,\O pewaK,IlJYIO
     OK(l\()   30 IIpoyeHTOH TP}il0CIlocotlHom HaCe,\CHHlI Ml1pa. POCT                          POAL B pacwnpCHl1l! 3<lm],[OCTH, OTYle'lCHHOil 60.\CI:: B],Il'OKOH

     061";M3      I1POVl3BO, lema 3£1        IIOC;\t:.1HHC   13    ACT COKpaTlHOl,              11 [lOl!.1BO, 1I1Te,\LHOCTblO TP\P, KaK II ChlPbCllhlX OTpaC\JlX, T:lK
     npH'lc"r BO MHOrHX IB 3TIIX CTpaH npmnOIlle,\ 11 l'na;l npOll3-                            11 Il lIcpepa6aTbIllaK)IIJC~1 lIPO~lbllIJ,\eIlljOCTI1. l1aHHHJI (,TpaTe-

     IJO,lIlTCALHOCTIl TP}:la. ct>aKTWleCKli TC~lllbl cmua 1190~c 1'O,1bl                       fllJl BK,\lo<{a,\H I10,j,lCp;t(KY Ce,\bCKOMY X03JliicTllY 11 n nepByKl

     YCKOPIl,\I1Ch     llO   BCCX        :~T11X   perHOflax.      :m   HCK,\IO<{eHIlC~l         ()'ICpe,~lb CeMeI1lJhI:\1 4lCp~ICI)cKIIM xO:JJlikTBa~l, nplI'leM }::ta-
     AanmCKOH A~rcpHKll. Aua;\l13 ,:paK1npOIJ YCllCllIflOI'O pa31lH                             .\OCI> IB6c)f(aTb PC3KOro pa3pbIBJ MC;t(,IY 3aHJlTbIMH IJ ClBpe-

     TWI H 0, \IJHX CTpaIJaX H IJcy/ta'l H ;1]))TllX 110MO;t(CT IlOI!JlTh, KaK                  MemlOM         ct'KTope    11    Ce,\LCKOX03l1MCTBeHHbI;\m              patlo'm,m,




14
PeII1I1Te;\hIlUJI 3KcnOpTllal! Opl1ellTalJI1l! n03IlClMIAU orpaHH-
'lIITh      :-lKOHOMWleCK}'l0           peHTY,   TO    eCTb     nOAY'leHUe      60,\ee
HblCOKOii 3KOIIOMH'leCKO~1 npU6bl,\11 6AUro4aPJI OTCYTCTIlI1KJ
KOHKypeHIJI1H, a npOBO/jI1Mal! [J(1\I1TI1Ka pbIHKa TpY4a He /10-
[JVCKU,\a npe,lOCTUB;\eHHJI ;\broT [JpI1HI1,\erHpOBaHHhIM KaTero-

pHlIM PU60TlIl1KOfl. B ccpepe TPY;lOHbIX OTHoIlleHHH OITyaljl1JI
B BOCTIJ'lHOi\ A3Hl1 6bL\a MCHee 6AaronU\Y'lHot1: BO MHOrHX
CTpallUX 6bL \a orpallWleHa ,jejJTeALHoCTb IlP()(j)cOK)30B, a B
OT,]e.\bHbIX L\y'l<lJIX 1'P"ZlOIlble KOHCP;\I1KTbI COHPOBO)!(4a;\I1Cb
6eClI()pMKa~lll. Me)!(4) 1'e~1 npC;]CTafL\JICTCJI, 'lro HBc4elIHe
IIO;l06lIbIX orpaHll'lemlii ,jAJI 40CTlI)!(emIJI :';KOlIOMH'leCKOro
YCIIexa He 6bLIO l1e06X(',lI1MbIM.
       B    t>a\hlI IHHCTHe        crpaH     A(i)PIIKII    K    lOry   OT   CaxapbI,
AaTlIHCKoii 'blepIiKII, 5;\H)!(IIero BocroKa H lQ)!(HOl"I A:cll1H
npolJecc        pa IIJHTl1l1 OT IH'la.•\cil      B roH     IIM1     HHOtl   C1'eIleHI1

IlH)'TpellHeii         Opllt'HTaIJl1eti     H    CO.'l/jaHHe\1    6.\arOIlpHJITl1LIX
yC;\OBH~1 i1M, Onpl'lle,\(:HHhIX O1'pac;\eii, C ClTpllljaTeALHblMH
1I0C\Ci1C1'IJllr Mil ;1. \JI CI:;\bCKOro XO:lJIHCTBa. DPOllO;lI1HIllailCJI
C1'paTerHJI          OTIJe'I,L\a        l1HTepCCaM     OrpaHI1'lCIHlOro         'lHCAa
"CBOllX" -           ,1CP)IGITC~\t'ii KallllTa;\U 11 pafiOTHHKOIl 3UlIJHllJCH-
IIblX ,)TpacAdl. /t.lil COXpaHCIII111 npmm,\enlpOllalllloro rJ(1\O-

)!(CmlJI 1'anl:( paf)( >THHKOH He~Je4KO BMeCTI) CTHMY,\HpOllaHHil
cnpoca Ha pa60'1)'KJ ,'lIAY                 II nOllbll!!CHHH npOHJHO;IHTC,lb-
HOCTH       TP)~13 IIpI1~le!!JI,\HCb       Mepbl roqi-laPCTHCllliOro           H~leUla­

Te\bCTBa, H;mpH~lep,la!!peT Ha Vll(1\bHeHllJI B Aa1'llIICKoii
Al\tl:pHKe       K.\lI     IICKYCC1'IlCIIHC1e      coxpallCt!l1e       lB6blTIJ'lHOH
:'1aHJITOCTI1 B rocy,llpCTlleHHOM ceKrope CTpaH lQ)!(Hoi\ A:1H11
II A(4)PHKIl h lory OT CaXapbl. nOC\e,~C1'BI!l!:o.1ll 31Dro CTaN)
3aMe,1,\ellltO'.: YHe.HI'lellHC cnpoca Ha pafJO'lYlO GL\Y, OCo6.eH-
IlO H O1'paCIl!X nllOMhIllL\CllIIOCTH, ljeMIKOM 3aBllClIIlJllX 01'
IlHYTpeHHen) pbHIKa,               ,I   TaK)!(e HmmlKHOHCHHe           Ol1JVTl1~!Oro

pa3phIllU Me iK,lY           !aHJITbIMH B perllcTpllpyeMoM ceK1upe H
IIaX(HjJIIJlI~l.ICR !l ~lCHec 6,laronpl1lI1'lIbIX jiC\OBlIIIX pa601'-
1I11KUl\U1 Ce~\I,CKOm xm}liicTB3 11 HeperHCTpHpyeM()['O ceKropu.
OT;]e;\hllbll\! CTpmlaM, oco6elJao B lQ)J(HOH A3Hll, ji4a,IOCb
3a"leTHO nOllhlCllTb ypOlleHb )!(H~1HI1 Ce,\bCKOX03ilHCTBCHHbIX
pa60'lllx 3a C'leT ,)Ka33HHJI aKTHllHOH nO:liICP)!(KH CCMCHHblM
X()jl1~ICTBa~1 11 Hll", IPCtll1l1 HOBblX TeXllOAOl'l1ii, 110 i\aJKC B 3THX

C,\Y'lalIX      llo.\OIKCHHe       pa60'lHX       Mono         113Me11HTbCl1    6o,\ee
CYIlJCC1'lleHllblM Ot'ipa.1UM, I:C\H 6bl 3KOHOMH'lCCKllH n(),1be~1
ll:-Ie,\ Mecro H llIX)\lbH!{,\eHllocTH.                                                   OT Me)!('1)'HapoilHbIX PbIHKOIl, !!pllBeAa K pU311aAY cCMeiiHoro

    C1'paHhl C CHCTeMOIJ l)eHTpa,\H:lOIlUHHoro II,\aHHpOllaHHJI,                          ce,lbcKoro xO:lili\CTHa H c.1e;\a:\a npl1X0,1 pafX)'lIIX B O1'paC\11

ocot)eHHo II EBpolle H CpelHeH A:'lHH, Ha npOTlI)I(CHHI1 i1eelI-                          npO~lhll11,\eIlHOCTII lie npI1BN::'Ka1'e,\bHOlI a;\bTepll<fTHIlOH, a

TI1,\e1'HH npe4CTaBAJI,\1l COfXl~! 3KOHo;\.11I'lecKYIO MO,le;\b, npo-                     HhlHY)!(,leHllbIM maroM. HCCl'lOTPJI Ha )'laCCHBHble KamlTa,\o-

THBOC1UlIl1J\'1O ~1().:Ie,\H PbIHO'lHOro Tlma, xapaKTeplIoii .:I,\ll                      1l;\O)!(CI!IUL   HepaIJllOI!,1;\bHoe   paClJpe/leACHHe        pecypcoB    H

IIpOMhllll~\eIlHO p~L3BHTbIX              c1'paH C BbICOKl1.\1 ypoHHeM 40XO-              O1'CYTCTBHe       T(~XHU\OrH'leCKoro     {\I1Hal'lH:1Ma    HMe;IO   caMble

,lOB       BbICT) naJI Il pu' ,I 60PljOH 3a UHTepeCbl TPY<lJIIIJHXClI,                    TlI)I(KHe 1l0C\C,~C1'HI111. 3aCTIJH, llopa311BIllHl\ CTpYK1'ypy 'lapa'

CTpaHhl c n\aHOBbIM XmJIl1CTBOM ;l06HAHCh pOCTa :lapa60'r-                                60Tlloii n,\aTbl, IlecpHljllT, OTCTaAOCTb CeKTI)pa jiC\}T 11 O(\HH

Hoi1       IIAaTbJ    11   06eClle'lIlMI     CllOlIM      pa60THI1KaM       CllCTeMY      I13 caMbIX KPI13HCHbIX c\y',aeH npoMblllt\eHHOf() 3arplI.'1HeHlIJI

COl,llla,\bHot' 3allJIlTbi         01' K();\h16C,\11 /10 ~10nJ,\hl, a c,\e,~OBa'          Il ~mpc 03Ha~leHOHa,\H nO;\lIoe cpHaCKO GICTel'lbl IJCHTpa"'H-

1'e.\['1I0, He 1I11,1C.\H Hl:06XO;1I1MOCTll B Cllof)();lHbIX II He:la-                    30llaHlioro 1l.\aHllpOllaHHJI ua IlV1'H peaALHoro )'Ay'lIlleHHJI

BllCH~lhIX npOCl)(I'103;]:-':. KaK H Il lQ)!(Hoii A:'lHlI, MaCClllllIhle                  )!(IBlIl1 TPYi\J!ll,lHXCJl.

KamlTa,\OIl,\, ))!(eHfIJI II 3THX           CTpallax Hanpall,\JIMlCh H \Ia-                   W3     Tpex      nepe'lIlCAeHHhlx       nyTeii        pa311HTllJI   /lHa

lIlHllOC1'pO(:HHe II CHneMY npO(peCCHOHa,\bHoro 06Y'leHHlI,                               Hel136e)!(Hbl'\l 06pa30'1 OKaH'lHHaKl1'CJI B TYllllKe. MHOfHe

flO, Il OT\H'llle U1' H;]:lllaHHoro perl10Ha, In6paHHall 3/lecL                           pa60TH11Kll OKa3a,\IlCb B X)i1UIeM nU\O)!(eHllH, 'leM          20-30 ;\eT
CTP<lTerllJI         la31lll"'HJl, C1D:\b )!(e oropBaHHaJl OT HH)'TpeHHeH                 ua3all. IIoMlTHKa CTpaH, "PIl/1Cp)!(lIBaIlIllIlXCJI IIpOTeK-

2>KOHo\!ll'leCKot1 ,1eiicTIlHTe.\bHOC1'H, eK(),\!> H 1l'lC1\lIpOBal!lIaJl                 IJHOHII3'\1<l H IJI:HTpa;\1l30B3HHoro IIAallHpOIl3HHJI, 1l0,\-




                                                                                                                                                                         15
        llepraeTClI cero4HlI KDpettHOMY llepeOl0Tpy, 11 BCe OCv\bIllYKJ                              Kpbl10CTlf 03Ha'laeT, 'lm peaJ\bHOC yAy'llllerme nOAl'lKeHl111
        PO,\b Ha'!I1HaKlT I1rpaTb MeXaHH3Mbl Me;K.'Iyttap04HOrO 11                                   pa6oTHHKOH HeB03MO;KHO &3 nOllblWelll1l1 np0I13BO/1'ITC,,\I,-
        BHYTperlHero phlHKa,            B   nepeXOilHblH nepHOi\, npe!lweCTByKl-                     IIOCTI1 TPY4U BC\Cil 3a KOHKypeIiTaMH,
        llJl1H II0306nOIneHHK) 3KOl!OMWlecKoru poeI'a, TaKI1C npe06-                                     qacTb TpeThll nOCHlIlljeHa pOAl1 rOCY<lapCTHa Ha pblttKe
        pa30BaH1111, OT'laCTI1 BbI3B3HHble                pe3KI1~1l1       MUKp03KOlm-               TPY/1U H 01lpC.'leJ\eH1110 OnTI1MaAblloi1 f!(1\lfTl1KH B YC\OHHllX
        MWICCKI1Ml1 nOTpJlCefIl1l1MI1, a OT'!aCTI1 pa;1I1Ka,\bHoi1 cMeHoi1                           paCTYllJci1     OTKpbl1OCTH       H    paClIpOCTpaHeHHlI         ;lCMOIi:paTll
        Kypca, OObI'II!O BeCbMa OOAe3HeHHO OTpU;KaKlTCJI IIa                                         'leCKI1X llPllHIJl1ll0H npallAeHHlI II '1l1pe, 4MI ycnexa PhIHOQ-
        nOAO;KeHHI1 paOOTHI1K()Jl,                                                                   HOH CTpaTerHl1 II Ka;K4oi1 CTpaHe ,1(1\;KHa ObITb npl1HlITa
                                                                                                     n(1\I1THKa pbll!K3 TpY/la, 06ecrleQHIlUK)lIJall OCHOBHble npaBa
        COAep>KaHMe OT"IeTa                                                                          PU60THI1KOH, He ilorrYCKalOIIJall 4HCKpI1Ml1llaIJI1I1 11 HepaHeH-
        B   Hac10llllJeM OT'!ere ,le,\aeTClI 1l0IIblTK3 o6DJlClIl1Th IIPI1-                          ('ma,      rapaHTl1pYKlIIJall    /lOXOilbl   lIaeMllblX     paOOTHI1KOIl       11
        '!HHb! C'IUAb pe3Koru pa3AWmJl pe3YAhT31OH                    3KOHO~1l1'!eCKoro              perAa:>leHTl1pYIOllJaJl PCV\b IUCY<1aPCTHa B Ka'leCTBe p,t601O-
        pa3Bl1Tl1H .'I,\JI Tpy.10HbIX pecypCOB H pa3HblX CTpall3X                      ~1l1pa   H    113TeMI, TaK,UI lICV\HTHKa 4Cv\;Klla OTpa;KaTb PbIHO'!Hble pea-
        "p0;leMOHCTpHPOHUTh,                KaKHM    06pu30M        3;lpallblC        nffiHTH-       ,\HI1, llei1cTIlIIJl roCY4apCTHeHHbiX oprUHOH H llpHHHMaeMble
        '!eCKHe PC]][CHlUI MoryT lIPHBeCTH K F\Y'llllClll1lO ;K1131l11 TPY-                          1I0p~laTHlIlIble   aKTbI 4ffilKHbl He npe,ll1l1CblHaTb pe'lYAbTaTbl, a
        ;!JlIIjI1XClI,   B   '!aCTI1 llepllOH paCCMaTpl1B3eTCJI MHOffi\eTIIlli1                      COjlei1cTlloBaTL pellleHl1lO 3Ma'l B lIeperHcTpHpyeMOI,j ceK-
        onblT pa:llll1THlI pa3HblX (,I'paH H pe3YAbTaTbi :,Tom npolJeCC3                             TOpe 11 yCJlellIHO~lY InaHM04ei1cTIlI1Kl paOOTHI1KOB H P'-lOOTO-
        ilMI pa60THI1KO[l, AHa,\H3HpYIOTClI l13al1MOCIlIBl1 Me;Kil'( paCj-                           i1aTeAeH II paMKax nepemHOpOB H pefl1CTpl1pyeMoM ceK1Ope,
        AWlHblMH cjlaK1Opa~lIf :,KOHOMWleCKom pocra 11 IIn\l1TI1KOi1,                                rOC)'I13pCTlleHttall [](1\HTHKa ,1o,\;KHU clloco6cTIlOHaTb ,10CTH-
        Ollpe;leAlIKmJeH          C[[poc     Ha     p36o'IYKl    CHAY       H     pa:lBHTl1e         ;Kettl1Kl ItlaI1MOllpHe~L\e:>lbIX pellleHI1H Me;K4Y paOOTIH1KaMH
        ,\Kl/\CKl1X pecypcoH, TUK;Ke l13Y'HeTClI CBlI1b Me;K/lY                         cYllJe-      H   pa6(rm'laTC'\1I~UI,      IBoer-dll   33llJHTbI   OT;lCAbHLIX        IIP~!IlH­
        CTBytOlIJHM HepaHeHCTBO~1 11 K\6paHHhlM nYTeM palRI1THlI.                                    AenlpOllaHHblX rpynn H YllJCp6 I1HTepecaM nO/lallAll" lllJeIU
        PaCCMOTpeHHe            :HI1X   HOnpOCOB       npHIlO/1HT       K BhlHOilY,        'ITO      6O,\blllHHCTBa 6e;lllbIX, OKa3allwHXCll 3U paMKa;-"1H Ilpoy:eccu
        [JOCTpoeHHble Ha lllHPOKoi1 OCHOBe MaCCl1llHhlC HHlleCTHlJHI1 B                              :,KOHOMWleCKI1X npeo6pa,iOllalll1i1,
        qe,\O];eqeCKI1i1 11 cj)H3H'leCKHH KaIlHTaA, Hapll,l)' C Pbll!oqHotl                              B QaCTI1 QeTllep10H         paCCM3TpIlBaeTCJI OTX04 OT no,\I1THKH
        opHeHTaYl1di, cnoc06Hhl ooecneqHTb 6hlCTPbli1 H OTHOCH-                                      npOTeKIJl101I113Ma     11   CI1CTeMbl     IJeHTpaAH.1OHaHIIOru IIAaHI1-
        Te,\bl!O pallHblH POCT ,~OXOilOll Hue"IHhIX pa60TllHKOIl, 3a,laqa                            pOllaHHlI 11 113Y'laK)TClI noC,\e4CTHHlI 31Oro IlpOIJecCI                   4AlI
        He Cfl04l1TClI K BbI60pv Me;K;lY npl1HIJHllml HeorpaHWleHHoii                                paOOTHI1KOB, (1J.lHa~H1Ka 3upa5oTHotl nA<lTbl H 3aHlITDCTl1 OT-
        CBo60,~bl npCc1I1pl1HHMaTC,\bCTIlJ 11 1l0,\I1Tl1KOi% roCY,lapCTlleH-                         QaCTH       onpele,\JlCTClI     IKXO/l11blMI1    YC"\OBl1l1Mll     II   ~laKr)()-

        Hom      BMewaTeAbCTBa,             CKopec,    pe'lb    H/leT      06    aKTIUlttblX         3KOHOMHQeCKOH nCL\HTI1KOH,            B XOile   nepecTpoi1Kl1 3KOH< )Ml1KI1
        /leHCTBl1l1X roqnapcmJ, cnoco6cTBYIOllJl1X 3cj)cj)eKTI1BHoMY                                 O,lllH   Ilbm~'PbIBalOT,   /lpyrl1e ;Ke HeI136c;KHO IIpOHrpbIHaIOT, HO
        cj)YHKIJI10Hl1pOllaHI1Kl PhlHKOB, npl110Ky lIpm13l10i\I1TeAI,HbIX                            Qe~1 CKopee B0306HOBl1TClI 3KOllO~IHQeCKI1i1 POCT, Te~1 MOlhllle
        HHBeCTI1IJHi1 11 y,'loll/\eTBOpeHI1K) KOHKpeTHblx nOTpe6HocTei1                              6Yl1eT 'lI1CN) HeoopaTHMblX llOTepb, T1<HHTHKa jlJ,IHKa TpY;la
        pa6oTHHKOB, IlO.lllepraKlllJl1XClI /II1CKPI1MHH,llJl1~j I1AI1 OKa3aH-                        cIloc06Ha cO,1ei1cTBOHaTb npOLJeccy llepeCTp0l1Kl1 npl1 nOMO-
        IllI1XClI [10 plliW npHqHH Il y1l3m1~loM n(1\O;KeHI1I1,                                      IlJI1 TUKHX Mep, KaK nOOllJpeHHe rH6KOCTH 3apa60TIl0i11 1,\aTbl
             B   'laCTI1 fl1Opoi1 (laerell oIJeHKa IlocAe,1CTIJI1i1 TeKYllJl1x                       H M06I1AbHOCTH TPY,llOBbIX pecypcoB, Blle~leHl1e TpaHccj:,epT()J\
        MelK,cWHapo/IHbIX C06hlTl1H iJAlI TpY40BhlX pecypcoB, llpl1QeM                               ,~AlI nOCTpa;lJH[[]HX B xOt\e npe06pa3CJHalll1i1 H OKalaHHe
        oco6oe BHI1~laHI1C y?le,\lIeTOI H03MO;KHbIM nyTlIM I1X ,1a,\0-                               nOMOIlJIl B TpYN.lYCTpoi1CTHe,
        lleil:wem        pa3HI1TI1J1,   dKOHOMH'leCKaJl        11HTerpayl1l1          lle,lCT K          Ilpl1 lIaAl1'1l111 3cj)cjleKTI1IlH0i1 n(1UlTl1KI1 npeilCTUB.' lIeTCll
        (POPMHpORJHI1IO MI1POBOro pblHKa Tpy,lja, II pa"IKax KOTOPOro                                pCa,\b[[bl~1 CYllJeCTBeHlICJe YAY'IllleIlHe YCAOBI1H ;K113ttl1 paCTY"
        pelllettl1e      BOllPOCOH      3apuooTHoi1      1l,\JThl     11   13HlI'mCTll          II   llJl1X TP}~lOBbIX pecypCOB ~lI1pa II OAl1lKaHlIIl1e i1eClITl1;,eTI111,
        OT4e,\bHbIX cTpaHax !lce (X)AbWe onpC;WAlIeTCll lllal1'fo;lei1-                              O;lllaKO    llC[J(1\f1eHHe TaKDro OlTTI1MllCTHQeCKOf()              npc fH03a
        CTBl1eM C 4PYnlMl1 CTpaHa?-lH, MHrpaIJHlI, IlO1OKH KalmTa,\U H,                              OTHK)4h lie rapal1THpOIlaHO, EC\H IlpOB()4H~!all 6e411bIMH :Tpa-
        ocooeHHO, 10pmBAlI                                                                           HaMH 1I0;\l1T11Ka lie 6y4eT OnpC.'leAlITbClI 3UKOllaMH Pblf!KJ H,\H
        1I011bICHTb 6AarococTollHHe TPY.'lllllJI1XGl,               Ilpe;Kile !lcero, Il             eC/\H npoIJecc ,laAbHeHUIeH m06a,\bHOH HHTerpaIJHI1 Hapy-
        6Ci1l1blX cTpaHax, Ho 4,\JI peaAH33IJHH HMeKlllJerocJ! nOTCH-                                WI1TClI 113-3a lIporeKY:110HHCTCKOI1 IlpaKTI1KI1, oY4YllJee ~IOlKeT
        YHaAa Heo6xo,~l1Ma 3cj)liJeKTHBHa)[ IlHyTpellflllJl llo.\I1THKa,                        B    xapaKTepl130BaThClI 3aMe,lAeHHblM 3KOHOMl1'leCKl1M POC'I1)M H
        YC\OHHlIX B03pocmeH ~10611/\hHOCTI1 KalIHTU,\a 3/1paBbIe MCph!                               YCllAeHHeM HepaBeHCTBa B Mllpe,              B   3aK/\K)QHTe:\bHoi1 ,,\alle

        lI(]AIITHKH      lIJeilpo   II03Harpa;KilaK)TClI, 0lllu6KI1             ;Ke    CypOBO        OTQCTa OOOOllJeHbI OCHOBHblC []C1\O;KeHl1l1 npe;lbl,lYIlJHX pa3-
        H3Ka:lhlllUKlTCll, a paCllmpeHl1e llHelllHe3KOllOMHQeCKoi1 OT-                               .1e,,\OIl 11 I1X 3HaQeHHC ;],\ll paOOTHI1KOll Il     XXI   BCKe,




  16
_. . .___________________________,__________. . _________                                                                                     .~~~,_U_fJI"~,-----, ~~,,' w ...           .
           €TpaTen111 pa3BUTllJl
                    11   pa60THHKl1

 CTPAHbI     c   PbIH0qB0V1'~K:QlIOMI1K0I1           /to6l-I,!\llcb      60Aee
 .6hICTpOrO ·.3KOHOMl;IqeCKofoP9{f'ta, qeM CTpp.HbI ··C .CnCT~~HlJeHT"
 paAl130BaHHOrO llAaHl1p013aHHH J1A!1¢TpaabI, 3KOHOMI1Ka KQTbphIX.
 Orpa)K4eHa npoTeKIJHoHHCTCKI1MIl Mcpal\fIi.OAHaKQ .. KaKOBo B03~ ..
 AetkTBHe ·3KOHQMHqeCKOrO pOCTa         Han~;~0'*,eHHe. pa6otItH}(on?
 KaKaiI POAh OTBOj{I1TCH rOCYAapCTBYBOQBhlllIeHHH
                                      ..
                                                  40XOAOB.pa6oT-
 HHKOB H HX ceMefi?      B   AaHli0H: q~t('rM .~qeTa paCCMaTpHBaeTdl
 CBR3h Me)K4y 40ArOBpeMCHHhIM      pa3B"a~IJ~~I·a6AarocOC'f()RHHe~
   pa60THHKOIL.:B ·rAaBe2aHaAU3HpYIDTCH<nOCA~4C;TBI1R·~lroHOMI1';'/

.. qeCKorolJOCTa4A.JJPa66THMKOB, a B rAaBe3.;;~             ,,·,¥UYJ.v
                                                                   tl<C•.



                                         H phIHKaMl1, TpY4a .   .L.LUL.I·'''"''....••
     rAABA 2




                        KOHOMJ;I'IECK~1V!         POCT OTBE'IAET V1HTEPECA~1                          LUI1POKOro     HCIl(1\b30IlaHHll         roC»1apcTlleIlHblx           COlleT( 'll    110




      3
      w:npacTa,
      crrpoca     lIa
                        pa60THHKOB,
                        ypOllHeM
                        Heo6xoilllMble TeMflbl pocTa 6e:; orrTflMa,\LHoro
                        tKIIOAb30llaHIUI
                      YC1'oilIJllHLIiI POCT Ii COIJeTalUfH C 1I0BbIllleHHC)-1
                        pa6oIJylO
                                        ,lOXO/10H




                                     ClHy
      K01'opble OflHpaMICL Ha phlflKH -
                                            CTpaHhl




                                               HMe,\
                                                        Ht:


                                                  H3CC,\eHHl!
                                                              C HH:lKHM
                                                               ~loryT




                                                              ~lecro    Ii
                                                                                 11    Cpe,lHHM
                                                                             rro/l,leplKllIJaTL


                                                                       TPW10CIloco6HOro


                                                                             TeX      CTpaHax,
                                                              RII)'1'pl'I!HHe II MelK,I),'
                                                                                                      C6hITY     ceAbCKOX03)!MCTHeHlIoM              IIPO/WKIJHI1




                                                                                                      C)/jdIXTHeHllblx Ilpe,mpH)!THii II KpynHO;<lacllI1'a6HYlo npo-
                                                                                                      rpaMl\lY nepcpacnpe,jeAellI1)! ,lOXOil0H, 04UUKO o6uJaH CTpa-


                                                                                                      paAacb Ha PhlHOIJHhlC IIpoy.ecCbl: PJ,I1I1\H KanHTa,\3 IIflCIMI1
                                                                                                                                                                        H
                                                                                                      lKCCTKOl'O Bd,\I01'HOl'O pelKHMa, MaAaM:mll 1'dKfKC f1p!16cr'a,\a K
                                                                                                      pa3;\IlIJHbIM qlOpMdM IlMCIlJaTb\hCTlla, IlK;\IO'la)! 3alIJIF), ro-
                                                                                                                                                                            (00,\10 leHHll




                                                                                                      TerHll npaBllTe,\bC1'Ba l'vl;.L\atl3Hll H 311aIJHTC,\bIlOfi Mept' 01111'


      Hapo,lHLle -        B lGl'leCTBe Harrpall. \llKlIIJeM Cl1M,1 pa:JBllTHll,                       OTKPJ,JThIM    xapaKTep,        H    3KOHO)'-1l1Ka      0pl1eH1'HpoIla/\dCb          Ha
      TOr,la KaK CTpaTerHlI, OPHl'HTlIpOBaHHble Ha 3aMKHYTOCTb                                        I\mpOllOH PLIHOK, B IToAhwe pacrrpe;le/\eHl1e pecypcol> ocy-
      3KOHOMHKll 11 Y.CHTP3;\IBOHaHHoe rr,\aHHpOH3HHe, K3K IIpmm-                                     IIJCC1'H,\llA He    PbIlIOK, a       Y.CHTPUAJ,lIble       II.\aHOllble OpraHbl.
      N),    He oGeclIeIJllHa,\ll YC1'OHIJHBOl1 OT;la'lH II,\ll !lcex pa60T-                          Bhl(iOP lJe;\eHhIX rrOKa3aTl',\efi IIPOH311O,lC1'B3 H paCllpe/le-
      HHKOH, O;jHaKO cero/1Hll rrp3B11Tl'AhCTHa ,1Cv\lKHhl Bbl61lpaTh He                              ,\CIIHe    npOH3HO/1CT!leHHblX          pecypCOH         IIPOlBllOiHL\llCh          Gl'3
      lIpOC1D i-'lelKilY Cllofi04Hhl!VIH phIl!Ka~H1 11 roqilapcTlleHHhlM                              Y'IeTd pedAhHblX aAbTepHaTllllHblX U:,/leplKeK I1cn(1\J,30IlaHI1Jl
      B"'lelllaTe,\J,C1'llOM. 3a;laIJ3 COC1DHT H TOM, IJTU6bIonpe/le,\HTb,                            pecypcclH; BlleUlHe9KOllOMH'ICCKdll ileilTCAbHOCTJ, orpa:m'lH-
      KaKHe 11l1;lbI roC)43!KT!leHIIOro 1.IMeLUa1'eAbCTlla II Hall0(1\b-                              llaAaCb npeH:<IYIIJCCTBellIIO IJCHTpa,\H30HallHoi1 T(lProll. \eM C
      weM CTellCHll CflOCOt)CTllYKl1' 3CPCPCKTllllHO~IY Clri'HKlJHOHIlPO'                             ilPYrI1MH CTpallJ'.m C ILUHOBOM 2lKOHOMHKOM,
      llaHHIO PbIllKOll, C1'H>IY;\HPYIOT f1POiWKTIlBHhIC HHIlCCTHIJI1I1 B                                   4BaiWd1'I1;\eTHHtl 3KOHOl'IHIJCCKHM cna,l, IIp<W)'\lKaHnmH-
      OCHOBllblC (jX1H/lbl. TCXHfHonm H ,\IO(lCKHe peCYPC1>I, a 1'~KlKC                               Cll   B rime   c    60-x    f(J,¥lB,    CWelIlMCll       npIIHllTHC:>1     KP"'IIHO-
      MoryT C\VlKH1'h y,\Y<JweHtlK) [[(1\O)J(eHllll HaHMl'IICe                    :)~IlJHU)CH­        MaCIIJTa6HOMIlpOl'paMMbI 2lKOHOMHgeCKHX pe(pOpM, a C KOHy.a

      HhlX     pat)OTHlIKOIl,   TaKOllbl      liOBble         TpCOOIlJHHJl            rrprlljCCCa     80-x rCWlB          fleK01'O(!blM 1l0,lbC"IOM, IIPO,l(l\lKJKlIIJH"IC)! 110
      pa3B11THil.                                                                                     cero4HllIIIIIHtl ,lCHb,     B   nl'pI10;1 C 1960 110 1990 f(),1 U)1,e:'1

            H iI3HHOl\ fAalK' paCCl'!aTpHBaeTCll 1l0lIPOC 0 TOM, 1I0IJeMY                             BHIT Ha /l)'wy HaCe,\l'HIHI t'OKp31lJUACii H cpe,lHCl'1 fl.l 15
      0411H CTpaHbI OJIepelKaIOT ilpyrHc no IlOKJ3aTe,\llM 31(0110-                                   rrpOlJCHTa B 1'0;1, llapll,ry C POC1'OM Oe.lflOCTll. B                    311.)1' lKe
      MHIJCCKOro pOCTa, Ha IIpHMepe TpCX CTpaH, pa31lHTHe K01'O                                       nepl10;1    HaCC,\ellHC      TP\!lOCIiOCOOHom              !l(),1pacra      1\      faHe
      pblX    B   IIOC\e/1HHe      TpH    IjeClIH1AenUI           npOXO,lH,\O           BeCb,!a       y,lllOHAOCb -- C      3,5    MAIl 40           ,8   ~IAH IJC,\OBeK,              fie3'
      HeO/lHH:lKOBo. ITPH :n'O~l HcC,.\e,WIOTC>I ()llpeile,\iIlOlIJHe                                 pa60THblX B o61lJetl '111C\eHHOCTl1 TpYilOllblX pecypCOB >JCTa-
      mpb!     3KOJIOMWlecKoro           POCT;)     H    .lJIa'leHHe IiHBl'CTHIJHtI B                 lla,\acJ, HH3K0I1: II 1989 ro,lY IlpOlJeHTHJ,IH COCTaH Hael':,eH1UI
      cpH3WlecHltI KanHTaA H ;\1O,~CKHe pecypCbJ. P;)CCMJTpHBaCTCil                                   Tp\jlocnOCObIJOf() IlmpaCTa t)bL\ lIpH6;\H3uTe.\bHO TaKll'l lKe,

      TaKlKe llOIlPOC 0 TO"I, Be/jeT Ml 6bICTP1>ltl npHpoc1' 'IHC\CII-                                KaK :la Tpll,lIJaTb ,\eT ,10 31'Of() (TaG,\HIJa         2, l1.   Pat)oTulollJ,le HC
      HOCTII HaCC;\eHHll K CHtllKCHHIO TeMrrOH pOCTa HHIT I1U                             ;lYIIlY     no HatiMy B roPO,lCKllX II CC,\J,CKIIX paMollax 1I0'IlI~lKHeMY
      HaCe,\CHHlI H ypOIlHlI )J(H3HH HJCCACHI111,                                                     COCTaMll,\H 60,\ec no.\OHHllbl HaCe,\l'HHH 1'PYI10CliOCCi"HOl"O
                                                                                                      1l01pacra. EllJe 'leTHepT)' He llXO;UI.\a Il coeTall 2lKOHOl'H1<;CCKH
      B03AeJlilcTBMe CTpaTerMJIiI pa3BMTMA Ha                                                         aK1'l1Blloro HaceACHHll              K 3mM rp}'rme OTllOClL\I1Cb . "HIla,
      n0110>KeHMe TPYAOBblX peCypCOB                                                                  3aHHTbJe     IlOCIIH1'aHHl'~1       iJeTetl,    Y'IaIIJHeClI     II   lleTp);locrro-
      faHa, Ma,\atl3HH 11 flO,\J,LU3 IIpe4CTaIIMIK)T C06011 1'lllTWIHJ,IC                             COOHhle, AUWh        14    upolJeHluB HaCe,\eHI111 TPi/lOCIlOC06IJoro

      IIpl1MCpbl COOTlleTC1'BYlOllJllX perHOliOB -                     A£j)Pl1KH K lOry OT            ll03paCTa t)bI;\H :lallllTbI paooTOti no ImtlM}"                  113 HIIX f.o,\ec

      CaxapbI, OOC1'O'IHOtl A1HH 11 BOC11.)'IHotl ElJpOnbl. qlK.·\eH                                  n(1\OBHllbl II rocWlapCTBl'HHOM CCKTOPC, qHe\O pat)crraK:'IlJHX

      HOCTb IIaCe,\eHl!l! TpY40CIIOCOt)IIOro B03pacTa so BCCX Tpex                                    rro HaHMY H '1aCTHml ccnope B npoy.l'IrraX OT 1'P\OBhIX

      cTpaHax :lU noc\e,ume TpllillJaTb ,\C."T cYllJecTllcHHO BmpOC\a.                                pecypcoll cpaKTllIJeCKIl cOKpaTH,\()Cb,

      Q'lHaKo IIpallHTe,\bCTlla 3THX c1'paH                     IBHa'la;\bHO H:lbpaMI                       B 3T(lT lKC lIepl10;1 3KOHOMI1Ka Ma,\ai13HH ODleTll.\a 6hlC1"

      pa:J,\HIJHbIC     cTpaTcrm1        pu.mH1'HJl,      KaK      C\e/\CTIJHe,          Me)J(,1')i   Pblil pOCT, U 'lHC\() ,10MOXO:J1l11cTB, )J(HBYllJIlX B HHllJeTC, C\'llJe'
      HI1MH H",lelO1'Cll CYllJl'C1'!leHHJ,Il' pa3,\HIJHlI no 1'emdM 9KO-                              CTBCIIHO COKPdTlMOCJ" Ma;\al!31111 ,l06IlAaCh 4-lIpOLJeH1'Horo

      1I0MH'ICCKOro       poera     H     nCV\OlKCHHIO           TP)il01Jb1X          PCCYPCOB        m,loBoro npl1pocTa         SHIl      Ha /lymy Hac(',\eIlWI, HeCMOT!)ll Ita
      (pHCYHOK      2.n                                                                               pe3KHM      POCT    'lHCWHHOCTH            HaCl',\CfUlll     TP»10CIIOCofiHOI'O
            3KoHoMHKa      faBbI    6J,L\;)   c\aGo           CIHD:ma        C    MllPOlJbI:<1l1      IlmpaCTa -      C      ~L\H ,\0      10,4 ~L\II,        6<.l\CC   ~IlaIJH1'C,\bHblH
      phIHKaMH, a pacnpe;le,\CHl1e peCYPCOB oCYllJecTllAHAOCI> Me-                                    II 6bIC1'Phltl, '1CM B faHe, KaK H H faHc, },POIlCIIh TP),loBoti

      paMH roq>ld(KTIlCHHoro HMCma1'e\bCTHa, HdllpllMep, IIYTe:<1                                     aKTHllllOCTIl llaCe\ellHlI      :,;1 npowe,llllHi11IepHo;1 CYllJeCTllCHHO


18
19
     HC IBMCmL\ClI, 11 6e.1pa6oTHhIC COCTa~\lI,\H ,\lmII> HC6U\h-                               ro, ,a lIO 1990 m,1 'lHC\ClIllOCTb II<lCe,\eHI1J1 TppoclIon.ulIoro
     UJylO ,I(J.,\IO Tp)WlHhIX PCCYPCOB, VhMCIlcmU! BbIpa311,\I1Ch lJ                           ncnpaCTa lJ03poC\a C              17   ,10 25 M,\H, 4U\il pa60TalOIljl1X lIO
     YlJe,\H'lCIlI1l1   'lHC\;l     HaCMHhIX          pafiOTIHlKOB    11   COKpaUJCIfI1H        lIai1MY II o611}eii 3aHlITOCTI1 ll03pOC\a, 1I0 lIpH :~TO~I : HC,\H'
     'lIlC\a pa()OTalOllJlIX HC If0 Hal1MY BC,\C;lCTBHC nCChMa ~Ha'lI1-                         'lI1AOl'b TaK)!(C 'HIC\O 6e3paooTHMx H Alii), lIaXO"ilJJJH,(CJI
     TC,\bHOm pOCTa 3aHilTOCTIl II IIPOMblllL\CIIHOCTH II OlJCPC                                '!epToi1 6e/l110CTI1,
     yC\}T (Ta6MIIJa 2,1).           B   1957 ro.lY nOAOllHHa 3aHilTOro Hacc-                        POCT :lapa60TH0I1 ll;\aThl BO !:KCX TpCX CTpaHax OT:)a)l(a.\
     ,\CIIHH paooT,na na n,\aHTaIJHIlX; K 1989 [(\1Y 3Ta ,10M! (OKpa-                           ounJee COCTOIlIIl1C 3KOHO"IHKH.               B   fiwe epe,!llilil
     TlL\aCL ,10       10    flllOycnTOll, /In.\il pa60TaK)U)llX no Hml~IY II                   n,\aTa B 06pa6aThlHaKlIIJCI1 llPOMblllJ,\CllliOCTH H
     IIC[lHO,1 C 1957 no 1989 Tn,l HmpOC\a B'IPOC, TOllla KaK ;lU\il                            OCTaBa,\aCb       II    IJC,\OM      nCI!3MCI!I!OI1,   O,1H<lKO   KOl'ilJ   "eMllbl
     33lfilTbIX B CCALCKOM XlBJlI1CTIlC YMClfhUJIL\aCL C 58 ,10 26                              3KOHO~!H'lCCKOro          pOCTa CT<l,\H OTPHl)aTe,\hHl,IMl!, nOKYII:aC,\h-
     IIPOIJCH1\)I\,                                                                             llall CIIOCOOllOCTL 3apu60TIIOii IL\UTbl B CCKTope pe3KO ~. lIa~\a:
          B   19'50-79 [();laX B :.lKOHOMHKe TI(~\hlllH TaIOKC HaG\IO-                          K 1984 ['(uy pea,\hHJIl 3apa6oTIJail f1A,na COCTaJ!.c\JI,\a AI1Irlb
     , la,\l'IlOhlCTPbIi1 POl'T: 'lHCTLII1 MaTCpl1UAbHLl11 npO;l)'KT                 (BBTI      13npOlJeHToB 0'1' )POBllil !leClITH,\enIC!'1 paHl>lllC; TaK)!(e pe3KO
     3a   BhJ'leTO~1 OU\bIlJd\            'laCTlI      KmIMYHU,\hHhJX      H    OhrmllbIX       COKpaTH,\ilCb 3apa6oTlIal! 1I,\aTa B CCAbCKOM X()3J1I1CTBe                  (pm:y-
     i'e \iT) pOl' Il epe, \HCM Ha              4,1   npOlJCHTa B    [(H   a Kalll1Ta, \(J'     HOK 2. D. EC\H OM ;10XO,1bJ Hace, \emlJl COKpaTHMlCb Il Tufl )l(C
     IHO)l(ClfllJl -        II::! 9,7 npOlJeHTa B rcn qHC\CHlIOCTb HaCC,\C-                     IIpOIlOPIJllH, 'ITO 11 pea,\hIlJIl :;apa60TlIall II.\aTa, 6(}\I,lllHH-
     1I11J1 poc\a ~lc,t\CHHO, OK(nO                   1,2 npoycIfTa Il n n a           00-      l'TBO l'e!'leti 6bL\O fibJ 06pc'!cllo HJ JU,\O.l, Q.lllaKo !lace \CHHe
     pa60TIHJa OTC}TCTBOBa,\a, 1I0CK(1\hKY 3aIlJlTOCTb mp3liTHpO-                               fallbl IIUXO!lH.\() pa:I,\l1'lHbJe !liTH KOMlICllGlYI1H CHI1;KCHI1H

     eaAaCI, 1'OC),"apcTBoM. IlpaBl1Te.\bCTllO OCYllJCCTlIH.\O ncpcMe'                          .,apa(jOTlIoii IL\aTbl. Ce,\LCKOC HaceAClIHC, 11~lcmllCC Bo.\MO)K-

     I1JeIfHC TblCll'l pa60TlIHKoH l!3 ce. \bCKOl\ ~leCTIfOCTl! Il ropo,lJ l!                   HOCTb fIl1Tpe{i,\IlTb COOCTHeHIIVIO np().1VKIJHKl, OhI. \0 B orrpe'
     IlOMCK,\O     4CCilTKl!       '!'hICil'l    )l(eHlYI!ll   H               IlO   Hati~ly,   .ICAClfHOH !'Icpe ,'UllJl1!l}eHO OT rrOC,\C,ICTBI1l\ 3KmIOMI1'leCKoro
     Q,lHaKo 31tJT POCT lIe ObL\ yCTOihHllbJ~1: OJI ObL\ OCHOB3H                                3,\CIDl! 11 HLlCOKHX Te~1lI0JJ Hmp,\)[I}1Il1. Ibpo!lCKllC )I(:.ITe.c\l!
     I:\aBHblM oopa30M lIa YJJe,\ll'leHllll KanI1T,L\a H 'lI1C\<l paoo-                         paOo-ra.\H no COIIMeCTHTC,\bCTBY H IlCCKO\hKI1X MeCTa:, 11,\11

     TalOllJIlx, a HC lIa nOllblllIeIfHI1 KanIn<l. \(J01;la'!I1 H npmuBo/lH-                    ncpCCC,\ilAHCh 06paTHO II ce.\bCK}'1O MCCTIfOCTh; HeKOTopblC
     TC,\bHOCl'H Tppa, PoeT npOH3Bo/lI1TC,\bIlOCTH :c\aMC;I,\IHCH lJ                            CC~!bll 1J()'\Y'l,I,\H 1I0MOllJh OT ,IP}THX CCMel1, AHlllh HC, jaHIIO II
     60-e m,lbl, HO ;"IaCCI1IHlOC npHlnC'leHlIC llllCUJHHX .3afIMOBlIm'                         PC3YAbTaTe 9KOIlOMI1'lCCKOTn 1l0,11,cMa B0306IfOBHACll                       POCT
     Bn\H~\O ~\HllJb        :la,\ep)I([JTb HacTyn,\ClllIe KpH3llCa, II 11 KOllC'l-              :lupanoTHol\ f1.\aT]'1 B npOMhlllL\eHHOCTH.
     IIO!\! HTOIe :,KOHOMHKa IIOAblUlI llcpCCTaAa rrpOlllj,\IITh KaKI!C-                             B   OT\H'Ule         OT    limb!'    ()~\U[()COCT()ilHl1e    paOOTlIHKOH      B

     .\HOO npH1HaKl! pOCTa,            K   1992 ['(H), OObCM BBTI COKpaTH,\CIl                  lV1a,\ai13HH nOHbICIL\OCb U,\am,lapll :?KOHO~m'leCKo~ly pOCT)":
     Ha 9 npOI}CIITOlJ 110 cpaHHClll110 C 1980 IUI0,,!.               B ye,\ml C       19'55    no BceK OCllOI\HbIX CCKTopax 11\le,\ \ICCTO YCTOi1'lI1BbJii POCT
                                                                                                peaM,lloli     :iapa60TIfoii n.\aTbI. H            YBe.c\IP.JI1,\3Ch ;10M! ~\I1IJ,
                                                                                                :laHilThlX 1I<l OTIIOCllTC,\bHO BbICOKOOIL\aqHHaC~loli npmI:lIlO/lll'
                                                                                                Te.\bllol\ paUOTe. 3upatJOTH<l1l Jj,\JTa paooTIIHKOB Ha l1,\,lIITa-
                                                                                                IJHHX H peaAblihlc Aoxo<lbl                pa('joTIIHKOlJ o6pat)aThlBa~ lIIJeli
                                                                                                npOMbllIL\CllHOCTH C Ha'la~\a 70-x m,lon }:11l01MHCb, ]')(1\1>'
                                                                                                lfIlIIfCTBO panOTHIlKOB, llnepllbJC npHCTYJIaIOllJIlX K TPi; IOBoij
                                                                                                .1eiITe,\bIlOCTIl, 113fipa,\H COBpe~leHHbIC               ClTpaC\H     npmlhllIl'
                                                                                                ,\eIfIlOCTll H cctJepbl yr.\)"I; H cpe,lHilil 3apanOTIfail JL\:lT[l II
                                                                                                oopaOaThlllaIOlI)ei\ npOMbIIlJ!\CHHOCTH tJbL\a ll;lllfJe JJblIlJC, 'leM
                                                                                                y   IICKlla,\l1qJllYl1pOllaIlHbIX paUO'lI1X Ha IL\allTJIJHIlX, Yp(lHelib
                                                                                                (loXO/la 01' Tp):10ll0ii ,1eHTCAbHOCTH CYllJeCTllellHO IIOllbKI1~\(,H
                                                                                                ,1alKe \' .\(11), HC                      110 If3H\IY. 40XO,lbl pafiOTaK'llJHX
                                                                                                He 110 1I~1I1My, IfanpH\ICp,           r \I1'lllblX TopmBycll, JJapI1K\IJ),CPOB
                                                                                                H BO,jHTe,\efl I'PY30llHKOIl. IlmpOCAH Il 11.)11 )l(C ('rellCllH 11 la)l(e

                                                                                                fiU\h[lIC, 'lC~1 :;apatXlTllall n,\aTU H o6pa6aTbmalOllJeii 111'0'
                                                                                                MbIlIIN'IIHOCTI1 (Ta6,\lIlp 2,2),

                                                                                                     B   I Iml>llie      11:l~ICllCllHil ypOllIlJl     pea~\bHoi\ ,1apa6ufH0I1
                                                                                                1l,\aThI TaK)I(e c\eil0lJ,i\H .1HHaMIIKe          BBTI. B    70'c rq.lLI TC'!'Il!hl
                                                                                                pocTa pea~\hlJOfl :lapaOOTlloii n,\UThl OCTaHa,\I1Cb HbJCOKH~!I1,

                                                                                                "pCHblWaJl      1I0P0l1        1I0Ka3aTe~\H, ODle'IL'HIfble B Ma.\aiL1HI1.
                                                                                                CllHUKO 11    80,c rO,1bl H~leNl ~Iecm CIIH)I(CIfl1e, :laTCM CTarHJI)IUJ
                                                                                                ypOllHH 'lapa6oTHoi1 If, \aTI>I, a B 90-e f(J,lbI B(l'IPOC )'IXlBellh
                                                                                                oe clpa60Tlll}bI.      I [o,\bllla   OKCl3,l,\aCb HC B COCTO}11ll1l1 c(JxpaHIlTh

                                                                                                ,10CTHfllYTbli\ POCT 6xm.lCOCmJlHHH pafiOT11l1KOlJ,                  B IICPIIO,l   c
                                                                                                198]     HO   1991 m.l pCa,\I,HbIC .10XO;lhl II oopaouThlllulollJel1
                                                                                                npmlblllL\eHH()CTl! COKpaTI1,\l!Cb Ha 'll'TBepTh (PI1CYHOK 2.1)

                                                                                                     TaKlI~! o6pa3ml, II Ma,\aihHI1 ypOlleHh .10XO,IOll
                                                                                                H11KOll IlOllbIGL\Cll 6,\anW1pH 3KOIf(lMI1'leCKOMY poeT)"                    Tor,la



20
KaK   I}   DOI,bllle '1 falfe QTC)TCTBHe 3KOHOMI1'leCKoro pOCTa                      MOCTh B paCCleTe Ha pa6oTHHKa,       a   B 6l.1\bWIIHCTBC C\ycracB -

conp<lBOlfuaN1Ch COKpallJetfHeM il0XO;jllB. 3TH                    (Tpallhl tfe      H 3apaflOTHail IL\JTa.
HCL\K)'lell·le. 4;lJ!tfbJe 0 (jOAroHpe~leHlIhlX Tell;leHYHflX 3apa-                      3KllHO\IH'lCCKHil POCT TflKiKe nC,"eT K H3MeIlCHHK) CTPYK-
f)(rmoil [1.\aTI>I B CTpaHax C mBKH~1 H CpC;lHHM ypOHlICM                            TyphI 33H5IlllCTH.   B 6e(1HbIX   (,TpaH3X fimblIHlHCTIlO paGoTHu-

ijOXO:10B f1' lBC1\bIlO Orpallll'lellHbl, HO H CTpaHax. HO K01Dpbl~1                 KOIl HXO/U1T II 1G1TCT'OPI1K) MIY, pa60TJIOH]IIX HC no Hail~y Ii
TaKail I1Hq'opMalJl1ll 11~leCTCiI, .10MDl\pe~femlbIl1 POCT COllPO-                   Hblf1(J,\HHKlH]IIX OTIIOCHTC,\hHO    ~ta'\()!IPOIl31l0(lHTe,\bHylO   pa-
HO)K;1a;\OI    lIOBj,lWeJll1e~f   pca.\bIlOfl       3apafioTlIOH     lI,\aTbl        (JOT) B CC.\hCKml XlBlli1cTBe 11Ml «Pepe yC\yr. Q1HJKO flO
CC,\bCKOM :i.o3Hfll THe II   lJPO~lhllll.\eHII()CTH     (pHCYHOK     2.2), 3To       ~!epe poCTa ypOHfIJl I]()XO.'!OH B (,Tpaue Bce fiOAbllJce 'lI1C\()
He YilHHHTC;\bIlO     BBfI    OTpaiKaeT CTOHMOCTb, .lofiaMellllYIO                   paGoTHI1KOB   ncpeXO;II1T    Ha     fio.\ee   npolBB04I1TC,\bllhle     11
BCew!      (l)<Klnpa\H!   11POH:lllO,lCTll<l    -      :leMAeil,    TPY/10M     II   . HbICOKOOlL\a'lHBaeMble BH4bl pa60Th[ no HaHMY B flPOMhllll-
Kamna.',o\I, TOf. la K:!K 3apafioTHall 1I,\aTa OTpaiK<leT CWH-                       ,\eHIIO(TH 11 ccjJcpe    yCA~T    (PI1CYHOK   2.3).   3'1'11 IBMCHeHHH
~1(XTb, NxiallACl:HYIO TP)f10~!. EC\l1         BBfI H paC'leTC Ha paf)()T-           OfiYC\Olt\eHhl 3KOllll~I1'leCKH~! POCBOM H B (11010 O'lep01b
1Il1K[\ paC1'eT, 'f(. 11C1 \iKll<J TaKiKe paCTl1 ,]OfiaB:\eHI [ail C'f()I1-          Co.VlalOT OCHOBY ,],\11 ;1a.\bHeHl!!ero pOCTa 11 1l0Ilbl!lICHJU!



                                                                                                                                                                 21
                                                                      •                                                          •
                                                                       •          •                                                                   •
                                                                   • •nOflbUla 1990.   •                                     •
                                                                                 •   •
                                                                               ••
                                                                                                             ManaH3li1A 1989 •
                                                                                                                                     • •
                                •                     •
                                                                                                         •                                •
                                           llo11bUla 1955
                                       •                                                • • •
                              •                                                   • •
                              MallaH3li1A 1957    •                   •
                          • raHa 1989 •                 •         •
                           ~raHa 1960
                           •••
                       *•




     ypOBl!5! )f(1131111. (lJ0PM8MI3<1YI1Il TP};lOllhIX OTIlOlIK~HI1~! CHIl-        npe,lllpl1flTHlI llepel"I1CTpHp),CMoro ceKTopa H KP\TllhlC
     3aHa C paCHll1pCHHCM fl03MO)f(1l0CTCI1 (l~\l! CnCJJHa~\H3aIJHlj H              KopnopalJllH         BK~\a,lh!HaTh epe/\CTHa Il OfiOP\·,10IWHlle.
     npocpcco1OHaAbHOl1 rIO,1ro1UllKI1, pacrIpc/1C_\CHl1eM pl1CKa 11                HOBble Tex HOAOl"HH H oOy 4C][He pa60THIJlWll. Ce 'lbll,
     Oo,\ec Ha:1C)f(Hbl~m rap3HTl1J1MH ,10XO;\3.                                    CTPC:-I!lCh lloOHTbClI 1I0BblllleHl1ll ,jOXO.jOB OT Ilpe:'ICHY!. 3aTpa-
                                                                                    '-IlIllaeMOT'O Hi! pa60n I!O Hali:'I\', HHIlCCTHP),K)T cpe,\CTBa B
     <DaKTopbl 3KOHOMVI'ofeCKOro pOCTa                                              co6CTBeHHblli "'-IC.\OBC'-ICCKllli KflIlHTaN', YKpell,\!l!l ('HOC
     );\Y'-lWC!lI1C nO,\O)f(CHH!l paOoTHf1KOH H CTpaHax C Bl>ICOKIJMH               3/lOpOHbC, y.\y'-lIlIa!l 1lI1T:JHl1e 11 IIPOXO,!iI 06Y'lCHlle l1
     TCMlla~HI :lKOllO~!H'-IeCKOrO   pOCTa HC HllA!lCTClI pC3r\bTaTO~!              IIpo{l)eCClJOl!a~\LH)'K) m)/jfOTOBKY. Dp3r!l1Tc.\bCTlla T;\KlKe
     C03,\aHI111 pa60'-lHX MeCT Il rOC\/13pCTlleHHOM CCKTope IL\¥!                  BHOCJlT     B :,;1'OT lIpOlJecc HClIocpe.ICTBcHHhlti llK \a,l.
     nOllh!WCHIJ!l 3apaOOTH0l1 IL\aTI,1 no YKa3aHl1Kl HpallH-                       HrlHeCTHpYiI Cpc,ICTlla Il TaKI1C 0611JeCTHCIII!hlC 6.\ara. KaK
     Te.\bCTBa. PaCUHlpc~me 1l03MO)f(HOCTei\ ;1,\1I TPYi\OYCTpoticTlla              Ce,\hCKlle ,1(lPOfll. O(lHaKO PhlHo'urall CTpan~rllJl (r1!fa 'JaeT.
     H poeT 3apaOOTHoti lL\aTbl OfiYC\OIL\CHbI POCTOM H no-                         '-ITO   IIpaBl1TC;\bC1'lla ,j(H)f(lIbl   llpe)f(,je    BCCl"O      ,]a IlaTh
     llblI!!eHl1eM I!P0l13ll0(lHTe,\hI!OCTl1   TPi~la   H 3KOIIOMHKC II IjeN)M.     H03MO)f(HOCTb npe,\lJpllllTH!lM H     llaCe~\CHI1!O IJHIl(~CTl1p()BaTh

     B paMKax CTpaTerl1H      pa311I1THll C Opl1CHTa!JHel1 lla PblHOK 3TH           cpe/ICTHa B co6CTBeHHOC pa3BHTl1e, Ha!!pl!~lCp. n\ TeM
     pe.W(\bTaTbl 40CTI1falOTClI llOCPCiICTIlOM l1HIlCCTHljl10HHb!X                 3311JI1Tbl lIpaB C06CTll('HHOCTI1 11 npe,\OCTall.\CIIl1Il ;jOcTyna K
     pelllClHIl1 rrpeljnpl1!1THli, HllCC,\CHl11l H npaBI1R'AbCTB3. rJOIK'K          CI1CTCMC 06pa30Ballll!1.
     6()~\ee npl16bL\bHhlX BH/IOll IjC!lTe.\bHOCTH 1I00Y)f(,laeT                        \;lMeKlTc!I BeCb~1a y6e;IHT(;c\bHLIC ,\3HHblC 0 CB!I.1H ~!e)f(,1Y
     Hpe,wpHllTH!I - - ceMelillble (\lelHlepCKHe X()311I1CTlla.                     HHIICCTHijH!lMIJ II :lKOIIO:'-!I!'{eCKH~l pOCTOM.     ,Il"\i!   OT,je.\hHh{X




22
M1lJ nOHbIlIJeHHe 06pa:IOHaTe;\bHOlD ypOIlH!! TeCHO Cll!!3aHO C                             IICm1\b3011a;\l1 TJKOe CO'leTUHl1e q:lJl3I1'lCCKOl'() KanIlTa~\a Il

yncAH'IcHHCM           npmI3BO,lHTe,\bHOCTH             TpYila    H     nOTCHIJHa;\;t       06pa30HaHWI paOOTHHKOH, Kowpoe OOeCne'lHHa,\O 1I01lhlIlJe-
UQ<ly'leHH!!       6(~\bUJem       /10xo/la (maHa 5) B           IJe,\o"1 BblCOKHe          11I1e np0I!3B04HTe,\bIlOCTIl. 3TOT HomO;l cBI!,leTcAbcTByeT 06
TeMllbl 3KOIIOMH'ICCKOm pOCTa COXpaH!!M1Cb B TeX eTpaHax,                                   onpc/1C~\!!K)llJd,! POAI1 mCY/lupcTlIellHOI1 nOAIlTllKIi B C(~'l;1a­
mc H~le,\O MeeTO 6blCTpoe yneMI'IellHe <fJ1BH'IeeKoro H,\11                                 IIHH 6AaronpllllTlloIX YCAOHHJ1 ,1,\1l rrpH'lDKa npo4YKTHHHblX
'1C,\OBe'lCCKOm            KanI1Ta;\a,   C   1965       no    1990      rO,l     pa:JBI1-   IIHlleCTlIIJl1it
HalOllJHeell CTpaHhl B(lCTI)'lHO~l A,1H1, H K01DPhIX OT"IC'1a;\1Kb                              BO-IlTOPbIX, K<lK IlH/lUO 113 pHCYHKa                  2.4,      CH5I3b MC'I</1Y
HhlCOKI1C       TI"MIIbl    pOCTa,     3Ha'll1Te;\bHO     UOBbICH;\H          epe/lUHeI     11lIIlCCTHIJIIJlMl1 B 'le/\OllC'leCKHH KalIl1TU/\ 11 POCTOM IIP0I13-

ypOHellb IHlBeCTHIJHW H npOlJeHTax OT BBn                                   C 22 npo-       BOtlHTe,\oUOCTH 311i1'lI1TC,\bIlO MeHec Bblpa)Kella,                  'le~1   COOTHO-

IJCHTOIl B 1965 l'(l(lY ,\0 35 npOIJeHTOH II 1990 ro,W )1XlllCHb                            meUl1e     Me)K;lY      I1I1BeCTlIIJWIMII      H ej:llBH'lCCKl1il       KaIll1Ta;\    H
'le;\OllC'ICcwm            Kamrra,\a     TaK)!(e    6hlCTPO       nOllhIWa,\OI:        II   POC-roM np0I13BO,lIiTe,\bHOCTIl. 31D, o,~HaKO, lie 03H<l'1aeT, 'lIn

llepHO;l C        1965 no       1990 roil ll<l.;\OHOl1 nOKa3aTe.\b 'lHCAJ                   '1e,~ORC'1eCKHi'I KaIIl1T<l,\ ~Iellee JKTYR\eH 11MI 3KOHOMH'leCKoro

Y'l,lJI)l1xc!!!a'la,\bHOH WKC1\bI HblpOC C 92 lID 102 IlpOlJeHTOB,                          pOCTa. no''1[)06llble 3KOHOMCTPII'lCCKllC lICC\c,1CJHaHHiI IJOK<l3-

a CpC/1HeI1         WKo.\hI          C 27 ,10 37 IlPOlJCHTI1H (IIpoIJeHT                    a,\ll, '1TO ypOIlHH I1UHeCTl1lJI1H II I1CXO/1Hbli'l ypOHeHb 06pa30-
H<l.;\OBOm I!OKa3aTe,\!!           'lHC\eHHOCTH         Y'laUjl1XCll        Y'lllTI,lBaeT   BUHHll    llH;\JlK)TC5I   ilOCTaTIJ'lHO       Ha,leJKHbIMH          l!lli\I1KaTOpuMH
TaK'I<e Tex, '1eti B(lJP,hT He COOTHeTcTHyeT 06hl'lHOMY JlIKQ<\b-                           6):lyU}ero POCTa. npl! I1pO'lllX paBHblx yC\OIlHIIX, '1eM HI,lme
UOMY BClJpaCTY, 11 IlO:.1TOMY MO'l<CT npeHblluaTb                            100 IIPO-      ypoHeHb 06p;noHaHlIll TP;ilOBhlX pecypcoB CTpaHbl. Te!Vl Hblme
IJeH'ltJll COC·TllCTCTBYIOlIJei'l HmpacTuotl rPYIIllbI) HH H O/1HOM                         IIX CnO(06110(Tb OCllaI1B<lTb cC)!jpeMeHHble TeXU(),\Orm1 H Te~1
,wymM           p~rHOH(~      HC    Onre'l3;\(lCb       cm\],     3Ha'lHTe~\bHOro           ca~lblM ,10oHllaThcJI YCKopeUHiI poc-ra npOIBBollcTHa. Oc\u6-
0611jero        Tlpl1pOCTa      '-!HHeCTHlJHi'I    II   CTClAb   CYllJeCTBeHHbIX            MleT )Ke 3TY (llJOb TO 06CT(JllTe,\LCTBO, 'lW, 110 I1MCIOUJHMCiI
pelYAbTUTC'" H IIAaHt' pOCTa BBn, YHe.\H'1eIlIl!! 3<lH!!TOCTI1                              /1aHllbIM, pa60THHKl1 I1pO!!lt \i1IOT mTOHHOCTb HHllCCTH[lOHaTh
HaeMUblX        r aflOTIH1KOI'. 11 nOllblUICHHiI 3apa6oTHOMln<lTbL                          epe/leTHa B 'IeAOHe'leCKIiH KanHTa,\ f1a:,J<C H yC\OHH!!X IIC<fJop-
      CHillI, r,le)!((I)    lUmeCTI1IJl1lIMIl 11 3KOHOMII'1eCKIIM POCTOM                    MllpOHaHHOH 3KOHOMIIKl1 C UH3KHMl! TeIYmaIY1l1 pOCTa, Kor/la
"pOIIBMleT:!!         npl      COIIOCTaHAeHHH           MHomAeTHlIX            tWHHblX      'laCTIII,le IIHIleCTIIlJI1l1 H <fJH3H'1eCKHti Kam1TilA VTpa'lHIl<lIOT
f1965-85 m/lbl) 0 TC'llIaX POCTa BBI I B paC'leTe Ha pa60T-                                 CBOK) npI1HAeKaTeAbHOCTb. O"Ha 113 rrpl1'lHH 3<1K.·\K)'1<1eTC!! H
HlIKa C He.'\.llllm~l!1 OIJ,~HKaMH II<lKOIlAeHI111 ct1l1311'1eCKOTU Karl!!'                 TI)!VI, 'lTO 6AurO;lapiI OO;\bUIeH M06HAbHOCTH ncpe;l KaI!HT;L\O~1
Ta~\a      1I   IlpO,I(1\II<:HTI:,\bHOCTll   06pa30lJaHlI!!        paOOTHllKOH         I!   OTKpbIllalOTC!! 6(JAee 6,\<lronpHliTHble Il03MO)!(UOCTI1 Il ,1pyrHx
pa3HbIX         c'paHa~      (pIICYHOK 2.4)        Bbl60pKa 111 6o.\ee              'leM    peruoHax 11 CTpaHax. /LpynrM (paKTOpOM lIM!!eTC5I W, '1W
60 CTpaH ( HH3KIIM 1I Cpe.IHlI>1 ypollHeM /tOXOIlOIl, OXBaTblllalO-                         Ce~!bl1 MorYT IJpo,/jO\JKaTL HKA<l/lblllaTb cpe4CTHa H 06pa:'\0-
l1Jail Bee p'.!rHOHbl, K['OMe CTpaH EBPOfl!>l Ii Cpe;IHei'l A31l11 C                        llalIHe, pyKOH(~'1CTRY!!Cb f)();\ee /tOMUCP0'lHbIMI1 lIepClleKTH-
JlepcxO,lH(      H 3KOIIO,nr KO~1    (no KOTOpbl\r COflOCTaHlI!I1ble rrOK3-                 HaMil 1l,\H TeM, 'ITO rocy,lapCTBeHHble cy6C11/1HII, CHI1JKalOlIJHe
3aTCMl HU leCTHI JH11 II0Ka OTC}'TCTIlJ'IOT), YKa3blRaeT Ha rrQ<\O'                         ypOBeHb 3aTpaT 'laCTHLIX ;\I1IJ, nO-llpeJKHeMY ilC,\;1IOT lX1pa-
)!(Ure.\bHYln CB!!:'.I, M{')f'<1Y I1HBecTlIlJHllMH H pOnrlM IlbmycKa                        30llUHIlC IlblrO/1HblM 06'bCKWM ,'V\iI IL\O)KelJl1!1 cpe.1CTB, CeMbll
npo,lvKIJl1I1 Ha 0, IHOn) pa60THHKa.                                                        MorYT      TaK'I<e     H1mCCTHpOHaTb           CPC,lCTBa        H    06pa'lOHaHl1C,
      C TpUHhI C BI,ICOKHMII TC,maMI1 3KDHOMll'leCKOlU poera                                I1CXO/1l1 H3 !lP)TI1X npel1MYLlJeCTH 3Wro npolJecca, ,]<l)Ke e0\H
H\leK1T 6()\ee          IlbICOKHe     ypOHHH       HHRecTllpOllaHII!!,          OtlHaKO     31'0 He   lK~/1eT   K I10HbllllellHiO IJPOH3RO/"I1Te;\bHOCTll TP}il;1.
IlHlleCTI1Ij11l1 KaK TaKOBLle He rapauTHpyK1T YCKopeUlIlI pOCTa:
3UBHCH;1m Tb M<:)KtW HHHeCTl1lJUilMll II POCTO'"                        npoKlllO/lH-        3KOHOMM"teCKMl1 POCT M npeAJ10JKeHMe TPYAa
TC,\hHOCTV Tp!"jJ OTH!(¥lb He UIlTOMaTl1'1CCKaJl. Bo ~IHorHX                                Be/lcT ;\II tlblCTPblM npHpocT HaCC;\eIlHiI K CHI1)Kelll!IO TeMnOB
cTpallax TeMflbI pocra rrpoH3HO;UlTeAbHOCTH 6bIMI Hl13Kl1~1H                                3KOHOMH'leCKoro POCTa 11 ypOIlHiI )!(1I3HlI) /LOBO,,!, comaCHO
lL\H ,la)KC OTpHI)aTe,\hHbIMI1, HecMoTpil H3 lIOHLIlJJeHl1e ypOIJ-                          KOTOpol-lY B IXt3IlHRaIOIIJI1XC5I CTpauax MO)KeT CYI1jCCTIlOHaTI,
Heii tpl1311'leCKOl'O 11 'le~\OBe'leCKoro Kam!T,L\a !l paC'leTe Ha                          11:l0I,l1rlK pa6o'lei'l        C1L\bL    npe.1CT<lB.AlIeTC5I    y6c,'HTeAbHbIM.
pa(jOTlUIK;r. He~oTOPble cTpaHbl, perYMlpIIo HHBecTHpoHall'                                 3KOIIOMIl'1eCKllti        POCT          Tpc6yeT      nOBblllleHl1I1       np0I13HO-
WHe 60,\e"         20 i1pOIJCIlTOB OT BBII. IK\!(l'l3i1 Kl-lTa?i H 7()~e                    I1HTC,\bHOCTH        Tpy.-la    (YBeAI1 '1elll111   061,C>"la   npO,lYKIJHI1         Ha
milLL 6r,rIIUI1M CCCP. TalnaulIKl II IllpH-;\aHKY, He HMe;\11                               o,1uoro patloTHHKaJ, 1I03TOMY npH npO'll1X pallHbIX YC;\OIlIlJlX
HLICOKIlX        feMlIt)1l p(lCTa. J;hMcHeHIIC CpC/1HerO 'lIlC,\a ;\eT                      6oM,lIlee     'mc\o pa60THI1KOB              iIO~\JK110 031-Ja'laTb MCrlblllYIO
06pa30BaHIII! pal JOTHHKOH TaK)!(e CTpom He CH1l3aHO C YCKope-                              npOH3HO/II1Te/\bHOCTb, Q1HaKO npO'lHe YC;\OBllll                          HcpaHllbL

HI1CM 3KOllOMWleCKo:c) paCTa.                Bo    MHOnIX CTpaH3X A<fJPIIKII                5(JAbWee 'mc\o pa60TIII1KOIl 03Ha'laeT 60,\bLLlllf! OfuC~l np()~

6bl,'\<1    pa.:llJl1pCHa       CIICTeMa     06pJ30llaHI1!!        II       nOHbIWeH<l      113BO/1CTlla, <l POCT npOIl31l0,ICTHa 3<lHHCIlT 01' KOM1'1eCTlla Il

Cpe,\HIIII I PO,l(}\JKI1Te,\LHOCTL 06Y'leHH5I pa6oTHHKOIl, OiluaKO                          npO;l)'KTI1BHOCTH HCCX BBO/1H~lbIX pecypcoll, HKAIO'1a!! ctm:m-
CYl1J,XTIlCllHOro H3MeHeHffll Te"lIJOR IXlCTa IIe                nOC;\e~OBa,\o.             '1eCKHH KaIJHTaA, 'le,\OllC'1eCKHI1 KaIJl1Ta;\ 11 TeXIIO~\OnllO, a
      /L,\ll (1n,le'leHHOl~i 3aBlKHMOCTH CHil3L ylelK/lY IIHBeCTH~                          TaK)Ke    '111(AeHIIOCTb pa60THI1KOB.               IJpHpOCT HaCCAeIII1JT lie

IJl111Ml1 H POCT(IM IIPOH3B0/1I1Te;\bHOCTI1                  Tp}~/ja    xapaKTepIIbl        061I3aTe;\bflO OTpHlJaTe/\bHO CKa3blllaeTCli Ha IIHBCCTlHjH5IX
eHje ;lila aClleKra. Ho-nepllblx, POCT 3311HCI1T He T(~\bKO OT                              11;\11 lIPO,1YKTI1HHOCTI1 npOI!3HO/lCTHeHHhlX PCCypCOB.
CKOPOCTl1 HJKOfIAeHll!! IIPOH3JlO/lCTBelllII,IX PCCypCOB, HO H                       (Yr        HH3Kali 3<IJ<fJeKTHllHOCTI, TPi43 MO)!(eT 6blTb npUKTI1'1eCKH
K;l'leCTBa 7TI1X peCYI'COB, 1l0nNll1JellHOH H HI1X TeXlIOAOnIll H                           He CH5I"l<lHa C TeMl1a'lH pOCTa IIpe/PO)KeJlIlJl TpY,la,                TaK, OTMe-
lIX    ::KP(tX:KTHRHOfD         HCI1(}\h30BaIlHlI,      CTpaHbl         e    IlblCOKlIM     'laeMble B 1I0CAC(lHHe ,/jec!!Tl-li\C'Tl!ll P<l3;\H'l1l1l R COCTOJlHHI1
Te'1IT3MH POCTil He IIPOCT() 6Q<\LJlIe HHBeCTIiPOIl3,\H, 110 Il                             PblHKOB Tp}>la II CTpaHax C IIIBKI1M H CpC/1HI1l\1 ypOIJHeM /10'



                                                                                                                                                                                      23
                                                                 •                                                                                           •
                                          •
                                         • •                                                               •
                                         ••                                                                     •                            •
                                      •                                                                    •
                               • •   .. .
                                     '
                                • •• •  •   •                                                        ••
                                                                                                                •
                                                                                                                  ••••• •
                                                                                                                        •••
                         •        ...
                                  •
                                     • •                                                      • •• • •
                           • t ••                                                           • • •• •
                            ........
                               ".,                                                       • ••
                                                                                                     •
                                                                                                    •• •
                                                                                                         I{/;

                                                                                                                                        ..
                               ••                                                          ••
                          ••        •                                                            • • •
                        •• • • •                                                             ••            •
                              •                                                                     •
                      • ••••                                                                  ••        ••
                        • •                                                                 •                •
                                                                                           •




     XO,!lOB He ~loryT 5blTb 051,llCHeHhl Heo/lHHaKoBbI~1I1 Tc"ma:'-m            llCHTOH B rO!l: l! AaTHHcKoti AMepHKc :HO pa3Al1'lHe coeTall-
     pOCTa         nOTeHqHaAbHoro npe/HOJKeHHlI pa60'lcti CH,\bI.          B     ,\llN) Menee     15 npoqeHTHoro IIYHKTa, a B CTpaHax ArpPI1Kl1 K
     llCPH04 C       1965 110 1993 ro4   TeMrIbl pOCTa llaCe,\Cmlll TfJ)W)-      Klry   01'   Caxapbl        npHpOCT       HaCe,\eHl1l1      Tpy,!OClloco6Horo
     cnoc06Horo BmpaCTa Il paJHblX ptTliOHax o5HapYJKl1l1a,\11                   HmpaCTa npeHbllIlUA POCT BBn, B                        CTpaHUx C IlbICOKI1:-111
     Y4HIlI1Te,\hHOC CXO/lCTlIO, pa.'lAWIallCb Al1ll1b Ha HCCK(1\hKO             TeMllaMH     3KOHOMW1CCKOro             pOCTa      Ha5,\K)!laNlCb           6hICl'POC
     i\eClITblX I1poqeHTHoro nYHKTa, (E,!II1HCTHCHllbIM I1CKAIO'le-              YBeAI1'lClme      CpC/lHcm 06'beMa             npmnHO,lCTHa           Ha O;ll!Oro
     H1!eM llllAllCTClI perl10H EBponh! Ii Cpe4Heti A:mH, r.le YJKe K            pa60THHKa:       H BOCTO'lIlOti         A3l1H    Oil    Y;lBUl1l!U,\ClI      Ka)f(:lbIC
     60-~1 ro4UM OTMe'laAClI HH3KHti K03(j.){ill1qHeHT pOJK,!Iae-                flllTH'4l1JaTb    ,\eT,    H       AUTl1nCKoti     1\MCPI1KC      -          KU)f(,'lbIC
     MOCTH.) O;lHUKO, KaK IlOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe            2,5,   pa3MI'l1111 B   llllTbACC3T ACT, a B CTpUHax A¢pI1KI1 K lory OT Cuxapbl 011
     're"max pOCTa BBn Me)f(IIY pen!OHaMI1 6blAH orpO~lHb!' B                    ¢aKTWleCKH COKpa1'I1,\ClI,
     BOCTO'lHoti 1\31111 poCT np0I13BO;iCTHa onepC)f(U,\ npl1pOCT                    3KOI[OMI1<ICCKHti poeT 11 llpe/1Nl)f(eHI1C pa6o'leil (l1,\bl
     HaCe,\elll!lI TP}/l0cnOc06HOro B03paCTa H CpC/1HC~1 Hi!          5 TlPO-    1i3allM(HaTll1CH~lbl,     0,1H<1KO npl1'lIlHHUll CHll"!.> :1,1ec!.>, nO-BlIIUI-




24

      t ,.- _d A
                                                                                                                                   ' _.,'1·3J!.....
                                                                                                                       ,_ _ _ _ _ _..            O .. ....,_"_b
                                                                                                                                                    ~-',.,          ~~--
~!OMY, ileikTHyeT H llHOM HanpaHJ\emm, 'Ie!>! '1acTO YTBepJK-
,ilalOT: 3KOHOMH'IeCKHli pOCT IlpHBOiUlT CHa'laAa K YCKOpeHHKl,
a 'laTeM K 3aMeAAeHHK) pona Ilpe,i\AOl!\'emm Tpy/la,                      B   Pecny6-
AHKe Kopel! B 60-e H 70-e roilbl '1HC,\eHHOCTb TP}l1ocnoco6-
HOro HaCe,\eHHlI YBeAH'IHB3A3Cb 6blCTPblMll TeMna~1H -                                Ha
2,8   npOl,(eHT3 Il ro4,              O/lHaKO 3a C'IeT paClllHpeHHJl 1l03-
MOlKHOCTeli        4,\Jl    Tpji,'IOycTpOHCTn<l         3KOHOMll'leCKY!H          poCT
cpaKTH'leCKH CTHMyMlpOIl<lA YBeAH'IeHHe npe,i\AOlKeHllll pa60-
'1eH CfL\bI IlC\e,lCTIlHe nOBbnneHHJl 40M! pa6crralOIlJllX JKeH-
IlJHH,   B YCAOBHilX       poCTa AOX043 n04 BMlilHHe,,! MepOUpHJlTHH
no KOHTPCVlO pOlKAae:'!OCTH KopeilcKHe ceMbH CTaAI1 llce
'lallJe Jle,\31 b Ilbl60p Il nO\h:>Y Orp<lHI1'lemlll 'lHCAa ;1eTeH, Co
CHl1lKeHlleM       pOJK(I<le~IOCTII     p04HTeMI CT3,\H l1HlleCTllpOIl<lTb
6Q\bllle    CPe,i\CTH       Il    K<lJKlloro     pe6eHKa,     'ITO     npHBe,\O        K
ylleM!'leHll~ l llPO,(o,\JKI1TeAbHOCTH 06pa:10HaHllJl, PoeT 3KOHO'
;'!HKI1 TaKJKt' n031\0;\11,\ roCY;lapCTBY H eeMbJlM 3aTpa'll1llaTb
60AbUJe pe,'ypeoll Ha o,lHOru Y'IallJernciI H 110llhICHTb TeM
ca"IHM Ka"lt'CTBO c'I1CTCMbI 06pa30llaHHJl Il Kopee, I1HflecTH-
I,(mll! "leNlI'e'leCKHH K,lllHTa,\ cnoco6CTllOBaAI1110;14epJKaHHIO
n Kopce llhCOKlIX Te"lllOll 3KOHOMH'leCKoro pona 11 06ecl1e-
'1HAII llo,\O;KI1Te,\hHYIO 1i,311:>!OCBJI:lb MelKAY :,KOHo:>m"leCKHM
poC'ro:>! 11 r:pe/lA<'lKeHHeM TPY4a, Cero,lHJl II Kopee, KaK H 110
:>!HOPIIX   /l~VrHX        CTp:max      BOCTO'IIlOH       A3HH,      /leMorpaqlll-
"leCKHll nepeXO/I 01' BblCOKOro K HH3KOMY K03cpcpHI,(HeIlTY
pOJK,~aeMOCTII        I1U"lTH 3311epmeH, 11 CTpaH<l !lI,ICTYII<leT Ila
:>1I1POBOM phlllKe, ,1I111IXIJlCb Ha Mell,\eIlHO paCTYII,(YlO,                BhICOKO~

KBa,\wllHl,(ll pOllaH HyK)        H   Bce      6o,\ee   llblcoKoonAa'lHBae~lylo
pa60"lYHl clny
      O(,TaeT'll,    0, ~HaK(),     HepeUJeHHblM         Il(lllpoe    0     5y,WlIJeM
Ilpe!lAOJKeIlHH TpY,la Ii perHoHax, 3KOllOMHKa KOTOPLlX nepe-
JKHlmeT 3:lcmit cOnpOIlOJK;1alOIl)l1i\cil 6LICTPhlM npHpoC'ro~1
Hao':l\eHlIll, KaK, lianpH~lep, no MHOrHX cTpaHax AcpPHKH 11
B,\HJKHero Boc'f( 'Ka, I1POCTolX pemelIllH 3/leCb He CYIIJeCT-
B't"~vr Tpeo;eTCll l)KON)          20   ACT, 1I,\ll mro 'lm6bl CHlDKelllle                                                       •••
K03!pcplIlJlI';HTa 110JK,1aeMOCTH Ilplllle,~\O K CYllJeCTHellHOMY                               3KOIlO'IH'leCKHil POCT BCleT K 110flbllIleHI1lO ypoBHiI 3apa-
:,aMeA\eHII'O pOCTa npeA\OJKeHlIiI pa6o'leli                      GMhL KpOMe                60THOl! n,\<lThl 11 1l06YJK,laCT pa60THllKOIl K 1l0l1CKY 6(1Aee
'f()ro, II KpaTKOCpO'lIiOH            nepCneKTIIl!e CHHlKeHHe                 pOlK/lae-     BbICOKOOI1I\a"lHBaeMOH H IlhICOKOnpOl131l0/IHTCAbIlOH pa60Tbl B
~IOCTH   MOlliCT BbllllaTh j1HeAH'leHHe npetl,\OJKeHIIJl TPY;la, eCAH                       ocpHIJHa,\bllO perll(TpHpye'loM ceKTope, 0 'leM Clll1l!eTe,\j,-
lKeIlIlJHHbI, KOTOpbIe npeiKAC OCT31laAHCh 6hI AOMa, 'laIlI1M:ll!Ch                         cTllyeT Ollb!T Ma,\aH3HH, I1HBeCTHl)HII H cpI13H"leCKI1H Kalm-
1l0CnHT:lHI1(:'M ,leTeH, IIPI1MKHYT K 3KOHOMWIeCKH aKTHBIIOMY                               1'a;\ H ,\K),lCKHe pecypCLI JlllAJlKlTCIl onpe,leAilKlIIJllM cpaKTO-
HaCC,\eHHK"        EC-\fl    Ije,\b COCTOHT        B nOHbIllleHIIH            Il0XO;lOIl,   pOI\! 3KOHOMH'leCKoro lX)cTa H nOllhlllJeHIIJI               npm13B()/1HTe;\h~

peCYPCh! fi}~lYT npHHOCHTh 6mee Cj1l1jeCTBeIlHYlO OT;la'lY,                                 IIOCTl1: OTCj1TCTIlHe HHlJeCTHlJl1H Ci1epJKHfl;leT POCT 3apa6oT-
eC\1I fiX Hell,HI, IOBamle 6WleT CHIMj1,\lIpOnaTb YBe,\H"leHHe                              HOtl 11,\aTbI ,1 lle<~leT K CHI1JKeHl1l() ypOBflil JKH3ml, 'ITO Ha~
crrroca Ila pa60'IYl(l OL'\Y                TaKHe MCPbI nOIlblClMI1 61>1 3CP-               6,\KlAa,\OCb II lime /10 OCYll,(eCTMCHllJl pecpopM. O/lHaKo, KaK
cpeKTHIlHO(,Tb T}lYlla           3I1a'lIlTe,\bHO 6blcTpee,           'leM      I1pllMble    llhlilCHIINlCb B rIo,\hllle, YBe,\II'leHI1C 061,er-.m qm3H'lecKoru
rrOflblTKII YMeHbIIlHTf, UpeiV\oiKeHl1e pa60"leH CH;\bl II 6)~1Y~                           KallHTaAa     H llPO/IOMKI1Te,\hIIOCTII 06pa30naHllil               aB'f()r-.lanl-
llje \1 , TaKIlM    of pa3( '\1, 3aMeA,\eHlle           pocTa    HaCeAeHHJl           He    "leCKH He ot)ecne'lIlBaeT YCTOH'Il1llblH POC[ CTpaTel'llJl pa3-
MOiKeT :ialVeHIlTl- Mer),! 110 Y!le,\II'leHHlO crrpoca Ha pa60"lYKl                         IlI1Tl1ll C OpllellTal,(IICH Ha PblHOK, C03/lalOllJaJl       y   npeilfIplIJlTHH
CK\Y, o/m, KO llPC1C1<1B,\ilCTCJl !)e,\ec006pa:>HhIM coepe/,om~                             H   H:lCe,\eHHJl   3a,l![TepeCOllaHIIOCTh         H        :,41cpeKTHBHbIX      11
'lI1Tb YO!,\ Hil H;I COI)HaAbIlOH 1l0MITHKe, cl10C06CTll),IOlljeil                          Ilblro,lflhIX HHlJeCTlIl,(lIi1X B 6Y,1]!uJee, clloco6Ha 06eClIe'lI1Tb
CIlHlKellHK POlli, :aeM(lCTH, II        'f(l~1   'lHC\e Ha TaKHX Mepax, KaK                 ycroH'II1Boe 1I0Bbllllemle Cllpoca Hll pafx)"lYlo CHAY. TaKall
06pa:>OllaHile "CflO'leK, YAY"lmeHI1C I1QAOlKeHIIJl iKeHll,(llH 11                          CTpaTerl1i1 nmBO,\HT     CTpalla~l   c   1l1LlKI1~1   II   CP~'lIl11M   ypOBlleM
l\;\OJKeHlle cpe,\C rl! Il 'l;lOPOBoe 1l0cnpomHO/1CTHO II KOHTP0;\h                         110XO;1oB 1106HTbCJl paClIlllpCHIIJI nmMOJKIIOCTeH ,1,\Jl TpY;IO-
pOJK/laer-.1(LTH, 'laKII(, Mepb! roCYtlapCTlleflHoru BMemaTe,\I,:                           YCTPOt!CTH<l 11 llOllblUJellHR 3apa6oTHoi111AaTbl 2lKOHO"IH'leCKI1
('Tlla onpalV1UIILL nOCKa \bK)! OHll CIloco6CrIlYKlT YKpellAeHHKJ                           <!KTI1BllOro lUlC<:-\eIiHll, 'II1C\eHHOCTI, KO'f()P<)ro no MIiOfHX
:VIOPOBhilli 6Aal' lCOCmJlIlHiI ;\II'lllOCTH H ceMbH,                                       C\Y'IailX   CTpe~IHTei\bIlO   llmpaCTaeT




                                                                                                                                                                                 25
     fAABA                       3



                                                                                                                               ,

                          OAhlllvlHCrBO AK)/lBl HE3ABvl01MO OT !;lX                                llJl1XOI llO ypOIlHIO 40xO,la K 1Il1J1(IiI1'l 40 IIpOlJeH1'a!'l lI:lceAe-
                                                                                   pa~IJHTHll

      B
                          paCb!. HalJI10HaAhHOCTll 11,\11 ypOlJllll                                IIWI, pa601'a~\1111 cpCilIIeM Ha 15-20 '1aCOB MCHLllle, '1CM ~\H1Ja,
                          11K CTpaHhI, []POBO/lllT tJO,\blllYIO '1aCTb Jl(113HI1,                  IlX045!llJHC B llepXHHe 20 IIpOIJeHTOn. 3m, llCPO)J1'HO, 061:.)lc-
                          ~lapa6aTbIBaH           Cpc,lCTHa     K       CYllJeC1'HOflUHHK).        115!e1'c)J    OrpaHH'IeHHbIMH      IlO:1~10)!(HOC1JlMI1     ,lA)J   lICl\)''1eHHJl
                          3KOIIOMI1'1CCKl1H POCT l1 nOllhlllleHl1e ,10XOAOB HU                     pa60Tbl, oco6eHHO B Ce,\bCKOH ~lCC1'nOC1'H. OillIaKO Ha on pC-
      ilYWY HUCt:.,\eHl15! pelllalOHJHM 06pa30M B;\115!101' Ha TO, KaKYIO                          ,1eACHIIOM       3Tane     POCT        llpOH31l0"HTe,~bHOCTH         Tpj.m      11
      pafxlTY BhlH(1.\H5!IOT .10Moxm)JflCTBa, KaKHe OHH nO,\Y'IaIOT                                IIOllblweHHe peaAhllot:I 3apaGoTHoH 1I,\aTbl npI1ll0,~)JT K TUKOMY
      ;loXO;lbl, KaK HC[](1.\b:IYI01' CHoe              Bpe~I)J,    B KaKIlX       ceK'mpax        Ylle,\WleHHK) ,10XO(10H ;10MOXCHJ!ikTH, KOf,l<l I1X '1AeHbI ~1ClrV1'
      pa60TalOT 11 3311HTepeCOHaHbi Ml OHl! fl nepee:l;le Ha Apyroe                                lIP!!    Jl(e,\aHYII1   COKpaTl1Tb      IIp<l;10,\)!(llTe,\bHOCTb     pat)O'leH
      MeCID.       POCT     npOlrlBO/ll1TCAbHOCTI1             Tpna       l1     nOflblllICHHe     He4e,\H. O/ll1l1M 113 I1CW)JI(HTe,\bllbiX pC.'ly\L1'a'mll YCTOH 'IH-
      pea,\bHOH       .1apa6c),l'HOH       IL\aTbl     O'rpaJl(aCTCJl      fl3    peurcm!J!x       HOro     3KOliOMl1'1CCKOro      poeTa      B IIPOMbIllIAeIIHO        pa3BH1'bIX
      OTHOCHTeAbHo TOro, KTO 113 '1,\CHOB CeMhl1 6YACT pa60TaTb,                                   crpaHax, HMeIOllJHX H HacTOllllJCC BpeM)J HblCOKHI1 \'pOReHb
      KTO 6 y/leT [](1.\)''13Tb 06pa30BaHl1e l1 Il KaKOM 06'bCMe, Ii KaK                           (,ox04a, 6bL\0 llO'lTH 40-npOlJeHTHoe cOKpallJeHlle TP'y/10-
      CeMbl1 peUIaIOT []pof).\e~lbl pHCKa H rapaUTHH AOXOAa. qTO                                   'laTpaT HU '1CJ\OIleKU B roil, co cpe/wero ypOIlWI 2 690 '1:.ICOIl B
      KaCaeTCJl pa60TI'WlTe,\eH, TO POCT IIPOl13IlOAHTeAbHoC1'H TPY-                               1900    roilY   ilO 1 630 '1aCOB II 1986 roilY
      M oupe;le,\)JeT cnpoc Ha Tpy,lo11hIe pecypchl, OpraHl11alJlilO                                    40MoxmHHCTIJa ;10,\JI(HbI TaKlKe pellla1'L, KTO 113 'I \eHOB
      npOH3flOACTIlU         11      xupUKTep      TpnOllbIX       ,~oroflOpClIl. Haf1\10-         6'y:leT pa601'aTb H B KaKOH Ofi,\aCTli. EC\H CY4HTb 1I0 Tpalll1-
      ,1aeMal]     KapTllHa          3aH)JTOCTl1     CK,\a;1blllae1'c)J    Il    pe:1Y,\bTa1'e     IJ110I!lIblM IIOKa3aTe,\)JM Tp}),!OBOH ,1eJlTeAhHOc1'H, TIl ;'lY)!('1HHbl
      H3aHMOileHCTflHJI           npeAN)JI(eHl1)J TpYi1a           CO    CTOPOllbI       ;10MO-    pafiOTaKlT 60Abllle, '1eM Jl(eHIlJI!HbI.           B   caMhIX pa3,\Il'IHbiX
      X03J!HC1'1l 11 cnpoca Ha HCro CO CTOPOllbI pa60T<),laTe.\eil.                                crpaHax IIO'lTl1 Bce "lYJI(CKOe lIaCt:.,\eHlie Il BmpaC1'e 01' 25.10
           R   /,aHlIoI1 r,\aBC OlmcaHbl npOl1CXO,15!U).l1e Il xO/le 3KOHO-                        54 Ae1' HellocpelCTBeHHO IlOBAe'ICHO ll,leilTe\bHOCTb, HanpalJ-
      MI1'1eCKoro pa:ml1Tl1ll .l13MeHeHl1)J R xapaK1'epe pcmclllUl, npH-                           AeHlIYIO Ha n(1.\),'1eIlHe ilOXO,1a           11/10MalllHeM xmlli1cT!le, lla
      llH,taC~lbIX 40'IOX03J!HCTBaMH OTHOCHTCAbHO 3aH}!TIXTll, H B                                 ceMctmoH 4lCpMe I1MI ceMCHHOM npe1npH!IHm lL\H ~(e IIa
      OpraHI1:13lJHH 1'Pi:'1011bIX OTHOIlleHI1H. 3a1'CM paC01<l1'pl1llaI01'-                       pblHKe TPiaa (pllCYHOK 3.        n     f1.:n,\H'Il1)J ~leJl(,1Y CTpallu"m npo-
      0] cpaKTopbI, HhI3blHalOLIJl1e 6c3pa60THIJY H 60raTbIX 11 6e;1-                              JlIlA)JIOTCJ! TIy\bKO B BmpaCTHblX rpylluax MONl/1CJI(I1 H nOJl(H-
      HbIX C1'paHUX.                                                                               AOro HaCeAeHl1)J. HaIlpl1~lep, II YraI14e pa60TaeT 3Ha'll1T<:~\hHO
                                                                                                   60AbWHH npOlJCIIT IlO/lPOCTKOIl H CTap,fKOH, '1CM Il npa3IL\I1H,
      nOBe,lJ,eHMe ,lJ,OMOX03RMCTB M npe,lJ,nO>KeHMe                                               'I,D OT'JaCTH 06biICHiIeTCll pa3AH'IllblMI1 YPOBlI)JMl1 (luX'lela H
      Tpy,lJ,a                                                                                     COOTBCTCTBYIOIIJl1MH pa3Ml'lHllMH Il ypOIlHe 06pU.10IlUHl1H Ii
      40MOXo:1}!HCTIla flccr/la panIOAaralOT ,\lllIlf, OrpaHI1'1eHHbIMH                            HmpaC'fC llpeKpallJCHl!Jl TpY,10HOi'! ,leJlTe,\bllOCTl1,
      pecypcaMll it\il il0CTI1J1(eHWI TeX HAH HHhIX Ife,\eH,                         B   fX1\b-         Cpc/m Y'IaC1'HHKoIl PbIHO'lHOH i1eilTe,\hllOCTl1 pa60Ta []O
      IlllllICTllC Jl(e c"Y'lacll maBHhlM 113 TaKHX peCypCOB, OC06CIIHO                            lIaiiMY HaH6mee paCllpocrpaueHa Cpe;U1 M(1\O/le)!(H; np(lIJen1'
      H C1'paHax c nlBKl1M Ii Cpe4HHM ypOllHeM 110XO(lOH, }!IlMIeTCil                              lIpelllpl1!fHMaTe,\eI111 ,\Hlf, paflO1'alOlIJHX He 1I0 HaHMY YIIC,\l1-
      pa6o'lec llpCMI!.                                                                            '1Hllae-rCJ! C flO3paCTOM, TIlma KaK ypClIleHb 6C3pa6oTHlJbI mIH-
                                                                                                   6cnce flblCOK cpeUl 1'1l1\O;lbIX paflOTHHKOll (A,\!! KOTIJphlX I>CPO-
      Ypo6ellb Tpyq060/1 aKTW3110CTU                                                               JITHOCTb CMeHbl Mccra paGoTbl t)OAee IlbJCOKa).              dn) cIlH"Cre,\h-
      40MOX03HHCTllaM UPI1XO;1l1TCil llpHlll1MaTb pelllCHl1il 0 pac                                CTByCT 0 TIlM, 'ITO ,1,\ll ,mOrHX pa601'a 110 IIU!1MY 5!IlMICTC)J cno-
      npe;le,\eHlUl         KOA,\eKTllHHoro          pa60'lero          BpeMeHI1      '1,\eHOll    C060M Ha'laTb TP)~loBylO 4CllTt:.,\LHOCTh, 1l0Ay'lHTh OlIpe.1\:,\eH-
      Me)!(,l)' ,10!'lalllHeH pafX)IDf! 11 3KTllHHOCTbK) Ha phIHKe TpY;1a.                         Ilh]H /~OXO;l, ollAa11eTb llaBhlK<lMH Ii, H<lKOlIllH ,lCllbrl1, CO:I;I<11'I>, B
      PClllCllllll )!(e 3TH 3aBllon 01' COllOKYIIHOro il0XOtla ;lOMOXo:15!H-                       KOHe'lHO!'l C'ICTe, CaMOCTIJ)JTe~\bll()C npe4npI1HTHe. fla pHCYHKe
      C1'lla 11 3apaflO1'HOH n,\aTb! Ka)!((loro 113 ero '1AeHOIJ. HI13Kall                         3.2 npe,~C1'aHAell "MO!'leHT3-\bllblH CIIHMOK" HaCt:.,\eHHH TpY;IO-
      ~upa601'llail 1I,\aTa HC !lCCf;,a llCj{CT K iit\l1HelIl1K) pa6o'lcro                         cIIoco6Horo B03paCTa Il O;lHO!1 C1'paHe                Ma,\aibl1l1, 110KU3bl-
      ;lH1I.   R   r;'lHe   11    Mu,\ai13.l111    ;laHllhle   06CAe;10IlaHI1H           110'10-   n<llOllJHl1     fl();\Ofl03paCTIlblC     pa:t\H'IHil   Il    paCIIpe;1C~\C'IIHI1
      Xo:JllHCTIl []OK<l3bIIJaI01', 'ITO pa60THHKl1 113 Ce!'leH, OTHOCH-                           pa6o'lero npCMClI11




26
   O,l'IaKO Tpa,IIlIJI1OfIHOe oIIpe;le,\elll1e "pafiOThP' ,lacT He-         pa6o'lero ,!HB )KeHIlJllll AO MIlOl'HX cIY'Ia!!x f)o,\bIlle, '1CM Y

HepflOe npe'lCTaInefllle of) OTIlOCHTe,\bllblX :UTpaTaX TPWla,              ~lylK'IHH - - OC06CIllIO CCAll OIlH TaKlKe ]aHJlTbl R PblHO'lllOll
IlOCKOAhKY    fl   HeM   PC:1KO Y'H1ThlllaeTC!!    HpCl'HL   }ileA!!e~lOe   3KOII0;\-1HKe,

pafiOTe 110 ;\OMY, 1I0c-lHMO Ce,\uCKOXlB!!CICTlleHHoro npOK1-                   YpOBCHb TPY,'loIlOti aKTHBIIOCTH )KeIlIlJHH lIepe,lKO CYIIJC-
BOilCTS<I, I10'lTH liO Bcex CTpallax Jl fi(HbIllHHCTBe CeMel1               CTlleHHbl!'! ofipa:OOM yleHJleTCJI II XO/le :-1KOHO~1I1'1eCKO'O pa3-

)KellUJHHbl   HCCVT                HarppKY,       CBlB<lHHyKl   C   HOC-    flI1THIL 31'01' IIOKa:JaTe.c\b Ofibl'lHO Hhlme, KO';la :1KOIlOMIIKa

m1TaHllC"l ,lCTeH II Be,lCHlIeM XmJlHCTBa, MlIKP0:1KOHOc-1l1-               op.aHKIOlldHd Ha fXl3e ceMellHoro Ce,\bCKOXU3J1I!cTBeHIIOI'O

'1eCKHe flCC\CilOHdIHUl nOKd3blB<lIOT, 'ITO npo,lOAlKflTC,\bHOCTb           Hpm13110,lCTlla,   no Mepc :-1KOHOMII'IeCKOl'O pOCTa H ;la;\bllefl-




                                                                                                                                                   27
     weA yp5amuaLJIHI ypOBellb TPY;IOBO!"1 aKTHHHOCTH lKe'Il.LJHH
     'iaero ClIlIlKaen'JL TaK KClK BO MHOfllX c\\''iaJlX paGoT i BHe
     iloMa Hl>IIllt\HJllOT TG\LKO M)'lK'iI1Hbl. DPH elLJe GOAee Ilbleo-

     KOM ),pClBlle /I0XO,la IIa rlYllly liaCe.\eJllll1 VpO!lellb TP): tOlloA
     aKTI111110CTI1 lKeHlLJI1H HHOIlL 1l0:>paCTaeT B CHlI3H C P< ClIlH-
     peHlleM IlO:>:"IOlKHOCTeA ,j.\lI lIIlX lIa PhIHKC Tpy;·ja. Yp.)lleHh
     TP}:jOliOii aKTHHHOCTl! TaKlKe OTpalKaCT K)';\J,TypHule 11 ,I;leo-
     ;\Orll'ieCKl1e pa:I.\l1'iHJl. 1j)e6yeTclI IIpoaHa.UBl1pOB<lTI                      BCIO
     cOBoKynflocTh ~)KOHOMH"IeCKI1X II He3KOHOMlI'leCKIIX ¢lKTO-
     POB,    'iTo6bI     06'bIlClIIITb    llO'le~I)' H PYMhIHI1H, YraH,le H
     5IIIOHl1l1 ypOBCHb TP\10BOH aKTIIBHOCTH )l(eHllJliH IlbIW(', 'ie~1

     Il Bpa311MIH H IlaKHcTaHe (plICYHOK                3. H
     i~'fU<ptllf,U}f

     gOr..IOx03l1l\cTllaM TaKlKe IIPHXO,]HTClI IIbI6HpaTL, rile pa6o"
     TaTb. PemcHHe 0 ~1I1rpaLJHH                 IIOCTOlIlllIOtl 1I;\1I IlpeMelllloH,
     BllyTpeHlleti        11,\H    ~te)l(,1YHapo;lHol\     -      onpei1eAlIeTCil          H
     OCHOIlHOM         phll!KO~1    Tp}:la:   ;\IO,jH   nepe(3)1(alOT          TY;la.   rile
     IIMelOTClI    patX)'1HC        ~ICCTa,   rIpH      HI!3KOM    ypOIlHe        .1()XO,:ja
     CC,\hCKIIC lKHTe"·\11 HepC,lKO HLIIIY)I(,leHhl H 1I0llCKax par)oThI
     no HaAM)' IIepeC3lKaTh Ha HOHoe HpeMCHHoe 11;\\1 nOCTOJIl!-
     Hoe :>1l'Cln MllrpCllJlIJl TaKlKe 01'pa)l(aC1' Crpe~L\eHHe ,llmep-
     CII(Pl1I)HPOIlCl1'h IICTO'lHHKI1 ;lOXOi]a: TaK, O;lI1H >13 'iJ.eHOIl
     Ce~lbl1 MOlKeT OTnpalll1ThCil Ha 3apaCioTK\1 II ropO/l, T(Jr/la K;JK
     ;lpyrHc ocraKlTCH Ha CCMCtiHOil (pepMe H,\II pa60TaIOT 1I0
     llailMY Ha 'leCTllhlX IlpC,lnpHl!Tl1ilx. BpeMeHIIail ~1l1rpaLJlIlI
     OCibI'IIIO                       CC30HHOl\ pa60mtl            11       MOlKeT i)b1TL

     CBil3;JIIa c nepeCC'ICIlHCM IIaIJI10Ha,\hHbIX rpaHlIlJ -                     Il Ka'le-
     CrIle   IIpmlepa        MOlKHO      npl1HCCTII      CC,\bCKOX03JI~icTllCI!HhIX
     paCiocHlx     I1J     ~1H.10IIe3HII.     ~mrpllpylOIlJllX          B    Ma,\ailllllO,
     M<:'KCI1K;JHCKHX paOO'IHX                 B CilIA. Mm;J;\ltJI1Kqell- II

     Kh<HYIO      AcpPHKY·
         C   Te'IelllleM BpeMCHI1 3KOIIOMH'lCCKOC pa31lHTI1e He/,CT K
     paCllll1pelllllO llO'lMO)l(HOCTCi\ .1.\1I Tp»10YCTpoilcma Il Inpo-
     .lax H CTH\IY,\HpyeT llepeCe,\eHlle pa60THIIKOB IE ce.\bCKOH
     \IeCTfIOCTlL        Q'jllaKO aT01' IlpOlJecc         \lOlKeT OK,BaTbCJI HOil
     B,\Hill!l1e~1 nO,\HTIIKI1, npe;lYOla1'pI1B<JIOII)el\ 1),\aronpllwlIble
     YCNlHllJl ;j,\lI ceJ:iil;JHllil pa6o'illx MeeT II opraHIBaIJHH ,,0'1"
     MyHa.\hHLIX yC\}T Il ropo.l<JX (naBa                  4), B      ;\K16o\1 (;W'Iae

     peIlleHHlI 0 ~1I1rpaIJHl1 C\C,WeT paCC~la1'pHBaTb KJK pe<JKIJIIlO
     ,\OMOXmHllcTB H<t Bm~IO)l(HOCTH, CYIlJeCTIl),KlIlJHe 3a npe,]e-
     ;\a~1lI ;l;JHHOii ,ICCTHOCTH, H noaTOMY nOfIhlTKH C;lCPlKl1 HaTh

     ~!IIrpalJHIO Hcpe,lKO OOpe'lellhl Ha I1pOlla.\ 11.\11 COllpll)l(eIlhl C
     'ipC3MCpHhIMI! :JaTpaTal'H1.


     P())Kqae"IOCTb U IIIMlIblfOe 06pa30(J(I}{Ue

     LfflC\O ilCTeH Il ce~lbe II ocnOillIOH O1VJ)I(aeT npe,UIO'lTtcHlHI
     pC),1l1Te..\eil OTHOCHTe,\bI10 pa3T>ICpa Ce\1bH.             B     oe/1HblX ce\J,-

     CKI1X ceMhHX .len1 l!I\;\lII()TGI Ba)l(HbIM IlCTO'IHI1KO:'>1
     Cl1,\1;1 H MaTCpHa,\hIlOil OOCCne"lellllOCTI1 B CTapOCTH.                     C
     BllnlC'V1 3KOHOMHKH \ tJC);\blUHHCTBa CC"Jerl IlOllll{\lIeTCll lK",\a-
     Hlie l1~feTb MCllblUe ;lcTeti, lIO ;-Jepe TOm K<JK pacnalpll" )TCil

     B03MOlKIlOCTII ,1.\ll TP\10)TTpol\cTBa H BmpaCTaeT pblHO'lHall
     CTOHMOCTh patlo'lcro HpeMeH!1 )l(CHlLJlm.                    B     TO lKe Bpe'llI

     \'BC,\Il'leHI1e     .10XO;lOIl    CHlI)I(aeT    :,KonmU!"Ien:oe           3H3'1eHl1e
     ,]e1'el\ KaK pafionmKOB B ce:VlbC, cnoco6HhiX :laMeHHTb                        rocl'-
     .lapCTlleHH)'K) 11.\>1 fx),\cc cpop]\la,\bHhle 'lClCTHble Cl1CTCMhl




28
oGeCl!e'leHHH 1I0XO,1oH, IlKAK)'1:UI MaTeplfaAbHYIO 1l0,14eP)KKY Il                               CTpYKTypa 3aHATOCTH
CrapOCTI1.                                                                                        TICW1BHIIY       paCxrralOllJcro lIace"\eHI1ll II               Mllpe       COCT3n,\llIOT
    5(1\ee       COCTOlI1'e,\bHble            p0411're,\lf,      peUlaK)ll)11e         HMeTb      ;\Ilya, pafXlTalOlljHe HC no H:1I1MY, H,\II :{aIlIlThle lla ceMdlllhlX
MeHbUlee         '1I1C,\O     ileTeti,       3aTpa'II1BaK)T        Ha       I!HX    GOAblIle      npe,4npHlITHJlX.         Q1HaKo        110    Mepc      3KOIIOMH'ICCKOro            POCT3
CPCilCTIl, I1pe)K(le Bcero 4:lllaH HM 6lliee BblCOKHti ypolleHb                                   YBeMI'1HBaeTCJl H           'meN) HaC~llIblX         pafiOTHIlKOH, a TPFlO!lhle
06pa:iClHaHHiL        B      6(1\bILIHIICTlle       CTpall ;1eBO'IKH 1l0AY'IalO1'                 OTI101lICHHlI npw:iipcTaK1T Ilce 6o,\ee (t1opMa,\bHblii, pamo-
MeHbUlHti Ob'hCM o6pa.,OllaHI1J1, '1eM M<L\b'lI1KI1, -                             OC06eHHO       Ofipa'll!hlil 11 C\O)KHblil xapaKTep. CrI1YIY;\HpOHamle TPVi1U,
:na pa:lHHya 0ll)YlJjaeTCJI B IO)KHOI'i A3HH 11 lIa n,\H)KHeM                                     OCYllJeCTH.\eHHe KOIITPO\lI, pacnpe,le,\elUle PHCKOB 11 ofiecne·
BOCTOKC, -          XOTJI II HCK011:lPbIX perHOIlaX, Il '1aCTHOCTI1, II                           'IellIlC CnpaHe().\HIlOCTH                   Bce 911:) onpe, !Ci\lleTCIl 06bI'IIIO
J\a1'I1HCKOI1 AMepl1Ke, ,1ellO'lKH                  nO;\Y'IalO1' 60Aee llbICOKI1M                 H3aHMO,leilcTHHeM ~lHorHX cpaKropOII. MexaHIBMbl, pafiOT<lKl-
ypOBellI.        C6pa30nal1l1 JI.            MeHbUlaJl           npoilo,\)KllTCAI.fIOCTb          ll)HC Ha OtlHOM ",Tane pJ3BI1THJI :3KOHOMHKH, Mory1' )'TIX1THTh
UlKO;\bHOro "Oy 'Ie mIll ,leI\O'leK 06YC\OHAefla Orpafll1'1eflflbIMH                              CBOIO 9rI4)CK1'HIlHOCTh fla oo\ee IIlfVIHeii CI'atIHll.
3KOHnevlH'IeC"H~1H           B03'IO)KHOCTJlMI1         ;1,\11     lKeHIIJHIl, a        TaKlKe         TIpe06Aa;l<lIOllJeil (llop~lml opramnaYIIH TP);ija II Tpa,111-
HcnocpC,lCT leflHbl\1             Il\IUIHI1CM         KYAbTypHblX                 Tpa411yHH.      YHOHHblX         3KOHO~m'leCKHX              CI1CTC~lax      i1IHIICTCIl       ce~let'lHoe
Pa3BlITl1e B crpaHax              f~oC'm'lIlOH A1l1H xapaKTCpl130BaAOCb                           npe,1nplillTHC, '1<lll)e Hecro (jlepMa. OCHOBHoe ce IlpCHMYIIJe-
6blCTPhIM         lOCro,1        n6pa3011aHI1I1            KaK     4CIlO'ICK,        TaK     H    CTIlO 3aK.,\JO'IaeTCIl II TO~I. 'ITO IlOMOX01111'rcTBO B 1I(1\Hoil Mepe
MaAb'lHKOIl,       'Iro      cnoco6CTllOlla,\O         yAY'lUleHI1IO            lIo,\O)KCHHIl     rJ(J,\b3yeTciI    pe3Y,\bTaTa~UI        clloero TP): la, TO CC1'1> Bce em
C\e'1)'IOIlJem        nmU\eIlHJI.             50Aee     06paJOllaHfIble              MaTcpH       '1AC!!]'1 3<lHHTCpCCOIlJllhl B npOHJBO/l!lTe,\hHO;\l TPi;le; HC;lO-
Ofibl'lHO HCIIO;\(3) K)T tlU\bllle peCYPCOH l-eMbl1 Ha lUlTaHHe                                   CTaTKOM       lIIl,\lIIOTCIl    Ma.\ble       MaCIUTafihl          npOIBBO,lCTIlJ          II
;leTeil 11 HX IlOCIlIlTalHle H IIpII;lalOT fiO~\blUee llla'leHHe I1X                              OrpaHH'ICHHOCTb pCCypCOB, O(})(peKT MaCWTa6a He 11MeeT
06pa30IldHl1fO.             KOHe'IHbIM          pe:W"\hTaroM               npHHHMaC~lbIX          CYll)eCTlleHlloro 'llla'leHHll. KOr,ja (iCJ,\blllall 'JaC1'b npOlBllO;l-
,10>(OX03HHCTHaMII              pewellllil         CTaHeT,         no        npoweCTIlHII         crna COCpeil011:l'leHa B Ce,\bCKOX03i1l"!cTHCIIIIO~1 CCKTOj'le; .!alKC
nJlTlla,1y:aTH-llB[J;lIJaTH ,\eT,            3a~IC4;\eHIIC       pOCTa '1HC\CHHOCTH               eCAH      pa:,IlHTlle    ~lexaHH3aljHH           TP):I<1    IICpIIOHa'l;J,\hIlO        /(aCT
TpYNJllhlX pecypCt 'B, H 1l0llhlWelllie I1X KB3Awtll1KaYIlH.                                      npeI1MYll)eCTIl<1 ficv\ee KpynHblM q){~pMa;\l, (:iibf'lIlO IlmHIlKaIOT
                                                                                                  pblHKI1     apell;!bl    TeXHHKH,        KO'l'OPhIMI1        ;\101'1'1'   1I00\],'\Oll<1ThClI
YnpaB.teHUe ¢a, ropCl.ttU pUCI<:a
                                                                                                  Ma,\ble X()3J1I1cTlla. OO\CC KpyllHhIM (tlePM<lM Ofibl'lHO ,\er'lC
OOUletl      :,,60TOi'l        (lOMOX03l1MCTB           IIJt\lleTCIl         COKpalljctll1e       IIU\Y'IaTb KpeilHTbl. [[0 (i(V\ce CYll)eCTBeHHoii 1I1-'le,lCT:lll.\lIeTCIl
nOTeHIJllil"\I,HOro YIl.lt'p(ia OT pa3M1'!HhlX BHIlOfl pHCKa                                      /i<lHHTepeCOllaIlHOCT& Il PC3V,\hTaTaX Tp)/Ia. IIPHCYTCTllY10llJall
HeypOlKail,       6e3p,l6clTIlI)bl,           60,\C3HH        HMI      IIOTepH        1'pY,10-    IIa ceMeiiHhIX (pep~rax. Ce~leiillhlC (l)ep~lhl H ,lpyrHc M,L\hIC
CIIoc06HOC'H Il (Tap'lCTH. Pacnpe,1CAeHHC pa(io'lero llpe-                                        npe.ll1pHIITllil OCTUIOTCIl 3(lxlleKTl1BHLIMIl (jlOpYWMI1 OpraIIH-
MeHI1 40~1( ,x03l1ikTB OT'IaCTH On[le4eAlIC1'cJI pIICKO~1 IlpC--                                  /l<lyHII TP);'la HO MHorHX OTIXIC\I1X IlPOIBIlO,ICTIKl B Ge,IHblX
MCHHoro Hill HOC rollHHOf'O CHHlKeHHll ,IOX()4;J, AalKe 6e(lHLle                                  CTpallax.
,1oMoxmJlilcfll:l, lIMeklll)11C II cnoe:'>! COC1'alle pa&JTaIOll)IIX                                  Aa)Ke TaM, rilC npe06,\a,laKlT cc,lcilHhlC (:pep~I['1 II                        IlI1Ci l-
'1,\ellOn,   C    ycnC,{OM        npeO;lU\elldIOT             3KOHOMIl'leCKYK)             tle-   IIPHilTHJI, lIapJl,'!)' C fll1MH C)'lyecTB)'!OT H ,1(1)1'l1e (1l0P~lhl
Ollpe,1C,\CHIlOCTb.           llo61111allCb        TOro,      '111::iibl     HX     ypOlleHb      3aIlJlmCTH. IIpocTeiillleil cpopMoii Tpj,loBOro ilorolJOpa JlB-
I10TpetlAcHllll KO,\etla,\CJI B 3Ha'lHTe;\bHO MCllblllCii CTeneHH,                                .\II<:TCII KOHTpaKT Ha Bbmn\Hemle                              c\y'l<ltinoil patioTb!.
geM ypOBe'II, ,lOXOtia                ::ho    ,10CTHraeTCiI pa3;\H'IllhIMH CIIO-                  HarrplllVlep.     cfiopI1JI1I([l~1I1    lIJpYK11:)Jl,      IlO.lllTC,\iIMII     TaKCH      II
co6aMII, HK.\K),la}t IIcpepacnpCl1e,\CHHe paoo'lero Bpe~lem1,                                     llpeMCHHhlMIf pa&)THHKuMH.                   H   3'i'UM cerMCIITe phIHKa Tpj;ta
pelllemlH O1'IIOClITC;\hHO '1HC\a "eTeti H IlCTYII;\eliliH Il opaK,                               npOlBl!(HI1TeAbHOcTb Ael'KO              !lo.t weTCJI wl,lcpemllo, a C,le,\]'
ilCHelKlIblC      cfiepe)KellHiL             IlIlYTpHceMcilllble            HAH     BH}'TPH-      Hall OIL\aTa paCCMaTpl1BaeTClI 11 pa(iUrHHKa,m, J1 pa(io1n-
o6lIjHIlHble Tp<lHcrpepThl HAH CCY/lhL HanpHMep, peWCflHlI                                        IlaTeMlMH        KaK     Cnp,IIlCil,\HBall        CHCTCMa          BlJ:1HarpalKilem1iL
OTIIOCI1TeAt.HO             '1llc\a      ;leTel1      OT'laCTH             OIl~'le,1e;\i1IOTCll   ClIPOC lIa TaKYJO pa60TY l<lBHCHT 01' IlK,\a;,a pa&1TIIHKa B
orraCCHHIlMII, '1TC HeKoropble H'l (1eTeil MorYT plcpeTb, HC                                      lIPOH3HO/lCTHO,         a    npCilAOlKCHHC           Ollpe.1C,\i1CTClf         re:q,    KUK
r1CJCTllrtlYH COIlepIIICHHo,\CTHiI,                'ITO rrOCTam,rr nOll yrpO'lY                   llhlCOKO paOOTlmKI1 yeHlIT (Iloe Bpe~!I1 (n.\11 a,\bTepHanlll-
OCIiOBHOil       HC1D'IHHK        Mal-epmnbHoro                 ofleCne'leHHll         POI1H-     IIblMII   IlmWllKHOCTJI~1I1 ;IAll             /lapaOOTKa).        C       pacumpelIHeM
Te,\et'r H cTapOCTl1.                                                                             IlO'lMO)KHOCTeil iV\H          TP}ijO\'CTpOHCTHa :,)11:)'1' T¥III              TP\iIOIlI,IX
    3aBl1CH 110C1'h          pacnpe/le,\ellllll        "VY4011hIX           pecypcoll      OT     yc\yr CT:.IHOHH1'ClI 6u\ee cuelJl!a,\H3HpOBaHllhIM, H '1aC11:) ,P>l
cTpaTerHH per};\ .1pOIl31l11J1 PHCK<l MeliJIeTCiI B COOTIle1'CTBl1l1 C                            npl11l,\e'leHHiI       TPY,10BbIX      pecypcoB         B    Tl'leGve~lhlii       nepl10;l
lIevlE'lOnjHMllClI <!.'bTCpllaTI1H3MI1, Onbrr BOTCllaHLI l! ,1[lyrllx                             Hco6XO,II1M<l IIpe,lHapHTe~\bHall ,IOf'(JIIO!'leHIIOCTb l:ii OIIi\aTC
CTpall 1I0Ka~a,\, '~11:) ,IOMOX03iIHCTB3 npHHHM,1I0T pelJlCHl1iI 0                                yC\yc     B 3THX     YC.\OllHiIX lla)KHYIO po,\b HrpalOT no,lplI/l'lHKH,
paCl!pe4C,\'_~HHH pa(io'lero IIpeMeHH CHOHX '1AeHOIl Me)K,IY                                      06eClle'llllJaK)IlJHC pa60'l)'10 ClI,\\', KaK 3'l~) 6bL\(l, Hanpl1,rep, B
pa6oroii Il 11atl!l'Iil M<':CTHOCTH II II 4pyrl1x ropo4ax (H,\1l 3a                               lIepHo" (iYMa ca;loBo,~CTlla Ha ceBePC LI1LIH II 80-c roll]'l. WKHl'
py6e)KOM) "1CXO,VI 113 co06palKeHIlH MlIIIHMIBaYlm pHcKa. TIo                                     npCiUlpHI!H:>I<lTe,\11         llco6XOi1YI~lbl      ,V\iI     (IJYHKIJI10HI1pOllaHHlI
Mepe pa31l11TH>l :,KOHOMHKl! ;10MOX03J1HCma Ha'lHHaIOT 6o;\ce                                     TP};l('leMKHX npOH3HO,\CTIl B Ma.\OIlaCe,\ClIllbIX paiiollax. OHH
aKTllIllIO Y'lacTHC<HaTl< Il PI,lHO'IIlOH I1CilTe,\bHOCTH. TIpH 3roM                              .'laK,\jO'l<lI01' !IOroHOPbl C qlepMepa;\lH, BbllJ(t\llllK)T (pnlKljHH
H03paCTael' 11 aKTyai\hllOCTb cpaKTOpOB pHCKa, COnpl1)KeHHblX C                                   areHTCTB 110 Tp);IOYCTPOMCTIlY H clIocoficTHYKlT paClIpOCTpa-
PblllKOM TFV,l<l _. OC06CilHO, pl1CKa 6e3pa(ioTHYbl.                                              lleHl1IO 11HcpopevlaYHH lIn phIHKax 1'p;:la COCe,IHI1X perHOflOIl.




                                                                                                                                                                                                  29
     Heif!op"faM'lIbfl! g020(JO/JIJI                                                                        YOhITKH, COnpll)KeHHhiC C mrrepcll paOOThL 1\ Te", "aMhll\!
     HCC\e.IOIl<lHllll CC,\GCKHX PhlflKUIl TP\:Ja B pa,llllmaK)UJI1XOJ                                      I1PI11L1CKaTh, nep)f(HBaTb H CTHMUHpOJlaTb XOPOIUIIX
     CTpaliUX CIlH,ICTC,\LCTBlIOT () '11N,                     'I'm   Ha ypOllClih                          HlIKOB. KOHKpeTHhlC YCIOIllI>I 4X)P;-I,L\bllhIX TP):10BbIX ,IOf()-
     Hoft IL\aTbl 4aCTO ItlHlllOT HCllH,IHMhle COljH<L\Lllb!e II :lKOHU-                                    IlUPOB ,1(11 JKH 1>1 COOTIlCTCTllOll<lTh 6lHce IllHPOKOH C][CTCMt'

     ~mYCCKlle Clt\Ll. B 6e,llIbIX ,\epeIlHllX :lapaOOTHall IL\aTa                                          npe. IYCi'lOTpeHHhIX                 3:lKOHO;-1      npaB         pa60TIIIIKOIl,               C'Jbl'1Il0
     ~IO)f(CT YCTallall-IlmaThCil ua YpOIlHe, ofjccllc'lHBaK)l!JC~1                                 pa-     pcnaMellTHpYKHljeli TP):IOlllolC OTHOllleHllil B COllpe\leHIIOH
     60TIIlIKa,,1 npOIIl1TaHI1C, ,IO(,T<lTO'!HOC ,IA>I Tom, 4T(JOhl !IpO-                                   aK()H(}~!I!Ke, Ollpe,lc.\!!K)JlJeti MHHHyla,\hHbIC 1l0p~lhl, 'l,\CIlCTHU
     'IU\)f(<lTL :-lcjXt)CKTI1IlHO raGClTaT!>, l{auJe )f(C onAaT;t TP):I<1 ('Ill!-                          B IIPlxjJCOlo:laX II rapaHTHII .1aHJmKH1, Du\ee 1I001P(JOIIO 3TIJ
     ,laHa C Bblll(l\HClll1e;\I T(lm It,\1l IIHOfO :la,I:lHWI B TC4C1II1C                                   BonpocbI paccMaTpHBalOTCfl B '1aCTI1 TpeTheI1 ()T4CT<l.
     CC30H:l; :l.1eCb            MoryT     I1rpaTb        (lIlpC,le,ICHIlYUl           P(l\h ('000-
     pa)f(CHHll ClIpanc", \I1BOCTlI 1l03HarpUIK, \elHIJL HCCle,10nClHIIJI,
                                                                                                            l)e3pa6onl u,a
     IlpOBe,ICIlHbIC B HIl,IIUI,                   1l0Ka",L\Il, 'IT() ,(HCmlhIC              CTaBKH         I iJrruqeOlrtlq(lrXAeTillIll IlmbCIClIl1 pan(y/uil AfCll1eIC 1101/Tli
     OIlXITbl       TP\Ja        Il OIlPC,IC,\CHIIl>IX          Ce,\LCKIIX           paiiollax     ,1,1l1   iWI()(lllli)'       )/-,'1131111    i/p()f!anora.1          fla    3CUlOgl!         110        1I{K)(./3-
                           O,\Il01'O [[(na 'lPC.1llloIYaiiHO Ma,IO llapbl1pYIOTCfl,                         (j(}gCT(J)' c/l)'30(l!JI.\' a(lTo,,/()6ll.teil 6 .:()poqe CTapa,\'UtlUlje.
     He010TpH             HU    p'L1.\Wll1ll       B    IIH;UIBIJ,lya.\hllOfl          [IPOl1:lBO.ll1-      Ko.:qa         G     lIj!lI,YOqO'1         /IOtl()"O      PJKOI10qCT(l(/                  /-f{l'W"taU,
     Tt:. \bHOCTII T[1\;la,        Pa:" 11I'H1J1       B 3apa(JoTHofi 11 \aTt: UTfXDIGllOT                  jleop.:aNU3WJ/IJI IIpeqll!)UJlrllJl, ()II OK(f3L1ICJl 6 'lUCie TbI-
     xapaKTep            Bhlllfl\HlIeMoi:j      paOOThl.           KOTOPhlfi         ~JCJUICTCJI     OT     UI¥ll paOOrtluKOiJ, llOTepJllllllll.\' jJan07Y,                        13 ,~n).lllj()3!)(l(Te,
     CC301Ia K cemH\", (),llIaKO HenocpC,ICTBCllIIO HC Cllll:laH C IIpO-                                    U     111'11   ().!/}(IIlU¥e/-fllblX            IIjJt)(peCCl{(Hla.!bll!)/X                //(/(lhIKaX,
     H:IB(),1HTe.\hUOCThIO            1'[1\;la.        B~lCC1'()    :-JT()['()   OOhl'!HO        'fallJc    iv[mjeIC\" 6)'geT 041!1Ib TPI:qHO !lail'm I/()(l),l() patlOT)',
     HaIlH~!aIOT Ha              pa60T)' -rex,          K10                          6u\cc IIPOID-                                                           •••
     BO,IHTe,lbH(), T()f.1U KaK pa(JOTlIIJKH C MeHCC llul(OKotl Bblpa-                                      H.:UIO,        61!33e.\lCv)llblic KjJeCT/)JI/II/H, iKII6JIIJII/1 1!e(j(LteK()
     (JOTKOti '1<luJc O('TaJOTCJI (Je:l paOOTbl II nepHo,lhI HHJKOro                                        01' copoqa Kopxoco 11(1 cmepl! KOT-q'MtlJapa, pC/no/aCT Ij
     cllpnca 'TI1Koro po, \J ,lomBopbl Hpe, Iliuluralo1' CTIl~!r\hl ,1.\Jl                                  cpeql-ll!.l( 110 IlJlTHllqlj(lT/J ~CIC()6 (J lIeqel/O,                       01/          x(m'~1 {)bl
     npo,Ij"KTlJBlloti paooTbl II 'laCT() C(1{ep)KaT :He,JCHT                                      pac-     pa60TaTb nOlbllle, 4TOObi ilO(lbfCIITb ,l'/)06ellb                              )/-,'(1   mil C(lOe/1
     npciIC,\CIIHJl pHCKJ, 3T1-1M )KC no,.JlCHHCTCJl IIIHpoKoe IJeIIO\b-                                    celiblill OILWTIITb ()Opa~()6alllle C(lOU.\' qeTe/I, NO P{/OOTb/
     :mBallIlC ,loroBopoll, OCIlOllaHHblX
     o,IHaKo I1X IIpl1~ICHelllle r)()lee BCPOHTHO B C\Y4JlIX, Kor', ta
     KOHTPO\h :lei pa60T(lii
                                                               Ha 1IC11(1lbIlOi1 CI1CTC~le,


                                                           :ll!aYltTC,lhHbIX :;aTfxlT              ,n>1
                                                                                                            X(3ClTCU!T T(lI bK()        (jO    (lpe.11 J!


                                                                                                            3eu(/ Tpll coqa IICI3aq OKOIlW.W JlI/lllepCUTeT
                                                                                                                                                             ...
                                                                                                                                                            coopa Y{Jo)/-,{/J!,

                                                                                                                                                                                                      {j

     OTCYTCTIIYCT cTporaH CIIWlh MCIK,1) IIlITeHCIIBlIOCTulO pafiOTbl                                       Eall.!.wqezu,            nO~TIl          6ce       ee    ()gilOKl'jJCJIIIKIl"'lyJf;,~/lI/t)1
     II   IIf)()1t~1l0   IIITe. \hIlOCThIO     TPI;I~L                                                      IICl1lLll! pC/uur\", 110 1Iec 1107j)J! Ha II}(T/I(li/ble 1I0/ICKil                              /la6o-
                                                                                                            Tbl (l/laKKe, '1m'll;:ol/;:1! II ee /lOqIlWI                      ,'o/X),LJI!   K)cIIlCl, 3e6a
     1/JI'{lOIJbfe ,t!(JC(}(WPhl                                                                            lie    IIOA)'~ILJ{l /III           OqlllNO        llj!eq.'IO)f{eHuJ!, PaOOT()qtlTetll
     flo    Mepe lI!I,jYCTplla.\l1:laIJHI1 H pOCTa ,IOXO,,<1 Ila 'Iyllly Haec-                              Ilpeq)/O~/i1'/.lI()T        Hal/II.'/{/Tb          ,11) ')/-,'11 I/H , 1l0,la2C1J1,        'ITO    mlU
     ,lellHJl CHH)f(aerCJI :~(l)(I)cKTlIIIIIOCTh JlC(tKlpM3.lhHhIX ~ICXaHI-1J­
     ~I()B :laI)}JTOCTH II ~IC,·\K()ro npO\1:oBo:(CTIl<l,                        B   (X,l\hIW1HCTHe
                                                                                                            U'[1be'mee OT/I()CJlTCJI K paOUTe,
                                                                                                                                                               ...
     oTpac\eil IIP0i'lhIIIL\eHI10CTll 11 MIIO[UX mt lax \'(,\)1'                                                  110M()XCH}liiCTIlU 06eCI!(:Y111l3K1T IIpe, pOIKeHlle Tp\;1!,                                  pa-
     M<lCIlITafja B ofhacTI1 npOlllHOilCTBa, cfilolTa H.\H rjmllaHCOB                                       fjOT(),\JTe.\H CC>3,,<lKlT           cnpoc 11 :?T1:l B:lal-1MC),IeiicrllHe n (OYeTa-
     Ilhll IIC , ye~1 H        ce \bCKOM   x():llliicTBC, Kp()~lC T(lf(), IIpH lIati~lc                     HHH C
     pafiOTlIlIKa ("T3BlITCJI IJe,\b IIC IIPOCTO 1l1,1II0MIIITb lICKOT(JpYK)                                ()[Ipc.le,\i1t'T lIafi.\K)/laC~loe COC11:1flHlIC 33HllTOCTH II YI'(JBlHI
     IBO,\llpOBaHHYKl :la, la'I),              a       c'le,\<lTb em Y'lacTIIIIKoM CK(l-                    'lafxIGOTlIO(! ILIUThL Q\HJKO ~lllorHC 111 )f(e,\aKlI!J~IX puG,ITaTh
     0p/II1HIlPOIl<1HH()['() npo[Jccca, 3T(")                                ooy«eHHJI P3fjOT               He :>101')1' lIal1TII paO(lTY nC:lpaOOHIiJa npIIHIIMaeT                                        pa L\H'!-
     III1KOII II Ollpc,lc.\eIlHll HX OOJi:i3HliocTeii, laila'! II CTIIMy.\()B,                              HhlC (j)()PylbL IIPll~ICpOM                     '1C~ly   CIV)f(aT Olll1GIHllhle ,'h!llIC
     HeofixOill1~IOCTh CTI1~I},\I1POB~IIII1ll Tp)/Ia, CHII)KeHlIC pllcKa                              H     CI1T\'alJllH,      B ,W{"X)M IIIX'JIILleHIIlJ fie:lp<lfjoTlI1J3                 IlC.ICT K I'X}:)-
     CUIJI1,L\bHhIC            HOP"lhl,    a       T<lKIKe     1't:XHWICCKHij            IIporpccc          IIICIIIIK1I1U\O)f(eHIJJI .\Kl,IeH,              a npnYIIHbl CC C\()Kllhlll '!aCTo He
     IIp0.10,IJKalOT ollpc,le,lflTh C1lT\<lIJI110 H<I PblHKC TP\;1J, 110 3TH                                CB!!3aHbl       c    ypOIlHCYI          3KOIlOJ\!H'leCKOm            pa31H1Tlfll,              BII(HHe
     IlOllPOCbl BCC' '1,IlIJC pelJl<JK)TOl 1I0Cpl~lCTIlOM q,lOp:-m,\bHbIX                                   OYCBH, tHO, '1T(J pa.nH'II1C MC')K,IY ypOIIUJlMIl 6C3pa6oTlIIJbl 110
     ,1()1\")IlOPOH i'IC)f(,lY paOOT(J,IUTC,lili'm H paOOTIII1Ka~UL                                         <DpaHIJHII H B llnOH1II1              fJL6 II 2,5 npOlJeHT<I COOTl!('TCTllCIII10 II
           (j)()p~la.\hllhle Tp);lOBuIC ,IOIDIlOPhl uGbl'1II0 CO:;,l<lK)T OCIIOB\'                          1993                HC :>IO)KCT GblTh oGbilcHeHO pal,\l1'lHily\l1 B ,lOXO-
     ,I.\!! C()B~!eCTIIO!\) UpIL\()jKellllll Cpe.ICTB II YCHMIII                                            ,lax, Ho pa:1HIlTlle BCe)KC HC B 1l0Cle, UlK)K) 04Cpeilh MI1i1~T H:J
     'Ie,IIlMH H paOOTIIIIK:lMI1, <DHpMbl LJeHlIT HUilC)f(HhIX II XOpOillO                                  xapaKTCp 6e3parlOTltljhl                    II cc OllllcaHllC Il (4)IIIJI1~lc' hllOI1
     (JOY'!ClIlIhIX paCiOTHHKOII, pa:;OHpaIOIIJHXCIl II TCXH(l\Onl4C                                        CTa T11CTH KC (IlPCl Krl           3J 1.
     CKHX IIPOl)CCGIX, II, ("(X)TlleTCTllCHHO, IIK,\U,lhlllUK)T cpe,KTH:l Il                                      l3   CTp:lHax C HII3KH~1 , 10XO,'IO~! BCC Cai'IO,ICllT~\hH()C !lace-
     1I0,\fiop H diY'leHlle Ka, lPOB, OTllC'!aJOIIJlIX HX :lallp()Ca~!, ~t                                  ,\CHlle, OC06CIIHO II ce,lhCK0I1 ~leCTHOCTH, O(Jh14110 1l()1t1C:'!eHO
     cm,jJllaJl CTm1r\l>1 (t\ll TCX, KTO OCTaeTCfl llepCII .Ialllloii                                       II nlCTt:~!y ()(lnUjlla,\bHO perHcrpllpye~I()H                             IJ Heperll<Tplt-
     (t}llp~le, PaOOTHIIKYI, B (BOlO ()'lepe,lb, IJCHlIT 3KOHmlll'leCKYI<J                                  p\'e~!()il "aHllTOCTl1, MIIOrile ILl T<lKHX pa60TIII1KOB He 11,leKlT
     'laIlJHIIJCIlIIOCTh,         CHlLlallllYIO co            cTafjH.\hHhl~l          3<Jpafj(JTKO~L        11(111101\ .l<lIlJlT(lCTIL HeKOTopble :iaHllThl ,\Hlllh '1aCT]' ro, la,
     HCKOT(IPhW ,jlHP~!hl Hai'WpellllO \TT<lHClB.lllIKJ[OT 1<lpaCioTIIYIO                                   pa(ioT<l1l 110      '!lion     4<lOlilB ,ICH)' BO IJpe~IJl IIlIKOBbIX CC301101l B
     IL\aTY Bh[llJC PhlHO'llIOlXl \'[lOIlHll, C Te~l 'm~)hl YBe.III'IIIT1>                                  Cl',\hCKO\1 XOiHiicme. B ()CT,L\bHOe JKC llPC,1i1 II OCHOIlIl(),1



30
OCTallaHCh 6e] paoo I'b!. QIH:lKO xapaKTep npoI13HO,ICTHa B               pa6oTl.,] IJ CC;\hCKOM xmHrlCTHe HeCKO;\bKHylH A!O:lbMI1. X.oTIl
C'rpalJax C :lrpapHoii1KOHOMHKOi't TaK()B, 'ITO OTKpblT:la 6e3pa-         ypClHelib OTKPb]TOii 6e3pa60THlJhl HmoK, lIellQ.\1I0e IJClIQ.\b-
6oTl1lJa       TO eCTh He1:lHHThIC .\l1lja, Hllj"lI)I1C                   30Hall!Ie pa60'lei1 C11.\bl -   nOBceMeCTHoe llHAeHHe.        B   faHe
OTIlOCHTe"hHO pe/IK( >e HMe!me. npe;lCT<lIlHTCMl 113 [Je.~HhIX            Ce,\hCKOXmilikTHellHhle paOO'lHe JaIIllTb! B CPC;lHCM ;\lllllb
ce~lei1 He Mory r no llK1\HTb ce6e ocrall3TbCH          Be:,   paGoTbI,   2H '1aCOB H He;~C;\K), 1nr,la KaK flO BbCTHClMC 1l0'lTH 10 npOljCH-
no:m)MY f,acnp( 'CTpaHelHloil IIpaKTHKoi-i IlHMleTGI IlOO'lepe/l          1Ufl 3a1UIThIX pa60TaCT Mellee   15   '1aCOIl H lle/le;\lO, XOTIl MHO-
HOc   Ilblll< ,'Hell! Ie   onpeileAeHHoii   ~la,\onlX)W1HU1HTC;\bllot!    nlc roTOBhl pa60TaTb OO,\bUlC.        B   Eallr,\a,lem, 110 OfJCHKaM



                                                                                                                                                   31
                                                                                   +.
                                                                                                      •    CnOBaKl1A

                                                                                          TYPUMR


                                                                          •                   •
                                                                                                  •       YpyrBaA
                                                                                                          BelirplilA




     Ellopo CT<lTHCTHKH, B    1989   roilY Ile Il HU\Hoil Mepe HCI!OAh-       CCAhCKI1X paiklH<lX              :?TO    IlhlpalKaeTCll   r~\allHbl"! o6pa]( )~t fl
     30B<lAOCL HO'ITH      IIpOI}eHT<l TPiilOl\hIX pecypcol\,                 ¢Opl'fe ce30HHoH fJe3pafioTI11JLL               B ropo,px:-Im npOJlll.\lleTCll,
        DO'lTH BO Ilcex cTpUlIax ~\K):lcKHe pecypchl HCIIOAb:lYIUTCJl         B '1aCTHOCTH, II Ha,\H'IHH /\IOl1eH, OT'IamllllI1XClI HaHTH pa60TV

     lie IJ 1I(l\Hoi1 -"jepe: ~\IO/lH, K01npble XOTJlT paGoT<lTb, lIe MoryT   H npeKpanlllIIlI1X HOHCKH, (B IOJ!(HOH A¢pHKe OGIlJHH ypo-
     liaiiTH paGoT}' II lKeJ\ae"TOM o6be"le,   B cpaIlHI1Te~\hHO tle;IHhiX    !Jell!>   fJe3paflOTHljhI cpe(111 KOJ)eJlHOro a¢PHKallcKoro HaceAe-



32
Hml fi\IBOK K          40    npOLJeHTal'l, 113 HI1X flO'lTH TpH 'leTBepTH                   flax 1l03POC ypollellb oTKpbrroti oe:{pafX}THI}bL CoXpalIClIl1e
IlpeKpaTHMl 1l0l1CKIl paGOTbI).                                                             flbfCOKOro       ypOBHIl        6e3pa6oTHIJhI    II    Enpollc    lJ   HO-e    ro, II>I
    B xo,le     pa3BIlTHJI H CTPYKTypHblX IlpeOOpa.3cmamll1 Il 2lKO-                        CBJI3bIBCIeTCJI C MC/1,\eI1HLIM poero!'! cnpoca HCI 1'P)Jl, llCEnac-
HO~1l1Ke KapTHHa 6e3pa60THljbl MellileTCJI 01' HelloMloH 3a1lH-                             TlI'IHOCTLK) pea,\bflOH :{CIpa6oTHoH fI,\aTL! B YCNlBlUlX CHH-

TOCTH K ToIlIL\H IllIoll                  OTKpLlmil t)e'lpaGOTlIIJbl. 3mT                   ;KellllJI cnpoca Tla HeKBaAl1(lmljHpclBaHHYK) pa60'lYK) CI1AY,
llepexO,l    lIhI:lllaH OT'laCTI1       poem,,!          40X()?l01l 11 IIpOlJeecOM          CHCTC~101l       COIJlIa,\bHOrO ooeCl!C'IeHHJI, CHH;KCIlOlIJCll               ,,,"IIIH-

ypoallH3aljl111. flo "jepe pOCTa 1!aI}H()Ha,\bHO~l 2lKOIIOMllKll II                         TepecollaHflocTh lIC1\Y'laTeACII noco6ull Il flOHCKe pa60T]'I, 1I
I10IlbHUeHH)I        ;10XIUOIl     (lOMOXO'lJIIlCTH        Bee    tJOAbUle      ,\1O/1eil   OrpalUl'leIll1il:>'1l1     II    HCKO'roPblX     ceKTopax        ccj:lepbf    yC\yr.
"loryT n03B(1\HTb ce6e oeTanaTbC)I HeKOlopoe JlpeMJI (}e3                                   C,ilep;KIHlaBlUHMIl poet :UHlI1'OCTI1.
pa60Tbl, 3aHllMaJICh 1l0l1CKOM HOOOro MeCTa. KpOMe mro,                                         np06,\eMa 6e3pa60TllljLf oco6eHHo oCTpa Il pH;1e CTpaH, B
OpT'JIlIBaljHJI Tpv,la H fiOAee COllpeMeHHLIX 3KOllOMH'leCKHX                               K010PL!X paHee llPCIKTHKoBaAocb ljellTpaM13oBaHHoe n,\UHH-
CHCTC"taX 3<lTpy,UIJIe1' pa3,1e,\elll1e O,ilHOI,(l paOO'lero "feCTa                         ptlllallHC, II .\.mOrile lIpe;1npUJlTlUI, llnepBLlc C1cl.\KHyll!llHeOl C
!'fe;K;IY ;111PlJI 11M! 6Q\ee pa60TIlHKa"1II HAH llapbHpOllaHHe                             )KeCTKHMH Tpe60naHI1IlMIl pblHKa, 61,L\11 BhIHY;K;lellbl cOKpa-
lIpO/llk\;KHTe \b1l0e rH pa60Tbl IlO cpaJJllellHlO C 2lKOHOMUKOii                           TI1Th np0I11BO,lC1'BO lnH Hoo611Je 3aKpbl;\HCb, H 5C1\rapHI1,
arpaplloro 1 Hila. O,IH;[KO ;la;Ke ;Vle;K;1) CTpaHa~lII C O;IUHa-                           HeHrpl1l1 l! C\OllaKHI1 ellJe Il 19H9 ro,1V ypOBHI1 Ol\lHlJl1a,\LBO
KOHblM ypOHlIeM iloXO,ilOll cylljeCTB)'IOT orpOMllble pa3Ml'lllil H                         3aperHCTpl1pOBallHol1 6E'3pafioTlllJbI 6hL"J ][C:lHa'lHTe(\bIlh!.
ypOlllle     OTl:PblTOli        6'~3pa60Tl1ljbl.         A,\;KI1P,    5pa3IL\HH        11   O(llIaKo     K    1993     roilY    llO   Hcex   1'1)('X    CTpamIX     OTKphIT<lH
rIl1\bllla O'lC Hb 6,\I!3KH flO ),POBH10 /loxo;1011 H<I ;wwy H<lCe,\e-                      6e:;pa60THlJa ,10CTHma               12-16     npOIJelITOll.     Te~1 lle MCBee,
lHlil, Oi1l!aKO B l!a'f;L\e 90-x ro.10B YP(lHeHL fJe3paOOTHlJLI II                          'laKlle I]]MeHellllll xapaKTepllLI IIC II. \ll llcex erpall c ncpe-
3TH X CTpaH.!X COI:TJ!l.IH,\ COOTlleTCTBellHO                     21.0,   3,9 H     16,0    XO;IHm1 3KOllOMI1KOii.. H Ile,\apYCH, POCCllH H lIexl1l1 OTKPbfTaJI
ll[X)[JCHTa (f'HC),HOK               Ymt)Ll TIOHHTb HPWlIIHhl 2lTHX pal-                    oe3paf)(lTlIlja OCTaeTCll II npe,le,\aX 10 I1pOIJell11)Jl, XOTJI B
,\11'111 Il , [Ja;KI!O oflpe(]e. \I1Tb 3KOflO~1H'feCKHe CI1Abl, ]JhBLlIlaIO-                Be,\apYClI 11 PUCCl1>l ylll0T'lIe paGcrrmlKIl cllaKTl1'1ccKII 1l0,1-
flJHC 6e:,pa6t)TIIlJ~                                                                       Bepr,\llCh HpCMeHllO.\.IV YBO,\bIll'HHIO 11,.\11 pat)oTaKlT lie Ha
    OTKPblT:lH 6e:lpa6clTHlJa MO;KeT 6L1Tb o6YC\OlneHa npe;l-                               nO,\II),lO CTaBK}'.
(\O;KeHHeM TP};1J II;\H cnpOCOM HJ lIero; OHa MO;KeT OTpa;KJTI,                                 B   HO-e roilbl poeT :lall)!1'OCTH II ('( mpe!'>!eHHO:>l cennpe
pewellHC P,]OOTII11Ka 'lTK,\OllllTb HMCIOllJJe!COI np~1,\OlKeHHH                            3KOHO.\.1l1KH 110 MHOrl1X CTpaHax npI10CTCIHOllK\CJI HC,\e,lCTHlIe
pa6urbI     H <l)KH(l;IHHH ho.\ee BLlrC>tlHoro; OHa MO;KeT tlblTL                           COKpalljemlll       cOlloKynHoro          cupoca      11   CTP\'KTypHOti      l!epe-
np()~lneHHC\j HCC'lbIHIIIHXCIl O;K1Mallllll JeL\11 ;KC C\eilCTHl1e"l                        CTpollKll        rcq"apcTBeHllbIX          rrpe,lnplulTHii.       B    roPOiKKHX
He:xtxpeKTII (HOH 1~,\11 HCrl16KOI1 nmHTIlKI1, lle;lvIIJcll K CHII;Ke-                      ljeHTpax OTMe'Ja;\CH poeT OTKPbntJIl 6cCJpa6oTllljbl; ,\ HlJa ,
IHlIO CllPOC2 lIa TP}il flo) cpaHlIeHlllO C llpe(1,\O;KemleM, oe3pa-                        HnepHhlC HblXO,lilllJue lIa PLIIIOK TP}:1U Ii pa60TlIHKI1, !lO,1-
fu,)THljY 'facro K, UCCH'llHljl1PYIOT no TunaM !lAH Ilpl1'!I1Ha~1.                          HcprumeCJI YIlO,\LHeHHKJ, 6bL\H He H COCTOJIHllll BaHTH paooTy.
<DPHK1JHOHlJail 6e Ipa6t'THlja flO3HIlKaCT II xo,]e HOPM;L\bHOro                            ECMl paHce 6e:lpa60Tlup paCOI<fTpI1Ba(\;JCh KilK POCKOIl!h,
cj:lYHKljIlOHIr IOllJHlIJ! [lbIHKOH, 06bl'lHO lIenpoilC1\;KI1Te;\LHa l!                     tl0CTYllllail n.nLKO OTHOCI1TC,\],H() 06eCIlt:''1CHl1bfM MCl\OilhIM
llIL\ilCTOI 'l;JC1'bKl npOljecca 1I0l1CKa paflOTHllKaMlI pa6o'lllx                          ,\IO,lilM, O)!(IIIPfOIlJllM nOJIlneHHJI BaK;tHOlil B COBpOlellllOM
"leCl~ (OOTH,:TCTll) IOIIJIlX IlX 3aflpOG1M, a pa60T()'laTeAIl~1l1 -                        ceKmpe :,KOHOMHKI1, m               Telleph OHa OXllaTH,\iI BCC C01JI13,\],-
pa6UrHHKOH,          )i,'10MeTBOp!llOlTJllX        I1X   Tpc"f)(.l!l:lHHltM,   IlllK;\ll-   IIhle K,\aCCbl.
'1eCKa}f 6e:lpaflOTlllja RlL\ltel'C)I pe3}~\hTaT()~1 Klk\efJallHtl COHO-                                                               •••
KyflllOro Cllpoca H 06bl'lHO flMeeT OrpaHH'leHHYIO IIPO/\C1\;KI1-                               3K0I10MI1'1CCKOe pa:lHllTHC C03,1CICT HOBbIt'. 6blC'rpo \IC-
1'e,\hllOCTb,       XOTll    Hpe\leHJMH    MO;Ke1'         HOCHTb      MaccoHbltl      H    HlllOl1Jl1eClI BO:JMO;KHOCTIl il,\}1 ),'IaCTl!llKOB phfflKa 'IV):la,             Y1 x
OCTpLIH xapaKTE'p. TIlhaJI 6e3pa60THlja :.10;KeT IIpl1HeCTI1 K                              pea,\113UIfHI!     3aHllCIIT OT )Kc,\aIlHH            II   Clloco6HOCTIl      ilO~!O­
poCTy (1.\HTC,\LIICJii oelpa6oTHljbI, CC\H fJe3paf)(lTIlbiC CTOAK-                          X03lli1cTIl lIaKaIL\l1BaTb Ctlepe)f(CIIII)J 11 pa3HIIIlCITb CBdi llpO-
BYTCJI C TP'),lHOC1'ij!V1I1 1\ B0311paIIJeHI1H Ha PblHUK 1'P)'1a lIoc.\e                    113HO,lCTHeHllhfll nOTelI!Jl1a,\, OT roll)1lI10CTl1 llpeill1pllHI1~laTe­
1l000ofiHOH,\C'iHlt 3hOHOMH'IeCKoro POCTa. CTpYKTypHaH 6e3pa-                               ,\eH Opral'Ul3011blflaTb                   np0l13BO,1CTBa T<lKllM 06pXlOM,
hOTlllja CIlJU;JHa C ,KOH,)MH'leCK!lM 3acmeM, llC2lcj:lcj:leK1'I1Hllbl!'!lI                 'll1J6LI nC1\)''laTb UpeI1Myll)t'CTIJa 01' CliCljHa,,\IBaljl1l1. H OT
pblHKa:>m 1py,~a 11\11 CIX))!MlI H n(1\Y!THKe: olla                  o6bl'mo     [)(lACC    nlTOH]fOCTH npaHHTC,\bCTBa cO,1ci1cTHOnaT!, aTOM)" lie C03,la-
IIpo,l(1\;Km\',\LHa IINI ee IIpeO;l(1\eIlI1R TpefiyeTcH He TOAbKO                           BaJI npeflJITCTHl1ii, 3KOHOMI1'leCKI1i1 POCT Be/leT K nOCT(JJlII-
1l000C,()HOllc\el!lle (,)BOK" Tmoro cnpoca, liO H IJeweHHe npo6-                            IlOWl   nOBhlweHlIlO C10HMOCTl1 yewI' paGo'leit CI1.\hl.                        'lm
,\e~lbl reorpac\lH'lecKoro H IlpoqJCCCIlOlI;L\bHoro HeCOOTHeT-                              U06Y)K,laeT ilO!'>10XtHlltkTlla MCll)!Tb XapaKTep HClIO\bJOBlUlI1JI
CTBHi!     Me)f<,W     f~:3paf)(lTHhIMH       II    HMeKJlljHMHCJI         pa60'll1MH       CBoel\) BpeMelll1, H 3i1CTaIL\HeT pafu)T(lila1c:,\etl IICKaTb 6o.\ee
~leC'ra:>1H, TlpHHilTl1e Ciml'e rI16KO~1 crpyKTypLl 3apa6oTHoii                             2l(J)(jJeKTI1BHble ClIOCOtlhl OpraHl13alJIll1 npOl1:11l0;lCTBa. o'lHaKO
TL \aThl II JJW!TOC'T 11 H 1I0BbIWl'lllle KB:'L \11cj:lI1Kaljl!l1 pa60nlllKoB,              :7ID H3aI1MO/1ci1cTlll1e He rapaIlTHpye1' ()1IT11Ma~\LHbIX pe.1YAh-
    B 110C\(':1Hee          llpe~!ll TeHilellIJHH II 06.\acTH 5e3paf)(WHIJbl                TaTOIl. 1I 'laCTO TP!,I ~IHonIX paf)(}THllKOIl IlCIK1\b3VCTCJI lie Il
llpe,'\lTaBM I01'CJl         oco6eHHo     TpeBO;KHhl!'lIl.           HecMoTp!l       Ha     IIQAHO(l Mepe, a HX il0XO,jbl OC1'aKlTCJIIlH3KI1MH,
YCll)j'PHlBbI   i   no,r',e",l ~UlpOBOil 2lKOHOMIIKIl, flO "lHOHIX cTpa-




                                                                                                                                                                                      33
     r.l\ A 13 A                   1:




                            KOHOMWIECKOE P''\3BI1TI1E CBH:lAHO C KOPE/I-                                                C   6 npolJellTOB 110 60    llpoIJeHTOB. 3TO H3Mc-nemle




        :3
                            HblMH H3l'leHeHHRMH Il Cl'pYKl'Ype 3aHRTOCl'H H                              CllR3aHO C YlleMI'ICHHeM 3JtHlTOCTH B O(~JHlJHa;\bIlO perllC1'pH-
                            pe3KHM          nOHblllleHHeM           npOH:mOi]Hl'e~\hHOCTH                pyeMo~1 ceKTOpe, KOTOpoe paCCMaTpHll<L\OCb B maBax                     2 H 3.
                            l'p»la.       XapaKTep        paflOl'bl       H        Tpa,lHIJHOHHbIX       O,lH<lKO pa:lHble ypOllHH ofleCne'lCIIHOCTH pecypcaMH MoryT
                            OTpaCARX lIpeTepllenaeT H3MelleHHR, nOCKC1\bKY                               llbl3blllaTb       CYllJCCTBeHllhle   OTK~\()HeHHlI   OT   :')TOH    oa:mllOH
        POCT 3aTpa1' Ha pa60'lYIO CH,\y B CO'leTaHl1H C TCXHH'leCKHM                                     MO,~e,\H. CTpaHbl C oOlllllpnhlMIl CC\LCKOX03JIHCTBCllllbIMH
        nporpeCCOM               CTHMyAHpyCT           HHe,lpCIlHe           HOBhlX       MeTO,1011.     yro,lbllMI1, TaKHC KaK CUIA H               ROHall 3eAaH/1HR, II XO;le
        O(lIlOBpeMCIlHo            paCllmpJlIOTCJl        1l03;\IOlKIIOCnl            llMI    1'pY.IO-   pa3BHTIlJl     ocralOTCR      BhICOK03(t)cpeKTHIlHbl~!l1 npOll3fl( '(lIlTe~
        YCTpOl1CTBa B npol'1hllllAeHHOCTH H c¢epe YCA)T; yponeHb                                         AlIMI-l ce(\bCKOX03Jl11cTBCIlH0l1 UpO.1)'K1J'1YL      B CTpaHax.      IIMelO-
        33HJlTOCTH II Ce,\bCKOl'l X03Rilc1'Be CHHlKaeTCJl, H pa60TIIHKH                                  llJllX 6ora1'ble MIlHepa.\bHble peCYpCbl, Hallpl1Mep, Il l-1II/\Olle-
        nepeMeUJaKJTOI B ropO/]a H 113 HepemCTpHpye:'loro ceKTOpa                                        3HH    H    BellecY3;\e,     06bl'lIlO   MenLwe 1'py,WllhlX         pecypcoB
        3KOHOMHKH           B 0CPHlJHU,\bHO            perHCTpHpyeMhlii.              Y\Y'lIllelll1e     3aHllTO H o6pa6aTblHalOIlJell npO~lbIW,\eIlIlOCnl 11 6CHhllle
        nOAOlKeHJ1R pa60THHKOH 6ulAO 60Aec cYlJJeCTlleHHbIM n Tex                                        B c<i1cpe   yC\yr.
        CAy"laRX, Kor4a npolJecc IlOBblllleHlIR                     rrpmI3IK)/11.JTe~\bHOCTH                   POCT pea.\hIlOH :mpa60THoH rr, \aThl TaK)l(e             rro6YA<;1aeT
        1'p)(1a     II    llepepacnpe,le,\eHHiI            TPY40BbIX           pecypCOH         OM,\     npm13BO,IIHC;\eH H 'mi-i I1M1 lHlOH O1'paC\1l Blle,lpJll'b TPWIO'
        OCIIOHall lIa 4ei1cTBHH                 PbIHO'lHbIX      CHAo        DOllhl1'KH IIpaml-          c6eperalOllJue TeXHl1\OnlH, HapR/lY c nepexo4oM pa6OTHIlKoB
        Te,\bCTH YCKOPHTb TCMnbl lIpe06pa30!lUIUIH rrYTeM 3anJHTbl                                       K BbIrrOAlleHHIO 6(Hee npoH:lBo,]I1TeAbllblx ollepalJUrl, K:1K 3TO
        npOMbllllAellllOCTH H 3aHRTOCTI1 II OCPlIlJHa,\bIlO pcmC1'pH-                                    Im,11l0 H3 pa3,\H'lllH H OpraIllB:1IJHH npOH3110/1CTBJ ~ln\OKa B
        pveMOM           ceKTope        OKa:Ja.AiiCb    lleCOC1'Oll1'eAbHblMI1            H    'laCTO    MeKcIlKe, :1KB<1;10pe H CiliA. Be;lllble ceMellllhle XmJlHCTIJ<I
        llpHHG;IHAI1 K 06pal'HblM pe3Y,\bTaT3M, 3aMel\,\lIR 3KOHOMIl-
        'leCKIIH         POCT,    CIlIIlKaJl    cnpoc      lIa    Tp):~OBhK'          pecypchl      11
        CTI1MYAllpYR pOCT Hepel'l1CTpllpye;\loro ceKTopa 3KOHOMHKH.
            B     ,laHHOH         malle        llpC4l1pHnilTa      nOllbll'KJ         06bilCIIIlTb,
        110'le~ly    POCT rrpO!l'lllO/ll1TeAbllOCTH 1'PYilJ IHHReT HJ                         eTpyK~

        TYpy 3JnRTOCTI1. 3aTei\-1 paCCMaTpHBaeTCR Bonlxx 0 TOM, KJK
        Ta ~L\H ~IHJil lTC1\HTl-lKa MOlKCT CllOCOOCTllOBaTb 11,\11 llpel1l1T-
        CTllOllaTb        nOllblllJeHI1IO       cnpoca     HJ     TPYi1       11    CTpyKTypHbl~1

        npeo6pJ'lOBaHllilM.


        nepeXOA OT ManOnpOM3S0AMTenbHbiX
        SMAOS 3KOHOMM"IeCKOM AeATenbHOCTM
        K SbiCOKOnpOM3BOAMTenbHbiM
        fueT rrpOKlHO,II1TeAbHOCTH TP)!lJ H nOllblillCHHe pea\bHOIl
        3apa6oTllOH          llJ\aTbI OTpalKJIUl'CJl Ha xapaKTepe CPYllKlJI10-
        HI1POBJHI111 3KonOMIlKH. C YBeA11'lenl1eM l1pe{l,\OlKeHl-lll KBa/\I-l'
        clJHIJI-lpOBall110H pa60'leH CHALI 11 KaIIHTa,\a CTpallaM CTaHO-
        HHTC!1 Hblroi1HO IICllC1\b30BaTb CIl0l1 TPWIOBble pecvpCbI                               ,~{\R

        rrp0l13HO,KTIla           BbICOKOTCXIIG-\OrH'lIlO$i             11         Kanl1TaAOeMKOH
        llpO,l)'KlJllIl     11    yC\yr;    COKpJUJaJl      npl1    :·;11.lM        npomllO:lCTBO
        Tp}il0eMKOii CC\bCKOX03JlHCTllellllOI1 llpO/lYKlJllIl. KaK nOK;J-
        :JallO lIa pl1cYIlKe        4.1,   40AR .1allllTOCTll B Ce,\hCKOM X01i1HCTlIC
        COCTJIL\ReT Ii cpe,lllCM                90     llpOlJellTOll 01' o6ILJero 'IHC\a
        3aHRThlX B 6e;lHbIX CTpallax 11 OKO,\O                   '5 npOIJellTOH II 6oraTblX.
        /l(1\R .'<IHRTbIX B npOMbIllL\elltlOCTl1,                   BK~\IO'lall o6paflaTbI-
        lVJKlIlJYIO       npOMbIlIL\enllOCTb.            CTpOI1Te~\bCTBO             11   roPIlO,10-
        6blBaKJIIJYKl rrpOMblln,\eI1HOCTb. B03paCTaeT C                        4 rrpOlJellTOB ,]0
        npI10MBl1TC;\bHO            3'5   npOIJeHTOB. a ilOAR 3allJlTOCTII B C(11Cpe




34
Mel(CHKl1 nnUralOIlJHeCJI Ila CoflCTlleHHhlC CK)illlb1e pecypcbl           3yeTCII PhlHOK ycwr, HallpHMep, 11, \Jl 1I(],\Y'IeHHJI   11I1TaTe~\bHhiX

H lie 110   .b3y~   '1IJ11C01 YCAyraMIl ClIeYHa.\H3HpOBaHHblX KOM-         ;lo6mlOK     K   KOpMa\1   HAH   !leTepHHapHoro      06C\YlKllllaHI1Jl:
nafilll"l, 1f'lelOr ,10XOi(, ,\mUb HeMHoro IIpeHbllllalOUJl1fi npo-        Hae~1Hble pa60TlIl1KH Jla pm'I'-!o Il lIITaTe 'lcxac no.\Y'-taIOT
IKHTO'IHldH   ~Il1lm~ly~l, a Ha;loH COCTal~Um)T     3-':1 ~\HTpa M(1\OKa   1 200 ,lQ\,\apOlllI MeCJllJ, HO !Ia:lOll npl1 3TOM ;IOCTllrctKlT 20 H
II ,tellb O'c OilHO!'!] KOPOHhL   B 3KBa,lopCKI1X   HaropbJlX lIC6(1\h-    f)(1\ee ,\I1TPOII M(1\OKa B ilCHb OT O,1HOi1 KOPOBhl.
WI-Ie KlWMcp'leCKl1e MO\O'-!Hbie (jJepMhT HaHHMalOT pa6oT-                      IIo Mepe p(leTa 3KOIIOMHKH K Tpa;lH1JHOHIIHM llO:lMOlK110-
HHWII 3a    100     ,'l(1\,\apos II MeOIlJ, 1I0\b:,YIOTCll pa3Ml'IHbl~fH   CTJlM TpY,10YCTpoiicTlla np116alt\JlIOTCJI HOBble. PearHPYJI Jla
npc;I.\araeMbI\IH Ha pWIKe yC\)TaMH, TaKI1MH KaK l-lCKYC-                  CllpOC B ,lpyrllx CCKmpax 3KOIIO,IH KI1, pa60THI1KIl OCTalt\JlIO'r
CTheHH()(     O(('MeHeHHC, H no,\y'-!aIOT OT 0,1HOii KOPOHhl         13    ~ra,\()llpmJ:l!l(),1HTe,\bHYI() 11 IIlnKOOn~\a'-!f1Ilae"lyK) pa60T}; H~
.\lJ':pOIl W1\m..l B ,lenh.   B CI UA ellJe 6(nee IIIHPOKO I1CII(1\],      pllCYllKe   4.2 llOKa1aHa ,1Ima~lIlKa   npOIBBO,UlTe,\bHO(,TIl Tp)/10




                                                                                                                                                      35
     Il p:nHblX           CCKTOPUX         H    ~fC)!(ijV   HHMH    3a    nOCAe/jllliC        TpH     AprellTHHe 11 TIepy, B lillie 11 3aMOlll1 CHIIJKeHlle :lapa'ioTHOH
     ,jCCilTH;\eTll11 Il Iv1a~\aH3I1H H PCCllyfi\HKe KopcII. BnC'lUT-                                 HAaTbi COllpOIlOJKlla,\OCb HI13KI1 ....m (a B C\Y'.Jae Aprel!TlIHbl -
     Ml«)lljJ1ti      pOCT         tlP0J13lI0, jJ1Te~\bHOCTH       TpY;lU       II   ;"laAaii3J1l1    OTplIijaTe,\bllhl"m) TeMnaMH pOCTa 3aHJlT<.l(Tl!. TIpol'eKLJ110-
     OT'laCTH Rlt\lleTCR C\C;\CTBJ1CM                       PllCWI1PCHIIlI 3allHTOCTll            B   IIHCTCKI1H peJKI1M He npl1llC~\ K 4I1Ha~111"1HoMy pOCT;                                  :lapa-
     HbICOKOIlPOl13BO, jl1Te.\bHhlX                CCKTOPUX       npOMbIlIL\CHnOCTH              H    60THOHIIAaTbI1lIlpOMbILtl,\(,HHOCTll, D(J,\ee 1Dm, Ha~leTl1AaCb
     ccj:lep]'l    yC\YI~      a    TUKJKe       3HUYHTe.\bHoru          1I011bILtlClIl1!1            TeH;tC1IlJI111 K CHH;KeHHIO TPY;10I1HTeHCHHHOCTH:                        ~iCC\eA()llaIIHlI

     clleKTHBHOCTll npOI1'l!l(li\CTlla II Ce,\bCKOM X03!1ikTBe npH IIpaK-                             lIoKa3blilalOT, "ITO H CTpaHax C HI1'lKHM Il cpe.1HIlM                            y~)OflHeM

     TWICCKH HeH3MCIIIlOii YHCWHHOCTH pa60THHKOIJ.                                    B   Kopcc       ;~OXO/l0B        OTpaC\I1,     opHeHTHpomlllHble                 lIa   ,3KCIIOPT,        omI!-
     IIPOlBBOilHTe,\bHOCTh TPY;lU BmpOC\ll clIJe                         3U~ICTHee,       XOTII B     'lUIOTC!I oo/\ee BbICOKOH TP\-;lOlfHTeHCllBHOCTblO, 'leM O1'paC,\I1,
     Ce~\bCKOl'l x03m'kTBe OHa Ha'la.,\a 1I0HLILtlllTbCli T<.HbKO flOC\C                              pa60TaK)1l)l1e          Ha     3aMelljCHHe        HMnop1'a,            O/lHaKO      lIepBble
     COKpaIIJCHH!I KU,lPOB C CCPCill1Hbl 70-x ro;10B. AHU,\IH HC1D'oj-                                06bl'lHO He IIO/\Y"laIOT Cy6Cllil11I1, a, HallpOTHH, 06AaraKlTC!I
     HHKOB pocm             IIPOH3IK).1I1Te~\bIl()CTl1         Tp)~la    II HaljHOllaAbHOM            IlOllhllllellHbll'1l1    HaAOra"'1I1.       Hepe:1KO :iaTpaTbl             Ha     K:lllHTa,\
     MllCLtlTa6e B Kopce II Ma,\ui13Hl1 1I0Ka:lbmaeT, "I1D OKC"\O 60                                  KOCBeHHhl~l         06pa30",1     cy6CM;llfPYI01'Cli             'la   C'leT     MeHbLtleii
     lIpOLJCI IT<.m       0611 je ro    IIpHpocru           06ycAOH,\eIIO       nOllblweH HeM         cTeneHIl 3Ulljl1Tbi HMIIopTHpyeMhIx CpelJCTIl npOIBllO/ICTfla 11
     IIpOH:mONlTeAbHOCT!l TP);lU HH\TPI1 CCK11)poB, a OCTU \bI!Oi1                                    3aHb1lUeHI1!1 Kypca HU,\IOThl, '111:) Al1l11b YCHAllHaeT OTpHija-
     tlpHpOCT -           lIepcpacnpe.le,\eHHe"'l ~le;K,IY CeKTOpalVlH.                               Te,\bHOe         1l03,leHCTBHe         HHfl\TTplfa,\I1:lllljHIl          Ha      TP'/IOBble
         POCT I1POI13Ilo.1HTe~\LII()CTI1 Tp'/ja, KaK 11IIyTpH CeK11JpOB.                              pecypChl. C          ilpyroH C1DPOHhl, CTpaHbl                    BOCT<.)"IHOH       A3HH,
     TUK H     ~le;K,lY    IHNH. nC1CT He 11lAbKO K paClllllpeHI1K) 3;]HIITO-                         il06H1l11meCIl ycnexa 1\ 3KOIIOMIl"leCKOM pa:JBHTHH, IIpWmClBa!l
     CTH; 06bl<JHO TUK;Ke B03HHKaCT Heo6xOilHMOCTb Il COKpallJeHHH                                    IlllJKIIOCTh      3KcnopTHOlU          np0l131l0,ljCTlla,         coxpaHHMl              MUll!,
     yaCTH        pufio"lI1X       MeeT.       HallpH~ICP, :l<lH!l11:l(Tb Il 1I1)()MbILtl-            orpaHH"IeHHble ,'broTbl ,jMI HMflop11),laMelI)aIOIIJeHnpOMbIllJ-
     ~\eHHOCTlI Kopell l103POC\U C ypOBlill lIeMHOrl1M fio,\ee 0/1110m                                ,'C!lHOcn!. B         3T1IX CTpaHClX POCT 'lHC\eIlHOCTI1 lIaeMHhIX
     Ml-L\,\HOHa pafiO'lHX             ~leCT    Il 1966 roilY /10 6mee <JeM 6 M,\H II                 pU()OTHHKOB         :lHa<JIlTb\hHO Ollepe;Ka,\                IIPI1PO(T        Hucc:\eHlljJ;
     1990 m.n', a ,1Q\!I ofipa6aThIBalOI!jeti IIp0MbILtl.\el!HOCTH B                                  npn 3TOM ypOBeHb 3apa60THoti IMaTbl H o6pafiaTbIBalOlljeH
     C0130KVIIHOlt 3aHllWCTI1 YlleMl'lHAUCb 3a 1DT )KC nepHO,\ C 10                                   IIPOMbILtI.\eHHOCTIl CYIJJeCTlleHHO nOBbICl!AC!I.
     :10 30 npOljel!lUIl. 01H;tKO 31'11 1I0K:naTe,\H 3K()HO~1I1'leCK()ro                                     C03i]aHl1e M,roTHblX YCAOlll1l1 4~\!I I!POMbllll.\eHHOCTI1 6Aa-
     ycnexa fibL\11 HepUIlH()~lepH() paClIpe;le,\eHI>I 110 OTpaCA!lM 11                               ronpHII1'I!O CKa.'laAOCb Ha pa31l1lTlllf p!l(la oTpaeveH, ')AHUKO
     yaC1D IJP'lBOiUt\H K ,\I1KBH,l,U]HH pufio<JI1X MeCT, TaK. 3UI!H-                                 I1Med\O OTpHLJUTeAbHble !10C\C,lCTHIIH                   /~\!I    pOCTa 3aH!l1UCTH II
     11)(1'1, 11<1 npe;1H(JHJlTHflX 110 npm13110,lCTIlY cpallephl 1303pOC;\a                          ceK1npe fl LJ"'\OM. 'Iar-:UH n<lAHTHKa HaneCAa YIIjep6 II PU:JIlI1THIO
     C 23 TbIC!I'-I 110 32 TbICJl<J <Je..\OBeK C 1970 110 1979 rO;1, HO                               Ce~\bCKoro XO:1JltICTBa. nOCKmhKY Ce,\LcKoe X0311HCTHO ,mepc-
     1I0C. \e 1980 roilU COKpaTH/\aCh. Pea.\bHa!l 3apaOOTlJa!l 1I,\aTa B                              )!(aeT .1pYrI1e Cek"IOpbl 110 TP\jlOI1I1TeHCHllHOCTI1, AOMHHHPYIO-
     311lT nepIIO;1 pOC \a 6hlcrpblMI1 TeMlla"'1I1. "ITO npl1IleAO K                                  lijee 11(1\O)!(eHHe npo~lblill,\eHHOCTH 03Ha'laeT CtIl1lKeHl1e nlpoca
     Ilpe06pa30IlUI!IIII"'1 II lIpOMblllnCIIHOCTH, Cll!lJaHHLIM C nOllb]-                             Ha TpYIlOllhle pecypchl II IjeAml, a, C\e;10IJaTe,\bI!0, yX'yn! lleHHC
     I1IeHfle~l    np01B1l0, lH1'e~\bHOCTI1 Tp);la.                                                   nC}\O)!(eIlHlI 6e,ll!eHIIlI1X CI(JeB caMO(le!lTe;\bIlOru Hace,\eHH!I.
                                                                                                      3ToT (paKTWlccKHH H:J..>\Or Ha Ce;\bCKOe Xm!lHCTllO Hepe.1KO
     OWM6KM B nOnMTMKe, Bbl3blBalOUJ,Me                                                               (]OCTl!raeT <Jpe3McpHhlX HponoplJHii. I1cC\e;1011aHHe CI1TyaLJI1H
     CHM)I(eHMe cnpoca Ha TPYAOBble peCypCbl                                                          II 18 CTPUI!3X IIOKa3a..\O, <J1D colloKynHblti CnpllMoii H 1>1 )ClleH-
     C\I1Lt1KO~1 "IaC1D 113MCHeHHe CTpyKTYPhl 3aH!l1tXTH OTpa)!(aeT                                   HhII1) HaAor Ha ceAbcKoe X03jJltCTIlO II nepHo,l C 1960                           11(,    1984
     He mB,,]eHCrI!He pbIHKa, a 1I0IIblTKl! IIpallHT(,,\!'CTH<l YCKOPHTb                              ro;1 coerall\"A 30 llpoLJeH1Dll, '111) 3KllHB:J..>\eHTHO nepe. la'-lc II
     lJCpeXO;l            :-'1U.\Onp0l131l(lilI1Te~\bHbIX       B11AOB    /le!1T(,~\bIlOCTI1     11   Ilpyrl1e ceKTOPbl 46 npOIJ('n1DB 406aRAeHII0l1 CT<.lHMOCn! Cel\b-
     CeK11JpOIl       K    IlbICOKOJlpOH31l0;\HTC,\bH(,J~t              TIOIIhlTKI1       IlPaIll!-   CKOro     X03i1i1cTBa        H ro,~.       An\"       31DrO      IlcpepaClIpeAl'AeIlllll
     TC\hCTBa ctJOpCl!pOllaTb HJ~lCHeHHlI BK/\IO'laK)1' C\e,l}'K)l!jee:                               lJapbl1pOBaAaCL 01' 50 I1poLJeH1DB Il CTpaHax c Ype31lbl'laHHO
     11(l\I1~rHKy,        milalOllJYK)          IIpe]IlO"lTeHl1e        npo~lbIW,\CIIII()CTH          BbICOKHM         ypOllHCM H:J..>\oru06,\o;KeHH!I ceAbcKoro X(H!lHCTHa,
     nepe/l CC\bCKI1M X03l1HCTIlO~I; nO}\HTI1KY CHI1JKCIIHJl cnpoca Jia                               TaKl1X KaK faHa 11 3aMfiHII, 110 10-20 IIporjCH1DH II cTpmlux C
     TPV.'11l Ce,\bCKO~1 X03!IIlc1'lle; II(Wl)!(('HH!I, IIpH3BaHHbie C,le,\aTb                        y~lepeHHbl~f H:J..>\OlXX){)~\O)!(eHHeM arpapHoro CeK1Dpa, TaKI1X KaK
     laI1JlTOCTb B OC!lHIJH<L\bfIO penKTpHpyeMCm CeK1Dpe fimee                                        !\1a\ai1311J1.    B Kopce      11 TIopT)TaAHH ceAbcKoe X03l1I1CTIlO cj:laK-
     Ilpl1ll\eKa1'C,\bHofi. Bce TpH IlO,lXO,la C;lep;Kl1HaIOT CllPOC lla                              Tl1<JeCKH cy6G~'1I!pyeTc!l.            B   6o.\bLtlHHCTBe CAY'laell OCH' )flHbIM
     TP),jOBble       pecypchl          11     paHO    ILUI     n03;lHO        OTpHlJaTC~\bHO         I1CTO'IIII1KOM lIaAOr006AO)!(eHl1l1               -      Il CpeAHeM OKmo TpeX
     CKa3bIHaIOTClI Ha ()f)IIJe~l 3KOHO....1I1<JeCKO....I pOCTe.                                      'leTllCpTei1 o{)l!jcro oGheMa -                61,IAH He npllMblC I!a~\c'm, a"
                                                                                                      CKopee, CIl!l3al1Hble KOCllellHblM                            C npOTeKLJHOHI1CTKI1N
     llpuopurc7' lIP(Lllblu//!CIIIIOCTU                                                               pe)!(HMOM II IIPOMbILtl.\CHHOCTH l! C 3allbiLtleHI1eN B pe3)'J\bTaTe

     B   ca ....lblX pa3HbiX CTpaHax ),CIMeHHa!l I1II,WCrpHa,\H3aIJH!I,                               31Dm K:ypca lIaLJI10Ha>,bHoi1 Ha..\K1TLI. V1cC\e,'\OHaHHe IIOK<L'l:J..>\O,
     llalJpaM(,I!Ha!l Ha 3U:-'lCIl]eJ-lHe HMI10PTa Ill!yTpemmM IIpmn-                                 "I1D     IIpll     HI13KOl-l    ypOIlHe       Ha..\OrOOO,\O)!(eHHlI             C"'\bCKOro
     BO,jCTBOM. Il KOHe'lllm'l 11Tore O1'pmja1'e,\LtlO CKa3bIHa,\aCb Ha                               X03l1ikTBa        Ha6, \lQ!laIOTClI     6(J,\ee       HbICOKI1C TeMfIbl          pU'lHHTI1i1
     3aIlll1DCTH B npmlbll I t\eHHOCTH , POCTe CCAbCKOX03Jlf!CTBeH-                                   Ce,\bCKoro X03l1HCTlla 11                     3KOHOMW!eCKOm poCTa. KaK IIH
     HOro I1POH31l0,lCTllll H 061l]HX 3KOIlOMH"IeCKHX nOK,13aTe,\lIX                                  uapa(10KG1AbHO, HO H3                         ),CkUPCHH!I 06I1Jero IIpOLJecca
     (Tafli\HlJa     4,1). Hanpl1YICp, B I1H/lI1M HaO.vlOlla;\()cb                                    pU3BHTI1!1 CHH)KeHHe 11a,\Omll B ce,\bCKOM X03i1l1CTlle 1j{~1e'J' K
     <JIHloe      1I0llblLtlelIlle     3upa6oTlloii          It\aTbl,    I!O    3all!l11:)CTb    B    6cHee      6b1CTpO....ly       nepcxo"y        OT       arpapHolt        3aHlI'l1JCTH        K
     oopa{)aTblBaKJl!jeii            IIpnMLIUL\CIIHOCTI1 poc/\a Mt+l,\eIlHO.                    B     :JaJl!lT<.XTll B npOMbILtl.\eHHOCTH II c¢epe yCAyI:



36
     CneIJl1CllHKa                 leXHlI'leCKOm            nporpecca          TaKJKe         HMeeT
CYlIJeCTHeHHI)e 31I;,<JelIl1e, f1pl1 xle.:\;\elIHO,,1 TeXHC1\Orl1<JeCKOM
pa3HIITI1l1 O/IKlm ,13 OCHOBHhlX Tpy,lol1HTeHCI1HlIhlX CeKTOpOB
3WT CeKWI' MOlt-eT OTCTaTb 01' oOllJem 3KOHOMI1'leCKOrO
poc-n.      3-ro MOJKl'T OblTL ClllBaHO C OTCYfCTBlleM 1I0BhlX
TeXHO,\orl1i1. KlIK                :·W   f';,IAO Il CeAhCKOM X0311ikTBe Il rrCp"0,l
I1pOMbllllAeHllhlX peHO\IOIJI1H H BeAl1K06pIHalll1l1 H ClllA,
TeXIIH'lCCKH           i    rrporpecc 6blA CKOI!IJenTpHpOBaH B npOMbIlII-
,\eIlHOCTI1,           rID         }1~H,\OCh OIlHHM          11:>    cpaKwpOB        CTur1laIJ1111
3apaf)OTliOii               rr;\aTl>l     HCKll<L\I1CPI1IJI1POll<lIlHl>lX        pa6o'll1x       Ha
cpOHe       Oou;ero                :?KOHOMI1'leCKOm          pOCTa        B   3THX      crpallax.
O/lH<lKO ,1a IlOC\eIlHlIe Tpl1 ,1CUITI1.\eTYU! "3e;\el!a!l peBn\IO-
IJH!I" KopeHllhiM O(ipa.10M 113",leIll1,\a onyalJlHO II Ce,\hCKo"'1
X03JliiCTBe,      B         TeX CTPUHUX, r.~e cpep"lephl (,IOrAH 11HeilPl1Th
HOBbie TeXlII1AOrlm, Il '1aCTIlOCTH, 110 ~II!OrHX CTpallax A3IlH.
,l,\Jl '~C,\bCKOrO x0311ikTBa 51,1,\ xapaKn~pcH 5bICTP1,IH TeXHll-
'lCCKIIII lIPO(,peCC, OfiyC\OBllll1I1HH YCKopeHHblH 05LyHIi poeT
;10:-'0'10B Il C<.?K'ft)pe 11 CYIIJCCTlleHHoe YWqlIlCHl1e                          !1(1\())KeH~1iI

Ce,\b':K()X03!1fiCTlICHHbJX                                  3a C'JeT IICIIOCpei\l'TBCII
Hom      IlmlleiicTBlla                  Ha    ypoHeHh       ,10XO,1011       <tlepM     11    POCT
'lapa'SOTHOIJ IHaTh!. ComaCHO IlhlllO,laM O/jHOro HJ I1Cc\e-
;10HJHUH         3>dHOMl1qeCKOrO                   pa3BHTl1H         Ce,\bCKOrO        XnillHCTlla
MH/WH,        no IbllIleHl1e               ypmKuHHOCTH              Il   peJY,\LTaTe      TCXHH
'leCKor'O nporpecca npIIBC,\O K CHHJKeHlHO ,1(1\11 HeH'\lyuJnx C
56   npOIJCII'OIl ;jO 30 npolJelntm Ce,\bCKOrO HaCe,\eHlUl B
lIepl1o(\    C    CCpeilllHLI              70-x     ro;lon      lIO      1990 m/j       3a     C'leT
YlleMI'leHHlI ;10xo;1011 cpep>!                      H 70'lIpOIJeHTllom IIpllpocra
                            n,\JTI,1      II    CeKTOpc.        ;\1UOf'l1e      IlCC\C,jOIl;lHHlI
OTMe'laIOT         CYLIJeCTBellllhlH                 KOCHellHhlii         3qx1JeKT,       3<LKMO-
'1aIOIlJHHCH           II    [XlCTe       HeCe,\hCKClXO:iJlHCTHeIUlOrO ceK'lUpa                   Il
CC,\LCKOH        MeCTHocTll                   6;\am!lapll    UOBhllIleHI1Kl        CII[XIca      ua
yC\yrH,      1l0Tpe()HTCM,CKl1e                     n)llaphl        Ii   IIpmnllO,jCTIlCHUble
pecypCbl no "lCPC pOCTa ,10XO,jOIl (llepM. QIII<LKO TeXHH-
qeCKHilllporpecc 3<LBI1CHT 01' npOIle,']elllll1 COOTHeTCTllYlouJeij                                    lIa6\IO, ja.\OCb                       pa3HHTHC          CC,\bCKOro XO:,lIHCTBJ         H

HOM!TIlKH. laK. ,\leiPeHlIhlii pOCT IlPOIBIlQU1Te,\bHOCTH TP};]a                                       'lHU'lIITe,\bHOC        lIepepacnpe,lC;\CIIHe :>aHlITOCTH                   H Ce,\hCKOH

Il CC/\UCKO,\! XmJlHCTIIC II CTpaHax A<IJPI1KIl K KJrY OT Caxaphl                                      ~leCTIlOCTH      II lIo.\":l)' IfcarpapHoro ceKTOpu.
06bilCHlleTCli no,\HTHKOH pa31ll1THlI .1P}TIIX ceKTopOIl II )                                              Q,IIaKo no ~lIK)[,IIX CTpaHax 3I1a'lHTe,\bHUJl qaCTb CC.\bCKO-
Ce\bCKoMY X03!1tKTBY, a He lIell()Cllp11l1~I'lHB()CTbK) (pcP~lepOB                                     XOJlIilcTBt:IlllbIX yrOi1l1H HaXO,ll1TGI B C06CTBCHHOCTH '1peJ-
K TeXHHqeCKOMY IIporpeccy.                                                                             Mep"o        KpvrlllhlX     H   KaI IHTa"\OIIIITeIlGIBlIhIX             (PCP~1.   HaC'lH-
                                                                                                       ThlBalOUJllX HemIOlUqll(,\CllllbIX pa50TtHlKOB, flO rrlJ;\h:iYKl-
AIiTUTpygC}(101A YI(AOli 6 ClzpapHOU rlO/llITIlKe                                                      IIJIIXCli     "OCT)'IIOM        K     ,\bmTHbl~1          Kpe/1HTa~r        11    ;lpyrHM
B    llCPH04       C         1950        m,la :10      KOHljJ        70-x     roilOB    Ce,\I,CKO-     cy6C)1,lIIlIM.     B    )\aTIIHCKoti A~lepHKe I1o,\OIlHII'ICIThle 3eMek
X()3HiicTIJeH', lall nO,\I1THK<l Il CTpaHax K<!K C PhlHO<JIIOii ;"KOHO-                                b!lble      pe(IJop~lbI.    IIpe;lYCMaTpl1ll,UlI!Il1e          11.\11    ,10IlYCKallllllle
~IHKOH, TaK 11 C CHCTe~IOH IJeHTpaAl1:mB;lHHoro TL\allll[JOBaHl1l1,                                    nepe,jaq}       upall lIa JCMAlO              apeH,WTopa~l,       MllIlh yKpCIIIL\11
OCHOHblHa,\;JCb Ha lIpe,lCTaIHeHHll, 'ITO KpeCTbHHe lie CK,\OIlHbf                                     JeMAClnaile,\byeH B CTpC~L\eHI1l1 HClln\h:'IOllaTb TPY/l(lcGcpc-
C\e.o10HaTb rblHO'lllhN CTH~ly,\aM, 'ITO KpyllHhle cpepMhl oo\ee                                       l'aK)IlJHC TCXHOAorHH. Ko.AYM61111 npeKTUB;\lIeT co6oil (lCO
3cp(j',eKTI1BHbL              11    'ITO OrrT!1MaAbllblM             l\<LpHaH'rtl~1 pa3B11THlI         6ellll0                 npHMep        OTpI1lJaTC,\h!lhIX         Cl'HMY,\OB,       C03,la-
ceKTopa !lIlMleTCli KUIIHTa,\mlHTCIICHllllaJl MO,leplll1:laIJlll1, 3-m                                 BaC\lhlX TaKOH lIO,\HTI1KOH. M:'I-:1a lIo.\I1TI1Kll, 6AamnpmlT-

rrpeijlI(nOJKC'1lI111 OblMI orrpOllcprllyTbI onbiTOM. PlIil CTpall, B                                  CTIlYlollJeil KpylIllbl1'l cpepMaM, :lC~L\H, KOTOpble MOI:\11 Cih!
OCHOBlIOM 1\ Bocwqlloi1 A3I1H, He 1'O\hKO 060W,\I1Ch fle3                                              :-l<}lqleKTIIBllo lICIIOAb:lOllaTLClI ,j;\lI lIaXOTHoro :lCM,\e;\e,\!111,
qpe:iMcplloro l1u,\oroofi,\oJKeIlH!I Ce,\bCKoro X03lli1cTBa, IIll 11                                   OTlle/jeHbI nO;1 pa3Be,leHI!e CKOTa                       4, 130 \1Homx n
OKa.'lLllJa.\H qllJCCTlleHHYKl 1I0,lilepJKKV ~re,\KO~ly cpep"rep-                                      CTpaHUX, IlXO,lI1IlWI1X Il          C3B, 3eM.\lIrrpO;10,\)KaeT OCTallaTbClI II
CKOMY       npm13BO,ICTIlY B 'laCTI1 HllctJpacTpYIO'},Pbl II yC\yr:                                    co6CTHeHHOCTll KU\,\eKTllBHbIX X()311HCTH 11;\11 HX "PCC\II1l!KOIl.
3roMY       crrocoficTBOBaAH                     npOHe,lel1HblC          paHee     3el>!e,\hllhle          Bo      \1HOrHX CTpaHax Tpe6yeTcii IIPOBeCTl1 npl1BanBJIJI1IO,
peqxJpMbl        (Il        Kopee 11 'btillaHe, KIiTatl), Tpa,H1IJIlI1 Me,\Koro                        :JeMeAhHYKl        perpopMY          11;\11   II   Tn.   II   .lpyroe.      BheTIl:lM   H
Ce,\bCKOX03l1iicTIJeHHoro                       1I[XJI13110,lCTlla       (B   I1H,jOIlC3I1H       11   A,\OaHHll YJKC C;je.·\aMl lIepBblC lUarH Il 3TOM U<LlIpaJnCHlIl1;
TmlAaHile) I1MI f)h1CTPbltl nepexo,l K T:1KOMY TYm}' IIpmn>                                            IlpHcTymL\a         K      oCY"jeCTB;\eIlHiO             npOrpaMMI>I        3e~le,\bHoti
BOilCTIla    (n         KHTae            IlOC\e    1978      m,la).       B   :ITHX     npllHax        pe(pOpMhl IOJKHall                             3e~le,\hllYlO     PC(IX1P'lY "Y<JLIIe



                                                                                                                                                                                                    37
       MeHHO TePIICTb lie\:I<l'IY, nhlT<lilCh VCKOPHTb a1DT llPOlJeCC                            ce.\hCKIIM X03Hi1CTIJO~l, KanHTa.\y Hcpe,1 TP\;40M 11 oqHll,ma.\b~

       llyTeM Cm.1aHilil .\broTHbIX yC\OlHlti ,PH BbIC()KOnp0I1'1Il0.111~                        HO pemC'rpl1pyeMmly ceKmpy nepe.:l llepefl1CTpllpye~lhI'l,
       Te.'\bHLIX 1l11,101l ,1eJlTeM,HOCTII. KaK HI! napa,IOKGL\hllO, HO                         'wllJe :ia~re(I.\JleT, a He YCKoplleT nepexO/l K fio,\ee npOH31l0/1H'

       nC1\llTllKa, OT,laIOllJ,UI llPI10PIITCT            npO~lbIW,WHHOCTI1           HepC,1     n,,\bHoi! Ii ynopiuoLfeHHoi1 :)KOHm1l1LfeCKOH CllCTe~le.




     rA A B A                     5




                                  OllhllllEHl1E KBA.\v!<IMKAljl·lYl If CnOCOI'·                  :ll1pOllallIlblC :mamm,                  y~lCHI1C       pelllJTb C\OJKHbIC 3a,la'll1 11




       Il
                                  IlOCTCi1 pat3oTIU1KOB ll~lCCT onpe,]eMIKlI!Jec                 opramnOllLmaTb Tpp .1p)THX ,\k),lei1, VlHIlCCTHlJl111 Il ;\10,1-

                                  3HaLfeHHC    :1. \!l .lOCTI1JKCIII1!l    3K()HO,1l1'leCKO~     CKl1e pCcypCbl, Hc06xo.HE'1bIC ,'\.\iI OR\a;]eHl1i1 :;TI1~IH HallblKa-
                                  ro YCHexa B \,C\OIlHilX .1J,\hHeiill[eii I1HTCr~               "U! -        li.\(JJKCHl1l1 H 3;lpallooxpaHCIIHC 11 y.\Y'HliCliHe l1liTJl1l1ll,

                                  paIJHI1 H )OL\eliHil KOliKypCliIJHH K ellllXlllOil             B ofipa,~OBaIHlC II npC)(pCCCHOnJ.ILII),K) 1I0:jroTOBKi                               lIa'lI1-
       3KOHOMHKC.             HHBCCTlllJHlI    B .\Kl,KKlle PCCYPCbl             cnuco6Hbi       IIJKlTOI         c    palillero BmpaCTa 11 rrpO,lo,\JKaIOTCll BCIO JKH:lllb.
       IIOllhlCIlTh ypOlleHh JKH31i1l liaee.\CIHU! 3a C'ICT paCImrpelU!>I                        TaKI1e IlIWeCTIIIJ11I1 C03,l:1K)T '1C.\OBC'ICCKllii KamlTa.\, IlCOf)xO~

       B03MOJKHOCTei1.            YBC.\Wlelillil    npCJl131l0,1I1Te.\LHOCT11         Tpqa,      I1HMbli1 ;1.\llllOllb][JJCl!l111IlPOIl3BO. U1TC.\hHOCTH Tpy;][I11 oKOHO~
       npl1lt\CLfClil1ll KamlTJ.\OH.IOJKCHlll1 Il IIOHhllUClillil llX .10Xll;l-                  MWICCKoro 6.varocoCmllm!iI pa60THI1KOB 11 'L\eHOllIlX CCMCi!.
       lIOCTI1. Y\YLfIlICHHC COCTOflHl1ff 3,10POBbil IWCC.\eIllUI, KClLfCCTBCl                        BOCIICHHClIllC HC.lOCTaTKa Oe.\KOllOl1 .:mcpnm 11 \'BC,\114C~
       lIliTam!ll 11 ypOBlIJl OOpa30B<lHllJl T3KJKe llrpaeT naJKI!\Kl p(nb.                      III1C nOTpc6,\CHlIJl MIlKpoa.\CMCH1DB, II TON 'lIIC.IC JKC\C3<l 11
       ?j<lBJJl      .\IO/\Jl~l   B()3'IOJKHOCTb      JKI1T1>    t3(1ICC     IlO\HOlJeHHOIt      11(ua, ,,!OJKCT 1I0llbICIITb IIPOl13110,11ITC.\bHOCTh Tppa 6.\Jro/ja~
       JKI13HLlO.      3IlaLfI1~IOCTh   HIlBecTI!ljllll H Lfe.\OIlC'ICCKlIt'I KanHTa. \,         pll YKpen,\ClilllO plCTBClillbIX                    n   (j:HBl1'ICCKI1X cnoco6110CTci1.
       OCOt3CHHO B OOpa301laJ1l1C. ,\.\ii oKOlimll1'ICcKOro POCT3                           II   COI:\3CliO            HCC\C,lOllaIlIHl'l        Ce,\bCKllX      ..lO~IOX03lli1CTll,    npo-
       6.larnC0C10llHl1Jl          Hace.\eHlIJl    I1pl1.1HaeTCll      BO     BceM    'lI1pC.    Be.1Cl!llbl~1 B 10JKH0i1 11H,11111 H lla OCTPOBC !\ihm.lalian Ha
       JiblCHHO 110IlllM,U1He Il<lJKHOCTI1 TaKI1X HIIBCCTHIJI1(1 cnoco6~                         CDfL\HlImlHax.                  60.\CC    BLICOKIlC      1I0KJ3JTe.\11   COOTHOllleHHIl
       CTIlC)fJa.\O      II   1I0C\C,lHl1e    ,lCCllTI1.lcnlJl      fiCCIIpeIJC,leHTHOM\         Beea         H       pOCTa        (mJ,jHKaTOp            .1n\rollpc~lCHlfOro     peJKH~la
       paCUIHpCHl110 WK(1\bHOrO oopa~cmaHHH B 'IHPOBOM 'laCU!Ta~                                 nHTaHI1i1)             11   poera        OT,lc.\bHO       (OTpaJK;!JOliJero    K[]'ICCTBO
       6c. Q]HaKO 3TH i!HBCCTHlJlH!, KaK T;tKOBbIC. HC Bce"la o6cCllc~                           [JI1T,lllI1ll B .1CTCTllCl TCCHO CBil3<lllbl C W)BbIllICHI1C,r 061,CMa
       LfI1Il<lKlT YCKopelmc oKOliOMH'ICCKOro pOCTa; II I!cf).\arol1pl1ilT~                      IIPOIl3I1ll,lCTBa. IIpI1XO,I!lLIJeroCl! lia 1l3POC.\Oro pa60THI1Ka.
       HOl1 CPC,lC Kal1!lTa.\OB.\OJKelll1ll II .\IO,lCKI1C pCevpChI 'loryT                       KO\I1'leCTllcHHOC BO~,lCI1CTlllle o()\ec KaLfCCTllemloro mrT3-
       npl1l!o.lllTb .\HIllb K HCIlP0I13BO,lllTe.\hHo,ry paCXo.IOB<lHHlO                         HllH Il pallHCM lJ03paCTC Ha fi)ilYLIJYIO IlP0H31l0.U1TC,\bIIOCTL
       CPC;lCTII H.\11 HaKon.\CIIl1IO         HeHCIln\b~ye'lLlx         pCCypCOB.                Tp):la npc,jCT<lB.\ilCTCll H aTllX C.\YLf3ilX liC ,ICHce                          3HaLfH~

            B 4<lHHOI1 naBC paCCMaTpHHaK1TCil C\C,I)'KJUJlle 1l0npOChl:                          TC,\blil,I~I, LfC;1 4aCTO OT~lC4aC~IOC lI03,lctlcTHHe Ha4a.\bHOrO

       nOLfC:'>I),     HaJKCli    'IC,\OllCLfCCKI1H    KarmTa.\,       1l()'1e~ly    MIKlrHe     06pa30BaHIUJ.
       CTpaBbl IlC CMor.\11 BOCfl(1\b301laTbCil cro 1l,\O.laMH. H K:lKI1M                             06pa301l<lHlIC lIB,IHCTCll lico6xo,U1~lbl;1 YC\OHI1CM 1l0HLI-
                       rocpapCTHO MOJKeT eliocolicTBOH;tTb lIlIBCCTI1IJI1Jl~l                    IIICHII ff           1II1cfI1BI1,lya.\bHoi!       npOJ13HU,lI1Te.\ bIlOCTH            Tp):·ja.
       llace.\CIlHll B LfC.\OllCLfecKHi1 K[UlHTa.\,                                              Ot3LIJce 06pa30Ba!ll!C ,laCT ,]eTllM liaBhlKH, KompblC HlIOe. \e4-
                                                                                                 CTBlIll MOl'y'T 6hlTb 11CnO,\b30113HbI 11 pa6crft' no P<l3.\I1'1HhI,,1

                                                                                                 cnClJl1a,\bHOCTll!V1. 11 OCHOBllblC I1HTC.\.\CK1'\'a.\bHbJC lJallhlKI1.
       3apa6aTblHail Ha )KH3I!b,              <t)CP~ICPhl.      pafX)LfI1C   IIlXl~lbIIlL\CIl­   Heo6xo.lll'lhIC . j.\H 4a.\bllei1IUcro 06YLfCI1Hil. 06pa30llaliHC
       HOCTI1 H pa60THI1KH C<pePbl ye\)r BCC Lf<lIIJC na.\KI1BaIOTCJl C                          IImIlO.\llCT .VY4IllC IlbllIO.IHHTL CTan,lJpTnblC 3[1.1a411,
       lico6xo/1I1~IOCTblO npH06pCTaTh TaKHC OCHOBHblC HaBhIKI1, K<lK                            ThlBaTh 11 HCIIOAb30llaTb IlHcpOpMal)I1Kl 11 OCH<lllB:1Tb llOllblC
       y~!CHI1C '1HTaTh, l1l1CaTb 11 C'II1T<lTb, a TJKlKC             6a\cc     ClICIJI1J,\I1-   TCXHC1\OI'11I1              H    "1(010,]1>1   npmullo,KTll3,       CKa3amroe           HO/l~



40
TfleplK/laeTO! ()]lbJTO~1 BH~pemUl BblCOKOypOIKal111blX COP1UB                       TeAbHO, 'fTO C 60-x roil011 '!HCAO y<JalIJHXCII Ha Bcex cryneHilx
IIPO,10110AbCT[)eHllbIX 3ePHOllbIX KyJ\bTyp II KI1TaC 11 HH/l11l1.                   06p330BaHHJI B03POCAO B lI!lTb pa3, CeroilHll 60Aee HllT¥! 113
Ha OCIIOnaHI1H my'feHI1R ilaHHblX 0 pa3Z<ICpaX qJepM 11 ;lpyrl1X                     KalK,lblX     .,eeilTl!     BbmYCKHHKOIl          Cp~HI1X       WKOA    IKHllyT      B
cpaKTOpOB     np0l13HO/ICTlla        6hlAO       YCTaHOfl,\CHO,     'no     6cnee    C1'paHax C H113KYlM H CPe;lllHM ypORtleM 40X()4011, ror,1a KJK
06pa3oRaHHble KpeCThllHe II KHTaMCKOM IIpOBHllljl111 XYHaHb                          4eCilTb ACT lIa3a!! 31'0 COOTHoweHHe 6blAO AHWb TpH                                  K
'falIJe I1pH~leHlL\H 5cnee IIpO;1)!KTI1BHble fl15pll{lHble copn. B                   ,'leC!lTH,    B   1960 ro4Y '!HTaTb II IlHCaTb YMeA3 IIPH6AH3HTeAb-
paMOHax vhl.1Hl1, IAe K lIa'f3;\y 3e{\eHOfl PCBU,\K)[)HH OTHO-                       HO TpeTb B3p<JCAOm IJaCCAeHlUl B pJ3HHHaK)IijHXCll CTpaHax; B
cwreAbHO He,'1110rHe (1JCpMepbl H~leMI Ha'f<!J\bHOe WKQ;\bHOe                        1990 !'OilY ;1C1'1J1 I'paMoTHoro HaceAeHHll COCT311AllAa YlKe
06pa30BaHl1e,      Ha6.\!(1,13ACll       3<lMe;lAeHlIbIH      3KOHOMH'leCKHlJ        6C1\ee l1(1\OIlHHbl. 3Ta TCH,'leHljHR OXBaTblRaeT Bce pel'110Hbl,
POCT 110 cpaBHClIHlO C raMOHai'lH, I1MeKJUJI1MH aHaAorWlHble                         IDTJI pa36poc nOKa3aTeAeH OCTaeTCJI 3Ha'fnTe,\bHbIM, 80 sceM
TeXHH'feCKlIe     B03~IOlKHOCTH,          HO     6n,\ee    BblCOKHii      ypoBeHb    ~lHpe paC1'eT ypOBCHb 06pa30llaHHJI IKCHlIJIIH, XOT!l B 50Ab-
o6pa30B<lHl1ll 4)epMepOB,                                                            lI111HCTHe perHOHOH pacnpe,'leAeHlIe lLlKOAbHOro 06pa:10BaHHJI
     AHa\OI'I1'IH<lR 3aBlfCI1MOCTb Ha6AlO;laeTO! H ~lelK,'lY npo-                    ~lelK'lY      MYIK'II1H3l>IH     J!     lKeHlIJHH3MH        OCTaeTCll        fleCbMa
cpeccHOH<L\bl [OMIIO,'ll'OT' JllKOH H np<JlI3BO,lIue{\bHOCTblO TpY-la.               HepaBHblM.
flo,'ln:JTOIlKa Ka,'lpoll    H<l IIPC,'lI1pl1J1T1mX B Tatlilalle,          KHTati,        !IO'fCMY IKC, HeCMO'I'pR H3 nOBbllUeHHe ypOBH!! 06pa30Ba-
npHIK'{\<l K cilIJecTBellHoMY YBcMl'felll1lO 06'bei'la llPOH3BCl,l-                  HHJ! 11 nOBblllleHHC Ka'leCTB3 IIpyrHx COCT3BAlIK)lljHX 'feAOlle-
C111a Ha O,~HOro pa60TliHKa,               npH'fel lIaI16Q;\ec 3ai'ICTlIblii         'leCKoro K3nHT<!J\a, DO MHorHX CTpaHax Ml1pa                         He y?\aeTCiI
IIpl1pOCr I1ME'A Mecm B ,pl1pMax. I1l1HCCTHpOBaBUlI1X O;lHoBpe-                      ,106HTbC!! 3KOHOMH'feCKoro pOCTa? 3'roMV eCTb ,'lBC npl1'fttHbL
MellHO II HO,lroTOHKY nepcollaAa H TeXHl1'lecKoe ncpeocHa-                           BO-I1epBbIX, B03MOlKliO Hep3ljHOHaAhHoe I1CnQ;\b30B3HHe '1C-
lIJeHI1C, KaK if Il C \y'fa.: 3eAeHOH pcBOAlOljI1H, 'lcAoHe'lecKHIl                  ,\Ofle'feCKoro KaIlllT<L\a,           YBe;\lj'feHHC KaHHTaAOB,\OIKCI1I1H             B
KamlT<!J\ npHHocHT OCmleHHO GClAblUYIU OT/la'ly HpH Ha>\H'fHH                        'fE'~ \Ofle'fCCKHH K3IIHT3,\ HC I KHBQ;\lleT npeo,l()\eTh cpaK1npbI,
1l03,lolKlIocTell flAil llcmj,\b'lOBallHIl HOllblX Hi1ctl.                           npCUllTCTlJYlOlIJHe 3KOHO!>IH'ICCKOMY POCTY. Bo-IlTOPbIX, HHBC-
     HHfleCTI1:J~!H H ,\KJ.ICKI1C PCCYPCbJ BO ~IHOrHX CAY'faRX                       CTHljHH H '1CAOBe'leCKI1M KaIIHTa,\ t-loryT OKa3aTbCR Hen04-
CYlIJeCTBCHH.) ,'l0flOAHllJOT ,'lPyr ,'lpyra, A"leKBaTHOC mrramle H                  XO,.,IJ1lijero THna H Hl13KOro Ka'feCTBa, 3aTpaThI lIa A1O,'lCKHe
COCTOJlHHC 3,IOPOIll,JI flOllbllllaJOT Cfloc061l0CTb i1eTeti K )"le6e.               pecypcbl 3a'laCTYKl He 06eCIIC'fHBaK)T 11:)1'0 06'bCMa, Ka'leCTBa
AIlaJl.H3 ,'laHlIbIX nt) 'f<:'I1>lpeM (ICpcBIlJlM B rBaTeMaAe flOKa3bl-              H BH,~a 'leAOlle'lccKoro Kam1T3Aa, Koropble MOrAll 6bI 6bl1'I>
BaeT, 'ITO 11<:'[ H, IIU 'Y'laBlHl1e 060raUJClIHbIC 6eAKaMH IIHlIJesble              nC1,)"'fCHbl IIpH 6o,\ee paljllOHa,\bHO~l paCX040BaHl1l1 Cp~CTB.
406aHKll,    il' 1611Ra mCb       ClIVCTH       ;,CCllTh   ,\CT    3Ha'lllTeAbl!0    3'ro II04THeplK,1aeTCJI MHOIKE'CTBOM []pI1Mepos: He3cjJcpeKTHIl-
'\Y'HlIHX pe:;pbTamB Ha TeCTaX no o61IJc05pa30BaTeAbHOH                              HOCTb m1lJJcIlbiX ;106aIlOK, llpU:18aHHbIX yAy'fIHHTb PC)KHM
n04mToHKc, DORblweHl1C Ka'fCCTBa 06llJcrU 06pa30RaHHll fl                            llHTaHH!! nOAY'laTeAdi; YllCAI1'feHHe HOCe[]Jae:-10CTH IllKC1\, He
CTpaHe YBeMI'fHllaeT llepOllTIlOCTb npOXOIK4CHl1ll pa60TlIHKa-                       ,'lalOILJee   3a~!eTHoro       YAY'IIlleHHJI pe:OY,\hTa'roll CTaH(13pTHbIX
MlJ llPOcpeCC VlOIB,' bHOt: nO,jro1DBKI1 IIOC\e OKOH'faIIHR U1KOAbL                  TecmB; OTC}'TCTllHe pblHKa ,1All npHMeHE'lIH!! H<lBblKOIl,                    no,\y~

B    ncp)'   II.~pO!IT110CTb       IIU'Y'ICml!!        pa60'fHMH-MYIK'fllHaMH        'feHHbIX llbll!ycKHl1Ka~m !'OC}:lapCTllE'HHbIX npocjJeCCHOIJa,\bllO-
npocjJeCCHotl<L\bll( ,11    Jl( l(]I"l:JTOBKH   Ha HPC,'lnPHJlTl1RX 6bIAa Ha         TeXHWleCKHX V'fC6HbIX 3a~eHHH,
25   llpOljCH1DB BbiLUC, eC\H OHI1 XOTR 6bl KaKOe-m BpcMll                                Hel1Q;\Hoe HClIOAb30B3HHC 3HaHHM 11 lIaHhlKOB pa60THI1KOll
Y'II1,\HCb II Cpe;lHel1 lLlKC1\C; II C,\Y'fae OKOH'laIlHlI CPC4l1eH                  06YCAOllAellO B OCHOllHOM               HIl3KHM     cnpOCOM       Ha TP):'lOBble
IHKU\hl ::rra HCPOJlTHOCTb 6bl"a llbllUe Ha             52 llpoljeHTa.               pecypchl          HC\e,lCTBI1C   HenpaIll1,\bHOH      CTpaTerHl1        pa31l11THJI.
     YHeA lI'lelmC 'feN)BC'feCKOrO KarmTaAa IIOllblluaCT nOTeH-                      3Ta I1po6~\e~la IlPOJlH;\lleTCJI HO MlIorux pernOHax, HanpnMep,
IJl1aA nQ;\Y'IeHllJl ,'l0XO,ja, 1I0CKOAbKY PbIllO'IH3J1 3KOllOMHKa                   Il IOro-BoCTO'fllOH A3HH, YpOllE'Hb rpaMOTHOCTH H 06pa30-
ll03HarpalK,laeT Klla{\WpHljl1pOBaHHblx pa6oTHHKOIl, cnoco6-                         BaHllR B3p<JCAOro Hace,\CHHll BbCTlI3Ma 11 <DH,\I1HlIHH Tpa,'lH-
HblX   IIPOH3110,1I1Tb      6n\blLle     npoilYKljl1H HAl! HPO;l)KLJHlO,             IJHOllHO 6blA Bblwe, 'feM B ,'lP}TI1X CTpaH3X 3mro perl10Ha,
I1MelOHJYIO 60Aec BblCOKYIU PbIHO'lHYIU cmHMOCTb. B                          pil4e   O;lHaKO 1'eMrIbl 3KOIIOMH'feCKoro poera B o6eux cTpallax
CTpaH, 3KOll'.JMHKa KOTOPbIX paHee OCHOBbIllMaCb Ha ljeHTpa-                         61,1,\11 OTHOCHTCi\bllO HH3KH, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pl1CYHKe                       5,1.   II
AI13011aHHO~'    IlAalUlpOBalUm           11    3apaGoTHa!!       nAaTa   /10Aroe    OCHOllHOM nOTOMY, 'ITO IB6paHHbrc CTpaTenm pa311HTHlI -
Bpel\m onpeleAll,\J.Cb Ile PbIHKOM, a              4HpeKTHBa~ll1,      B Hacroll-    IJCHTpaAl130BaHHoe HAaHllpOBalll1e BO BbCTHaMe, 3a~IClljCHHe
lIJee Bj)eMll pa3M{p BomarpalK4ellH!! Ha'lHHaeT fX1\ee ro'fHO                        H~mopTa BH)'TpeHHI1M np0l13BO,lCTBOM Ha CDIIMllIlIHHax
OTpalKaTh ypOBeHb KB3,\HcpHKaljHH.                13   G\OlleHHll I10BbIWeHHe        He   fl03HC1\JI,\H      B   nOAHOll      C'lepe    pca{\H30BaTb        nOTeHljHaA
3ap360TlIOM 1l,\a1bl paGoTHllKOB C OTHOClUeAbHO IlbICOKI1M                           ¥!MClOlljerocll        'IeAOllC'IeCKoro     KamITa,\a,      B    m     lKe   BpeM!!
06pa30BaHneM 11 'JlIhnUM pa60T]'l npOl130IlL\0 B pe3Y,\hT3Te                         4pYI'He CrpaHb! IOro-Bocm'fllot\ A3IfH, ,'l06HBllllJCb 3KOHO-
BblCB06olK,'l.!HHJI PbIH(l'fllbIX CH,\ 11 YBeM!'feHHJ! ,ll1cpcpepeH-                 Mll'leCKOro         YCllexa,   nepIIOHa'l<L\bHO      lf~leAH     OTHOCHTeAbHO
IJHalJHl1 3apa6oTHOH n,\aTh! B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C pa3AH'IH!!Mll B                       H1I3KH(! yp0HeHb 'Ie;\OBe'lCCKoro KanI1T<lA<l, 110 1136paAH CTpa-
HH4HBH,'lY<!J\bHOI1 npOl131lO,clHTeAbHOCTIf TPY,'la .                                TeI'HIO, CO'leT<lBlllYlO nOBhlllleHlle KaK ypOBHJI 06pa.'lOBaHllJl
                                                                                     HaCe,\eHl1!I, T<lK H CHpoca lIa TP);lOBble pecypCbJ.
"IenOBeL4eCKMM KanMTan: Heo6xOAMMOe, HO                                                   Te]'.! He MeHee <DHAHHIlHHbl H BbeTHaM Ilmy'lllJ\H Ol;,ja'lY
He AOCTaTOL4HOe ycnoBMe                                                              OT CllOIfX HHBE'CTHIJllll B A104CKHC pecypCbJ. MHome o6pa-
&1\ec    BblCOKHH     ypoHeHb         05pa.'lOBaHI1J1      06hl'lHO    03Ha'laeT     'lOHaHHble         CPI1,\HHllHHljbl    OTnpaSHAHCb       Ha      3apa60TKH        3a

5Q;\bWYIO     npOlBBo;lY1Te;\bHOCTb TP}?\3,                H03mMY      HeY,'lHBH-    rpaHHIJY, If HX 4eHeIKHble rrepeB0,'lbl C1'a,\H KpynHetllHlfM




                                                                                                                                                                               41
                                                                                HI1!1 11 llJKOAhHYKl I1HcppacTpyKTYPY, a He Ha npelIOllaE neAb-
                                                                                CKIlH COCTall 11 oflOp)40BaHlle Il MaTepHaAbI BeIlYT K (HH}f(e-
                                                                                HIlIO KOAH'leCTBeHHhlX Il KaqeCTBeHHhIX I10Ka3aTeAeH LIKC»\b-
                                                                                HOro 06pa30BaHllil.      K TeM   }f(e pe3Y,\bTaTaM npHBO/lllT f1l13KHti
                                                                                ypOBeHh nO;lrolDBKIl yqllTeAeH H OTCYTCTBHe BhlCOKllll CTaH-
                                                                                llaproB ycneBaeMOCTH yqauJl1xc!I. HaKOHelJ, qeAOBe'leCKI1H
                                                                                K,\I1HTa~\ 06blqHO HMeeT OTHOCl1TCAbHO HIDKylO !TpO/l VKTl111-
                                                                                HOCTh, eCAlI HaBbIKl1, HpH06peTeHHble II IllKc»\e, He CO.1TBeT-
                                                                                CTBYIOT    Bm~10}f(HOCTJlM,    CYlIJeCTByrOIlJHM Ha pblHKe TpYlla.
                                                                                HAl1 pa3Bl1Tl1e Bhlcmero 06pa30BaHH!I OCYlljeCTBAilt:TC!I B
                                                                                YlIJep6 Haqa)\bHOMY H cpellHeMY 06pa30IlaHHIO. Bo Bcex
                                                                                TaKHX     cAyqa!lX      He06xo)lHMO    lIepeCMOTpeTb     l!o,\HTlfKY   B
                                                                                06AaCTH 06pa.30BaHH!I, C TeM qT06bJ paCXO,%1 Ha IllKOAbllOe
                                                                                06pa30Il3HHe CTaMi npollyKTHBHblMIl l1HlleCTlfIJHilMl1 II 'le,\o-
                                                                                BeqeCKMti KaI!HT3A.


                                                                                nOAAep)KKa IIIHBeCn'lLl.IIIM B nlOACKllle
                                                                                pecypcbl
                                                                                40MOX03!1HCTBa c         romllHocTblO HHBeCTHPYIOT Cpe,lCTBa B
                                                                                YKpeI1AeHHe 31l0POBhJl l1 06pa30BaHlle CBOl1X q;\eHOH, no-
                                                                                CKOAhKY OT,JIaqa 01' 3Tl1X HlIBeCTHIJIlH, BKAIO'la!l 3KOIIOMH-
                                                                                qeCKYIO BbIrollY B B~l;le YBeAHqelll1!1 o611Jcro 06'beMa LIOXO;13
                                                                                IJa IlpoT!I}f(eHHH }f(l13Hll, 06blqHO HaMlIoro rrpeBblIuaeT :,3Tpa-
                                                                                TbJ Cllpe3K3     5. n   OIlHaKO Hepe.i!KO 40MOX03!1HCTBa BK \allbI-
                                                                                BaIOT HellocTaroqHO CpellCTB B '1eAOBeqeCKIIH KaI1HTa.\, 11 B
                                                                                3roM CAY'Iae Ba}f(H3i1 PO;\!> B nO:lllep}f(KC HHBCCTHIJHti B ;\lOk
                                                                                CKl1e pecypcbl OTBOIlMTC!I roC):aapcTlly,
                                                                                   40MOX03i1HCTBa 06blqHO HCIlOCT3ro'lHO OCBCIlOM,\eHbl 0
                                                                                llblrollax BAO}f(eHI1J1 CpellCTB B '1eAOlle'leCKllH KaIlHT<L,\ oco-
                                                                                6ellHO 3ro KacaeTC!I 31l0POllhil 11 11l1TaHllJl. rOCY(lapCTBCHHaJl
                                                                                npOfpaMMa, OCBellJalOU,Ia!l BonpOCbl 340POBb!l M IlI1TaHIl!l,
                                                                                MOfAa 6bJ cnoc06cTBOBaTh pOCTy TaKMX IlHBeCTHIJHH, npo-
                                                                                lleMOllCTpHpOBaB l1X Bblro4HOCTh. !OCY;lapCTIlO TaK}f(e IIPM-
                                                                                XO;lI1T Ha I10MOllJb, KOf;la ceMbll npOJlB;\!lIOT roroBHOCTb HH-
                                                                                BeCTl1pOBaTh Cpe,JICTBa B AI04CKHe pecypCbJ, 1I0 He HMelOT
                                                                                TaKoil BmMO}f(HOCTll, 1I0CKo,\bKY KpCllHropnJ OTKa3blB<l1OTCJI
                                                                                npe,10CT3BAJlTb CCYllnI B CqeT O}f(HllaeMblx 6YIlYlljl1X lloxO/lOB.
                                                                                HaKOHelJ, IJeHHOCTb HHBeCTHIJl1H B qe;\OBeqecnlil KanHTaA
                                                                                IlA!I 06l1JeCTBa B lJeAOM MO}f(eT OKa3aThC!l60Aee BbICOKO}I, qe"l
                                                                                /lA!I oTlleAbHblx ceMcil: oo\ee 06pa30B3HHoe 061.1jeCT1l0
                                                                                AY'lllle !TO,lroTOBAeHO K BHe/lpeHHIO HOBhlX TeXHo,\OrHH, a
                                                                                06l1JI1H orrbIT IllKOAbHOro 06yqeHHl! CIloc06cTByeT yKperrAe-
                                                                                HHK) HaIJI1I1.   11M!    06ecneqeHHJl nOIl06nblx BhJro;l IIAJj 06-
                                                                                lIJecTBa lIpe.i!cTaJl,\!lCTCJI lJeAecoo6pa3HblM H3MellHTb CTPYK-
                                                                                TYpy CTHMYAOB, npCllOCTaBA!I!I allpecHblc cy6cl1lll1l1 H<L,\O-
     I1CTI)qHHKOM BaAIOTHblX rrocryrr,\eHHll Il :7KOHO~1I1Ky CrpaHbL            I1MYUJI1M Ii C;leAaB HeKoropble yCAyrl1, HarrpHMep Haqa;,bHOC
     Bo BbeTHaMe B Hacroillljee BpeM!I, C nepeXOIlOM K PblHOqHblM               o6pa30aaHl1e,6eClIAaTHhIM.
     rrpHHlJlmaM pa3BI1T11il, OCYlIJeCTBAeHHble paHee HIlBeCTl1lJl111 B             Bo MHOfl1X C;\yq3!1X He06xo;lHMhl oc06ble Mephl                :l.Ail
     qe~\OBeqeCKI1H KaITYlTaA cnOC06CTBYIOT y,\yqmeHI1IO :7KOHO-                llpeo(lc»\eHl1J1 TeHIlCHlJlUl, npl1 K01Dpo{:\ 4eBO'IKI1 fIOAY'IaIOT
     ~1I1qeCKI1X   110Ka3aTe~\eI1.   O;lHaKO   rrpH!'lep   <DI1MlI1I1I1H   11   06pa30BaHHe B "leHhllJeM 061>eMe, qeM MaAbqHKll, Dm1HMo
     BbeTHaMa Clll1/1eTe,\bCTByeT 0 roM, qro rrOMI0Mepnoro I1C-                 YAyqmeHI1!1 BQ'lMO}f(HOCTeil ;IA!I }f(eHlIJl1H Ha PblHKC TpYlla
     nOAb30BaHl1il 110TeHIJHa;\bHbIX B03MO}f(HOCTCI1 AlOlleH MO}f(HO            06pa30BaHHe crroc06CTByeT CHH}f(ellHIO po}f(4aeMOCTH, ~JaTe­
     ,106HTbCil l1JAbKO rrpH COOTBeTCTBYlOlIjCl'1 Ylle,\l1qCHHH Phl-            PI1HCKO{:\ C~lepTHOCTH 11 YAyq1lleH111O COCro!lHl1!1 340POBb!l,
     HOqHOro CHpOCa Ha KBaAH(tlHlJHpOBaHHhIX pa60THHKOll.                       Ka'!CCTBa lIHTaHI111 H ypOBH!I o6pa30BaHl1!1 llereH.      3-fI1 rrOTCll-
        [OCY;lapCTBeHHa!l 1100l1Tl1Ka AIOIlCKI1X       peCYPCOB T3K}f(e         IJMa,\hllble rrpCHMYlIJeCTBa He MOf)'T 6bITb B l1o,\HOH "Iepe
     MO}f(eT 6hITh lIPWUlHOH roro, qlU HHBeCTHlJI1H Il qeA(llle-                peaAl130Ballbl     Be3    aKTl1BHoro    roCY4aPCTBeHHOro      BMellla-
     qecKI1~i KamITa,\ He Bcerlla rrpI1HOC!lT 11l1BH4eHllbl, 0 qe",l CBI1-      TCAbCTBa, TaKHM 06pa10M, 3alla'lH 6oPb6bl C 4HCKpHMI1Ha-
     IlCTeM,cTfJyeT MHO}f(eCTBO rrpl1~lepOB. TaK, 'lpe3MepHble 3a··             lJl1eii, ClUl}f(eHl1il ypOIJHll 6e4HOCTl1 11 YKpelIAeHH!I COlJHa,\b-
     TpaTbl Ha a4Ml1Hl1CTpaTHBHblH aIll1apaT CHCTeMhl 06pa30Ba-                 HOti CnpaBC/lAHBOCTl1 orrpaB4bIBaKlT rrpHHilTl1C roCY4apCTBml

42
MCP, cnocO(icTIlY~ llijlH HaKOIL\CHHlO qC,\OBCqCCKOro KaHI1-              BCCW TpYAOflOii lKH3HH, npCl;l(HlK31l o6yqeHHC H3 npCAnpl1ll-
TaA3. OCOOCIiHO Bvpe".: Ma~\oo6cCllCqCHHoro HaceJ\CHIUI.                  T11l!X 11 B CnCljHaAbHbIX YQC6HbIX 3aHC4CHIUIX.         11    pa6oTHH-
                                                                          Ka~m, H pafioTOilaTe_\J!~m o6YQeHHe paCnlaTpHllaeTCl! KaK
npoc:peCClI10HaJlbHOe 06YL4eHlI1e KaK BII1A                               O!ltlH   113   IlI14011   BAOlKeHHJ!   Cpe4CTB.   Pa60THHKH    HepC4KO
II1HBeCTII1u.II1~                                                         ,1ofipollOAbHO OIMa'lHJlaIOT 06Y'lCHl1e 11;\11 COf/\awaK)TCJl Ha
I1poI;ecc   nDO,<),KrHBHOro o6YQeHI1Jl        He   33KaHQl1BaeTOI    B    oo\ee HI13KYK) 3apa6oTHYlO nAaTY B nepna, \ o6YQeHl1Jl 6C3
llIKO;,e: OO\bLllHIIC -BO .'JO,leti npl106peTaeT 1I311b1KI1 II TeQCHI1C   OTpbma OT npOl-13BO,lC'TBa, paCCQlfTbIBaJ! Ha 611\ce BblCOKHe

                                                                                                                                                   43
     3apa60TKH H 6Y4YUJeM. <DI'!PMbl 3al1HTepeCOBaHbl B HHHeCTH-                              BHYTPl1CPl1pMCHHOm 06Y'leHl1!!, MHOrl1e 113 31'l1X np06AeM
     pOllaHlm Cpe4CTH B 06Y'leHHe CBOI1X COTPY;1HHKOIl, 1l0CKQ\bKY                            MCHee aKTya,\bHbl, 'leM cpaKwpbl, yileplKl1BalOlljl1e np"AlIpI1Jl-
     I'!M 'laCW Tpe6ylOTC!! pa60TIlHKl1 C Ollpe,leAeHlIblMI1 npocpec-                         TUJI     01'     I1HBeCTl1pOIlaJHIJl       B   1I0llbllIIeHlle    KBaAI1q:'I1KaIJUI1
     CI'!Olla,\bHI>IMI'! HaBbIKaMI'!. [IPH 3WM HH 04l1a 113 CropOIl lie                       pa60THllKOIl.
     YBepeHa, 'lW CMOlKeT II nOAlIoCI Mepe 1IO/\y'lI1T1, OT4a'lY OT                                  [IPI1    Hl13KOM    ypOBHe         KBa,\wlll1KalJl1l1     pa60THl1KOll    Ha
     CIlOHX HIIBeCTHlJl1il: pa60TIII1K MOlKeT nepeilTI1 B 4pyrylO                             PblHKC TpY4a npeJlIlpl1J1TI1!!              ~!OrYT     I1HBeCTllpoIlaTb B npo-
     CPUPMY,       YlleclI    C      co6o;'1    npl106peTellllble      IlaBbIKH,      HAI1    cpeccI101Ia,\bHOe 06Y'leHHe He40CTaW'lUO CPeJlCTB, OnaCaJlCb.
     nO'repllTb pa60TY 11 06HapYlKHTb, 'lW 3TH IlaBblKH HenpH-                                HeCMOTp!! Ha nepcneKTllBHYK) Bhlro,l), 01' TaKI1X l1HBC( THlJI1II,
     MeHI1Mbl Ha 4pyTHX npe4npm!THlIX. Pa60WJIaTeAH I'! pa60T-                                'lW pa60THHKI! 1I0(;\e 3anepllleHl1Jl 06Y'leHI1Jl nepe ftAYT B
     HI1KI1 HalllAI1 Tame pelllelll1e 3wil np06AeMh], npl1 KOWPOM                             4pyrylo CPI1P~IY. Pea,\bHbIC M3ClIITa6bl 3Wll np06AeMbl lIeH3-
     06c cropOllbl MO]'l\H nOAY'lHTb Hblro,,),: pa601t)/laTeAI1 npeJlO-                       BeCTHb!.       B    c\y'lae BblCOKOH O'f,la'lH 01' npo<j:lCCCHOHaAbHoro
     CTaHMllOT       rapallTl111       3allllTOCTH,      TaKHM     06pa30M        CHl1lKa!!   06Y'IeHHJI, KaK, HalIpllMep, Il PeClly(i\HKe KopeJl, 41l1P:-lhl
     TeKY'leCTb K~pOB, a pa60THHKH COrAalllalOTC!! Ha 3aKAIO-                                 IlK,\a,1blBaAI1 CpeJlCTBa B 06Y'leHl1e 4alKe HeCMOTpJl Ha TeKy-
     'lelll1e KOIlTpaKWB, comaCHO KOWPhlM 01111 .1ClAlKHb! 003-                               'lCCTb Ka4POB, KOWpaJl Ha npOTlIlKeHHI1       70-x H 3Ha'lHTeJ\bHOH
     MeCTHTb cpHpMe 3aTpaTbl Ha I1X 06Y'lCIUle, eCAH VBOA!lTC!! 110                           'laCTI1    80-x 1'040B COCTaB,\!!,\a 5-6 npOlJCHmIl pa6o'leil Cl1,\bl B
     wro,   KaK oKyn!ITC!! HHBeCTl1lJHI1 II I1X IIpocpeCCl10llaAbllYlO                        06pa6aTblBalOlljeil npOMbIlIL\ellHOCTH elKeMeCJI'lHO.
     n04rowBKY: TaKlKe pa60TlIHKH H pa60W4aTeAH 1'IoryT 4e,\I1TI>                                   HC;lOCTaW'lHblil 06'beM np04lCCCI10H<L\bHOil 1l04IDmBKH
     BblroilY 01' npHpoCTa npoH3B04HTeAbllocTH TPY-'W B pe3Y,\b-                              MOlKeT TaKlKe 6blTh CAC;lCTlll1eM roq?lapCTBeHHOro peryAH-
     TaTe 06Y'lelll1!!.                                                                       POB311H!!       pblHKa    TpY/la,     llKAK)'f3!!    IlblCOKVlO MHHI1Ma,\bHYlO
          [IOCKOAbKY npocpeCCI101la,\bIlOe 06Y'lCHl1e 'laero llpe,i!-                         3apa60THYKl I1;\aTY 11 llpalll1Aa, peryAHpylOlljHe /~l1cp(pepeH­
     CTaIl;\!!eT    co6oil         Hb!roiIHb!il       06'beKT   HHBeCTHpOBalll1!!,       B    lJl1aIJHlO 3apa6oTlloil I1AaTb! BHyTpH CPHP~1. fl0406HbIl' nmo-
     f)();\bllll1l1CTBe c,\Y'laeB OHO npOTeKaeT 6e3 roCyilapCTBeHHoro                         )KeHll!!       He   1I031l0A!!KlT    CPllP~!aM      IL\aTIITb    6Q,\ee   HI13KYJO
     BMelllaTeAbCTBa. lViaclIlTa6bl npocpecoloHaAbHoil TI(l,~roWB­                            3apa60THYlO n;\aTY C'J'aJKepaM 11,\11 lKeCTKO perAaMellTl1pYlOT
     KH, oprallH3yeMoH cpl1pMa~lH, pa3AI1'lalOTCJI BeCbMa cYllje-                             TPY40YCTpoilcTllO ,\l1lJ, IlPOllIeJllUl1X 06Y'leHlle.                 B   MeKCHKe
     CTBellHO MelKAI' CTpallaMl1 H OTpaC\lIMH II MelK,1Y npe,l-                               cpe4epaAbHoe Tpy,lOHoe 3aKOliO,13TeAbCTBO, YCTallaR\HllalO
     npl1!!Tll!!MH 0,1HOil OTpaCU!, Il 3aIll1CI1MOCTH 01' I1X pa3Mepa 11                      11,lee CTpOrl1e npaBHAa npO,lBl1lKeHI1!! no CAYlK6e H COOTlleT
     cpopMbI C06CTBeHHOCTI1.                B 1991      fClIlY, COrAaCHO IIPOBe4CH-           CTBI1H co CTalKCM pa60TbJ, CHHlKae1' 3aHHTepeCOllallHOC1'b
     HblM 06CAe40BaHI1!!M,             24   npOlJeHTa pa60THI1KoB II MeKcHKe                  cpl1PM Il 06Y'leHI1I1 pa60THHKOll. J1{leaAbHbN pemefUle:,! 6bl/\a
     I1JlOJ.llMI 06Y'Ie,ll1e Il 1011 11,\1'! HHOil cpopMe 6e3 oTphlBa 01'                     6bl 01'Mell3 TaKllX HopMaTHBHbIX OrpaHlI'leHl1ll, O,lHaKO eC\l1
     np0l13B04CTBa           4,\!!    nOllblWeHl1l1       I1X   npocpeCCl10HaAbHoil           31U     He003MOlKllO,       a,\bTepHaTHBHbIM            Bapl1aHWM      npe4CTaB-
     KBaAl1cpHKalJl1l1;       Il     lInOHl1H     3IDT     1I0KaJaTe;\b     COCTafl.,\!!,\    A!!eTClI HeKOIDpaJl KOMlIeHcal.)I1Jl 3aTpaT qmpM Ha 06Y'l'':Hlle,
     37   npOlJeHWB.         B     J1H40He3Hu 06Y'leHl1e pa60THuKoB 'lallje                         4PYfHMl1 OCHOBaHI1JlMI1 4.\Jl rocynapCTl!eHHOro A"lellla-
     npOBO?lHTC!! (tll1pMaMI1 B IlbICOKOTeXHOAOrl1'lHbIX OTp3C\lIX,                           TeAbCTHa JlBAJllOTCJl OTCYTCTIlHe HlHtJOpt.-IalJHH 0 cne:jl1aAb-
     0pHeHTUp0IlaHHble Ha 3KcnopT npe;lnpHlITlUI Xl1MH'leCKoti                                HOCTJlX, nQ,\b3YIOIIJI1XClI cnpOCOM Ha pblHKe TpY,la, 11 HaAI1'll1e
     IIpOMbIl.lI.AeHHOCTH Il Tal1l1aHe, KHTati, HlmeCTl1pYlOT B 06y-                          3cpcpeKTa MaCJ.ll1'a6a          Il   ccj)epe 06Y'leHHlI.         dTl1 cpar;IDpbl.
     'leHHe Il TpH pa3a 'lau}e npe.4npHJlT11I1, IlblllYCKalOlljl1X npo-                       Ka3a,\OCb 6bl, 4Q,\)KHbI I1MeTb OC06ylO aK'J'yaAbHocTb B H'~penl­
     4yKl.)111O 4AJI IlHyTpeHHero pblHKa, 11 B lIleCTb pa3 '1allje                            cTpllpyeMoM           ceK1Dpe       3KOHOMI1KI1, OAllaKO 111-IeHHO Jl HeM
     cpe4Hero TailBaHbCKOm TeKCTI1AbHOro npe4I1pU!!THJl. rOIDn-                               06Y'leHHe 6e3 OTpblBa OT np0l13BQlCTIla nQ,\Y'lIIAO lIlHpOKOe
     HOCTb Qll1PMbI           IlKA~bIBaTb cpeJlCTlla B 06Y'lelme CIlOHX                       pacnpoCTpaHeHl1e, oco6eHHO Il TP~l1lJI10HHOn (:pop~!,.! Y'le-
     pa60THl1KOB 3aBl1Cl1T 01' MHOrllX cpaKIDpoB, BKAlO'la!! Opl1eH-                          HH'leCTlla. CorAaCHO He4aBHeMY 06C\C;10BaHI11O MaJ\bIX I1pe4-
     TalJl1lO Ha 3KCIIOPT, TeMnbl TeXHI1'leCKoro nporpecca, ypOBeHb                           npHJlTHil 06pa6aTblBalOlljeii" npOMhIIUAeHHOCTI1 limbl,                   4 i npo-
     06pa30IlaHHlI       pa60'leil          CI1Abl,    3KOHOMI1'leCKHe       IJI1KAbl    II   lJeHTa pa60THl1KOfl npOllL\H npocpeccI10Ha,\bHYIO /l04n >TOBKY
     nepcueKTHBbl pona.                                                                       Il Ka'lCCTBe Y'leHl1KOB, a           52    npOlJeHTa CPI1PM OCYlljeCTBI1AI1
          EcAH 06Y'leHl1e OTlle'laeT I1HTepecaM H pa60THI1KOll, 11                            nOilroWBKY Y'leIlHKOIl Ha MO~leHT 06CAeJlOBamm. HCAe/lo-
     pa60IDAaTe_AeH, a Il YCAOBll!!X PbIHO'lBOil 3KOBOMI1KH oCYllje-                          BaBI1Jl B ,1PYrI1X CTpaHax n04TBeplK;lalOT Ha6AlOAeHHe, '110
     CTM!!eTCJl      B COOTBeTCTBIUIMH C Tpe6011aHl1i!MI1                     3KOHOMH-        M3Able npe;lnpHlITl1Jl pe;'lKO Ha3blllalOT HeXB3TKY KBa \HCPI1-
     'leCKOH cHTyalJl1l1, HaCKOAbKO IJeAeco06pa3Ho roCY4apCTBeH-                              lJl1pOBaHllblX Ka4p<:lB B 'lI1CAe OCHOBHhlX np06J\eM 4AJl cooel1
     Hoe IlMelllaTeAbCTBO? rOCY4apCTBY CAC;WeT llMelllHBaTbCJI Il                             Ae!lTeAbHOCTH.
     CPYlIKlJl10lIHpOBalIl1e pbIHKa I1pocpeCCI10H<L\bHOm o6y'leHHlI II                              06'beM 06Y'leHlul B lIeperucTpl1pl1yeMoM ceK'rope MOlKeT
     C;\y'lae KOHKpeTHbIX C60eB I1AI1 npoJlIlAelll1il He3cpcpeKTI1B-                          6blTb 40CTaID'lHbIM IIA!! IIO,14eplKaHI1!! TeKYlljdi 4e;{TeAb-
     HOCTI1 HAI1 lKe B !JeAJlX peilIeHHJI I1HblX                   3~a'l,   'leM nom']-       HOCTI1, no HeXBaTKa 3HaHl1il B 06,\aCTl1 MapKeTI1Hra, J[OllbIX
     lIIeHl1e 3KOHOMI1'leCKOil 3qxileKTl11lHOCTI1, KaK 11 B CN,,''lae                         TexHoAoruH, a TaKlKe 061lJl1X npe4npl1HllMaTeAbCKllX HaBblKOB
     06I.lJcro 06pa30BaHHlI, 3Ha'lI1Te\bHa!! 'laCTb HaCe,\eHI1Jl BKAa-                        !>IOlKeT       CAeplKl1BlTb     paCUlllpeHlle          cpHpM.    OlIpeJle\eHHble
     4blBaeT HelIOCTaW'lHO Cpe,l(TIl H IIpocpeCG10HaAbHoe 06y-                                nQ\OlKI1Te\bHble          pe3VAbTaTbi          4aA[1    OKa3blBaeMhle      MaAhl;l.!
     'leHHe 113-3a OTCYTCTBHJl l1HcpoP~lalJlll1 I1AH HeCOBeplIleHCTlla                        npe4HpHJlTl1l1M yCAym Il 06;\aCTI1 06Y'leHl1l1, npH311<lHHh!e
     pblHKa Kpeill1Ta, I1AI1 lKe I10WMY, 'lID n060'llihle 3cpqJeKTbl                          YCTPaIll1Tb 31'11 HeiIOCTaTKH. O,IIiHM 113 "pl1MepOil JlMJlCTC!!
     ,~e,\alOT 06Y'leHHe 60Aee Bbll"O,lIHblM 4AJl 06I.lJeCTBa, 'le~1 4i\Jl                    ?leilcTBYlOlljaJl B MeKCHKe nporpaM~la KOMHAeKCHblX llCIlOMO-
     'laCTHoro      Al1lJa.        04HaKO,      I10    KpaHHeii"    Mepe     Il   CAY'lae     raTeAbHbIX yc,\yr, B pal'lKaX K01"Opoil MaAble 11 MI1Kponpe,j-



44
npfllITfUI nOAY'lalOT TeXHWleCKYK)                nO~IOU'b        11 1l0Ab3YlOTClI     6bL\11 He H COC1DIlHHH IIJXO;U!TL pa60'!He MeCTa /lAlI CHOHX
YC\yra;l1l1 Il OfiAaCTfI Ilpo¢eCClIOtlJAbtlOro 06Y'letiflll. AtiaAI13                  BbmYCKHHKOB. 04HaKO 6Aaro,lapll C03/1JHlllO Ha;IAe)KallJHX
MHoro'lI1CAeHHbIX I1pHMepOB CIlH,'WTeAbCTIl)o'eT 0 nOBblllJeHI1H                       CTHMYAO]l MHorHe H3 3THX 3JIJe,;lCIlHH H3MelfHAH xapaKTep
lIPOH3B0411TeAbHOCTI1 TpY4a 11 pOCTe ,'laHlITOCTH 11 penTa-                            CHOCH 4eJlTeAbBOCTH H Tenepb OKa3blBaK1T fI(1~b3ylOIlJlleClI
6~\bHOCTH llpe,lnpl1l1TI1H -              Y'laCTHI1KOB lIporpaMMbl, llpl1              Cllpocml        llAaTHble     yC\yrH           HenOCpe4CTBeHHO            'laCTHbl~1

OTIIOCI1TeAbl!O       HlBKI1X      3aTpanx.          04HaKO         1l0'lMO)KHOCTH     npe4npHllTHllr..l 11 cpH3l1'leCKI1M AlllJ3M. O/lllHM H3 npH;\lepOIl
Tl1pa)Kl1pt)Bar!l111 11 paCllIl1petlHll TaKHX nporpa"IM orpaHlI-                       YClIexa pecpoPM Il 3'roil 06~\3CTH MO)KeT CAY)KI1Tb HC!lO,\h-
'leHb!. Eo MHorHX c">Y'lallx roq;llapcTBeHHoe IlMelUaTeAbCTIlO,                        30llaHHe II 'iHMI llay'lepOll Ha 06pa30llallHe I1AJI pa60THHKOll H
OpHefl'fHpOll3HHoe Ha MHKponpe/lllpHlITIUI, Cll1l3aHO C HbICO-                         Ha;\oroBblX AbmT 4All pa601DilaTeAeH. BaY'lepbl pacnpe-
KHMH 3JTpal aMH 113-3a 3Ha'lHTeAbHblX a,l:-IHHI1CTpaTHBHbIX                            4eAllK)TCIl     Cpe4H     OIlpe;leAeHHbIX            rpynlI             MOAO/lelKH,
pacxo/loll     H     Bbro ,KOH    ilOAH       f)aIlKPOTCTB        Cpe:1H   MaAblX      6e3pa6oTHbIX, 06Ll'lHO )KeHllJIIH,               B   TIl )Ke BpeMli npano Ha
llpeNlplll1THii.                                                                       IlPOlle;leHl1e KypCOH 06Y'leH1111 npe40CT31lAlieTCH KOHKypH-
    Bo   MHorllX CTpaHJX npocpeccHoHaAbHoe 06Y'leHHe IIC-                              PYlOIlJI!M mCY4apCTBeHHblM 11 'laCTHbIM Y'le6Hbll\ol 1alle,1e-
IloAb3yeTcli ,J.\ll pellleHJ!ll TanlX llpofiAeM, KJK Illl3KJll KIl3AI1-                Hllll~l,   Ha aYKlJl10lle, npOIlO/lI1MOM             cnelJH<L\bHbl:>1 mC}/lap-
CPI1KaLJI111 3allllTblX. IlL](OKJll 6e3pa60TlIlp Cpe411 MOAO/1e)Kl1,                   CTlleHHblM Be40!'.ICTIlOM; Il03MellJellHe 3aTpaT Ha 06Y'le1lHe
IlblTeCHCHl1e       pa6(y,U1X    H X04e       06uJe3KoIlOMH'lCCKHX            Hpe-     3aBHcHT 01'        40CTl1lKellHll     YCTaHOlneflHoro              MHl-lH:'JaAbHOro
o6palOllal!llt. a TJK)Ke CTPYKTypHall 6e3pa60Tl1lJa H 6e/lHOCTb                        HOKa3aTeAll,      Hblpa)KalOlIJerocH II I1pOIJeHTax                  IlbIlIYCKHHKOB,
COlJl1:L\bHO       le3all)IIllJeHHoro HJCe~\eHl1l1,          04HaKo 060C1l0-           lIaIIIe4L!1HX    pa6OT):     laKI1M       06pa1oM,        33;Ja'la     pa3pa6oTKfi
llaHIlOCTb ro'_},lapc TBellHblX pJCX0401l Ha 06Y'IeHHe 3aIlHCI1T                       3CPCPCKTHHtlblX         nporpaMM           06Y'leHHlI         nepe/laeTCll       Ha
01' HC1D'IHHKa cYllJeCTIl\'lOLlJeH np06AeMbl H a~\bTepHaTI111HbIX                      Ha/lAe)K3llJHH ypoHeHb -            caMH:>1 Y'le6HblM 3aHe4eHI111M.
llapmlHmB 11,'IIO\h:,OBa1ll111 roCY;llapcTBeHHblx pecypcoB.                                'iacTHble Y'le6Hble 331le4eHlIIl C034aKlTClI TalOKe Il CTpaH<LX
    HI13Kall       KB3AwpllKaqHll       pa6o'lel1:       CHAh!,   IlO-Ill14I1'>10MY,   c nepeX04Hoil 3KOHOMIIKOi'I Bocm'lHoil EIlPOlIbl II A311H -
CB1l3~lla He CT(y\bKO C IfeCOllepmeHCTIlOM CI1CTe:-lbl IIpOC!JeC-                      HanpHMep, (1All ofl)''IeHHH Hl!OCTpaIlHLl~1 1l"hIKaM, 06uJe06pa-
CI10H~L\bHOn) 06Y'IeHl1!L CKOAbKO C HI13KI1~! CHPOCOM                   Ha TP)~10-     30IlaTeALHblM      41IClJIIHM1HaM         II    11H(pOpMaTI1Ke.        40   Ha'la~\3
Bble pecypcbL 3THM JKe, RO'lMO)K!lO. 06'bl1CIIHeTCli H fle3-                           nepeXO/la K PblllO'lHOM 3KOHO!'lIIKe IlCe Y'le6Hble 3aBe4eHI1J1
pa60THl)a cpe,1Y! ~IO\O/ie)KH, 01llJKO OCHOBaHHII 4All Y'IaCTHll                       6blAH      mC)!,1apel1lelllfblMII    11   ~\I1I11b He~1II0nle         IlpelAar<L\11
roCY4apCTBa B 06'!'IeHI1H llblTeCHeHlIblX pa60THHKOll 6o\ee                            ot)Y'lellHe HOllblM HaIlbIKa)'l, He06xo,l11MblM B COBpeMeHHOI!
Cepbe:lHbL     J IOTep:1   patlOTbl     Il pe3Y,\bTaTe 3KOHO"'II1'leCKIlX              PhUlO'lHOH 3KOHOMHKe, HpaBHTeAl>CTIlO MOiKeT c04eilcTIlOB3n
npe06pa30B:tHHil 11)\11 llOTpllCeHI111 otlll)ero xapaKTepa MmKeT                       pa3BHTI1lO IIIlHlJl1aTl1Hbl npe,lIlplIJlTHiI 'laernom CCK1DpJ, CHllB
Tpe60B3Tb mcy,13;JCTBeHHOlXJ B!'leW3Te,\bCTHa B opraml3J-                              3allpeTbl Ha 'I3CTHDe npcxpeccHOH<lAbHOe 06Y'leHl1e; tlery-
IJlllO nporp, ~IM nvpen' '4ro1DllKH BIlI1/W OTCYTCTIlHJ! PblHKOIl,                     Al1poBJHlle pa3Mepa I1AaTbl 3a 06Y'lelllle, 'lpe3MepHDe perAa-
'Ipe3'1epHODJ ypOllHJI pHCKa H Heot)XO/lHMOCTI1 06eCne'lHTb                            MeHTl1pOllaHHe Y'le6HLIX lIporpa'vIM II Heo6x04HMOCTb KOH-
COIJH:lAhllYK'       CTaoJHAhllOCTb       H     nO;l4ep)KKY         MaClllTa6HOH       KypHPOIl3Tb C cy6cII411pyeMblMI1 rocy,1apCTBeHllblMIl Y'lpe)!(-
npOrpJMMbI pe(p' 'PM II o6IlJeCTBe. K                    CO)KJAeHHlO, npJlMaJl         /leHHJI~IH CH!1)KalOT HHTepec 'lJCTIIOro CeK1Dpa K 31DH cqlepe,
3KOll<JMH'IeCK<l1l     Ibl!,(J4a 01' T<lKOlX) IlMeW<lTe,\bCTllJ             'Iacm                                                •••
orpaHwlelia (c~1. r~\all)        17),                                                      40MoxmllilefB3          H npe1lIpl1J!THll H),)K/lalOTCll Il cpe'le,
    [[poqleCCI1OHa.\LHOe 06Y'leHl1e, npOBo"U1Moe no HHHl)l1a-                          C1'I1MYM1pYlOUJeil npHHlITlle OflTH:-laAbHbIX peL!leHHti OTHOCI1-
nme lIpe,VlpHllTHll. OfibI'!HO npe4CTalL\lleT c060H Hal160AeC                          TeALHO I1HlJeCTIllJ11H II o6Y'leHlle. KaKOBa 40AlKHa t)blTb nOlll1-
peHTafle\bllhll1 clloc06 1I0BblllIetlHll KllaAl!cpHKalJHH pa60TlUl-                    nlK<I lIpaBHTeM)CTIJaI EC,\H 'IeAOBe'leCKIIi'! KanI1Ta,\ MO)KeT
KOIl. B cpallHeHHI1 C 3THM 1l04X040M npOrpaMMbl o6y'IeHI1H II                          npl1HOCIlTL 3Ha'lIlTeAbHYlO OTII<I'IY 'lJCTHbIM Al1lJaM, HO flO-
rocy,lapCTIK'HllbIX Y'Iei'iHblX IJelupax H oc06eHlfO Jl CI1CTeMe                       CAe41f11e He HKAJjlhlllalOT Cpe1CTlla H ero YlJeAH'IeHl1e, npaHI1-
npocl)eccl101laAblloro o6pa30HaHI111 OK33a,\I1CL 110pomC1D1I-                          Te,\bCTIl)' CAe/lyeT CHa'lJAa nonblTaTbClI YCTaHOBHTb npl1'1I1Hy
UJHMH 11 pe,IKO ;JallaAH Y'lallJH:'ICH HaBbIKH, Tpe6YlOuJHeCJI Ha                      11 Al1Wb 3aTeM nepeX0411TL K pa3pa60TKe H peaM!3alJHI1 :'ICP
pblHKe TpYlla. He06x()4I1MO lfailTI1 lIYTI1 uepcopHeHTalJHH                            IlMemaTeAbCTBa, oco6eHHO B OTlfOmelfl111 CTpaTenm lJeH. B
rocy"apCTI\t'HHbIX Y'lcGHl,lx 3alle;leHHH C Y'le1DM :lanpOCOIl                         06,\aC1'l1 n3'1aAbHOm 06pJ30Ilalll111 06bl'lHO qe,\eCOOfipa3HO
1I0Tfle6l1Tel.eH 11 I'blHK3. Hal16mee 3cpq)eKTHBHbl:">1 clIoco6oM                      HPe40CTJlJ,\llTb rCAym fleCHA3THO 3J C'leT I'OC');IlapCTHa: :31'0
Hepe/IKO JlH\lIeTC{ lIpe40CTallAeHI1e mCY4apCTHeHHoro CPH-                             npHHOCHT IlOAb'lY o6UJeCTIl)' B lJCAOM 11 Il03BO\lleT OXBaTI1Tb
H3HCl1pOBar Hll He' Y'Ie6HbIM 3aBe.1eHHJlM, a llepCHOC ll0406-                         06pa301l3Hl1eM       MJAOllMYllJI1X,           O,'1HaKO    /lAll    60\b11ll1HCTlla
HblX 110Ta1JIIl1: Ha KOHT,lOHKTYPHYlO C1DpoHY pblHKa, 1D eCTb                          ,lpymx rrporpaMM pa3ll!lTl1R AlO/1CKIIX pecypCOll 6eclIAaTHoe
OKa3alll1e pa60THI!Kal\ol a,~peCHOH nOMOllJII, n03IlO\lllOIlJeH HM                     IlpC40CTallAeHl1e yCAyr 'la1lJe Bcero HeOnpaB/laHHO. HpaBI!-
CaMOCTIlllTe \bHO Ilbl6paTb 01lTHM3AbHYlO lIporpaMMY llpO-                             TeAbCTIlY CAe4yeT 60AbIlle BHI1MaHl1l1 Y4eAllTb cpHHJHCHpO-
cpeCCHOHaAblforo 06Y'IeH1111 B YC\OBI1IlX KOHKypeHlJlI11 Me::K;1)'                     llaHl1lO H Mellbme OpraHI13alJHI1 yc\yr                   oc06eHlIO Il 06,\aCTI1
pa1AWIHbIM,f y'lCI )Hbl~lIf 3aBe,1eHHJlMH.                                             o6yqemlll.      Upl! AlO6blX cpopMax IlMeIllaTeAbCTlla CAC4YeT
   TaKoil C,IBl!r Jl 1I04X04e K IIp()¢eCCI101Ja~\bHO:-1Y 06Y'!eHHlO                    II36eraTb npe40CTallAeHI1Jl npellMYllJeCTH IIpllllllAefllpoHau-
HMe.\ MeC1<l B pll/le CTpJH               AaTHHCKofl         AMepI1KH.      PaHee      HO:-IY MeHbllll1lfCTIlY I1epBOCTelfeHHOH 3a,la'leil 40A)KHO CTJTb
Y'IefiHblM 3:llle/,el'llliM rapJlfTl1pOllaAOCb cpHHaHCllpOllalHle 113                  I!HBeCTl1pOHJHHe cpe4cn B ;lCTeil, 1l0CKO\bKY I1X 340POllbe,
HaN)!,(lB    Ha     3apa60THYlO         llAaTY       B    lJeAllX    1l0(lromBKI1      lfl1TaHl1e 11 6a30BOe 06pa30BaHI1e COCTallAlllOT OClfOIlY
Y'lal.lJHXClIV\ll TP)/~O\'CTpOHCTBa, XOTJI qacm :31'11 3aBe4eHI1Il                     IlJem CTpaHbL



                                                                                                                                                                              45
     fAABA                6




                       KOHO:v1J1I'lECKHH POCT fu\AronPH5lTHO CKA3bl~                               HaH60,\ce HblCOKOOIJ,\a'JHBlICMhIX npocpeccHIl -                   I1H)heHepOH




      2)
      60,\bWHHeTBO
                       BaeTCH
                       IJC"\OM:
                                   Ha      1I0,\OJKCHl1l1
                                   rrOllhIlllemle
                                                             HaceACHHIl
                                                          3¢cpeKTIHlHOCTH
                       MHKH lleAeT K e03!(aHHKl OO\hIllero 'JHCAa pa6o-
                       '!HX MeeT 11 YlleMl'leHHIO l10XO(10B~ O;UUKO, XOTll
                          !(O~lox(nHllcTB              llbmrpblllaCT      OT
                                                                                CTpaHhl
                                                                                      :.JKOHO-




                                                                                3KOfrmlll-
                                                                                              H    H IIIUXTepOB        nO'lTl! HlI   HO npoIJeHTOB npeBoCxQ'1I1"a 3upa-
                                                                                                   60TKH HlIH6(1\ee 1I113KOOn,\3'IHBae'YloM KliTeropHl1 pa60THI1-
                                                                                                   KOB. :;aHilThiX H C</lCpe 6blTOIlhlX YC \yr. KIl3"\HCPl1ijHPOllllHHbIC
                                                                                                   C'\jlKaIIJlIe B eeKTope qll1HaHCOBLIX yC,\jT ,IOnl1 UCJ.W'lllTh Il
                                                                                                   TpH pa'la 6mbIlJC. '1<:':..1 lIeKfllt"\l1cpllljllpClIJallHble pafio'Jl1e II
      'lCCKOro pOCTa, npn         311)~1   HepeAKO coxpaHHeTCiI HepalleHCTBO                       [XBHl1'lHoll Toproll,\e. Pa:Hll'JI1J1 MelK,lY . \Kl;lb,H1 Il vpoBHe
      MeJK!(Y   OT,~e" \bHbl)m ;\1O;lb~HI         11   rpymra~H1   Haee"\ellllll:     ~WJK;lY      3apa6oTIlOH n;\aTh! Ii 311a'JHTe"\hHOll Mepe OTpalKa~)T HHiUI-
      MYJK'JHHaMI1 Ii    JKeHllJHHa~1H,          ;\lelK,l}' 3THH'leCKH:vm       rpynna~HI          BI1.Wa,\bHhle Clloco6HOCTI! H Klla,\H(pHK3ijI1l0. a TaI0Ke pa3-
      H MelK,lY 110MOX03HllcTBa!\lII, a HCKOTOphle KaTeropHH 3KO-                                  IIhle VC\OBI1H Tp}(1a H ,1(1\lKHOCTHLle 0611:1JHHOCTIl. C\OlKHltll
      HOMH'JecKHIl poeT 06XO/1HT CTOpoHoll~ BCpOHTHoeTh OTeTaTh                                    pat)(JT3 II pa60T3, CIlJl3allHall C PHCKO,1 It\lI llbm(1\HlleMall Il
      01' 06HJero nOBblIlleHl1H (harocoC1U1IHlUl HaH6cv\ee lle,\HKa Il                             3arp1l3I1eHIlOll   cpe4e, 06bl'lHO On,\3'lHBaeTClI ,\Y'JllIc. 'leM
      C\Y'Jae I1HBJ,\l!llOIl, 3KOHO'YHI'JeCKH He:itlHjHIIJeHHhlX rpylm H                           pa60T3 3KIlI1BU,\eHTlloro y[XlflHlI KBa,\H(ill1KaIJHH, EO 6cnee
      ,\Hij, npOlKl111alOIIJHX II 6e,~lIhIX, :;KOHOMH'leCKli OTCTJ,\l,IX                           ,\erKall, Ge:mnaCHllll H 'U1CTaH.
      perH<JHax. He HMeH paBHoro ,1ocTyna K pCCypCU)I, ocoGeHHo                                        Ho ,1alKe C Y'JeTOM lice" 3Tl1X cpaKTOpoB oupe.J[e,\eHHbIe
      K 06pa30BaHHlO 11 npolpecCl10HaAhHo:'o<IY o6Y'lelllllO, II CT,L\'                            P1l3,\I1'JHH II 3apa6oTHoil nAaTe coxpaHlIKlTcH, 'J'm MOJKeT
      KHBaHCh C IJe;\bIM plli~OM                 ilpjTl1X npeIlJITCTBl111, llK,\IO'JaH             oTpalKaTL HeO'JeIlI1,lHLle 11I!(]llIIH,lY3.\LIILle cnoe06HOCTll I1All
      ,lHCKpHMHHaLJHKl lKeHnJHH 11 3THH'leCKHX MeHhllll1HCTB, 3TII                                 6hlTb C\e;lCTIllle,1 ,1I1CKpI1MHHal)HII 11 lIHblX npOHIt\eHIM lIe'
      rpYImbl MoryT OKa3aTbCJl OTpe3allHhlylH 01' 1I0llhIX                       B03~10lK­         3qK\1eKTl111HOCTll PbIHO'JHblX MeXaII113>101l. lJ,alKe Ha IlblCOKO
      HOCTel!. C034UBaeMLlX 3KOIiO~lH'JeCKUMI1 npe06pa30U<lHHlIMH.                                 IlllTerpl1pOH3HHO:'<1 phIHKe Tpj;ja CLI1A, camacHo Ih\lPo6-
          OKoHoMII'JecKIIJ1 POCT He tlGi!3aTeAbHO o:lHJyaeT YGIAe-                                 HLIM    11CC\e;!OBaHHHM       pa:HIl'JHfl      B      :lapa6oTHotl      n,\aTe,
      Hue HepaBeHCTlla. B            pe3j:\bTaTC .lmroIlpe~leHHoro POCT3                           Ha6AKl,:'Jael\lblii pa3Gpoc ypollHd\ 06'bJlCHlIeTCH HH,jHBll.wa"'h-
      Hepe/]KO npOl1CXO,lHT 06paTHoe                        Hanpl1Mep, 3TO npOI1:Jo-               HblMH    xapaKTepHCTHK:lMH          H    cpaKTOpa",m,        CB1I3JHHHMH       C
      lllJ\O B KOAYM611l!, V!Hll0He3l!H II MaAa1l31111. KpoMe 1nro,                                OTIXIC\bIO, u[XxtlCccIIdl 11,\11 qlHpMoll ,\mUb Ha              50-70 IlIX)-
      3KOHOMI1<JeCKIIJ1 paCT            nO'lTI1 IJCCr,lJ IlLJ:ihlBaeT CHHJKeHHe                    IJeHTOH. COIlOCTmneHHe paCXOJK4eHuil fl "pOIJHe 3apaGafHoil
      ypOBHilGe,clHOCTH, ,~alKe HeCMOTpH Ha YCI1,\eHHe HepanelICTlJa,                              n,\CIThl no CTp:maM nOK:l3hIBaCT, 'ITO XOTH HepaHeHCTBO 06bl'1-
      KaK. HanpHMep, Il Bp331L\lUl B nep110,1 C                    1960   110   1980     ['(Jrl,   HO CHUlKaeTCiI 110 ~lepe pOCTa Q.\arucoC1DJIHIIR CTpaIlbl, OHO
      O,lH3KO o6lLJecTllo AQ,\lKHO He 3a6blllaTh 0 np06,\eMe pac-                                  MOlKeT CYIIJeCTBeHHO BUPhHPOll:lTbCJl l\lelK;l\' CTp:lHa \Ill co
      npeACAeHHlI ..,OXO/l0B             XOTlI 6LI 1I0TOMj', 'ITO B1,lpaIllHlllaHIlC               CXOl .ll1bIMl1 ypOBHlIMIl 40XO(\OB.
      .lOXOAOlJ 1l03IlCV\lIeT i\06I1TbCll 6mee P31l110MepHoro pacnpe-                                  Pacnpe;lC,\eHl1e     TP}>101l0ro      ,10XO.lil    II   COOTBeTCTBl1Il     C
      ,~",\elmll   pe3Y\hT3TOB 3KOHOMII'IeCKOm pOCTa, II                       TO~1   '!Ilc\e      pbIHO'lITLI~1H I1PI1HijHUJi\1I! MOlKeT GblTh OTHOCHTe,\hHD pas-
      cpe,JlIl MJJ\OHMyll)HX.                                                                      HOMepHbl)l, HO MOlKeT 11 06peK:lTb MHOrl1X paflOTHI1f(OB Ha
          B /\almoll C\JIJe JI!JJ\113l!pyeTcll paCII['Je,le/\eHl1e TP)~10-                         IHlII)CIICKOe CYHjeCTHOBamle. CTeneHb HepalleHCTllai<IHHCl1T
      BLIX 4()X04011       Kd K OT HaeMHoro Tp):'la, TaK H OT pa60Tbl He                           npelK;jC IKero OT C\c"l)'K)IlJllX ilHVX cpaKTOpOH. Ilm60Aee
      110 HalblY B C",\bCKOM X03l1l!CTBe H,\H B TOpr'OIl,\e. 3aTe~1 pac-                           OIlJYTHl\IO HCXOilHoe nepHOIlJ'Ja;\biiOe paClJpe;le,\eHHe pecyp-
      CM3TpllllaKlTCH P33,\1I'JHble acneKTbl H IIPWlHHhl coxpaHeHHJl                               COB, oco6eHHO oGpu30llallll1l ha6,\Hlja            6.n B 'JHC\O t)Cl 1Heii-
      Hep3BellCTBa MelK/lY oT;le.,\bHbl:>lH AlC(lbMIl, perHOHClMl1 II                              IIIHX IlXO;\>IT Te 'J,\eHhI 0611JeCTBa, KOTopble AHlIIeHhl ,IOCTYU:l
      4e~lorpaq)l!ljeCKII"1H KJTeropHHMl!. CralllHClI TaKJKe 1l0UpOC                               K 3C>L\e, Kpe..1HTUM Il COIJmL\bHbli\1 6,\araM, a T3KlKe He ][\leIOT
      o l'OM, 'ITO MoryT npe,lnpmlllTb upallllTe;\bCTBa Al\H 6Q,\ee                                H3BbIKOIl" II(XlBG\llIOHjIlX 11M nepexo,lI1Th II ceKTopbI, OT,\l1-
      P311HO:'o<lepHoro pacnpeAe,\eHIlJI B03MOJKHOCTeil H OKa:,aHHH                                'J:lIOHjl!eCH llbICOKOllIlPOH3BOAHTC,\bHOCTblO 1I 6Q,\ee Bb:COKOH
      nOMOHjl1     OCTalOHjIlMClI           II    cmpOHe       OT    3KOHO>IH'JeCKom               ou,\aToll Tpy.:l'l, BTOPbI~1 Q)3KTOPOM, oGYC\OI\.\HIl3K1HjllY! He~
      nporpecca.                                                                                   paBCHCTIlO, lIR·\HKlTCJl pa3;\H'JHJl Il ypOBlIC B03H:lrp:l;t;,leHUJl
                                                                                                   O;lHIIX H Tex lKe COCTatlAlIK)Hjl1X 'JeNlIle'JeCKoro KanIlTtl,\a fl
      npW'fMHbl HepaBeHCTBa TPYAOBblX AOXO,u.OB                                                    331111ClIMOCTH     OT   ceKTOpa     11   IlpClcpeCClIH.      aTH    pa3. \I1'HiJl
      Bo Beex CTpaHax IIMelOTCJI CYIlJeCTBeHHhle pa3MI'JHlI B 3apu-                                CYIlJeCTBYIOT lie TU\bKO Il ocpHlJlm,\hHO penICTpllp\CMOM
      6oTHoil I1AaTe ;l>lelK;,y cCKTOpaMII H npocpeCClIlIMI1. 4ulKe IJ                             conpeMeHHOM ceKTOpe, 110 H B oT(j<lYe OT Tp');,a Hael\lHhlX
      IlO,\blle. HMelllliell npelK/le COLJHa"\HCTH'JeCKYIO caCTe",IY                               pa60THllKOll H pa60TalOHjIIX He 110 HafiMY. a TaKJKe H IIpe-
      3KOHOMHKH, B       1993      roilY cpe;lHlIlI 3apaflOTHa!! IJ,\3Ta ,\I1IJ                    ,le,\ax ca:"loro ceKTopa paGoThl He llO lIallM):




46
HepafJlloe )aCnpegeAeliue COCTaBAflIOUplX '/£A08e'tea:020                     TUMO)J(eHHbIll npoTeKljHOl!l13M B npmlbllllAeHIlOCTl1 H HaAom-
KCmU7YUa                                                                      06Ao)J(eHl1e 3KCI10pTa, Bce 3m ellJe              6a\ee   )'cyry6MI,\OCh
HepaHellCTI\O 40)'(J40f Me)J(,w pa60THHKaMH TeCnO CHH3aHO C                   npI1HI1,\efHpOHaHlILIM 1l0AO)J(eHHeM mpO{lOH npH paClIpe,le-
lIepalleHCTEOM      B ypOBHe      06pa3011a1lHil     H   KBa.,\WpHKaljIlH,    ,\eIlHH yc\yr (tm,1H'lecKot't H COljHUAbl!OH HllcppaCTpYKTYPLI, a
YpOBeHb oiipa3o],aHHJj ilB,\il('''TC!I HaH60Aee 3H3'fHMbIM CP3K<              TaK)J(e 3eMe,\hlloft l!OAI1THKoil, ,1aTpy,'lHI!HIIJeM npHo6peTeHHe
mpnc<l,    npe;1Q[lre,lel,illOllJHM    HHilHBHilya,\bHblft       rp);'10BOM   3eMMl   "1a,\OI1~IYllJHNH,   'l1D pe3KO orpUHHLIHHaNl       H03"rO)f(HO~

il0XOA B C(''1eTamm C 4pyTHMII napaMeTpal'lIl '1eAOlleLIecKoro                CTH CaMOCml!Teo\blloft 3aHillTlCTI1 II C(:,"\bCKoft         MeC1'HOCTI1,
KaHYITa,\a,   raKfH'U! K3K OllblT 11 pOll 3aH>!TIIM, npO(peCCHO-                                                                                     II
Ha,\bHhle 3f1a1lHiI .,1 HallhlKI1 06YC;\()f\;\lIllaIOT OT O;lHQ[i TpeTheft    Tex c,\Y'lal!X, KOf;la 3Ta KOMIIeHCat.)l1l1 Hpe40CTaMJlAaCh,           H
flO JlQ,\Onm hI ne,\fI'HJI!bl pa3AI1'1Hft B TpY401l0M ;10XO,le     Me)!(i1Y   OCHOIlHOM HocTyna,\O 6u\ee 60raThl:\1 H KpynllblM cpcpMepaM,
AlQItbMH H pa3,\l!'1l1bIX CTpaHaX;        nO:~mMY        BnO!\lIe 3aKOIIO-    mr/la KaK OCIIOHHoe 6peMil ;lHCKpHMHHaljlUl npHXO,HL\OCh lIa
Me[:'HO, '11D nU\I1','UKa, cnOC06CTBYIOJlJail nOBhlllleHl11O YJXJBHI!         6e/1Hb1X Ce,\bCKOX03JlHCTBeHHbIX pa60'lHX H MCAKUX cpep-
06pa30llaHIlI! C>e,lflbIX 'HeHO!! 0611)eCTlla, MO)J(eT nplllleC1'1I K         yrepOIl, KaK OTMe'la,\OCb B naRC         4,   nO;lo6Hble IIepeKOCbl H
3aMeTHOMY COKp;llIJel!HIO HepaBeHCTBa !! ypOllHe ,1apa6oTHoft                 uo.\I1TI1KC llbl3naAI1 llpe)!(;lenpe!'leHHyro Ml1rpm)l1lO pa60TIlfj-
IMaThl. He laBeHc:T1lO B ypOBHe 06pa30llallll!l II npa3J.1,\1111 1I0-         KOIl H ropo4a, orrepe411BWYK) CPOpl'lI1p(lIlaIiHe 1I011bIX pU60LIHX
npe)J(HeMY HaMII(}I~) Bblwe, '1eM B Kopee, H lIa 4Q,\1O 3TIlro                MeeT, 11 CIIIl)J(elll1e 3upa6oTHoft IL\aTbl B lIeperJ1CTpHpyeMo~1
cpaKTI1pa npHXOiunCJl CBblwe '1eTllepTII elIJe 6u\ee pe3Koro                  ceKmpe II ropo4ax,
HepaBeHCTBa II ,1')X04aX, B KmY)<16HH pOeT ypOBllil 06pa30-                       HepUIl(:,HCTllO ~10)f(e1' coxpaHilTbCJl, uepeXOilll v!3 1I0KOAe~
flalUll! HaCc],\eHfUI UPl1Ile,\ K COKpaHJeHI1IO pa3pbma Me)J(4Y               tH1Jl B 110KOA(:'HHC, 110CI«nbKY MaTepHa,\bIlOe 6,\arocOCTIllIHlle,
caMol1 RbI{,OKOM fI CIMOft HH3KOII 3upa6oTlloM nMrrt)11 HU                    06pU30Bamre 11 ll;\I1JlHlle B 061qccTBe nepe,'laIOTCl! OT P04H ~
20   npOIJellmH, lIeC:--IOTpJl 113 POCT ClIpoca lIa KBaMl(t)l!ljI1PO-         Te,\eii K 4e1'JlM, rrpl1'le:'<1 lIepaBeIlCTIlO )'XO/lH1' KOpWIMH       B
BaHHLIX    pa60THHKOH,      B     Ma,\aft3I1H   fI   KOCTa-PHKe       pac-    KY,\bTVpHble HOp~1bl, CTaHUll1e IleOTOCMAeMoti 'laCTbfO 3KO'
IlIl1peHfle 1~)3MO)J(1l0CTeM ;l;\Jl 06pa30BallHJl conpOBO)J(;la,\OCb          1I0MHLIecKoi1 CI1C1'e!'1bL   qm6b[ pa30pllaTb rrOpO'lHbfft Kpyr
pe3KHM COKpaUJCIlHeM nepalleHCTHa B 3apa6oTHoft TIAaTe, KaK                   6e.~1I0CTI1 Ii COKpunlTL HepanellCTllO B ,jOXO/jaX, lIe06xo;lHl'10
nOKa3aHO lIa PU(YHK(:'     6.1,   paCIlIHpeHl1e CHCTeMbl o6pa30lla-           113MellHTb CTpyKTYPbl pacnpe.-le"leHl1il peCYPCOB, 3m,0(1!iaKO,
HIUl ot);,1'I110 He, leT K COKpalljellHIO pa36poca H ypoBlle flO-             lIelIpOCTail 3aM'la, KpynHo~laCmTa6l1oe lIepepacnpeile.-\eHHe
XO,llOB, ~1MeIOTC!I, ONlaKO, H HCKJ\IO'leHHJl: II qH,'\H H MeKCHKe,           3e~lAH (H,\II Kal1HTao\a), KUK IIpal)J-I,\O, npOHCXO,llliT ,\l1lIlL B
HaUpl1"1ep UOAO)J(Yl1'e. \bHoe 1l03,1leticTBl1e POCTa ypomIll 06pa-           lIepl1o(lbl nmHTI1'leCKI1X lIOTpJlCeHl1Il     B   cTpaHax HOCm'lHoft
30Ba1lH!I 61,L\0 IR'pe'K'pKHym II pe3Y,\bTaTe CIlI1)J(eHHJl crrpoca           A3HH, >"1(:' B pe3Y,\bTUTe peCPOP~1 3e~Ml! JlPO'lHO nepeUl-\a K
lIa lIeKlla;\lIcpJ1IjHponnllHbIX pa60'll1x,                                   Me,\KHM cpep~lepaM, npoI130W,\O YCKopell11e 3K01I0~ll1LIecKoro
     Oc06edHo      pacnpocrpalleHo        HepaBeHC1'BO       B   il0XO,lax    pOCTa B Ce.\hCKOii MecTHocTH, YBe,\U'leIiHe 3aHl!'rt)CTH II nOBbI~
ropoilCKII} J1 ce,lbCKIlX )J(I1Te.leM,   B   :lHa'lI1Te;\bHoft Mepe 3m        lII(:,Hl1e llQ,\I1TI1'leCKoi1 Cra611,\LIIOCrH. 'laM, rile 3e~V\il 6hI,\U
06VC\0Ji,\CHO rrpoB0411ll1lleilCl! H re'lem1e 4eCilTI-MCTIIM nO-\II-          KQ,\AeKTHHH3J1pOBallil HMI NE'\Klle (pepMepbI He 1I0,1)/'1I1MI
TIIKOil, OTf\alllllJllleii npe4noLITeliHe roP04Y nepe;1 ,IlepelJllei'L        3aKpen,\eHHbIX B 3<lKOH04J1'e.-\bCTBe upaB Ha 3eM,\K), KaK,
Muoflle Crpallb! 'la('1'l1'IHO 1I,\11 UQ,\HOCTbIO OTKa3aAllCb 01'             HarrpllMep, B MeKCHKe, pecpopMbl corrpOIlO)J(;j<lAI1Ch 3aCTI)CM 11
TaKom     nOilxo,~;I,   11(' II HeK01upbIX cTpaH3x, oCOOeHHO             II   COf}HaAhIlOI! lIaHpJl)J(ellHoc1'blO, TeN He ~Iellee fl CTpaHax, file
Aq)pHKe, Oil cm,paHIlACJl, AIITHarpapllbIH )%\011 B nOAI1THKe                 3I1aLIHTe;\bHall 'laCTb 3eMMl      nO'TIpe)J(lIe~!y   He3cpcl:lCKTI1BIIO
conpOBO)!(,lU,\CJl TaKIlMII lIe6Aamnpk!!lTllbIMH 4;\1! ceAbcKoro              Hcnulh3yeTcil KpymlblMI1 llAa:1C,\bl}aMH, nOTpe6YIOTC!I ,1a,\b-
xo:mlicTB3 lm,\eHlUI~IH, KUK 3aBbiUlellHblii 06Mellllblft KYpC,               HCftWI1C 3eMe,\blible pecpOpMLL




                                                                                                                                                          47
        bOAee OPOCTOti cooc06 COKpaUJemlJl 6e,1HOCTlt II Hepa-                     o:ma'1aeT, npelK4C Bcero, YCTpaHeHI1C I1CKalKeHIl11, BC4YliJI1X K
     BeHC1'Ba   ,~OX040B   cocmll1' Il H3MeHeHIlH C1'pyK1'YPbl pac-                CHlllKCHI1KJ Ona'1H 01' TpY4a.
     upe,le,\eHllll '1eN}]le'1eCKOIU KanJnaAa. B Onll'1He 01' ¢H311-                   Ilepcxo,"l K MCHee (lCcpop~1HPOBaHHOMY 11 60Aee ynOpJl40-
     '1eCKoro K3mna,\3 HAH 3eM,\Il, 3lU MOlKe1' 6bl1'b 110C1'HrHym                 '1ClIHOMY    phlllKy TPY4a    ~IOlKe1' cnoc06CTROBaTb BblP~IBHIl­
     nY1'eM     HapallJI1ll3HIlJl    CYIIJeCTBYKlllJCro       '1eAOBC'1eCKoro      llaHIlKl 40X040B. IIPll OTCYTC1'Bl1H XapaKTepHblX 11,\Jl phlllKa
     Kaml1'<lA3, a lie ero nepepaCllpeileJ\CHHJl. 11HBCCTHIJIlH B '1e\o-           HC,.IOCTaTKOB, Hanpl1MCp, pa3,\I1'1HbIX BH40B   4HCKPl!MHH~ijHIl,

     IlC'1eCKHti KanH1'a,\ HellMYIlJHX eAOCB, B r\lOp:>4C KanJ11'a,\0·             PhlHOK HacMHoro TpY4a CPYHKlJllOHHpyeT TaKHM 06pa30N, '1m
     lJ.,\OlKeHIlH Il OCllOIlHOC MC/IHijHIlCKoe 06CAYlKI1BaHlle 11 Ha-             pa601'Hl1Kll C aHaAOrl1'1HblM ypOBHeM lIPOI13B04I1TeAbHO•.:TH H
     '1aAbHOe 06pa:lotlaHl1c, 6blMI R3lKHhIM 3,\eMCHTOM ycnelllllblX               BbllIOMIJIKJUjHe    conOCTaBl1MYlO    pa60TY    f10;\yqaIOT     npl!-
     CTpa1'erHl1    CHlllKCHlUI     ypOIlHJl   fJe.lHOCTll   II   11H.il0He311H,   6/\1l3I11'e;\bHO 0/111HaKOBYK) 3apa6oTHylO fL\a1'y.       KaK   C\~­
     Kl1\YM6l1ff H 11pynlx CTpaHax.                                                CTlllle,   pe3V;\bTaTbI   ¢YHKijI10HHpOBaHHJl   pblllKa   HaeMHoro
                                                                                   TpY4a B :>4eHbIIleti CTenCHI1 3aBHCJlT 01' llCX04HOit H3t1eACH-
     HepaaeHCT80 a oTga'ie OT pecypcoa                                             HOCTII pa60THllKa pecypca:.-m, '1eM PC3YAbT3Tbl pa60Tbl He no
     YHe,\ll'1eIIHC O1'4a'1l1 01' Orpalll1'1eHllblX pecypcoB, KOTOPblMH            HaJ1MY·
     paCIIOAaralO1' Ma,\OIlMYllJlle pa601'HI1KI1, 1'aKlKe OK33bIB3eT                   OcpllijHa,\bHO penlCTpHpyeMbl~1 pblHKaM TpWla, 04HaKO,
     CYllJeC1'BeHHoe MlillHl1e Ha pacnp~e\eHl1e ,10XO,~OB.                 Ilo-    Hepe,lKO npllcYIlJH HCK3lKeHHJl, npOTHROpeqallJlle HHTepecaM
     CKOAbKY rA3BHbIM !10ClUJlHI1CM 6e,lHbIX 1I1L\JleTClI IlX TP}/l, 3lU           6eilHoro HaCeAeHHJl. Bo MHOnlX CTpaHax yp6aHH331JHJl cno-



48
C06CTIlOIl<lAa pOCTy rpynn lIplAily/,\enlpOnaHHbIX pa60nlIAKOIl                                 HeKOTopblC aClleKTbI pa3,le,\elll1l1 Tpi/la MelKllY MYlK411-
B penlCTpHpve'vloM ceKTope, AIAIJa, He npyUla4,\e)KaIIJHe K                                Ha~1l1 H )l(eHlIJlIlIa~Ul 06YC\OBAeHbl ne4YllJeti P(1\blO lKeHllJI1H H
9TI1M rpyllnaJ\l, BIV\IO'Iaa OO\bIllHHCTBO HeI1MYlIJHX, 3aHilTbiX Il                       yxo;le 3a ileTbMI1, IKeHlljHlIaM npHxo4HTCii 3allllM3TbCH /10-
ceAbCKOM xOJiltlcTHe 11 B HepenlC1'pHpyeMoM ceKrope ropo-                                  ~lalllllHM X03J1HCTIlOM 1I0'lTll na BceM np01'JliKCHIIH CBoero
,lOll, ,\HllIeHbl 40cTyna K BlolCOKOOn,\a'lIABaeMOli pat'ioTe, lIPC4-                      TP}i10ClIOc06Hom IlmpaCTa, oco6eHHO npl1 O1'HOCI1Te,\bHO
,\araIDlIJeli 6o,\ee Ha/le)l(Hble rapaHTHIl :JaHlITOCTI1 11 ;\Y411me                       KOIXlTKOM I1POil().\)I(l1Te,\bIlOCTl1 iK1I3HH II BblCOK0I1 pO)l(,lae-

YC\Omlil TPY,la.                                                                           ~rOCTH. VIHor/la :'Kot!(X'Il1Ka Tpa/ll1lJHoHHom pa3;le,\eHlIIl TP}:-'Ia
                                                                                           Me)l(;lY     ~ly)l('lllH3~1l1       H    iKeHUJlIHaMI1    OTp3lKaeT            :1lIa'leHHe,
AcneKTbl HepaBeHCTBa                                                                       llpH4aBae~loe (IJI1311'JeCK0I1 ClIi\C, B '13CTHOC1'I1, Il 60AblllHH-
/(a)Ke B OTC\'TCTBl!e CrpyKTypHhlX I1CKa)KeHI1H pe3YAbTaTbI                                CTBe B11401l HeKBa,VI1cj:lIIlJlIpOllallllblX pa601: O/lIl<lKO pa3/le-
rpYHKIJIlOHl1POBaHIlil pblHKa Tpy;]a 1\10ryT OCTaBa1'bCil Hep,m-                           .\eHl1e Tpl'la no Tah,()~ly npHHIJHny CTaHOHl1TCil Bce 6(1\ee
IIbl~lIl,   Hanpf1'vlep, HC\e/!C1'lll1e ;II1CKpI1MI1HaIJIlH )l(eHllJI1H I1MI               I1e9c:/x+lCKTI1HHbIM, no Mepe TOro KaK B PC3YAbTaTe 9KOHOMH-
31'HWIeCKI1X rpynfl. OT4a'la OT TpY4a MOlKeT T<lKiKe onpe-                                 '1ecKoro pa3Bl1THJI 1I TeXHlI'IeCKoro Ilporpecca YHe;\H4Hllae1'C!I
,1CMITbCJI perllOH3\bHblMI1 pa3;\114HilMI1, 'ITO Ile,\aeT ;10MO-                           npOIl(HlKHTe,\bHOCTb TP};lOIlOH iKlBHH lKeHllJIlH, YMCHblIlaeT-
X03J1y.CTHa      r:epTIl,\MI1      He6,\aronpHJlTHbIX        reorpa(llI1'1eCKHX            Cil '1l1C\O 4eTCH B ceMbe H paneT cnpoc Ha KBa,\HrpHIJI1PO~
rp3Kll)!X1Il,     IlblllO'lHble      MeXaHI13Mbl       OKa3a,\HCb        HallMeHee         S3HlIhIC KallPhL
npllrtlNlblMll 4AiI YCTpaHeHHil HepaIleHCTBa MelK/1Y "'I1'lK'II1'                               Pa3MI'IHJI       B   OT4a'le          OT   TP}:,la   MylK'IHH        11    lKCHlljHH
HaMH H lKeIJ.lII1Ha'U1,         ~le)l(4Y    31'HI1'1eCKHMH 11 COlJl1a.\bHbIMI1             onp<:4e,\JlK)1'C!! ;lBY~liI qlaK'I'Opa)'lH. BO-llepHbIX, Bc/\e;lCTlll1e
rpYIIJlaMI1 11 'lelK4Y perHOHaMI1.                                                         ,1HCKpI1Ml1HalJHl1 B ((IJepe 06pa.'loHallHJI 11 nporpeCCI10HJ;\b'
                                                                                           nOH 1I0/lroToBKH, GO,\hlllHHCTBO )l(CHIIJI1H paClI(1\araeT MeHh-
llepaaeHcT60 .'teACH}'          .1IY)I('lUlta,,1U   U )l(eHUj,UHa.'lU                      IllHM ()6be~r()M HaBbIKoB, JlOAb3YlO1IJl1XCJI CI1IXlCO,,"I Ha phlHKe
nO'lTI1 JlOSC 10L1Y lKeHlIJl1Hbl nCv\b3YIOTCii MCHbIlUlMI1 lIpaBaMI1                       TpYAa, I~HCKpllMHHaIJHiI II 06pa30llaHHl1 oco6eHHO 3aMeTrIa S
B 06llJeCTHe. '1eM ~ly;K'mHbl, MeIlblIle lIOAY'IaIOT 3a CHOti TPY/1                        A311l1 II Ha BAHlKlIellol BOCToKe, a TaKlKe B AcppHKe, H 110'11'11

11 H MCHblIlCii CTeI:CHH KOIlTpOMIPYIOT cCMei1!lbIC peCypCbl, a                            OTCyTCTIlye1' II AanlHCKoli AMepl1KC H CTpaH3X 6bIBlIlCro
no MHOJ'llX C1'pallax He lIO/\Y'JaIOT paHHoro C                     ~lylK'IHllaMH          COHe1'CKOro          6.\OKa.    BO-II1'OPhIX,       lKeHlIJI1Hbi        '1acm     l1Mel(lT
06pa30AaHH:L JKeIIIlJH]{a~! 1'p\;!\HCe 1I0;\Y'HlTb AY'IlIle OnAa'lH-                       MCHblIIe 1l03MO)l(HOCTefI 4,\il TpY40YC1pOHCTBa H 1l03'IOMY He
saeM)'lo pa61rry B orpHlJHa,\bIlO perHCTpl1pye~!O!\! ceKTOpe, 11                           ,~06l!BaKlTCii 1'aKI1X )l(e pe,'ly:\hTaIDB Ha pbIIIKe Tpp3, K3K
OHl1 COCT'Hl.\JlIOT llenponopl.)1l0Ha,\bHO BblCOKYKl                   ,~()'\lO   AHIJ,    )'1},)I('1l1Hbl C aHa,\Ofl1'IHOH KBaAmpHKaIJI1CH,                  Bo   MIIOl'HX C1'pa~
6eClnaTll0 .la601';llOlIJIlX H ceMeMHoM XcrJ!II1CTHe 11 H Hepe~                            Hax 3HiI'JHTe,Vbllble pa.'lAI1'1Hil II 3apatXl1'Hm1 1I.\aTe MelK/IY
nlCTpl1pYCM1M ceKTOpc 3KOHOMI1KI1. B                      Tex c\Y'laJlx, KOf,-la           MYiK'll1llaMH 11 )l(eHlIJl1HaMI1 coxpaHlII01'Cil, 43)1(e eC\H HCK;\IO
)KeHIIJI~HaM       npe,locTarv\ile1'CJI         BO:JMO)l(HOCTb   BblX04111'b         Ha    'lI1Tb pa:UI1'JHJl II ypOliHC 06pa30SaHlf11 H npo¢CCCI10HaAbHO)'1
o6lIJlIe pbll~KI1 1'pY;la C MYlK'Il1HaMI1, OHH Hepc4Ko 1I041lep-                           onhiTC (Bpe3Ka         6, n     B       J.1l1(lIUf PC3AhfJaJl 3apaGoTlIaJl IL\aTa
raJOTCJI 4I1C);pHMl1HalJl1ll.                                                              lKeHllJHH COCTaSMle1'            51      npOljeH1' 01' 3apa60TKa MyJK'II1H, 11
     XOTil      IT)OAm.KHTI:', \bHOCTh          pa60'lero    4HiI   JKeHll}I1H        B    M1lI1b      34    npOIJeHTHMX nYHKTa 3roro pa'lpbIHa lIolO)l(C1' 6hlTh
PblHO'lHhIX \.'eKTOpax H cpC4HeM Mellbme, '1eM Y MY)I('1HH, :3Ta                           OTHCCCHO Ha C'leT pa3,\I1'1l1li B np!)(:j:JecCI10HJ,\bHblX AaHHblX.
pa3HHlja tX,\ce 'le~! BOCIIOAHJleTCJI MHoro'JaCOBbIMII 3aTpa-                              B KCHHH 3apa601'Ha!!            n,\a1'a iKeHUJHH Ha         18 IIlXllJeHTOIl HlDKe,
1'a~1H Tp'f.'la Il 40MalllHc~1 x03J1itcTBe. r10'lTl! 110 Ilcex c1'paflax                   '1e~1   y   )'IY)I('lHll, C nonpaHKoli Ha KHa/\HrpHK<UJI110 11 OnblT. B
)l(erIJIJHllbl llbmU\IUIIDT flcllporroPIJHoHa,\bflO RhICOKYIO (In\ID                       AaTHlIcKo~1 AMepl1Ke Cpe4HJIJI 3apa60THail n,\an )l(eHllJHJl
patX)ThI 110 401>1\:        B      BaHrA~leIll 6bIAO YCTafiOllACHO, 'lID                   COCTaMJlCT         71 npOlJellT cpe;IHeH 3apaGoHloli nAa1'bI MylK'Il1n,
MyJK'JI1Hbl H JKeHIIJIIHbl pa60TaIDT IlPIl6,>\H:lIITe/\bHO O;lI1Ha-                        npl1'lCM ,\HlI1h       20 npoIJeHToB pa3Hl1IJhl )'IO)l(HO OTHeC1'H Ha
KOHoe KOAJ1'lCC1'RO '1aCOB B fle4eAIO, 04HaKo, eC\11 MY)I(4HHhI                            C'IeT P33Al1'JHiI Il COCTaH..\!!K)lljl1X 'leAOlle'lCCKOro KamlTaAa.
3aTPa'lHSaKJ1'      90    npolJcHIDB csoero pa60'lero Rpe"lCIIH Ha                         /(a)l(c II fiblIlIlleM CCCP lKCHlIJHHbl 3apa6aTblHaAfl R cpe.clHeM
4ellTeAbHocTb, Cll!!3aHHYIO C n(1\Y'leHl1eM 4ox04a. 10                     80     I11Xl-   Ha   30     npOlJeHTDH MeHbllJe, 4eM MylK'IllHbl, 11 ,\l1llJb MeHee
IJCHIDIl pa6o'lero IlpeMCHI1 lKeflllJHfI nOClllllIJellO ,10c>mlllIillM                     04HOM ,~eCiiTOrl 31uro pa3pbllla 6hL\O CIlJl3aHO C pa'lAH'IH!!MH B
06il3aHHOC1JlM. 'EIKGe pa3,leAcHlle TpyAa coxpaHile1'CJI, ;13lKC                           '1eAOlle4eCKOM KanHTaAC,
KOr,1a lKeHlljHlibl pa6oTalOT BHC ,10Ma, B                   ApI'CHTl1HC )KeH-                  3KOHOMH'IeCKl1li POCT, KaK IIOK,l:laA OnbI1; He npHB04HT K
IIjl1l1l>l patX'TalOT 110 Ami)' Il CpeAHCM           73 '1aca H HC4e;\KJ, eCMI             6bICTpO~Iy fl3MeHellHIC) n(1\OlKefll1J1 lKeHllJHH II o6llJecTBe,                        B
OHH He 3aH.Hbl B         ,)6I1Jc:C1'BeHHO~1      np0I13110AC1'Be, If   56 'laCOB B         npOMbUll,\eHHO pa311IITb1X CTpaHax HepaBeHCTBO :>le)l(4Y M}'lK-
He/1':.\ID,    eCAH      ,aHilTbl,    TO    eCTb     HaMHoro     6C1\blUe,         'leM    'Ill HaMil 11 )l(eHllJHHaMI1 OCTalla;\OCb lleCbMa c1'a6H.\bHbl~1 lIa

MY;K'IHlIbJ.     3T11     pa3\H'IHJI       Il   pa3/1e,VCHIUI    TPY4a      MClK4Y         IlPOT!!)I(C1HfI1 lIO'lTI1 AByX Cf(1\eTHH 11 PC3KO COKpanlAOCb
MY)l(<JHHaMIl 11 lK('HUJIlHaMll CK33bIHaKl1'CJI Ha pacnpeAe/\eHI1H                         Al1lllb      II     lIoc/\e(lHl1e         TP1l4tJ<l1'b    ,\e'!:    nepeX0;1           OT
B,\IUIHHIlIl ceMbe. qeM MeHblile )KeHIlJI1Hbl 3apa6a1'bIBaKlT, 1'eM                        ceAbCKOX03lltiCTHeHHOro npOH31104CTHa K IlpOMblllHeHHOMY II
MeHblile OHl! MorVT BM1J1Tb Ha pacnpe/!CAeHl1e cCMetiHoro 40-                              K npe/l0C1'aMeHI1lO yCN)'!' He Bcer.:!a 11MeA OllJYTI1MbIH 3c:)xpeKT
xO(la 11 npWlilTl1e Hal16o,\ee BaJKHblX pelllCH11I1                 KaC3IOllJI1X-          Ha IIPOcpeCCI10Ha,\bHYK) IlI1CKPHJ\-II1H<lIJI1ID )l(eHllJHH. f:ianpH-
CiI, Hanpl1l·1ep, o6pacloBaHl1i1 ;1cTell.              Vh'leIDlljHCCil     /lallHble       Mep, B FbCOlfl COXpaHJleTCJI 1Ha'll1Tb\hflaJl I11Xlc:/lCCCI10H<lAb-
CBlHeTC;\bCTHYJ()'r,        'lID     TahDC      pacnpeLleAeHlfe        SAl1ilHIIJI    Il   Hall cerperalJIIJI, 'le~I 80 MliOl'OM 061>!1CHJllOTCJI OTMe'l<leMbIC
ceMbe HMe'1' OTlllllJaTeAbHble lIOC:\C4CTlllfll ;lAil ,1eTeti, OCO-                        TaM pa3Ml'll1i1 B 3apa60TtIoti lJ,\aTe MC)I(ilY M},)I('1HHaMlI 11
6eIHlO ;lAJI 40'lel'eti.                                                                   lKeHIIJI1HaMI1. 04HaKO eCTb OCHOnaHI1i1 H~1CilTbCJI, 'lTO Il pa311~



                                                                                                                                                                                         49
           HualOllJl1XOI    CTpaHax        H:1MCHeHIUI      Il 3mii    06AaCTl1      MoryT     peqJOpMbl. BalKHoe 3HJ'fCIIHe TaKlKC HMeKIT Mepbl 60PWbl C
           npOlBOHTH 3a [)(lACe KopOTKHe CPOKll, [locAe,1HHe ,WlUlhle IIO                      ,1HCKpHMHllaIJl1eH      tlU paGo'lcM MCCTe H OTK33 01' naTep-
           IlJeCTH pa31lHHalOllJl1MCll CTpaHaM B BoCTO'fHOii A:mH, AaTl1H-                     1l3MICTWleCKHX IlOIlhlTOK :laIljlfTbI lKeHIljIlH, Hbl3blB2IOIljHX
           CKOH AMcpHKe II AffllmKC K lOry 01' CaxaphI HOKU3blllalOT, 'ITO                     ;IOmnHHTE\bllble 113ilePJKKI1 A,\R pa6oTO{W1'CAeH npH np,!eMe
           3KOHOMII'feCKI1I1 POCT npI1BC,c\ K IlOBblllleHHIO ),POHHJl 3apu6oT-                 JKelllIJI1tl Ha pa60TY (CM, many         11),
           HOH IL\<lTbI JKeHIl)I1H 11 COKpallJeHI1K) pa3pbIBa II :{apU60TllOH
                                                                                               3T1IlPWCKOe U cOlJuaAbliOe Hepa(3eHCT(30
           IlAaTC   ~jCJK,1Y   M)'JK'flmal\1l1 I1 JKeHlIJHHal'1l1 no Ilcex CTp,max,
           KpOMe 04110i1. C        ,lpyroii cmpOHbI, ccrpcraljl111 3allllmCTll                 KopeHHble Hapo,·1HOCTI1 )\anmcKoH A,!epI1KIL a~lepl1KamJbI
           OCTUAUCb II OCllOHHOM 6e:.1 H3MeHeHI1i1:.                                           a(ppHKaHcKoro llPOHCXOlK/lCHllll 11 VIH/leI1I]bl B ClJJA, 1!bwallc
               3m OTCTU!laIlHe o6YC\OIl,,\eHO Pll/IOM (tJaKTO[XlH, ,l!mmml-                    B    IJcHTpa,\bHoti     II    BOCm'lIlOH        EHpone.      KaCThl           "lIenpJ.1-
           pylOIljee !!(1\OlKellHe MYlK'fl1l1 Il 06IljeCTBe CKU3hIH<lCTCJI Ha                  KacaeMhlX" R MIl/IHH 11 HerpLI B IOlKHOH AqJpl1Ke -                           ll::e :,TI1
           TP}!10HO~1 /lCJITeAhHOCTI1 lKCHIIJI1H H 6(l\hlUI1I1CTHe cTpaH, HU-                  rpYllHbl    HMelOT OTHOCHTC,\LHO               Hl!3KI1H    cTaTYc        HJ     PblHKC
           npHMep, KOfi13 MYlKYllHhl npe4nOYI1TUIOT, ym6hf I1X JKeHbI lie                      TPi!1il, CIlR3allHLIH C I1X 3THllq(,CK0l1 H~\11 COCAOBHOH npHlIa;1-
           pa60TaMj      llHe (IOMa.       illHpOKoe pacnpocTpalleHHe Hl\IeeT                  ~\elKHOCTblO,   B    /IJHH00j C\y'lae pe'lh VIileT 0               lIepallE'HC1'llC
           iHlCKpl1Ml1HalJI1ll Ha pa60YCM MccTe, OT'taCTI1 CIlil3aHIlaJI C                     MCJKclY .10MOXmRHcTIlaMl1. a                 He BH)'TPI1    ¥lX,   110 H 'Hecl>
           KY;\bTypHbIMI1 HOPMUl\\H, KpoMC TOro, CVlIJCCTHYCT MHOJKC-                          6y..WIl)ce AH),leH Ilpe,10npe/ICACHO C MOMeHTa pOlK/jeHWL
           CTHO COIlYTCTHyIOII)I1X opraW13aYHoHlIo-npalloBblx cpaKmpOB,                             1aKl1C rpYl1llb!, KaK a!'i{jCKI1C I1Hf\C~lljbI 11 Herpl>! l(JJKHOll
           CclCplKl1BalOlI)IIX    cnpoc      Ha   TP);1      lKeHIljI1H,     OCo6eHIIO    I!   ACPPI1KI1, 06bl'1HO HMelOT 60Ace Hl13KYlO 3apa6oTIIYKl 1l,\aTy,
           0CPUlj.1aAbIlO      perHCTpl1pYC,\fOM          ceKTOpe,             Hanpl1Mep,      '{eM OCTx\bHOe HaCe,\eHHC CTpaHb!. B OOf\HIl11l1 M)'lK'Il1Hhl H3
           ilHCKpmUlIlaIJllil      na1'eplla,\I1CTIIYeCKoro         Tl1lla    MOlKeT     He    YI1C\a     KopeHlIoro        HaCC,\eIlI1Jl    :lapa6a1'blB<I1OT     11    cp,,;;!ue!\J
           110nYCKaTb lKeHIIJI1H K "onaCIlOH" pa60Te IL\H K pa60Te H                           60    npoIJeHmH OT :lapat)OTKoB lIeKOpClll!blX pa601'HIIKOIl, B

           1l0YHYIO CMCHr                                                                      IIaparBae 3apafioTHaJl !L\a1'<! Alllj, rDBOpHllJl1X Ha ry~\p3ml,
               SH,11! MUllb orpU1lI1YCHHbie               B03l'10JKHOCTl1     (I,\ll TpYilO-   COCTaMlleT      64     npOI)CHTa       OT      3apa6oTKa      roBOPJlIIWX            Ha
           YCTpoHCTBa       ;t;eHlljI1H,   PO/1H1'e,\11    "leHee     CK,\OHHbI     /1allaTb   I1Cn3HCKO!'>! R3b1Ke, B        Opa3HAl1l1 3apa60THal! lL\aTa HcrpOB
           06p,)30IlaHHe i1eIl0'lKal'1, a MCHee 06pa30B3HHhle JKeHllJUHbl                      COCTaMReT M1II1b        50     npOIJeHmB 3apa6oTHoii H,\a1'bl 6e.\bIX,
           pelKe fJOCbIAalOT CB0I1X 110'lepC11 II IIlKC1\j: Pa30pll3Tb :31'01'                 OilHUKO, KaK IlH C\y'lae HcpaHlIoH 3apa6oTHoi1I1AaTI,1 ~J} lKYI1H
           IlOpOYHhlil Kpyr l'10lKCT 6bIT!> HC,\CrKO. I-Ieo6xo,:1111'10 BCeMI1                 11   lKeHIIJHII, 3TH    pa3Al1YHe He JlllAlllOTCll           IlCK,\K)'lHTt:,\I,HO
           l'1CpaMI1 40611BaTbOI, qmGbl (lellOYK11 nC1\yqa,\H olipa:mKume,                     C\e/\CTlll1cr-l ;lHCKpHMI1HaIJI1I1. HallpllMep, II OQ.\111l11l1 OKO,\O
           a y pOil11Te~\ci1 fil,L\ CTII,,!}," lIOCbn3Tb il0YCpei1 B IIlKO\y:                  70    npOIJellTOB    HepaBeHCTBa         B 3apa6oTIIOH         lL\UTe MCJKij\'
           onpe,leAeIlIlYK) pC1\h II 3TOM MoryT Ta/OKC CblrpaTb OK3JailHe                      lIpei1CTaHI1Te,\llMI1 KOpeHlIblX HUPO,.\flOCTeH 11 OCTa,\l>l1bIMH
           1I0MOII)11 II YXO/le 3a ilCTbMIl 11 COOTllCTCTIlYK)lIJHe lIpallOllhlC               pa60THI1KaMI1 :>IOJKCT 61>I1'b OTHecellO Ila CyeT pa3~\H'Il1i1 B



50

     t{4
ypOBHC o6pa c;ORalU1J1 II npO¢CCCl1OHa,\hHoro OnhIT~L OCTa,\b-                                 Orp<lllH4CIlHYIO       PC1\b      B     3KOHO~IHKC,      nOCK(1\hKY           npOMbllU-
HblC 30 np()!JeH'mB pa1phIBa He IIMelOT KOHKpeTHoro 06bJlC-                                    ,\CHHOCTb 11 ¢I1UaHCbl HaXO,iHAHCh II OCHOHIlOM II PYK;JX CPC/l-
HeHHJI H cmnanbl C HcyqHThUlaCMblMH qlaKTopa~lH, TaKHI'IH                                      Hero K;\aCCa 3THl14CCKllX KllTufnJCR.                 C l)e,\hK) yKpen~\C[JHJl        no-
KaK pa:HH'Ilu! B cliocofinoCTJlX H~\H II KaqeCTlle 06pa30BaHHiI H                              3H1Jllli «6y:.mnyTcpac» Il 3KOHOMliKC npaHHTe\bCTHO Ma;\aH-
,HlCKpHMI1HaIJlIlI Ha pblHKe Tpl,:~la,                                                         3mi npe4npHHII'\O pi!4 CKOOP4HHHpOBaHHbIX MCp, HK;\I04all
    KaJK/lbli\ ce,lb>IOH JKHTe.,\I, HH/um                      OKON) 2 npOlJeH1tlll            a(lpeCHoe cy6cH411ponaHIle o6pa:lOBaHlIll H npC,10CTa!lJ\CHHC
Ml1poBOro lIaCe,\t:HHJl -              npI1Ha4,\e)f(HT K KaCTe "HenplIKa-                      AbroT H paCTYllJCM roCY\'lapCTllCHliOM CCK10pe, ~II ~lCPbl
cae~lbIX",Hac\e,1CTlleHHhlc npo¢ecClUf qACHOll3TOH HIBlIleH                                    n03B(1\11~\1I nOllblCHTb ypoHCHb 06pa30HaHHiI 11 CPe.4HHH ,10XO,l
KaCThl-        y60pKa >lycopa, 4y6AeHlIc KO)f(,                        Ce\bCKOX03JlH-          3TIII1qeCKHX Ma,\illJlJeB, B pe3)';\b TaTe qcro HepaHeHCTHO H
CTllCHlIhfe                  - - He Il03110AlIK1T n(1\yqaTb CYHJeCTlIeH-                       ;10xO/lax MC)f(,W «6Y~lHllyTcpaC»11 OCTa;\bHbl~1 HaccAcHHeM, II
HYIO MaTepl1a,\hllYIO ,IT;la4Y 01' 06pa30BaHI1i1 I! npoq.lCcCI10-                              OCHOBHO~1 KHT3HlJaMlI H IlH4ycaMH, 3Haql1TeAbHO COKpaT!i-
Ha\ bHOro o6yqemHl. 'lI)a;~I1IJI!II TaKJKC HC llOIlVCKaA H CMeHbI                              ~\OCb: B ncpHO(l C 1974 IIO 1980 roil POCT cpe;:IIlIlX ,1OXO,iOB
npo¢ecClllI B ce,ILC - - CblH ;1110pHIIKa ;10;\)f(CH 61>1-\ pa60TaTb                           Mil/\aiilJeH npeHhlCl1;\ pOeT /lOXO(jClll 11PYl'HX rpy!l!l Ha 40 !lpn-
,lBOPHHKO>, 2ha Kpai\HJlll llcm6KocTb pblHKa TPY4a A>imaMl                                     IJCHmll, Ol(HaKO 3Ta ll(1\IITI1Ka B MeHbllletl CTCnCHl1 CKa3a;\aCb
q,\CllOH Ill! mmx KaCT CTI1MY,\OB K nO,\yqeHHKJ ofipa30BaHHJI,                                 Ha      oO!ljeM   ypOHHC         HcpaHCHCTHa,          TaK    KaK       HcpallCHCTHO
Tp;l,1I1lJllm HOC HcjC;\C, lOllaJll1C npo<jJCCCI!H B nOC\CilHee IIpeMlI                        I!OXO;lOIl llHyTpll   ca~1HX      3THI14eCKHX rpynn HmpOC\O.
CTa;\O Mell' ~e (6)13aTe,\hllbl~1, O,lHaKO B 19RR-89 ro,lax TPCTb

pa60THIIKCB         HepcnfCTpHPYCl\lOro                 CCKTOpa        B     Hll411HCKOM
                                                                                               Hepa8ellCTIlO ~>teJKgy pe2UOHa.>tu
llIT<lTC om;ap nplIna,I,\eJK'd,\a K HII3LllHM KaCTa"l,                                         HcpancHcTRo 4acro I1MCeT pCrUCJH3AbUhlH aCIICKT. nOq1'1I 110
    B   lOlI/HOtl        '\qlPI1KC KON)IlHa\bHOC npaiL\CHHC 6c~\oro                            Ilcex CTpaHax cyIlJeCTllYIOT pa3.\!lqIUI Me)f(,l)' perlloltaMH Il
MClIhlllIlHCTBa, a       3aTe~1   PC)f(IIM    anapTC~14a Ilplllle~\11          K Il03HHK-      06ecnC4CHHOCTH pccypcaMII, II ;1oxO(lax 11 TeMnax I)()CTa,
IlOIlCHHK) pa3,\lHHH II pecypcax                       H MHlIIlHI1 B 06!ljccTHe                COXpallJlIO!ljHeCIl H Te'leHl1C 4,\IITe~\bHoro IlpeMCHH, OTllOCH-
MC;K,lV 6C.\LI'1 11 qCPHblM HaCCAeHHC~L                      B   PC3YAhTaTC ;leMo-             TeAbHoe OTCTallallHC HeKO'mpLlX perI10HOH HaCTIv\hKO lle,\!1KO,
KpaTHqeCKIIX np')IJCCCOH K llAaCTlIllpllIHAO 4epmlC 60AbIIIHH-                                 'ITO    PO,1H111IHICCll    Il    HI1X    )'IHOroro      M1meHbi         l1Jnaqa;\LHO,
CTRO,   HO    TClICPb        II pallllTCALCTHY           npe:lCTOI1T         npcO,lC1\eTb      Pe6elloK, pO(lllllllIlIHCIl H MCKCIIKaHCKOM U1TaTe 'ibllnac, liMeeT
I10L\C,\CTIHIH MH,lI'IIX ,1CC!lHI,\eTllfl 4l!CKpHMHHaIJHH, ocoGeH-                             3Ha4I1TC,\LUO XYl11IH1C lIepcneKTHHbl, 4CM crn pOnCCHl!K II
HO Il otJ,\a'.'TH ofipa30Halll1ll H rrpo¢eCCIfOHa\bllOH 1I0N'01UH-                             MeXHKO: B I1ITaTe 'ibililac B (lila pa3a IlbIllK~ HepOllTlloCTh
KII, Oc06,)e 6eCnOK'lIIcTllO llbI3LIIlae'f nC1\())KCmle Tex, KTO                               CMep1'H ijO 40CTH)f(Cllllll nIlTH,\eTHero HmpaCTa, oo\ee 'leJVI Il
I1o(ellJ<]'\ ',IlKO,\y B 7U-e II 80·c ro4bL KaqCCTflO o6yqeHIIH H                              (\llJ pa.3Cl HII)f(C IlCPOIlTHOCTb :iJKOH411Th naqa,\bIlYIO IIlKC1\y H Il
IlCrpllTllIlC KHX lIIK\.t\<lX B ;\[OOOM C,\Y4ac bblNl HH3KI!M, IlO 3TO                         ,1eCJlTh pa3 IlbIllIe llep(lJlTHOCTb IlpOlKl1l1amUI Il .10MC Ge3
CIlJC ycyr:tJ,\lI.\,lCh TeM, "1m MHorHC U.lK(1\bHIIKH, HLlpaJKall                              HO/1onpOllo,1a,     EC\H        ypO)f(CllelJ    'ihJlrraC    He   CJVICllHT MeC1D
IlP;)TCCT     pe)f(II'I),     anapTcH4a,              6oHKoTHpOHa,\H            3aHIITHIL      )f(IITC,\bCTBa, ero 3apa6oTfIail n,\3Ta, IlpH TCX JKe npoq.lCC-
t\1110rHC HI HHX llCT\lIaKlT R IlOllYIO 3py C BLICOKHM ypCllltleM                              CHOHa,\bHhIX ,1aHllbIX, GYileT H<l 20-35 lI[XlIJCHTIlll HlfiKC, qCM
no \I1TH4C .'Koro C03naHHII, UO npaKTHqCCKII IIC no,lroTOIl;\ClILI                             Y pa60nlllKa       npO)f(IIHaIO!ljero Il ,vlcxI1Ko, 11 lIa 40-4'5 npo-
K HCrJ(nb3,)HaHI1I0 HOIlLIX :3KOHOMl!qeCKHX H03MO)f(HOCTeH,                                    lJeHTOIl MeHLllIC, qeM          Y)f(HTCAlI ceHepHOl'i        qaCTII MeKCIIKH,
    ;\HlJa, OTHOOIU)HCCIl K rpynnaM co C/\a6bIM 3KOUOMH-                                            I1cxo,lHhle      YCNllll11l      lliL\JlIOTCIl    O/lHlIM    113        K;\KlqCHLIX
'lCCKI1~I, (6IlJCCTIlCll!lbl~1 H nC1\I1TH'leCKH'>1 BAI1JllllleM, MoryT                         cpaK'lUpOIl, orrpC4C,\IlIOUJHX pa31lHTl1e 3KOllOMHKH pemOlla,
IlOnJCTb     f1Ja~'KHYThI~1           Kpyr,    !!    KOTOPOM HWIKliH ypORClIh                  OTCTaB<lIlHC lleKOTOpLIX pcmOHOll 061,JlCllIICTCJl B3aIlM04CH-
oGpa:lOBamlll       II    HI1.lKall    OTipqa          nT    Tpy,lJ,       ~\H1.llaK)T   I!X   CTBlleM Pll/IJ CpaK1npOIl, BK,\KI'laJl CK)/lHble pecypCbl, XPOHH-
CTI1MY,\OIl K Hap'lLYIlH<lHHlO qeAOHCqCCKOro K'UH1TJJ\a. OKa3aH-                               qeCKIlC HCBHIIMallHC It\acreiJ, HII3KIIH ypOllCHb IlHBCCTlIlJllti 11
1.llHCL R TaKOM 1l00U)f(CHI1H, CTaHOBHTClI BCC TpY4Hee IIpe-                                   CKOHlJCHTpllpOllaHlIOCTb ~la,\OKHa;\I1¢lIlJlIpOBaHHblx patJoTHII-
O,IC1\eTI, C'TlIOClITCAhUYKl, a HHor,la l1 a6CC1\IOTHYK) 6C4HOCTb                              KOIl, B03MO)f(IlO, lIPI1lla..1Ae)f(aIl)!1X K HHOi1 3TllW!eCKOIi rpyrme,
H It:lOAl!t)()HaUHOCTb H" ¢OHe paCTYIIJern 6~\aroC()CTOllHI1i1                                 qCM OCT3,\LHOC llaCC~\eHHC, npOBHHIJlIlI faHLcv, r4e ,10XO,1 Ha
!lpyrl1X 'lAeHOH OOfIJCCTllJ, :1lecb TaK)f(C lIMelOT 311aqCHI1C                                4ymy HaCC;\CHHll Ha         '10 npOlJCHmB HHJKC cpcAHero ypOBH!I no
HOIIIXlChl CBJlJI1 1l0KC1\eHI1H, oco6cUHO 1(01;13 Te 11,\11 I1Hble                             CTpaue, IlXOilHT Il 4HC\O fulHeilllIl1X pemOHOB KHTall, BLleo-
COIJllaAbHble qW[[llLI He H COCroJlHlIl1 IlblPllUThCIl 113 C\())f(lIbIX                        KI111 ypOHeHb     6ei IHOCTH      B npoBI1HIJHH Cll1l3aH C ue6AaronplIllT-
IJIIKAOB 3I.o11mlll'!CCKOH :;allIlCI!MOCTI1I1 HCnC1\HOIJeHHOCTlJ.                              Hbl~1     reOrpa¢l1'ICCKHM              rrOAO)f(eHHCM,        llCn,\040{Xl4HbIMI1
    Q1HO(1     H3    rpyllll,     aKTlllmO           I1crr\.t\L30BaB1.llIlX     roey/lap-      3el'MIlMH, nO;IBep)f(eHHbIMl1 3P0311H nOqllhl, HIBKI1M ypOBl!CI'III
ClJlCHHy~'    llC1\I'TI1K; IIAlI BHCI1PCHHJl B OCHOBHOC pyC\O 3KOI!O-                          HcperYAlIpHOCThlO          oca,1KOB        H    OrpaHII'lCHHbIMII              B03I'IO)f(-
~llIqCCKOtl )f(WH!l1, IlhlAH «bYMHIlYTcpac», IIMI 3TIlllqCCKllC                                !1OCTlIMI1 11All TPY-'IOYCTpoHcTlla BHe CC;\hCKOXo:lllHCTBCIIHOft)
M:tAaHIJbl Jl MaAaH:\IIH. b(1\blllIlHCTBO «6YMllnYTcpac" (6YK-                                 npo1131l0/1CTlla,   B     apreHTI1HCKOH 1l[X)Hl1HlJIIH 'iaKo                  BRIl     Ha
1l3.\hl!(lC :IHaqeWIC --- ",leTlI 3CMAII") Ha npOTII)f(CHHH nO'lTII                            4YlllY llaCCAeHHJI COCTall/\ilCT ,\HllIb 3R IIPOIJCHTOII cpelHero
IKern   XX      Be!;a       J:lHHM:tAI1Ch           TPU4111JI10HUbIMI1         ¢OpM<lMI1       ypOBHlI no CTP<lHC, 3Tcl OTCr,1SaHHe BO ~lHorOM Of)bJlCHllCTCll
MCAKOro CCAhCKOXo.IIlHCfllCHIlOI'O IlP0l131l0/1CTIla 11 BLlpallJH-                             H!BKIIM      YPOllllCM          06pa30BaH1I1I         lIaCC,\eHl1J1     I!     cAa6blM
BaHHCM I'Hca. nOC\C 06peTeHHJI CTtXlHOH lle3aBHCHMOCTlI                                        pa3BIITIICM HH(IlpaCl'PYKTypbl, OC06CHlIO 40por
"fiY~HIlIY"cpaC",         H(,CI'IOTPll        Ha      TO,   'ITO    OHl1       llB,\JlAlICb         OTHOClITCAbHaJl H a6CC1\IOTHall 6C4HOCTb pcrHOHOB MOJKeT
3TllWleCHIM 6(1\bllIIlHCTIl0~1 11 3aUl1MaAl1 IIpeObA3;1alOUfec                                 COXpallJlTLCIl 4AHTC,\bHOC BpeMIl ;1a)f(C lIpH BblCOKHX TCMnax
nOAO)f(eU Ie II rUCY4apCTBeHliOM CCKTope, IIP04(1\)f(a,U! HrpaTh                               :,KOHOMH4CCKOIO [XKTa 1I 4pynlx pemOllax, Hanpll~lep, Kpax



                                                                                                                                                                                            51
     :-lKOHOMIlKH, OCHOn<lHHOf! H3 npmnBO;1CTIJe C<lXapa, H                          XVII     tWTblpex qllezf 6 lIeqe,lIo, Koega Y Ilem eCTb pa601a, Oil
     BeKe nOCAYJKI1A na'laXlM y"a.'lKa B CCIlCPO-1l0CTI)'lHOf! 'laCTH                         110,11''iae7' OK(MO        0,8      ga,lAapa 8 gellb, Bo ape,lIfI Y(;OPKU
     0P33IL\VUl, KOTOPblH il0 CI1X lIOP HC })!l3AOCh no,\HOCThlO                              Y/XX!KaR ),',lOnKa pa6arbl gOCTaTO'iHO, HO 3U,'tOU                               wpa-
     npC04C1\eTb, Kpwmc yrn\bHOH npOMhllli\ClIHOCHI Il CWA II                                 60TOK NaUTU TPl'qHO, OH )/(U8eT 8 2,lUN06uTIIOii XU)/(lme                               c
     pe3y-\bTaTc      ncpexoAa       HU    HCCPTb         11   ra,    II   npowm04CTllC       )f;eHoii u nJlTblO geTb. 1Iu, )f(ell{/ U gecJlrU,teTNRJl q()l,b no-
     :?;\eKTp0:?HeprllH n(1\OJKIl,\ KOHCIJ 6~\aroC()CTOlIHlIIO 3ana.1HOf!                     ,'tOcalm' o6pa6m'b16(1Tb                   lIe6a!bUlOII         o.:opoq, gak 11~UU
     BHPtllKHIlHH, 3KOllOMHKa KOTOPOH 331lHCCA3 OT 1100bl'll1 yr.\lI,                         IlpagJ'K'fbl     K ce.1tdfNO;lIY             CTOA)', gaA<.e Kocqa          oreif,     lie
     3TOT IllTaT no CCH ACllb OCT<lCTClI 04JUIM 11"                         6c;1I1CHIIlHX     pa60meT, PO,qllT~lu 06eCI10K()eNbl 6vgyuJIL't geTeu, ONU
     pemolloll CWA, B l;m~\all"Ie 6blcTpble TeMIIb! pa3BHTml Hk                               XOTe/lll 6bl nepeexaTb T}'qa, 2ge eCTb 6Cb!blUe 603,'tD:!KHO-
     IJHOHiL\bHOI1 :';KOIlOMIIKH Ile KOClly~\I1Cb HaCe~\eIlI1Jl ropllblX                      eTei;      lIailTu      pa60TV,        110    He     ~\fOC)'T    fla:maWTb        ce6e
     pailolloB 113 cCBcpe (TpaIIbl, Mellce      30 npOlJellTOB "cpeHCHb                       oCTa6llTtJ eqllHCT13ellllOe gocToJllIue Ce,'lhU - . lIe{i(11 "wail
     :?TOro pemOHa I1MelOT IllKCli\bl 11.\l1l11b 15 npOlJCIlTOIl HaCC,\eHHJI                  3e.1te,ltJllhIU ),'I,aCTOK,
     YMClOT 'lI1TaTh 11 !IHC3Tb Ila TaHCKOM Jl:lhlKC, a Cpe,1HI1i1 ro/l0BC1J1                                                            •••
     40X04 COCTallAJIeT MCHee 'lCTllCPTI1                BHrl      Ila 'lCNJBeKa,                  lJm MOJKeT C4e,\<lTb npamITe.\bCTBC'l Il nO,d06HblX C;\yqallX'
                                                                                              flo. \I1THKa,     H3npall.<\eHHaJI           Ha    OKa3a~lHe       nOMOLIJI1    TaKH~1
     KaK nOMo'tb o6AeneHHbiM B npou,ecce                                                      ,\HI}aM,     ,~n\)KHJ    CO'leT<lTh ijeACHunpallAelIHble             ~lepbl    !Ie> B03-
     pa3BMTMA?                                                                                IlpaIIJeHHK'l Tpv;\ocnoco6llbIX ,\Hij Il C<PepI' 3all5lmeTI1, noco-
     3KOHOMH'lCCKI1H POCT, OCHOBalIIlbltl lIa tleiicTIlHI1 PbIllO'lHbIX                       61111 4,\1I nO,1;1ep)KaHH}] HX ypOIlHJI lKH3HI1 He Hl1lKC ollpe-

     on,      :?cpcjJeKTI1BHOl-l HCII(»\b301laHI1I1 TP),10BbIX PCCYPCOll 11                   4e.\CHHoro MI1HHc>IYMa H roC}?lapCTIlCHHble lIpOrpaM!;Ibl                           ,1~\iI

     CO;lellcTIlI1I1 cpop",mpOBaHHlO KPYllIlOro ceKmpa IlaeMHoro                              ;leTefi, npH3BaHllble .1aTh C\C,1YK)IlJe~ly nOKC1\eHHlO Ilm'10lK-
     TpY;la,    MOlKCT     ClIOc06CTIIOB<lTb             40CTl1lKeHHK)       P3IlCHCTBa,      1l0CTb H3fielK<ITb tJe;mOCTll,
     O"HaKO pa:iBIlTIlC conaCHO PbllIO'lHbIM Ilpl1HijHlla~1 caMO no
     ce6e He JIBAJICTClI :?<pq)CKTHIlHbIM HHCTpYMeHTOM COKpaIijemlJI                          AgpeclltJle Ulle(XTU1~IlU

     HepaIlCHCT1l3 MClK;\y        no,\a~m,   Me)K4),      :';THH'leCKH~1I1     rp),nIla"m     f-iJ,,\}] I1HTerpalJHH 06;1eACHHbIX pa60THHKOB II 0611JI1il Ilpoijecc
     H   ~IelK;1y   ;\1O,1b.'m,   CXOlKHMH          EO    IlCe.x     OCTiL\bHhIX    OTHO-     P<l3HI1TI1J1    ~10ryT     6blTb      opr3HH30Hallbi            nporpaM)'lbl     lIepe-
     IIleHllJlX, PCllIalOllJce 3Ha'leHlle ,:1.\JI BblpamlllIlaHHJI CTP),K-                    !1(HrOmllKH, ;13KJIljlle 11),1         llo.~"!O;;(]JOCTh    nc»\VqHTh OCHOllHble
     TYPbI (,OXO,\OIl HMeCT yA)''llUeHl1e HCXO,:1HOro pacnpe.1c.\CHIUI                        npocpeCGmna;\hHble HaBbIKIl, HAH nporpa).jMhL lIOMoraKlIijHC
     'leAOlle'leCKoro KaIII1Ta.\3, OC06CHHO II)'TCM IJpe(10CTall,\cmlJl                       OTKpblTb C06CTHCIlHoe /\e,\o, A4peCHbie nporpaMMbl 06y-
     .'!a.\mlMYllJHM ,\OcTyna K 06pa30BaJIHlO. fOCY43PCTBO ~10lKeT                            'leHHJI 4A}] COIjH<I;\l,IIO t1e3allJ11I1JCIIHbIX rpynn, HanpaIl\eHIIUIe
     cnoco6CTBOll3Th        YCKopeHl11O        npe06paX)BaWlil,              CO;\CrlCTBYll    npClK;le Hcero Ha CIU1)KeHHe ypOIlIJ}] flCiIHOCTH, a                            H<, H3
     pOCTy      qC;\O!leqeCKoro KaIIHTa;\a HaHOo.\ee 06lIC,\eHHbIX H                          ncpen04romllKY 6e3pa60THbIX, OTHOCHTC,\bHO Ma,\O pacnpo-
     nplIHHMall MepbI npOTHll 4HCKPHMJ1HaI}¥U1. O;1HUKO pemeHHC                               eTpalIeHbl B palllllllaKlIIJcMCJI Jl.lHpe, lIO HMelOT 6C1\eC 43BHI01O
     npo6,\eM TOf! qaCTll HaCe,\eHlIll, KOTOpaJI OCTa;\aCb II CTOPOHC                         HcmpHIo B npo)'lbIW;\eHHO pa3BI1TblX cTpaHax. HaIlpHMt'P, B
     OT 3KOHOMlI'lCCKOro nporpecca, npe4CTaB.\51eT co60il KpaHHe                              CI L1A      cj:lI1HallcuPycMble rocYilapCTHD',1 IIporpaMMbl nm1DlIJll
     C\OlKnylO 3a4a'lY n(1\I1THKlI H II npOMbIUL\eHHO pa3BHTblX, H B                          COijH<u\bHO       He33I1j~IllJCHHoMy              lIaCe,\ellHlO    cylijecTllyloT       C
     pa3BI1BalOIijl1XCll CTpaHax, VIIlBCCTl1IJIlI1, Opl1eHTHpOBaHHblC                         1964      rcWL MllorHe 113 3TI1X IIporp3MM 6b1M! CB;13aJlbl C
     Ha TaKHX ;\l1IJ, 'laCm He            ,~alOl'   peaAbHbIX pe:'),AbTamll -                 nporpaMM<lMH COIJHa,\bHbIX IlbIfL\aT, T3KI1Mll KaK npOrpaM,ja
     AH60 nom.'IY, "1m no,\Y'laTeMI -                ,\104H nOJKH,\oro ll03paCTa,             1l0MOllJH      CeMbJI)'1    C    HeCOIlCpIIlCmlU\eTHHMH               4eTbMH.       3TH
     'lCpe3 HeCK(1\bKO .,\eT 331leplUaKJIIJHe TpY;10BYlO 4e}]Te;\bHOCTb,                      uporpaM)'lbl H~!e~\H ;\HlIlb Orp<lHl1'leHHbIH yenex: IIpocpec-
     Al1fK)    nomMY,     "ITO     OHH    He    11,IClOT        OCIlOllllbIX    llallblKOH,   CHOHaAbHoe 06Y'ICHHe He llccr,13 np"BO(1I1T K YIlC,\l1'lCIIHIO
     Heo6x04HMbIX 4AJI BbIlIO;\HCHHJI pa6tJTbI, MI60 nomMY, 'lm                               40X04a Y'l3CTHI1KOB,            B   I)E';\OM 06V'lCIlHe COijHaAbIlO He3a:1jH-
     OIlH npolKHIl31OT Il 3KOHOMHqeCKH OTCTaM,IX per¥!oHax,                                   llJeHHbIX '\111} Il CalA 6bl,\0 3HaqHTe;\bHO 60ACC :?cjJcjJeK~lln­

                                           •••                                                HbIM lIpl1 OKa3amm nO'>!OIlJH COBepWClIHC»\CTHHM lKeHIijHllaM,
         IlflTugecflTuTpex~leTHflR 6gooa,                      IlpuHag,leA<.a~afl K           'lec>1   MYJK'lI1Ha~1   H MU\O/lelKl1,
     KaCTe KaIlY, U3 UliguucKoil gepe6Hu l{U1ITanaA~W 6 Pame                                       AliUICHHH 11 6(41l0CTL 06LI'lHO CO'leTJIOTCJI C BeCbMa
     A1a1iga,l, 11l1gUfI, /KU6e'[ oqHa 8 c.llm06u7'HoU XU/KUHe,                               OrpaHl1'lCHHblM ;\OcTynoM K YC\;'TaM cpH3H'leCKOH II COijHJ,\L-
     OHa 8tJlUHa 3a,lIY/f( 3a g60lOpOgli020 6pam, Komphlu 6tJ1Jl                              Iloil:    HHcppaCTpYKTYPbJ.            Pacnpe4e.\eHHC             rocy;~apCTBeHllbIX
     cTaplue ee U He U,HeA HUK(/}WcO u,lI)'UJeCT8a; nOGle e20                                 pacxo;,oll      Ha      COljl1a\bHble        HYlK;1bI    'laCTI)    He   Y'lHTbm3eT
     CHepru olla OCTlLWCh 6e3 CpegCT6 K CVUJeCT808{/1IUIO U                                   liHTepeCbl ",1aAOHMYllJHX, oc06eHHo Il Ce~\hCKOH l\leCTIIOCTl1 Ii
     'lapa6aTbt6aeT Ha )/(U3Hb U3"OTOO.leHUe;\f "PJ'/f(e6; (lila pa                           H 3KOIlOI-H1'lCCKH OTCTU,\bIX peruoHax, 3m 06bl'l1l0 npHl3o,aHT
     60meT 110 gecflTb tlaco(~ 6 geHb, CllAeTaJl qo              5000 ~lIe7'pa8               K rre:locTam'lHoil: 06eCne'leHIlOCTH 6e;lHblx pailoHon KaHa-
     HUTU, U 3apa6arbl8(1R C)W.'ty,                  3K6U6a,WIITHY10 0,3 ga!-                 Ml3aijHe!'\, 40pOral\UI, f)OAbHm;aMI1 H III Ko,\aMH, BoccT:mo-
     .tapa ClllA IlpeKAolIHblu 603paCT, cta60e 3gopo6be u                                     !l,\CHHe     pallHOllCCHJI      lIy"TeM      roC}>1apeTBeHHoro           IIHHeCTJ1pO-
     KaCT06afl npullag~W)/(HOCTb He n038Ulf1Kfr eu 3(1HU,1taTbCfI                             HaHI1JI B HHcppaCTpYKTYP\, II 3THX OTCTa.\bIX patlollax MO;KeT
     wwi:i     on/la'tU8ae~'lOU pa60TOu.                                                      I1MCTb pewalollJec 3Ha'lem1e iP}] IlblllO,1a Ma,\0I1MYlIJHX ce"letl

                                           •••                                                H3-,1<1 'lepTbI Oe,1HOCTI1,           B    MCKClIKC Ha'lHHa}] c           1988    ro4a
         CeAbCKOX03f1UCT6eIlHbIU pa{io'luii, ;/;U6yUJUU 86AU3U                                nporpaMMa "Co,\lMapH;1a,1" lIPC;10CTaMlleT 6e4HhI~1 MyHHljH-
     OT Ta3ta,Je 8 C(lealiHe flU/bt, pa607'aeT 13 CpegHe;.t ~Hellee                           naMITeTaJl.I         Cpe.1CTlla       Ha     cpHHaHCl1pOllalIHc          He6tHblllHx



52
npOeKTDB, Cll1l3aHHblX            c: BOCCTaHORAeHl1eM lllKOA,             y,\Y'Illlem!e~1       ~mpO!lOM         pa3BHTlIlI"          Y;\Y'ImeHlIe m1TaHII1I            H    YKperr;\eHl1e
Il040CHa6JKemlll           Il    ceAhcKoH     I'leCTllOCnl         11     peMOHTOM         11   l;lOPOBbll 4E'Tefl rrOBbllLIaIOT !IX cnOCOOHOCTh K 06V'IeHHKJ B
Co.~epJK3HHeM          Ce"\bCKHX ;10POr.                                                        llIKC1\bHLle IDtlbl 11 npo1l3HO;lIlTe,\bHOCTb I1X Tp};'Ia B 6Y,WLlJeM.
                                                                                                    B      pll/le       CTpaH        npIIHH!>laIOTCll       Mepbl    110      conepmeH-
COl1UCUbHble 8btrUaTbi                                                                          CTROBaHl11O            MexaHIBMOB           OKa3aHI1J1      COlJII,UbHOi\        IJOMOlIJlI
B03MOJKHOCTH             4"\1l    HIlBeCTl1lJHW     II   HHCppaCTpYKTYPY                I1AI1   MaA0I1NYLlJI!M II I1X !]eTllM. Hanp!lMep, B KC1\Y:-'161111 06UJI1H-
oGY'leHlle II yeAllx OK3:laI1Hll nOMOLIJl1 He33LlJI1IlJeHHbl>1 rpyn-                            Hal! IIporpa~IMa OOY'lCHlIll II IIHTaHlIJl ,leTeH IIpe,aYCMaT-
n3,1 ~loryT           OK333TbCJl !leCbMa Orp3HH'leHHbIMI1.                       B    T3KHX     pIlBaeT C03,laHl1e II0lllKOAbHbiX Y'IpeJK"ellllH, B K011JpblX ,leTI1
C\Y'IallX      BCml1KaeT          lIeo6x04I1MOCTI,       B pa3AH'IllblX               Mepo-     nOAY'IaIOT nllTaHHe 11 TIPOXO,allT Mell1lJIIHCKoe 06C\C,1oBClHlle.
npllllTI111X     no       01Jlr'leHI1IO     6e4HOCTH          11    Il        COLjHaAbHblX      Bo31'10JKHOCTb AOIllKC1\bHOrO 06Y'leHHJI, fXHee Ka'leC1'BeHHoe
BbIll,\3Tax. COlJl1a\bHble llbIllAaTbl MoryT CO'leTaTbCll C 6cnce                               TIHTaHlle        II     ME',aIlYlIHcKoe           06C\)'lKHBaHlle       upe,qCTaBM1KJ1'
;"Cl\IDHpeMeIlHbIMl!             Mexalm3~lal'm      rapaHTllpOBaHHll 110XO,101l                 HecoMHeHHYIO nOAb:,y ,IAll 4eTei1. Ib;U1Te,\1I -                               oc06eHHo
(CM. mallY      13)     110111 lIH.\llTbCll COCTaBHoi1 'laCTbKl KOMUAeKca                       ~laTePll    -         lIC1\Y'IaIOT    llm~10JKHOCTb        YCTPOI1TbCIl Ha OnAa'lll-
CllelJlIaAbHUX ME'P nepexo,aHOID lIepll04a (CM. mall}'                                  17).    nae"lYIO pa60TY BHe iloMa. B MeKCI1Ke rrporpaMMa nE'pllH'IHblX
Bbl60p TOV I1AlI HHOi1 ClIne!'!bl cOIJl1aAbHotl 3aUJHTbi                                        ME'4I1YI1HCKIIX YCA)T ,e\All Ally, He HMelOl.lJl1X CTpaXOBaHHll
nOC1DiIHHOi' HMI QpeMeHH0l1                       3allHCI1T OObI'lHO 01' ypOBllll               340lXJBbil (TIACCTIAJ, rrpc,lOCTallAlleT 6e{lTIOMY HaCc,\E'HHK)
40X()4011 11 01' Tpa4H1 JHl1 CTpal1bI. B                 npaHax C HI13KHM 11                    OCHOIlHhle MetlHlJI1HCKl1e yC\)TII H a/lpeCHYKJ IlP040B{1\b-
Cpe(lHIIM 4UX04mr 3TH BbIll,\a1'bl >lorYT 3cpcpeKTHIlHO npe,qo-                                 CTBeHHYKJ           nOMOII)b.        TIporpaMM3           06nJelD 06pa30Ilam1l! II
CTaMllTbCll II paMKax roCY4apCTBeHHhlX nporpaMM 3aHll'lDCT11.                                   BaHna4ellI HanpalL\ella Ha yse,\II'1elllfe ilocTyrra K Ha'l3,\b-
B TIOC\E'4HHe 1D,11,1 B p1l4E' CTpaH 6bIA11 orrp06ClBaHbl rr04XO;lbl,                           HOMY 11 cpe,qlle~ly 06pa30BaHllIO ,l/\il 4eTeli 113                     6eA llbiX   ceMdi,
CO'leTalOLIJlle lImlOLIJI, 6e;lHbIM C rrOMOLIJblO B B03BpaLIJemm                                OCo6eHHO AeBO'leK. TIporpaMMa COCPE';IOTO'IeHa Ha pac lllll-
Ha PWIOK TpWla Mil), l101'epJI\llUHX pa60TY B pe3Y;\bTaTe                                       peHlI11 yc\)'r B 06Aac1'H 06pa30BallWl B Ge;lHblx HaCe,\eHIlLIX
3KOHOMH'IeCKHX npE'06pa3011aHHH.                     HalIpn~lep, B 5(1'\H1um,                   nYIIKTax,         HE'     n0;\Y'la!0LIJI1X        :1TH    yc\yrll   B       /1OCTaTO'lHO~1

rtJlwee,    I(JH/lYpaCe,          EnlllTe    11    CeHera/\E'       6blAI1       C03,aaHbl      06'beMe, YBE'Al1'lemll1 '1llO;\a Y'lI1Te"\ei1-JKeHLlJI1H II paClIpcl""
cOIJl1a"\bHbIC CPOI\AbI ,,,,",\ll C1'HMYAHpollaHlfll ,aellTeAbHOC1'lI,                          CTp3Hem1l1            ycnellIHoro         OlIbl1'a     3KClIepll"IE'HT3Ab!lOi\       npo-
Cll)I3aHHOii     C      ll<lAy'leHI1E'M     40XlJ4a,     H    C03/1aHHil             MI1KpO-    rpaMMbl CTllIlelMHH 4;\l! 4eIlOCfeK. B CaM,Il<l:10PE' oCYllJecTB-
npe.:lnpHllTIIH.         dTH      CPOH4bl    06h1'lHO        I1ClIC1\h3)'IOTCll         A,\ll   ;\lle1'Cll 3KclIepllMeHTa"\hHall a,\pecHall                  nporpa~IMa         nIlTam1l!,
cpllIlallCHp()BaHH~ HetXr\bllll!X 06'bE'KTOB 11lIcppanpYKTYPbl,                                 npel1ycMaTpllllalOLlJall                Bbl,aa'lY        lllKQ\bIlHK3M         1II1L1Jellhlx
TeXHI1'leCK<    >iI    !l(MOll)H,     npocpeCCIIOHaAbHOID                 06Y'leHI1Il      H    (l06alloK.
npe,lOCTaH.\eHIIIl Me~\KHX Kpe/UlTOI\. OI1!!aKO HE' !lce MoryT                                                                                   •••
lJE'PHYThCll Ha PllHOK TPY4a: liM! Tex, KTO He lJ COCTOllHH11                                       Pa3BllTHe :7KOHOMIIKH Ha OCHOBe PbIH0'111bIX lIPllHIJI1ITOIl
pa60TaTL -"- HanplfMep, ll'l-3a lIpeKAOHHOID Il03paCTa IMI1 no                                  cnoco6Ho          cOKpa1'lITb         HepaIlE'HCTBO 11 6el1HoCTb D pa3BH-
I1HB3AI1;lHC CTI1, "- 'loryT nOTpe60BaTbCl! AOnC1\HI1Te~ \bHble                                 BalOLlJHxcll npaHax. 06eClle'leHlle ~la,\OIIMYLlJHM pafJOT!!H-
COIJ11aAbHbie BblIlAan,; II ileHeJKHOli HAll np0t10BC1\bCTlleHHoli                              KaM 40cryna K 06pa3011aHlIK) II YCTpaHeHlle lICKaJKellflil Jia
cpopl\le.                                                                                       pblHKax         TPY(la,    C,,,E'pJKflllaIOLlJllx        POCT 3aHllTOCTlI        H OCPII-
                                                                                                [J11aAbHO       pE'rHCTpllpye~lo~1           CCK'rope, lIMeeT onpe,aE'AlIlOllJeE'
I7oqqep)/(/"a CteqYl()U.f,e20 nOKC1teHUR                                                        3Ha'leHHe Ml! CTHMYAlIpOBaHHll YCKopellHOID pOCTa H YMeHb-
5C1\eC :'l<t4JeKTIIBHOii 06CLlJaCT 6blTb rrOAHTI1Ka, OpHCnTI1-                                  llleHlIll HepaneHCTH3. 04H<lKO HepaseHCTBO COXpaHJleTCll ,laJKe
pOBJflHall fla AeTew 113 MaAo06ecne4elIllhlX ceMci1. Hapy-                                      lJ YC;\OBfll!X 3KOHOMII'leCKOID pOC1'a m-:,a lIpo,lC1\JKaKlLydiCJI
llleHHE' IJI1KAlFIHOID xapaKTepa 6ettIlOCTH, nepeX0411LIJei1 OT                                 4l1CKpllMHHaYH>l no n(1\OIlOl'l), HAll 3TlHl'leCKOMY llpll3HaKY
nOK(J.,\eHHll K nOKC1\eHI1IO, 03Ha'laeT npe40CTaBAeHlIe IIE'TilM                                lIMI H3-3a TOLD, 'ITO                1l,\O,~bl   pOC1'a OKa3bIllalOTCll BBE' (10C)!-
Il03MOlKHOCTel't,         KOTOPblX        6blAl1    AHlIIelIhl          I1X    p04HTeAlI.       raeMOCTlI oTileAbHbIX rpynlI HaCe,\eHlfl! IL\lIIJE'M,IX per110HOB.
HHBeCTlIIJI111 B 'lC;\OlJe'lecKl1i1 KallllTa,\ 3TlIX 4cTei1 IfMelOT                             1OC)",apCTBeHHail flC1\H1'lIKa ;,C1\JKHa lIO Mepe Il03MOJKHOCTlI
pemaIoLIJec           3Ha'leHIlE',   O(]HaKO O(lHOID          06pa3011aHllil,           K3K     npclTI1B04eWCTROBaTI,                ,~IiCKPIl~UlHaIJI1H      H     B03BpaUJaTb 31'11
npamL\O, He40CTaTO'!HO: He06xo;U1Mbl TaKJKe KalillTaAOB,\O-                                     rpYllrrhl B OCHOIlHoe pyC\O pa3BlITflJl. O;IHaKO llpeJK,ae Bcero
JKCHlUl B HX 3, lOPOllbC H 1I11TaHl1e. B3aHM040rrC1\1l1lIOLlJlIi1                               lIpaBI1Te;\bCTBO 4C1\JKHO 3afJOTI1TbCll 0 TO:'>!. '11'06bl ,lenl 113
xapaKTep .-lTIIX IltljIOB rr04,aepJKKI1 O1'Me'la;\Cll !l maDe                    5 1I nO,1-     Hel1:'>IYUJHX ceMei\ He OCTaAllOb Il TlICKax oe"HOCTH, a l\C1\y-
pot3HO pal CMaTr'H&'L\Cll B rrpe4bl4YUJIIX 1I3.,aHI1J1X «OT'leTa 0                              '111,\11 B031'10lKHOC1'h pea,\fl30BaTb CIlOH cfloc06HOCTlI.




                                                                                                                                                                                               53
------.....
          -----------.--~----------------
                 1fACTb I I

    fAooaAM3agMJI9KOHOMMKfI:
     HOBbIe B03MO)KHOCTI1 MAM

      yrpo3a                           4AHpa6oTHMKOB?
                                            /,




11:a cpOHe Me:IK4YHap04H0I1 Topm8Au, ~OTOI}08 KarrwraAa U Murpa-
I.JI1H cy.'lb6bI pa60TalOIlJero HaCeAeUH}{ pa3HpIX CTpaH MHpa rrepe-
IIAeTalOTCH Bce TeCHee. TIP0I1CX04HIlJee\fTKpbIBaeT HOBbIe 803-·
MO:IKHOCTH, HO TaK:lKe BbI3blm~eT orracetfltH; '1TO B pe3YAbTaTe
Me:IK4YHap04Hoti KOHKypeHIJHH.H CBo604HQf'O ,4BH:lKeHHH KarrHTaAa
04HH rrOTepHIOTpa60TYWAM6YIWT8bIHY:IK4eHbl OTKa3aTbCH OT
. npHBbI'1HOrO ypOBHH :lKH:;J1iH, a HeKOTOpbletpynrrbIpa50THHKOB H
                 ,                               .

IJeAbIe CTpaHhl TaK H OCl'aHYTCH
                         ' . ',
                                 3a npe,lleA,ql\.1H HOBbIXMe:IK4Y-
                                   -                 - '   -~--"




Hap04HbIX PbIHKOB.B .• rAaBe .7 pe'1b H4eT b. K.aHaAaX B3aHMo,llell-
CTBMH BYCA<:)BI-UI)( uHTerpaIJMH MHPOBOH .3KOHOMHKH, aB nOCAe4- .
HMX Tf>ex. r~aBa:xaTOi\ qaCTH. OTqeTaaHaAH3HpyeTcH .BAHHHHe·...
TOpros.All~J.I$1QK9Il
             .  ~ ~--   "-   ~:"
                                         H MHIipagMM. Ha)l(~fIbP9-60THMKOB' n
     rAABA 7




                            )f(O JKJfHET B      llE[;O~lhll!()J1      fOPQ![KE lfAKHE             MHpa TencpL npOJKlIlJaer H CTpaHaX, KOTopLle ,\H6(, YJKe




      4                     Ti!xacu. Ifu TeKCTlLlb/IOU <PUp.lle, <!ge 011
                            Ilpopa60Ta~1 .'IHO<'() .teT 6r,Y2aXrepCLlI,
                            1l(J.IO)I(eHUe NlIl.:olga Ne 6bLW o~eNb npo~­
                            IIbl.'l. ~1)1(o 3upa6aTbI6Cl/!
      gellb, 110 o6euJaNuJ/ 0 1/06b1U/eI/UU no (:'1)')I(6e TaK U lie
      .lfaTepua~lU.JO(W~!UCb, ga
      UTo.:e     06aIlKpOTu.JaCb,
                                               u
                                             K02ga
                                                    ca.'la    <pup.1fa
                                                         ljellbl
                                                                      50


                                                                     /W
                                                                            gO.l/Wp()(l Il


                                                                            6     KOI1e'lIlQ II
                                                                           TeKCTU/1bIlY/()
                                                                                          em
                                                                                                  llK.\K1'Hl.\I!Cb B MI!pOHLle pblHKH 1DHapOIlI1 4JHHaHcoBLIX VC\}T.
                                                                                                  M!fio 6LICTPblMll Ter-lllaMH i1!lIlJKYTClI II HaHpaMeHllll nlKoH
                                                                                                  HHTefpalJHH. He TaK ,1aBII0, II KOHlJe 70-x ro40B, ,\HlIlb HeMHO-
                                                                                                  me pa3lH1BalOll)11CClI crpaHLI, npeJK, Ie Bcero II BOCTIlqHoti
                                                                                                  A:mll, OTKpbma,Ul C!lOIl rpaHHlJbl ,1Ml nOTIlKOll 'JUprol\:\1l 11
                                                                                                  H1lBecnllJHOHHOro KaIIl1Ta:\,l. OK(l\O TpeTl! Tpy4011blX pecyp-
                                                                                                  COB l'mpa IIpOlKIIHaKIT B CTpaHax C 3KOHOMIIKDti lJeHTpao\l1-
      Ilpotl)'Kl-JU10 r/UUU 1I00q gacuellliol geweBocO U.lfJlOPTU U3                              3011aHl!oro H,\aHl1pOBaHHll. H no Kpat'mei1l'!epe elIJe TpeTL
      ]V!c>;O;:CUKU. ,1)1(0 CII06a 1l0lUet .J'~urbeJl, n(HI'~UIl g.1J/ .3TO"0                     B crpall<lx. OrpaLlHlllllHX re6}! 01' MeJK,\ylIapO,l11bIX PblllKOB
      Cj'6euqupo6UIIN)'1O <plIllaIlCOB},1O no.lfOllJb 0.1' 20CygUp-                               3anpenlTeAbHbl~1I1          ToproBblMI1          fiapLepaMII    11     JKeCTKHM
      (Tila.   OKOII~11tl Kc;.tAeg)l(           no Cllelj,UU/lbIIOO'U             ug.'lImu-       llaAIOTHbl'l-l peJKHMOM. Cero/1HJl Ha MHpollOti PLIHOK llbIXO,lHT
      C'rpmj,uJI 611:meca, 011 Negafll/O Nawe.t pa60T)' 6 OgtlO.lf 1i.J                           TpH [1-!rallTCKllX fi;\(lKa       -       KHTaH, pecny6MIKH 6blllluero
      IIOBblX .'leeTllbIX 6aNKO/l. )f(u.Wt! e"o )clYQUIUtaCb, ga/f..e                             CCCP H J,1HilHlI,           II KOTOPLIX cocpe"jOTO'leHO OKOAO lKl\O-
      IIpU 1'0.11, ~TO      e.1fJ   npuxoquTCJ/ eAe.lfeCJ/QNO (lbllVta~U(j(lrb                    BHHLl Bcex      TPYil011blX pecypcOll l'mpa, a               MlIorHe    ,lpyrHe
      II(1)'~elll/bIl1I1al'~e6y KpegUT.                                                           CTpaHLl. OT MeKcHKH ;10 Hl-r.10He:lHH. YlKe YCTallOlll!AH Tec-

                                                   •••                                            Hble Cll1l3H C BlleWllH;Io1 'l-mpml. K         2000 ro.1Y, nOlKa/wlt MeHee
          IvIapllJl Nf?ga611o nepeexu.tC! 113 IIc6mbu/Ou gepe(lNU                            (j   LO   npolJCH1D1l TPY,10BblX pecypCOB Mllpa                      DCTallaT"CH H
      ljeHrpe iVleKcuKu U renepb pa60Tuer IIU (Ll/CpUKaNCKOl~                                     113(1\!llJHl1   DT    ;"lafHCTpa/\hllblX          lIyTeil    3KOllOMH'leCKoro
      rpUp.l/C    (3   3KCllOpTilOLl         llepepa6urbI6a/{)uj,eiIJOlie                  1/(/   pa31ll1THlI.
      cpallUI$e C          CI 1JA.     Ee .IIJA XJ'ali (UageeT Ne6Q·th111l01                           Ho .\¥'Illle .\11 JKHlleTClI pa60TllHKaM H pe3YAbTaTe1THX
      IlpeqnpUJ/Tue. l / no nUlliUS}' ~CXj106 g~!J/ a8TO'lo6u/tbltbIX                             TeH/lem)Hti K r.\otJaAl1:laIJHH' B :mro.\()[lKH Hepe,.lKO lIl111a,laK)T
      CU.q£!IlUl~,     a     (J   )'60pO~lihn'i      ce3011       lmo2ga         lle.JaKOHHO      paccKa3Ll 0 Bpe/le 11l!TerpatJHH 3KOllOMHKII: KaK /l.JKo 1I0T:~Pll,\
      nepece;.:ueT <P"liWi} II n0.rl/la6arb16CWT /fa ifX:p lI.a:>: B                              pa60TY H3-3a KOHKypelllJHH co CTOPOHbl6cAHblX ~leKCllKa[l)eH
      Ka..wif)()pIIUU. MUPUfI, X),CIII                  U   U.\' Cblll     C)'14eCTCJCliliO       Bpo;.\e Mapl'Ul, llMI KaK ee 3apafioTHa}1 lL\aT<l )JlepJKllllaeTCll
      /lOBolCUMi       CBOLl rpotJelib          /f..U:3flU,       nepeCfCl(J 6eCTU        /la-    Ha HI13KOM ypoRHe H3-3a H~lIIOpTa WAee ,1ewellLIX KI1TailtKI1X
      T)jJalbNOC x03J1ikT60, ItO :wpa60TliUJ/ nlUUI Mapuli He                                     mllapOB. Ho /l.JKo ¥JKC YCTPOll,\Cll Ha ,\yqwylO pa6my, a
      nOBbIZUCl.IUCb          Y)f(e    NeCl;.o.lhl;.O    ~ter:     Olta   .riO    cux     nop     3KOHO;UfKa      CIHA        IlbUlrpa,\<l     B pe3Y;\bTaTe      paCWHp<:Hl1l1
      n()t)'~aeT OKO..10          10   ga1..lap06 6 ge/lb, a }lo(:'le HegallNeil                  3KCl10rrra B MeKcHKY YpOl\eHb lKH3HH Mapml pyqIIJH,\ClI, .1 ee
      )'re~KU KunUTU/1U 113 iVIeKcuKu ee :mpa6oTliufI nAaTU,                                      Cbll! MOJKeT Ha4eJlTbCJI ll<l ,\y'llIlce 6Y,.1)'llJce. I1P0l13Hl ),111-
      cKopee (JCe~o, Y·'IleHbU/urr-fl.                                                            Te,\bllOCTb Tpy;:!a 060HX paflO'lHX YlleAI1'lllllaeTClI HapJUY C

                                                   •••                                            POC1tlM     KaIUITa,\OB,\()JKeHHii, OT'laCTH (VHHallcllpyeMhlx                3a
          CJlO '{AU                 npWlblUl.teHllbUI pa6o~uu 8 cne/.juaAlr                       ('leT c6epC)!(eHl1l1 TPY<1.JU1JI1XCll IlpyTI1X cTpaH, a IlelIClloHllblfl
      /lOU 3KOIl0.lfll'leCKOll 30111'              II !3lib~A3f1b      IlU [()2e KUTafi.          ljJOHil 4)!(o nCV\)"laCT l\Ono..\HHTe,\hllYK) lJpll6blAL fi,\aro,\apJl
      npo6e,c/J/ TpU Tfi)'gIIIJlX i'oga 6 CKUTaf/UJ/X, KClK U .lfllo2Ue                           ,lHllepCI14JHKalJlU1 llAoJKelll1ti II nO!lIl,\elllllO 1l011b1X HHlleCTIl'
      gprzue .1lU"paIlTbl, ClUlCClJ014ueCfI OT /lUIiJerbl, If,ClpJ/lIjeU 8                        IJHOllllblX Il03MOJKHOCTelt Xyal! C lleTepUemleM JK,.ICT '[oro
      6.tu3.t(!)f(all.JeU npo6UlllJUU Cbl~yalib, Oli IlaKOllelj /101Y-                            11llJl, KOr,.la eMY 6C1\bllle He lIpH;leTCIl e34IHb Ha ceBep. C!lO
      ~lU pa60ry liU /lO(l()14 20/iKOllcCJ(OU <pup.lle, IlbmyeKa/O-                               qJKH,    MeJKAY      TeM,    He       3aLlY;lo1blllaJlCh   YXBanHCiI    6Ll   3a
      uJeil IpUKorUAlibie 1.ngewfl 9tfl a1WpUKUII(K020 phlllKa.                                   Il03MOlKHOCTb :lapa6aThlRaTb C1U\bKO lKe, CKQI\bKO Xl'aH II
      Tel/epb 011 .I[O)f(eT 1103(jOAUrb eefie lia o6eg lie rO!llKO                                KaM!4JopHHll.
      qUWK)' pUCCI. 0,1 .3apa6aTblllaeT                       2    g(H.tapa 6 gellb U                  Bcero ,\HUll, 4eClITb-;\ll<UIJaTb ,\eT Ha3a,1 TP}ilHO fibL\O
      HageerCfl Ha ..t)'q/Uue (lpe.)lelta.                                                        Ilpe,.ICTaBHTI> ce6e BCKJ cOHoKymlocTI> TaKI1X 3KOHOMIl'leCKHX

                                                   •••                                            OTHOlllemlll, EO no Mepe pOCTa B03MOJKHOCTeil 4;\1I TOproMI!
          iKIEHL paflOTlIHKOB 1\0 Bcex CTpaHax MHpa CTaHOBHTClI                                   H llJal1M04etiCTlll1l1 :-lellJleTCiI II OTHOlllel!l1e K MClK4)"flapO(1-
      lICe fiOAee l'eCHO 1l3aHMOCBJl3aHliOti. nC1\blllHHCTllO HaceACHHlI                          HOMY PJ,IJIKY. B      50-x 6o-x          ro,]aX 6mblJJ!IIICTlK) pa3HI1IlJIO-



56
llJHXOI ('['paH HOCnpHHH'vlaAO MHPOIlOtl PbIHOK KaK CH1XHit-                               rIpaHHTeAhCTHa HaCTI)I1'lHBO c['peMlITGI K nOBblllIeHHIO
lIylO     01'\)1,    yrpmKalOlIJYIO       HX    C06CTBeliHOii       HII,WCTpHa-       MelK4YHapoi1Hoit KOHKypeHTOCIIO(r16HoCTI1 CB0I1X CTpan, a He
M13,UJHH H rrporpeccy. Ho cerotlHlI OHH BHilllT Il HeM HCTO'IIUlK                     K    Orp3lK;]eHl1lO         HaljHOllaM,lloii           3KOllOMHKH            llPOTeKIJHOHH-
IIOHbIX H03MOlKIIOCTelt B Ml1pe paCTer nOHI1J<laHl1e TOro, 'ITO                       CTCKHMH         63phepaMH.           ~J31lIlBaIOIJJl1eClI         CTpaHbl             110CTl1J:\H
3KcnopT CO:14aeT xopOWO OnAa'lI1HaeMble pa60'lHe MecTa,                               HeOLIBa,\oro Ilporpecca H C(lJepe oopa30BalHlll II IIOCTImllllOrO
npl1TOK IlHCWllero KaIIHT3,\a CIIOCOOCTI;YCT 113KOn,\eHHK) H                          COllepmeHCTIIOBalIHH Clm3l1'lecKoro KalHITa,'<l H IIlIcppaCTpYK-
3KOHOMH'leCKoMY pOeTY, a ,mrpaJjHH HeceT II ce6e H33H,111YIO                          TYPbl,      'ITO   npHlle,\O K pe3KOMY                   1l01lbIllleHHH) llX               npOIB-
Hblro,lY 4MI Bcex Y'IaCTHHKOB 3'JDro lIpoIJecc3.                                      BO,ICTlleHHblX MOIlJIIOCTeii 11 [J(J3110MINJ HM KOUKypHpoBaTb lIa
    0411aKo lie IlO::M v(laeTCJl peaMl30113Tb 3TY Bblro4Y, H                          MI1POIlblX pblHKax, C                1970       lIO    1992     roll    iP,\H TPWIOllbIX
~lelK,WHapo.lllaH x03JlilcT!lellllaH CHCTe~la no,lBepraeTcH Ila-                      pecypcoB       ~1I1pa,   IIpl1XOilRIlpllCH Ha CTpaH!>1 C                 HH3KH~1          H Cpe;l-
na4KaM co CTOP()Hbl npe,1CTaSHTe,\ei1 Tex npOMblllu\ellHO                             HI1M ypollHe~l J10XO,IOIl, YlleMFIl1,\aCb C                     79    /10    83     npOIJell1tJB,
pa3HHTblX (Tpall, r(le POCT 6e3pa60TI1lJbl H lIepaBeHCTBO                             O,'lUaKO      I1pllxo.1HlIJallClI        Ha     3TII    CTpaHhI         il(v\lI      KB3,\Hqm
40XO,10B AfIWaeT .,\K),1eii ynepeHIIOCTH H ~aWrpalJlHeM 4lle.                         IJII[)()BaIlHbIX      paflO<lI1X        (TI)    eCTL     pa60'lHX,           H~leK)lIJl1X IlO
0411H pa60THHKH H TIP' )~lbIlIV\eHHO pa3BHTblX CTpaHax 60JlTCJl                       KpaiiHeii ;"Iepe cpe,mee o6pa:\oH<lHl1e) nO/1CKO'llna C 0.111011
IIOTepJlTb pa60Ty H3-3a 4emeBoro 3KcnopTa TOIlapoB, npOH:,-                           TpeTH TIO'lTl1 40 TlOAOlllIHbl. 061lJHe :oallaChI KaTIHTaJ\a 3THX
Be<1E'l!l!bIX       110 6<: v\ee HH3KOH ce6ecTOHMOCTH.              /lp}THe lKe       CTpall TaKlKe YBC,\H'IHAIICb C                      9 /10 13   npOIJeHmB ",mpoHoro
6eCllOKOHTC'1 0 TOM, 'I'm MeCTHble QJl1PMbl nepee3lKaKlT 3a                           ypOllHH, 110 OCTalOTClI ile3I!a"lIlTeAbIlI,IMH.
rp3Ill1IJY B IOI1CKIIX         6,"\ee   4emeBoil pa60'leH CI1AbI 11 MeHee                  "mM)' CilHl1ry Il CTpaTerllll pa3BHTl111 conYTCTBYH)T                                    Tex-
lKeCTKI1X CTal!ilap1DB. TpeTbH~1 YlKe llH411TClI TOMlbl 6C4l1bIX                      HII'IeCKlle ,10CTl1lKeHI111. IIOllhlClIllIUHe M06I1,\LHOCTb H cOllpe-
;.mrpallmB, rrpe,\.\armOllJIIX CBOI1 yCAylH 3a 6<:J/\ee 11113KYIO                     MelillOM MHpe         ~        TOllapL!, KallllT'L\. AKl,1H H HilCH cero.lllll
n/\aTy.    Pe3"c\bTal0M         raKI1X    uaCTpoeHllil CTallOllllTClI POCT            nepeMeIljalOTCH 6blCTpee                      II 4ellleIL\e,     '{eM        Kor/1a-"\H60 B
IlpoTeKIJIIOIil1CTCKHX           Tpe60BaUHH,        Mllome        H3     KompblX      npOIIL\OM, B OCHOlle 3THX nepe~IeH i\elKHT pe3KOC CIlHlKellI1e
npCIIO,lHOCITCJl         KaK     Tpc60llaml1l     CllpalleilMillblX      YC/\OHHrl    TpaHCl10pTHLIX pacxo401l 11 CTOHMOCTH yC\}T CllH3H. B                                        1960
1npIDMI1 [I npaHHA IIrpbJ Ha paBHblX .                                                l'lHY     paCXO/lbl      MOPCKOID              TpaHCHopra        COCTallJ\lIAI1            ~leHce

                                                                                      04110!1      TpeTll      HX     ypOflHlI        H    1920      ITHY     11    npO,l<T\lKaIOT
,D,BM)I(yw,Me CMl1bl rnOOal1bHOM MHTerpau.MM                                          nlHlKaTbClI 40 lIacmHlIJero IlpeMeHII (PI1CYIIOK                                  7. n     CTIm-
OCllOBHblM          ¢aK'lopO'1       m06a/\bIlOH    IIHTerpaIJHl1       Hlt\lK'TCJl   MOCTb yG\}T CIl1l3H CUlIlKaeTCIl ellJe 6<::J.\ee OlIJYTIIMO, -
l-eXHCl \OrWleCKIII, nporpecc 11 ueYKAOHHoe ClIlIlKeHlle IJell ua                     MClK(l}'lIapOAHble TeAe<jJOHHble pa:lrollopbI B  1970                               roilY 6blMI
ycwflr      CBRm II TpaHcnopTllble paCXOil.bJ. MelK4YHapOAHOH                         B 6 pa3 ,1eIlJeBAC, qeM B 1940 roilY. a II 1990 ro,lY                                  B   10 pa3
TIJproBAe I r llepeH03Ke mBapOB                  'Iepe3    rpallHIJbl     cero;lHH    .1eIlleMe, qeM B 1970 roilY
CIIOCOOCTH; K)T H vcneXH II yperY,\HpOIlaHHH MIIOfllX lICl\II-
TW1CCKHX KOII¢"\I1KTIlB, lla llpOTJIlKeHHI1 ileClITH.. \eTHii 1l04-                   KaHal1bl MMPOBOM MHTerpau.MM
;leplKHBallIJII1X pa3061IJeHHOCTb MHPOllOID X03l1ticTlla                       3TO    /l,\1I 6o\bIlJIlHCTlla ('['paH HHTerpaIJI1Jl 3KOH()~IIIKII                                 npCJlIB-
H XCWl/1HaF lloiiH.l, H CI1CTeMa arrapTel14a B lOlKHOH Ai.j:JpI1Ke,                   ,\HeTCJI,     npelK4e         llcero,    Il    MClK,1)'llapo;lHoit TI)proMe.                     3a
H lIeCTa6lnbllall CHTvalJHlI Ha 5Al1lKHeM BocmKe. 0411aKO                             1l0C,\e4Hlle ro4bl pe3Ko BU1POCMI 06'beMLI TIJnapOB 11 yC/\yr,
oc06ylO lla;f(HOCTb H~leK)T .1eilcTIlHlI ca!>Il1X pa3HlluaIOllJIIXCl!                 lllt\lIK)JlJI1XCll npeilMeraMH ",lelK4YIIapo,lHoH 1Dpn:1II,\11, co-
CTpall, Ha CMellY HCCOCmJlTe,\bHbIM CTPaTef'HlIM, orrllpaB-                           CT31l1l1l1l   1990 mw OKCHO 45 npOIJell'JDll ~mpoBoro BBrI, '1m
mH"lClI I!a 113l),\HIJI1IO OT Ml1poBblX 3KOHOMII'IeCKHX npolJec-                      H3   25                                      1970 ro"a (PI1CYHOK
                                                                                                  IlpoIJellTOIl npellhIIllaeT ypC)HeHh
COB,      IlpllXOAIIT     IlOliceMeCTHoe         npH3HaHl1e        no6aAbHOID         7.2).   B     1990    ro,lY     17   npoIJeHTI)ll TPYJ10IlbiX pecypCOH pa3-
XapaKTepa pa:illl1TlIlI :,KOllO;vIl1KI1.                                              IlI1BaloIIJllxCH (Tpall H 6blHmHx COIJl1a,U1CTlI'leCKHX cTpall
    Bo llce~1 MllpC 6bICTPbIMl1 TeMn3l'1I1 yleHJlIOTClI cTpaTerHII                    61>1,\0 uenocpC4CTnelllIL1~1 IL\l1 KOC!leIlHbIM 06pa30M 3aHliTO II
pa31l11TI1ll. 5bIBllll1e pecny6M1KII CCCP H cTpaHbl BOCmqHOil                         3KCTlOPTIIOM ceKTOpe, npH'IeM Ha I1Be TpCTH 3Ta :laIIJITOCTI,
EIlPOllhI omepnH CIlCTeMY IJeHTpaAl1300aHI!oro n,\aUllpO-                             ObJ;\a CIl1l3all3 C 3KCTlOP1DM Il 60Aee 60raThie CTpaHbl. KpOMe
llaHHlI, a "TpaHhI AaTIIHcKoH AMepIIKH, lOlKHoH A3HH H                                mm,       OTMe'la,\CH         6bICTphIH         nepeX()4        X0311HCTlI3           K    1111;1aM
h\)1lKHero BoC'PJKa OTKa3bm3K)TClI OT TlOMITIIKI1 3aMeLljellHlI                       4eHTe,\bHOCTH, TlpllHOClILlJHM 6cnee BblCO.:YIO .106aMeHHYlO
HMllopra, Kompall HaX0411;\a 06ocHollaHHe II cTpe!>Melll1l1                           CTIJl1MOCTb:       40,\1I      Ilp04VK1JIIl1          np0W:oIlOtlCTlla         Il    3Kcnopre
I1CKAlOqHT,          nO':'pe6HocTb       H     MelK4Yll3po4HOil         TOprollJ\e.   pa311llllaK)1IJ11XCJl cTpaIl C           1970 no 1990 ro/~             llblpOCi\a C         20   /10
OO;10611aH CMelld Kypca oco6ellll0 IIpoll!V\J!eTclI B mproBoH                         60   np01JeIlTOB. omT POCT OTpalKaeT pe3KHe IB",leIleHHlI B
nOA!lTI1Ke, Ha'lHrIall ::        1986    roi13 6G\ee      60   pa3BIIBalOlljHXClI     "lelK4yHa~)()/I.H()M pacnpe,w,\elll111 Tp')\'1a 113'1I11Iall C                               60-x
CTpall 061.lIBI1Mi B r(:Hepa/\bIlO~1 corAaweHllH 0 TapH¢ax H                          ro/IOB,     KOI;1J.a Cbrpl,cBble TOBapbr COCT3MlI,\11 npaKTI1QeCKH
TOpro!V\e IIATT) 0              TlpOBe~eHI1H 04110CTOPOHHI1X Mep no                   e,~IlIICTlleHIlYIO CTaThlO 3KClIopra pa31ll1HalO1IJIIXClI CTpaH. C
,\lIfiepa,\I1,aIJ1!l1    Me>K4Yllapo;llloi:i       mprollAI1,      24     CTpaHbl     pacrrmpclIHeM 3KCIIopTa Tp}40eMKOH                              IIPO/1YKIJIlH 06pa6a-
IlcTynl1AI1 H fATr, a          20   CTpall II tlaCmJlIIJee llpeMlI BCTyn310T          TblBalOlIJeii npOMblIlv\eHl10CTII lDpmB,\lI 40CTHrA3 nepH04a
B Oprallll3;\IJHIO-npee\lIIl1lJY fATT               BCe~1HpHYIO mproBYK)              3pe,\OCTII.
opraIl1l331)11O. Tt:lleph, C 3aBepweHlleM YpyrBaHcKoro paYH,~a.                            MelK/lYllap04Hall TOplDllAJl pa3BI1HaerCir 6ypHbr~1H TeMna-
a TaKlKe C pacl! mpeHHeM CeBepoaMepHKallcKoro COfAallIeHHlI                           Mil, ()'lHaKO lie Hce perllOHbr Y'l3CTBYlOT !l 3TIJM npoIJecce B
o CBOOOJ11loil 'PlpmllAe (HA<DTA) 11 EBpolleiicKoro COlO33 ,                          paBlIO[1 Mepe, CTp3Hbi BOCm'fHOH A3H11 OAIIHMH 113 llepllblX
4mlKtlbi l1C'Ie:nl'lTb II 4PYl'He 6apbepbL                                            npO/le!>10HCTpllpO!la/\H             il1l11aMHQHble pe3Y,\bTaThI                     :~KOIlOMH-




                                                                                                                                                                                             57
                                                                             Caxapbl H B;\HiKHero BOCTOKa, He paCUll1pl1!llllHe 3K,:nopT
                                                                             TOllapoB npOMblIlL\ellHoro npOH:lIlOACTBa, OKa3aMlCb n');la(ll1
                                                                             APYfHX pefl10HOil 11 OCTalOTCJI npm131lO4l!TeAJlMH CbIPI.eBbIX
                                                                             TOBaPOIl,         HcnblTblBaJi    npH     3TO~1    AaAbHeiiwec        yXY41, reHHe
                                                                             YC\OBHH Toproll,\H.nOllCK MaKCHMaAbHoi1: rrpl16blMl I]eAaeT
                                                                             KamnaA Bce 6(nee Mo611;\bHb!M, BaAOBble nOTOKH Kam!TaAa
                                                                             (rrpI1TOKH        +   OTTOKI1), l1econepweHCTIlO KOTOPblX B Ka4eCTBC
                                                                             rrOKa3aTeAJI 41lHiKeHHJI KamnaAa 04eB114HO, 3a nOC\e4HIA e IlBa
                                                                             4eCJlTl1AeTllJI B03POC\H B pa3BHllalOlljHXCJI CTpaHax H CTpaHax
                                                                             C nepeXOtlHoi1: 3KOHOMHKOi1: C 7 40                9 lIpOljeHTOB BBn          Cmcy·
                                                                             HOK        7.2}       KOHTIXv\HpOHam!e          11HHiKeHl1J1     Kamna;\a       6blAO
                                                                             o(,\,aQ\eHO,           H   CYUJeCTIlYIOUJHe        npaBI1Aa      ;\efKO     060tlTI1.
                                                                             Cem/lHJI npl1TOK KarIl1TaAa cmpe4e,\JleTCli ycneXO:'1 CTpaHbl,
                                                                             TOfila KaK Il Tex CTpaHax, file CTeneHb pl1CKa rrepeHeWl!BaeT
                                                                             lIOTeHljl1aAbHb!H 4G,{Cl;1, Ha6AlQilaeTCJI OTTOK Kan11T3Aa.
                                                                                 OillIaKO ITOTOKI1 KanHTaAa He Ilcer/~a oplleHTHpYK)TClI Ha
                                                                             flCnee      6e4Hble        CTpaHb!.     XoTJI     ooUJl1e      1I0TOKI1    KamlTa,\a
                                                                             HeVIV\OHHO B03paCTa.\II, yponeHb '1I1CTb!X nOTOKOB C06UJI1H
                                                                             npllTOK MI1HyC 06UJI1H OTTOK) OCTaBaACJI 1m He3Ha411Te\ bHOM
                                                                             H Hecra611AbHOM YlJOBHe. I.JlIcTble n01DKI1 BmpOCAII B 70-e
                                                                             m/ILI, pe3KO y!JaAI1 B 80·e B pe3Y,\bTaTe 110AmllOm Kpl1.1I1Ca,
                                                                             BbI3Ballwero POCT 6peMeHIl OOCAYiKHIl3HI1J1 4G\fa 11 ~laCCdllYlO
                                                                             yTe'lKy         KanHTa;\a,    a   K   KOHljY     4eCJlTH,\eTHJI      flHOBb    CTa;\l1
                                                                             YBe;\H'IHlIaTbCJI, K         1992     ro4Y 1l0CCTaHOllHACJI npeiKHHH ypo-
                                                                             BeHb '1I1CTbIX HOTOKOB KaIll1Ta,\a B pa31ll1BalOUJHeCli CTpaHb!. B
                                                                             ljeAO~1 nepepacnpec1eAeHHe pecypcoB 113 60raTblX CTpaH B
                                                                             6e/lHhle Cblrpa;\O ,\HWb He3Ha'lHTeAbHYIO POAb no cpallHeHl110
                                                                             C BHyTpeHHIlMI1 c6epeiKeHI1J1MI1 II pa.1BI111aIOHJIIXClI CTp,max:
                                                                             /laiKe eCAIl ilonYCTI1Tb 3KCTpel'la,\bHblH Bapl1aHT, npl1 KOTI 'POM
                                                                             HopMa           BHyTpeHHI1X       c6epeiKeHI1tl        lIe   6blAa    n0411epA<eHa
                                                                             1l.AI1J1HIlK) 3TI1X        nOTI)KOB, OKG\O        11    npOljeHTOB        KanI1Ta;\O-
                                                                             06pa30naHI111 B pa31lHllalOUJIlXCJI CTpaHax B nepl104 C                     1970 no
                                                                             1990 m4           MOf;\O 6h1 6blTb OTllecellO Ha C'IeT KyMYAlITllBllOro
                                                                             1l034ei1cTllHJI Mo51L\hHOeTI1 Kanl1TaAU (cYMMa. 3KBI111a.AeHTHali
                                                                             AJi[]llb    2   npoljeHTaM ep1MapHOm OCHOIlHom Kar!l1ra;\a npo-
                                                                             Mblll];\eHHO pa3BHTblX cTpaH).
                                                                                  He BeeM perl10HaM )~~aAOCb 40611TbClI 04I1HaKoBoro ycnexa
                                                                             B npHlL\e'lemm Kam1TaAa. ,1\aTI1HCKaJl AMepHKa )'iKe 4,[IlHO
                                                                             JlMlIeTCJI        BaiKHblM    Y'laCTHlIKOM        MeiK4YHapO,'lHbIX           PbIHKOB
                                                                             Kam1TClAa. CrpaHbl 3TOm perHOHa CIHbllO nOCTpa4a;,1l B
                                                                             pe:>yAbTare 4C1\mlloro Kpl1311Ca                80-x    m401l, 04HaKO OUJVTll'
                                                                             MblH npl1TOK KanI1Ta,\a B0306ll0Bll,\CJI noc\e COKpalljeHI1J1
                                                                             ypOBllll 3a40,\iKellllOCTI1 B KOHlJe npowe4wero 4eCJITI1AenIJl.
                                                                             MeKcHKaHCKI1i'1 KpH311C               1994-95      m/lOB nOKa3blllaeT, CKOAb
                                                                             1l3Mell'lI1Bb!MI1 MoryT OKa3aTbCJI 3Tl1 nOTOKI1,                  KOf~la   I1C'IeneT

     '1ecKoro pOCTa, Kor,la OTKPhlTOCTb MeiK,lYHapo4Hoi1: TOproll/\11        ,~OBepHe K npoBo411MOH 3KOHOMH4eCKofl IIG\llTHKe. B npo-
     CO'leTaeTCli   C roC};aapCTBeHHhIMH     BAOiKeHl1l1MI1   II   lmcppa-   llIAO~1 nOTOKI1 KaHHTa;\a I1rpaAH MeHee BaiKHYIO PG\b B A:lHH,
     CTPYKTYPY 4ec\OBelfecKoro 11 <pWlH'IeCKoro Kalll1TaAa H C               04HaKO B pe3YAbTaTe YCH,\eHHlI PG\11 IlHOCTpaHHoro KanHTa.Aa

     MaCCOBhlM I1MnOpTOM Kalll1T,lAa 11 TeXHG\Onm.                           Il KIlTae H 4aAbHei1:wei'1 AI16epaAI13aIJHH PblllKOB KamlTa. \a B

        npHMepy       Opl1eHTIlposaHHoro     Ha     3KcnopT    3KOHOMH-      I1H4HI1 11 BOCTO'lHOIl A3HH TaKaJI aCH:>IMeTpllll 6blCTpo YXO-

     4ecKoro pOCTa nOCA<Vl0BaMl 4pYrHe CTpallb! CO Cpei111I1M                4111' B npOIllAoe. OCHollllali 4aCTb KanHTaAa, HanpaB;\JIe~loro B

     ypOlllleM 40X040B, 01' '1I1AI1 40 1)·Pljl1l1. no Mepe TOro KaK          CTpaHbl AcjJPHKI1 K K)ry 01' CaxaPbl 11 Ha B;\lliKHHl! BOCTOK,

     ycneXI1   pa.1HHTHiI   n03BOAlL'H     HOBhlM    11114YCTpl1a;\bHbIM     nOCTynaeT 113 ocpHljl1a,\bHbIX I1CT04HHKOB, HO YTe4Ka K<lnl1-

     CTpaHaM nOBblUJaTb ypoBeHb Ka4eCTBa 11 OTXO/ll1Th OT npo-               Ta;\a 113 3TI1X perHOHOB ilOCTllraeT 3Ha'iIlTeAbllb1X pa3MepOB.

     113B04CTBa,    OCHollallHoro   Ha   HCnG\b30Bamll1   HeKIla;\l1cpH-         B 3THX YCIIOBHJlX HaH60,\ee Me4AeHHblMH Te~maMI1 pa3BH-

     ljl1pOllaHHoro TpY4a, B Hrpy BCTynaAH TaKHe 60Aee 6e4Hbie               saeTCli MeiK,lYHap04llall              Ml1rpaljl1J1    Hacec\elllU!       B nOI1CKaX

     CTpaHbI, KaK NlTai1: 11 I1H4HlI. CTpaHb! AcjJpl1KH K lOry OT            pa60TbI. EiKero4Hble nOTOKI1 1>ll1rpaljy!H 113 pa.1BHBaIOUJI1XClI




58
CTpaH (npl11OKI1 11 OT1OKI1 BMeCTe) Ha ceroAHRlllHI1H AeHb B
OTHOCHTeAbHOM BblpalKeHI1H K 'fI1G\eHHOCTI1 HaceAeHHR He
npeBbIlllalOT ypOBeHb Ha'laAa 70-x roAOB, 10 eCTb npl1MepHO
O,!!HH 3MHl'paHT Ha 1000 'fG\OBeK HaCeAeHHll (pUCP!OK 7.2).
06IlJee B03AcHcTBue MelKAYHapoAHoH Ml1rpalJ1lH Ha 3KOHO-
MUKY      ropa3,ilO   MeHbllIe        OKa3bIBacMoro           KanUTaAOM        l1AI1
1Oproa\etl:: AI1111h     2    npOIJCHTa HaceACHUll, polKAeHHoro B
cTpaHax C HI13Kl1M 11 CpeAHI1M ypOBHe;-'1 AOXOAOB, lKHBYT 3a
npC4eAaMU CBOUX CTP:lH. IvhIl'paHThl nepe'fI1C\llIOT AOMOH
OKQAO 75 MAPA AOAAapOB B roA, 10 CCTb OAHy TpCTb 06'hCMa
'fl1CTbIX nOTOKOB KanUTa~\a. B HaC1Olf[lJec BpeMR pa31l11BaIO-
IlJl1eCll CTpallb! elKeroAHo nOKlIAacT 3aKOHHblMI1 11 He3aKOl!-
HhlMU cnoc06aMI1 OKOAO             2-3 MAl!    l'U1rpaH1OB, npl1'fCM OKOAO
nOAOBI1Hbl 11:, HI1X ncpee3lKalOT B npOMhlUlACHHO pa3BI1Tb!C
cTpaHbl, rAe 3TOT nplIIDK COCTaBi01CT                     1,5 HOBblX HMMI1-
rpaH10B Ha 1000 HaCeAelll1l1 B roA, 10 eCTh ocyaCTClI lIa
ypoBHe 1970 ro,!!a           I1HTCHCI1BHOCTh MI1rpalp1l1 MelKAY npo-
MhIUL \CHHO pa3BI1ThlMI1 cTpaHaMH CHH311,\aCb C 2,5 MllrpaHTa
Ha 1000 '1eAOBCK HaeeAeHI1l1 B 1970 roAY                 AO   1,5 Ml1rpaHTa Ha
1000 'feAOBe~ B 1990 roAY. OAHaKO, B CBl!311 C 60Aee MC4ACH-
HbIMI1    TeMnaMH       llpI1pOCTa      KopeHlIoro         HaCCAellHlI,    ,lOAlI
HaeeAellHlI npoMbllJJAellHO pa3BHTblX CTpaH, pOlK,1eHlloro 3a
rpaHl!lJeH, AOCTHraeT B HaC10lIIlJCC BpeMlI 5 npOlJeH1OB.
     MelKAYHapOAH:llI Ml1rpalJUll eIlJe He npH06peAa l'A06aAb-
HOro xapaKTepa. OO\hUlHHCTBO l'll1rpaH1OB OCTalOTClI B npe-
AeAaX CBoe!':.> pemOHa: acppHKaHCKHe MHrpaHThl 'IaIlJe Beero
nepee.,lKalOl     B Apyme CTpaHbl AcppI1KI1, a MHrpaHTbl H3
CTpaH A3I1I1 H DAHlKHero BoC1OKa -                  B OCHOBHOM B CYpaHbl
flepCHACKor.l 3aAllBa. B nocAC4Hee BpeMll YCI1AW\aCb MHrpa-
1J1111   BHYTpy    A.,HI1.    B    EBpony     MHrpaHTbl,        KaK npaBHAO,
npu6hlBalOT 1!3 6bIBUIHX KO,\OHUJ1 I1AU COCC4HI1X rocY"lapCTB.
MI1rpalJ}1lI Il CWA BhlfAlIAI1T HHa'le: UMMI1rpaHTbI npl1e3-
lKalOT    He TCV\bKO     113      6Al13AelKaIlJeH       MeKCI1KI1,   HO   11    113
BbeTHaMa, HHAI1U, KI1Tall, Pecny6AuKu Kopell, <DI1AI1nnMH 11
Apymx OTAaAeHHblX cTpaH.


CTaHeT nlll HOBblM 30nOTOM BeK BeKOM
KOHBepreHUIIIIII?
oo\blllHHCTHO paflOTHUKOB B 6eAHbIX cTpaHax AUllIh CeH'IaC
Ha'fI1HaIOT oIlJYIlJaTh 6Aara -             H H3AeplKKU -         rA06a,\hHOH
HHTerpaIJHI1. Y'faC'rne pa3BMBaIOIlJI1xC)! CYpan B npolJecce
rA06aAH3alJlll1, HMesweM Mecro B 1850-1900 roAbl, HepC4Ko
HOCl-lAO nOf1CpxflOCTHhlJ1 xapaKTep H oCYIlJeCYBARAOCb Ha
HepaSHblX )CAOBHlIX, OC06eHHO B A3uH H AcpPHKC. 3KcnopT
3TMX CTpan COCTOlIA MCKAIO'fHTeAbHO I1X CblpbeBhIX TOBapoB, a
KanHTaA B OCHOBflOM nocTynaA Ha nOAtwplKKY npC4f1pHlITHH
A06hlBaIOIlJeJ1 np(JMbIllJAeHHOCTI1 nYTeM pa3BHTHlI MOIIJHOCT-
eH, He06xQilHMbIX AAlI :~KcnAyaTaIJHH npMpo,lHblX pecypcoB, H
Ha o6ecneL eime nOA.leplKKH co C1OpoHbl ApYlKecTBeHHhlx
npaBUTeAbCTB. CeroAl!ll pa3BI1BaIOIlJHeclI CTpaHbl nOAy'IMAI1
B03MOlKHOC'~b HrpaTh ropa3Ao 60Aec aKTMBHYIO pOAb. floTeH-
YHa,\hHble IlblroAhl orpOMHhl, HO peaAl13alJ1lll :,1Oro nOTeH-
IJllaAa 3aBI1CHT 01' npaBHAbHoro Bhl60pa nOAHTHKIl npaBH-
TeAhCTsat>1Il     pa3I\HBa~)IlJI1XCll       CTpaH   H    01' peaKIJHM     npo-
MbllllAeHHO pa3B11TbIX CYpaH.
     Pa,'lMKa,\bHble TeXHOAOrM'IeCKHe np<.~pa30BaHulI, BC4y-
IlJlle   K cO.;paIlJeHHIO         3aTpaT,    H3MeHCHHe        3KOIIOM!1'fCCKOIl




                                                                                       59
     OpJ1eHTal,ll1J1 H pa3BJ1TJ1e lIOAJ1Tl1'leCKJ1X C06blTHH     Bce 3TH     CTpaHax      K   ,'lOXO;1Y   Ha   ,lylll)' HaCe~\eHHJI        B 6e,lHeilwl1x
     3SCHbil npO'1HO CBiBblllalOT pa3BHSalOlijHCCiI CrpaHbl C      ~lHpO­    BbIPOC\O C 1870 flO 1985 roA B 5 pa3, HeCKQ\bKO YBeAH'EI.\OCb
     IlblM pbIHKO~1 TpY4a, 04HaKO 6b1N) 6bI Hal1BllO HmaraTb, '11'0          11 HepaBeHCTBO B ~mpe C 1960 no 1980 ro4 (IOAiI 6e411e(Il1JJ1X
     pa3~\H'1J1H ~felK/,y 60raTbI~1I1 H 6e,IHbIMH CTpal{a~1I1 B pe3YAb-      50    npOl)ellroB HaCe,\eHI1i1 ,mpa B 06'beMe np0I13BC,~CTB3
     TaTe KOHI!epreHIJJ1H cpa3Y lKe HC'1e.lH'y'T, Mf60 3a C'1eT npl1-        MHPOBOro x03i11kTBa CHI1311A3Cb C           7,3   llO   6,3   npOl,leHT3, B lD
     6,\HlKeHI1H 3apa6onfOH n/\aTh! J1       ypOBlU! lKI13HIl B 60Aee        BpeMJI KaK 3mT lKe nOK33aTeAb ,'V\JI         20    npOl,lenroIl HalIl)O,\ee
     6e;mblX CTpaliax K YPOBliKJ 6cnec 60raTh!X crpali, ,u!60 !l             6oramro HaCe,\eliHII YBe;\H'lII,\CII C 71,3 ilO          74,1   npOl,leIlTa), II
     pe3YAbTaTe CHJ1lKeHlUl rex lKC napaMCTpOB II 60raThix CTpa-             AI1Wb H(4aBHO np0I130IlL\O         lleK01~)pOe     VN)''1ll1eHl1e B Pt'3YAb-
     Hax, fImlHTHe KOHllcpreHI,lHJ1 /IOpOro 3KOHOMHcTa~1, Komphl:'>f         TaTe YCKopeHI1i1 TeMnOB 3KOllOMl1'1eCKoro pOCTa B 6e,lHbIX
     HpamlTCH ee 6,\H3KOe npn6MIlKeHHC K TeOpJ1H, H HeHaBJ1CTHO              CTpaH3X A:ml1,
     ,IMI nOnpJ1croll B 60raTblX CTpaHax, Koropble YCCl-laTpI1BaJOT B                                              •••
     HeH yrpO:"ly CBOJ1M 4oxo4aM, 04HaKO onblT npOIlL\oro He                      I\o6a \113al,ll1J1   llel136elKHa        6,varococroJlHl1e          4;Ko,
     n04TBcp4ln HH Ha4elK4 ncpBblX, HH onaeeHHrl nOC\(411HX                  MaplIlI H CilO 9lKH cero4HiI B3al1MOCBJ13allO 6C1\ee TecHC>, '1eM
     (llpe3Ka   7,l)   B Ellpone 11 CI1JA npOH301llAO BblpaBHlHlaHHe         KOr43-,\I160, 04HaKO nepCneKTl1llbl 3KOHOMH'lecKoro pOCTa
     3apa6oTllOH n.\aTbI, llO H 34eeb 3roT npolJecc npoxo,U1A ~le4-          np040AlKaK)T, Il OCllOIlHOM, OCTaB3TbCiI 1104 BM1J1HHeM HaIJHO-
     ,\eHHO 11 He HOCH.\ KOMn/\eKcHoro xapaKTepa, lleCMOTplI Ha              lla,\bllOH 3KOHOMI1'1eCKOH nmI1THKH, [\06aVI13alJlIiI YMHO)](aeT
                  HHTerpaIJI1K) n    ,'lOCraro'IHo CXOlKHC HCXO,'lHble       nQ\O)](I1Te.\bHble pe3YAbTaTbI 3,'lpaBOH nC1\l1THKl1, liO H IIOBbI-
     YC\OBHH,                                                                llIaeT H3;lep)](KH HeY4a'l, XOTII Hl1 04Ha KaTeropl1J1 pa60THHKoB
        HeK01Dpble 6e411ble CTpallbI -       OCo6eHllO IlpHMe"laTe,\ell      He MOlKeT paCC'1nTbIBaTb Ila ro, '11'0 CHAb! KOHIleprelll,ll1H
     3cleCb npHMep 3Be3,1      BOCTC)'1llOH A311H      ,IOroHilKIT CBOI1X    aB'IDMaTl1'1eCKI1 npnBe;WT K nOBbIwelllllO HX 3apa6oTlIOH
     60raTbIX napTHepOB, OllHaKO .1pyrHM crpaHaM, a HX mlKe                  lIAaThl, 11M lie cAe4yeT OllacaTbCiI 11 mro, "Iro 31'11 CH,\bl
     lle!'la,\O, He y;la,\OCb COMKHYTb P,13PblB, K01DPbIH B OT;je,\bHbIX     liel136elKllO lIPHBe,~yT K CHH)](ellHIO I1X 3apa60TKoB. Hacryn-
     C\Y'1aRX "alKe yBe/\I1'm~\cJI, B CI-IHpe B lJeAOM 06lijeH Tell;,eH-     AeHl1e 3C1\OTOro BeKa 4AlI Bcex B OCHOBllOM 3aRHCHT OT
     IJl1eH 6bL\O He BbIIHBllllH<lfll1e, a YrAy6,velll1e P33MI'IIIH: OTHO-   peaKIJIII1 O1/le,\hHbIX cTpall Ha HORhie B03!vlOlKHOCTn, K01upble
     llIelll1e ,10XO,13 na ;WWV HaCe,\elll1l1 B n31100vee 60raTblX           HeeeT B ce6e ,~aJ\bHeHwall HHTerpal,lHlI MHPOROro X03IlHCTIla.




60
            rA A B A 8




                      vITAvlCKJ1E HrPYIIlKlt '!vL\ylHCKMI \IE4b, T;\I1-                   ,\\P·HlB<L\ClI B cpe.1HcM lIa            3 III)(JljeHTa C)f(ero(lHO      H TeX pa31ll1-




K
                      ~\aH ICKHii F)HC -       TOproll,\ll TIlBap:nm, a B 110-            llUKlUJHXCil CTIXIH3X, rile OTIIOUJeliHe                 Te~1II0!l   pOCTa 3KcnopTa

                      CAe, tHee BpeMH Bee 'laUJe II         yC\yraMH,      llR\!!crC!!    K BBfI llpellblUJa~\O Me,lmUllloe 3Ha'lClllle. Toraa K<IK II TeX
                      Ba)l(liel1l1lefl 11 HaHOOAee cTa6fL\bHOl~1 (\Jopc-Iofi              CTpallax, rill' 6bl~\O O'DIC'-IeIlO lle3f1a'lHTe;\bHOe lXlClIIHpeHfle

                      :.KOiIOMWleCKHX CB!!3et\ C ocra"\bHbIM MI1P0",1                     3KcrropTa, POCT lupa601'HOH [J,\UTbl IlpI10CraHOHH{\ClI

,j,\!! EIKI1X      \KJ,]eI\, K;tK 1I)f(0, Mapl1!!           Hem)      Lj)f(H,    Me)f(-   IIOK    8.1), tb        dmro BOllce He C \C;l)'eT, 'ITO IlOHblllJeHI1C 3KC-

ilYHapO,UJJll TOpn'II,\!! Jf(.:ceT Il ce6e OrpO"1HhIC IlOT\l0)f(f10CTlI                   rropTU lIR\lIeTCil ,10CTaTO'-lHbI:V1 YC\OBl1e:Vl YCKopeHI1B ,.jKOHO"Uj-

,PlI CHHlKeUU! lrqep)KCK lloTpdi\eHHlI 11 IIHneCTl1]J!101llIbIX                           'leCKOrO pOCTa, o,lHaKo )Ke IIYiKHO IIp>BHaTb, '-In) 3TH                              y)aK-
pacxIll0B, a raK)f(< /MlJ YCKopeIlHll POCTU 001,eMollllpOH3IlO,l-                         TOphi        fl3:unl0CB1I3<lllhL       fiG \ldJ     Toprolt\l1      ,j;\1I paOOTfll1l(OIl

CTlla H ~apa60TH' Iti fl, \aTbL Q1HaKO, rrpe)K,'le 'le~I )cWCTCiI                         IlLIP<llKJCTCll B       C\e,lylOllje~l:

1l0)K<tTh rr;\o'lbl 31'<Jf'O HpOlJeCCJ, T~)eoycrClI IIpOlieCHI KopeK-

Ilble H Hep',~lKO ')OAeiHeHHble IlpeOOpa30BJIllI1l, OC06CHHO                              •   'IbproB'\lI rro:lB().\lIC1' paOOTHHKal'1 npuoopcraTb flOTpe6H-

1'a"l, r,le :')KOIlOMI1Ka OhL\a m1\HOCThlO rrO;l'lllHena rrpOTeKljll(J""                         Te.\bCKHe TOllapLI flO HaH6n \ee HH3KI1M I,leHJM. a

IH1CTCKoi1 lIC,\HTllI,e, J1IMeHeW!e C1'PYKTypbl TOf)f0R,\111i\e'-lC1'                            ,']aTe,\)!M         flPHOOpt'TJTh 060p:'il0Bafll1C l! TeXH(1\OrHvr,

3a O:JOOH C lIjl1a"\bflhlt" f1pC06pa30HalHllI, GI~lbl~1 f1CIIOCPC,l-                             mlH,\Y'lUillM 06pa:ln~1 OTHe'lellOlljHe ypOIlHK) KIl,I,\W\lHKa-
CTHeHllhlM (IOpa3Dl 'laTpanlHalollJHe HIlTepccbl paOOTHlIKOI\,                                   IjHll HX paOOTH>lI(OIl, BblCTPblMH Tel-lIIaMI1 1ll!,l)'CTpmL\H-

KOTI)pLle, HC CyMC!> IIPHC[loco6HTbClI K HOllhl~1 YC\OHliHM ,I He                                :laLJHI! CTpalILI B<K'TO'lllotl A3HlI 110 "IHorml 06ll3allbl ~lac­
liMe)1 Ilc()6XD.ll1~ldl np(J(j:Jccn1011~L\LHOI1 1l0,lI'OTOHKH, BLIIIV)f(-                        COllOM), Ill1e,lpCHllK) cal'1011 llepe,10BOII :lana,lHot:\ 1'eX110-

;leHI.! OCTaUTbClI Il Ct'Klupax 3KOIIO:'>IIIKI1, CYlijeCTIlOllaBlHHX                             ,\(WIII,!   11    060p)il0BalllUl.       B    rrpOMblllL\CIIHO           pa3B1lTblX
llpelK,le ,\111111,                  TOproBbl:-j 6apbepJ~L                                       CTpaHJX lDmopT npOilYKIJIlH C Oo,\ee IIH:lKOH CeOeCTCll1-
     OCHOHHlIl1fl ,j.'1I6eOlOKollCTBa, THKIlM oOpa.10"1, He yoaHlI-                              MOCTl,KJ llpHBC.\ K CHlllKell11l0 ]JeH Ha Tp):10eMKHe 1I0Tpe-
{\OCb, lIeOI(·Tp>l 11,1 "IHI ll"(lo6elljaIOlljHC pe:>y.\bl'aTbl COf:\3U1e-                       GI1Te,\bCKHe TOll3PbL

HlHl B paMKJ.X YpYrBaiicKoro paYfl/13 II 3<lK,\IO'-lelllle ye,\oro                        •      Ho    eJljC IlJ)KHCe 'IX), '-In) BblXo,.l lIa i'U1POBOH PLIIiOK (lCHO-
Pll,jiJ   pen1(llla,\bllhIX COr,\JUleHHJ1 0             Cl106o;lH0I1 TOI)[OB.\e.                 OO)f(,lae1' paGoTHflKOl\ 01' iI3B.\eHI1!! Kmn,IOHKTypbl cllpoca
4,\1I pea,\IUaljI1l1 IlLI[\"l Cllo6o.1HOI~i 'luprOIt\H HfP,Tl)eHlIll)1 II                        Ita BHVTpcHHe"1 pblflKe, :::tro o,ofieHHo Ha>KflO .l.\il TeX
~IC)K(l)'llapo l11all     [l(l\IITIIKa   ,IO,\)f(lla    clloc06cTIlOmlTL         3TH~1           CTpaH, KOTopble CT~)cMlITCll nepei1TH n:t O(1\CC npOH3I10-
lIepC'MeHaM     B ,lallHOII     nJBC amL\IBHpVCTCIl 1t\IUIHHC f10BOro                            .1HTe.\hHLIC BltlLI ,1ellTC,\bIlOCHL lIlt\1Il01]JHeol K.\1O'lOM K

Me)f(,lYHapc.jHoro P'u'IC.\CHHlI TP\13 Ha fXn~\WlllhIC KaTCro-                                   :.JKoHmlll'leCKmIY pa:mIHH1O, Pa3"I:IX TP\;10C~IKoro IlpOIe-

plH!      pa6OTHHKOB.       6\;l\l1Jee    Me)K,1)HapQlIl0t:\          TIlpI'OIt\H    H           H(),lC1'll:I B cTpaHax BOCTO'-lHOll A:mH npOiBowe"\ He 3a

TOplUBblX C'TlIOllJClIlIli l1 MCPbl flG\HTl1KH, clloco6cTB),lOlIjl1C                             ('leT   pea~"t:la Ijllll    IIPO,lYK[jll!l fla coxpallHllWHX              lIi)cII~I)'­

IIpco6pa:l()l,aHHll~l,       H:mpall,\CIlHbIM          WI   V,\),'-IUle1ll1C    )KIBHf!          UJCCTIlCIlHO arpapflbll1 xapaKTep BH)TpCHHI1X pblllKax, a

TP};llIlljllXC L                                                                                 :,a   (''leT     m,lxo,lU    Ha    "1I1pO!lO~1    PhIllOK.     Me)KllY       TeY1   B

                                                                                                 CTpaHax IO)f(HOH A31111. no Kpaiillci1 Mepc :10 lIei\aBflero
ToprOBnR nOBblWaeT 6narOCOCTOAHlile                                                              Ilpe~leHH, 06paGaThIBUKJIl)UIl "PO"lblIlHellllOCTb Il )'C\O-
60nbWIIIHCTBa pa60THlilKOB                                                                       HI1>lX IlpOTeK[jIlOHlI3MU Haxo,.lIL\<ICb II Ge,'lCTBeflll()~1 co-

MC)f(,l)'H3p<J:]H<l1I mproB.\lI OTBe'l3CT I1f1Tepeca,1 6mbWl1ll-                                 CTOlIHHH, Lo6a~\hIlLlH PhlHOK Ill' 1D.\bKO 0611IHpllee "\1000-

CTll<l    pa60TlIIIKOH:      1I0CKo,\bKY      pU60TliHKl1         O/lHOBpe~leIiHO                ro HflYTpelilleI'O pblllKa, flO 06hl Lllm H 6'1\ee cTa6I1ACH,

!!B.\mOTO! y; 1I0Tpe6I1'1e~\il:Vlll, 01111 nn-\Y'laIOT lIerrocpe,lCTlleH-                        IIPH'lC;"1 MeCTa i],\!! HOllblX Y'laCTHI1KOB rrOK:I XH:ITUeT. XOTII

H)'K' llblro,r: Il pe    ;y~\hTaTC   }; leWCIL\CHflii mmopTHbIX mHapOll,                         3KCllOPT CblpheHhlx TOHUPOB 11 f(JTOlloii                      Ilpo.1YK]JHll m

II 10 Bpe:VUI KJK IlX cdkTBellllJiI IIPOl13110, 1I1Te. \bIlOCTb TP\,'l<1                         pa:lBHHaIOllJI1XCIl CTpun Il flOCAei\HHe lU,lbI YHeAI1'lI1HUACR
BOlIKICTae'T       6,\UI'0;lapa VBe.\l1'lCHHKl CT()I1~I()CTlj BbIllVCKae-                        f)(nee      'IeM     na     5     llPOlJt:IlTOH    C)f(ero, lHO     l1    cem/llH1

MbIX IIMH ':ollap' ·B. flpeHMYLlJeCTllO :')KCflOPTIlOil CTpaTerHH                                COCl'aB, \ReT      900      ~1.\P/l .10,\~\apOIl B f'O,l, OH COCTaH, \lleT
Hunll,lHO 11CWJHCTPl1PYCT C\e,I\,KJUJHfl (paKT: B nOC\e,lHlIe                                    .\HUlb OKmo         35 npOljefiTa 01' BBn            Bcex tJora1'blX CTpafl

(lila ,1CClIT!1.\CTllH ypOileHI, pea..\bHOii :lapa6oTllOH IL\UTbI YllC                           >nrpa IlMeCTC B31ITbIX,



                                                                                                                                                                                          61
                                                                                  •                     •
                                                                               •
                              • ••• ••
                               •              • •
                                     •    • •
                               • • • •• •




        1bpmllAlillpHHoelfT B3alfMHble BblroAbl ,!l;\1I Beex eTpall, HO   Il lJeAOM Ilblllf'pblBaeT, 3al\a"la nQ\HTHKOB COCTOliT Il roM,
     olla TaKlKe cnoe06lla OKa3bIBaTb MOUJIlOC B03AeHCTBlfe Ha            '11OObl 06,\er'lHTb npolJeec nepeXO/la K yG\OBHllM cBo6o.allotl
     pacnpeAe,\eHlfe ,!!OXO,10B IlHYTpH CTpall, '1ro I1tleT lIa nQ\b3Y    TOpmllAH lIyTeM C03;laIlIfJl y pa60TlllfKOB CTlI~ly~\OH K nOBbl-
     TaKI1M pa60'lI1M, KaK MapHll H CllO '1lKH, 'lhll npO,!!YKyHll        weHHIO KBaAHqlliKaYllli, KaK B cAy"lae c       ;llKo, a TaKlKe 3a C"IeT
     nQ\b3yeTcli Bee ro\bWHM cnpOCOM, 110 llaIlOCI1T YUJep6 TeM,          KOMneHcaIJIfl1   nOCTp~alllI1lf-"1 (CM. '1acTb '1eTBepTYIO I
     Kro yCTynaeT B 6oPb6e C 1I0BblMH KOIlKypeIlTa~m, TOprollAll e        v136era!l nplf 3roM npOTeKIJIfOBH3Ma, K01UPblH MiWb y~leHb­
     6cl\ee 6eAHbiMll CTpaHa~m lleBblffi4lla 4M! /llKo H AP}THX           maeT I\Q\IO CTpaHbl II Ml1POBOM X03J111.cTlle.
     lleKBaAHqll1lJHpoBaHHblX pa60'lHx npOMbllllACHHO pa3BHTbiX              B   ro\bWIfIiCTBe    pa3Bl1BaIOUJl1XCJI      CTpaB      lla6AK1MeTC!I
     CTpaH, XOTI! 6cnblllllHeTBO 3KOllOMHcroB C'IHTaIOT, '1ro 3THM        TeCBa!l CB1I3b MelKAY OTKPblroCTblO TOpmllAH l1 COKpallJefll1eM
     06'hllCllllCTCli ~\HWb M<L\aJl '1aCTb Becx G\OlKIlOCTeil, xapaK-     6e.'!HOCTH. HanplfMep, B MapOKKO B pe3Y,\bTaTe AI16epaAI1-
     TepHhlX 4Ail pbIHKa Tpy,lla (Bpe3Ka S.l), 1aKall roprollA!I TaKlKe   3alJlfl1 mproB.AI1 Il cepeAl1lie SO-x mllOB YIX1BeHb fleNIOCTI1
     HlleT B YllJep6 HHTepecaM pa60t.lHx B pa311HBaIOUJIfXC!I crpa-       Beero ,\mUb :ia   5 ACT   CIIl13HACJI C   26   ItO   13   flpoyeHTOB 01'
     flaX H 6blllWHX COIJHaMICTWleCKHX CTpaHax, Koropble oeo-             'II1C;\eIiHOCTH lIaCe\eHI1J1. HOBbIe pa60'll1e MeCTa, nOJIllllll-
     6eIlHO nOCTpa4<L\1f B pe3YAbTaTe onmpallHlI pallec 3aUJI1-           111l1eClI, rAaBBblM 0(jpa30~1, 6Aaffi4apH pacIJBeTY TpHKOTalKHOH
     UJeHHbIX ceKropon 3KOIlOMHKH. O,!\liaKO, nOCKOAbKY 06fIJeeTIlO       npOMbllllAenllOCTI1, OpHeHTl1pOBaHHOH Ila 3ana,1BYIO EBPOIIY,




62
npl1lL\eKAI1 'ICKH3~UiqlHIJHpOlJ3HHbIX pa60'lHx >13 CeAbCKOH                    C\ylKaJ.IJl1X, Hcnocpe,jCTHeHHO nc 3aHRTbIX Il npolJecce npOlI3-
MeCTHOCTl1 E !'OpO.la. 21KOHOMH'lCCKI1l1 poeT, nOC\c,lOHallllIl1M               1l0;lCTIla, 11 3apaf1oTHoH n;\aTbl pa6o'll1x lJ nepJ10i~ C1985 110
3a    paCj[Jlip,,'Hl1eM       :1K·,'1l0pTa,   TaKlKe   n031l0AI1,\   CHH3l1Tb   1988 m,i\ YBC,\11'l11,\()Ch 2 IlO 2,5. B l{I1AH 3apa60TH<lJ! n,\aTa
ypOBCllh f1ellHocTH B crpaHax BOCm'lHOii A3JUl, Ha MaHpa-                       pa60THJ1KoB C YHllllepCI1TeTCKl1l'l 06pa30lJaHI1CM IJblpOC\a IJ
KI1H, Il 1}'P1JIH1 11 l{IlAI1.                                                  1980-90 m/lbl Ha 56 npOlJCHTOB no cpallHeHHIO c 3apa60THoCI
     COllceM IlHa'le paClill1peHae It)Pf()Il.;\11 II pa3BJUlalOILJHXCR          nAami1 AJ11J co Cpe,'lHl1M 06pa30IlaHJ1C~1. 3TH TeH/lcHlJl1H
CTPalJaX OTP311;\OCb H'l pacnpe.leAeHI1I1 ,10XOAl)Il. Hanpl1Mep.                MOlKno 06bJICHHll, BHC4PClIHCM HOlJblX Tp)4ocf1eperaIOIIJHX
y'laC'fWc MapOKKO H ~IClK,i\yHapO.~HOf! mpmIL\e npI1He,\O K                     TCXH(1\OmM. BK,\IO'laR, KOMflhlOTePHYIO peHOAIOIJlllO, KOTOPbIC
HblpallHHB3H flO      il(   lXO(l()B II CTpaHC. B      CTpalIax BOCm'nIOH       rrpI1IlC<\H K YCHACHHlO HcpaBCHCTIJa Il       npO~lhllllAeHHO   pa3BH-
A31111 pacnrc,lc\ef-!!1e .10XO.l0B lIO Mcpe paCIl!!1pCHllR I'lClK-              TblX CTpaHax. O;lHaKO 31t) IWAelfl1e MOlKl!O 06b!lClII1Tb H
ilYHap0,i\I!OI1 TOpr(llL\l1 TaKlKC CTa.\O 6o.\ec paHlIOMcpHhlM. Ho              IJe,\bII'l P!l,10M 11pyrHx (\)aKmpoll: cpa3)' Ilc\e/l 3a ,\I16epaAI13a-
B He KOTOPbl'': C'rpJHaX AaTI1HCKOH A:'lepJ1KJ1, Hanpl1Mep, B                   lJJ1ei1 ncpclKO OIl.JYIlJaeTC!I HeXllaTKa XOPOlllO [J04!'OTOll,\CH-
l{I1AII l1 ,\1eRCl1KC, ·1e.laBHRR AHf1cpaAI133IJHH TOpmMl1 cOlma-               HbIX HHlKCHepHO-TCXHH'leCKI1X pa60THHKOIl; neKOTOpble 113
,\a C ynL\ClIl1CM . uHtxl)cpCH!)HaljI1l1 ,It)XOlIOIl 11 3apaf1oTlioH            paHce 3allJl11lJCHIIbIX OTpaCAeil npOMbIIIIACtiHOCTH C3~1H !lIlAJI-
nAaTb!. Ha)paeHrl1pOllaHHbIX Ha 3KcnOPT B                    CUlA     MCKCIl-   AHCL TPY/l0CMKl1MH; HeKOTOphiC BH,lbl ,i\CRTe,\bHOCTll, ncpe-
KaIKKl1X nr":'·ll1pl~RTl1HX C()OTf!OIllCnl1C 3apa6oTIIOH flA3ThI                1I0Cl11'lbiC IlMeCTC C   Karu1Ta,\O~1   1'13 flPOMblllL\CHHO pa3BHTbiX




                                                                                                                                                          63
                                                                              llJllM MHOIDC10POHHHM TOptDllbIM comameHlleM B IICTOp"l.
                                                                              LJeHTpa,\bHOe Mecm Jl comamemm 3aHHMaeT HOllJe MeJK-
                                                                              AYHapOAHoe Y'1peJK,leHl1e                   BCe~lIIpHaJl mptDBaJl opraIlH-
                                                                              3aIJ"JI, IIp"'maHHall 06bCtlHHIITb nOll 04HOil KpLllueH                                 Bee
                                                                              pa3AII'1Hble TOprollble comaWeHIIJI, eOJ:\aCOllaHHble II XO,lC
                                                                              paYH43. Pe3pbTamM npe4bl4YUJMX paYH;'IOH ncperOBopOB 0
                                                                              _,\H6epaAII3aIJMM       mpmll.c\H          JlB~L\OCb        CHHJKeHlie        .:PCtlHHX
                                                                              Tapl1¢OIl     IlPOl'lbIllL\eHHO        pa3BHTblX            CTpaH     no      roBapa~l
                                                                              IlIXlMLIIIIACHHOtD npOM3B04cTBa 1106,3 IlpoljeHTa, ml/ja KaK II
                                                                              1947   m.1Y OHII npellblllla,\H             40     I1pOIJeHTOll.    Ha     [JOCACtlHeM
                                                                              paYH,jC 61>1,\0 COf;\aCOIJaHO CIIMJKellHe TaPI1¢OB B cpelHeM ,jO
                                                                              3,9 npOIJeHTa. Tapmpbl            Ha mmopT H3 pa3!lI1BaIOlIJHXCJI CTpaH
                                                                              II cpe.'lHel'l ,1ep2KaTCiI Ha f)();\ee llb!COKOM ypOllHe, nOCKClAbKY
                                                                              coxpaHillOTCJl B IJe,\OM fu\ee llblCOKlle TaplI¢bl nt) TaKI1M
                                                                              TP<lill1ljIlOHllbIM   CTaTbJl~1    3KCflopTa 3TIIX CTpaH, KaK n:KCTH:\h,
                                                                              TpHKOTaJK II phI6HaiI npOm'KIJI1J1. B 'fllc\e 4PYfllX KOHKpeT-
                                                                              HblX   pe3YAbTaTOB         YpyrnaHCKOtD               paYH,1a               no-nallHaJl
                                                                              OTMeHa Bcex KO,\II'1eCTneHllblX OrpaHI1'1eHIlH II C} 6GMI1i1
                                                                              npO;lYKIJHIl ceAhcKoro X0311i1cTlla, TeKCTIlAbIlOi:\ H TpIIKOTaJK-
                                                                              IlOH npO'.lblw:\eHHOCTIl, HO 3mT npOlJecc 6Y,leT 11J\I1Tl:AhllbIM.
                                                                                  CHlITHe mptDllblX 6apbepoll I1pIlB04I1T K 113MellelllllO Ha
                                                                              llHyTpeHHeM       phIHKe      IJell    H    nepeX04Y          paOOfHl1KOl          Il   TC
                                                                              ceKmphl 3KOHOMIIKI1, H KOTOPbIX CTpana MOJKeT Hal1fu\ec
                                                                              ycnewHo Y'1aCTIlOBaTL II MeJKIlYHapo4Hoil TOproll,\e. COKpa-
                                                                              IlJeHlle mpmAblX Ol'paHII'1ellIlH O;IHOBpeMeHHO BO MHOrl1X
                                                                              cTpaHax nOCTelleHHO npllllCtleT K KopeHHOMY                                H3~ICHCHIlIO

                                                                              CTpyKTYPhl MeJK,WHapo,aHoH mpr<lMH_ TIplIMepllaJl OIJeHKa
                                                                              nOC\e~CTHIIII IlQ\HOH pea;\113alJHI1 pellleHlli1 Ypyrn<lHcKOro
                                                                              papIM, npll YC;\OHIlH coxpaHeHHJI CYlIJeCTlljilOlIJero ypOBHiI
                                                                              (tJaKTOIXlB    npol13BO/lCT8a              no     pemOHaM,          YKa3blllc,eT        Ha
                                                                              YMepeHHOC, HO BHQ\He peaAbHoe Y"Y'1WeHlle l'A06aAbHOtD
                                                                              6AarocOC'IOJlHIIlL B pe3YAbTaTe BHCilpeHI1J1 Ilcex MexaHH3MOB
     CTpall R pa3BlmalOlIJl1eCJI, Tpe6yIOT BblCOKOKll:l;\HqmlJHpOllJIl-       40cTyn3 K PblHKY l'A06a,\bHoe yneAII'1elllle 6AarocoCmJlHIlJl
     IlbIX pa60TIlHKOB, OTBe'1alOlIJHX CTaH,aapTaM pa3BHsalOlIJHXCJI          COCTaBI1T 01'     100   110   200     M'\P4 4(~\:\apon B m4. IlPI1Q\1I3H-
     CTpall; a B HeKompbIX CTpaHax co cpe/llll1M ypoBHeM ,lOX040B             TCAbllO   04Ha     TpeTb      3mro          npllpocTa        npl1i\eTCJl      Ha    pao-
     HeKRaAI1qmlJllpollilHilble pa60'1He CT<L\KHBaK1TCJI C JKeCTKOil          BIIIlalOlIJl1eCJI cTpaHbl 11 cTpaHbl C lIepexo(~Hoil 3KOHOMHKOII.
     KOHKYpeHIJHeil co CroPOHbl pa60'111,X B fu\ee 6CtlHLIX CTpaHax,          rIoKYllaTeAbHaJl clIoco6HOCTb 3apa60THoH nAaTbl nOBhlCHTCiI
                                                                              BO Ilcex pemonax, 3a IICKAIO'1eHlleM A¢PIIKI1 CTa6AIIlJa                            8. n
     cYAyw,ee Me)l(AYHapOAHOM TOprOBnM                                        POCT    lIO~IIlHaAbHOH        33pa60THOH              IL\aTbl      flp<.JI130H.1CT        B
     B C;\e..WKllIJCM ,aeCJlTH,\enm 3TH TeH4eHIJllH B MeJK,aYHapo,!(-         CTpaHax,      06.Aa,aaIOUIIIX lIpCHMYUJeeTBOM                    B np0H3JlD4CTBe
     HOM paVleAeHI1H Tpy,aa, CKOpee Bcero, YCH;\JlTCiI. 113NeHeHHR            TpY40eMKI1X mllapOB -              CTpaHbl ACEAH, KI1Tail II IOJKH3H
            npoHCXOll11Th nOlI llMlilHHCM 411yX B3aHMOCBlI3allHblX            A311J1. Bo Hcex ,1P)TI1X perW)f!ax HOMIIH3,\bHaJl 3apai>OTHaiI
     ClIA, a HMellHO MI6epaAmaIJI1H mpros;\11 H HOHOH eTpyKTYPhl              n,\3Ta CHI1311TCH B CBJl311 C YCI1,\elmeM KOHKypel:llJl1H 3;1 C5bIT
     JVleJK,aYHapo4l1oro pJ3(le,\eHHJI KBJM1(jXIIJHpOBaHHom Tp);;ta, a        mllapOB, H3 HPOIl3BO/ICTIle KOTOPblX OHII cneIJ"a,\1I3I1pVIOTCiI.
     TaKJKe 1I0,a BAl1l1HlleM BHewHero qJaKTopa TeXHC1\Orn'1eCKoro            O,aHaKO COKpaIIJeHlle ,aOXO,aOll 6YAeT 6Q\ee 'leM CKOM'leHCI1-
     IIpOl'pecca, H B OCo6eHHOCTII CHHJKeHl1l1 cmllNOCTH yeAy!'               pOBaHO CIJIIJKellHeM IJefl.
     CBJl311. I1PI1 palJHOH:l,\bIlOM peI'Y,\l1pOBaHIIH 31'11 113MCllellllil       OTMeHa MeJK(lYHapO;lHoro ComallleHHJI no TeKCTII,\1O
     ,!(OJ\JKllbI npllBCCTII K pOeTY peaJ\bHbIX ,aOXO,lOll 50\bWHHCTlla       !feCmmeHHO OTBe'laeT IIHTepecaM n~XlH3B04I1Te/\eH, I1CnQ\b-
     pa50THIIKOB, HO OHH TaKJKC BLl30SyT KCHe6aHlIJI ypOBHeH                  3YlOUJHX MMOKBa,\llCtmIJl1pOBaHHblil Tpy,a. YCAOBlIlI eTapotD
     3aHilTOCTlI B pa3MI'lHbIX OTpaCMIX 3KOHOMlIKI1 pil4a CTpall.             co!',\allleHI111 Il03BQ\ilAII npOMhllllJ\eHHO paoBIIThIM CTpaHaM
     Ha ¢OHe ,aaAbHeHweH IIHTerpalJHl1 OCTPO SCTaeT Bonpoc 06                 YCTaHalL\llSaTL         KB01'bI       Ha        l1~fIlOpT    l'Cl1tlBOil     I1lBeilHOH
     YB1l3bIBaHI111 TOproll;\H C co6AIO,aeHHeM HaIJl1mm,\hHbIX CTaH-          npo,aYKIJI111 -       I1MeHHO mil C(lIlHCTlleHHoi1 CTaTbll, Kompail
     ,aapTOB peI'Y,\lIpOllaHIIJI TPYi'lOBLIX OTHoweHMH Cn04po6HO 3m           ,laeT TaKI1M npOIl3BO,lHTe,\JlM JlIJHOC OTHOCI1Te,\bHOe npel1My-
     onMCblllaeTCll B maBe   11).                                             nJeCTBO H !fa KompylO, BapJl,ay C npo,ryKlJHeil TeKCTII.\hHOil
                                                                              npo'.lbHIIAeHHOCTU, np"XO/lHTCIl 5Q\ee flmOBHHbI 3KCnOpTI1-
     Pa308bte 8blCOgbi Au6epa,lU3al1UU
                                                                              pyeMoH HMI1 romBoH npo,aYKIJHI1. 1l01lMeHHe HOBblX npom-
     TIo;IIlMcaHHbli1 H   1994   ro4Y M1DmllhlH ,lDKYMeHT YpyrnaH-            BO;lIITe,\ei1 flOBLICl1T jipOlleHb 3aHilmCTlf B TCKCTII,\bHOH II
     CKorD payII4a JlIlAJleTCJI lIall6mee ml1pOKIlM II l\aAeKO Il,lY-         lllBel1Hoil npOMblIll;\eHHOCTI1 B CTpaHax ACEAH, Kllnc II B



64
CTpaH3X K):tKHOtl' A3ml. Ylle,\IFleHHe '1HC\a nJXJH3BOAIUeAeH                          CTpallbl AaTI1HCKOi:i AMepI1KH, a raK)f(e HOBaJ1 3e.\3H/lI1Jl H
PblHKOll 6Y/leT CI1oco6cTBOllaTb CHH:tKeHHKJ lJeH, '1m nofl/leT                        CLllA        Ha    paHIIHx      3Tallax           cllOefJ   I1cmpHH,       Bo      MHOn1X
H3 nOAbJy nOTpe61lTeAll1V1 110 llceM ~lHpe, HO HaHeCeT YllJep6                         CTpaHax AijJpHKI1 K Klry 01' CaxapbI pe3Y.\bra'roM cOBeplHeH-
HHTepeC3M Tp3AHIJHOHHblX IlpalBBo,lHTeAeH B IIpO"lbIUl;\eH~                            CTBOlJaHHJl IIPOl1.'lHOACTlJenHbIX H[lBbIKOB 11 H3KOllAeHHll                         Kallll~

HO pa3BI1TblX CTpaHax, II HOllhlX HHiWCTPH<l,\bHbfX                      rocYAap~      Ta/\a Blla4a.\e MO:tKel' CTaTb nOBbllHeHl1e 3¢¢eKrHHHOCTI1
CTB<lX A3HH H II AaTllHCKOH AMepHKe, B                         IIPOMbllllAeHHO         il06bl'll1 OCHOBHblX 1ll1,10B CbIpbll. K01Dpae 33TeM npHBeAeT K
pa311HTblX CTpaHax YMeHbllleHlle KOMl'IeCTBa panO'lHX MeCT                             pa3BHTliKl o5pa6aTblllalOllJeti IIpOMblHL\eHHocTH.                          Nle:tKAY TeM
Ha TpWlaeMKIIX npOll."lBOACTllax 6YAeT CKOMneHOlpOBaHO yBe~                            B cTpaHax C OrpaHH'IeIlHhl~m 3anaGIMI1 npl1pOAHbIX pecypcoll
Ml'IemleM 3a~~lllTOCTH B tJoAee BblCOKOOn,\a'lHllaeMblX, BblCOKO~                      (B   npOlll,\OM         3TO     HOBbie           11H,lYCl'plla,\bHble      roCy/lapCTBa
TeXHC1,\OrWlllbIX        OTpaCMlX,        TaKI1X    KaK    MJUlHHOCTpaeHHe,            Bocm'lHoti A3Hl1,         a CemilHl!         -     VIH,~I1i1 11 KIlTati) nOBblllleHl1e
npOH31l0,!CTB:) TpaHCllopTHOro                06opYAOllallHII,      a    T3K:tKe   B   KBaAH¢HK31JHl-1          pa5o'lefJ          CHALl      H    HaKOfneHl1e        KamlTaAa
c¢epe yCAyr:                                                                           IIPHBe/]yT K 6bICTPOM)' I1IlAYCTpl1aAbHoMY pony 04H3KO
    ,1ocTHrwme H pa~lK3X Ypymatl'cKoro payllAa Cor;\aUle~                              CTpaHbl C Orpaml'leHHbl:>m nplipOilHblMII pecypC3l\1H,                                    BO'I~

HHe 110 ceAICKOMY XmllHCTllY OKa:tKeT lIeOAHCl1l1a'lHae 1l03~                          l\IO)f(HO,    OCT3HYTCJI         '1HCTblMI1           3KcnopTepaMl1           cblpbesblx
ileiicTllHe m      6eAlible '::TPaJibL HeMqlAellllblM pe3y;\bTam~1                     mBapas, oc06eHlIo eCAH OllH HcnblTblBalOT OCTpblM Ae¢I1IJHT
OTMeHbl 3KCHOprHI>IX cy6ClMI1tl' npOMbllIL\eHHO pa3IlHTbJ"IH                           Klla/\H¢l1IJHpoBaHHblx KaAPOB (HanpHMep, HelMA) HaKOHelj,
CTpaHaMI1        craHe1        YXYC1111eHHe       YC,\OBllti   TOproS,\H      I1MI     lleKompble crpaHbl cMoryT H3Hrl1 PbIHO'lHYIO HHllly B c¢epe
pa31lHSalOllJV XCJI crpaH. HM[!OpTHpYIOIIJHX npOilOIlC1\bCrBen'                        yc\yr,     KaK     3m    YAa.\OCb       Clmranypy             11 Al1llaHY,         KOmpble
Hble TOllapbl npelhile IIcero B A¢pHKe K KJry OT Caxapbl, B                            cneIJHa,\1i3I1pYIOTCll Ha npeAOCl'all,\eHI1I1 CPllll<lIlCOllbfX yc\yr
CTpallax ACEAH II I1\;IJKHero BoCTOKa. 04H3KO 3KCfIOP1'ePbl                            CBOI1M coce/lJ1M. H MHoro'lHC,\enllbIM OCTpoBllbIM rocyaap-
rrpOAO!l(1\bCTBeHHl,[X ltJllapOll IlO,\Y'lar HOBbIe llO:,MO:tKHOCTH                    CTHat>! MHpa, ClleIJlla\H3I1pYlOlIJHMCJl na Typl13Me.
AAff c6blTa clloeJ'i I1pl;tyKIJHH. EeAH 1l0BbUUefll1e lJeH Ha
npOAOllO;\bCTlll1e IIpl1BCAer K YBeMl'leHHIO                   AOXQilOB (pep~          KTO CTpaAaeT M ~TO AenaTb?
:"lepClB, m   y {iorarMX 3C'leAbHb!:<-m yro,lbll:<-m (TpaH Ar11PIIKH K                 He Bce Ilbmrpbl!!3lOT OT .\1l6ep3,unalJI1ll mproBAll. B pe3yAb~
lOry OT Caxapbl H ,\:lTHIiOaMep!1KalICKHX CTpaH nOJlllIITCIl                           TaTe      H3MeHeHHll       Me:tK/Wllap04HOM                 CHCTeMbl      lJell,    K3K    Ha
CTHMyA        yilt 'AH'lW'b    05'beMbl     npOIBBO,lCTRa        H      3KcnopT3       MI1POBblX         pblHKax,      TaK    II        BHyTpH     Cl'pa n   nOJlBAlllOTCll         11
npO,10BOAbC'BeHHI,IX TOBapOB.                                                          IIpOHrpaUll me. I'A06,MH3alJllll MHpOl1011 lDproB.AI1 Bb13hlllaeT
                                                                                       OrHOCIITeAbHblH           4e¢I1IJIIT             pa3AIII.{HbIX   npo¢eCCHM            11     1J
1l0/ICOCP0'f,llbte     npeu,1lYlfJeCfea JtU6eJXLtU3aljUU                               onpeAeAeHHoii creneHH OrpaHl1l.{llBaeT 3apa60TnylO n,\ary
DepcneKTlU Hoe H03,letlcTBHe ,\H6ep3M13alJl1H Ha MHpOllylO                             pa60rllllKOB. no Mepe OTKPbITHJI 3KOHOMIlKH BHyrpellHlle
mprOlL \10, (KOpel' Bce['(), H3MHOro npeBblClIT HeMe;l/\eHHblti                        lJeHbl    Bce 50,\ee BblpaBllHHalOrGI C Me)f("WllapOAHbIMI1, a
3QQeKT KaK nOK~13bIllaeT OIILIT BOCm'lHOH A.:mH, CTpaHbl,                              3apa60THaJl rr~\aTa YBeAl1'lHBaeTCII l1All rex pa60THIlKOB, 'lbJl
KompblM }I'pe-rcil pa3BePHyTb np0H3B04CTBeHHble MOIl)HOCTI1                            ClleIJH<L\bHOCTb JlMJleTCll 6C1\ee Ae¢HIJHTHoi'1 Ha Me)f(4Y-
3a C'leT BAOtKel!l1i I B 1.{~\OBel.{eCKHl1 11 ¢1I3H'leCKHH KanI1Ta/\,                  HapOAHblX pbIHKax, 'leM Ha llHYTpeIlHeM, 11 CIlI1:tKaeTCIl 4AiI
MoryT /106I1TbCH I"KOHOMH'leCKoro pOCTa 3a C'leT COBepmeH~                             TeX, Km craAKHBaeTCH C nOBblmeHllOti KOllKypelllJl1eH. Do
crllOBaHI1i1 ,'mI1M')cTHoti CTpyKTYPbl CHaeM npOAYKIJI1H, TO                           ~lepe     OTKpbITI111    3KOHO~IHKH              ApyrHx CTpall orHOCHTeAbHall
eCTb OTKa3a OT IlP01l3H04crlla AeUleBblX TOllapOIl H nepeXO;la                         HeXB<lTKa pa3;\H'IHbIX cllelJl1a,\bHOCTeM Ha MI1POIlOM pblHKe
K   H3IUIDBAeHHlO          6o\ee      IJellHblX      3KcrropTBbiX        mnapOll.      npeTepnellaeT           elIJe     oo\ee             CYllJeCTHeHHble          nepeMeHbl,
Pea,\H3aIjHll TaKoil CTpaTerHH 6blAa 51,1 cepbe3HblM 06p330M                           He6,\aI'OIIpHlITHO CKa'3blllalOllJl1eCJI Ha cTpallax, HMeKlllJHx B
OCAO:tKHeHa, eCAH 6bI lH-3a OTCYTCTBI1J1 pacrynJl1x 3KcnopT~                           li36blTKe pa60THHKOll, cneIJHaAbHocrb KO'roPbIX CTaHOBHTCII
BbIX PbIHKC'1l c6hlTa IfP0l13BOACrBo orpaHwmBaAOCb AlIIUh                              ~leHee "eqlHIJHTHOH. YnneHlle KOHKypeHIJI1H TaK:tKe 03Ha'laeT,
Bllyl'peHHH~ f    cnpc .COM                                                            '1m eCMl CTpallaM He Y,laCTCJI BblHTI1 lIa yp0BeHb npo-
    OAHaKo CrpaTef'l1Jl 3KOHOMl1'lecKOro paCTa, nocrpaeHHaii                           H3HQIHTe/\hHOCTH              rpY/1a    CBOllX        KOllKypeHmB,          3apa60THall
Ha paCIUl1pCHHH 3KCllopra, ne O'IHa'laeT, 'lro :-1KCnOpT Bcex                          1l,\aT3 IlX       pa60rlll1KOB 5Y4eT CHH:tKJTbCll.                    B    C\eAYlOlIJeM
pa3BliBalOllJHXCll CTpa11 6y!!eT II~lerb OAHy l'OBapHylO 1l0~leH­                      IleCJlTI1AeTHI1 B 'll1c,\e HaH6C1\ee YJl3BHMbIX rpYIlII HaC~\eHHIl
KAarypy. H:Tb pa3BI1THII Ka:tK,~OH crpallbl 5Y4eT 3aBl1CeTb OT                         1-loryT   OK33aTbCH~

HCX()4!lbIX,)ecypCOB II H36paHHOH CTpaTerHH, il./\iI MHorHX
crpaH COllE'pUleHCrBOBaHHe CmHMOCl'HOM crpvKTyphl IlpO~                                •    HeKBa,\H¢HlJI1JX)HaHHble pa60l.{He B cTpallax co cpeAHHM II
AYKlJl1H CB>l3a1l0 C llepeXOAOl\! 01' npOH3BOACTsa                       C~\bCKO~           IlblCOKI1M ypoBHeM 40XOAOB, IlOCKC1\bKY OHI1 craAKIlBalOrCJI
X03JIMCTBeHHOH n;)OA} KlJ11I1 H ChlPbeBl.IX mBapOB K npOH3BO/1-                             C KOHKypelllJl1eM CO cmpOHbl 6mee ,4ellleBbIx npOH3-
CTBl' romllo/-I llP( 'AYKljH}1 -          CHa'la/\a rp)"aeMKHX mBapOB, a                    BO"lHTe,\etl', H
3a1'<:]1.1 Bce Ilt),\ee BLlCOKOTeXHC1\OrH'lHoti np04YKIJIIH (llpe3Ka                   •    OTAeAbHble CTpallbl (oco6eHlI0 crp3Hbl A¢PI1KII K lOry
8.2).   B]I.1ec'·e C   Te~1 CTpaHbl, HMelOllJHe 6or3TbIe npHpO.~Hble                        OT Caxapbl), K01DpblM He XBaraer ilHHaMlBMa, He05~
peCypCbI, "llJe ,1C1\rc, 6}iwr ocraBaTbCll 4l1CTbIMI1 3KCflOP-                              XOAIlMOro AMI ycnelilHoro Y'laCTHIl II aKTl11lHoti KOHKy~
TepaMH CbIpbeBbIX 'roBapoB: HM npIUe1'C!! nOHbICHTb Cpe,!HHtl'                              peHIJHIl Ii ,10CTI1:tKeIlHJI 3¢¢eKrI1BIIOCrH np0l13BOACTBa
yp0BeHb K'la,\l1CtlllKaIJI1H 11 ¢OH40BOoPY:tKeHHOCrb, llpe:tKAe                             Ha ypOBlle CBOIIX KOHKypeHmB, a raK:tKe m6KOro 1I0A~
4e"l    npl1c rynaT',      K    npoH3BO,\CTSY         mmlloH        npoilYKIJHH.            XO;,la, He06xOAIlMoro 4M! llepeXOAa Ha npOmJl04CrBO
XOpOUlHMH          npl'Mep,lMH       II    31DM     orHOllleHl111       JlBMllOrC!!         HOBblX mBapOB.



                                                                                                                                                                                         65
66
y)f("eCTO~eHue KOHK)'jJeliIJUU                                                                              BHYTpeHlIeM phlllKe (oc06eHHo Il HaYKoe"IKI1X HarrpallAeHHilX
CTpaHhl, He nOCIleB31OlIJHe 33 nepeMeHa~m, MOr)T nOCTpa-                                                    HCCAetiOBallllii, pa3pa6oTOK H KOHTpOAil),
43Tb     Il        pe3pbTaTe                  rrOBblllleHHJl       3¢q:JeKTIlIlHOCTH             KOllKY-        CTpallbI, npOllBIlIl1lJl1e rI16KOCTb Il 1I0BbiX YC;\OIlI1J1X, IJo,\y-
peHTOB" HanpH;I<lep, no ~Iepe TOro KaK KHTaH Bee 6c",\ee                                                    'lI1Ali Il 4o,\roQ){)'lHOH nepCneKTI1Re 113116o,\h1lJYIO IlblJ'Oil)' OT
3(jxpeKTHHno :,;KCIlopTHpyeT TOBapb! 1lJBet'IH0l1 rrpOMblllL\eli-                                           Olll1p3lOIl,leiiCil    Ha    :7KCflOpT   C1'paTerUH    pa:iHl1THil,       3Ta
HOCTl1        11     CTaHOllHTCJI                 lice    6CHee     KpycnllblM          3KcnopTeporvi       nr6KOCTb llpOJlIlAJleTCJI B 60Aee onepaTHIlHOM peanrposaHl111
4PYrI1X            11)llapOB,            'Ie*, WHapo;,Hhle            IJeHb!          lia    TPHKOTa*,      Ha 113MCHellilil IJeH, YC\OBl1il TOpmBAli pa3BI11lalOlljllXCJI CTpall
rrpOH3BOll11Mblll                   CH"\aMH         HeKllaMlqJl1IJHpOBaHHbIX                  pa6o'1l1x,    CJ.L\bIlO KO;K06aMlCb, npWle:\1 B Te'lCHHe HeCK(HbKHX "CCJITI1-
CllWHITClI          110     cpaJlIleHHlO                 C IJeHaMI1      lIa     H~mOPTl1pyeMylO            ,\enlH lIa6,\Kua;\OCo HeH3MeHHOC YXY4WCHI1C, B 'laCTHOCTH,
KHTae~1            npo.WK1J1110,                  oco6eHHO         Cblpbe        11    BbICOKOTeXHO-        no 3KcnOPTY, CblpbeBblX TOuapoB. fipeHOCX04l1ble nOKa3aTeAI1,
AorWfIlbIe 'l1:)lIaphl. ApyrHe crpaHhI, crrelJHa,\H3HpYIOIlJl1eCil                                          OTMe'ICHHble !l CTpaH3X, OTIIOWelll1C pOCTa 3KCllopTa K011)-
Ha npOH3BO,!lCrne TpHKOTa*a, B TOM 'lHC\e ~IeKG!Ka 11 HOBbie                                                pblX K   BBn lIpellhIma;\O        Me*dYHap04Hble cpe,1Hl1e nOKa33-
I1H;lycrpl1aAh Ible IOCYMlxTlla A:mH,                                    H pe3YAbT3re 3TOro                 TeAH B    1970-90 ro4ax,          6bL\H 40CTHrHYTbl HeCMOTpR lIa
npOllrpalO1; eC\11 lie CMorYT YCOllepmeHCTllOBaTI, co6cmeH-                                                 YXY;lweIlI1C yC\OIlI1~1 TOprUI\;UI, COCTaBI1BIUeC B :i>THX C'rpaHax
Hoe npOIBIlOi.CTBO 1I nepet'ITll K BYLlaM .1eilTeAbHOCTI1 C 6cnee                                           nopil4Ka   1 npoIJellTa B ro4, 'ITO (j:JaKTH'leCKI1 mpM03Il,\O poeT
llbICOKOM 4ot,aR\eIlIlOW C'IUllMOCTblo.                                  HblX04         Ha    MlipOlll>le   ;10XOIIOH n{lI1l'lepIlO Ha0,3 rrpOIJeHTa B rq~, POCT 3apa60THOW
pblllKII CTpall, paHee npaKTIl KOllaBIUIlX lJeHTpa,\H30[l;1lIHOe                                            Il;\aTbl IIPUMCPHO Ha        3 npOLJeHTa   II ro4, OTMe'leIlHbIfl B 3THX
IJAallI1pOBaHl1e, [yfo;t(e'r TaK*e IJPHHCCTI1 K CHI1*CHHK1 IJeH Il                                          CTpallax, HepOJITIIO, JlBHACii pC3y.\bTa'l1:)M ellJe ro\ee BblCOKOro
3apa6nTHoi:J               IJ,\JTbl           H     ceKTOpax        co      Cpe,lHI1M         ypOllHeM      pOCTa np0I131l04HTe>\bIlOCTIl TpY4a, KaK I! OTlle,\bllbIX OTpac-
pa:1BI1TI111 TCXHo,\Oflm, flo Bcex CAY'laliX Bbll1rphlB3KlT TICJ'rpe-                                       ,\ilX, TaK 11 "1a C'leT MeJKOTpaCAeBblX Ctl1lI1f'OH.           DanpOTl1fl,
6Il're;\I1, HO pa60TIlY!KH ceKTopOB, nepe*HllaKlIIJIlX yna,loK,                                             pa6(YfHUKH Il l\leHee 3KTIlBHblX H Me*4YllapO;1I"loj:I 'ropf'OllAe
npompalOT, <CMl He Gf'lryT rrepeHTH K HI1/~aM 4eBT~ \bHOCTI1                                                CTpallax, TO eCT!> OKa3aBJITI1eCil Ha TOM Y'1aCTKC IUKaAbI poCTa
C   6w,ee          IlbI(,OKOW 406,lJj;\CHHoi1 CTOI1MOCTbK) HAY! K UPO-                                      06'beMa TOproB/\I1, r4e 3apa60TllalI llA3Ta He YBeAI1'll'L\aCh,
113B04CTllY 'It 'llapOI', He ilIL\ilKlIl,lI1XClI npe,lMeTaMH                                   ~le*4Y­      I1Cl1bIT3;\11 ro\ee CYlljeCTBeHHoe YX):4WeHI1e YCAOlmM mproH-
HapO;:Hof\ TO')!'OIlML                                                                                      All, B cpe,111eM OKo,\O       2   npOlJeHTOB Il ro4, 'ITO BCAe;lCTBHe
    C 4PyroH CTOP'JHbl, IlpOTeKljUOHI13~f He illL\JleTCJI pelJle-                                           6D.\ee Y3KOW 3KcnopTHoil. 6a3bl TaK*e npl111C;\O K 33;lep*Ke
III1Cl'! Ilp06N"lbI. HBe/Wlll1e Orpaml'leHI1i:J HU TOPT'OBMO H>\U                                           pOCTa 110XOAOB Iia      0,3 npOlJeHTa,
au ()[[epalJl1l                C KaIlIlTa:\OM                B lJeAilX      OK333HI111        110~IOIJJH        06eClle'leHlle IlC1\HTH'leCKOH IIpHeM;\eMOCTlI Ki'Pca Ha
llpOl1rpaBIIII1'>1 II                1'~1y),bTaTe            p33BIlTHlI npU!leileT ,\I1Wb K                 OTKPbITOCTb mpT'OBAH Illlor4a Tpe6yeT IIpOBe;JeHUlI Mep, IlPlf-
CHHJKellUIO 8 wno[yII1'leCKOM ~IOlljl1 crpaBb!' TaKall llO/\I1TllKa                                         311allHblX 06Aer'lHTb nD.\OlKClme OCTaBmerocil B IIpOUrpblllle
TOp:-'I<BIIT npl)rpeC' OOJIJeCTBa l1 H KOHe'IHOM l11DI'e rrpY!Bei~CT                                        MCHbUlI1HCTBa, O/irlaKO II ,.1(HroCPO'lHOii ncpcneKTHBe lDCY-
K CHIl*eHHKl 6,\an 'COCTOllHUH TPY,1illljHXCil,                                B /\y'lIUe~1 cAy'l3e         4apcnellHaH rrmHTHKa, CTIlMYAl1pYlOlIJail TPYARIIJI1XOI K co-
TOprOHble 01' laHll l l':IlHII MOl')'1' 33lljHTI1Tb BHYTpeHHHH PbIHOK                                       BepIUeHCTBOBaHlllO CBOHX HaBbIKOH, 06pa30BaHHK) /leTeH H
",a C'l(:T I1HTtpeCOh HOTpe6uTeAei:J" O/lHam, 1l0CKC>\bt..y TaKl1e                                          cOileHcTllYlOllj3il nepexo,W TPY,~l!1l,l11XCil Ha 1I0BbIC pa60'llle
Orp31111'leHIlII lie 1I0BbllllaK,T KOHKypellTOCnoc06HOCTl1, 01111                                           ~leCTa, HeCOMHeHIlO npei1CT,UIAilCTCil frl\ee IJe;\eco06pa3H0l1,
npoBOIJllpYKT                  CIlOpa'lIIBamle               3KcrropTa         11,    co     npeNCHCM,      'leM nporpa~IMbl, CTaBilllJl1e pa60THHKOH II 3aBl1CI1MOCTb 01'
pcaAbHoi:J 3a )aoO'rHoi:J : 1,\aTbl.                                                                        roq;'lapCneHHblX            COIJHaAbHblX     nporpaMM        (01.     'laCTb
    CTD.\h *(' Henp04YKTl1HlIOii lIB-\ileTGI 1I0AUTllK3 06AQ)Ke-                                            'IeTJ.lepTYlo),
lllUI lIa,\Ora~1H TpaHCHaIJ110HaAhllbiX Kopnop3IJIlii B Ha4eJKde
npe,10TllpaTIlTb MHrpaIJIlIO HeKHa.\l1cpllljI1POS3HHbIX pa6o-                                               Eh:OHO~l1U'leo:u OTCTaAbie LT/JClHbl

'lUX    H pa'l1l1l1l3rOllJl1CCH                      CTpaHbl        DepCMelljeHlle              IJPOH3-     Be,.lCT!leHHOe no,\o*emle CTpaH, OCTJBlllHXCil B CTOpOHe, Bce
BOilCTBa            3,[        rpaHHlJ1'             I1pe4CTaBMleTCil                 3cpcpeKTl1BHblM       'lalIJe 3aHHMat.'T IJeHTpa,\bHoe MecTO llpH 06cYJK4eHUI1 00-
Clloco6o~1 paClllllpCHI1l! ;iOAI1 KmmaHHH lIa pblHKe Il yc,\O"                                              npOCOB pa3BHTl1il,      B 6(1\b1lJI1HCTBe CAY'laefl He6AaroIlpllilTHoe
BHJlX KOIlKypeHlJHll 11.\11 orpaHWleHI1J1 ce nOTepb, HanpH-                                                 pa3BI1THC C06bITI1i1 H3 MelKAYHapo4Holi apeHe ,\I1IUb /laAbllIe
~Iep,    eCAYI            .10,\11        CUlA            B   Ml1pOBO~f      :<lKCnOpTe          npm!3-      1l0,lpblBaeT nO,\o*eIlHe CTpaH C lIepa3BHToH nOAI1Tl1'leCKOii
1l04crseHHbi x                 TOB3POI;            3a     1I0C\Ci\HIlC      TpH        ,"1eCiITll,\eTl1il   CTPYKTypOH, Ho MlIOrJ1X CTpaHax ACPPI1KI1 K lory 01' Caxapbl
COKpaTlL\aC h C                     17    40       12    npoIJeHToB, "o.\l! TpaHCHaIJHo-                    pe3KI1H cna?l IJeH Ha CbIpbellble TOBapbl HC TQ\bKO rrpl1IleA K
HaAbHbIX KopnoplIJl1l1                            crDA        11 IIX 40'lCPHI1X KO~maHI1Ii                  CHH*CIII1IO 3apa60TlIOH IV\aTbl H ;lOXO;10B, HO 11 0c.\a6HA
CHH'lH,\aCb ,\HWf, C                          18    ,10      16   npOlJeHTOIJ. TaKoli            OTHO-      Il03MO*1I0CTH rocY(iapCTBa IJplIHI1MaTb OTIleTHble ~lepbJ. CHI1-
CI1TC.\hHbIH yCIJe~ flO MHOroM 06'bJlCIlJleTCil POCTOM ~le*­                                                *elll1e IJeH IJpOH30mAo B pe3YAbTaTe BHeitpeHI1J1 MeTaA,\O- Il
ilYHapo,iHbI>( OllepalJI1W C,fl(1\il np0I13B0.1CTBa IlHOCTpaHHblX                                           3Heproc6epcralOlljl1x TeXHo,\Of'U'ICCKI1X npOIJeCCOIl 11 Cy6CH-
CPI1,\IIJ/\OIl aMepllKaHCKHX TpaHCHaIJI10HaAbHblX CPI1P""1 YBe-                                             411pOBaHI11! CC,\bCKOT'O X03J1ikTIla Il npOMbIllI;\eHIIO pa3HI1TblX
.\I1'lIL\aCb C            37    AI)      54   IlpOljeHTOIl). G\06:L\113aIJl1il 3KOIlOMH-                    cTpallax, a TaKJKe Il CBIl311 C rrOIlbl1lJCHlleM 3¢¢eKTI1IlIIOCTI1
'leCKOW ;lel Te,\bl'OCTII npC40TIlpaTlHa Aa;\hHeW1lJmi cna,l                                                npo1131104CTBa        HeKOTOpblX     npoH3B04HTe>\cit     OCOOellHO        B
06'beMOB 3Kcnop' a 3TIIX KCJ:-.llJaHI1H n04 H3nopOM pacTYllJew                                              CTpaHax      A3IU1.       BOAbmHHcTBo        :7KClIOpTepOB     CblpbeBblX
KOHt..ypeHIJIII1               Il     ;1a)l;e      n03BD.\I1Aa        11M      YBe,\I1'lI1Tb      CBoli     ltlBJpOB H3 CTpaH ACPPI1KH K K)ry OT Caxapbl He CMOrAI1
3KCPOPT Il C0'l;1a1 b AY'lIlle OIlAa'll1llaeMble pa60'll1e Mecra Ha                                         HbI4ep*aTb        Te~ma     KOHKypeHIJI1H,   HanpllMep,      B CllJl311   CO




                                                                                                                                                                                            67
       CHlllKeHl1eM VpOlKal1HOCTI1 II;\aHTaIJl1fl KaKaO, KaY'IYKOllbIX 11
       KorpeiiHhIX 4epeBhell, MHOJ"l1e 113 KOTOPblX 6blMI llbICalKeHhl
                                                                                                                             ...
                                                                                           MelK4YHap04Hali TOpmBAJll1/1eT Ha JI();\b3Y 6oAbIIII1HCTlla,
       ellJe B 50-e milb!. KpOMe TOrn, 113MeHeHI1e CTPixrypbI ljeHHe               HO He llcex pa60TlIIIKOIl, De,lHoe HaCe;\eHlle pa3HHllalt)llJHXCi!
       rrpl111eAO K rrOllllAeHI1l0 HOBbIX ceKTOpOll: rpaKTII'IeCKH, 3KC-          CTpall fI3B.c\eKaeT IlblfD4Y 113 paClllllpeHlIJl OTKpblTOM TOprOH-
       nopT      npo4yKljl111   o6pa6aTbIHalOIlJHX      ceKTOpOH    113   CTpaH   MI, TaK        KaK     1I0HblWaeTCJl CIlPOC        Ha HX Tpy;!.       KUAHqJll-
       AipPI1KI1 K KJry OT Caxaphl 3a nOCAe4HI1e ABa ,1eClITI1Aen11l              I)HpCJHaHHble pa60<Hle B rrpoMhlUIACHHO pa3HIITbIX t TpaHax
       CHI13I1AClI, B   aHaAOrl1'1HOM, XOTJI 11 He CTIHb KpI1TI1'1eCKOM           TaK)I(e RbIHrpblHalOT B CBJl311 C IIOBbIlllellHeM CrrpOGl Ha llX
       IIU,\OlKeHI1II HaX04JlTCJl MHOfHe CTpaHbl Ei,\l1lKHem BOCTIJKa,            HaRbIKII,      04HaKO       6~larocoCTOJlIme HeKBa;ll1qJHIJllpC'HaHlibIX
            B cTpaHax AqJPI1KI1 K lOry 01' CaxapbI 11 B 60AhlllllHcTHe            pa60'lllx B 60raTbIX CTpaHax II CTpaHax co cpe4HIIM ;, pOHHe~1
       cTpaH DAI1)!(Hero BOCTOKa 31'11 HeY4a'lll CBJl3aHbI C 1I0Hce-              ilOX040H MOlKeT CHH3HTbCJI, KoHKypeHIJlli! CO CTI)POHbl ttemc-
       l'leCTHOf! HeOl!pe;le(\eHHOCTblO, KOTIJpaJl 3apa3I1Te~\bHa, He-            BblX rrpOH:lB041lTeAeli /10~\)!(Ha nOHblClITb 6AarucoCTO>JHHe 3a
       CMOTPJl Ha Ho:lMQ)KliOCTI1 H31tle'leHI1Jl npl16blAll, KOTI)pble            C'IeT CTHM},-ll1pOBaHI1Jl nCpeX(lila TP,):'10HhIX pecypcoH 60Aee
       OTKphmaeT npOH04HMaJl 110\HTl1Ka, 06'beMbI '1aCTHhIX l1rmec-               60raTblX CTpaH 113 Hl13KtlIIPOI13B04I1TGlbHbIX H llblCOKOflPO-
       TI1IJI1j:j He yBeAI1'1I1~\I1Cb, 'ITO 110BbllllaeT PHCK H3l'leHeHHJI        H31l0,~HTG\bHble CeKTIJpbl, OilH3KO 3TlIllblru;lbI He MOr\T 61»Tb
       Kypca,     llo Mepe YBeMI'IemUI '1HCAa HOBbIX KOIlKypellTOB                pe:L11130IlaHbl, eCIli pa60'll1e 6Y,IJYT OCTallaTbCil 6e:lpa6ar-
       npOHIIKIlOBellHe        Ha   MelK4),HapOAHble     pblllKl1   6y"eT   Bce   Hbl~UI, Orclu;la He06xo,clIlMOCl'b rrO\I1THKl1, Ilpe(WC~IaTpIlBaK)­
       60AblUe OC,\OlKHJlThCJl, B o601'!x perl10HaX Tpe6yeTCJl CTpare             llJe:i:i KOMileHcaIJIIH 1l0CTp34all1lll1M II npoIJecce rrpeo6pa30-
       rllJl,   HanpallAeHHaJl      Ha   YBeMl'1eHl1e   06'beMOll   3KcIlopTa,    llaHll1i II OK:L,aHlle 11M 1l0MOIlJI1 Il OCBoelUHl HOBblX cne-
      CTpallbl      C   HeoolhlUHM        orpHljHaAbHo     pef'l1CTpllpyeMbIM     IJHa~lbHOCTel1, c TeM '1T06hl TOproMJl IIpl1He,la K IlOBbllueHIIlU
       ceKTOpOM MOl)'T 113Jl,le'lb Ilblro4Y, BOllce OTKa3aBIllllCb OT             ;IOXOAOH       Bcero      HaceAeHHJI,      a   npOTeKIJIIOHI13MY       6hlA    6bl
       B3I1MaHI1J1 Ha~lora C KopnopaIJl1l1 H ycrpaHHB 3KCIIopTHhie                nOIOlKCH KOHCIj,
      TaplI(:pbl.




     rJ\AHA               9




                                                                .•
                                                                                               ?
                                                                     cnoco/)-



      r
                     AOBAAI13ALjH}I <DHHAHCOBbIX PblHKOB                          ",III,    DeCCHMIICThl        n04'1epKHB3IOT        Il03MO)l(Hble     Hefi,laro-
                     cTilyeT    (1I060/moMY     IIepeABlIlKeHll10    '1aCTHOro    npHiITHbie IlOCAe,~CTIlIIJl               60raTble CTraIlbl 03a60'leHbI,
                     KallHT<LIa B MHpe II nOHCKax HaI16o~\bUJeii rrplI-           'ITO      COI03   KallHTaAa II       4ellJeil0l1   pa60'leii:   CHAb!    II pa3-
                     6bV\II, Ho K3K )!(e 1I0BAIIJlJla n06aA113a1JI1J1 Ha          illlllalOllJlIXCli CTpaHax IlpHlle;1eT K CHlIlKCHll10 3apa6( >THO»
                     TaKIIX pa60THI1KOIl, KaK ,1(;;<0, MapHJI II CliO qlKlI'      II,\aTbI II ypOHHli JKl13HH na IIX C06CTlJeHHoi'! reppllTopllH,
      OnTIIMHcTbl OTMe'laIOT H03",lOlKHOCTb 113aH~lHol1 HblrottbI -               1'0,;13 KaK 6e,1Hhle CTpallbl OnaCaKJTCJI 3KcII,lyaTaIJI1H, TIl
      TPY<1 II Kam1Ta,\ HYlK4alOTCJI 4pyr B Ap;,Te llAJl npOlI31lC1.1CTBa         eCTb TIJro, 'ITO KalJlITaA 6Y/1eT nocTyrraTb B CTpaHI' TOAbKO
      60lec IJCHHblX TOBapoll II yc\yr 3;lpallaJl BHyTpeHHlili nO;\II-            lIpll      YC\OIlHII     HH:'IKOii   3apa6oTHO»       IT\aTbI,    a     ilpH   ee
      HIKa cnoc06cTByeT npllTOKy KaIlHTaMl, 'ITO YClIl\IIBaeT 3rp-                nOllblUIeHHII Bblll03HTbCJl.         VI   H 60raTblX, II 6e,1Hb1X CTpaH3X
      rpeKT OTKPblTOCTI1 TOproB.cIH II n03110,IJleT CTpaHaM IlOCflCHb-            0411HaKOilYK)          06eCIlOKoeHHOCTb        BbI3blllaK1T     OrpaHH'IeHHaJl
      3011aTbCJI 11MelOl.IJIIMIICJl cpaBHHTC\bHbIMH npeIlMyl.IJeCTiJa-            Il03MOlKHOCTb IIpaBHTeAbCl'Ila 06Aar3Tb KalIlITa,1 Ha,\oroM II




68
                                                                                        !lQAUTWW npuBMJ1teHUfi '1aCTHO<!O KClnUTCUa
HeC1'a611,\bHOC1'b, nOpOJK4ae~!a!1 C!l0604Hb1M nepeMeLljetmeM
Kalll1Ta,\a.                                                                            Pa60THHKH        3aHllTepeCOBaHbl          Il    npl1ll"e'leHHH     Kanll1'tl,\a,
    06a ll3mJVla CQ)epJKa1' 3.;\eMeH1' I1C1'I1Hbl. Ho 0,111H cpaK1'                     tlOnU\llJllOllJero I1X TPiall YBeAH'lllllalOLljero I1POIl31lO411Te;\b-
HeOCnOpI1M: KamfTa,\ C              60i\bWeti ,\erKOCTbJO, 'leM patxJ'Iall              HOCTb HX TPY4a II 3apa60THYIO llAa1)'. Doc\e41lJlJl BClAIla qaCT-
CI1,\a, nepeCeKae1' HaIJI10Hailbtlble rpatll1IJbl, t1eeM01'pJl Ha Bee                   Iloro     KallllTa,\a    B    pa31l1IHalOlIJeMCJI       Mllpe   npHIII,\aCh,    Il
IlOllbl1'KI1 KOH1'pGc\l1po!la1'b 31'01' llpolJeec. DOHblUleHl1e MO-                     OCIlOBtlOyl, Ila CTpaIlbl, ,,06.lBUllleCJl ycnexa. MorYT ,\11 4pyrHe
611.\bHOC1'11 K:lIlI11'a. \a YCI1MIBae1' llo:Vlel1c1'lll1e BIIY1'peHHeil                CTpall"l lI:1lli\e'lb aHaNlrl1'1IlYIO Bblro;lV? /l,U\JKHH AI1 OHH
IlOMITlIKI1 lIa COCTOJlIil1e pblHKa             1'p\~la:   ycnex IlOpOJK,1aeT           H4TH Ha oc06bIe yCTYllKl1 pa411 npllllAe'leHI1J1 KanI1Ta;\a, CAe-
ycnex. TaK KaK cnoc06CTByeT llpl1TOKY Kalll11'a."a, HO 6erCTIlO                         ,lYeT    .~11 Y4epJKHIlaTb 3apatx)THYKl n,\aTY Ha 1l113KOM ypOIlHe
Kalll11'cb\3 lIallece1' TeM 6CHee Cepbe3t1blil Y43P 110 PblHKY                          IfM! OrpaHI1'llmaTL           ,~eilTe;\hHOeTb llPo<JlCOI030B?        XoTJ!     llO
TPY,1a Il G\Y'1ac     Hei~la'l11.                                                       MHOrHX CTpallax npett.\araIOTCJl pe;L\bllhle Ha,\orollble AbroTbl
    B .1aHlloil maBC paCC~1a1'pI1BaK)1'ClI Tpl1 l13aI1MOCBJl3aHHbIX                     H npO'llle C1'IIMY,\bl, a Il HeKompblX aSmpl1TapHLIX rocY/lapc1'-
Honpoca: 1l0-lIepBbJ'\, KaKI1M 06pa30M pa3BHBalOLljl1eCJI CTpa·                         sax TPY/10Bble pecypCbl nO/1Bepra1OTCJI penpeCCHJlM, OTI11O,lb
Hbl 11 C1pallbl C nepexo,:IHoil 3KOHOMI1KOil MorYT YBe,\II'1I1Tb                        lle 3TH Mepbl npl1l\,\eKalOT KanI1Ta,\ B nepllylO O'lepeilb, a II
npllTOK '1aCTloro KarIIITaila? BO-BTOPbIX, 'lm MOJKeT 6hl1'h                            4cy\roCpo'lIlOH         nepcneKTlIBe      OHU,    110    BeeH   llepoJlTUOeTff,
C;leAa,IO      Ha   roqo!apCT!leHIlOM          ypOBHe      t1J\JI    OOeClle'leHUJI     npHlle4YT K CUUJKeHl110 'lI1CTOfD llplITOKa KanI1Ta;\a.
MaKCIIMa,\bHCil        Bbl!'04bl    I1MI     patx)THIIKOB     H      OrpaHYl'leHIIH            BAa/leAhlJbl KanI1Ta;\a npeJK/1C Beero 3aHHTepeCOBaHbl Il
<paKTOpOll pIKKa?         II,   ll- rpeTbl1X, :>lorYT ,\H nOTOKI1 '1aCTIloro            113B,\e'leIlIlH npllObl;\H, 1I Ha;\I1'llle plICKa Bbl3blllaeT            y   IlHX
KallUTai\a 113 :5oraThlX C rpaH llOllpe4lfTb pa601'HIIKaM Il ca~mx                      cepbe3HYIO 06ecnOKoeIlHOCTL. OCllOIlHblMI1 npllTilraTeAbHbl-
3TI1X CTpaHa:,?                                                                         ,,111 <paKmpaMH JlMJlIOTCJI pa3BIITaJl HllcppaCTpyK1'ypa, Ha;1eJK-
                                                                                        Hble H KBaAlICpHIJl1pOBaHHble 1'pY40Bble pecypchl, rapaHTHI1
CnOCOObl npMBne'feHMA KanMTana                                                          IIpaBa penaTpHHpOBaTb ilOX04bl H KaUHTa;\, a TaKJKe COlJHa,\b-
DpoMbluneHllo           pcl:lBlfTble    CTpaUbl      Bcer4a         I1CIlU\b30H:\;\11   Hail    H IIU\H'l1f'leCKaJ! cTa611.\bHOCTb,             T pallCHaIJHouailbHble
AbBmrylO ,KhIO rAC,6aAbHb1X C6cpeJKeHYlH.                  H cpc4HeM          cyMMa     Kopnop3IJI1H II llOpT(peAbHble HHBeCTOpbl PYKOBO;lCTHYK1TCIl B
KanI1Ta~\a Ha KaJK4"ro pa60THllKa B pa31l111laKlLljllXCJI CTpauax                       CBOHX      pemeHl1ilX        Tpa4U1JIIJlMII     Ha4eJKHoro      cpl1llaHCosoro
COCTaSAJle1'    1.3 TbIC~'l ~lOil.\apOIl, a B IlpOMbUl.L\eHHO pa311I1Tb1X               YllpafL\ellllllHlIpHCYTCTlll1eM r~\y6I1lillj,(X I1npOqHblX Clli13eH C
CTpaliax -          150 ThIeJl'r 4U\;\apOB. m        eC1'b 1l0'lTI1 B 12 pa3            rA06a,\bHbIMH pblllKaMH, a lle B03MOJKHOC1'blO 3aKAIO'leHHJI
6a\bllIe. B 7J-e rO:1bl OTMe'la,\OCb HeK01upoe C6,UIJKetllle, HO                        pa30Boil Bbll"O,11l0il Cilf'~\KH. B fle3YAbTaTe ",laHIlII};\l1pOHaHI1J1
II 80"e ro,l~r       pa3pbIB CHOlla YBe,\If'lI1ACH. B               60i1hllIHHc1'lle    BHYTpeHJ-IllMII pblllKaMH paNI nplllli\e'1eHI1J1 Kam1Ta,\a pa60T"
pa3BHBaK)]lJI- XCJI      \:TpaH      4U\JI    I1HOCTpallHbix            HHlleCTI1IJHH   IlHKI1 MoryT pa34eMITb CBepxnpHlibL\H C HHOC1'pallLJa~lH, HO
He3Ha'IHTe,\lHa, II Il cpe/1He:'>l COCTalli\JleT            11      npOIJeHTOB 01'      IlbmrpblBaeT Upl1 3TOM             He3Ha'll1TeAbHOe MetibUlIlHC1'IlO, a
06Lljero 3a1l:lca Ka1l1Ta. \a, IIpl1'le1'1 B 6(nee 6e/1HbIX cTpaHax                     6a\blllllHCTIlO OCTaeTCH B upol1rpbllUe 01' YCI1AI1BaIOLljerocJI
3Ta ,10AJI 40CTllraCT 20 npoIJeHToB (ll OCHOBHml Il q:.opMe                             4yai\H3~la Ha pbIHKe TpY4a,          Or   3'IDf(1 Clftl4pOMa 1l0C1pa4:\;\1f
octJIIIJllJAbH(lrO 4(';\ra). a B CTpaHax co cpe;1HIlM yp0lltleM                         TaKHe CTpaHbl, KaK npa3HAI1il H EnllleT, Kompble B npOll.L\OM
40XO.l01l           5 IIpOIJeHTOB (Il OCHOBH01'1 Il <POPMC 'laCTHoro                    npe,1AaraAI1 oc06ble .\broTbl 11 3alIJllLljeHHblll pblllOK.                    He
KaUI1Ta,\a).                                                                            :>IOJKCT ilCY\ro COXpaHJlTbCH 11 nOilH111Ka pellpeCCHpOllaHI1J1
    Q'lHaKO 1\ UOC\e4HeC llpeMil KapTUHa MelIJleTCil: C1'paHbl co                       TPY4ilLljHXCJI, IlOCKO,\hKY pallO I1AH 1l03,'lIlO Olla npHBeJle1' K
CPC'lHI1M 11 H [.j3KI1~' ypollHeM ,10XO, lOB npHB.\eKalO1' peKop41lbie                  coIJHa,\bIlOil lleCTaOHAbIlOCTI1. IOAP B YC\OIHfilX anapTeI1/1a
06'heMbl '1aCfIlOrO KamlTa.\a. no O!JeHKa~l, npl1mK 'laCTHoro                           ill\,'lJleTCll 3KcrpeM:\;\bHbIM uplfMepm.J peupeCCHBllom roCY4ap-
KJllIlTaAa B [994 fD4Y ;10C111r 175 MAP4 "C];\i\apOIl He-rID, 'lm                       CTBa,    KOmpoe         CHa'1aAa   npeycnB\O        B npllllAe'1eHI1I1       HHO-
6u\ee 'leM 1 4 pa:,a npeBbllIJaeT 4aHHhie 1989 fD.~a. YCKOpe-                           crpaHHOI"O KanllTaAa, HO Il KOHeqHOM H'rore OCTaAOCb &3 HCro.
mle npHTOK<l KanI1T;L\a npoH301I.L\0 IIO IJe.\OMY PJl/1Y npH'lHH:                             Ba,\IOTHbIH KpH3I1C 1994-95 ro40H B MeKCIIKC MOJKeT
npoBe.lellHe 3KOtlOMH'leCKUX pe<popM 110 MHornx CTpaHax,                                HaHeCTIf Ha MbIC\b, '1'ID [~\y6oKaJl UIlTerpalJHlI no OOpa3IJY
COKpaHJeHI1t: 40M'a B Ha'laAe 90-x fD40B II na/"(emle npo-                              HA<DTA .\l1mb YClI.\I1BaeT YJl3BlfMOCTb CTpaHhl. O/lHaKO TaKoe
IJCHTHblX CTJBOK no BceM Ml1pe, CrpYKTypa 1I0mKOB 'laCTHoro                             TOAKOBamfe Ha31lallHoro C06bITI1J1 6Y4cT HeBepHbl~f. Opralm-
Karm1'a.,\a 1 aKJKe 1I04RepmaCb 113MeHeHllilM.                      B    llOCAC4Hce     3alJHi! HA<DTA           ,1eilcTHIlTe.i\hHO cnoc06CTHOlla,\a         npl1mKY
BpeMil /10 4liYX TpeTCH nOTOKOB ,10AroCPO'lHOro KanH1'aila no-                          mmecmpOB Il           MeKcIIKY,     HO 3TO       llPOIfCXOi111,\O Ha     q:.oHe
cTyf[a~\O B 'raCTllblil ceKmp. no cpaBHeHUK) Alflllb C 44 npo-                          MaccuBHoro npH'lDKa I1HHeCTI1IJl1il If Il 4pyrl1e ;U1'I1t10aMepl1-
IJeHTa~1Il Il 1990 1U4l' Ho cnYCTJI 6o"ee '1eM 4eCJlTfMeme C                            KaHCKl1e CTpaHbl, Ha BCY\lle 3HT}'3l1a3Ma, Ilbl3HaHIloro llOJIBAe-
MOMeHTa H;lcryu \eHIfH 4(),,\roIlOro Kpll3Hca '1I1CTOe <pI1HaH-                         HI1CM UOBblX PbIHKOB, H B yC\OBl1i!X IlH3KUX npOlJeHTHb!X
CHp()llall~fe mMMep'le( KI1X 6aHKOB OCTaeTCil OTpI11JaTB\bHbl1>1.                       CTaROK B CLUA. OXBaTl1llUlUil MeKcHKY KpiBlIC o60Ule;\
npil~lble 11JlOCTpaHHhie I1llBeCTI1IJIlH, Hanpo1'HB, pe3KO B03-                         qllAI1 cTOpoHoil, nOCKn\hKY H nepBOM cAy'lae MaKpo3KOHO-
poC\I1. /10CTlIrHYB Il 1993 ro4Y OKCr\O 67 j'vL\P4 40MaPOB                              :'>IH'leCKaJl 11 <pHHaHCOllaJi nC1\II111Ka 6bna OUlIl60'lHOH, TOf(la
(04HII TOIIb,O Kl11'ati nOAY'lllA 26 j'vL\P4 ,lO,\,\apoB). Bmpoe                        KaK     3KOllOMI1Ka      lIliAH    YBepeHHO       pa3BHlla,\aCb.     Y'laCTffC
MCCTO no o6'he:',IY 3aHI1MalOT nopT<pe,\bllble mlBeCTHIJHH                              MeKCllKll B HA<DTA HeCOMHellHO cnoe06CTIIOBa,\O llpeQ1C1\e-
(47 MAptl 4'l\)\ap')H)' .Ia KOTOpblMI1 CAe;1yeT BblllYCK 'laCTHhIX                      IllflO Kpl1311Ca B CTpaIlC, 06.\er'll1ll nOllro'IDIlKY HaKeTa '1pe3-
U mCY;'lapC'llellHI,IX OCiAl1raIJHil (42 l'vIAP4 l~u\j\apoB),                           IlbI'lailllblX Mep Ii npe40TBpaTflll pa;1I1KaAbHblH OTXO;l OT




                                                                                                                                                                             69
                     npOBOilHMOil 3KOHO;\III'leCKOH IIQ\I1THKI1. B npOTlIllHOM CAY 'lac                                ManpHKHil. Ma,\al1:mll, MeKCHKH, CHHrallypa, I1lpH-. \allKI1 H
                     nOC\etICTBl1il KpI1311Ca 4Ail TPWIOBblX pecypCOB MOrAl1 OKa-                                      <D11,\11I IIlHII. Q'lIIaKO MHorHe pa3BHBalOLijlleCH CTpa'lb! oIla-
                     3aTbCJ! I'Opa3;10 6c,\ee cepbC3HblMI1.                                                            caK1TCil, 'ITO YCiMellHe KOllKypeHljHll Me)l(,]y IlHl'H! 3a HpU-
                         BMeCTe C TeM 6crCTBO Kal!l1Ta,\a OCTaCTOI BllQAHC pCa.\b-                                     BAe'lCllHe KamlT<lAa Upl1Be4eT K ),IlCM1'1eHI1K) 06bC1'la 6Q\t.'C
                     HOH B03MO)l(llOCTblO KaK 4MI I'OCY4apCTIleHllbiX opraHOB, YaK 11                                  MOf)vL\blIhIX I111BeCTl1ijHii. KOTOPhlC Mor\'T 6blTh pena rpllHpo-
                     ,1M! pa60THI1KoB. MCPb! perYMlpOBalUlil, KaK HpaHI1AO, HC                                         naHhI npH )'la,\etillleM nOTpJlCeHlIl1 11 KOTOpbIe C41la l.ll 6):;ilVT
                     cnOC06Hb! npeCC'lb 6Q\bUlI1HCTBO nYTeH ,1IlH)I(CIlI1H Kanl1TaML                                   cnocof)cTllollaTh C03,!an11l0 npO'lHbiX X()3)1tlcTllel1HbD. CIlJl3el'!
                     MeXaHI13Mb!       KOHTpG\il,             CYllJCCTBOBaIllllHe            B 6Q\bUlI1HCTBe           II 3KOIlO~lIlKe. I1pH)'lepOM 3TOm JlMJlIOTCJI l1HBeCTI1IJI1II II 30nbl
                     CfpaH J\aTI1HCKotl AMCPI1KI1, 13,\I1)1(HCI'O BOCTOKa 11 Acj:lPHKI1 K                              dKClIOPTHOI'O I1POH3BO/1CTBa, TI) CCTb              cneljl1a~\hnO       ('TBC4eH-
                     lory OT CaxapbI B nepl104 40AI'OBOrO Kpl1.1I1Ca 80-x !O;lOB, He                                   llble Teppl1TOpHH 6ecnO[]JAI1HHOI'O rrpOII31l0;1CTBa, I-,a 40;\10
                     CMOrAI1 OCTaHOBllTb Maccollhlti OTTOK KamlTa,\a, 3Klll1llaAeHT-                                   KOTOPbIX       HPHXO,lHTCll     45    IIpOljellTOIl o6IJ)ero KO,\II'1eCTlla
                     Hbl1110- 20 lIpoyellTaM 06llJHX 3anaCOIl, 'ITO npl111CAO K ymy6-                                  3anilTblX      Ha    TpaHCHaYHOllaAbHhIX         KopnopayHJlx Il P<l3BH-
                     Aem110 BHYTpellHero 3KOHOMI1'leCKOl'O cna4a II YCKopeHl11O                                        BalOIljllXCJI CTp'llIax.
                     Te",IHOB CIlI1)1(eHI1J1 3apa60TH0l1 lIJ\aTh!.                                                     Hpl1HHMalOIlJctl CTpaHbl Il TaKm! C\}'1ae OrpaHI1'1eHa 1f0CT),1I-
                                                                                                                       ;\eHHJlMlI B C'IeT OH,\aThI TpY:'la. 3Ta np06,\eMa ()(06eHllO
                     TpallCllatJ,UOHa,tbllble Kopnopatjuu KaI<: cpaK7:op nepe,"Jtelt                                   aKTYa~\blla     B TaKHX       OTpaCAJlX,      KaK    IllBetiHaJl   11   'l6YllHaJl
                     TpaHclIaYIIOlla,\bHhle Kopnopaljl1H JlflAJlMlCh OCllOBHbIM cpe;l-                                 IlpOMhlLlHellllOCTb, rile lIe Tpe6y IOTCJI BblCOKO KIl<l/\ m}lHYH-
                     CTBO~I rA06a,.\113aYlUl 06pa6aTblBalOllJeti npOMbIIllAellllOCTl1,                                 poBallllbIe patioTllllKI1, a 1134ePlKKI1, CBmallHble C IlpeKpa-
                     COHPOBO)l(/lallUleticil BOOpY)I(ClllICM 4cllleIJotl pa6o'lcii OV\bI Il                            llJelll1eM {~eJlTC\hHOCTI1, IlCBe;\I1KI1. 31'11 OnaCClll1il 1'101'\'1' 6blTb
                     pa:lBPlBaIOlljHXCil          CTPaJIaX         KamlTaAOM            11    COllpeMCllllblMI1        060CHOB<lHHbIMII, HO llep0Jl1110CTb TOI'O, 'ITO THK np'lCTO He
                     TeXHQ\Orl1J1MI1              01' ynpaMem!JI 3anaCaMl1 /\0 CpeelCTB CBil3H                         6yiWT c03;]aBaTh HOBl,IX pa60'll1x )'leCT, npe4CTalL\lleTCJI eUje
                     II np0I13flO,llCTBa. P-dcUlHpellHe (leJlTeAbHOCTI1 TpallCllal)HO-                                 MeHee       llpllcMAeMoti.      HallpOTI1B,        ueKBa,mq)HIJllpOllaHHbIC
                     Ha,\bHhIX    KoprropaYllii              OTMe'!a,\OCb          B    n()C~\C4Hee       BpeMJI       pa60'!He ~leCTa N)'\)I(llbl paCC'laTpHBaTbCJI AlIUlb KaK lIepBbltl
                     []peH~IYllJeCTBellHO B pa3BI111alOllJllXCJI cTpaHax: 5 MAH 113                                    3Tan lla n)'TI1 3KOIlOMII'leCml'O poera. B Pilfle ('rpall, 406111l-
                     8 M~\H pa60'l11X "leCT, C03,lallllbIX THK Il nepHO,! C 1985 no                                    IllI1XOI    3KOHOMH'leCKI1X          YCHeXOIJ,   l'aKHX     Kal(   MaBpl1Kllii,
                     1992 1'0,1, npI1XO,lI1AOCb lia CTpaHbI pa31l1lllalOUjel'OCil Mllpa. B                             Pecny6,\HKa KopeJl H <DHM!IlIIlIHbl, nOTIlKI1 npJlMhI,{ lIHO-
                     HaCTOJlllJee Ilpe~1JI 12 MAll '!e,\OBeK 3aHJlTO lla TpaHCllaYI1lJ-                                CTpaHHhlX I1IllleCTlIljllii Il OTpaC\11 :>lKOllOMHKI1, He Tpe6ylO-
                     llaAbHblX    KopHopalJI1J1X               B   pa3BI1BaK)llj11XCil          CTpaHax,         110   llJHe Klla~\I1cj:l11KarJHVI, YlKe npeKpaTllAl1Cb B CBR,lI C YlleMI-
                     cj:laKTwleCKoe     '!HCAO             ,\104eii,     4/\JI   KOTOPbIX        TpaHCllaYI10-         '1eHHeM 3apa6oTll0l1 II;\aTbl Ila llH')'TpCHHe'\l phlHKe VI pa.'l-
                     HaAbHhle KopllopmJl111 CTaAH HCTO'lHHKOM 3apa60TK;], ~IOJKeT                                      HHTHe~l MeCTllhlX qJl1P~l. 11110CTpaIlHble KOMnaHlIl1 Il 3TI1X
                     6blTb B4110e 60Abme, eCMl Y'leCTb 1IlllPOKO pacnpOCTpaHCH-                                        OTpaC\JlX llepeK,\K1'1IL\11 CHoe BllllMalll1e lla HOllhIe 3011bl
                     HylO npaKTI1Ky cy6no4pil4a.                                                                       3KcnOp1'Horo lIP0I1:lB04CTIla, npe4.·\araIOIlJHe ,lcmeHYK) pa60-
                         Ce[(Hlli! ncrroKI1 llPJl~lblX liHOCTpallllblX HIlIJeCTHIJHii lKl1BO                           '1YK) CI1,\Y        KlITail, MapOKKO II     I I1PI1-AallKY
                     pcarl1pYIOT Ha nOBbIe 1l0.11'10)l(HOCT!1 H3l1Ae'lCllllil upH6bIAI1, H
                     Hpml31l04CTIl0 IIcpeMeIlJaeTCl! TY4a, r4e 3apa6c'rHall llAaTa
                                                                                                                       CBA3b MeJKAY np~TOKOM Kan~Tana ~
                     HI13Ka no cpaBlleHI1l0 C 1l0TeHIJl1a~\bllol'l npOH'lBO{lHTeAbllO-
                                                                                                                       nOnOJKeH~eM pa60TH~KOB
                     CTblO TP1Ha. BeCbMa Ba)l(IlO, 'lT06bl CTpallbl HpIIMeKa,.\H Kaml-                                 P-d60THHKH MoryT IlI,IHrpblBaTh 01' npl1TOKa 11llBeCTlIlJHtl, IlO
                     Ta,.\ lla OCHOBe 3,lPaIlblX 3KOllOMI1'1CCKI1X HpHHljl1nOll, a lie 3a                              6ercTBo KalIHTaAa IlCCl',ja llaHOClIl' 11M llaH60AhlUl1H )llJep6.
                     C'leT npOTeKlJIIOllH3Ma Ha llHYTpeHlleM pbltlKe, '1eM C pa/"o-                                    Bo llPCMJI 40AI'OIlOro KpH3l1Gl 80-)( m{~OIl H3ileP)l(KH CTPYK
                     CTblO mTOllbl BOCHQ\b30llaTbCJI THK. B                             npOlIl,\OM llpJlMble           TypHoil IJCPCCTP0I1K11 GhlMI llbICOKH, npH'IeM 3Ha'lIITCAhU3J1
                     11110CTpaHllble HlllJeCTHljl1l1 B OCIIOBHOM 1l0CTYllaAI1 Il CTpaHbl C                             IlOAil 3TOm Gpc:'>leHH /\ema Ha n/\e'll1 pa60THl1KOll (CM. IfacTb
                     l(PYIlllbIMH H fioraTblMH BllYTpeHHHMH pbltlKa",m; TaKl1e Kal(                                    '1cTllepTYIOJ. B ;\aTI1IICKOH AMepl1Ke 3apa6oTH3J1 IlA:ITa 3a
                     CHIA 1I BeAlIl(06pllTaHI1J1, 0 '!eM CBH4eTe/\bCTBveT TeCllaJl                                     3TOT nep"IO,1 CIl1l3l1,\aCh Il cpe,1!IeM lla          25   npOIJenTOB. ,~a)l(e
                     lJ3al1MOCllJl3b Me~w ofu,eMoM npilMblX HllOCTpallllbIX 1111-                                      lleCMOTpJl      Ha     6e3):lep)l(llbll1    POCT     611p)l(eHOl'O      11Ii4eKca
                     BeCTHljl1~i 11 ilOX040M Ha 4ymy HaCC\CHl1il. B nOCAe,lllee llpeMH                                 (Ta6,\l1ya 9.   n <Dl!llaHCOBhle KPll3l1CbI llaHOCJlT YIIJepG TPVilll-
                     /]llH)I(eHlle KarmTa~\a onpec'leAJleTCJI HOI1CKOM fu\ec ,1curCIlOii                               nJI1MCJI no    PJI,W   HPI!'1l1H:
                     3KCHOPTHOl'l 6a3bl, a ll3al1MOCll1l3b Me)l(4Y 06'bCMOM npHI'!blX
                     lIliOCTpallHblX    lIHBeCTlIYIIH              (Il    HPOLJCIlTOM          OTllOlllellllll    K    •   KanUTa,j 6a.lee ,lfo6u,teH, ~e,'1 TJ;yq, 'ITO OC\O)l(HJlc!T el'O
                     0611JeMY o6'.beMY I1lilleCTI1lJHH) 11 40X040M Ha                        ,WillY   HaceAellHll          Ha;\oro06,\o)l(elll1e; paCIL\a'!HllaTbCJI )l(e B l(Olle'lliOM IlTO[,(
                     llpaKTI1'1eCKH HC'Ie3,\a. B llaCTO)lIlJee Ilpe~!JI OKQ\O TpeTI1 BceX                                  npHXO,clI1TCil pa60TH11KaM.            5pe~1JI 06C\))I(HBaHHJI llblCO-
                     ofueMOIl ~lIlpOBOl'l TOpl'OBAH H, B03MO)l(HO, ;10 15 npOIjellTOIl                                     KOI'O 1'OC};lapCTBelllIoro ;]Q\,d AOlKlITCil npe11MYlljeCTBeIl-
                     MnpOBOI'O    BHI1              npHX04l1TCJI          Ha     4(1'\10     Me)K,~VHap041l0tl             HO lIa TPi\flOBhle PCCYPCbl, TaK Kal( COIlPOIlO)l(ilaeTI:JI co-
                     TOpl'OIHI1 Me)l(4Y ctlH)\HaAa)'H! O,lllll1X H TeX )l(e KOMuallllii.                                   KpaIlJeHHe:'>l COIJl1a,\bHhIX yC\yr: I'OCY;'lapCTBeHllbIX Kam!-
                         Ha   THK      npl1X04l1TCJI 3Ha'lHTeJ\hHaJl ;lmJl 3aHJlTblX                              B        Ta,\OIV\O)l(eHllii 11 VBC\H'!CHl1eM llaNll'OB. He06xo, lH '\loe
                     COBpeMcnIlOft 06pa6aTblllaK)lyeH                       IlPOMblIllACHIlOCTI1          KaT(    B        nepeMelljelllle TP},lOlJbIX peCYPCOIl B 3KCnOpTl-Ible cel(-
                     MaAbIX, TaK Ii II KPYllllblX CTpaHax -                            6G\ee 041iOH HilTOl'l               'lDpbI 3KOIIOMl1Kl1 CIl1l3aHO C pea.\ bllb[~m 113/1ep)l(KaMlI -
                     3aHJlTbIX AprellTlIllhl, 13ap6a40ca, 130TCJJallbl, I111C!Olle3HI1,                                    B(JeMellIl0l1 6e3pa60TlIljcii 11 HOTepilMlI '1C\OBe'leCKOI'O




     70

         ,......,..
_ ........       , ________'_.1w_...'...               , _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                                         ~.,._~Ill'''''_                       j'~~,_ _ _ _ _ _.,. ,_~_'~,'~~- ..... ""'~I-
                                                                                                  ..                                                                                      ..."
                                                                                                                                                                                    ___..,., .. ,~   ~j'lll~"".\!loiIlilv~'"
     KamlTaAa, 'lm "'lUll, ar'laCnl KOMnCHCHpYCTClI nepepac-
     npe;leAenl1eM cpl1HaHCOllblX peCYPCOll 3a C'leT H3,\Oro-
     06AOJKeHlHI Kan11T3Aa.             VlHOf;la qmpMbl C 'lpe3MCpIlOH
     :J340AJKCIlIlOCTbIO I10AY'laIOT 110MOllJb 113 roCY;lapCTlletl-
     IlbIX qJOH40!l. I10!l06Hble C\Y'lal1 I1MeAI1 Mccm BO MHorllX
     crp3Hax J\aTllHCKOIl AMepl1KH II Ha9a,\e HO-x ro!lOB H
     OT9aCTH 06'bllCHlIIOT 1l03tlHKIlOBellHe 40AroBOI'O KpH3Hca.
    TaK, B IIHMI 3Ha9HTeAbHOil 9aCTbIO rocy.lIapCTHeHHoro
     40Afa      nepIlOHa'la,\bHO         yl1paBAlIA     'laCfHblti       ceKmp,      II
    OCtlOllHO'1 6aHKH. 04HaKO, Kor4a 'laCTHbIe Kpe.clHmpbI
    06atlKpoTlMHCh, paCnAa'lI1BaTbClI np'UlI,\OCb pa60THI1Ka'>l
    3a C'leT HaAOf\>BbIX OT'lHC\CHI1I1.
•   KamJ'ra.)')' C80UCTf3eHlia OCTOPOJKHOCTb. MOJKeT 110Tpe-

    60BaTbCJI !lOCTam'llfO !lAI1TCAbHOC BpeMlI 110C\C KpIBHca,
     rrpeJK!le geM ,)eHeJKHble cpe4crna llHOllb Ha91lYT 110CTY-
     naTI, II (TpaH\, II UllI3lI C 'leM TpY;101II,le pecypcbl MoryT
     CT'dAKI1BaThClI C ;lel'PHI]l1mM KanI1Ta,\3.                 He;lOCT31D'lfiO
     npOl104VTb CTpyKTypHYIO nepecTpoiiKY IlHyTpCHHHX H
     hHeIIJHeToproHbIX paCgemB -                  HHRecmpbl ,10AJKHbl 6I,ITb
     YRepeflU,      'l1\ > :"1'11   H3MeHefilUi       HOClIT     /10,\mcpO'lflI,IIl
     xapaKTep. YKpel1,\eHl1e TaKom ;lOlJePHlI MOJKeT 331l1lTb
     BpeMlI          5   AeT H oo\ee -              11 ;laJKe noc;\e 3mm Y
    IlHlleCTCpOIl ~!OrYT OCTaB<lTbCll COMHeHHlI, TiPH YBCAH-
    'Icmm I'HCKa ')I(H,laHI1e HeY/la'l11 MOJKeT                C<l~1O   nOC;\YJKHTb
    lIPH'lHfldti cpHHaHlOllOro KpI13HCa, oco6eHflO KOT:la pa3-
    Mep 3aiO/\JKellfiOCTH lIa'UllI3eT rrpU6AUJKa1'bClI K onacllo-
    ~Iy YP(IBHIO.        HeMBHee          ll3/leHHe Ba,\IOTlloro           Kypca     B
     \1eKCI1KC: 1l0KJ3bmaeT, CKCV\b pemalOIIJYIO PO,\b MO)l(e1'                           o CIIH)I(ellllH 334G\)I(eIlHOCTH H l1pl1HllTlIlI Mep qJHHaficoBoti
    CbJrpaTJ, R03/1eiicTBHe OJKI1;lafll1rt II YCAORHlIX nOllblllleH-                      ,\I16epaAH3atJI1H B0306f10lUITClI KpynHLle npHTOKH KamlTa,\a.
     Hoil Moi'llAbH. )CTH Kamrra,\3.                                                      Ho HeC~!OTpll Ha onpe.1e,\eIIflYIO Onp31l43HIIOCTb peryAI1-
                                                                                          pOllamlll 1l01tlKOB KaIlHTa,\a. oc06ellll0 KP3TKOCPO'lIlLIX H
    OGeC[](:'leHl1e Il03HTI1BIlOro 3cpqJeKT3 IIP,I1\)KOB Kal1HTfL\a                       MIKB114HbiX cpe/lC1'll, lJe;\cC006pa3HocTI, TaKoro KOIITPCV\lI
.1MI pa6arHHKoll 11 (,OKpallJeHl1e pl1CKa 6ercTBa Kanl1TaAa                               CT31l0BHTClI Bce MeHee O'leBH/lHa. OnacellHlI, RI,l3bIBaeMI,le
nOTpe6yeT roCYil:1PCTBCHHOro IlMemaTe,\bCTBa, H 1\)'>1 911C\e                             "mpll'lHMI1      4ellbfaMw'.    YCHAlmaI01'Cil,      Kor,~a   CHIIJKaCTClI
llhl60pa TYIJa )l.H:'JK,lVHap04f10m 33HMCTllOHaHI111, pelIJeHHlI                          3(pcpeKTHBHOCTb (\)l1HaIlCOllom          110CpC4HII'leCTlla        H   CYllJe-
Ronpoca 0 C1'enelll1 perYAl1poRallHlI KaIlHTaAa H npHHilTHlI                              CTByeT Bepo)]TI10CTb mm, '1m 110TeHlJl1a,\bllble y6blTKH 6YiWT
Mep IlHYTpellHeti nCV\I1THKI1. HIlBecTHpoBallHe COl1pllJKeHO C                            nepeHecellI,l lIa l1Ae'll1 Ha~\OmtI,\<tTe,\I,llJI1KOIl.       B    YCAOIlHlIX
PHCKO)l.I, KOTOPblH ilOAJKeH 6blTb, no R03!'<tOJKHOCTH, l1epeHeCeH                        cyuJecTlloBallllll l1pllMblX H KOCReHHhlX 1l11/1011 CTpaXOBaHI111
C   mcy,~ap·:TBeHlloro 61O;1JKeTa             Ha      Kpe4111UPOB,         'laCTHbIX      IlK,\a4()1l, 'lpe3MepHom 3a1IMC1'ROBaHI1i1 co C1\)POHbl C\IUlIKOM
33e~!lIJHKOf H pblHKH Kanl1TaAa.              C   'm9KH 3peHHlI TpY40llblX                KpynHblx npe4npHlITHH, 6allKpoTCTBO KO'fOPbIX IIc/10nYCTlIMO,
peCypCOIl,      mCp3pCTlleflHbiti           4Q,\r     l!B,\lIeTClI      H311XV;11IJeti    I1Ml Kpe,ll1mBal!lll1 6aIlK<lMIl, npenp3TI111WI1MHCll Il 3<tAOJKHI1-
CPOPMOH ¢HHaHcHpOllaHHlI, TaK KaK IlI,ITenllleT 60Aee 11(1'\e3-                           KOll    HeKpeil1nnCIIoco611blX      3ae~!IIJHKOlJ,   pa60TIlIlKII      60Aee
Hble ,1,\1I TPY;10IlblX       pecypcoll II        np04YKTl1BHble           'laCTHble      110;1llepJKeflbl IIOv\e,1CTlll1l1N npl1llllTHlI 9pe3MepHOJ\) PHCK<t 11
I1IlBeCTHIJI1I1. a npH        B03HIIKflOlleHI1I1 np06,\eM               110ralIJeHl1e     .1opomcmllllJHX MepOnpHilTl1ti no Cl1<tceHI1IO lteCOC1\)lITe\b-
40va B031,araeTClI H," Tpy.,!OBble pecypCbJ, l1pH'leM 06bIKI10-                           IIblX    qmpM.    3cpl\JeKTI1HHeJe qmHaIlCOBOE:        nocpeNm'leCTIlO
BeHIlO 3m OpeM!1 ycyry6;\lIeTClI 4ellaAbRalJHeii, He06xo:lI1MOH                           Tpe6ycr Ha,Lle)l(flblX nocpe,~HHKOB. Be3 HlIX PblHo911ble IlOTOKH
4All rrpl18, \e'leHltll HHoc1'pallHoii            Ba,\IOTbl    H 110CTa1\)'lHO)l.1        K!ll1HT!lAa npl1lle!lYT K qJHflaHCOBbIM 113pblBaM, KaK 31'0 fleO/1HO-
KOMi'leCTR:: 41\1I '){)C,\Y)I(I1Bafll1l1 4oAra. npHMegeHl1e cpe;lcTB                      KpanIO l1POI1CXO,1I1AO B npOlllAO;\l.
lIa pblllK3 (    Kam1Ta.~,"     H I1X pacnpe1e\ellHe npl1 I1ocpe,l-                              C\O)l(1I0CTb ynpallAelll1l1 o6oe~\3~1H 11 CTpYKTYPOti rrO'lDKOII
HH'lCCTlle      llaIJHofla,~hHoll       6aHKoBcKOll      CHCTeMbl         H   pI,IHKa     'laCTHoro KaIlHT<L\3 4e,\aeT Bce 60ACC aKTyaAbHhlM l1polJe-

lJellHhlx 6yM3r nmOO,\l!eT 3cpej)eKTHBllee orpa,lHTb TpY/loBble                           ,1efll1e 060CHOBallH0l1 MaKp03KOflOMI1'IeCKOIl nCV\HnfKH. OCO-
pecypcbl      01' PIICKOB,      l1pl1    YCAOIllH1,    'Im roCY.ilapCTHO           He     6eHHO C 'lD9KI1 3peHl111 TpY40BhlX pecypCOll. 3'lD 03Ha'iaeT
3aHIIM<.lcroi     CII;lceHUCM       HeCOCmllTC~\bHbIX            npe411pHllTI1Il.         nO!ltlepJKaHHe I1paBHAbIloro Ba,\IOTHoro Kypca, npOlJeflTHhlX
IIpllMble lIHOCTpallfll>le mmeCTHIJHH npC4CTallAillOTClI HaH-                             C1'aOOK H ypOIIHlI pe3epllOil 110 H36e)l(alll1e pe3Koro OT1<)Ka
'\Y'llllH:">1 HHCTppleH1'OM paCl1pe,lCAefll1l1 pHCKa.                                     Kal1l1TaAa.
    B   110C\e;11lE:'~ BpeMlI Il HeKo'ropblX CTpallax Bb1CKa3bl-                                 h1KJKe HMeeTClI p1l4 ~lep, Kompble ~loryT 6blTI, IlpHIIIlTbl
B3f.:JTCI! OIl']CCHH~, 'lTO:) B pe3YAbTaTe 3aKAIO'le1l1111 COT:\aWeIl1111                 llPOMblIIJAeHHO       pa3BHTblMli      crpaH3MH       "All        CHI1JKeHl1l1




                                                                                                                                                                           71
     npUljCHTHblX CTaBUK Ha MI1POBblX pblllKax, B cpe,lHccpo'lHOH                              C006paJKCHl1ll              rrU\HTl1tfCCKOI'()    PHCKa        B    ila:\bli"fIl1JeM
     ncpCnCKTl111C    I1MCIOTCll    OCHOlJaHI111      nO;\araTb.     'ITO    06'bC~1       6Y;\YT    C/\CpJKHllaTb          npHTI.lK KamlTaAa,          a    YBC;\HtfeH,rC ero
     L\06a,\bHbIX cflCpelKeHI1M B CAeAYlollJeM 4eCllTI1AeTHI1 MOlKeT                       06'heMa 6Y/le'r 3aBHceTb 01' YKpCn,\eHHll Kpe4HTOCIIOCOlHOCTl1
     YBeAHtfl1TbCll, nOCKC),\bKY 4eMorpalilH'leCKHe tPaKTOPbl nplf-                        pa3BHflalollJHxClI CTpaH, 'ITO npeACTaMllCT C060H cer bC3HOC
     B0411T CHa'la,\a K POCTy, a :laTeM K CHHlKeHHIO HOP~!bl CflCpe-                       npcnllTcTBUC.            B      THIlH'JHOH       Kpe/lHmcnoc06HoH              CTPaIIC
     lKeHHll B 60raTb1X CTpaHax. no Mepe CTape!lIU1 HaCe,\CHI111,                          eOOTHOllleHHC BnCll1HHX 06lI3aTC;lbCTH K 06'bCM)' :.JK~IlopTa
     OlKl1l\aeTCll, 'ITO K   2010 T'QilY   4U\lI HaCeAeHl1l1 rrpOMbTlllAeHHO               COCTatL\llCT      2:1,   B AytflllCM c,\ytfac 40CTHrall            3:1.   110C.\C,~IIHH
     pa.3BI1TbIX CTpall B BmpaCTe 01'             40 40 65        ,\eT (KUropTa            Kml'PtPHljHCIIT MOlKHO nplfllllTb 3a flepXIU!H npeAeA 6e30nac-
     'lI1CTbIX BKAa4'HlKoB) B03paCTeT            C 40 40 45       npoIJeHTOB. a            HOro YBCAWIClil1ll 3a,1C1\JKCHHOCTH pa31lHBaIOlljHXCll CTpall,
     Y4eAbHblH Bec ,\l1Lj B IlmpaCTC 01'        20 40 30 ;\eT ('lHCTbIX 'JaeM              ,ilalKc ec.\H Bec pa3BHBaKJU,lHeCll CTpallhl IlpHBAeKa\l1 6hl
     IlJIIKOB) CHH3HTCll C     40   40     34   IlpOIJeHTOIl,   Ho   pelllaKJII)eC         tlOCTaTIl'lHO KpC;1I1TlIbIX PCCYPCOll A,lll ,llOCTl1lKCHllll 3TOro
     3Ha'leHHe B C;\eIlYIOIlJCM 4eCllTl1,\C'fHl1 6YAeT l1MeTb /lIll1a~H1Ka                 npc;lCAa     3a    nllTb        ,\CT,   MaKCHMa,\bIlblH          npl1TOK    KdlIHTa,\a
     6K14lKeTHoro    4etPI1l,lHTa    rrpoMblill\eHHO        pa3BHTbTX        CTpa11.       COCTaBH,\ 6b1      5 M,IP;l IIOA,\apOB B ro,~ (tPaKTH'lCCKl1fr CIlpOC IIa
     YBeAl1tfeIlHC 4ctPHYHTa rpo:mT aHHYAl1pOllaTb OlKH;lae~loe                            tPHHaHcoBble cpc,lCTBa, no BCCW BCPOllTliOCTH, 6Y4cT r()pa340
     H:iMCHeHHe OObeMa 'laCTHbIX c6epclKeHHH H npl!BeCTH K                                 MeHbIlJe, 1I0CKOAbKY 6Cv\bll1HHCTllO Kpc4l1mcrroc06nblx Cfpan,
     POCTY rrpoyeHTHblX CTaROK, EG\11 HaMeTHBluallCll II nOCAc;mee                         B TOM 'll1C;\C Kopell, Ma,\aH311ll, 110pTyraAHJl H Ta.\,\allll,
     BpeMll   TeH4eHYl1ll      COKpallJelU!ll      6lo.~lKeTHoro      4etP1fl JIlTa        ilOCTl1rAH TaKoro ypOBHll B IJHK;\C c6cpelKeHllll-HIIBCCTI1IJHIl,
     ClilA    He   rrpI106pCTeT      4ClAroePO'lHOro        xapaKTepa            11   He   IlpH     I\'OTOPOM       OIlH     ca~1l1    npCBpafljaKlTCll       II   3KCflOPTCPOB
     rrpOH30H4eT 4a,\bHCI1ll1ero YMeHhlllCHHll 4etPHI)HTa ,1pyrHx                          KanH'ra,\a).   Ho        11 3TH 06neMbl nC3I1a'lHTC,\hHbl H MaCIlTTa6e
     IlPOMblill\CHHO pa3BHTbIX CTpaH, IlPOYCHTHble craBKH 6Y4YT                            npoC>.lbllll;\CIIHO      pa3BHTblX          cTpaH,    3a     1l0C:\eAIIHC     2') Ae'r
     HeYKAOIlHO IlOBblll1aTbCll, 'lTO 6)4eT HMCTb He6AarOIlpHlITHblC                       061lJ<lll cYl'e"ra ('JHCTbIX) IlOTOKOll KamlTaA3 B pa3BHllalO.IJIlCCll
     nOC\e4CTBl1ll I,,\ll TPY411IlJI1XCll Rcex pa3BHBalOlYl1XCll CTpaHax,                  CTpaHbl COCTaB,\ll;\a AHIIlb               2 IlpOIJCHTa 0611je['() 06'bCMa KanH-
     Pa60TIIHKH B npOMbllHACHHO pa3B1lTblX CTpaHax, R\a,rCK)IlJHC                          Ta:\a    npOMb!llu\CHIIO           pa3BHThiX        CTpaH,       110 rpy6blM      n04-
     B pa!\lKaX nClICl10HHblX tPOH,lOB. no KpaHHeii Mepc,                   25    npo-     CtfCrdM, Cpe,ilIlHH 06'beM npelKHHX 1l00DKOB KaIlI1Ta,\a 4' JJ\lKCII
     IJcnTal'IH ]Jeerl') tPl-lHa1lCOBo1D KamlTa,\a. OT'laCTI1 rrn\ytfaT                    YBCM1'lHTbCll, B ,IY'JlIlCM cAY'laC, BAllOe,
     KOl'1rrCHcaIJHIO 3a C'leT poCTa IlOXO,~OB 01' HX c6cpelKcnHH, HO                          31'11 lIOTOKIl KarrHTa,\a npaKTH'lCCKI1 HC oTpa3llTol lIa
     B cAy'lae pa601'HHKOH pa31lHBaIOUJHXCii CTpaH, cfiepclKeHHll                          nOAOlKclIIfH TP};'llIlJHXCll !l npclMblllL\ClillO pa3BHTblX cTpaHax.
     KompblX He3Ha'lIlTC,\bHbl, 31'01'0 HC IlPOI130H4eT.                                   HO 6}/l)'T HNCTb BeCbMa OlYYTHMble IlOC,\eilCTBlIJl R pa3BH-
                                                                                           BalOllJHxcll C'J'palldx, HCXO/lllIB HOPMa,\bHOH pcaKYHH pblHKa,
     nOTOKM KanMTana B                6YAYlJ..\eM                                          91'11 oycnKH 03Ha'JaKlT, '1'10 Te,lI1hl pona BB11 YBeAHtfa'rCll lIa
     I\06aAI13aYHiI KallllTa,\a MOlKeT 3HaMCHOBaTh ,V\HTC,\bnblli                          05-1      npOYCHT Ii ro4, 04HaKo ;Mll pa6oTHHKOB Jl pa3BH-
     nepHoA B3al1MoBblro4Horo MaCCHBHOID llepC1'OKa KaIlHTaAa H3                           BaKlIIJHXCll CTpaliax 4HCIJHIIMlHa, Ha,i\araC,!all y!06HAbHOCTblO
     npO~lblIlJAeHIIO pa3Bl1TbiX CTpaH B pa,3BHBaK)]]JHecll, Boopy-                        C6CPClKCHHW (c TO'lKH 3peHHl! MaKpo3KOHOMH'leCKOH nU\H-
     lKCHl1e KBa)\l1tPHYHpOBaIlHOw          pa60tfCH CK\bl B pa:1BHll;IlO-                 THKH, CTpYKTYPbl ynpafl,\eHHJl n OpraHI1:,3IJHOIIHOil CTPYK-
     IlJHXCll cTpaHax 6o;\ee cOBeprucHHblMH                BH,'\3MH KallllTaAa             TYPbl), ~lOlKCT OKa3aTbCil roPd340 n3lKHec Henocpe4cTBCHHOH
     npl1Be4eT K nOBbllllCIIHlO rrpoH3BO,lHTe,\bnOCTYI TpY,la pa60-                        Bblro,~bL

     'Jl1X, a Ha4elKHble ,'lOArocpO'lnbIC HHlleCTluJlfH B            :~TH   cTpaIlbl                                                     •••
     nOMorYT C'rapclOrrJeH pa60QcH CHAe npmlhllliAcHHO pa3-                                    [\06a,\bHbIH             PhlHOK     Kal111Ta,\a   n04tfCpKHBaCT          OCTpoTY
     BHTblX cTpaH IlG\y'Jl1Tb        MaKCI1~laAbHYIO       oT4a'JY 01' CllOHX              pa,'~\H'J11H MelK4Y IlpOHrpaBII1l1Ml1 11 n06c,lHTeAJlMH. MapHll 11
     rrCHOIOHHblX tP01l40B, PammpcHYlc TOproBAIl Hapll:lY C aKTH-                          CllO Y.lKH YBI1(1llT /\YQ1JlCC 6Y4YlljCC, eC\11 B MCKCHKE' H B
     Bl13aYHcil AlllllKellHJl KarrHTa,\3 1'3KJKC C\e,WCT pacc~laTpHBaTb                    KI1Tac 6)4CT llaH4eH C6a,\aJlcHpOBantlhIH nO~lXO(l, (O'J('TalO-
     KaK 6AaronpHiiTHoe CTC'leHHC 06CTOllTC,\bCTB: IlOTOKH KanH-                           llJHH OCMOTPHTCAbHyIO 61(4)!(CTHYIO rrmI1THKY, IKrrU\blORa-
     Talla nO)'10rYT pa3BHBaK)lYI1IvICll cTpaHaM BOCnO\b30BaTbCiI                          lmc PbIHO'lHbIX Mexall113MOB H CT3611,\113HPYIOlljYIO COLJllaM,-
     HOBblMl1 Il03MOlKHOCTllMH B c¢epe ToproMH H YBe,\H'laT HX                             HYIO IIU\I1THKY O?lHaKO fJerCTllO Kam1Ta,\a MOlKCT npllBeCTl1 K
     3aHHTcpccoBalilioCTb        Il rrpoBe/leHlJH      3llpaBOH      BliYTpcrmci1          COKpallJCHI1IO HHllCCTHlJl1f! H TeMnOB 3KOHOMH'JCCKOro poCTa B
     nU\HTI1KH 04liaKO nepcMellJclil1C KanHTaAa liC np0l!3otl4cT B                         CTpaHax, KOTOPblM He )?laCTCii HatlTH 3'roro paBHOBCCllll, a
     04liO'laCbe, 11 lie npHBe4cT K OllJYTl1MblM cOYHaAhHbll'l C60llM                      HeKOmpj,fe 113 HHX MorYT H BOllCC OKa3aTbCJl 3a paMKa!lm
     B IIPOMblll1i\eIlHO pa3BHTblX cTpallax,                                               ~mp(lBoro    3KOHOMH'lCCKOro pa3flHTHll,




72
        [;\AS/\                          10




                       APH/I,Y C TOP['OBAEf'l11 IlByl/KEHHEM KAIUHA-




H
                                                                                          KOHHlHrenT I)<UlrpaHToll BCC '1auJc COCTall.AJlIOT llblX04lJbl 113
                       ~\a   MC)K:l)fHapo4Haii MflrparJI1i1 Tpy/,OBblX pc-                6e,'llbIX CTPaH, a HX npeOhlBaHl1e B npHHHMalOUJHX CTp3Hax
                       CypCOB HcceT B cc6e nOTcHlJfla,\hHbrC Ilhlro-                      CTaHOBflTCIl lice KOPO'lC. YBeAI1'1HAOCb 11 KOAH'ICCTBO KBa,\H-
                       4hl KaK    ~\II   CTPaHbl npOHCXO)K,JtCHHJl, TaK H                 ¢l1lJHpOBaHHbIX      pa60'U1x        CpC/1H   MHrpaHmB.         BC\e/lcTB'1C
                       I1MI npflHHMalOUJcii: CTpaHbl. MHrpaHTbl HC-                       pcrl1oHa.\bHbIX KOHq);\HKmB H pacnalla cTaporo nopll/1Ka,
P~lK() paCXH:lIOT C OOACC BbICOKOii: npOIBIIO.1HTCAbHOCTblO 11                            xapaKTepH30llaBwcroCJl        pa.3/1CAeHHeM         :.mpa      Ha    3am14   H
CHI1)K:lIOT cmmmCTb pa60'lcii: CH,\b1 B CTpaHc npeOblBaHHlI, a                            BocmK, npOH30W,\O pe3Koe YllC,\I1'lCHl1e 'lI1CAa OeJKeHlJefl.
TaK)Kf' Bb1CbllalOT 4CHC)KHbIC llCPCB04bl OCTallllJl1MCIl P04-                                B HaClU!lUJec llpC~lll C!O\ec nO\OBI1HhI nO'Jt)KOB ~mrpaJJI1H B
CTBcHHHKaM, '1m npHllo411T K pOCTy 40XO/lOB II crpaHc npo-                                Ml1pe OTMe'laeTC!I yle)l(eW pa3BHBalOIlJHMI1CJl cTpaH3Ml1 -
llCXO)K4CHHIl (KaK npalll1,\O, OO\L'e O~1Hoii:). BMCCTe C TeM                             llanpHMep, IlblX041JbI H3 cTpaH 1O)K1I011 A:mH oTnpaMlllOTCJl
HCKOTOPblC aClJCKTbl MylrpalJHH Bhl3hlBalOT o6ecnoKocHHOCTb.                              Ha 3apa6oTKH B 60raTblc He¢TblO CTpaHhl DAHlKtlcro BocmKa
Hc     BCC   oc,-alOTOI       H Bhll1rpblWC:          HCKIl3Ml(jJl1lJHpOBaHHbIC           H HOBbIe I1H4YCTpl1aAbHblC CTpaHbl BOCm'lIlOH A:mH, a OTHO
paOO'II1C Il ccpaHC HpeOh1BaHHJl ylorYT Ilocrpa/laTb Il pe3YAb-                           CHTEc\bHbIH ycncx CTpall Aq)PHKH K IOI'Y 01' CaxapbI IIPf!·
TaTC .3anO\HCHHIl pa60'lI1x MCCT HMMHrpaHTaMH 11.IH CHI1)KC-                              IlACKaeT paGO'fHX H3 tXHee 6e,4HblX COCC;1HHX roCY4apCTIl.
HHJl 3apaOOTHOH IHaTb!. KPOMC mro, KaK H 8 cAy'lac C 4811-                                OKOAO nOAOlll1Hhl MaCCI1BflbIX MI1rpalJI10HHbiX nomKOB KOH-
)KCHl1eM KarlllTaAa. nOBblWCHI1C MOOHAhHOCTI1 pa60'lcH CIHhl                              THHeHTa npHXOIlHTCIl Ha KOT-,'1'l1nyap, Hl1rcpHIO H IOlKHYIO
(Il   4aHHOM    CAY'Iae,        KB3M1¢l1lJHpOllaHHhIX               pa60'lHX)      KaK    NPPI1KY. B~leCTe C TC"l B 80-e ro,4bI, KClr4a 3KOHO~IH'lecKHI1
npamlAO, BO:lHarpa)l(4aeT ycncxH BHYTPCHHCii: HOMlTHKfl, HO                               Kpl13HC npHlleA K aHTHMHrpalJI10HIlblM H3CTPOCHl-lHM, MHOI'He
)l(CCmKO HaK;L~blBa'~T OIlJH6KI1.                                                         Ml1rpaHTbl    BePHYAHCb Ha       p0411HY.         Cnpoc Ha BpeMeHHbIX
      MC)K4YH:1PO/lH,11l        ~!l1rpalJflll     np040\lKaCT              OCTaBaTbCII    MHrpatlmB B CTpaHax ITepcH;lcKOro 3aAHIla pe3KO Ilmpoc Il
ropa340 oo\ce nO\l1TWfCCKH OKpaWCHHOH, 'leM mpro8AJl H                                    70-e 11 B na'la.\e 80-x I'O/IOB, a 3aTeM, nOCAe CHlIJKeHliillJeH Ha
,WH)I(CHHC ~amlTa·\a.           \1CCTHOC Hace.\eHHC BCC C OO\hIllCH                       Heq)Th Il 1982 1'041', nowe,\ Ha CIIaIl, B            199] ro4Y BOMlIa II
OTKPOBCHHO·TblO llaCTpoeHO npOTI18 HCKRaAwtlHlJHpOBaHHblX                                 ITepc'1;1cKOM 3aAI11le npl1BeAa K KOPCHHblM H3MCHeHI1!1~1 B
MHrpaH'IDIl, IIPYl'lt'M T;tKaJl peaKlJHll ycyry6AlleTCJl IlHyTpeH-                        ((lCTalle Ml1rpatlmB, Kor4a      1    ~IAH emnTRH nOKHHYAH I1paK,
Hl1MH npo6.\eJl.1al\JH Ha phlHKe TpYlla, Komphle ,"aAeKO He                               800 ThICR'! HCMeHIJeH yexaMl '13 CaY/l0BCK0I1 Ap3IlHH, a Ha
BCertta Bbl3lUHbI l\ll1rpalJHell:. B          :nul1   rAaBe paCCMaTpylBaeTCll             C~ICtly nO\YMH,\.\'1OHY na,\eCTl1HCKHX H 110pilaHCKI1X patX)'1l1X
Ilorrpoc 0     TOM,     .1eHCTBHTe.\bHO AI1            MHrpaHTbl oT6HpaKIT                Il KYBeHTC npl1nL\11 emnTIlHe 11 llhlXO/"lJhI H3 IOro- Bocm'lHofr
pa60'll1e    MtXTa       Y    KOpeHHOro         HaCeACHHJl          YI    ycyry6AlllOT    A3HH. ITocAe,4Hee IlpeMIl HaOAKVlaeTCR nOllblHIeIH1e cnpoca Ha
HepaBeHCTlJ() 3apa60THOH llAaT!;'!. 06pCMCHm.'T ,\11 ]\,1I1fpalJl-U!                      BpeMeHliYIO     paUO'lylO    eHAY      B llCpelKl1BaJOll)l1X         3KOIlOM'1-
I'Ocy,lapCTBtnHb1l1 6K\ llKt.'T'         11     MO)l(110 AIl rrpIIOCTallOBHTb             'lecK'111 paCLJlleT CTPaHax A3HI1, Il '1aCTHOCTH, B Pecny6M1Ke
OTmK      KBa;' H¢l1lJl1poll3HHblX            pa60'lllx    H3   60Ace         6C4HhlX     Kopell, MaAaH3HH H }!nOHI1H. OnaceHHJI MaccoBoro ucpe-
CTpaH'                                                                                    CEc\elll111 Hapo,J{OB II pe3YAbTaTe pacnMa CCCP He onpaB-
                                                                                          4aAHCb HI1 B IlPC4eAax penmHa, HH B CTpallax 3all34a.
Pa3nW'fHble aCneKTbl MMrpa14MM
                                                                                             ITpl1mK Ml1rpallmll II npOMbllllAeHHO pa311HTbie CTparibI
Ha np011DI<eHI1H Hcn )pm1 CYUJeCl'BOBaAI1 rrepHOc,bL KOl1la                               B03paCTaeT (Ta6AH1Ja        10.1),    a B HX COCTaBe Bce 3aMeTHee
MHrpalJHlI 11rpa,\3 B<l)KllYIO PO\b 3KOHOMH'leCKoro H COlJlIaAb-                          IlblX041Jbl 113 pa:lllI1BaIOIlJHXCJl CTpaH. B ABCTpaAHI1, Kma,4c 11
Horo     npe.l!t IXpaHI1Te;\hHOro        K,\arraHa,       ,laBall        1l03MO)l(HOCTb   CWA npl1mK MHrpaHWB 113 pa31l11BalOLLJHXCJI CTpaH YlleA'1-
TPY4t)BbIM pecypcaM nepeMeUJaTbCJI B pall:oHbl, r,le OUJY-                                t.{Hlla;\C!I Me,4AeHHbIMH TeMnaM'1, il0CTHrHYB K 1993 roilY OKI1'l0
IlJa,\aCh If X HCXBaTKa. CmHMOCTh nepee34a H conpIIlKellHble C                            900 TblCil'l '1e.\OIlCK B ro,4. B       3ana,4Hoii: EBpone llIlfPOKO-
aTHM TPY4HOCHI           06bl'!HO npellCT313J\IIAH CCPbC3HYIO llpO-                       MaCIllTa6HblH     HaeM   pa60'!et\      CI1,\b1    H3'laACJI   llO   Ilpe~1eHa
6.\C:l-IY, 04H.1KO B   XX     BCKe nO\O)l(CHHe 113MCHH.-\OCb pa~IHKa,\b­                  aKOIIOM'1'leCKoro 6YMa 60-x ro40B. IlocAe HcqlTIlHOro Kpl13Hca
HblM 06pa3'JM. CHHlKeHl1e TpaHcnopTHhlX paCXOIlOB npHBt'"\O                               1973 ro,J{a H 1I0C\e.aOllaBllJel'O 3a HUM 3KOHOMI1'!eCKoro cnMa
K pe3KOMY YBCAI1'leH1UO M06I1;\bIlOC1'11 TpY40llblX pecypCOB,                             nOOllJpllAOCb B03BpaUJeHHe IHlOCTpaHHhlX pa60'lHX .10MOH.
:lalKC HeC!>lOTpJI na YCHAeHHe KOHTpmJl 3a I>mrpalJHel1 no                                BCKOPC 110(;\e cna,1a, upHme4merocil Ha Ha'la,\O 80-x ro4oR,
MCpC B03HlIKHOB('HHJI HaIJHOHaAbHblX rocY,ljapCTB. B                            COBPC-    1l0306HOBH.\CJl POCT I1HOCTpaHHoro HaCe,\eHI1I1, 110CTI1raBIIlHl1
i'leHHOM !'-llfpe pe3KO YBe,\H'!K'OCh '1I1CAO CTpaH, HanpaH-                              180 TbfCH'I   fl roll. O/IHaKo, B OTAI1'1He 01' 60-x ro(10Il, 110CAe,4-
!liIK)IlJHX H npl1HIIMa!OUJI1X MHrpaHmB,                     He MeHee 125 MAH             111111 Bcn.\eCK :.mrpaJJHI1 npOI1CXO/ll1T B yC.\OBH!lX paCTYllJel1
'!eAOBeK     >;HayT      cero,1HJI       3a     IIpClle,\aMH        CBOHX       CTpaH.    6e3pa60THlJbl, Kompaii Be4CT K YCI1.\CHHIO COlJl1aAbHoll: Ha-




                                                                                                                                                                            73
     n(1H)f(eHHOCTH II KCeHcx:po6HH KaK Il CLIlA, YaK 11 no Ilceti                                   ijJeIJHII, EnHlTe, MU,\<lHH, MapoKKo, f1uKHcTaHc, f1opT)Ta~\I1Il,
     EHpOlle.                                                                                        CY/lulIe, LUpl1;\aHKe, TYPIJHIf II JIMal1Ke. 110CKtHbKY !i ~mpc
                                                                                                     cYUJeCTllYK)1' :llIa'1lfTe\bllhIC pa:Hll'lllJ! B ypoBllflX :lapafioTHo{1
     no6eAI.lITenH H npOHrpaBWHe                                                                     n,\UThl. IlcpellO/lHMhlC CYMMbl Hcpe;lKO nu           ~!Horo     pa3 llpeBbI-
     Korila       Il    pe3Y;\bTaTe      nepee3,la         pa60THHKoll          nOBbllllaeTCJl       lHaK)T 'm, '1TO Mlll'pUFIThl MUrAt! 6hI 3apafioTaTh          y   ce6J1 fia po-
     np0I131104I1TC,\bHOCTb              I1X     TpY/la,     MurpalJl1l1       rrpl1110;111T    K    ,IHlle. HanpHMep, (Im,\llflflIlHCKHe It KopeticKI1C pa60ClHe -
     Ylle;\l1'leHHIO         34xpeKTHIlHOCTH           npOH311O;lCTIl3,          '1TO       H~!eeT   i'<mrpaHTbI nepeI.JllC\JlIOT 110MOi\ npll~lepIlo Il .lila pa3<l fiOllb-
     lHl1pOKHe nOC\e"KTBI1H: ,L\Jl Ml1rpaH1t)1l                             31'0 flOBhllHelll1C      me, I.JCM OllH MomH fihl 3apa6oTan, ua pO(II1HC. O,lIl:lKO no
     3apa60Tnoti lua1'hl, POCT !lOX040B, .l;\ll CTpaHbl npOHCXU)f(-                                  Mepe IlHTCrpalJIl11 i'<lllrpallToB B cTpaHe npe6hlllanl1)l dibeMu]
     i\elHlH      -       Llene)f(HhIC     nepelIO;lbl,         a    iHIl    npHlIllMaJOIIJeii       ilene)f(liblX nepcBo,10B   1f~!CIOT   TCH(lellIJHIO K ,'HH)f(eHI110
     C1'pallbl             CHH)f(CIHlC I13;lep)f(eK IIpmJ:lBOilCTlla. Q'lHaKO II                         Ha ypCJlIHC cCMew pClIIellHIl 0 ~1llrpalJl1ll IlCPC4KO lIL\JUOT-
     llb1I1rpblll.le       UCTaIOTCJl     ila~\CKO         He       Bce,    oc06eHHo         eC\1l   01 O,lHHM 113 nyTeti /lIlBepCIJ(PllKaIjl1H pl1CKa.        B P:U,JHp,ICMOi«l
     HeKllaM!<j'lHljllpOnaHllble               :.!l1rpaHTbl         BbITeCHlllOT      MeCTIIblX      BoilHOti    ;\1l11UUe   OTTOK     KHa,\wIJlllJltpOnaHHblx           pa')OI.JHX
     paflOTHHKoH c aHa,\OrH'1HblM ypOllHCM Klla,\H<j'l11KalJl1H. Ho                                  lRHIlOAH;\ Ilhl)f(I1Tb TeM, KTO OCTa.\CII: no olJeHKaM, n6'beM
     HeMC/~\eHHhle           pe3YAbTaThl 31t)m upolJecca If em noc\e(\-                              (WHe)f(IlbIX IICpeBo/loB B     1980   roilY COCTallMI.\ OKO~\O       50 npo-
     CTHHlI H 0603PHMOM t));!Yl.ljeM OIlPCileAJlIOTClI TeM, IIaCKC1\bKO                              ljellmH    IIUIJI10Ha,\bHoro    ;~OXQ:la.    B     CTpaHax       C <lKTI1BHOti
     llallbIKIl        l'111rpaHToH   ;10nOAHJlIOT          H/\H      :laMelIJaK)'f     H31lhiKH     COljHaAbHOM      nOAl1TI1KOl1    3MI1rpalJI1l1      1I0311o.\JlCT    CfH!3HTb
     MeCTflblX pa60Tlil1KOH II llPHIIHMaJoUjeti cTpaHe.                                              6K)ll)f(eTIIOe GpCMJI. EnmCTCKall CIlCTCM:1 rapaHTI1pOIUIIlIOl1
                                                                                                     3allllmCTH He cpUtlOTa,\a 6bI Il            70-x   l"Q.:Iax 6e3 l'JaCCO!lOJ1
     CrfKlIIbl             UCTO'IHUKU      .llucPazJuu                                               MHrpalJl11l II Cl'paHhl f1CPOI4CKOro .1a,\1lIla. B f1Y3pm-PlIKO
     KaK npalllMo, 6,\aro;]apll MllrpalJlfll crpalla-HCml.JHllK !JQAy-                               ileticTHlle aMepHKaHCKoro 3aKOHa 0 "1j.IIl11Ma~\bHOr! 3apa6oT-
     l.JaeT 3Ha'lHTe,\bHhle           flhlro4l>1,    naBHblM 06pa.'loM, 3a                   C'1eT   HOW 1I,\aTe npI1Be/\O t)bI K orpOllmoti 6e3pa6oTllye, eC\11 6bI
     ilCHe)f(nhlX         nepelloiloH.    B      lIeKompblx           cTpaHax ilelle)f(lIble         OTCYTCTBOlla;\     npl1TJlraTe~\bHblti        3qxpeKT        11110CTpaHHblX
     nepeBo;lbl COCYaMIlIOT onJYTI1MYK) ,1o.\lO BHf1 -                                01'   10 /10   PhlHKOB (TpeTb TPW10llhIX pecypcoll rIY3pm-PHKO MllrpH-
     50   npOlJeH1tJB na 3ana.llloM Bepery peKIl                               11op!laH H B          pOllaAa Il CI IlA).
     CCKmpe fa:la, tll1oP4aHl1H,                l~eMeHe II ;\CCOTO,          COOTIIOlllClIlle            R\llJlHHe ~lllrpalJlm lia HepaBeHCTllO ,lOXO,101l OCTaeTCJl
     ;lelle)f(lIblX !JcpeOO;101l II ofrhCMa 3KClIopTa (lOCTlJraCT                       25-50        1·leO(lH03Ha'1HbIM. f10CKQ,\hK)' nepeCe,\eHHe ml.\JleTCJI iIOPOro-
     npOljewmB, KaK HanpllMep, B BaHr;\a:lelll, BypKI1Ha -eDam,                                      CmJllljlIM lIpe/l11PHIITI1Cl\1, II KOHTHHreHTC         ~1llrpaH1t)]l   pC,lKO




74
BC'TpetIaIOTCJl           IIp<:4CraBllTeAH            6e,~Hethmlx            ceMeit     B     pe-   Ml1rpaHTOn HileT Ha flel"b3Y BAa/leAbIJa~1 KaIlI1Ta(\<I 11 ti(1\ec
3Y\bTaTe aToro "eHe)f(Hble nepello"bl 3aelaCTYl{) IIPIlBO/I11T K                                    KRaMICpHljHpOBaHHoll '1aCTH Tpy;']OllbIX pecypcoB, HO ~IO)f(eT
YCllAeHll10 llepaIleHCTBa ;jOXo(lOIl, KaK npmBOlIV\O B Erllll're II                                 He6A<Il'OllpI1HTHO                  OTpa311TbCil          113   HeKBaMlcpHYl1pOllal!llblX
Ha    cDH;\HrIllllllax.           Q1HaKO            HMeeTCll      H     KOMlleHCHpYIOUJee           ~leCTHbIX pafio'll1x, CllH)f(all ypOBellu 11X 3apafioTHoti n~\aTbL
1l0l/1cllcTllI1e -          E\aro,1apil pa31\HTHIO ~mrpaIJHOIH!oil CllCTe-                                C !lpyroH CTOPOHbl, onacellllil 1I0I1Y,\I1CTOf!, 'l1t) MHrpaHTbl
Mul 11 CIll1)KeHHK) C1UIlMOCTl1 nepece,\eHHll                                6cy\ee    flC'(lHble   OTHIlMaK)T pafiO'lHe MeCTa Y KOpeHHOI'O Hace,\eHl1ll, I1P41-
paOO'lHe TaK)f(e ~loryT (TaTO MllrpaHTaMll. B XO/le HCC\410-                                        CTaBAHKJTClI C\IlWKOM ynpOUJCllHhlMll. CoYI1<lJ\hllhle Bhlro;ILI
lJaHIUl, npOBe'lem!OrO B illlYx MeKCHKaHCKHX 4epeBHllX, 6bl;\0                                      II;\}! pa60THHKOB B IlPHHU~JaKlIyUX CTpaHax H3Hf)Q,\ee HblCOKH,
OOllap},)f(eIlO,          ernl    /]eHe)f(l!ule           nepeBO;lbl        cnoco6CTBOlla,\1l       Kor,la      ~1I1rpaHTbl             40IlO,uIHKlT           cy1.yecTll}'IOIl,1HC           II    crpaHe
IlblpaBHllllaHH«) ,l()X04()B II IlepeBIle, HMe«lllJeH 60,\ee pa3BeT-                                Hal,1110Ha,\bllble Ka4pbl. OC06eHHOCTh 3KOHOMH'leCKOil KYAb-
MellHYIO ceTb p04CTlleIlllHKOB 3a rpaHIllJell, liO IlPHBO,1I1;\1l K                                 Typhl       AllCTpaAI1I1,                   KaHa4bl        11    CilIA           OCIIOllalla            Ha
Yell. \ellHlO HepalleHCTlla 110XO/lOB II ,lepeBHe, KOTopall TaKIiX                                  HcnOAb30HalUlI1 l<>1I1rpaHTOli. B (lpynlX cTpaHax MHrpaHTbl 11
clllI:lei\ He HM(:C\d. EC\11 },'leCTb 1110[J1l'lllhle lPaKTOPbl. TO                                 I1X    1l0TIlMKI1               3a'laCT}'Kl      illlMllOTCll      B3)f(HbIM         llCTO'lIlI1KOM
BblllCHlleTCI, 'lTO {\eHe)f(Hble nepellOilbl 06hlKHOBeHHO Hhlpan-                                   1]I1H<lMH'lHOro                 pa311HTlilI:     IlplIMepa,m           CAY)f(3T           KI1TaHCKUe
HllIlaKlT yp menb JlOXC'.~OB. TaK, ,aeHe)f(Hble nepeBO(lbl npl1SeAH                                 npe(llIpHIlI1M3TeAll B l1H4011e3l1H 11 MaA311311H, roHKoHrcKHe
K    pOCT)'       IIHileCTI1YHI1         II       CeAbCKI1X     pallclHax       1IaKHcTaHa,         6H3HecMeHbi B Kalla/Ie, IIH,mHcKlle H .,\HBaHCKl1e npe;lnpl1-
BCA<"/ICTlHI('       'leI'')      IlOBbICH,\Cll           cnpoc       Ha     lIeKBa"\l1cjmIJII-     HHM3TeM1               Il   Aq)pl1Ke         !1,\11    110p4allCKI1e       11    naAeCTI1HCKl1e
pCllI<IHHYKl patio'l ylO          ( 11;\):                                                          paOOTIlHKI1 roC):lapcTllellHOI'O ceKTOpa II HecpTHHblX roC\~ap­
     Bo    MI orHX           CTP;llIax,           K011.JpblM      )il<1,\OCb    IlpeO/lO"eTb        CTBax I1epCll;'lcKoro 3a,\HBa. Bce 'lalye pa60tIHe-Ml1rpaHThI
,1ecpU/JIlT        [jbIC(lKO        KBaAwjJllIJI1poBaHllblx                  Hal,1HOHa,\bHbIX       3aHI1MaJOTCH                    HeKllaAHlPuYHpollaHHhlM                   py'lHblM              TPY/l0M,
Ka/lPOIl, OllacellWI "\Te'lKII YMOB» TepRIOT CllOK) aKTyaAj,-                                       KOTOPOro          CrapaIOTCil               113fJe)f(aTb MeCTHble               paoo'lne                  Il
1I0CTb. Ho TaM, me .IHClIPOllOPYI1I1 Ha pbIllKe Tp},!]a H,\11 II                                    nOCAe;lllee             Bpei'til     Ila     HeKBaAucjJHlJl!pOllallllhlti             Tpy:"l         npl1-
CHCT<:Me       ;ltipa~I)IJalHlJl             He     6blAI1     YCTpaHeHbl,         np06,\eM3        XO,1I1TCR /l0      70 npolJeHTOll ~lHrpal,1HI1. B                    IepM<IHI1l111 cDpalll,1I1H
"YTe'lKH } MOB"             coxpaHlleTCil.            B     HeKOmpb!X CTpaHax, rile                 HeKB3.,\l1lPU1Jl1pOBaIlHble patio'll1e-l'll1rpaHThl, II OCHOHllOM H3
COllpeMellHbfe O'KTOPhl 3KOHO~lHKI1 Hepe)f(llBalOT 3acTOti, B                                       CeBepHoti AI.PPHKI1 11 1ypIJI1H, COCT3BAlIIOT                                   60    H        80    upo
pe'IYAbTaTc UJe,lporo Cy5C11;IHPOH<lHHR Cl1CTeMbl                                     BhICmel'O     IJeHTI)B o6Jljero npHTOKa MurpaH'IDIl COOTlleTCTBeIlHO. AHaAO-
06pa3011allHil KO,'H'leCTBO ClIelJHa,\HCTOB lIpeBhlillaeT n(Jrpe6-                                  rl1'lHall        TCH4eHl,1I1R               llpOC\eiKH1l3eTOI             11     Ha        npl1Mepe
HOCTl1 3KOHO'\!IIKH,              '·111.) He 11.1\bKO AO)f(HTCll               HellOMepHblM         naAeCTIlIll,1eB 1l11:1paI1Ae, lIaKI1CTaHyell B I1epCH/lCKOM ,a,\Hlle,
6pe:'>lelleM       Il<l    6K)/l>KeT,         110    11     n06YJK(laeT        llbmYCKHI1KOll       HH40He3H~Il,1ell B MaAalblll1 H 6(1\I1Bl1fllJell B API'eHTHHe,
Mllrpl1pO!J:ITb. KpoMC 'IDm, ~1HrpayHll Klla~\HlPHYHpOHallHJ,lX                                     Hepe;lKO 3TH MHrpaHTbl 3aIl0,\1l1110T paOO'lHe MeCT3, KOTOphle
palioTHHKOIl Hepe,IKO Cllil3all<l C OTC},TCTBl1eM cnpoca, HallpH-                                   B     npOTI111HOM               C\y'lae      HC'le3~\H      5bl,     HAH        (ja)f(e        C03;jaKJT
Mep, KOIi],[ roc )(IlapCTBeHllali nOMITHKa                             OKa3hIBaL~       1I0(]aB-    paOO'lne MeCTa /lAll KOpeHIlOI'O H3ceAelll111, I1POH3B04CTBO
;\R~)IIJee B03;lelICTBlle Ha npOlJecc K311I1Ta,\o06pa30B3111111 11                                  na,\bMoBOro )'JaCA<I                  ]<I   Kaytl}'K3 H M3AaitlHl1, flO)f(a;\YH, He
enpoc Ila KBa(\!llPI1YHPOBallllblti TPy'l, l1MeHllo 3TO lIalleC\O                                   coXpaHH,\OCb tibl tie3 11l!/l011e311HCKHX pa60'll1x, DAaro4apll
Cepbe3llbJl i      YIlJ,-,p6       MH()rH~l          CTp,lI!ayl       fuPPIlKI1.    TIpOl,1ecc      MllrpaHTaM, paOOTalOllJHM Ha maXT3X .IO)f(HOH A¢PllKH I1AH
rA06aM133IJHH OXB3THc\ He 1Th\hKO PblllOK Kamrr<I,\a, 110 H                                         Hi! l1AaHT3YIUlX 40MHHHK311CKOIl Peeny6AHKH, HCllaHHH H
PblllOK Kll:lAmpIllJl1pDllaHHOI'O Tp}'/la, a 3m Be/leT K pOCT)'                                     Ma,\aH311l1, COOTHeTCTIlYIOIIJl1e O'rpaCAH np04(1\)f(aKJT cYUJe-
H3.]CpJKeK        Cllll'l,iHHbIX C OJ 11I160'lHOti nOAI1THKOHI MaCCOBaH                             CTBOBaTb          Il        yC\oHI1RX        KOHKypeHIJHI1           co        cmpOHbl              fi(1\ee
1,~1l1rpalJlIll    ),Il)[lJePCllTeTCKHX               IlpenO,WllaTeAell,           H[Ja'leH    11   4emellbiX npOH3BOIII1TeAeti.
cnCIJl1a,\I1CIDR ,1Pymx /le<1JIIlJHTHbIX flpmt)eCCHH /loCnW\a                                             HeKBa/\HqJHljHpOBaHHbIC                            pa60'llle-l'lI1rpaHTb!                  MoryT
KaTaCTpapll'lecKHX MaClUTafioB R 3al1pe, 3aM61111, MaAaihl111                                       llaHeCTI1 YUJep6 HeKlla,\l1qlHYHpomlllllblyl MeCTHblM paOO'lI1M,
II CY,]dHe 0'1HaKO ~uu'paHThl, KaK HpallH;\O, B03BpallJaIOTCJl,                                     eC\H CIlpoC lla HeKBa,\HlPHlJI1POll::lHllblll Tp',], KOTOPblH OHH
KOI;:!a   F\' 'llUalOTCll          YC,\Ol!ll11 H<I pO/lI1He,             HanpHMep, ene'             CO'l/laKlT KOCReHHh!M 06paIlO~I, lloTpetiMlH TORapbl 11 yc\yrl1,
IJHa,\HCTbl, BepllYllIlll1eCll Il 11H/~I1K) H3 C~HI1KOIlOBOH 40AHIlhi                               MeHhwe, <[eM lIpe4AOiKeHI1e HX c06CTlleHHoro Tp}'/la, nOCKOAb-
H ,lpynn;         Hay'mblx          VI   HH,WCTPHa,\bHhIX                  YCHTPOB CLHA,            K)'   3'm    MO)f(eT              RhJ3blBaTb          CHH)f(elll1e    3apaOOTHOil                n,\3Tbl
CTa,\H    Ot'HOBHoll             ,jBI1)f(yuJell       CHAoll      pa3BI1TI1R       npOMblUJ-        lleKR3Al1lPHlJHPOR::lHllblX                    paoo<lI1x.       B,\I1}!llHe      MHrpayHI1              Ha
AeHHOCTv          lIpOrpaM~1Horo                  06eClle'leHl1H        B    CTpaHe      lIoc\e     HeKB3.,\HlPmJHpOllaHHhIH cerMeHT pblHKa TpY4a B CiliA 11
,\H6epa,\\I3al]Hl ( ~le)f((WHapO/lIl0H1DproMH,                                                      EBpone conOCTaBI1MO C :;Jcj:Jcj)eK11.)M, Bhl3blBaeMblM TOproMeH
                                                                                                    3THX cTpall                 C    pa3BI1BalOuJI1~1Cll        MI1POM, H llblpa)f(aeTCil II
I7/JUHtVtc110UJ/U> CT{lClHbl                                                                        YBeM1'lel'lHiI 'lI1CAeHHOCTH TPJ\10BhIX pecypcoB npH6/\H311-
:V1HrpaYl1il, KaK llpaBI1,\O, (Yrlle'laeT II HHTepeCaM llPHHl1-                                     TeAhl'lO Ha       5 npoyellTOll,               'l'ID OTpl1lpTe,\bHO CKa3blBaeTCJl Ha
M:IIOUJHX CTpa)(, oceJi'ieHHo, HH;ly'CTpmlAbHbIX, TIpaKTI1'leCKn                                    nmO)f(eHHI1                 MllorHX          lleKBaAl1lPHl,1HPOBaHllbIX                    pa6o'll1x.
Becl, flP1JTOK TPY/l011hIX pecypCOll Il                      IIpOMbl111~\eHHO      P<I3BI1Tble      HanpHMep, KJ)f(!lbIH 'leTllepTblH pa60'lI1H B ClilA, HMeR)][JI1H
CTpaHbl       IPOl1C:XO,IK\ 110 I1HHlJIl:ITI1Be 1I0C\e/lIlI1X, Bblro/lbl,                           Mellec      12    KAaCCOB o6pa3011aHHH, [JO/lH,\Cll 3a rpaHuyel1: no
ClIR3aHl1ble       C      npl1'IDKOM          KBa,\l1CpI1lJllpOBaIlHbIX            pa60'll1x-       .JaHllblM HeK01'OpbIX IlCCAe,lOBallHH, ;10                           30   llpOLjeHTOB pOCTa
MHrpaHTOB, 3<Ih;\K)'laIOTClI B 3K0l10MIUI 01' 3lP<1JeKTa KOHljCH-                                   HepaBellCTBJ 3apa6oTHofl nAaTh! B CiliA 3a nOCAe,lHlle (lfl<l
TpalJHI1 lIpOMbm\eIlHOCTH, TIPI1TOK HeKBa,\l1(tIHlJHpOllaHHblX                                      ileCllTlMeTHH 06'bHCHHeTcll npHTI)KOM pa6o'lllx -                                     MHrp3HTOA,




                                                                                                                                                                                                                   75
     TIocAe;lcTBllil     MHrpalJHH         ropa34o       6o;\ee   OUjyTHMh!,         'leM        XOTil Ilpl1IlC,lelIHble apryMeH1'hl roBOPilT Il nQ\h3Y KOH1'-
     rrOG\~CTBHil        TOproB,\I1,   rrOCKCli\bKY         MHrpaHTbl      3anCli\Hil!OT     pC1\!! 3a Ka'lCCTI!OM MHrparJI1H, KQ·\H'IeCTBCHHblC orpaHWleHl1il
     He3KCnOpTHble CCKTOpbl npOMhIW,\eIIHOCTH, B KOTOPhIX MOmH                               06hl'lHO     06'bl!CHl!!OTOI      Ilpyrl1MII    npH'lHHaMH.     :'viIDOllhIC
     6bl HaHTI1 3aHJlTOCTh pa60'll1e, IlblTeCHCIlHblC Il [Je3Y,\bTa1'C                       MaCllnafibl 6e;]HOC1'l1 H CIlH)I(CHHe TpaHcnopTHblx pacx( '4011 11
     aKTHllmalJHH MeiK,~)'Hap04HOH TOproll;\H.                                               CT0I1Y10CTI1 yG\yr' CHil3H        03Ha'la!OT,    'ITO CBo60i ]Hoe nepc-
                                                                                             4BHiKellHc TpY4011bIX pCCypCOIl YlOiKeT npHBeCTH K MaccoBOH
     Pecy,wpOBallUe /'4Ucpatf,lllt                                                           :>!l1rpaIJHH II 60ra1'h!e c1'paHbl, llh13Ball B HliX aH3AOrH'lHhIC
     AH6cpaMB3gHJI BHClllHeH TOprol!Ml npOlBOll[;\a llO MHOfl1X                              cogl1a,\I,Hhle     C;lllllrl1.   3m    nOC\eAC1'BHil   MOry1'       Hal'tHOro
     C1'p3H3X,     HO     nO'l1'11   Be34e       rOCrroilcTByeT      MHeHl1e,        'HO     npell30l11'H IIOC;\~C1'IlHH O1'KpblTOH TOproll,\l1, npH'Ie~1 OHH
     roc14aPCTIlO 11Cli\a;HO pcrY;\l1pOB3Tb llpolJeCChl Mllfp3lJHI1, Ha                      6Y.WT     HOCHTb      6(J,\ec    MaCUlTa6HbU1     xapaK1'ep,        OKa iblllal!
     nepBblH B3I~\Jl4, llpeHMYllJeCrS3 HeOrpaHWleHHOH ;'106H,\b-                             IIcranIllHOC llo3/\eHCTBl1e KaK na CCK10p yC;\lT~ TaK H lIa
     HOCTH TpY40BhlX peCypCOB BblrM!(]llT CTOAb )f(e y6e411TeAhHO C                          CCKTOP npoll3B04CTIla 3KCllOp1'HbIX 1DBaPOB. 4,\il coxpaHeHHl!
     3KOllOMH'ICCKOi'! TO'lK11 3pellHil, K3K 11 npeHMYIlJeCTlla Cll(mOll-                    cogua/\uHOH c1'a6l1.\bIiOCTI1 nOTpe6yeTcil Maccolloe 40POro-
     HOH TOproHAI1.      11   TO, H 4pyroe B Ije;\OM lIPl1B04111' K Bhlro;le,                CTOilrIJce   ncpcpacnp~e~\eHlIe           COIJl1aAbHblX    6,\ar.     B~lecTo
     O?lllaKO B o6ol1x CAY'lallX Il03MOiKIlbi COIJI1ClAhllhle C4Bl1rl1,                      OKa3aHl1l! nOMOI1)11 OT,ite,\bHbIM OTpaC,\!!M, llallpHMep, 1l0cpe,;;-
     1'pe6Y!OTgl1e roCY4apC1'BeHiloro BMeUlaTe;\hC1'IlCl []p~CTal!­                          CTHO!'! llporpaMM HOAIlCp)f(aHHll 40X04011 ¢CPMCPOB, npl1-
     ;\ileTCJI, 'ITO OCIlOlllIOe pa3,\I1'1l1e 34eCh Ile HOCI1T 3KOIlOMH-                     IleTCil 06paTII1'bGI K 60;\ee m06a,\bHhIM n MeHee 3¢¢CKTI1Il-
     '1eCKoro xapaKTepa: MaCCOllblH IIpl1TOK Ml1rpaHTOB I1CKaiKaCT                           HblM MCpa~1.     B 1"<lKOM C\}'1ae geAecoo6p,13HOI1 3AbTepHaTHlloH
     caMollocnpHJl1'HC 06llJeC1'Ba KaK e4HIloro KYJ\bTYPHO-31'HH-                            Ilpe.!(CTall.AileTCl! COKpalIJCHHe Ml1rpaIJIIH AD TCMnO!l 06n;BO-
     '1eCKoro y:e,\oro. Hanpl1Mep, RlIOlll1J1 npe41I0'lH1'aCT IIP'l-                         !laHl1l! f1C(lJl1gl1Ta Tpy/lOBblX PCCYPCOll no Mcpe nOBbIllICHIli!
     IIl1MaTh    l1MMl1rpaHTOB       113     '1l1cJ\a   3TIIl1'1eCKl1X     JllIOHY:CB    B   KBa;\l1(lmKaI)HI1 MeCTlloro HaCe,\CllHl!. B Ellpone TaKaJl IlG\l1-
     Opa3I1Al1I1, a fepMalll1ll 60Aee 6;\arocK;\01l1l0 OTIlOCl11'Cll K                       1'I1Ka llPOBO/ll1,\aCb B llepH04 1I0BblweHHoro cnpoca, llbllllaH-
     lleMgaM BoCTO'IIlOH EBponh!, 110 cpallllelll1!O C npe;ICTaBl1-                          HOro aKTl1llHOH peKOHCTpYKgl1eH B 60-x ro/jaX.
     Te;\llMI1 Ilpyrl1X 3TIlI1'1eCKI1X rpylTrI.                                                  01HaKO Orpalfl1'1elll1e Ml1rpalJHH              HcnpOCTail 3a.ja'la.
           Ho eCTb l1 co06paiKeHI1J1 3KOIIOMH'IeCKoro nopil/lKa, 01~\11-                     ECAII    HMMl1fpalJ'!OHHaJl       nOAHTHKa      C03,1aeT   YC\OBHJI        4M!
     '1a!OllJl1e Mm:pagl1!O 01' TOproBAH. TaK, HeKOTOpblC :Vll1rpaHTbl                       HapyweHHJI 3aKOHa H 3KCn,\yaTaIJHI1. nOCJ\~C1'lll1il 7>lorYT 6blTb
     CTPCMilTCil    1I0BhlCH1'b      CBOIl     (lOXO(lul,    4aiKc   eG\1I    OHI1      He   caMhIMH OTpHlJa1'eAbHbIMH. OCHOllHal! 3ai1a'la COC1OI11' II TOM,
     Clloc06HhI 1'pYAI1ThCil Ha HOBOM MeC1'e O()Aee I1P0l13110,1l1-                          '1TOOb! HaHTl1 ClToc06bl perY,\l1pOllaHl1il a,\hTCpHaTHlJbl, np"-
     Te;\bflO, '1eM Y Ce6i111a p(VIl1He. KpaHHH~1 IlpllMepOM ilBAH!o1'Cil                    B;\CKaTeAbHOCTb KOTOPOI1 O'leIlH4Ha AAl! MHorHX 1l01'eHI)Ha;\b-
     roC}vlapCTIla []epCM/KKOro 3aAMlla. B CBil3l1 C 60ra1'blMH 3an3-                        llhlX !'ll1rpaHTOll, He C03llalJall npH 31'OM C1'HMY,\Oll AM HC-
     CaMl1 lle¢1'll 3Tl1 C1'paflbl CTapa!01'Cll orparm'll111aTb npaBa                        3aKOHHOH 4eJlTC;\bHOCTl1. B           CUJA HaX(l,1H1'CH 6mbwe bcero
     C(mCTllCflHOCTl1, 3anpelgal! Ml1rpanTaM npWmpeTaTh rpa)f(-                              He3aKOHHbIX I1MMHrpaHTOIl (40            4 MAli '1e,\OlleK), llPH'IllIlOH
     AaHC1'BO. B npO~luIlLL\eHHO pa3Ill1Tb1X CTpallax BbICKa3MIla!OT-                        '1eMY 60;\bWail rrpOTH)I(eHHOCTh rpaHHIJbl C MeKCI1Koi\. B
     Cil   OnaCCHI111,    '111) 0611,\l1e     COgl1a,\bHhIX       6~\ar    npl1MC'IC1'       3ana4HOt'! EBpone lIX OKCli\O         3 MAH MHrpaHTOB, II OCHOllHo\l 1I3
     MllrpaHTOB. IOCY4apCTIla C pa3Bl1TOH CHCTeMOH COIJI1aAbHoro                             A¢Pl1KH. []o..\OiKCmlC He3aKOllHblX MHrpaHTOll 'lpe3llb!'1311110
     06eCne'leHIIJI oco6em!o yJl3Bl1~lbI, Kor4a OHl1 COCC/1CT!lY!01' C                       HCYCTOi"!'1l1110, 1I0CKO{\bKY II ,\!060c llpeYlil OHl1 MoryT (ihITb
     6~HbIMI1 CTpaHaMl1:         ClUA        HcnblTblll3101' ,lafi,\ellllC co CTO-           ;1enOpTl1pOBaHbl, 11 310 llC4eT K I1X 3KCllNfaTalJl111 co CTOPOHbl
     POHbl MeKCI1Kl1 H CTpaH KaPl16CKOro 6accetiHa, cDpamJI1J1                               HC/106poCOlleCTHhiX          pa60T04aTe;\eH.     Kor;la    pblHKI1      1'pYAa
     co CTOPOHhl C1'paH Marpc6a, a fCpMaHl1il -                           co ClUpoHbl        (,pYHKlJl10HI1PY!OT !l YCAOllHilX KOHKypeHIJIH!, KaK, HanpHMt'p. Il
     TYPIJHI1. IlOCKC1\bKY I1MelOIlJHeCJI CBet"eHl1!! HOC!!T npOTHIlOpC-                     C[JJA,     IL\a:ra 3a npe.10C1'aBACHHe npana Ha pa60TY HII;lf4a
     '1l1BbIH XapaKTep, He UpeilCT3MileTC!! y6e;!(l1TCAbHblM,                        'ITO    B3l1MaeTCJI allaHCO;"I, lIallpHMep, HC3aKOHHbie HM'Vll1rpaHTI,1 H3
     :>mrpaHTbl ilBAlllOTCl! OlIjYTHMblM 6pCMeileM AM 6Kl;liKeTa                             KllTaJl f1(};\iKHhl pa60TaTb 6CClI;\a1'HO II Te'lellHC          3     Aer Ha
     nO)l(a,\YH, l1MCllHO IlOTOMY, 'ITO OO\bWI1HCTBO ooraTblX CTpaH,                         nocpe4HHKa, OC:P0plYulIlwero l1X npl1C3cl, HO 4aiKe II :lTOM
     OC06eHHO c pa3BI1TOH Cl1CTe~IOH COlJl1aAbHoro 06ccnc'IeHI1l!,                           CAy'lae orpOMHbIC pa3,\II'1l1il B O[],\a1'e TPY4a Ac,\aK)l' 1'aKY!O
     CTapa!01'Cil perY;\l1pOBaTb Ml1rpagl1!o Ha OCHOBaHl1Ii onpe.!(c-                        MHrpalJl1!O llhlroilHOI1.
     ,\CHHbIX KpHTepHeB. Bcc npOMbll1MeHHO pa3BHTbie CTpallbl                                    MHrpaIJl111 eABa ,\1I MOiKeT G\}iKHTh IIHCTpy'?>lellTOM pery-
     110nYCKa!OT !'<1l1rp3HTOB Ha l136I1paTC~\bHOH OCHOllC, llCIIC1\b3YJl                    ~\l1pOBaHHil 3KOHOMI1'1eCKoro gl1K~\a. []pe.locTaMcHl1e IIpC-
     pa:v\H'IHbIC cpc(.]CTIla, OT BI13011bIX OrpaHl1'leHHHl1 lIOrpaHI1'1-                    MeHHoro IIpaBa lla pa60Ty Upl1/laeT onpe.1eACHHY!O ru6KC'CTb
     HOro KOHTpCli\JI ,10 3aKOHOAaTeAbHO YCTaHOBAeHHblX KplHe-                               PblHKY TpY4a npHHHMaIOIIJCH CTpaHblll MO)f(e1' OKa3aThClI npl1-
     Pl1CS npl1et>la          B03pac1', HMYUJCCTIJCHHblH IjeH3, 06pa30Ba-                    MCKa1'CAbHblM 4,\l! MHrpaHTOS, OC06CHHO eCMl aAbTepHZ,TH-
     l·me, Hatjl10HaAbHOCTb H C1'cneHb p04C1'Ila, HaH6C1\ee KOH-                             BOH illl\l!eTCil He3aKOllHhll1 BbC'l/l. O,!(HaKO COKpallJelllle l1MCH-
     KpeTHOC cllH,~e1'C;\hCTIlO TOro, 'ITO Mv!rpaH1'bl 06pC)ICHI1Te,\b-                      HO llpcMeHHoro cTa1'yca pa60'll1x Tpe6yCT '1aC1UI1 pOTalJlUl,
     Hbl AAil roCY4apcTIlcHHOro 6!(4)1(CTa, H3X04ilTO! II                  CWA,      rAe     '1m CBil3aHO C ail~U1HHCTpaTl1BHhIMH 3<lTpa1'aMH l1 C HOTepeH
     B UOC;\C;lHeC IlpCMil YBeAH'IIMCil IIpl1TOK HCKBaAHq:1l1l1pollaH-                       pa60THI1KOB, 06;\aAaKl!lJHx HaBbIKaMH, lIeo6XO.c'IHMblMH 4<lH-
     HblX Ml1rpaH1OB. HOBblC Ml1fpaHTbl aKTlmHeC !1C1\b3Y!oTCil                              Holl    C1'paHe   11M!     Ha    AaHHOM    pa60'leM    MeCTe.       XoPOlllO
     cOgWL\bHbIMI1 6,\araMI1, '1CM Ilpe4ul/l)'lJJl1e llC1\Hhl, H HeCKC1\b-                   3apeKOMeH4011MI1 ce6l! BeKOmpb!e nporpaMMhl, npe;wcMa1'-
     KO 6C1\bWe, '1eM Hace.\CHl1e B geAoM.                                                   pHBaKlllJt!e   ca~lOpcry;\l1pOBaHHc        MHrpaIJHoHHblX upogCCCOB.




76
C TeX nop KaK pC»'A11pollaHHC IlPCMCHHOti MHrpay:HH npH-                TOPf'OB,\lI H 4BH)KeHHC Kam1TaAa, Onpelle,\CHHbIH ypOIJCHb
06pc,\0   60Acc   CHCTCMaTH'lHblti    xapaKTCp B pYKax o6ty:c-          MHrpalJHOHHblX    1l0TOKOB     illl;\ilCTClI    H3aHW.lllblf'OijHbIM,     HO
CTBeHHbIX OpraHl-I3<ly:Hl\ (HHor4a npH n04?lCp)l(KC mCY/lap-            HcorpaHH'JCHHaJI MHrpalJHll HCKBaMlq>HlJHpoBaHHbIX pa60'JHX
CTH<l), YBCAH'IH,\CB cnpoc Ha MC,lCCCTCP H3 <I>HMmmlH, rYllcp-          CKOPCC Rccro HcnpO;lYKTHllHJ. B03MO)l(Hhie 3KOnOMHqCCKHC
HaHTOK H3 illpH-AaHKH H CTPOHTeAbHblX pa60QHX H3 KopcH,                 H34CPJKKH 4All nCKSJAHqlHlJllPOIlJHHhlX MCCTHblX p,a60',UlX Il

HCKOTOPblC CTpaHbl, H<lHPHMCP, illBdhppHR H mCY4apCTHa                  KyAh TYPHOC   HCnpl1l1THC    03nJQaK)1;        'ITO   ~1HrpaIJl1il   "IOJKCT
rICPCl14 CKoro 3aAllBa, C ycncxoM C06Al-O,lal-OT SPCMCHllblti           np040AJKaTbCR 1U\bOO npH pcrYMlpOllaflHH 3TOro npOIJccca,
CTaTYC CC30LIIlblX pa60'JHx, 110 Qal!Jc Ilccm TaKIlC McxaHH3MbI         04HaKO    perY,\HpOBaHHC      MIH'paIJ110HHbIX         nOTOKOll      OCAO)l(-
CTaHOBJlTCJI 1l0CTOJlHHbl~1H, KaK 3TO Ilpm13Ol.IlAO B fepMamm H         HilCTCJI B Cllil3H C TCM, 'ITO Ha,\araCMbIC OrpaflHQCflHil l'10ryT
<I>pallIJHfL CrpeMJlCb Ilpe.-10TBpaTHTb 3aKpCn;\Clllle MHrpall1DIl      C034aTh cHTyalJHl-O, B KOTOPOH lfC3JKOlfHail ~1HrpaIJnll CTaIlO-
B CTpalle npe6r.JBallHlI (11 1l0llbITKH npHBC3Tll !J04CTIlCHIlHKOIJ),   llHTCli RblIU1HblM IlB\O;'L MHrpaHl1,I HY)K,lal-OTCll H 3al!JHTC
IlCKOTOPblC    (TpaHbl     nOOllJplll-OT   Il-OTaY:I1IO   MHrpaHTOB-    OCHOIlHblX npaB 'JCAOllCK3 H IlClc\)I(HhI n04'JHHlITbCB TCM )l(e

HanpllMep, II CaYil0BCKUH Apamm CTOH:'>10CTb pa3pellJellHlI Ila         HopMaM    TPY40BOro    33KOHO,laTC,\bCTBa,            'ITO   H   rpa)K4aHe
pa60Ty PC3KO 1J03paCTaCT npll cm 1l03061l01l;\CIlHH,                    CTpaUbL   Kpo/-IC TOfU,     flO MHOf'lIX C'[pauax l'llIrpaUTbI HC

                                  •••                                   HMCl-OT 40crylla K COlJHaAbHbIM YCAY,d:>1 11 11pyrH:>1 6,\ara;\-1
   KaK npailHAO, MHrl'alSHlI Ilblf'04H<l 06eHM CTpaH<lM, yqa-           HapaBHC C rpa)l(4aHa",tH. IIpc4cTaBAJll-OTCil IJB\eco06pa3HbIMI1,
CTBYl-OllJHM B TaKOM 06MCIlC, 04H<lKO MaN18epoilTIlO,            'ITO   no KpatiHcH MCPC, llpeMCHHhle nporpa~ll'lbl, Hanpall;\CHHLIC Ha
MHrpalJHlI C;'<lHeT [aKOn )KC llJ)I(1l0l\ q>OPMOti 3KOIIOMHqCCKOf'O     cTa6HAH3alJHlO phHlKOll TPY4a CTpall npc6bmaHHll H CHH)KCHtlC
83<lHM04ctic fllHlI ~IC)K4Y 60r3TbI,>m H 6e.-lllbIMH CTpaHaMH, KaK      4aHAeHHJI co CTOrJOHbl HC3aKOHHoli ,mrpalJllH




                                                                                                                                                        77
              lfACTb

              :[0cY4apC1'BeHH,Oe
                peryAlfpOBaHl1e
                    PbIH~Q~/;;:rpY4a'
                    ,               '.~~'                  "




 rOC~lAPCTBEHHbIYlK()~:e9.i\b .• 39- ,YCAOBfUIMI1                                   TpyAa 11
 npl1CYTCTBl1e roCY4apCTBa B')K111Ulli Tpy.~'VII1J.I1XCH rrpl1HI1MalOT
pa3,\W.JHbIe CPOPMbI.Ho Bee qaIIJeCT~~fiT(1I Borrpoc 0 TOM,
,4eifcTBI1TeAbHO AI1 TaKoeBM~PJateAbCT~bTBe~aeT HHTepecaM
pa60THI1KOB. CTbpoHHI1KI1 peUIi1teA~fI0r9q9t4XOAa HaCTal1BalOT Ha
Heo6xoAI1M0CTI1 '" peryxlIpO~aHI1JI
               ,        , - ' -     ,'--:"
                                                'MI1JfHM?,t\blfQtI
                                                    --:'
                                                                                 3apaooTHoif
HAaTbI, OrpaHMQeHI1Jl. yBOA;}.l~elfJ1H I1rIpalijfl'l1:Jlnpottl1.X aKTI1BHbIX
 Mep.npOTI1~aHKII CmAl>. Hen()Cpe4CTBe~H2.r<? 'Bl\1eIl1aTeAbCTBa
]1peA5Qf>¢~AaIqT,'IT03TQ            "Re      cnoco6cTBye~co34a~I1IO" HO~~IX
, pa5qJlI1XM~T'fM()~Beqf(c""AaII1bJfIiTepecaM np~Bi1AenlPOBaHHbI~
, Kat~~I11i • ,p~6C>T~~KOB~".HOOTHI04~ 'He 'Han6oAe>., YH3BI1MbIX' rpynn
,HaceAciirll§!,.~~qQ(\Q~jIH~'tBA~IY~M;CAy~a~, H¥I~al,C HeMelfieTC~L' '

 ~~~Ha
.tPY49BblxliBpM.13}!ll'~ ,          :tile'I~;H.deT·Jo;p6$~Jo                '19301;\ a ax
·;n~a~OOTHdlI1eHH~.~;·~A»CTBOM...~rA~~~f
 ~~. nbAHT:HI\a"Ha~I~\       ,",'
4QXOAOB.Tel\1.:l rA~;StJim~
                                                               /.;(-~'


                                                                     :~'r.":,.
     r)\ABA                  11




       p                bIHKI1 TP}?\OllhIX PECYPCOB onW1AlOTCR OT
                        TIJHapHbIX pr.,IHKOB, CTpYKTypa 3apa6oTII0l1l1AaTbi
                        H    YC\ORHJI       Tpy"]a,   CK,\U,]bIHallJU):llCCJI
                        .1eI1CTRHCM PhIHO'lllbIX 01/\, pel lH1TCj\bHbIM 06-
                        pa30M Ollpe:W,\JlKlT Ka'lCCTllO lK1I31Hf pa60Tlll1KOH
       H HX cCMdi, npll'lC\1 Pe3Y,\hTaThI 3a'lacTYlo KUlKYTCJI HC-
                                                                                110;1   llm-
                                                                                               BCCTI1 cj)YHKljHOHl1pOB~Ull1e PbIHO'lllbIX ",leX3HI13MOB B com'-
                                                                                               BCTCTBl1C c cyLljecmylOU):H~!H npllOpHTeTdMlf 11 Ilpl1HllTblMH
                                                                                               KOHljcmJHJI;"Il1,


                                                                                               MepHoe pacnpe4e,\CHI1C
                                                                                                                       npl1     OfxlCHOBalllUl         TaKoro     BMelllaTe,\ bCTlla
                                                                                               'laIljC Bcero npHB04J1TCJI C'\e'lYIOU):I1C co06palKCHHI!: HCPaJlIlO-
                                                                                                                                       PLIIlO'lllbIX    cn,\,
                                                                                               He,locTaro'lHa!! I1H<jJ0PMUljI1JI H IlCa,lCKB3TH(Je cTpaxOHallHe
                                                                                                                                                                4HCKpI1MHlIalJI1J1,


       cnp:mc/],\I111bIMH 11 HOCnpHHI1MUI01'CJI ficne:meHHo, Hc ):"111-                        PI1CKOB,
       Illn-eJ\hHO, 'I'IU nOHCK\lY OOllJCC1'BO H npeilCTClB,\JlIOIIJCC cro                         Bcc nepe'lI1C\CHHhlt' npl1'1HHhl 3aTparHHuKlT IlpoG, 'CMbl
       n£1am1TCAbC1'BO           npHHH~!aIOT     C<1MOC <1KTHBIIOC Y'l<1CTl1C H t]CJI-         ''It)CPCKTHllIIOCTIl II pallcllCTHa, HepaBlloMcpHOC pacnpc4c-
       TC,\bHOCTH PhlHKOR 1'(1):1<1, 110'l1'H HO Becx CTpaHax IIpallH-                         ,\CHl1e      PbIHO'lHbIX        CI1,\    OC,\atlAJlCT     ll~ICHlIO       nOAoJt;ClII1C
       TC,\bCTllO YCTuHalLUllluCT HOPMbI, npe,WOlaT£1IUlalOllJHC OllPC'                        patlOTHHKOB 110 OTHOIllCHHIO K IIPC4IlPHJlTHJlM, AHIIl3J1 I1X
       ""lCJ\CHHhIC YC,\OBlIJI Tpy:1a, MI1HH~laAbllyK) 3upafiOTHYK) [HaTY                      B03MOlKHClCTH          npOTI1BOCTO!!Tb          Hccrrpallc4M1BOMY              o6paU):c-
       H   OCOOblC       MCpLI     ,I,\JI   3allJHTbl    pa60TaK)U):Hx lKCHI1JHH          H    tHin   2ho TaKlKC        HC4C1' K nOTe pC 3cp<jJCKTHHHOCTI1, nOCKUAbKY
       IIpe,lCTam1Te,\cil MCHblllHHCTH, CYlljCcmYK)U):HC HOP"lbl npe-                          pa60THHKH TCPJlK)'f 33HHTcpCCOBaHHOCTb II lJpH06peTeHHH
       C\C/\yKlT PU:l,\H4HbIC IJC,\H CTutlM!ljU             ll,l).   Of111H TlanpUB,\CHhl      CIICIJlIU,\hHOCTCil, OTBC'laIOLlJHX KOHKPCTlIblM IiYlK4aM IIPCll-
       HU :laU):HTv y~3HH~!bIX KaTcropl1il pa60TIII1KOIl H ;\HKlll1i]aljHIO                    npl1J1THi-i. HcpaIlIiO~ICpHOC pacnpe4CJ\CHI1C PblIIO'lHbIX OL\
       IlccnpaHC,l,\HHOCTlL ,lpyrnc lKC 1I03110MIKlT ;10{)I1TbDI f)(nee                        CTaHOBI1TCJI CHJC tln\CC cephe:moi1 npoihcMoil ;1,\Jl pafio1'-
       3cpqJeKTl11lHOrO <jJYHKljI10HI1POllClHI111 pLlliO'IlIblX McxaHH3!>IOll,                 1II1KOH, OTHOCJlU):HXCJI K K:lTCroPI1JlM, Tpa,1I1ljHOllHO HC ll:IICIO-
       Ho 3UK~Jen,\CHlIble B 'lUKOHO,laTC,\I.CTlle 1I0AOlKCHl1JI OTP\:le HC                    U):11~1 3,1CKBaTHoro llpC;\CTaHI1TC,\bCTBa B OfiU):CCTlle, TIl CCTb
       Ilcer,'1<l 11MCKlT ycnex,            HeKoropblC 3aKOHbl           otlCCIlC'II111aIOT    j'V\Jl I1C1'CI1, lKCHIl)1111, 3THI1'1CCKI1X II pe.\11f1103HbIX                     ~ICHb-
       ,\HlfI['   :l<llljllT}'   HIITepenlB       OTHOCHTe,\bHO         G,\uronCV\Y'lHotl      1ll111iCTll, 4HCKpl1~IHHalJHJl Ha PhlllKC TP1'ila BAC'IeT 33                      « 16ol1
       K3TerOplll1 pa6oTHHKOB 3a C'lCT OrpaHI1'1l'HHll ,'laHllroCTI1 H                         TIC TOAhKO HecnpaIlC;]AHSOCTh, HO H CHHlKCHHC 3cJxilcr:Tlm-
       cOHpeMClIlIOM CCK1DpC 3KOHOMHKH,                   B CTpuHax       c ncpexO;lHoil       HOCTH, IlOCKl,}\bKY orpaHH'lHHaCT llKAaJj lKCHUJI1H H npe.aC1'a-
       3KOHO:VII1KOH coxpaHlllOTCJI nC1\OlKCHHJI, ,\l1lUaKllljHe PbIHO'l-                      BHTC,\eH MellhlUl1HCTB f\ 3KOlIOMl1'ICCKOe pa3HHTHC, YCI1AeHHe
       Hble MeXaHl13Mbl IICOfiX04HMOil rYI6KOCTl1 11 npcnllTCTBYK)lljllC                       HC:KPCPCK1'I1BHOCTI1 lla6AI04aCTCJl 11 II TCX C\Y'IaJlX,                           ~or(1a
       ncpcpacnpeilC,\eflHlO TP~il0BbIX pceypcoB, Bo :vmorHX PU3-                              pa601'Hl1KH       11      HeKoropblC        patloro,~aTcMl          HC     06,\a;1aIOT
       IlI1SaKlllJl1XCJI eTpaHax C OrpaHl14CHHOH ai\Mlll1HCTpa1'HIlIloil                       40CTJTOllHoi1I1HCPOpMaIJlleil 06 YC\OIlI111X TpY4a, H 'laeTHe'CTll,
       6a30il HC BC/1CTeJl KaKoro-;\1160 KOHTPQ\ll ,'lU c06,\Kl(\eHl1eM                        II 1l0Ilpocax rl1rHCHbI 11 fJe~0I1aCHOCTl1 Tp),?la,                      11,   lIaKC'IlClj,
       4CI1CTHYKJIIJHX HOPM,                                                                   pa60THl1KH H HX CCMbl1, KaK npaBllJ\O, He H:>ICIOT B03MOlKHOCTI1
            KaKI1M       ofipa30M       CAC;WeT         pemaMellTl1pollaTb        YC\OIlI111   otlC:lOTlaCI1Tb        CcfiJl   /]Q\lKHbl>j     Otlpa30M     (IT    pl1CKa       nO";'CpH
       TpYilar MOlKHO All o6ecnC'II1Tb COfiAlO;lCHHe 3UKOHOB 0 TP):'lC B                       JlOXO,101l II c;w'Iac nOTCpl1 patlOTbI, Tpy,]OCnOCOOHOCTI1 11,\11
       CTp,lHaX C 1l113Kl1M 11 CpC;lIlI1M ypOHHCM ;10XOi101l, YllJl3all HX C                   HacTyn;\CIlHll CTapoem,
       IlQ\OlKCHI111Mll MClK4YllapO;lHb1X roproBblX comuwcHHi1? B                                  tl'\Jl    TlpeO;lQ\eIHlil          T<lKHX   Hl',10CTaTKOB       11    HccnpaIIC;l-
       4UlIlIoil 1:\allC paCCMaTpl111aIOTCJl I1Pl1'll1Hbl, C\ylKalljUc OCHO-                   ,\IIllOCTH, npllcyU):ei1 PbIIlKY, I1MCeTCJI HCCKCV\bKO pCIUCJlllil:
       llaHllCM ,1MI roc}/]apCTHcHHoro pcrYAl1poBamlJl PblHKOB Tp)~~a,                         Cm,]aIlI1C      HCq)OPM~\hllbIX             MCXaHI13MOB,           npe.aOCTaMeHllC
        aHa,\H3HpYCTCJl3<jJcjJeKTHBHOCTb pa~,\H'lHbIX T11110B TPYil0Boro                       Ilpo<jJCOI03aM         llpall    lIa    He/lCHHC    nepcrooopOB            OT     I1JV,eHH
       3aKOHO,1JTCAbCTBa, a TaKlKC pa,ltlHpaCTCJI lJcAecoo6pa:mOCTh                            pa60TIlHKOB,        nplmJlTHC           COOTBCTCTHYIOU):Cro          3aKOHO,1aTI,;;\b-
        06CCHC'IClll111 c06Alo;1t'1ll1l! eyuJecTHYlOuJI1X HOpM Ha MClK4Y-                      CTlla IL\H npJIMOC roCY4apCTIlCllHOC BMCIllaTC,\bCTBO, Hcq,op-

        HapOi1HOM ypoBHe,                                                                      Ma/\bllbIC MCXUHl13MbI l'la phlHKax TP);1a :--10rYT tlhI1'b SCCbMa
                                                                                               3(:p<jJCKTl1llllbIMI1, XOTJl T£1Y4011[,IC AOrollOPhl C;1Ha ,\H BC;l\'T K
        npM'fMHbl perym1poBaHMfI PblHKOB TPYAa                                                 CTHpalllllO (PYH4aMeHTa/\bHbIX pa3,\l1'HlM II ypOBHC 6ora1'CTila
        BMelUaTe;\hCTBO roeYil'lpcTBU ofibl'lHO OOYC\OH,\CHO Hccno-                            11 1l,\aCTI1 MelK4Y pa60To/]aTeMIMH 11 pa60THIlKaMH, II CTpaHax
        C06IiOCTblO HepcrYAl1pyeMblx pblllKOB Tpy(1a Jl0611TbCJI Hal1-                         e Tpa;]HlJI10HHbIM (16UJeCTBCIiHblM YK,\a40M pa60ro4aTI~AH,
       ficl,\ec OIlTH~la,\bHbIX PC,'lY;\bTa1tlll I1NI eTpeMf\CIlHeM rrpH-                      K<lK npaSHAo, COO;\104aIOT onpc/\eACllHblC HOPMb! H In6eralOT




80
81
     '1pe3MepHoti 3KcnAyaTalp1l1, B npOTtlllHOM Jl(e CAY'Iae nOllBep-                             04HOi-i 113 rAaBHblX np06AeM Ha COBpeMellHblX upe;l-
     ralOTCil 061lJeCTBeHHbIM CaHKlJl1ilM,                 DOAbWI1HCTBO Heq.lOp-             npl111TI1i1X !lllA!leTCll KOOP411HaY,l111 /letiCTI!I1i-i OO\bIlIOro 'lI1CA3
     M,\,\bHbIX 40l'OOOPOB 0 HatiMe npe4YCM<Yrpl1BaeT T'y HM1 11HylO                         pa60Tlll1KOll B XOile neperollopoll e pa601T14aTeAlI:'-1.1 11 B
     CTeneHb          pa3,~eAeHl1il        PHCKOB,     TaK,     pacnpoCTpaHellH0l1           npOlJecce yAY'lIIlelll1!1 YC\OHI1i-i Tpy,la, O;lHHM H3 nYTeH o6ec-
     cI.JoPMoii COBMecTHoro Y'IaCTHil B pHCKax H CTpaH3X A3Hl1 H                             ne'leHI1i1 KU\,\eKTI1HHbIX                ,~eHCTlll1ti    1l1l;\ileTCll OpraHfI3alJl1l1
     A¢pHKH lIBMleTCil HCnO,\hHall CHCTeMa, WIlla 6e3:leMeAhHbIe                             pa60THllKOB, 'lanJe IIcero -                      II ¢op~le npO¢eCCHOHa,lbHbIX
     KpeCTbllHe 4eAilTClI np0I13Be;,eHHOH npo,WKlJl1eti C 3eM,\eBAa-                         COI03011, Y'laCTHe npo¢COI03011 B KQ;\AeKTI111llbIX neperoBopax
     ,~c::'\blJarvm, Hecl.JopfvlaAbHble MeXaHI13Mbi TaKJI(e C[]OC06Hbl                       OT I1MeHI1 pa60THI1KoB MOJl(eT cnoc06CTllOllaTb pemeHl110
     llOllblGITh      cTa611;\bHOCTb         ;\OX0401l,    lfaCTHbIe     c6epeJl(eHHlI       TaKHX npo6AeM, KaK nepallHoe pacnpe4CAeHI1e PblH( ''lllbIX
     lIBMIKlTOI O,Ull1M 113 rAaBHbIX cnoco6oB ynpall.\eHl1il TaKI1MI1                        B03!110Jl(HOCreii, 4I1CKpH!lIl1Il,UJI111 11 OTCYTCTIll1e He06xo,lHMoti
     (paKTOpaMI1 pl1CKa, K3K 6e3pa60TI1lJa, KOTOpbIe C TP}!,I!OM 1104-                       I1Hq:lOpMalJI1I1,          rIpo¢COlO3bI            OKa3bIBalOT       CBOI1M      '1 \eHaM
     4alOTclI cTpaxoBaHHIO, 4;\lI 6e;\Horo 1l3CeACIlHll, HMelOuJero                          llaJl(Hble yCAyrl1, 4061llla!lCb yA)/'1U1eHI111 YCAOllHH I1X TpY4a,
     AHllIb He3H3'lHTeAbllbIe c6epeJl(CHHll HAH 1l006Lye HC I1MeIO-                          "all)l1l1}a!l llX OT HeCUpall~\I1BOl'O 06pallJeHHiI H P2,cnpe-
     llJel'O   HX,     BblX040M       H3    nQ;\OJl(eHl1l1    Hepe4Ko       CTaHOlll1TCll    IleAllil 113/1epJl(KI1 11mY'leHI1!1 IIH¢opMay,I1H Cpe;ll1 60AblllOro
     '13CTHOe nepepacnpe4eAenl1e cpe;lcTIl MeJK;\y 4oMox03!1ti-                              '111c.-\a pa60THI1KOB,
     CTllaMI1 -        Il npe;te,\ax pa3BeTB,\eHHbIX ceMeH \1;\!-[ MeCTHbIX                       Ho HaJl(lla!l POAb, llapil(1)' C OpraHH:laIJI1i1MI1 pa60TIII1KOB,
     06UJI1H,                                                                                OTBOilHTCll         11    npaIlI1TeAbCTIlY,        I1paBHTeM,CTBO Ollpe,~(',\ileT
         Hecl.Jop;\laAbHblc       ;\IeX3H113;\1bl,      KaK    npalll1AO,     !lHA!lIOTC!I   nopil40K ¢YIIKIJI10HHpoBaHI1J1 o¢I1y,HaM,1l0 pemcTpl1pyeMoro
     OCHOIlHbIM pellleHlleM np06AeM pbIHKDH TpYila II CTpaHax C                              ceKTOpa 3KOHOMI1KI1,                B    cAy'lae 3aH!ITOCTH Il HepemCTpH-
     Hll3KI1M     H    cpe/mllM       ypOBHeM        il0xo;,OIl,   KaK    llOKa3aHO     Il   pyeMoM       CeK'IDpe          HOPMbI        TPY40llbIX      OTHOmeHI1M          05bl'lHO
     Ta6,\I1y,e    11,2,   CSbIllIe   80    I1pOlJeHTOll 3aH!lTbIX II cTpaHax C              CKAa4bIBalOTCiI Ha OCHOBC CYllJeCTllYIOUJI1X 06bl<Jaell 11 IIH,~H­
     HIBKH"I ypollHe;"1 i,OXO/l011 11 6mee              40    npOlJCHTOB B CTpaHax           IlH,W<l,,\bHbIX oc06ellHOCTeii Ila MeCTe pa60ThI, TOrtp KaK
     co Cpe;\IlHM ypOIlHeM 40XO;lOB COCTat1MlIOT                    Hellae~1Hble     pa-     3allilTOCTb Il O¢l1lJHaAbHO pCrl1CTpllpYCMOM ceKmpe pery.\ll-
     6oTHI1KI1 II llepemcTpl1pyeMoM ceKTOpe ., II ceAbCKOM X03il~l­                          pyeTciI      CYIIJeCTBYIOLlJI1M              3aKOHO/laTe~\bCTBOM,          Ha     OCIlOBe
     CTIle, TO eCTb Hlle 40C!lrae:--IOCTll llPO¢COI030B II l'OCY:lapCTHa,                    K01uporo 3aKc\IO'laKlTC!I                I1H,~I1JlI1/1Ya~\bHble     11 KQ;\AeKTHIlHble
     MeJl(4Y TeM 4aJl(e npl1Be4CHHble Y,WPPbI 0                          '1I1C\eHHOCTH       40rollOPbL I1mOJl(eHI1II, perYAl1pYIOLlJHe ileilTe,\bHOCTb pem-
     pa60TIII1KOll, HMelOllJHX rapaHTl1pOllalillYIO :laH!llUCTb II O¢I1'                     e1pHpyeMblx              PblHKOB    TpY4a,        06bI'IHO    onpe;te;\!lIOT       IIpaB3
     'Jl1a>\bHO pemCTpl1pyeMoM eeKTOpe, MoryT OKa3aTbC!I "aHbl'                              pa60THHKOB, npO¢COI030B 11 pa60TO{1aTc::'\eti, Y0\OIlH!I Be/le-
     llIeHHblMll, OTCYTcTBl1e pa3BI1TOti ar,MHIll1CTpaTl1BHoi\ 6a3bl 11                      HHiI   KO~\~\eKTHIlHb]X        neperoBopoB 11 nopil/10K yperYAHpOIlallHlI
     OrpaHW{eHlle cIlo604bl l1ellTeAbHOCTI1 npoqlColO30B 03Ha'laCT.                          enO(XlB (CM, mall)'           12}   rIPH pememm KOHKpeTHblX COIp!aAb-
     'ITO BO !I-IHomx CTpallax C06,\IO/(eHHe TpY,1000l'O 3aKOH04a-                           HbIX 3,i/la'l llpaIlI1Te~\bCTBO MOJl(CT npl16erHYTb K HeIlOCp"4CT-
     TeAbCTBa         He   06eCne'lIlBaeTClI         4aJl(e   na   KPYllHblX      npe{\-     BeHHOMY perYAI1p<:lllaHI1IO PbIHKOB TPWP, Hall6u\ee paCllpo-
     npl1!ITIllIX, 01111aKO He¢opMa.-\bHl,]e MexaHH3MbI no Clloe~IY                          CTpalleHllbIMH npl1MepaMI1 TaKoro                      pery~ \l1pOBaHI1!1      !lIlMIIOTCll
     xapaKTepy OrpaHH'IeHHbl 11 C POC1DM np~npHlITHH H oc\a6'                                3aIlpCT Ha ilCTCKI1t'1 TPY4, 3auJI1Ta I1IlTepeCOB pa60T3KIIlJI1X
     c\eHl1eM cOYllaAbHblx 11 061lJ11Hllb[X CIl!l3eH MeJl(,lY pa6onm-                        ;KeHIlJllH     11        llpe;lCTaBI1T(,Aeil       MeHbIllHHcTB,          onpe;te.'eHHe
     KaMI1 11 pa6oTO;laTeA!lMll Hel-1.16eJKHO pacua/,aIOTclI,                                MHHI1MaAhHOH 3apa6urlloti InaTbl H IIpHHllTI1C 33KOH0l1aTC::,\b-
                                                                                             CTBa 0 6e30IlaCHOCTI1I1 oxpaHe 340POBb!l lIa pa60'leM MeeTe,


                                                                                             AeTCKMrt1 rPYA
                                                                                             B   6OJ\bUlI1HCTBC (Tpall CYIiJeCTRYIOT 3aKOHbI, 3anpeLlJaK<lljllC
                                                                                             ileTCKlHl TPi"\' Ho II MHpe H3C"UlTbIBaeTClI 6();\ee                            100   MAH
                                                                                             ;leTeH II H03pacTe 40               15    >\eT, KOTupble B 0'i/1CAbHO B3i!TbIH
                                                                                             ;\-IO~leHT    Ila        llPOTIlJKCHHH        l'04a    llpHlll1MalOT       Y'laCTlle     II
                                                                                             OCHOHHOH TP)40HOti ;leilTec\bHOeTH, no 1l0;lC'lCTaM 4eTcKoro
                                                                                             ¢OH4a OpraHH3aIJHI1 06beilllHeHHblx Hay,I1M OOHI1CElD), Il
                                                                                             1991    ro4Y   SO        MAll l1CTef! II BmpaCTe aT            10   flO   14   AeT tiblAI1
                                                                                             IlbIHyJl(,~eHbI          eJl(e4HellHO        Ha     npoTIlJl(elll111      11AI1Te,\bIloro
                                                                                             Ilpe;\-leHI1 BbIlIO\H!lTb eID\b 113HypI1Te,\bHYIO pa60TY, 'ITO 3TO
                                                                                             llapym3Ao I1X pa311I1Tl1e,

                                                                                                                                            •••
                                                                                                  Ka)/(gblu gelib nOCAe 3aHJ!7'UU gecJlTu,teTliffff Wl(o,tb-
                                                                                             liu4a u" ceAbCKOW WTaTa Il1axapawTpa 611HgUU 6.tlecre
                                                                                             co C60U.lIU g6Y;lfff 6paTbJlNU nO,l/Oi?aeT 01'4Y lia <;Pep/lie,
                                                                                             Pa60Ta /lIewaeT It,,lI Y'IUTbCJI, U ee cTapwe.l/Y 6paTY IlpU-
                                                                                             W/toCb nooTopuTb npoi?fJal/,lfY cegb.'tOlO KAacca, OghaKo
                                                                                             oe3 UX TPJ-'ga Y ce.ttbU rle 6},geT gocTaTO'I1-l0 CpegCT6,
                                                                                             'lT06b1 OTnpa8uTb geTeu                  6   WKOAr,




82
                                                 •••                                     3aTe,\b no CTpalle B l,JeAOM. WTaT Kepai\a 1106HACll 6ec-
    Tpu1iaglJ,aTU~fenLUU                    .!ltCLtb'tUK,     pa60'Ca1OUf,UU      Ha     npelJel1ellTHoro B I1 H4llH IloCTyna K o6pa30BallHlo. :?THO-
KCL'IeHCHOf.me <3 BocoTe, JKU<3eT                    co C60UN.U pogureML'>tU <3          COlJMC1\OrH'lecKoe          HCCAeilOBaHHe         B     04110M    H3    pbl6al,JKIlX
nOCeAeHUU CK6arTepo<3 U HUKozga He noceUf,aA UlKmy. Eco                                  noce/\KOB IJlTaTa nOK33aAO, 'lm XOTll 110CeUJeHMe llIKOAbl He
pa60ra COCTOUT <3 TO~'1, 'tr06bl coprnpooarb no pa.JNepr                                 BelleT K AllKIlMllaIJHH 4eTcKoro TpYita, OHO n03I1Ch\l!eT npC40T-
pa3NeJtb~eHHylO                gp06uAbHbl-'>tu              _\laWUHaMU       nopogy,     BpaTIlTb HaM6C1\ee TJlJKei\ble ero CpOI'M hi, KClTOpble BCTpe-
KOTOpaJl 6blAa U3bJlra npu nCh'lOU,u 6YAbg03epoo U                                       'laIOTOI B 4PyrHx pai1:oHax I1H4IlM, Y'le6a II llIKOAe Hepc,IKO
<33pbt<3'tarblx 6eUf,ecr6, PogureJtu NaAb'tUKa C'turalOr, 'tro                           CO'lL"TaeTCJI c pa60mi1:, I1CC/\e,:tOllaHlle nOKa3aAO, '11U ilaJKe
6e3 eto 3apa60TKCl ce.'lbJl y/ltpeT C cmogy U ,~v'twe yJK e,'>ty                         nocellJaJl UlKOAY, 4eTI1 M3 M,L\OllMYUJJ1X ceMeM npO,lOAlKaAH
pa60TaTb ria K(LlteHmOMlte, 'te,'>t OKa3aBlUUCb Ha y_tulJ,e,                             '1aCTb Bpe:>1eHIl pa60TaTb, On,\a'lIlBaeMaJi pa60T3, BbInC1\Hl!e-
eTarb      npecrynHliKo"1                   U     nog6epzarbCJl         pa3Au'tltbtJ'I   MaJ! 4eTbMH nOG\e 3aHJlTJ1i1: llIllKo/\e, 06bl'lHO BK~\IO'IaeT YXOil
onaaWCTJlN.                                                                              33 Ma,\OAeTHHMI1 cle1'bMH, nOJ1CKIl np040BCh\bCTBIlJl, MeAKYIO

                                                 •••                                     1UprolJ..\lO, BbIllC1\HeHlle pa60T no 110MY II pbl6HYKJ /\08.\10 .
    HeKompue             1111l{bl     4eTcKOro         TpY4a      C'UnaIOTCJl   60Aee
OHaCHbIMI1, 'ieM 4Pyme,                     /lellO'IKa 113 MaXapallJTpbI 11 ee           AUK6UgatJUJl gerCKO<!O rpY,qa
6paTbJl npeA C1<lllAll1OT H04allAJllOUJee OO\bllJIUlCTBO pa60-                           HaIJHOHaAbHoe 3aKOHOi1aTe,\bCTIlO H MelK4YlIapO!1Hh1e KOH-
TalOUJI1X 4eTdi B Mlipe, Om! HOMoralO'f B Be,:tenl1l1 Ce:>1ei-lHoro                      BeIlIJHJ1, 3anpeUJalOUJHe           ileTCKIlH TPY4,           I1MelOT   CllMBO\Il-
x03JliicTHa, H! nOA\''1aJl 3a 3m IlI1KaKoi1: IMaTbL Y 60AhllJHH-                         'lecKoe 3Ha'leHHe, BblpalKaJl CTpeM,\eHHe o6UJeCTBa nOAOJKJ1Tb
CTfJa ,\104ei1: "aKoi1: TpY/llle BbI30Be'T OCYlK/lelll1Jl npu YCN)IlI1I1,                KOHel,J 3mi% npaKTHKe, Ho 3mro He npOll30H4eT, 110 Tex nop
'1m 4eTI1 np040AlK;lIOT 1l0ceUJaTb llJKOAy MaAh'lHK I13 DOroTbI                          nOKa       3aKOHbI    11    nOAOlKeHl1Jl     He       6y4YT    conpOHOlK4aTbCJl
BX04HT B ME'Hbllll1HCTBll, cocmllIlJee 113 ?leTeH, BpeMeHHbli1:                          MepaMIl, n03BC1\JlIOUJHMIl OTKa3aTbCJl OT 4eTcKoro Tprila 11
HaeMHblH TPV4 KompblX UCHCh\b3yeTcll B roP04CKl1X 30Hax,                                 OTnpalJ..\JlTb t1erei1: B UlKOAY. OCHOBHblM cnoco6oM I13ME'lleHIlJl
O,1HaKO ~1Horne Hpe,:tCTa8MlIOT ce6e U:-leHHO TaKoro pe6eHKa,                            CYUJeCTBYIOUJero            lICh\OlKeHllJl    npe,lCTallAlleTCJl         C034aHMe
KOma CAhIlllJT 8blpalKeHue "4eTcKui1: TpY4", Bbl3bIBalOUJee                              CllCTe:>1bl COl,JuaAhlloi1: 3all,JMTbI Ma,\OI1:>1YUJIlX, paCllIHpeHlle
TiIlDCTHble aCCOl,Jl1al,JUl! C                  Mpa'lHbI!>lH '1epmSblMH Me,\bHH-         B03MOlKllocTei1: 4;\Jl nO'Y'leHHll Ka'leCTBeHHoro 06pa,OBanIfJl,
l,J3~m npO~lhII1L\eiiHoi1. pellOAIOl,J11I1.                                              a TaKlKe nOCTenelllloe YKpen,\eHIfe a,lMIfHllCTpanlBHOH 6a3bl,
                                                                                         Heo6X04HMoil 4AJI 06eCne'leHIlJl 4ei1:CTHYIOUJllX 1I0AOlKeHHi1:,
IlPU'tUHbl g'-ITCKO,'O rpvga                                                             3anpellJalOlIJllX UCrIOAb30BaHIle 4eTcKoro Tp}~la, CoKpazl,Je-
Wl1pOKall pacnpOCTpaHellHOCTb ,leTCKOro TpY,la CBJl3alla C                               HlllO      .~eTCKOro Tp)fla 6}:4yT cnoc06CTilOBaTb nporpa~IMhl
6e,:tHOCTblO,       nU3KJIM          \ poBlleM      06pa30BaHull       11   He40cTyn-    06ecne'leHl1Jl rapaHTllpOllaHHblX 40X040B 4J\Jl ~!a,\oIlMVI.y:IlX
HOCTbKl Y'Ie')HbIX 3aBe,leHlli1. /leTH B l>faAOU:>1YUJllX CeMbJlX                        40MOX03l!HCTB,         HanpllMep,         f1pe4YCMaTpl1HalOllJlle          On,\3TY
pa60TalOT       HOmMy,              '1m     CeMhE'     IIYlKHhI    40nOAHllTeAhHhle      TpY/la     np04YKTaMI1        mUaHI1J1,      H pa,AH'IHble        4pYI'lle npo-
cpe,:tCIBa, 1c'M      oo\ee         ec,\1'1 P0411TeAll Ile It!~leIOT nOCTOJlHHOro        rpaM"lhl      06UJeCTlleHHI.lX         pa[lOT.    TaKlKe       npC4CTaMJlIOTOI
OCHOHHOro       j   ICm'1HIlKa (~OXOlIOB, [lpoBe4eHHble B ceAbCKllX                      lJeAeC006pa3HblMH             MepbI,    HanpaB,\eHHble           na     ClIlllKeHlle
paHOHax li1l141111 06CAe4011aHHJI nOKa3hlllalOT, '1m MaAoo6ec-                           CTOHMOCTH UIKOAbHOro 06Y'IeIlHJl (BKi\IO'lall npe40CTaJl-\eHUe
[Je'1eHHhle ,WMOX03J1HCTBa, He HMelOllJHe c6epelKeHI1H HAll                              Cy6CH4ll11, CTPOHTeAbCTIlO lUKCh\ 8 HenOCpc,1CTBeHHOfi 6.,\1130-
o6opoTHhlX Cpe4CTB H He IlMelOUJl1e B03MOlKHOCTlt! I1C1\y'1aTb                           CTH 01' MeCT npOlKl111aHIlJl 4eTei1:) H nOBblllleHlle Ka'leCTBa
Kpe4HThl, IlblHYlK,leHbl llOCbL'\aTb 4eTefI Ha 3ap36oTKIl, 'lT06bl                       06pa30BaHHll (M:JMeHeHHe Y'le6HOll nporpaMMhl, nOnO-\HeHlle
CMllr'lllTh [JOCAC,KTBWI Heypo)KaJl Ha ceMeHHOH cj:JepMe IlMI                            npenO/l,maTeAhcKoro COCTaHa, nOBblmeHHe npocj:JeCCHOHaAb-
I10TePIl   paCiOTbl            04HI1M       H3    p04HTeAei1:,     C   I10BhlllleHHeM    HOro ypoBHJl Y'lHTeAei1:} TIo Mepe COKpallJellHJl 6e/lHOCTll H
40XO,10B Y pOtlHTeAeli nOJlBAlleTCll B03MOlKIIOCTh OTnpaBAJlTb                           COBepllleHCTBOBaHI111 CIlCTe!'<lbl 06pa3011aHlIJl Bce pelKe 6Y4eT
4eTei1: B lllKC1\)!.     B     ErIlIne 6hlAO YCTaHOllAeHO, '1m lO-npo-                   HCnC1\b30llaTbCJl 11 TpYA i~eTeH. 3m, Il ('BOlO O'lepe4b, ynpo-
l,JellTHoe nOHbllllelllle 3apa6oTHoH [J,\aTbI MaTepefi npHllC\O K                        CTIlT KOHTPC1\b 3a C06AK¥jeHlleM npe/1YCMOTpeHHbIX 3aKOHOM
15-npOl,JeHT!IOMY coKp3UJeHlt!1O TpYtla 4eTeH B B03paCTe OT                              3anpemH, npelK,le Bcero Ha TaKHe Il030pUhle CPOPMbI3KCnc\ya-
12 40   14 Ae"" H 27 -npOJ.leHTHOMY COKpaUJeHll1O TpY4a i~erefi B                        Tal,JHIl    4eTeti,   KaK     npOCTI1TYl,JHJl      If    pa60Ta    Ha    Bpe,:tnOM
H03paCTe 0"         6   ill>   11    /leT   B    HH41l11 TaRoe JKe YBeAU'1eHlle          np0H3B04CTHe.
n03BOAllT       .:OKpa'rUTb            'lIlCAO     pa60TaIOIlJHX       4eSO'1eK    Ha        ITCh\e3HO TaKlKe corpY4HIl'leCTllO !'<lelK,lY ~leCTllhl~l Hace-
9-10 npOl,JEHmB,                                                                         AeHHeM, HellpallMTeAbcTBelUlblMH opraHH3al,JJ1J1:>1M (HIlO) 11
    "leTcKHii TpY4 MOlKHO COKpanlTh nYTeM C034aHHJl He,:tOPO-                            npaSIlTeAbCTIlOM, TIpHMep TaRoro COTpYAI1l1'1eCT8a ~lOlKHO
rocmJlllJeH CHCTeMhl Ka'leCTBeHHoro 06pa30saHMll. TIpllMep                               HaHTIl Ha CPllAIlfInIlHCKO:>1 OCTpoae Ce6y, lKJ1Te/\1l Komporo
Tawi1: CllCT',~:>1bl ~IOlKIIO HaHTH B llJTaTe KepaAa, I1H4MJI, Ha                        3aHHMalOTCJl rAy60KOlJOAllbiM PbIOO\OIlCTBOM, [l0,1311AJlIOUJee
06pa30BaHl1e paexo4yeTcJI OKOAO 25 npOlJeHmB 6104lKeTa                                   6OAbUIHHCTBO HblpllAhllJHKOIl COCTallAJIIOT nO,lpOCTKH, Kom-
llITaTa no m3BHeHMlO co Cpefl1U1M nOKa,aTeAeM 17 npolJeHTOB                              pblX HaHHMalOT 4J\JI KpafiHe onaclloro 811;1a ;\OllAM, Ha3bIBae-
itAJl I1Pymx llIT3nB I1H41ll1, :7roT llITaT 405MACll Bne'1aTAlllO-                       MOro       Mypo-aMH. MeCTHble opraHbI caMoynpaa\eHllJl 803-
UJIlX pe3YAbTamh. CTO npol,JeHmll 4eTeH, I10cTynalOllJllx II                             ,lep)KaAI1Cb     OT        npeCe'leHHJI      3mH        npaKTllKIl,     nOCKCh\hKY
nepBbli1: KA,!CC, 3<IBeplllalOT nJlTh AeT 06Y'leHllJl, a ypoBeHb                         P0411TeMl       4eTeil      lie   HMeAH      tlpYrHX      Il03MOlKHocTei1:     ~~,\Jl
rpm,loTHoC'H B :;mM llITaTe B 4Ba pa3a npeBbllllaeT nOKa-                                n044eplKaHHl! CBOI1X ceMeH, C I1Hlll,JllaTHIlOI% lKe llblCTynM'\1l




                                                                                                                                                                                 83
     Hal,ll10HlL\bHble rpalK(taHCKl1e rrymlbl B MaHI1,\e, KOTOpLle                    CI1M, I1pHMeHeHHe aHTH;~HCKpHMI1Ha[JI10HHbIX lIQ,\OlKtIlHH He
     OKa3lL\11 /lafi,\eHHe Ha npaBIlTe,\bCTBO 11 HPIlBACKAI1 Illll1MaHl1e             OrpaIlH'lHBaeTCJI 3aUJHTOH pa60TaKlllJHX lKeflllJHH                     -     BO
     OOllJeCTBe!!1l0CTI1, bb[Aa C03{~alla cncrJlla,\bHaJ! IJe,\ellaJ! rpyn-           MHOfllX CTpaHax OHH TaKlKe OX8aTbIBaKlT 31'HH'!e,:Kl1e H
     na 110 np06~\eMe "Mypo-a~!w{, C }"JaCTl1eM npe4CTaSI1Te,\eH                      peAl1nf03Hble MellbUlHHCTBa,
     npaBI1TeAbCTBa         11   HDO,     B    I1TOre   pallOTOtJaTe,\11   61,1;\11
     llblHYlK;ICHb[ OTKa3aTbCJ! 01' HaHMa n04POCTKOB B B03pacTC ",0                   OxpaHa Tpyga )/WHU!UH
     18   ,\CT. l{T06bl 3apy'lHTI>CJ! nO;14cplKKOH 06!lJeCTBeHHocTH, a                I10'!TI1   80      Bcex   C1'paHax     CYllJeCTIlYeT    3aKOllolt3Te \bCTBO,
     OC06CHHO -         p04l1TeAci! 3THX 4eTci!, OCHOBHOC BHI1MaHI1C                  npC4YCMaTpl1!laKlLl,Iee           CTall/lapTHYKl    npO/lQ\lKI1Tel,bHoCTb
     61>1,\0    Ytle,\eHO    C034aHl1l0       aM,TepIlaTHHHbIX     HCTO'lHHKOB        OTnYCKa flO 6epeMCHHOC1'I1 11 P04a;\1 H 4pyrHe cncqHJAbHblC
     /lOX040B lIyTeM ocyuJecTIlAelll1J! npoeKToB B o6AacTH MLIJ\O-                    ,\broTb] ,IAJI lKCHllJHIl, DOCKQ,\bKY pa60T04aTCAll 06J13Jllbl 110
     BapCUI1J!, TKaTJKoH npo:'lLIlU,\eHHOCTH, CBHHOBCHCTBa, a TaKlKe                  3aKOHY npe40CTaMJlTb 3TH ,\broTbl pa60TaKlUjl1M lKellllJHHaM,
     1I0cpC'1(Tllml npe(loCTallAeHHJ! KPC4HTOB C m6KHMll CpOKaMI1                     H3/1eplKKH, CllR3allHble C HX Hai!MoM Ha pa60TY, 3Ha'!I1TCAbIl0
     1I0rarneHHiI H OpraHl13aqlfH llPo¢eccHoHaALHoro o6Y'leIUlJl                      llCl3paCTaKlT, TO eCTb MOlKeT CAY'IHTbCR TaK, 'ITO 3aKOHO/la-
     MaTepeH 3Tl1X Ma,\L'!HKOB,                                                       TeAbC1'BO, HallpaBACHHoe Ha 3allJHTY I1HTepeCOIl lKeHlIJI1H, B
                                                                                      KOllC'lllOM     I1TOre llPI1Be4eT K CHl1lKeHIlKl HX 3apa(io1'Holl
     nOnO>KeHMR, pernaMeHTMPYIOUJ,Me ycnoBMR                                          n,\a1'bl   11,\H    3aCTaBHT       pa60T04aTeAeH        H36eraTh       npl1CM3
     TPYAa >KeHUJ,MH M npeACTaBMrenel1                                                lKeHllJl1l1 Ha pa6OT}: B03MOlKHbl H 4Pyme HelKeAaTe;\bHbIC
     MeHbWMHCTB                                                                       IIOC,\e4CTBI1R, HanpH~!ep, KOMI1TeT 2)KCnepTOIl MOT OT!I1CTHA,
     Bo MHOrl1X cTpaHax IIpHHilTbl cncIJl1a,,\bHblC nOAOlKeHllJ! flO                  '1m ;\IHOnle aBcTpHl1CKHC KOMflaHHH npHHHMalOT Ha pa60Ty
     3auJHTe HHTepeCOB lKeHIIJHH H f1pe(lcTaIlHTe;\eH 3THH'!eCKHX                     MQ,\O?lblX JKCHllJHH AHmb 110 KOHTpaKTaM C cflllKCllpOIlJllflblM
     MeHbIllHHCTll, CYllJeCTIJYlollJHe llQ,\OlKeHHR MorYT 6LlTb pa3-                  CPOKOM, 'lT06bl 1136elKaTb BhlflAaTbl f10C06HH flO 6epeMcH-
     lle,\eHb! lla /Inc rpYllflLl, B nepBylo rpyllny llXO/lJ!T ocollbfe               HOCTH 11 PCl4aM, PYKOIlO;lCTllYJlCb 1'eMH lKe coo6palKellHRMH,
     f1paBa H rapaHTHl1, npH311aHHblc 3auJHH!TL qlYUKIJHl1 MaTe-                      lleK010pLIC         npe;lnpHRTI1R       U1BeMHoi!       JlPOMbllll;\elUIOCTIl
     pHHCTlJa pa60TalOllJHX lKeHllJHH, KaK, Hanpl1Mep, IIoco6l1e flO                  baHrAa,~elll npHIlHMalO1' MQ,\QlbfX lKellllJl1H Ha pa601'Y To,\bKO
     6epeMcHHoCTH 11 po{~aM, 3aKoHbl BO BTOPOi! rpynfle npH-                          Ha 1I0,lellHoH OCHOBC, PiI/I r,tJHPM B AaTHllcK0I1 AMcpHKe
     3HaHbl f1Q,\OlKI1Tb KOHeq /lI1CKpI1MI1HaIJI1H Ha PbllIKC TPY4a,                  npOJ!IlAJleT cllJe 6Q,\bll1YKl ocmpOlKHOCTb H, f1pelK,te '1CM
     oCX:CllC'lHIl paBHoe B03llarpaJK4eHHe 3a paBHblll no LJeHHOCTI1                  f1pllHlIMaTb JKCllllJHH Ha pa60TY, Tpe6yI01'                   llpe:nllllAClll1ll
     Tp)/l     MAI1 Ha,\OlKHB 3anpeT Ila          HCKAKl'!eHI1C lKellllJI111 H        CflpaBKH 0 CTepI1AH3alJHH,
     npC/lCTaBI1TeAei! MeHhlllHIlCTB IB onpe4eAcllHblX npocflec-                          Bo MHomx pa3IJHBaIO[]JI1XCJI CTpaHax Ha6AI04acTcll He-
                                                                                      f1ponopqHolIaAbHO OO\blllOe '!I1C\O lKeHll)lm, 3aHRTbIX B lle-
                                                                                      perHc1'pl1pYC;\IOM ceKTOpe (Ta6Mlqa              11,3),   MClK/lY Tel OIlI1
                                                                                      HaCTo,\hKO 3311HTepeCOIJallbl II f1Q,\Y'leHHH pa60Tbl B COBpe-
                                                                                      MeHHOM CCK10pe 3KOIlOMHKH, 'ITO roTOBbl c!'mpHTbCR C                     Hapy-~

                                                                                      ll1eHlieM pa60T04aTe"VlMH npCtWCMOTpellHblX 3aKOllO,lla'r'::AbCT-
                                                                                      BOM HOPM, MHomc 4alKe He f10403peBaIOT 0 CYIIJeCTBOBaHlil1
                                                                                      TaKIIX 1l0PM: onpoc JKelIllJHH Ila npC4npliJlTHRX no nOlUl1BY
                                                                                      roTOBOi! O,!JeJK4bl Il ballma,ilem nOKa3<v\, 'ITO AI1ll1b HeMHorue
                                                                                      3HaKlT 0 CBOCM 3aKOIlHOM np3se Ha On;\a'lHSaeMbli\ OTfP,"CK no
                                                                                      6epeMeliHOCTI1 11 P04aM, Ho H Ha TaKI1X yc,\OBI1J1X llQ,\O;KeHI1C
                                                                                      3THX pa60THI1TJ B COBpeMellHOM ceKmpe ropa3/l0 AY'lUlC, 'leM
                                                                                      3a era llpe4Ct\aMI1, -       HX 3apa6oTlfaJl f1AaTa XOTJ! 11 He BeAl1Ka
                                                                                      llO CTaH/lapTaM OcflHlJl1a,\bHO pemcTpHpyeMoro cCKTOpa, HO
                                                                                      nO'lTH B (lila pa3a f1pCSblIllaCT 3apa60mK lKeHllJlm B Hepem-
                                                                                      crpHpye:.loM ceKmpe 3KOHOMHKH 11 II ceAbcKo~1 MCCTrIOCTI1,
                                                                                      Ho ellJe llalKllec, 110lKaAyi!, TO 06cmJ!TC,\bCTBO, 'ITO CTaGHAL-
                                                                                      Ilbli! I1CTO'lIlHK 40xo;la MOlKCT CllOCOOCTBOBaTb YKpellllelll110
                                                                                      nQ,\OJKCIIHll      lKellllJHHbl    B   CCMbC,   CCAbCKOX03Ri\cTBCHHble
                                                                                      pa60Tlll1l,1bJ B baHrAa/lell1 pa60TalOT Ha                5-30      l1pOl,lCHmB
                                                                                      6Q,\bUle Ilpe~feHI1, '!eM ~lylK'lI1Hbl, f10CKQ,\bKY f10MHMO pa60Tbl
                                                                                      B 1lQ,\C OHI1 IlblllYlKtlCHbl BbJl1Q,\HJlTb Ii 40M31l1HHe 06J13aH-
                                                                                      HOCTH,     3TH lKeHHJI1Hbl         nO'lTI1   HHKor/la     He   Y'laCTBYiOT     B
                                                                                      06CYlK4eHI1l1 ceMet'lHoro 6Kl/llKeTa, C ilpyroi! CTOPOHbl, KaK
                                                                                      llOKa3blB3eT 06C\e,10Balll1e, MYJKbJl lKCHllJI1H, pa60TaKlllJHX Ila
                                                                                      f1pe,!lnpHJ!Tl1llX no f10lmmy roTOBOii O/lClK;lbl, TpaTJlT B ,!lellb
                                                                                      1,3-3,7    'laca, y'laCTByll Il pa60Te no /lOMy, a             57   npOl,lCHTOB
                                                                                      pa60TaKlllJHx        lKCHllJIIfI    Ca;\f()CmRTe,\bHO      pacnopRlKaKlTCJI
                                                                                      CBOCi! 3apa6oTIloi! f1J\amtt TaKHM 06pa30l\,!, paCll1l1pelU1e




84
40CTvna K pa60Tc Il COBpCMeHHOM CeKTOpe HeCeT OO\hIlJe                                   melllllO IIG\OlKCHHJI lKCIIIJJHII Ha PhlllKC 1'pY4a, XoTlI npo-
BbIf'O;l ",\ll lKCHllJHH KaK rpynnbl HaCC,\CIfHlI, 'leM IlPHHJlTHC                       flO4H;lall ErHllTOM 1lC1-\HTHKa rapaHTHpOllaHHOH 3aHlITOCTH
CnClJHa~\hHbIX rIOAOlKeHuit 11All 3dllJHTbl TCX, KTO YlKC UMCeT                          4AlI SblITYCKHIiKOIl             Y'-[C6HbIX      3aBC4CIIHH       npHBeAa K 'lpe3-
XOPOlllO OIlAa'lHllaeMYIO pa60Ty.                                                        MepHOMY POCT)' 3aHilTOCTlI II roCY43PCTllCHHO\1 CCKTOPC H
    O/,UH H3 CIloc060B, ll03IlQ\lllOU)HX 06eCne'lUTh CIlelJH3Ah-                         nepCYKOMIIACKTOBaHIlOCTlI Ka:lpaMl1, MOlKHO                             ,~OIIyCTI1Tb,     'ITO
Hhle ,\hIUTbl 4,\ll pafJOTalOlljHX lKCHIljHH 6e3 pHCKa COKpallJe-                        olla llG\OJKHT",\bHO OTpa3HAaCb lIa PG\H lKCIIllJHII lIa PbIIIKC
HHll   3apa60THOll         Il,\aTLI    HAH OrpaHH'leHHIl           'lHC\eHHOCTH          TPYM, KaK 11 SO MIIOrHX 4PYrHX CTpaHax, JKellllJHHhlll EmIlTC
3aHIlTbIX, 3aK,\lO'laeTCllll TOM, 'IT06hl paCXO;1hI llO <imHaHCHpo-                      lIMeI01' lleCbMa orpaHH,-[ClIllblH 40CTYll K pa60Te Il COBPC;ICII-
llaHHKJ   3TUX       ,\brUT      HCC\l1    He 1'Cl,\bKO     paOOT04a1'eAH,         lIO   110M CCKTOPC aKOIIOMIIKH: II                 1988 roAY      ypOBCHb 6e3paOOTHlJbl
06uJeCTl\O lllJC/\O~L I1MellHo TaKoll I10/1XO,lI1Pl1HllT flO MIIomx                      CpC411    lKellllJl1H       co     CPC4I1I1M         H    BblCllIHM      06pa30BaHI1CM
CTp3Hax, llP,I,lCP;KHBafiIlIHXCIl B IlPOllL\OM IJeHTpaAH30llaHllo-                       COCTallflA, rro OIJCIIKa!Vl,           31   IlpOIJCIIT no cpallHCHHlO C             10 npo-
ro 11,\allHpOlaHHlI 3KOHO!'HfKH, DPH TaKoH CHCTeMC lIoco6HlI                             IJClITaMH     ;IAIl       MyJK'lHH,         KPOMC        TOro,   3apa60THal!            n;\aTa
rro fJepe~lelHOCTll H p()/{a~l, KaK IIpamHo, (lmmlHCHpYlOTClI 3a                         lKeHllJHH S 'laCTHOM CCKTOPC COCTaHAJleT AHlllb nC),\OBHllY
C'leT II,L\Ora Ha </lOBi] qapaooTHoll [1,\a1'hl, XOTlI MoryT TaKlKC                      3apaooTlloH n;\aTbl MylK'lHH, HbIllG\HJllOIIJHX aHa,\Om'lHYKl
</lHllaHCHpOHaTbCJl H 1[3 06llJHX 6K)/llKCTHbIX noc1'ynAcIIHfl.                          pa6oTy.      IOCY.'lapcTHeIlHall nG\IHHKa B 06;\aCTH 3allllTOCTlI
3TO [l0313(1\JICT pa 10pBaTb CB1I3b MClK<1)" lIaHMOM H </lHHaHCH-                        n03HOAIICT     OIlIrqHTb            nOC\e/lCTBHIl TaKOH 4HCKpHMHllalJHH
pOBaHHC~l      CIIClJHa\bllbIX ,\b['(lT, TO CCTb yc-rpamlTb O/lllO WI                    AllYMJI cnoc06aMH, Bo-nepsblx, roCY:ClaPCTSO npe4,\aracr lKeH-
CYllJCCTHcmlblX         lIpemITCTBHH, CTOlIllJHX             lIa nyTH rrpHCMa            llJHH3~1 fX1\CC 1lIl1POKl1C 1l031'10;KIIOCTH rrOAY'leHHIl pa6oTbl,
;KellIlJHll   II:!   pa6oTy.      4n    TCX     nop nOKa lIaAor lIa </lOHi!              'leM lIearpapllblH 'laCTHbIH CCKTOP, B                           1986    ['0;1)1   26    lIpO-
3apa60THoll          nA3Tbl      )lB,\lICTClI   et!l!l1006p,13Hbl:'>1   /1;\JI   llcex   IJeHTOB Becx T'Oq:'lapCTHCllllblX C\YlKallJHX COCTaMIl,\H lKCII-
pa60TIII1KOIl, TaKO~ MeXaHil3M 06ecne'!l1sucr nepcpacnpC/le-                             lljHHbl no cpallHCrIHK) ,\I1Wb C                     8    npOIJCIlTa;!I1 B qaCTIIOM
ACIIHC pCC) peOB B lJ( IAb3')' JKCHllJI1H, O;UlaKO Ha IIpaKTI1Ke                         ceKTOpe, KpoMe TOlD, 1I0'lTH                    95    npOlJellTOIl lKCIIllJllII, 'l31111-
llo:lllHKalOT JllPC,K~ACllHble TPY4110CTI1, OC06CIlHO H CTpUHax C                        TblX IJ rocy.'lapCTlleIlIlOM CCKTOPC, HMClOT, no KpaHHcll Mcpe,
IIKlKHM ypOBllCM il0XO,101J, TaK KaK 3TO Tpe6YCT :ma'lUTC,\b-                            3aKOll'lCIIHOe cpe;ll1ec 06P330B311HC, BO-BTOPLIX, ;KCHIIJHlIbl II
IIbIX a,IMl1HllCTpaTHBllbiX PCCYPCOll 11 conplllKCHO C B!IG\lIe                          roC)flapCTlleHHOM CCKTOpe nG\Y'lalOT TaKYK) lKC 3apa6oTIIYIO
pca;\bllbIM pHCKml 3,\oynoTpe6AeIlHII. KpoMe TOro, CO/lcplKa-                            nAaTY, KaK 11 MylK'lHHbl,
HHe TaKOH CHCTlMbl lIa 06llJHC 6lO4;KeTllblC IlOCTYIHellHIl
03I1a'lUCT, 'I' n Cnel)Ha;\bHbIC ,\broTbl           ~\l!   ;KCHlljHH, 331111TblX B       11pYrHE m14b! l\HCKPHMHHAIJI1I1, Bo MIIOll1X CTpallax TaKlKC
o<!JHlJHa,\bHi)       pel'HcTpHpyeMoM            ceKTOpc,      6Y4YT      OT'laCTH       4eHCTBYlO1'      3aKOllbl,          H3npaRACHllbiC           np01'HIl        pacoBoH        H
'laCTI1'!II0 q'~lHaJi( HPOllaTbCl! 3a C'leT MeBCC H~IYllJHX MY;K'UlII                    peAHf'HmHotl /lHCKpHMHIIUIJHH, ;\I1KllllAHpOllaTb AHCKPHMH~
H lK(,tIlIJHII,lallllTbIX Il CC,\bCKO:'4 Xo:ll!HCTlle H HeoprallH30llaH-                 lIaIJHlO H3 pbIHKe TPY4a IlblTarorCJI TaKHC pa:lHblC CTpallbI, KaK
110M CCKTOpc, 3KOHOMHKH,                                                                 CWA H 1111/1UlI, 3aKOHO'>1                  1964 ['(l4a 0   rpalK"aHCKHX npasax B
                                                                                         CLUA 6bl,\H 3arrpellJCIlbl Bce <!JoPMbl ,UICKpHMHllaIJHH IIpll
All1ugUO:jiU.lfUl,a~U01iHafj n01U7'W(a                                                   lIaflMe lIa paooTy, BKAK)'lall ,1HCKpI1MHII3lJHlO no npH311aKY
4I1CKPI1MW1ALJlH! ffiEHLlJHH.                   06ccnC'lCHI1C       C06,\ID/1CHHlI       nOAa HAH 3TIIIl'lCCKOl'lY npOHCXO;K4CIIHK), YcrrCUlHOC 06cc-
33KOHO/laTe. \bCTllC"         npH3lJallllO['(l     orpa4HTb       lKeHllJIUl      OT     IIeqCHHe aHTH/{HCKpH,>lHHalJHOHHoro 3aKOllO/lare,\bCTSa                                 ~13Im­

/lHCKpHMI1lI;lIJHl1 IIpH HaHMe Ha pa60TY, 'laCTO COIIpll;KeIlO co                        CHT 01' cY;lc6HOro npec,\e40BaIlHIl HapywHTeAeA, 'nt) 1'1OlKeT
311a,-[HTCAbllbIMH TPY4HOCTJlMH, 06ecrrc'lcHHC PaIlHOro H03~                             6blTb lJeCbMa C \OJKHOH 3a4a'IC(I, yql!Tblllall BblCOKlle cYAc6HbIC
lIarpalK4CH;UI 3a pamlblti no IJeHBOCTH, a                       He npoCTO 3a            H3(leplKKH H TOT </laKT, 'iTD lKCHllJHHbl H npet!CTaSHTeAH
aHa,I0rl1,-[lIhIl1 TPI,1 Tp(~6yeT C\OJKIIOH CHCTCMbl OIjCIIKH ;10;\lK-                   MellblllHHCTIl, ,\11111eHHble 40cTyna K Onpc,1eACHHbIM npo<!Jcc-
HOCTHblX (ilYIIKlj,fH,           CU'l4aHHC      T3KOH      CHCTeMbl OKa3a,\OCb           CHlIM, PC4KO HMCIDT Bo:lMOlKHOCTb S036~;.'{HTh HCK H,\H JKe
I{aAeKO HC IIPOCTblM 4(,'"'01'1 ilalKe B IIPOMbllll,\CHIIO pa3SHThlX                     npocTO IIC 3I1aIDT, 'ITO C'laAH lKcpTlla:-'lH 4IlCKpI1MHH3lJHU,
cTpallax, B f)(),\bmHlKTBC lKe elpaH C IIH3KHM H cpe;IHHM                                I1MeBllo TaKHMI1 C\OlKHOCTlIMH 6bI,\O Bbl3saHO IlOIlB,\CHHC
ypOBlle:'4    IIOX04('S,      IIC    HMClOllJHX       ;10CTaTo,-[1l0    OnblTa      H    IlA3HOB      aHTH4HCKpHMHHaIJHOHilbiX                      4eHCTBHil,        B     KOTOPhlX
pecypcos, .Ta 3a4aqa npellCTaBAIlCTClI npaKHlqCCKH lIeocy-                               OCHOBIIOC BHHMallllC Y4C;\1IC'fCIl rrpaKTH,-[CCKIIM                      pC3y~\bTaT3M       H
lljeCTIlHMOil. B ,\JOf)():.1 c;\yqac 3aKoHOllaT",\bCTSO 0 paSIIO~l                       YBC,\H,-[CHHlO rrpoljCHTHOj:j .'(OAf1 lKellllJHIl H IlpC4CTaBHTe;\dl
Il03HarpalK,leHHM          HE'      n04Kpen,\eHHOe          COOTlleTCTllYlOlIJHM         MeHbIlJlIlICTB lia Ollpet!c;\eHHbIX 4(1\;KIIOCTl!X, O..lllaKO TaKHe
3allpCTO~1 t a 4HCKpH~If!HaIJHID npH HaHMC Ha paOOTY, ~IIBa ,\H                          MeponpHlITHl!,            KaK     npallH,\O,         corrplllKCHbl       C    OO\blllHMH
6Y4CT /lOCT.lTOqll,) 3</l'peKTlIBIIO, C4allaTb IlmHIJIlH B 60ph6c C                      3aTpaTaMH, a Il 'laCTHOM CCKTOpe -                           H C IIpaKTlI'leCKHl'IH
,.lHCKpH:'>H!HaIJI1eii Ha pa6oqe:'>1 ;IeCTe HeAb3J1, HO YCH,\HJI B                       TP}/lHOC'DIMH,        B     CIIlA           nAaHbl    aIlTHAHCKpI1l<mllalJHOllllbIX
311'.1:\1 HanpllneHlfH De/lYeT COCPCilOTO'lHTb, npClK4e Bcero,                           4CHCTBHH C YKa3aHHCM KOAHqeCTlleHllhlX lJCACBblX rrOKa3a-
lIa pacumncmm 110CTyna lKCHIIjHH K pa60'lHM MeCTaM Il                                    TeJ\CH 11 CpoKOB npHel<1a Ha pa60TY 06113aHbl HMCTb Bce
cospeMCml:JM          WKTOpC         3KOH01'1HKH,     HanpHMCp,         npHIIH1'1aJl     rrpe;lnpl1l!THIl,     3aK,\lO'lI1BIlJl1e KOIITpaKTbI               C </Je4cpaAbHbl~1
OO\hllle JK,:HllJllII Ha paOOTY B roC);WPCTlleHHOM CCKTOpe                               npaBHTCl,bCTflOl<1,         13    l1H4HH nporpa~IMa aHTH,'1MCKPHMHH3-
HCX041l H3 , IX np<J</lel'CHOHa~\hllbIX KaqeCTll,                                        IJHOHlIbiX    4CHCTBHH             B    rOCY4apCTBCllilOM               ceKTOpe         6bL\a
    Ha rrpH\ICpe ErmlTa MOlKHO HH4CTb, Kat; rocy;.'{apCTllellllall                       pa3pa60Taila B HllTcpecax rrpe4CTaBHTeAeH IIH3111I1X KaCT.
lJ(1\HTHKa I, 06~\a<:T11 :mllIiTOCTH MO;KeT cnoco6CTllOllaTb yAyq-                       O;lH03H3'lHOro MIIClIHIl 06 3qxjJeKTl1BHOCTI1 TaKHX Mep HeT.




                                                                                                                                                                                          85
     T1pOTHIlHHKH aHTH41iCKpHMI1HaIJHOIUJOH H()AI1THKI1 YTlleplK-                                 MHflHl'ta,\bH<lR 3apaooTHaR nAaTa ;,,\R ~lylK'IIIH ObI/\ll OT:I1e-
     IPK)T, '-ITO OHa Bbl3bllJaeT He406pOlKe,\aTe,\bHoe OTHoweHHe K                               flella, Kor/la CTa,\O O'lCBII;lHO, 'ITO cnpoc lIa lKeHIlJl11l (4AH
     Ilpe/lCTaBlne.\ilM      MeHbUIHHCTll          H     ceeT          Ilpa)l(,W       MelKtlj!   KOTIJphIX 6bIA YCTUlIOMeH 6<:nec IlH3KHii ypOllellb MI1HIIM3J\h-
     COLJHa,\bHbIMH rpynnaMH. CmpOHIHlKH n0406Hblx MCp YKa%I-                                     HoIl3apaoc),rHoi\ 1I;\[lTbl) 1l3KCnOpTfloii 30HC npeBblWa,\ npe4-
     BaIOT Ha fIC)Ab3}, TaKoi\ f1OAHTHKH, 33CTaB,\illOtlJdi I1P3IlHTeAb-                          AOlKCHHe,          Il   TI)   HpCMll    KaK    fie3paOOTllIJa         Cpe4H       ~I '.')I('11lfl
     CTHO 11 mCY/lapCTflCHHbIX n04pJl;1'-1HKOB B '1aCTHOM ceKTOpe                                 ,10CTlfra,\a BblCOKOro ypOIlHiI. BCAC?l 3a 3TIf~1 '-II1C\O HaliHMae-
     I1pHHI1MaTb Ha pa50TY 5o/\bwe )l(eHUJHH II npe4CTallHTeACfl                                  MbIX fla pa60TY MylK'-IIIH pe3KO yllE'o\li'lIl/\OCb, a 3apafioTHaR
     MeHblllHHCTB.                                                                                ILlaTa oo\ee            95    I1pOIJeflTIlll paooTlIlIKOIl, HaHilThlX H )lJlBape
                                                                                                  1985        m4a, He ,10CTllr3J\a npe)l(llero ~IHHI1MyMa.                     C     'Ipyroil
     MMHMManbHaR 3apa6oTHaR nnaTa                                                                 CTOPOHbl, nOC\eAHl1e IlaHllbIe 110                    CLUA     1l031lO,\RIOT C,le;\aTb
     Bonpoc 0 Ime/leHI1H tPIIKCHPOB3HIIOro ypOBH!I MllIUIMaAbHOfi                                 BbIB04, '-I1U lieOQ\bWOe IlOllblwelmc MI1HIlMa,\bHOrO ) POHIIR
     3apa6oTHoi\ I1AaTbl OCTaeTCiI (l,lHHM IB HaH6clAec CflOPHbIX                                 3apaf)()THOll           nAaThl He HallOCHT yllfepfia 3aHllTOCTM. TaK,
     MOMeHTOB roCYtlapCTlleHHoi\ flOAHTHKH pbIHKa TPJ~la. CTOPOH-                                 flOllbll.UClllle ~lHllHMa,lbHoti 3apaOOTlI0l111/\aTLI II IIl'raTe HbKl-
     HllKll     r!lllKCllpoB3HflOH    MHHHMaAbHOH           3apa6oTHOH                 II/\aTbl   4;KepCl1 H        1992 roilY       He flPI1BC;\O K COKpallJellHIO 3allRTOCTH B
     C'-IllTalOT, 'ITO lIa;l,\elKaUJHM 06pa30M npllMeH!lCMOe 3aKOIIO-                             ceKTOpc peCTI)paHOll 6bICTPO[\) 06C\YlKHllallI1R. KaK nOKa3<l/\
     4aTe,\bCTIlO 0      ~lllHHMaAbHoi1 JapafioTHoi\ IIAaTe fl031lOAl1T                           cpallHHTe;\bHblii UHaMI3, lle CKll3<L\OCr. Ha YPOBlle 3aH~TI)cTI1
     flOHbICHTb 40XOilb! lIal160Aee HYlK4alOUJHXCJI paOOTHllKOB 6e3                               nO,lpOCTKOB H paJHblX llIT<lTaX 11 1l0HblWCHHC tPc4epaJ\blloro
     cepbe3HbIX flOC,\e/lCTIlHli ,1,\iI 06I.IJCro ypOllfl!l 3aWlTOCTH.                            ypOHHiI MHHHMaAblloll :Japa60THOH n,\Hbf II                              1990      H    1991
     T1pOTHIlIIHKH TaKoro IIO/1XO,1a YTHep)l(,laIOT, 'ITO npl1 (PllKCH-                           [\)/lllX.
     POIlUHHOli      MI1HI1Ma,\bIlOH         3apaflOTHofl        flAaTC        TI(HO)l(eHHe            B CTpallax C HH3KI1M 11 CpeilllHM ypOllHeM ,lOXO/l0B 1l01lbl-
     Ma/\roiecne'-lClIlIbIX pa5oTlIHKoB YX);lWaeTCiI, nOCKOAbKY 1l03-                             meHIlC MI1HlIMaJlbHoil                 3apaboTfloil 1l,\aTbl e,lBa ,\11 6)4eT
     paCTaK1T H3,.1eplKKH npOH31l0;lCTIlU II COKpatlJaeTCiI 3aHilTOCTb                            IlMeTh Te lKC IlOC;\C.1CTBllil I1Ml 3aHilmCTH, 'ITO H B CUJA. 80
     B pCn!CTpHpVeMO:l1 ceKTOpe                :.JKOHO~lllKI1,    a C\e4(lBaTe;\bHO,              ~!HOrHX CTpaHax ypOBeHb I'lHtllIMa,\bHOil 'lapa60THoil [[,\.1Tbl II
     OQ\bIIleC '-IIIC,\O pafX)THHKOB BbIflYlKileHO IlCKJTb pa60TY H                               6e3 TIJro CAHlIlKO~1 HblCOK [[0 cpmmeHIllO C J'pOlllleM ,1CXOtlOH
     Heperr'\I!PYCMOM ceKTOpc,               H pC3pbTaTe               '1em ClIIIlKaeTClI         II   yp()llfle~1        3apa6oTHoil      n,\aTbl       B 3KOllOMHKC        CTpallbl,          11
     ypOHeHb         3apa6oTlIoil       InaTbl         pa5oTdlOIlJero                 6C/Illom    n0311.)Y!Y        ,1a)!(c     He6oAbIIIoe      ero     IIOHblIllelllle   IIpHBeilCT            K
     HaCe,\eHI1i1.                                                                                CHI1lKCHl110 3aHilTOCTH. YpOllCllb ,UlHHMaAbHoil 3apa6oTHoii
         06e CTOPOHhl flO-CBoeMY TIpaBbI B 3TOM CHope. OouJe-                                     TL\aTbl       B    COnOCTaIneHl1l1            co     cpe,lHllMH       ,10x(ltju,m         KaK
     9KOHOMI1'-1eCKOC      3f1a'leHI1C       tPHKCHpOllaHHOH               ~H1HI1)..taAbHOil      npUHH/\O, llbllllC Il bQ\ee be,lflblx CTpllHax II CI!lllKaeTCiI IIO
     :;apafiO'fHoi\ fI;\3Thl 3a1l1101T, Il KOHe'lHOM I1'rore, 01' IL\lUIHI1i1                     Mepe        pOCTa        IlOKa3aTC,\JI     06beMa        HalJllOHuJ\hlloro         ;1'. )X04a
     :~TOi1 ~Iepbl Ha yp0BeHb 3aflilTOCTH, '-ITI), Il CBOIO O'lepe;]b,                            (PI1CYflOK         11.n        8    BaHma,lcw            yll1f1I1MaAbHblil        ypclBeHb
     OIlpe,1E'o\lIeTCiI TaKHMI1 tPaKTOpal'lH, KaK CTpyKTypa pbIllKa.                              3apa6oTHoif n;\aThI B pJl;]C celoupOB 5o;\ee '1eM II !llla pa3a
     pa3Mep MUHI1MaAbHOH 3apaC)()THOI! nAaThI H CllOC06HOCTb                                      IIpCllblfuaCT rrOKa3aTCAb BHrI Ha                    ,WIllY   JlaCe;\ellHH, TOft,a KUK
     HpaHIITeo\bCTIl:l 06eCne'lI11'b C06/\Kl4emle COOTlleTCTBYI0tlJero                            B KlHailc, HUnpHylCp, yponeHb MIlHHi'l<L\bHOil 3upa6oTHoii
     3aKOIK!4aTC"\bCTIl3. B         YC\OBI1JlX p33RIlTOiI KOHKYpeHIJHH Ha                         lL\aTbI COCTaIL\ilCT M11llb '-IeTflCpTb 01' IlC,\11'111llbl 8Hll fill
     pI.IHKe Tpy;'la HCI13fiC)I(HI.IM c/\e/jCTBlleM HBe4eHI1i1 OfiJ13a1'(A1.-                     ;wwy IIaCe,\CI1IIH. 8              PoCCl1I1 COOTHOWCHI1C :I1HHI1Ma,\bHOH II
     floi\    MI1Hl1~la/\bHoi\     3apa6oTHoi\       IJAaTbI      6Y;leT        C1lHlKCHlle       cpe,lfleii 3apa5oTfloH n/UTb! COKpaTH/\OCb c bQ\ec 'leI                                   40
     ypORH)J 33H)JTOCTH. 04HaKO, CC\H pafiOTO,.1aTeAll cnoc06HhI B                                npoIJCllTOIl Il         1990    ro"w 1]0 npmlcpHo             20   npOIJcllTOB Il       1993
     HCKOTOpoil CTCIICHH B;\HilTb Hd PI,IHOK, lIeOQ\bUlOe YflCMI-                                 !'(HY. 8 Ka3axcT3l1c 311.)1' !lOKll3aTC,\b 3a '!'tIT lKC ncpnO,1 yna,\
     '-ICHl1e   :'1HHIlMa,\bHOm ypOBIIiI 3apa60THoil                       TIJ\aTbl    MO)!(eT    npll6Al1311TeAbHO c             50 ;10 20 IIpOIJCIlTOH.
     npHlleCTI1 K Cp3KTH'IeCKOMY 1I0IlblllICHHK) 3aIlilTOCTI1. Pa3YMe-
     CTCJI, llpll C\l1l1lKOM HblCOKOM ypOBHC ~1HIlI1Maj\blloi\ 3apa-                              3gigjeKT ,'IUHUNaJtbHom 3apa6oTKa (j pacnpeqe,1eHu'l
     5o'fIlOlI IIJ\aTbl p36m1.)4aTeAI1, HNClotlJHe B.Al'IJIHlle Ila PbIflOK,
                                                                                                  goxogO(;
     Ilpe,,1l!O'-lTYT HaHHMaTb MeHbwe pa6oTHHKOB. 8                            CTpaflax C         Mmm:.ta,\blia)J 3apa5oTHaiI n,\aTa MOlKCT 6blTb 3#CKTI1B-
     HII3KIlM 11 cpe/lHllM       ypollHe~1   ,lOXO;10B IIOHbIlJleHlle MHHI1:11a,\b-               HblM Cpe.~CTIlOM 3all.JHTbI 6e,lHe1111lHx CAoeB pa60TalOi "ero
     H0I1     3apa5oTHoH     n,\aTbl     Hepe.;lKO      Be/leT         K    HapymeHllil),!        llaCe,·\eHI1i1 Il np0:l1bIUV\eHHO pa.1BI1TbIX CTpaHax, HO COBCP-
     COOTBeTCTBYK)Ilfero 3aKOl104aTe,\bCTBa KaK paOOTO/laTeMIMI1,                                 lllCHflO 0'ieBII4HO, '1m 3TOi\ MepbI lIe.10CTaTO'IflO B pa3BI1-
     TaK II paOOTflI1KaMI1, B CBlt311 C "IeM 3qxl)eKTlIBHOCTb ;lallHoil                           llaKIUJHXCll CTpaHax. 8 CTpaHax C HIl3KH~1 H Cpe.,]HIlM                                lPClH-
     Mepb! 4MI 3aHilTOCTli B IJeJ\O!»1 II 4M! ypOIiHiI 3apa60TIloil                               lIeM ilOXOilOIl ,\HIJa, I101la4aK)lI)l1e 110;] ;leiicTBllc nO,\O)l(CHllii 0
     n,\aThI IJeCLMa HC3Ha'-lHTe.AbHa.                                                            Mlllll!:\>!<L\bHOH 3apa6oTHoH               nAaTC, pe!lKO llXO/llIT Il '1I1C,\()
                                                                                                  HaHflO,\ee         lIYlK4alOtlJllxciI.      B(l.\blllHHCTIlO        npC4CTaIll1TCAeil
     3,'mupu'teCKUe gamlbte U 011blT pCl3HbiX CTpall                                              /\ei\CTBI1Te,\bHO             oC?1HCilWllX         C,\oell   HaCeACHI1R       B      TJKI1X
     I1l'lelOllJHeCiI JlaHHbie :I10lKHO I1CTQ\KOlJaTb             [!   ITQ\b3y 11 Toil, H         cTpaHax 3aHRTO B ceAbCKOM x03J1ilcTBe 11 !Ill HeperY;\l1pyeMoM
     ilpyroH TO'IKH 3peHIl!l. TaK, 110           1984   ro4a BbiCOKIlI1 ypolJeHb                  pblHKe TpYJla, a 3Hll'IllT HX IlO,\OlKeHlle HHKaK He 3atlJm:JCHO
     MI1HHMaAbflOH 3apaooTHoil 11/\aTbI, yC'raHOllACHHbli\ lla :"1aH-                             MI1HI1M<L \bHOH             3apa6oTIIoil      fL\amii.       40XD,lbl    pa60TllHKOtl,
     pl1KIIH 4All MylK"IIlH Il 30He 3KCliOPTHOro npOH3B04CTBa, e/Illa                             KOTOPbIX npi13BaHO 3atlJl1Tl1Th 3aKOliO,laTC,c\bCTBO 0                               ~mflll­

     AI1 cnoc06CTBOlla,\ HX Hai\My Ha pa60TY.              B 4eKa6pe 1984 roM                     Ma,\hHoi\ 3apa6oTHoi\ n,\aTe. TO eCTb roP04CKOro lIaCe,\eHl1i1,




86
3aHllmro II Ocpl1lJl1aAbHO pemCTpHpyeMoM CeKmpe, 11 6e3
mro       ropa340        Bblllle       40XO,10B         llaX04llLlJerocll         II   MeHee
6Aaronpl111THOM             nOAOlKeHl1l1          6OAbIllI111CTBa.        B      lleKOmpblX
CAY'laJIX pa3HI11,1a B 110XollaX 'lpe3BbI'laI1Ho BeAI1Ka: 1I0XO,lbI
roPO,JICKI1X CTpml'reAbHbIX pa60'll1x B KOT-i~'I1Byape Il                                   8,8
pa3a npellbllllaKJT CrallKI1 3apa6oTlloH nAaTbI B CeAbCKI1X
paHoHax, a ,JIOXO,JIbl paf)()'ll1x MeTaAAypm'leCKOH rrpoMblIll-
AeHHOCTI1 B V!tUIII1 rrpellbIIllaKJT 3apa60THyKJ rrAaTY B ceAb-
CKI1X paHoHax Il            8A     paJa (Ta6AIlIja        11.4).    OOCKOAbKY Mmll1-
MaAbH3ll 3apafioTH3ll rrAciTa 11 i~pyme ~lemllbI peryAIlpOBaHl1ll
OKa3blllaKJT qeplKIlBaKJIIJee oo34eHcTBl1e Ha pemCTpl1pye-
MyKJ 3aHllmC"b, nOllbIIIIali C1DI1MOCTb orrAaTbl TPY?la 11 lIpO'll1e
113,J1eplKKI1, C1 pai~al(lT m' 3mro MaAOI1MYLlJl1e, Kompble crpe-
MllTCli     HaHTI!       par>OTy          Il    o(jmIJmtAbHo         pernCTpl1pyeMoM
CeKllJpe. IIO,'l1JMY t:;~ml AI! MOlKHO npI!3blBaTb K Bllt:;1eHI!KJ
MI1HI1Ma \bHOii 3apa60THoH IL\aTLl B CTpanax C Hl13Kl1M l1
Cpeilnl1M        ypDIlHeM          1l0XOIlOIl,     060CHOllblBall         3TY      H03l1IJl1KJ
c()06pa)l(eHl1l1~1H ClipaBE",~AI1BOCTI1,


IIpa1<:ru'teC/c)e npl t)'W1Umue
KaKI1MH 6bl HI1 6bIAH rrOTeHIJHa.,\bHble pe3YAbTaTbI HOAO-
lKeHI1H 0         MJ IHHMa -\bHOrl             3apa60THoH        llAaTe,      C06A)()lleHl1e
npl1HlIll)ro 3:1KOHO.laTt:;\bCTBa flO MHorHX CTpaHax 3a'laCTYKJ
He 06eCIIe'lHHaeTCJI (pHCYHOK                    11.2), Pe3YAbTaTbI lIp0Be/leHHbIX
06C\E',~OBaHHi1 ,JIO~IOXmllikTIl 1l0Ka3blBalOT, 'lm IJ MeKcHKe
ypOBE'Hh On,~JT1>l TpYlla ;lAli              16 [Jpol,leHmB 3aHJlTblX [JOAIIblH
pa60'lHi1 ,JIelc b My)j('lI1H H           66 npoIJeHmB )l(eHLlJHH 6bIA B 1988
roilY     HH)I(e     YCTallOllN:HHOro              MHHHMaAbHoro                 ypOllHll,    B
M.apoKKO Il         1986     ro,JIY 1I0AOBl1Ha O[]pOllleHHblX II paMKax
06cN:'lollaHHll q:ll1rM n~\aTI1Aa HeKBaAncpl1lJHpollaHHblM pa60-                                  peaAbHOM IlbIpalKeIlHH coKpaTH,\aCb Ha                      41,2    npOIJeHTa, a

'lHM 3apa60"HYKJ [lAaTY HHlKC YCTaHOllAeHHoro MHHl1Mpla.                                          Cpe;tHlili peaAbHall 3apa60THaJl nAaTa                      Ha    22,8   npoIJeHTa,

HeMHome C rpaHbJ C IIH3KHM H Cpt:;1HHM yp08HeM ,JIOXO,JIOB                                        CHl1lKeHl1e        peaAbHoH          3apa6oTHoM        lIAaThI     COnpll)l(eHO     C

paC[]OAara]{T' ,JIOCTam'lHbIMH "-'1l>IHIIHCTpaTHIlHbIMH B03/.10)l(-                               pocmM          paCX04011        Ha   COijHaAbHDe       o6ecrre'lecme,        O/~HaKO
HOCTHMH          /lfill OC\"LlJe(TBAeHI111 Ha,130pa 3a C06AKJllelmeM                              nOllbITKH Yllep)KaTh ~mHHMaAbHyKJ 3apa6oTHYKJ TlAaTY Ha
3aKOHOH 0 MllHHMa.\bHOH 3apa60THoj:1 nAaTe, OCo6eHHO II -rex                                      0,1HOM ypOllHe 6blAH 6bI 06pe'leHbl Ha IlpOBaA, nOCKOAbKY

CA)!'lallX, KOJ'tla et"        pa3~lep          yc-raHOBAen Ha CTOAb BblCOKOM                     KOJ',JIa     pe%     HIleT       0    coxpaHeHHH          pa60'lHX       :>leCT,   HH

ypoBHe, '1m jjeAat'T HaeM Ma)\OrrpHBAeKaTe)\bHbIM, n06YlK,JIall                                   pa60To(laTeAI1, HI1 pa601'HHKH He 3a6oTlITCli 0 c06AKJ,~eHHH
KaK pa6011)4JTeAeii, TaK .1 pa60nmKoll 4eHcTOOllaTb fl o6xO;~                                     rrQ.\O)KeHI1H, perYMlpYIOII;JHX MllHI1MaAbII"IH pa3Mep 3apa60'r-
YCTallOlt-\em:bIX           I [OAO)l(eHHH,         Pa60'lUllaTeAH,          HeE'OMHeHllO,         HOM IlAal'bl. AHaAOnl'lHaJI CI1Tyal,lHll Ha6AKJ/laeTCll II 60Ab-

BblHrpblBaKJT         01'     60Aee            HH3KOro     ypoBHll         MHHllMaAbllOM          111I1HCTlle CTpaH C nepeX04Hoil aKOHOMI1KOM, rile nalleHHe
3apafiO'rHOH        IlAaTbl,        1I0CKOAbKY          3m      CHHlKaeT         113,1ep)l(KI1.   MHHHMa.,\bHOil 3apa60THoii IlAaThI II peaAbHOM llblpalKeHHI1

Pa60l'IlHKH ;Ke 6y.clYT [](1\Y'laTb Bblro,JIY 01' 3TOro ;10 Tex nop,                              OllepelKaeT lI34eHHe cpe,~HeH .3apa60THoH I1AaTbI, H llpll,JI AH

1l0Ka npe4A araeM;tll 3apa6oTHall IlAara 6i/leT IlpeBbIIllaTb                                     MOlKeT I1peIIllTCTflOBaTb rrepepaCnpetleAeHl110 pa6o'leti CIIAb!.
I10Te!lijHaAhllble Japa60TKH Il HeperHCTpHpyeMo~1 ceKmpe                                          OpH 06CY)l(,JIeHkIH BOIlPOCOB, Cll1l3aHHbIX C MHHH:>laAbIlOM

3KO!lOMHKII.                                                                                      3apa60THoi1: IlAamM II CTpaHax C IIepeXOIlHOH 3KOHOMHKOH,

    Kor,la B      :'lO-x rollax      B pa3BHBaKJLlJHXCli CTpaHax HacTymlA                         llO,JI'lepKHlJaeTCJl       ee    11\I111HHe     lIa   npol,lecc     CTpYKTYPHOii

3KOHOMH'leCKHH II cpllHaHCOBbIH KPH3HC, IlpaBIlTeAbCTIlO Il                                       rrepeCTpOMKH         3KOHOMlIKI1        Ii    pOi\b   n   nepepacIIpe.'IC;\emm

60AblllHHCTlle CAi qaeB lie rrpemlTCTBOnaAO 6blCTpoMY CHH-                                        pa60'leH CHAb! 113 ceKmpOIl, npIlX04J1LlJI1X Il YIl340K, B 6o.\ee

lKellllKJ       MlfHHMa"bHoii           3apa60THoi1:           rr,\aTbl    II    peaAbHOM         ,~l1l1aMI1'1HbIe ceKmpbI. PerYAl1p0Balme pa3MepoB ~II1HI!MaAb-
llblpa)l(ellHH      B    llepl101l         C     1980    TIO     1987     roll     pa3Mepbl       1I0H       3apa60Tlloi1:    J[)\aTbI   Il    nepexolIHblH        nepl1o/l    MOlKeT

MHTIlIMaAbII( 'H 3apa60TliOi1: TIAaTbl B MeKCI1Ke COKpaTl1AI1Cb B                                 3aMe/lAHTb TeMIIbl KOppeKTHpOBKI1 OTHOCI1TeAbHblX ypoBHeH

peaAbHO~1 BhlpalKeHHl1 Ha 43,2 npOIJeHTa, a Cpt:;1IIllll pea,\bHaJI                               3apa60THOH lIAaTbI H I!CKa3HTb PbIHO'lHhIe CHrHa.,\bI. BMecTe

3apafJOTHali TIAaTa                  Ha   43.3     npOIJeHTa, 1'or4a KaK B LJHAll                 C TeM Ha npaK'nIKe perYAl1pOBaHHe MHHHM3AbHOti 3apa6ol'-

MI1H11MaAbH:!1l 3apa60THali lIAaTa B pea,\bHOM Bblpa)l(elHH1                                      Hoff I1Aa1'bl He npenll1'CTBOn3AO npOlJeccy KoppeKTHpOBKH.

CHH3HAaCb Jla        42,:1    I1pOijeHTa, a CPC<lHllll peaAbHall 3apa6oT-                         oco6eHHO B 6blBIlleM CCCP, llOCKOAbKY flO neex CTpaHax C

Hall IIAal'a          AHUIb I1a        6 npOIJeHmB, B Kelll1H                   II nepl10,JI C    nepexo/Uioti 3KOHOMHKmi peaAbHble pa3Mepbl MI1HHMaAbHOH

1980      rro     ~986      roll     MHHHMa.,\bHaJI            3apa60TIIali        nAaTa     B    3apa60THoii IIAal'bl CYLlJeCTBeHHO CHIBHAI1Cb,




                                                                                                                                                                                          87
                                                                                  'ITO OHU cTpagaloT 6ecnAogueN U3-3a KOIiTaKTa L neCTU-
                                                                                  ~UgOJ'I,     11e6Aaconpul!TlfOe              803geuCT(Jue         KOTOPOcO       Ha
                                                                                  penpogyrruBHbte ¢yliK~UU XOPOUlO U3(JeCTHO, B Kocm-
                                                                                  PUKe pa6o'lue 6aliallo(Jblx n.1aliTa~uu It 'I/!eHbl It.': ce~'teu
                                                                                  cTpagmoT ~e~!bl."l Ko...>trlAeKCO/'t :w6o...le6aHuu                       UT pm:a
                                                                                  go n06blUlCHNOU pacnpocrpalieHl-IOCTU 6po)l(gem, blX gc-
                                                                                  ¢eKT08. Pa60T1IUKU 3gpa(Joox/Xme1{ul! )T8ep)l(ga;oT, 'ITO
                                                                                  npu'lUNOU aTUX paCCTPOUCT6 Jl8AJI/OTCJI ucnrnb3Ye. '1ble Ha
                                                                                  n~ull/'ra~UJlX CU~!bNogeiicT(JylOl'f,Ue necTu~ugbl, CouaCiiO
                                                                                  mjeHKa..'1 Bce...'tujmou Opca.liU3a.~UU 3gpa(JooxpaHeHUJI, 8
                                                                                  CTpalla.X Aa.TUllCKOU A ...>tepUKU e)l(ecogr/.O peZUCTplipyeTCl!
                                                                                  6rncc     1 .'t~t1l CiY'lae(J     OTpa(J~!CHUJl Ce.1bCKOX()3J1iIcT6eHHbIX
                                                                                  pa6cJ'/.ux xU.>tU'leCKU.'IU (Jel'f,eCT6a.MU, (/               10 000 CLc1bCKO-
                                                                                  X03JlUCTeeNHbiX pa.60'lux nocu6moT, nogeepcaJlCb 603-
                                                                                  gei(CTeU'/o XK'tU'WCKUX BeUjei.."T6 .
                                                                                                                              •• •
                                                                                      25     _,wpm     1911        20qa   8   OgHO)'{ U3 K8ajrl'aA08 HblO-
                                                                                  J10fJKa -       fPUHBU'I-euMug/K                   nO)l(ap OX6aTu...t 3gmiUe
                                                                                  weeu1toii ¢a6pww "TpaiiaH2A UlUjJTy3UCT Ka.MnaItU".                                B
                                                                                  2()PJll.lf,e~'I IIo...
                                                                                                      'teUf,enuu, geepu KOTOP020 6bl,tu, KaK /lcezga,
                                                                                  3a.nejJTbl, '1To6bl pa6crnluKu lie nOKuga.,W ce()UX /X160'lUX
                                                                                  /'ieCT, n02u6AO       146        'teAo8eK,   8   60~lbWUHCTBe )l(eliU~U7ibl.
                                                                                  Alia~.w"u'tIiClJI Tpa2eguJl npou301~!a                   82   coga cnyl..'Tl! lIa
                                                                                  ¢a6puKe         llcjJ)'zueK       HegaAeKo         OT   Ba7-12Iw/t·a.     11   ,'1aJl
                                                                                  1993      <!oga 3,geCb llO<:!tdi.w           102   pa6o'fux,      8   TO.'! 'lUC1e
                                                                                  87 )/(eliUf,UH.

                                                                                  Pa.60'1ue, 3C1HJ/.Tble      (J   CeAbCKCX'I X03J/.UCT81? U
                                                                                  liepecucTpupye.Mo,M ceKTOpe
                                                                                  B CTpaHax C HI13Kl1M H q.X.:dHI1M ypOIlHeM /lOXO;101l 60AbUlI1H-
     HOPMbl OXpaHbl Tpy,u,a III reXHIIIKIII
                                                                                  CTOO pa60THI1KOIl 3aHJlTe B Ce\hCKOM xmlliiCTBe lJ lIpO'lI1X
     6eaOnaCHOCTlil
                                                                                  crpepax Heoprall1l30suHHOro pblllKa, r,lle 3aKOHO,laTe;\bCTllO 0
     Pa6OTHl1Kl1 'laCTO CTa~\KI1BaIOT()1 C Bpe;lHbI~m ,~.\R :1,10POBbR            1'pY4e,    llpH3Ill!IlHOC        06eCne'lI1Tb    rnrneHY      H   6e:lOnaCHOCTb
     rpaKTOpal'm lIa np0I13BO,1CTBe. COI~\aCIIO OljellKaM Bce:-mplIOH             1'py,ola, OK3.'lLlBaCTCll        fJe34eik11leHHLIM.      B    pa3Hblx     cTpaHax
     opramnalJ.liu 3.lPaIJOOXpaHeHUll, Ha npel10TBpaTI1MLle TpaBMbI               npCl1Hpl1HHMaJOTCll nonhlTKH ')'AY'll.llllTb caJllITaplIble H TeXHI1-
     U CMepTC,\bHhle C\Y'lau lIa npOI1.1BO,lCTBe              IlOSbllllellllhIM   'leCKlie YCAOBI1R TpY/la Il CeALCKOM xmJlikTlle 11 HeOpr,IHI130-
     PUCKOM, a TaKiKe lIa XpOIlI1'leCKl1e 1360Jlell:UIH5I, Ilb13Hallllble         Ill!HliOM ceKTOpe cKopee npl1 1I0t-IOLIJll Mep 06L1Jero xap2K1'epa,
     1l0.vlellcnmeM Ha opralllBM TOKCIFlHblX BeIIJCCTB, wy,!a H                   a lle II paMK3X TPY/10HOro 3aKOH04aTe\bCTIll!. Hanpl1Mep, npH-
     on3CHbIX YCJ\oBl1ii pa6on,!. IlPI1XO.ll1TCR nO'lTI1        3   npOlJelrra    MeHCliHe onaClIblX XHMI1'1eCKI1X HeLIJeCTB fl CCJ\bCKO~1 x035Iii-
     06l.lJeMI1POHbIX nOKa33TeN:M 3a60AeB3eMOCTl1 H CMepTHOCTH.                   CTIlC 06bl'lHO liaH6clAee 3rprpeK1'I11l1l0 KOH1'pCl:\HpyeTcR C 1I0MO-
     flo 43HlIblM   !vl0T,     l13(leplKKI1, CBJBaHllble c TpallMaTl.l.1MOM 11    llJblO   npallll~\, perY~\HIJyK)LIJHX       I1X I1MrlOp1' HMl IlPOH31l0.1CTlIO.
     ru6eJlblO AlOileii lIa HP0I13BOACTBe, 40CTI1ralOT B npOMhllll-               1b'IHO TaK iKe CaMoe lIenOCpCl1c1'BeHlIoe llo3.-1eiicTBHe lIa r);\aro-
     ;\enHO pa3Bl1ThIX CTpaHax        1-4 IlpOIJCHTOIl BHfl. B CTpanax            C()CTOJIHHe 6oAbfllHHCTB3 1'pY/lRHJHXC5I B CTpaliax C 1I113Kl1M H
     nl13KI1M 11   cpe4HI1~1    ypOBHCM Aoxo/IOH 31'11 113/lCPlKKI1, lICCO-       Cpe;1HHM ypOBHeM /lOXO/lOB MoryT I1MeTb Mepbl 110 06ecne'le-
     MHellHO, cLlJe HbIlllC. nOCKCl.\hKY Bbllue H nOKa3aTeAll npOH3-              HIlIO Ce\bCKI1X pal1oll0B 'l11C10ll 11I1TbeBOll OOr1oil H y,\Y'lUleIlI1K)
     IIO,lCTIJeIlIlOro TpaBM3T113M3. TaK, 11 rBaT<:'M:.lJ\C nOK:.l3aTt'd\11       call1lTapllblX YC\OBl1ll H .1epeBHRX l1 roPO/lCKllX TPYI.IJOOaX.
     npOH3110l1CTBellHoro TpaBMaTlB\-la co CMepTe,\hHbll'l HCXO,lml                   04liOll H3 lIaH6Cl:\ee YCllewHblX IIp()rpaM~I, oCYUJecrMillI-
     H CTPOHTeJ\bCTBe 11 llleCTb pa3 IlpeBblUlalOT alla.\OrH'lllble               111I1XC5I KOr/la- AH60 B lJeA5IX yAY'lWeHI1R COCTOlIlIH5I 340POBbll
     nOKaJaTCAH 11 U1BeHljapl1H, CMep1'llOCTh CPc/IH P:.l60TIIHKOB                Ce;\bCKOX035IllCTBeHllbIX pa60'lHx, RB.\llCTCiI nporpaMNa no
     1'pallCllopTa B KeHl111 B /leBllTb pa3 llpCHblwaeT COOTBeT-                  6opb6e C OHXOIJepK030M B 3allaAHOll ArppHKe. 1'13-3a pa3py-
     CTBYlOllJl1ll nOKa:nTe...\b B <,1aHlH1, a BepOllTIlOCTb r11fJeAH B           fIIH1'e,\bllblX nOC\e/1CTIlI1M /lAll 340(X)BbJ! II &arocOC'J1clRHHiI
     pe3YJ\LTaTe HeC'laCTHOro CAY'laR lIa npOH3HO/]C1'He pa60T                    Ce\bCKOXmllllCTlleIlHblX             pa60'lllx 31'a      60,\e3I1b,     113HeC1'llall
     IIHKOB IIpel111PH5ITl1il 06pa&dTbmalOLlJell npOMhlm\eHHOCTH H                TalOKe KJK pe'll!aJl C\enOTa, lla npOTB)KeUml MllOrl1X AeT
     flaKHCTaHe nO'lTI1 B 1l0CeMb pa3 npeBblwaeT 11.)1'             IKe   nOKa-   C'll1TaAaCb OtlHI1M H3 caMhIX CTpaUlHblX 6e4CTDIIM. ,JLBa.1IJ:.l1'b
     3aTeAb 110 CDpaHIJl1H.                                                       ...\eT Ha3a,1 llO DceM 3alla4HOM: ArppllKe MOIKHO 6bL\O llai'ITH
                                           •••                                    1l0KHHYTble       Ce\eHl1l!,        IKIITeAllM      KOTOPbIX      npl1l!I.AOCb     B
        B1994 zogy B Te:>:ace 61>IA 6036Y)l(geH uC/<: OT llc.telili               O'lepe;luOll pa3 CllacaThCll 6erCTlloM 01' 3nHlleM11I1 pe'lHoii
     16000 ceAbCKO,A.'03J1i.iCT6ellHbIX pa6o'lux, 3aJl(JAJI(JUlUX,                CAenOTbl. VICKOpClIeHlle Ol!XOlJepK03:.l paCCMaTpIlHaAOCb KaK



88
caMbIti :?rpcj)eKTI1HHblti cnoc06 y,\Y1.Jlllelil1l1 COC1t)1I11HJI 3,10-
pOHbll KpecThllH 11 I1X ceMeti.
     D,\arOilapll rrporpaMMe 60Pb6bl C OliXOljepK030M, 1i<l1.JJTOH
II   1974    ro,']y 110 l1H1l1JI1aTHlle             ce~1H    a'flpHKaliCKI1X CTpJH (K
KOTOPblM       llo:l:1llee I1pl1coe lHIII1,\I1Ch ellJe                        '1eThlpe) 11 npl1
I10,lilepiKKe       6o;\ee         20    .IHynupoIfIl11X           11     '>IlIOroCTOPOlfllHX
/10ll0pOll, H Iiacnmlljee 1·.peMlI 60,\ee 'leM l-Ia                            60    IlpOlJellT:lX
Teppl1ltlpHll         CTpaH-Y4<JCTHlllJ                 ,\llKIlI1,ll1POH:lHhl             HOCI1Te,\l1
3TOti 6<He3Hl1, napa311THpYlOlIJlle H 1.Je,\Olle1.JeCKO'1 opramBMe.
MeponpHlITHll B p:lylKaX npOrpaf'.1Mhl n03BOAlllOT orpa,IUTb
f)Q,\ee      30     M \ll       1.Je,\Ollt.:K    01'    3apaiKemut             olixolJepKo30M.
I !O/\liOCThlO       1,bl.1,lOl)()lle,\H         npH6AH3HTe,\hHO no,\nJpa "m,\-
,\HOlla llH(pm,HpOHaHW,I';, HO enJe HC OKOH'IaTe.\hHO 1I0Te-

pllllllIHX 3peHlle.         Co'~\aclio OlJeHKa"l, K           1995 roilY rrpOrpal'D1a
n03llo.'l1,\a IIpC(lOTI'paTIITL 6(Hee                       250000 1i0BbiX C\Y1.J:1ell
pe'lllol\ C\enC>TbI, IlHOllL                3ace,\HTb H lla1.JaTI, oOpa6aTl>Ill:JTL
25    MM! ra 3e\1e,\l>, a T:JKiKe c(xl;1aTb ,'10IIO;\IiHTe,\bllO                              1   ~l. \II
'1eNJH<~KO-/\eT rrpoH:!lO,111Te,\b1l011 pa6ot !cti (HAhl.


Pa60THltKlt e'cflU1f,lIa,lh!1O pezucrpujJye,1t()cO c(?7cropa
B    :laKOHO,tan,\bCTlle 1I0'l1'H Heex CTpall :laKperL\CllbI ~1HHH~
~!a,\LlibIe HOr~lbI 1\;Xl!lIKH 6e3011aCIiOCTl1 H mrl1CHhl TPY.la
paooTHlIKOll (4lHIjHa,\bHU P(:THcTpllpye~fOro CCK1upa. 06nc~
HOHaHl1e~1 3T1IX llOpM oiibI'IllO CAYiKHT TOT ,pan, 'ITO paOOT-
HHKH, Ii OTAWII1C 01' paOoltl/laTe,\eM, MoryT He ObiT]' OClie,l()~I­

,\ellhI 0 npHC\/llje~I pao. ''leMY MeCT\' pllCKe ,IMI :1.10[)(lllbll, 11
1.Jltl i1,liKe eC,H paCOTHlIKJM H311eCTlIO 0 C)"IlJeCTB\'IO!lJdj IIa
ilallHOM npOl1lBO,lCTlle (I!laCIiOCTl1, (JI!I1 MoryT, Te:-l lle Mellee,
COmalliJTbClI             rIa     1'aKYIO        paO(JTy,    lle        11\lell     K:1KHX,\t16u
pea,\bHhlX         a \bTepII:1Tl1'lllblX            !l(BMOiKllOCTeH               Tp);'loynpoil-
C1'lla. tlKHM oopa tOM, O,1HHM H3 ,IOIlO/loB Il IlO,\bJY                                       1i0p~1
oxpaHbl Tpy,lJ llB;\}ieTOI CTpeM:\erll1e Orp:li1f!Tb paOOTll!1KOB,
COmaWaIOllJHXO[ 1[:1 Bpe,lHylO paflOT)",                                01'    co:maTe,\bHOfXJ
npH1.Jl!llel!l!ll Hpe,la C3MIIM ceGe, 060cllOBaH11e~1 3UKpelL\eH-
HbIX II 3UKOH<li1<lTe.\bCTlie               H()P~I     OXpU!lbI TP\;W CWiKllT 11 TO,                        TaKIIX lIOpM UCYIlJeCTlI. \J!<.:TCll II \:0, le IlCTpe4 'V1C)K,lY Ilpa-
1.Jltl PHCK,       K'lWP(J'\I\'         paGoTHHKI1          Inmepr3!OTCI!, 1l,1eeT H                        Hl1Te,\hCTIl()~I, pa6mo, lClTC,\il\1H 11 paOOTliHKa~1H.
IlHelllHlle       IlOC\e.l' TlllIll.        lianpllMep,       H nJM             C\\"lae,       KOf,la              06eC!!e'leIlI1e      cofi.\l{),ICllHlI   HOp~l     rl1f11(;'llbI    1'Pj;l<l   11
CTOIlMOCTb          llX     ,W'ICH!ll!          B c,\Vqae     TpaB~lb[            lL\J1    Ol1\e:lllI1      TCXHHKlI 6e:;UllaCHOCTH             lIepC"KO CT,l,\KlmaeTCIl              C TP):1110-
cy6CH,1Hpye-rCiI H'I,\OfOll,\:1reM'[IJHKaMH.                                                                CTil'vlH,   oco6eflilO Kor:l<1 pe'lh !-!,leT 0 'VIC.\KI1X Ill'le, lllpHilTHilX H
     CV)iKllOC rb npl1HlITl1ll nO;I,XJliblX CTali;li1p1111l CHlLlUHJ C                                      crpilHax C        lllnlal~1 B cpe. [liB"! )"pUlllle'Vl , lOXO,1OB (pUC)HOK
onpe,le.\e!lI1t:M           llX     O[[THMa,\bHOrO            VpOIlHlI          Itlll      CTelleHll        11.2),      HeKonlpbIc paornu,1'1Tc.\11 IIhlTa[OTOI )"K,\OHJ!TbClI 01'
iKeCTKOCTll. YCTpal!ellHe cpaKwpOB pUCKa llU llpmnBo,lCTBe                                                  cofi.\K),lellllll 3<rKOHOH 0 TP\;lC, a l1IJjyIljlJ~' pa6oT\' flPHXO,lHT-
CBi!.~aliO    C     ')rli\bIllHMll        3aTpaTa0111,        npH'Ie,l            4e,1      6o,\bUle        Cll :-Il1PI1ThU[ C liapy!llCm!il~IH, cor:I:1IlT<!i!Ch Ha pUCK. Pe3},\h-
CHl1iKaeTClI [,HCK, Te:v! ,lopOiKe :?TO oGXO,lI1TClI. oO.lce TOro,                                          TaThIlIpom::,lellHoro llU (J)'L\Hlllll1HilX 06C\<.:,IOB<lIilUi rHrl1elihI
3aTpaTbl,         Cr'!!piliKCllllble        c     C06.\KlleHm~M               YCTaHOII.\eJ-lHhIX            11 6eJonaCllOCTfl 1'p): p [IOKa:,a,\II, 'ITO         HI     1I1xJIJeH1' oOl'.le,lO-
HOPM, HO 'lHOfI1X C \y'lJ>IX ,1()iKilTCll Ha IL\e411 pa60TIIHKOll, T:!K                                     B:1HlIb[X npC,11lplHlTl1ii llapyllla.\11 O,lHY H,\I! HeCKO,\bKO ll()P~!.
K3K lle,-l)"T K <Hl1iKellf1l{) 3apa6oTHO~\ IL\aTbI Hi'" COKparlJel!I1Kl                                     Eo     ~1Il0rHX crpaHax OrpaHlIY(:,lllTl,le Bn'~IO)KH()CTH oprilIRlB
3allllmCTI1, T;lKI1~I 06pa30"1, Ime;leHl1e 1.Jpe:l:\jepHO iKeCTKl-IX                                        KOllTPO\11 11031>(1\11101' pafxrfO.I<lTe,llIM \"K,\OIlIlTbOJ 01' (06,\10-

npaBI1,\ ~IO)!:"'T rIK'KTH'leCKH npHHeCTH K CHHiKel!l11O VPOBll!1                                           , lellHiI ,leiicTHV]OUJI!X [Jo,\()iKCllHii !lpaKTll'IeCKI1 fie.'lllaKa:laH-
6,\arocOC1tlllHHIl p:lf)()THHKOll, TOf,1a K3K CMllllKO,l .\HfJepa,\L-                                       lIn.    3a<lacfno       lleXllaTKU     l!epCOHa,\a      H    OfX)PY10B<lHI1iI         11
Hhle HOPMbl ,lory, OKJ:I:11'bClI He,10CTJTO'llIhIMl1 ,l,lll 'l<ll!JI1ThI                                    'vIllHI!CTepCTIIUX Tll\;1<l 'vlliOfliX CTpaHax C IiI1JKIlM 11 Cpe/IHH"l
01' C)'IlJeCTPVl{llljIIX cpaKTOpOH pl1CKa. !103m\!)" OlITHMa,\l,-                                           ypOlllleM ,loxn, JOB Ilpem[TCTB\"l:T III)(lBe"eWllO per)". \lIpHhlX

llblNI!     npe,lCTaH,\:I!OTUI              llOP\lhl.     npH      Ko'mphlX               H3,1ePiKKI!       HllClleKIJHit a KOna TaKl1e IIIlCflCKIJHIl 11MCK)T MeCTo, Ollll

C01l3'vIepHME[ c lJeJIHOCThK1, KOltlp\'1O pa60TIiHKH, pacnO,\arall                                          CBO,IJlTCiI K llO\\"'1eHllKJ B:IllTOK,          B 1984 ro,IV B Mamne c
COOTlleTCTH} louJei: 11H!/)()pMalJl1eti, CH1I31,m3K1T C y,\Y1.JmeHI1e",                                     IIPl1l'OPO,l<lMH,    1~1e paCTlf1\())KCHO IlO'lTl1  30000 npe,lllpHll'mii,
YC;\OIlHll TP,:-1a H OrpaHl14ellHeM np0I131l0;1CTlle!lHbIX tpaK-                                            1.JHl'.\11,\OCh ,\llTlll.   50   Clyrp\>IHI1KOIl, OTlle1.JalOlljHX :li! npo-
11)POIl TpaHI,laT113'.la, IIHKaKoro HOAllleOHoro cpe,1CTII3 ,l.\}[                                          lle,leHIlC I1HcneK[jull 11 OC\'l[!ecm \eH11e lIa,popa :la coo \10-
:-lTOl't) He C:;lljeC:'llyel:            Bo       MllorHX CTpaH3X                 onpe,le;\elille           .lome'vl 1'PPOBOro ,aKOllO,lare,\hCTIl<l.



                                                                                                                                                                                                       89
     CO(!eplUeHCT(106(lHUe .lteXClHU3.,\lO(! IWH'fPCHJI
                                                                                                    "np,mu 06xo/]a", T.C, llpallo COllpOllOlK/laTb roC)~lapC1HcIiHoru
     rIo MCpe pOCTa ,10X()llm~ Y CTPUHbl llOIlIlAilCTO! nmMOlKHOCTh                                 I1!1C1leKmpa IJ XO,lC 1l0CCll)CHI111 npC,1l1pHllTHJl (Ta6,\11 Ja                        ItS}
     llbl(le,\JlTh OO\bllle          pecl'pcoll    /l"\JI     P:BIlI1TI1)!    a/l~ll1mICTpa­
     TI1IlHOH 6a3hl, otleCnC'lllllaKllIjeti Co6,\l{"'1eHl1e HOpM oxpaHhl
                                                                                                    HOPMbl OXpaHbl Tpy.o,a H Me>K.o,YHapO.o,HaR
     Tp)/la,     OC1\ee       6C/]HhIC   CTpaHbl      He       O!OryT        06CCrre'lHIlJTh
                                                                                                    TOprOBnR
     C06MG.4CIIllC TpY;10BOro 3UKOHO/]UTC,,\bCTna Il TOl¥! lKe 061,C~!e,                            HCK010pble '1;leHhl ~lelK, lYllapo/lllOf-o C0061lJccTBa "'TBCPlK'
     'ITO 11 tlC1\Ce 60raTblC CTpaHhl, 11 rr09TOMY orpam!'lCIIHhle                                  clalOT,     '1m    CYllJCCTlJ}'KlIljall        CI1CTeMa          pa:Jpa60TKll           1I0pM
     a4~mHI1CTpaTllllHh1C ll03~!OlKIIOCTIl ,1CV\lKHbl 6hlTb COCpC/l()-                              oxpallhl TP)/la H OCYlIJcCTlnCIIHil KOIlTpC!<\1l 3a I1X co6,\«)-
     1U'leHbl TaM, me MOlKlIO ;106IlTbCllllaH6(Hbllleti :;Q)(lleKTI1IlHO-                           ;lellHC)'1 illlMICTC)! Hea;lCKBaTl!OH, II Cll}l3H C 'lCM npc,V,:lraeTcJl
     CTI1, HUIlPI1MCP, He IlpC4CTaHAJICT Tp}:la pa3pa6oTaTh HOPMbl                                  ;10nQ\HHTb        ~lllorocmpmlHHe             mpmllble H KPC;IHTllbH: cor"\:l-
     6e:lOrrUCHOCTI1, llpe,lllHCblBUlOllJl1e ofJCcrrC'lCHHC i]OcTynHo-                              meHHil cooTlleTcTBYK1lfjHMll 1lC1\OlKCHHllMI1 06 OXPUHC TprA;1.
     CTH rrOlKapHblX (\eCTIIHIJ, H KOllTPOAHpOflaTu I1X C06AIO,1cIIHe,                              B 9TOM c\y'lae npoTllll (TpaH, He C06.\K),lalOllJHX MHllHMa,\b'
     I1MCHHO C06AKl,'lclme TaKI1X HOp:v1 n031l0MI,\O 6hl 1136clKUTh                                 IIblX      TpCOOBaIlHtl,      pallo     IL\H     llCV1;lHO       6ytlYT     lIpl!ylCnellbl
     HC,lallHI1X Tpare;ll1il IJ 1:1I1J\al!;IC 11 K'lTac, OrHOGlTe,\hl!O                             CallIO)HH II cpopMe TIlprol!blX OrpUllH'lCHlltt H.-\11 COKluLIJelll1il
     HC/lOporocmilllJHM              H   lleCbMa      3tPCPCKTI1HllulM             CIIOC060M        il0CTYIlU K KallI1TU;\Y.       13   i]a1lH0l1 r;\allC npl1.'lllaeTCil IJc, \Ccoot),
     OKa3atiHiI     nOMOII)H         pa60TIII1KaM,          ,lOOHllUKlllJl1MCiI      1I0Cpe;]-      pa3110CTb pil;lU        I!Op~lllU   H:lIJlIOlla,\bHOM ypOllHC. 110 HX Yllil:llm
     CTllOrv!   IlCpcrclllOPOB        yAy'lWCHl!lI      yC\OBHti       Tpy; la,     illt \ilCTCil   C ~!ClK,~YllapO,1HbIMH oncpaIJHil~1l1, TI)proBhl~1H I1Ml <\)IlHUIICO-
     llpel0CT3fl,\CrUle TP):'lOBUIM            KG \,\CKTI1BaM         11     opra!ll!3aIJI!Il~1     llblMI1,    nopolK;IUCT        C\OlKHble        llonpocw         /l11YX    llH.l0H,       Bo-
     pa60THHKOB HlitPopMalJHI1 06 yrpmc, CBll3311HOil C HeKom-                                      llepBblX, KaKHe 1I0PMbI JlIIMIIOTCJl OCHOHlIblMH, a KaKl!e JaBl1CJlT
     PGI~UI     mKCH'fHbIMH       XII~!H'ICCKHMH        llellJccTlla)'!l1, 11 0 ,IPYrHX             0'1' ypOllllll 3KOIIOMI1'1CCKOro pa:lHl1nlil'              VI,   1l0'llmphIX, KaKI1MH
     npoH311o/]CTBCHHuIX tllaKTopax. npe,'CTa&\}lKJIlJHX OllaCHOCTb                                            06YC\OH,\eIlHbIC TaKOH 3allHCHMOCTblO H34CPlKKH I~Ail
     /\AJI ]/]OPOBbil ,\10/1CH,                                                                     3KOHOMH'ICCKOro pa'lIlI1TI1Jl CTpaH, II OTIIOWCIIHH KdmpblX
         nPOCPCCCIl01l3,\bHble            COK)3bl 11 11PjTHC 06IlJcCTlleHHblc                       6 y;'WT     npHMeHllTbCIl       CaJ1KIJHH.       a   TUKlKC       i\,\Jl   pa60THHKOIl,
     Opr3HI13aIJHIl MoryT I1rpaTb llalKllYIO flOc\b II 06CCne'lCIIHH                                HHTepC(bI         KOmpb!X       ani     caHKIJHI1      IIpH3B:lHhl          3allJlIll)aTb'
     C06;\K),]elll111 1I0pM oxpaHbl Tpy/]a H TCXHI1KI1 6c30nacHocTI1,                               BonpOCbl 31'11 HCMUi\OBalKHble, TCM 6Q\ce, '1m H:l callKIJHJlX
     CaMocToilTCAbliOC            IlCnY'leHHC      I1l1cpOpM31J1!l1           0   npoH31J0il'       lIaCTallBaK)T H cTOpOnlll1KH IIpoTeKIJI101ll1CTCKI1X Mep.
     CTHCHHblX           .:paKmpax       pl1CKa      l'lOlKeT       OKa:laTbCil       BCChMa            YCAOHllll      TPY4:l,     lI:lp:llllle    C COKp:lllJclmcM             MacIlITa60B
     ,loporoCTI)JlllJl1M /l;\il Ol',]C,,\bflbIX pa6arHl1KOB, HOlm, KaK                              6e,lIlOCTI1 II pa311HTl1CM II I)C,\OM, llccr;1a 33HI1MaNl HaJKH(le
     IlpaIlHAO, llm4cplKHllalOTCJl 01' Tpc6oBaHI1Jl C06;\lO,]CHHJl COOT-                            MeCTIl Ha 1I011CCTKe Illlil MClK,lYllapo,llloro co06llJecTBa. ".10
     BeTCTllYIOLl)I1X HOP).!, crapallCb He BCTYlIaTb II KOHcj.),\HKT C                              IlUCHlllllJCro         IlPCMCIlI1   MelK;!ylIapo,IHUil            ,!lCllTe,\bHOCTb         no
     pa60TIl,~aTCAlIMH. C06;\IO.1eHl1e 1l0pl'l Bblro;lllO He OT,W,\bIlD                             COnep!l1CHCTBOllallHIO nopM OXp:lHbl                 Tp)~la       H pa3Bl1BalOllJHXCiI
     B3JlmMY pa60THHKY, a HCCl'll' TP},]OIlOMY KC1\ACKTHBY rIpocp-                                  CTpaH;1X 6bL\U I-IaIlpalL\eHa Ha 06eCne'leHlIe MepOnpl1J1TI1~i,
     COlO3 MOlKC"T paCllpe,]C;\HTh Cpeill1 Bcex p3flOTHHKOH H3,~CplK­                               npOBO/lI1MbIX          lIaIJI1OHa,\bllbIMll     OpraHI13:llJl1ilMI1,            II    ncpllYIO
     KIl, CBll3anllbiC C 1lC1\Y'ICHHeM I1HCPOP:>laI)HI1 no 1l0npOCaM                                O'lepe/lh, Il paMK:lX pa60Thl MOT MfiorHe CTpaR!>] llPHllfl,\H
     oxpallbl TpY4a, BCCTH lIeperoHopbl C pa60TO/laTe,\JlMH OTIIO-                                  pa3,\H'IHbIC KOllSCIII)HH MOT, YCTallOl!lm IJCAblii KONIl,\eKC
     CI1TC,\bIlO 1l0.1;\ClKaUJI1X COO;\KlilCHHIO HOpM H oCyLl)eCT&\JlTb                             HOpM oxpaHbl TP);,'lU, KOHTPC1\b 3a C06AK),~eIlHeM Kumphlx
     KOHTPOAb 3a HX C06AKHCHHCM, HC IIOil11epr:lll TeM C:lMblM                                      OCYllJCCTMileT MOT BMccTe C TeM 60AbWHHCTBO erpaH C
     014C,\bHbIX pa60THHKOB PHCKY YHC1\bHCHHll,                                                     IlIBKI1M H cpe,lHH~1 ypOllHeM /lOXO/lOHIIC B CClCmlltIHll otJeClIC-
         Pe3YAbTaTbi          npone4CHllhiX        B npoMbllll;\eHIIO              pa3H1HblX        '1llTb C06;\K);lcHl1e llCCX HOp~l, 3aKpen"\etlllblx B 3UKOIIO,!la-
     CTpaHax HCCAe,10BaHllil nOKa3bIBarOT, '1m npoQleccHoll3Abllbie                                 TC,,\hCTIlC, npll'lCM HO MIIOrl1X CW'lailX YCTanOB,WHbl CIUAb
     COlO3bl 'laCTO Hrp:lIOT llalKllYIO P(1lb B 06CCnC'lCmUl c()6~\I0-                              lKCCTKI1C      Tpe60llamlJl         (o(1\ec     I10LlXO,1IlIlJl1e      ,1,\)!        O(lraTh!X
     i]ClIllli HOpM oxpaHbl TpY-la, EG\H OCYllJCCTMlleMblti npo.:p-                                 CTpalIl,     '1m HX        C06Mo;lelll1e MOlKeT OKa3blBaTh IICli\:lm-
     COK)3aMH      KOHTflOc \1>      nC1\OlKlnCAbllhIM           06pa30M          BAHJlCT    lIa    npl1llTIiOC IJ03/leilcTflllC lIa ypOllClib 3alllImCTH 11 aKOIIOMI1-
     C06AIO,lCHHC HOp!,! II npOMblWi\ellllO pa3BHTblX CTpaHax, I;le                                 'leCKI1l'1 pOeT.
     roCY;lapCTBO         H    6e3    l1)ro   I1MCCT         lllHpOKl1e      Il03MOlKHOCTI!             HeB03MolKHOCTb o6ecnC'Il!Th C06,\104eIlHC MHHHMa,' bllOro
     HJ/.l30pa     :Ja    C06,\I0,lCHI1CM      1I0PM,         npH     MCHce         pa3BHTI)l1      KOMllACKca HOpM oxpaHhl TPY4U II OO\CC 6e~HblX cTpallux
     CHCTCMe Ha;130pa B CTpaHax C nH3KHM H CpC4m!M ypOBllCM                                                        PIl,]   rpynn "pH3llaTb K Blle/lCHI1K) MClK;lYllapn,IHbIX
     40XO;]01l PCV\b npO¢C0103011 MOlKCT 6blTb CIIJC 6mec cYIlJe-                                   C:lIIKIJHH, cnoc06Hhlx 3a('TaBllTb CTpallbl C IIH3KI1M l! Cpe,]HI1M
     CTlleHHOH,      I1cC;\e,10Balll1e,       npOBC,!leHIIOC          B      1991    ro,W      C    ypoBHeM /10XO,lOH ClCYllJeCTIt \lITh KOllTP(l\b :m C06;\IOLlClIl1eM
     HCnC1\b30BallllCM ,laHlihIX no CWA, nOKa3aAO, '1TI) npoqJCc-                                   IlX C06CTIlCllHOro TPY.101l0ro 3aKmIO~13TC,lhCTBa, 3aKAIO'lClIl1e
     CI10Ila;\bllhIC (0103bl /l06,UHCb 60,\ee (TpOmm C06/\104CIlI111                                COL\3mCllHil HA<DTA 3:lBHCCAO Ol' comaCIIJI MCKCI1KIl VKPC-
     3aKolia 06 oxpaHe TpY;la fl o6pa6aTblBUIOllJCH npoMbILlLICH-                                   IlHTb KOllTPC1\b 3a ,~cilCTByIOIlJHMH II CTpaHe HOpM:lMH , - KaK
     1l0CTH. BepoilTllocTb npoBcpoK CooAlO,lellHil HOpM rl1rHeHbl                                   II c.:pcpc 3aUJHTh! OKPYlK:lKlll)cti cpe,!lh!, T:lK 11 oxpallbl TpY/la.
     TP):la 11 TeXHl!KH 6c30naclIocTH 6bL\a oo\ec flhlCOKOti H:l                                    MClK.1YHapo,1Hhle KOH.:pe"lepaI)HH npoQ)(OK)30ll, MHOflle HC'
     (tll1p~laX, OXBa'lCHHhIX npocj.>coI03aMH, a llPOHO,~I1BllIHCCil Ha                             npamlTCAbCTllcllIlble           opraHKlal)HH,          a     TaKlKC        <DpaHlJHll       H
     HI1X HHCIICKIJHI1, KJK npaBHAo, 6blAH OO\CC TII)aTCAbHbNI1,                                    CWA llblCTynuAI1 3a yBil:'lKy 1101':>1 oxpallbl Tpy/\a C (on\a-
     nOCKG\hKY pa60THHKH OCl'llJCCTMJL\H CBOH TaK H<l3blBaCMb1C                                     lllClIHCM, llG.'llll1CaHHuIM lla YpyrBailcKOM paYHLlC, 11 3a 4a,\b-




90
HeHmee      pac:yf(rrpeHHt' :'lTI1X              lJ(mpOCOlJ   I)   paMKaX       IlllflOCI   COO()IlJCCTlIY, 3 lie Rl;\bKO CTpaHe, !l OTtIOWeHl1l1 K01'OPOI1 OBll
BceMlIPHOH 1iJprofUH Opralll13aIJI111,                                                      npH~leHRK)TCll,      IIpWle\1      IDileP*KI1    11MI OCnL\bllhiX            CTpaH
    BhlcTyual!lUJlle 3a 1I0;1'!I1Hemle yle)K/1YHapO/!IU,IX Ollepa ~                         6y,1}'1' Te~l fiC1\hWe, 4eMlaMCTHee PC1\b CTpaHbI~HapYUlI1TeMI
IJHil (OfiAI0/1< 'IIHK) HOpH OXpaHhr TPi~la rrpOHOil51T pa'l,\Wme                           II ce nec Il \lI1pOBoil 21KOHOMI1Ke. O:;afiO'lCHHOCTb BL13hlBaeT
~le)K,~y !(;\rO'l':BhI~n:     1](1\' ))KemUIMI1, KOTOpble, KaK OHII YTBep)K-                T3K)Ke nepOllTHOCTb TIm), 'lTI) callKlJHll                      IIplIMeHRThClI
ilalOT, !lI1,\l!lO'rC51 OCriOBHhlyl1l npallaMI1 11, C\e,IOBaTe;\hHO, 110,1-                 TIHhKO B OTHOIlleHI1H HefiC1\bWYlX npaH, Il TI) Bpe\m KaK
Ae)KaT YBJl3KC, 11 Il< 'pMa'!I1, KOTOpble ,10;\)KHbl COBepUlCHCTIlO-                        t)C1\eC KpyllHhlC CTpaIlbl                   rrpOi!C1\)K3n, 6e:lHaKa33IHlO
BaThCR 110 w'pe p:11BHTllJ1 CTpaH 11 coG,\J(),leHl1e KOTOPhIX He                            HapyuraTb OCHOBllble llp3B3,
CAe/liCT YB>I',blBa-n (' Me)K,WHapO/lHhl,,!I1 ()lIepmJHll~IIl, K,\J(l-                          I1cTHHHall      OllaCHOCTh,         CIlIBaHH<llI   C     IlCnC\C\h'lOllaHHe~1
'lell"I': 1I0pM ,I OGI,'lHO IlK,\IO'la](lT cBofio,;y OG'he.IHHCHHR VI                       TOproBblX C<lHKIJI1l\ KaK cpe,lCTBil :laIlJl1Thl OCIIOHHbIX IIpaH,
npalJO IJeCTH neperoBophl B IJe,\I1X lalV\Kl'leHlIlI Kil.\,\eKTYm-                          3aKAlO'l3CTCJI B TIll'l, 'ITO oGYC\OI!,\eIIHOCTb \le)K,WllapOI1l10H
IlblX ,1oroOOf'OH, MIKHH,(alJHKl IIpHHillHTeAbllOlD TPiJ\a (eilHII-                         TIlproMH C06,\Kl/leIlI1C\1 TPii10Bb1X HOpM ~l())KeT fiblT1> HCIIC1\h-
CTBe!lllhlH     /l(   tHp0e. Y)Kll paCCMaTpVlHaBJIH1l\C51 Il           CATTl,     pa:l-     'lOI!3H<l Il npOTeKlJl101ll1CTCKHX lJe,\lIX, lIAR cOXpaHCllYlJI HH,\OB
,\H'lHbIX lpOPM :~KCH,\yaTa!JIlI1 ,leTcKoro Tp};la VI                         AHCKPVI-      l1eJlTeM,HOCTI1,     )'TpaTIl!lWIIX       KOIIKypCHl1XlIOco6HOCTb              nOll
MHllaIJI1I1, YTIlep)fQaeTul, 'ITO :'lTH OCHOllllble llpaBa 'leAOllCKa                       IHI1J1HIICM Go,\ee ,]CWeIlOID IIMnopTa.                J..icR)PIlJl aIlTl1;J('l'I-
1l1l;\51K)TCll afjcO'\KJTHj,J~111 MOpa,\bHbIMI1 HOp,laMI1, 11 :\fe)K,1)'-                   1I111l1DllOH np<lKTHKI1. IIpewota Tpl1BdK)l!jeil npHlIJlTI1C OTHeT~
HapO,1l!Cle CUoOIlJt'CTBO il0A)KHO OKa:lbIllaTh Topmlloe ,1all,\e-                          HblX   "lep    Il OTHOlllelIHII       npaH,     KOTIJpbIC     np0,1<1KJT CliOI1
Hill' lIa TC npaHhl, Kompble ilX l!ap),Ill<lIOT, llOCKOAbKY 211'11                          1tlBapbl lid PhlUKaX ,lpyrl1X CTp<lH I!O           yClla~!   HH)KC H1ilCP*CK
HapYlllellHlI         1l0(lphlHal<)T    ,\efl1THMlIOCTb       CVlCTeMhI       ,le)K,l),-    I1X 1I1"JH3!lO;1CTlla tL\H IIIDKC ljell Ha APYnlX phl!iKaX,                    1I0~

Hap0,1HOH       1npnlB\l1,        CTaH!lapTbl.        ypoHellb     KOTOPI,IX,       KaK     KU3hlBaeT, HaCKo.\hKO Bh!60poc(llble ~lepb! IlHelllHeTIlprOBOro
IlpaIlI1AO, nCllhlwaeTClI no Mepe                 :~KOH()MI1'leCKOI,()    pa.iBI1THlI,      I!pOTeKljHOHI1:J1>U, I!pl1 Bceti I1X PaJ)HOllU,\bHUCTl111 fi,\aropo,l-
IlK,\lO'laIOT     MI1Hlma,\bIlVK)         :iapa60THYJ()       [HaT},      H    1I0p~1"1     CTlle !je,\eH, MoryT fibiTI> lKJ,1Bep*eHbl 3,\OYIIOTpeG,\eHI1)!>1.
f'l1rl1l'lIbl Tp':la, 'vIHorne C10POHHHKH IMeH yBiBKH npl1:lHaJOT,                          [\aBIl1>lM    cpaBHIlTC.\bfIh!M       npeHMV][JeCTB()~1 Ge,]HhIK (Tpall
'ITO 11C11(1\b \OBaJme T )pmBhlX caHKIJl1Il ,lA11 Y)KeCTO'IeHl1l1                           5l1L\l1eTOI   i!ellleIlaH     HeKB,L\I1CPHlJl1pOBaHHilJI      pa('X),.Jdll   C!1,\a,
HOPM, HXOA!I1JI1X flO             WfOp)'Kl rpy[Jny. ~K))KeT npHBeCTI1 K                     Pa3i\H'l1111 1\ CTellel!11 ofiecncqellIlOCTl1 cpaKTopa"m npOI1:mOil-
:iH<l'lfITeN,HClMY        CHI1)K,'HHKl oG1,eMa         :'>1I1POIlOH ToprolL\1l         n    CTlld COCTaBAJlIOT ca~lyK) CyTh Me)K/WlIapO/1HOH TOprOIl,\11 11.
;:(alKC oTpIIIJaTe,\I,HO CKa3aTbCJI               Ha llU\OlKeHI1Il Tex,          KOMY       KaK GhL\O II0K<l:;aHO !I YaCTI1 BTOpoil lIaCTOlllljCro OTQeTa, He
TaKI1C caHKI, HI1 npwmaHbl IIOWl'll>.                                                       lI&\JlK)TOI npl1'lilHol\ oGIlJero ClIlllKellHH ypOBHII :;aHHTIlCTI1 II
    CTpallbl, He (06;\I(V\aIO!lJl1c cpYHi!aMeHTai\[,lIble HOpMhl                            fulAee 60raTbiX CTpaHdX. XOTJI 11 MoryT Bbl:lbIBaTb 113"ICHeHI1)!
TPY.10IlbIX OTlIowuUli-i CTaBlIT ;\<le)KilYHapoilHoe CO06HjeCTBO                            B CTpyKT)"pe 1allJlTOCTll 11 COKpaUJeHlIe noc.\ei llleil H OT;1(;:,\b-
nepe/l cephl'3HOiiUl'\l'~1~10rl. 'IhproBble CaHK!JI1l1 I1POTI1IJ IH1X                       IIhIX OTpaC\I1X      B      }'C\OBHlIX CllepTbllldHl1l1 .:JdllllTOCTll I,Jc,\e-
Wll/\11 fibl naTb ()lIpall,'(afUlbl~1 lllarOM KaK no Mopa,~hHbIM, T<lK                      cooGpa3HOCTb l'Oq>lapcmellIIoro BMellJaTe,\bCTIla O'leHH.1Ha,
11 no :.,KO!l('-"II1'1e,'KI1M c006pa)Kelll1l1~l, TaK K3K, HanpIIMep,                        O"lll<lKO TOproIlblR IIpOTeKIJHOHI13M llll,\lleTCll neChMa rpy6bl"1
BeAR KO;\,\e, THBHI.le nqJeIDBopbl C pafiOTO/la1'C,\IIMI1, cnoOO.l-                         Cpe/!CTHO,I, C03, !dKlUJHM 11:l/!ep)KKH, CTIlllMOCTb KOTOPbIX npll-
Hble !I[l(xj)( OI03bl MorVT nml0'lh 110611TbCR fl(1\ee (TpOmm                               XONITCR HeCTI1 (lPYrHM 2t\eMellTUM 0611,)C(1'lla. 11 TOpM03l1L1jI1M
COOTBeTCTIl III         )'( ADm, t\    Tp),,!a   ypOBHJ()     ,lUXOi\OB       CTpa!lhl.     IIpOIJecc CTpyKTypHhlX 11,1MeHeIl!lti, C\)')KaUjIlX OClloHoti ,l,\lI
O/lH3KO T31:l1e C,IlKIJIIH HaHeqT YUJepG IK'eMy ~II1P()1l0My                                fi;>lY[ljero ClKOHOMI1'1eCKOm pOCTa H cm;laHl1ll paGO'lHX ~Iecr.




                                                                                                                                                                                   91
                                            •••                                           C\OIl HaCC;\eHlIJI II pa60THllKOB, rIO,lIlCpralOUJHXCll 11m Kpmm-
            IlOCKl1\bKY flO MHOrl1X C1paHaX C HI13KI1:>1 II Cpe;IHI1M                     HaIjl1l1 (pe% lIjleT 0 3anpellJetlllH .:leTCKOm TpY4a, 3aKOHax 0
       ypOllHeM    AOXOAOB      O(pl1l)llaM;1I0     perllCTpllpyeMhll'I         CeKTOp    paBI1011        OIL\aTe   TPY4a   n                .¥),\lKHhl    COlIPOBO;K,13ThCll
       He3Ha'1l1Te~\eH, a B03MOlKHOCTll 06eClIC'1I1BaTb C06,\KHelIl1e                     ,10no,\HHTe,\bllbIMIl        MepuMH,            BK,\lOYUll       npe.JOCT;Ifl,\eHUe
       :,aKOHOH 0 TP)"le OrpaHl1'leHbl, CYIIJCCTBYKlIlJl1e f1C);\O)KCHllll                cy6Cl1illlfl l1a 06pa'lOHaHHe 11 p:1CnmpeHHe H03MO)!;110CTeH
       npI1MeH!lKlTC!I "l1ll1b B OTHOLlleHI1H lle60;\bLllOH '1aCTI1 pa60T-                TP)/10YCTpOHCTBa lKemIjl111 H COllpeO'ICHHbIX ceKTopax 3K0I10·-
       HI1KOH ,m6o He IIpI1MeHJlIOTC!I lloo6l1JC. TppmlOe 3aKOHO-                         MHKll. HOPMbI OXpal1bl TpY4a TaKlKC MoryT nOBbICllTt 6,\aro-
       4aTe~\hCTBO II 3THX CTpaHax 3a'1aCTY!O He o6ecne'IHBaeT                            COC1UllflHC pa60Tt!!1KOB npH YC;\Ollllll, 'Iro KOHTPU\I, 3:1 llX
       3alIJHTY I1HTepCCOB HYlK;la!OIlJllXC!I pa60Tlll1KOB, H T()r:~a B HX                COt'blO4CIlHeM OCYIIJeCTB,\llKlT npO(t.lCOlOJhl H ,1pYl'He 061lje-
      IlHTepccax      IlpH!illMaKlTC!I    ~lephl,     nocpe,ICTBOM           KOTOPhIX     CT!JellHbIC opraHlBalJllll. B             OT,'lC,\bHhIX G\Y'1aJlX pcry,\Hpo-
       mcpapCTBO IlhITaCTC!I Y,\Y'1I1l11Tb yC\OBH!I TpYita B Cej\hCKOM                    BaHllC MlllIll~mAbHOH :Jupa60Tl-IOH IL\aTbl B IlPOMbIlLL\CHHO
       X03!1HCTlle 11 lIcperHCTpHpVC~lOM ceKropc, HallpllMCp, :la CYCT                    paJBHThlX crpallax MOlKeT OKa3:lThCll ()60CIIOllaHIILI~1. HO Il
       clIa6lKCHHll    IlIlTbeBOH     IJO,'lOH,    y~\y'1111eHH!I      GlHHTapHbIX        CTpallax C fll13KHM 11 cpeilHllYI ypOBfleM :10XO,10B IJe,\eCO-
       yC"OBIlJ~ 1l~\H 60Pb6hI C IlllcpeKIJHOHHbIMH :,a6(}\eBaHIl!lMll.                   06pa.1HOCTb 3roM MCPbI lleO'1CIlIl.:lH:l. 11'l/leplKKH lKe, CH!l3,lH-
       3m    He 03Ha'1aeT, '1ro lIC C\e,\yCT lIhITaTbOI BBeCTll HOpMhl                    Ilhle c nonhlTKa",1H 3:lKpCnHTb HaIjHOHa,\bHhIC HOPMbl ,)XpaHbI
      oxpaHbl Tp),.la pa60THIlKOIJ O¢IlIJHa\hHO perllCTpllpyer-mro                        TPYila     Il    il0KpfCHTax      MelK,WHupO"HOH                roprofl,\I1,   ilO'!Tll
       ceKropa. Ho TaKlle HOPMbl, []pll3BaHlIble :lalIJIlTIlTb YJl3IlllMhie               lIaBepl1llKU HcpCBeCllT ,\K)60~1 HblHrpblUl.




     fAAHA               12




      c
                       B050tlHblE        lIPOcDCO!03bI         JlB,\llK)TOI      KPAE-    COl(HbL BMecTe C Tel'! ,lellre \bIlOCTb                   IIpmj)coKnoH '10JKCT
                        ym\bHbl'Yr KaymeM i\1060H 3¢li1eKTIlBHOH CllC-                    llMeTh 11 HeraTI1BHbie 3KOHOMH'ICCKHC fIOC;\e,]CTBl1ll. B HcKOTO-
                       TeMhl TP),10BbIX OTHOllleHHH, llMelOUJeii IjeM,lO                  phlX crpUHax Ollll Be,~lyT ce6ll KaK MOHOllClAHCTb!, '1aIl ;llllJall
                       CO'ICTaTb flOTpc6HOCTb HpeAnplliITHii II coxpa-                    HHTepeCbl He6oAbllIom 'lHc,\a OTHOCHTC;\bHO 06eCHe'I<:I!HbIX
                       IleHllH KOHKypeH'mclloco6HOCTIl co CTpeM~\e-                       '1;\eIlOB IIp<.)(PCOl030B, ror(1U KaK B03MOlKHOCTll 6e3pa6( )THbIX
       rIllCM pa60THllKOB A0611ThCll 1l0Bl>lllleHlliI 'lapa601'HOH HAaTh!                 11 3aHllTbiX B Ce;\hCKHX paHoH3x B HeoprallH3011aHllOM cCKrope
       11 y~\)''1111eHH!I YC\OBllii TpY/la. IlPC)(llCOIO:lbI BhICTYrIaKlT KaK             HaHnl paooT)' llpoNlA)KalOT CY)KaTbC!I.
       npe.rKTaBI1Te~\1l TpY4llIIJHXGI, OpraHH'ly!l OO\hlllHC rpymlLI                        l-'haK,       cnocoCiCTBveT        lli\ll   llpeI[J11'CTHYCT 4eJlT~\bHOCTb
       pa60TIIHKOB II e.1HllGe Ijej\oe. H3 paBHblX BCTYllaIOIIJce B                       CBO(1O.1HbIX []POCPCOKl3011 ¢YHKIjHoHllpollaHlllO PblHKOB Tp);~a
       KG\;\eKTI1BHbIC ;lorollOPbl C pa6oro4aTeMIMH. Ilpo¢colO3bl                         >lMI npelIllTcTByeT eMY' B               ,laHH0l4 r;\allC paCCMaTpHHaeTC!I
       TaKlKC   MoryT    oCYUJeCTll;\iITb     KOHTpc1\b        3a    cofi\IO;\eHHCM       KaK 3KOHOMIl'1CCKaiJ. TaK H 1l0MITH'1eCKall P(}\b npo¢coj{ '30B 11
       pa60TOA<rre.\ll~1l1   3aKOflO[l 0 TPYile (CM. r,\aBY         11),   CO;leHCTIlO-   Ollpeile~\JllOTCll TC HPUllOBble 11, H 6o,\ee lllH[X1KOM CMbIC;\e,
       BaTb HOllbIHleHl110 np0I13H04I1Te;\ bHOCTll TpY.13 H OOP01'bCJI C                  3KOHOMH'1eCKlle paMKU, B KoroPblX npO¢COIO'lLI i.[lYIlKIJ110HIl-
       ;lI1CKpHMHHalJlleJ'i H3 pa60'fe)'I MeCTe.        I Io   llX P(}\b HC orpa-         PYlOT HaH6mee 3¢QlCKTHBHO.
       HH'fI1BaeTCll 3KOHOI'IHYeCKOf! C<pePOH: II HCKomphIX cTpaHax
       npO(pCOlO3bI fiHeG\1l 3H3'111Te_\LllbII1 IlK"'!,-1 B llo,\H1'H'leCKOe 11
                                                                                          3KOHOMM'teCKaA pOnb npOq,COto30B
       COIjlla,\bHOC pa3BHTHC. C1'pal[hl, II KmnpbIX cBrolla C03,1allllil                 CYIIJeCTHYJOT fme Il(XbMa pa3~\IlYHbIX TOYKII 3peHHll Ha 3KOHO-
       II ,~ellTei\bHOCTb npo¢colO30H OrpaHI1'1I1BaK)TCll no TI(}\HTH-                    r-.lll'1eCKlle HOC;\e,\CTBIUI ,lellTe,\bHOCTIl HPO¢COKl30B.                en 'POIl-
       '1eCKHM []PH'lllH3M, ;\lllllalO1'C!I       MexaHH:i~la,      rI03Il(1\ilK)IIJero   HllKI1 II[1O¢COKJ3011 paCCMaTpUBUIOT IIX KaK Mexall1l3M, Il03BO-
       pa60TlIHKaM 11 pa601DA3Tei\llM BeCTIi ncpemllOpbl                   06   ypOBlle   ;\!II0UJHH pa60THllKal'l KO,\~\CKTI1HIlO Bhlpa)KaTb CBoe MHCHlle II
       3apa6oTHoH H;\aTbl H yC\OIl!lJIX TPY4a c c06~\K)J1eHl1eM npllH-                    CHoc06cTHYIOHJHH nOHbllUellllK) []POl13110':111Te,\hHOCTH TpYAa
      IjIlHOB cnpaHe.J~\IlBOCTI1. PC3Y.,\bT3TOM 3roro llB;\JlCTCIl 'fPCel-                11 ),Kpen,\eHIlIO npHHIJH[]OIl palleHCTHa. IlpOTI1IlHllKll npo¢-
       MepHoe BMClIIaTe,\bCTBO H perplipoHaHlle co CroPOHbl rocy-                         COI030H 1l11(lllT B :1TllX 06'bC,lllHCHllllX ~fOHOH(}\IlCroH, orpaHll-
      IwpcTBa, CTpeMilllJerocil ycnOKOI1Tb pa60THHKoB 11 3aCTaBl1Th                       411BUlOlIJllX      3aHllrocTb     B     lJe,\llX    nOBblllletlHiI     3apa6oTHoH
       HX   nOA(\ep)KllBaTb KOHTp(}\HpyeMble            [,(lCY<1a[XTBOM         IIpo4)-   fL\3Tbl CHOIlX '1,\eHOB. lLalOT I\H pC3pbT3Tbl 3KOHOMIl'1eCKoro




92
aHaAlna       H    onhlT    pa311blX     CTpall     OCH(lBaHl1l1    4AlI    TaKl1X     :-nnro    1I1lAlIeTOI   6C:JonaCHOCTh        TpY!la.    MUJa   I1().~XOAlIllJI111
o6061yefll1fl?      Ha 3T01' HOUpOC npl1X0411TClI OTlle1'I1Tb OTpHlJa-                 ypOllCHh 6C30naCHOCTH I1a pa60'!CM ~ICCTe, pa60TIIHKH :'>loryT
TeAbHO. ilclITe.,\bHOC1'b llpOcjXOl<X1OH MO)f(CT OKa:,hmaTh IKh\O-                     MeHI!Th MecTO pa60Tbi ,10 '['CX 1I0P, JlOKa YC\OHHlI HC O)i1)'T HX
)f(11TC~\bHOC     IlAH OTplllJaTeAbHOC llc\HlIHI1C H 3,umCHMOCTH 01'                   YCTpallH31'b, O;1HaKO IlhlCOKaF! TeKY'lCCTb pa60'leii CI1.\bl HC2>rp-
CYllJCCTllYIOlIJei1     CTpyKTYPbl           CTl1MY,\OH H    3aKoHq·laT~\bHOI1         CPCKTl1BH:l H CR1I3aHa C 113t1cp)f(KaMU KaK 4~\1I.pafjoT()"aTC~\cti,

OCHOHhl I1X CPYI1KYI10HH[JOHaHHlI.                                                     TaK H ,1A11 CaMI1X pa60TIIHKOIl. C?T11X H34CP)KCK MO)f(HO 1136e-
                                                                                       )K3Tb npu       nOMOIlJH IlpOCpCOI03J, cnoco6Horo /lOIlCCTH 110
JjOAO}f(UTethI10e 8(uqeilcnlUe                                                         CllC;ICHHlI a/l~Il1HI1CTPJyIlH 1l0)KC~\aHHIl pa6oTHHKOH.
I10BblLlIEHHE nPOI13BOl(vlTEAbHCX:TV! TPY,l(A. /l,CI!TCAbHOCTb                             Bonpoc 0        3JBHCHMOCTH MC)f(;l)' ,lCaTe,\hI10CThK) nporj)-
npocpCOlO3011         ~lO)Ke1'     cnoco6CTHOllaTb          nOBbll UCHHIO       3cp-   COKJ3011 H rrpOH3B0;1I1Te,\bHOCTbKJ Tpy"a B CTpaHax C               JUI3KII~1   11
qJCKTHllHOCTlI H llpmBllO;ll1TC.\bHOCTI1 TpYAa.                    I1poejxOl03hl       cpeaHilM ypoHHe:'>1 r1!)XOil0H      ~l:lN)   H:,Y'lCH, O,lHaKo pC3Y,\bTa1'hl
OKa:,blllaIOT CllOHM 'L\CH:JM H:J)KHhIC yc.'\yrH. Ha ypOHHC npc4-                      HCilallHo     lI[XlHC/lCHIJOI'O   aH~ \H3a      ilaHHblx     flO   ::VlaAall:mH
IIPl1l!THii   n;:ocpCOlO3bI         Hblpa)f(JK)T     KU\ACKTHBIIOC         MHCHHC      OT'laCTI1 I10,lTllCpIK;laIOT MHCHHC 0             1DM, 'ITO IlpOCPCOIO.lb1
pa60THHKOB. 406IIBJlICb npl1MepllO paBHoro COOTIKJIUCHHI!                              MoryT     cnoc06CTROBaTh          f10BbllUCHHIO        npOH31104HTC.\bllOCTH
(,HA pa601'HI1KOB 11 .14'IHHI1CTpaYHlI, UP()(PCOI03bI 3Jcrall;\1IlOT                   Tp)~la   11 3CP(jJCKTlIHHOCTH em opraHH3:lIjlll1 (Ta6MuJa             12.1), B
pa60TO/laTcA,~ti        H( )3(1Cj ))KHBaThClI      01'    HPOI1311U\bHbIX       H;\H   OXlla'lCHIlbIX IIP{)(:j.)coK)3aMH Ma,\afrll1ticKI1x qmpMax fiu\hWee
Kapa1C;\bHbl)        MCp H 01' 3KcuAy:lTaTOpcKoti npaKTl1KH. TIPH                      HHHM3HHC );1C;\Jl;\OLh npocpecCH()Ha;\bHO~1 f104I'OTOHKe pafioT-
nOMOUJH Me).allH3~IOH (~))f(a;\OHaHHiI pcmcmu''j II yperYMlIX)-                        rlllKOB, a 4>\1I 110BbllJlCHHlI rllOKOCTIl II 3cj)cpeKTHIlIJOCTH npo-

llamUI CIIOPOB np' )C\)CC<K)3bl CHH)KaIDT TCKY'lCCTb KailPOB H                         113Bo,]CTHa HcrrOAb30HaAClI IlPHHIJllII poTaYHH, TO CCTh Ilone-
06eCIIC'lI!Ba~)T cn,6lHhllOCTb p-a6o'lcl1 CII;\I;I, 'ITO Il CO'lCTa-                   peMCHlIOC BbII10;\HCHHC pa601'HHK:lMH pa3HhlX OnCpalJHti. 3TII
HHH c ()GllJIIM YA\'llllCliHCM TPW10BblX OTHOUlCflHI1 HC/leT K                         qmp;\lbl TaK)KC fiOACC 'laC1D BHC(1pa,\H pa3AI1'lHbIC 1l0BLlleCTB3,
pocn npollo IlO(lI1TCAbHOCTH TpY/la.                                                   llCtJYIlJHC K 1I0IlhIUICIIHK)     npOlI'lHO,~I1TC;\hHOCTH      TP)/Ill, llK,\KJ-
    Bo    l'lHOII1X     C\y'l311X    pa60nlllKH          Hl'lCIOT rn1\ee    IlClIOC    '1al! IICpCXO/1 H3 HOBble TeXHo.\Orl1il, H:JMellCHl1e          HOMCIl~\aTy­

npCI1CTallo\Ct IIC 0       nYl1lx nOBbll!lCllll1! npoH3BO,1I1TC;\bHOCTI1               phi IlblIlYCKacMol1 rrpOiJYKljl1H H peupraml'l31JH!O parnlTbl.
TPY'!", 'lCM 'illMHHHCTp,UJHiI. amI C 6o\bUlCll roTOHlIOCTbK)
H04c.\lITCI! 3 roti 11llcpOpMaIJHcl1, CCAH 6Y,1YT YBcpeflbl                Jj   TOM,   YKPE[];\EHHE fJPI1Hljr'lIIOB PABEHCTBA ~1 P,OPbljA C IlHCKPl1-
'ITO nmMOIK) !blC H lMCHeIU11! Il oprallH33yHH TPy>1a IIpl1HeCYT                       'vUlIIAljllEI1. XOTJl ,1CaTe,\bHOCTb npoq)(,OI03011 HC;lCT K yll~\l1-
11M llhm)ilY      1Ipl1c) TCTBlfC    HX npeaCTaIlIITe;\Il, TO CCTb npo(p               'lCHHK) pa3pbIBa H ,pOlltle onAaThl TPilla MC)K,'1Y 'l;\CHaMH
COKJ3a, []O~tC raeT paccc'i1Tb onacellHlI pa60THIIKOH, 'ITO ;\lo6all                   npocpCOlO301l 11 He IIXO/Il!llJl1MH II npocpCOlO3bl pa60THHKa~!H,
11H(I)op~!ayl! iI, KOTOpy~) OflH paCKpbll1aIDT, 1I,jCT Ila nOAblY                      OHH   /106HH3KITCI!     paHCI!CTlla    H On,\aTC Tj)y4a CIlOI1X           c06-
TO\bKO a ..l:'>! IHHCTpaYI1fl. ECMl            'UClIbl npoq)c0103<l I1MCIOT            CTIICHlIblX 'L\CHOll. KOf,1ll B COCTaH npoqJCOlO30B llXOi111T )KeH-
Il03MO)KllOC1 b      Y'{;,CTIlOHaTb     II    :-\cponpHlITIlIlX,   BC,WlIjl!X      K   IlJHHbl H;\\I Ilpe,~CTallHTC,\H 2>THWleCKl1X MCUbllll1l1CT1I, npocp-
nOllblllleHIIKl npowmo,IHTCAbHOCTH Tpy/la, TO i1ClITC,\hHOCTb                          COlO3bl TaKJKC fiOPK)TCll I1[XlTHH i1HCKpHMHHaymJ. COKpallJe-
UP()(j)cO!0301l MO)Kl.'T CIIOco6CTIlOH<lTb pOCTy 3CPCPCKTHIlI!OCT!1                    HHe pa3HHlJbl Il ypOIlHe OIl,\aTbl Tpyna HHor"la )f(CAaTC;\hHO, HO
npOlBBO,lCTII:1.                                                                       KOf;1a 311) rrpOHCXO;1HT KaK pe3Yo\bTaT 4ClITe;\bHOCTH [][XX\)-
    }CAOBHlDl Tp)'lld Ha HCK01UPblX npC,lnpHlITHIlX CllOtiCTBCH-                       C0103011, 2>cpqJCKTHBHOCTb npOlf3HO/lCTlla ~10)KL'T CHHJKaTbClI,
Hbl rrpH3HaHI lICKOHK}lJCHTHbIX 06llJCCTllClIllblX TOBapOll: HX                        TaK KaK   y   pafJOTHHKOB C0343CTOI HCBCPflOC IIpC4C1'aJ~\CIIHC 0
4110Tpefi,\elHle»      ('411l1~1   parnITHl1KOM          He OrpalH!'lHHaCT       HX    'IUM, K3KHC cneIJl1a;\I1CTbl KOTHPYK)TClI Ha PblHKC mlHrn);\CC
ilocTymlocl b ;lAlI ;lP)THX paOOTHHKOB. al1!lH~l H3 npHMcpOH                           BblCOKO 11 KaKI1C OTpaCAH H HlMbl Ilpmj.leCCHOllaAbHoll IlCll-




                                                                                                                                                                            93
                                                                                                   '1,\CHOB II Ylijcp6 HHTepccaM aKYHOHepOB, nOTpc6I1Tc:,eH II He
                                                                                                   OpraHH30BaHHbIX            H npo¢COlO3bl pa60TIHlKOB. TIOfhIllIeHHC
                                                                                                   3apa6o'TH0I1 IIAaTbl nOll 4allAcIlHcM npoC\JCOKHOH Be/lcT K
                                                                                                   CHl1)1(CHI1IO llPH6bl;\H llflC4IlpHilTHI1, ,\1160 IlCllCHOCH1U! lIa
                                                                                                   nOTpc6HTCACil Il BII;le 6Q;\cC IlblCOKHX YCII. B AJOt10M CAY'IaC
                                                                                                   OXlla'leIlHbIe       npo¢colO3aMH                qmpMbl        CTPCMilTClI        H:UII1MaTb
                                                                                                   MCHbille pafJOTHI1KOIl, 'ITO YBe;\WHmaeT npC4;\O;KCHHC pa6o-
                                                                                                   '1CH CI1;\bl H He-WI' K CHI1;KeHHlO 3apa60THol1 n,\aTbJ B acopra-
                                                                                                   Hl130BaHHOM CeKltlpc.                tlaHllblc       0    BMlllfUlH         /lClITe,'.bIlOCTII
                                                                                                   npocj>colO30B Ha ypOHCHb 3apaf)(JTIiOl1l1;\aThl, cc. 0 pamHIJe B
                                                                                                   OlL\aTe TPMa pa6oTHHKOB OilHOil 11 ltJJ1 )l(C KBa;\WpHKaYI1H,
                                                                                                   illlMllOl.IJl1XCii 11 He J1BAJllOlijHXCii '1,\ellaMH npoqKOlO:WH, 6blMI
                                                                                                   1l3Y'lCHbl H HCCKC];\bKI1X cTj1allax.                     PC3YAhTaTbl HX <lllaAH33
                                                                                                   nOKa3blll<lIOT, 'ITO pa3pblB MO)l(eT 110CTl1ra'Tb                          31   npol )CHTa B
                                                                                                   pa3l1HBaKHIJHXClI CTpaH3X,10 npOljeHltlB H CTpaHax EI~ponbl H
                                                                                                   OKmo 20 npOIJcHlt)H II CeBCPHoti AMCPHKC (TafiAHl,Ia 12,2)
                                                                                                       IIOBblllJClIIle 3apafionloH IL\a1'b! O1'HOCHTC~\bHO HeficlI\h-
                                                                                                   moro '1HC\a '1ACtIOB IIporpCOIO.~O)l MO;KCT HCra1'HlllIO CKa'\bl~
                                                                                                   B:l'TbCll Ha pacllpC;IC/\CHHH 110XO;10B. B 60\bHlHHCTHe pa3llH~
                                                                                                   BalOllJHXGI corpaH          AHIIIb      Hcf)(HbmaJl '1aCTh pafur3.lOuJcm
                                                                                                   Hace.,\CHHlI IlX(J;1I1T Il npocjlcolO3bl. HallpHMcp, B llaN HCT<llle
                                                                                                   npocjlCOKnaMI1 OXlla'lCHO "Iellee                     4    npOIJeHmll 0'1' o6lijcm
                                                                                                   '1HL\a pa60TalOl.IJcro HaCC;\CIIHlI, B KeHlm -                             5 llPOl,lC'Hlt1B, a
                                                                                                   II MaA:lII3H¥I          10 npOl,lCH1tJB (pllCYHOK 12. n                    B TaKI1,{   YC\O~
                                                                                                   BHilX npo¢colO3hl ~!OryT HrpaTb Ba)l(HYIO P(1\b B c'npc/lc-
                                                                                                   ACHHJ1 pa31ll1lJbl B VPOllHC On,\aTbl Tpy,1a MC)I(,lY 3allllTblMH Il
     Te,\bHOCTI1     XapaKTCpl13YlOTOI                  CaMOH      HblCOKOH      IIP()H3!l(li1H~   HcfioAblllOM oqmIJHa~\bllO pefHCTPlIPVCMOI>1 ceKmpc, C o.:lIIoi1
     TC;\bHOCTbIO TpYila.                                                                          CroPOHbl,       11    3alliiTbIMl1     II   06ll1IlPIIOM            HCPCfHCTPl1pYCMOM
         COKpalijCHHC pa3HlfYbl B ypOIlIIC On,\aTbI Tpi/la Ha OXIlJ-                               ceKmpc 3KOl[OMHKI1 H Il CC,\hCKO~1 X03JlHCTllC, C tlP}TOii. EC\l!
     '1CHllbIX npO¢COl03aMll cjmpMaX B npOMbll.lL\CHHO pa3mlTbiX                                   O(pHl,IUaJ\bIIO pemCTpl1pYCr>lblH CCK1tJp OXlla'lCH npo¢co103a-
     CTpJHaX HCOilHOKpaTHO KOHCTaTHpOllaAOCb, HO HMCIOTCJI H                                       :><!11, pC3Y;\LTal1JM 3mm, CKOPCC Bcero, 6Y/leT pcrpec':HBIIOC
     YKa3amll! Ha TO, '1m aHaAOfH'IHb1l1 npolJccc npOI1CXO/IllT II II                              pacllpe-IC,\CHf1e /10XO/lOII. KOlila )l(e llpOH311O/XCTllO B PCrH-
     CTpaHax C HIl3KHM H cpe;IHHM ypOBHCM ilOXO,~OIl. PC3Y;\bTaThl                                 cTpHpye~loM          ceKmpc nmb3ycTclI npeI1MY'YcCTlJOM TOprclHom
     npollC;lcHHOro II           1988-90 roilax           H PCcnyfiNIKC KopclI HCC\C~              npOTCKl,II10HI13Ma, nporpcOKYibl lloAyqalOT llbH'O/1}' HapH;W C
     ,1011JIlHll 1l0Ka3aAH, '1lt) npocj)colO3bl II ,,,It)H CTpaHe npHJlalOT                        IlAa/lCAblJa~m         Ilpe/lfIpllJlTHH,          llPll'lC~1    3TO        npOHCXOjHT        Il
     60AblllOC     3I1a'lCIU1C              HblpaBHHllaHHIO            ypoBHJI   3apa60THoH        YIl).cp6 nOTpcfiHTe~\ilM H "raccaM 3aHlITblX B HC OXlla'lCHHbIX
     n,\aTI:>I II '1m pa3HHya II OfL\aTe Tp}ila Il IICOXlla'lCHIlOM llP()(/I-                      npo¢colO3aMH CCKTopax cJKOIlOMI1KI1.
     COI03a:.m ceKTope Ha                  5,2   npoyellTa llpeHhIlIlaCT mT )l(C []OKa~                BMccTe C TCM, ir:l;KC H pa:,llHllaKllijllXClI CTpaHax 60ACC
     3aTCAI> Ha npocjJCoKXlIiblX npelnpHlITH!IX. B                            MCKCHKC ;lClI~       IlblCOKI1H ypOlleHh OIL\:lTbl Tp}:la '1ACHO)l llPOcj)(,OlO:;OB HC
     TeAbHOCTh npocpcoI03011 CI10c06cTHolla,\a CIlH)I(CIlI1IO ;lIKKPI1~                            Hccrila cBI1.:1eTC;\bC'TIlYCT 0                 llCraTl1HlIbIX       nOCAC4CTBll>lX        11X
     "U1Hal,lHl1. AllaAH3 ,laHHuIX 0 3apafloTHoH IlAaTe 3a                          1989 roll      ;lellTe,\bHOCTll C m'lKH 3peHl111 pacnpC;IC,\CHllll 110XO/I:l. B
     nOKa3aA,     '1m       II        HC    OXBa'lCHHOM        nporpCOlO3a"m         CCKltlpe      1985   roilY HCrpl1TilHCKHe npocjJCOlO3bl II IO;KHOH A'PPH~'e
     ypOBellb     3apa60THoH                 IL\aTbl    :'<ry;Kl!l1H    Ha   17,5   npOlJeHTa      ,lo6HM1Cb nOllblHlcmUI 3apa6oTHoil n;\aTbl CFlOllX q,\CI!OIl Ha
     npellblllla,\ yp0BeHb 3apa60THoli 1l,\aTbl )l(eHlijI1H, I1MelOllJIIX                          10-24 npOlJCHTa.         Ho npH6AH311ll TaKIlM 06pa30M 3apa6oTHYIO
     TY)I(C KBa;\WpHKal,lIlIO Il onblT, Tor/la K<lK H OXB<I'ICHHOM npo¢-                           IlAaTY CllOlIX '1~\CHOB K ypOBlllO 3apafxlTHOH IL\aTbl 6CAOro
     C0103a~1H CCKmpc cYlyecTBeHlloH pa3HHIJbI B ypOHHC OlL\aTbl                                   HaCC;\eHI1I1,        npO¢COK)3bl            CIl(lCH       ,.lClITe,\bHOCThIO           \10rM1
     Tpy.1a My;K'IHH H )l(Clllijl1ll Ha Hafi.\lOclaAocb. AIU\113 TaK)I(C                           cIIoco6CTBOIlaTb BbllXlllHHllaJIHlO CTPYKTYPhl /jOXO/l0B.
     nOKa3iV\, '11D II lIC OXBa'ICHHOM npocjJCOlo3aMI1 CCKmpe 3apa~                                    Pa.1Hl1ya Fl       ypOBlIC onJ\aTbl TpY4a '1;\eHOIl II HC'I.\CHOB
     60THall lIAaTa lIpC4CTaBI1Te,\eH KOPCHHblX Hapo4HocTCH 6blAa                                  llpOcj>C01030H HIlOfcla BCCb:-Ia HeBC~\IlKa HAH )l(C OTCYT( THyCT.

     3Ha'II1TeAbHO HH;KC, II m                   BpeMii KaK Ha cj>l1pMaX, pa60THIlKl1              COC\aCHO        HCC\C;10BallHlO,            npOllC;jCHHOMY            II    1991 n: )/1Y     II
     KOTOPblX 06'bC/lHHeHbl II np()(pCOI03, ,lf1(KpHi'rl1l1aYHl! II Oll,\a-                        Kopce, YPOHCHh 3apafioTH0l1 nAaTbl '1,\CHOB npOMhlHli\E'HHbIX
     TC Tp)il<1 He lIa6,\K),1a;\aCb,                                                               npoqlcOK)301I ,\Hillh H:l            2-4        npOIJCHTa IlpeBblillaA ypOlleHb
                                                                                                   3apafioTHoH          lIAaTbI   He'lACHOB             np()(pCOI0.10H.            OrCyrCTBHc
     Orpul1aTe,1bHoe f303geuCTf3Ue                                                                 CYIlJccTHeHII0I1         pa3HIlYbi          H     ypOHlle      3apa60THoil           1I.\<lTbl,
     MOHOnOAI1CTWIECKOE nOBE,lEHI1E. TIpmpCOK)3bl 'lanD Bbl~                                       06ycAOfu\eHHOil          '1AeHCTlIOM            II Ilpocj>colo3e, 11IIOr:la ol)bllC-
     crynmoT KaK MOHOnO\I1CTbl, 06eCne'lIlBaii nOllbllllCHI1C 3apa-                                HileTCil TeM, 'ITO ,lClITC,\bHOCTb npo¢colO30B OllJYUJaCTCil H 3a
     6oTHOil     n,\a1'bl        11    Y;\Y'IlIJCHl1e    YC,\OIlI1I1     TP}(la iPlI    (,HOIlX    paMK3Ml1 OXlla'lCHHbIX HMH CCKTopon                             -     HepC(]KO 1'10)1(110




94
Bbl;leAHTb cUJe 04HH            ceK'rop 3KOHOMI1KI1 C OTHOCI1Te,\bHO
BbICOKH1c! ypOIlHeM On,\aTbl Tpy,la, f\ KOTOpm1 TaK)Ke OllJY-
IIjaJOTClI nOC\e,lCTBI1i1 4eilTeAbHOCTH npotPcmo:mll B ctPepe
3apa6oTHOil nAaTh!. O'lCHH4HbIC npUMephl 3TOro UMelOTDI fl
HeKOTopblX      npO~lhIllL\eHHO       pa3BUTblX CTpaHax, r/lC UO 3aKOHY
nQ\O)KeHH!! 3aK,\Kl'leHHbIX npocpCOlO3aMH ,~Ol\)BO!lOB aBTOMa-

TU'leCKll pacnpOCTpaHIlIOTC!! Ha He llX04!!UJHX Il npOtPCOlO3bl
pa60THHKOll, IhupHMcp, Il I1cnaflfUl KCH,\eKTI1BHbIMH 40rollO-
paMH     II mM       H~\H HHm~1 (popMe OXBa'leHO                   75    npOlJeHTOB
pa6oTalollJcro        Ha('<~\eHII!!, XOTlI ,\Hillb          10-15        npOlJeHTUB
3aHl'TblX !1B,,\;lK1TC!! 'l.\ellaMH IIPOtPCOI0301l,            B       rex CTpaHax,
J'4e TilKlIX 3<lKOHOB He CYllJeCTIlYeT, lie OXBa'lellHhle UP()(tl-
cOl03aMH tPW1MhI 'laC-I'D HCllbITblBaK)T IlQUITH'lCCKOe /laB~\e­
lme Ii BbIHY)l;,leHbl on,\a'll111aTb TP}'il CIlOIIX paflOTHHKOIl no
corAa':Ol!aHHHM np xpC(lKBayUl CTaBKaM, 1I,\1I )Ke npl1HHMalOT
pelUeflHe 0       IOllhlIlIeHHH 3apa60THOll nAClTbI. C TCM 'lT06bI
IIpC4(1TBpaTI1Th cmilalUle IIpotPcoI03a Ha npe;lnplI!!TlUL


ConpOTI1BAI:H.1E PE<I>OI'ME. 11Hor4a lIprnpcOlO3bl HCIlQ\b3yIOT
(floe    rn\IlTlI 'leCK( >e   !l. \IlJlHlle,    'l1u6h1   lIpOTlUlO,lei\cTlIOll<lTb
CTpYKTypHOii ncpenpoiiKe, flpl1I1HMaCMble B nOC\C;lHee BpeMlI
npamITe,\bCT 10M ylI14Hl! Mephl ,\H6ep<L\H3aljHH npo4Q\)KaKlT
[J(14IlCpmTbClI KpHTI1Ke co CTOpoHbl npocjlCOI030l!, lIeO-I01'pii I1a
O'leBH;jlIbItiicnex MHOrHX l1HHIJuanlll C                   1991       rolla, IlpoqJ-
COK)3bI oprar H30llhlBaAH Il eTpaHe Bce06uJHe 3a6acmBKII, C TeM
'lnXihI HOClTlel1l1TCTIlCmaTb I1PO,10A)KeHI1IO HCl'laThIX Mep no
cTpynypHol nept'eTp< ItlKe B npo~!bIIIL \eIlHOCTI1, HanpallAeH-
IIblX,   B    'laCTHOC111,    !la    YCI1,\eHlIe      HHeilllleil       opHeHTaIJlI1I
3KOHOMHKH IhI4IUl II pe(jlopMY IDCY4aPCTJlelIHhIX [JpeijlIPllJ!-
Tllil,   HH;jHtlcKHe     lIpO(pCOKl3M           no,Mep)KHH:lIOT          HMeHIIO 'Ie
ceK'lUphl 3K( lHOMHKU, 11L4:jJOpMbl B K01UPblX He(Xixo,lll:>lbI H
lICPBVIO O'lelleilb,   B   i\;'ITI1HCKOM AMepHKe 1lP<¢COI03bl T:lK)KC
WlIleCTllbl C(OHM \lIlOl'.»\eTHH:>l npo1'HBO,leiicTm!eM,                     B   8O-e
rClf(bl !lpoq)( OIQ1I1l ,Ie opraHlBalJHH BbICTynaM1 IIp<lTllB TaKHX
IIlHp:)KOMaCHlTa6HbIX nporpa,lM pe<popM, KaK «ThaH KP},'la,10')
B Bpa:m,\HH H "rhaH avcrpaA!!" B ApreHTHlle,
                                                                                        COlO30B     il06l1Ba1'bC!!   nOBblIllelIlU!    3apa60THoil         lI;\aTI>I   4AiI
YClI1neHMe nOnO>KMTenbHOro B03Aei4cTBMA                                                 CIlOHX 'lAetiOIl, nOCKo,\bK)' TaKoe nOl!blIIleIUle, He onpaB(lallHoe
npOq:,COI030B H8 3KOHOMII1KY                                                            YJle,\I1'leHlIe!'1    npOll3B04HTe(\bIlOCTH        1'p),la,       npHBt';:]eT    K
KaK cm/jaTb TaKHe yc \OBHll, B KompbIX OTplllJaTC\bHhle 1l0-                            BLITeCHem!1O         OXlla'leHHhIX    I1potPCOI03a~IH npe;\lIplliiTHil C
C\C,lCTBHiI     4eilTC\hHOC1'H         IIprxpCOIO,>OIl      CB04HM1Cb         6bI   K   pblH Ka,   B   yv\OBH!!X MeHee )KeCTKoti KOIlKypeIlTflOi'l 60pb6bl
MHIII1M)'MY,     a    IlPC¢COK)3a:>I           ,1aIJaAaCb   6LI        R()3MO)KIIOCTb   IlPOtj)cOKJ3bl       6WlY'   CTpeMHTbCiI       II.>Me'lh   3KOHOMH'leCKYIO
IlHCnll      KOHCTpYKTHBlIblH        RK,\a"       B o6ecne'leHHe 3KOHOMlI-              peHTy, 06'be,mHllllCb H 1I0"HTH'leCKlIe COlO3bl C pa60m4a-
'lCCKOro p(XTa 11 COIJIHALHOH CIlpaIle;lAHIl(JCTlll OIlblT I10K;t-                      TC;\!!MH H nQ\HTIIKaMI1, 06ellJaK)l1JHMH 3Ty peHTy COXpatIHTb,
3bwaCT, '11'0 TaKlIC yC\OBH!!, KaK npallllAO, npt'4 YCMaTpHBalOT                        I1MellHo TaKaJl TeH,'lcHIJHlI co Bceii O'lellll4HOCTbIO npOCAe-
HaMl'll1e KOHKypt'IITlll,IX TOflaplILIX PbIHKOB II HopMaTHBHO-                          )KllflaeTClI B npOMblllHeHIIO pJ3IllIThIX CTpanax, 1,IC pa:JHHlJa B
opraHIBalJlIOHIIOil 6a31>I, JlpWmaHlIblX 06eClIC'lHBaTb 3al1JIITY                       YP<)BHe     OIL\JThl     TpY,13      ~le)K,W   'l,\eHaMH      H     He'l,\eHaMH

npall pa601flllKOR Ha CB060/W 061)e,lHHCH!HI H opralilI3alJIlH,                         npotPCOI030B HaH5Q\ee BhlCOKa H perYMlpyeMblx ceKmpax H B
BKAIO'lailll> npan,) BCTynaTb llAH He l!crynaTb B npotPCOlO3 no                         HH/WCTpHa,\hHbIX KOMn,\eKCaX,            Bo MHOfllX CTpaHax npOTllRO-
ClIOCl'lV lIh!()Opy ,~eilLTBYlOlyee flO MHorHX CTpalIax 3aKOHO-                         4eilcTllHe npotPCOKJ30Il AH6epa,\H3alJIUI mproBAH H npl1Ba-
AaTeAbCTBC       TaK)KC fl,mpa IJACHO Ha HO,1;leP)KKY MexaHll3Ma                        TH3al)HH       eTa,\o    palJHOHaAbHhIyl       cnoco60M       coxpaHHTb          Il
npoHe.teHH,j      KC1\AeKTHflHbIX              nepcrooopoB        fl    'laCTHOM    H   6AH)KaMIlleil nepcneKTHHe fu\ee BbKOKHil ypoBeHb 3apaOOT-

rocvilapCTBl~HHm'       ceKmpax,                                                        HOI1 I1AaTbl ,jAil 'neHOB npO(.pCOKXIOH, 3a C'leT pa60THHKOB, lIe

                                                                                        06be4HHeHHblX Il rrpotPCOlO3hL L1KH!<>1 06pa30M, paClilHpeHllC
CTW>t)c1UP )6a1We KOHCTPYKTU6HOZO 6K,taga                          npo¢c010300          KOHKypeHlJHl! Ha BHYTpeHfleM pblHKe H 06eCne'lClllle OTKPbl-
I1P0I13BOpCTBEHHA51 KOHKYPEHljH1L HaAH'llle KOHKypeHT-                                  TOCTlI 9KOHOMHKH nOMO)KeT OrpaHH'lllTb TaKHe OTpHl)3Te;\b-

HblX mBapllLIX l'bIHK'ill OI'paHII'lHllaeT BO.1MO)KIIOCTH npotP-                        Hhle 1l0CAt'4CTBHR,




                                                                                                                                                                              95
     TpY/l0BOE         3AKOHO/lATEAbCTBO               11 OTHOIlJE!H1H ~lEJKilY                   1[,\a1'hl.    Q'lHaKo     eC;\H      B   He    OXlla'1eHHOM         IIPO¢'.:OlO,3a~m
     PA50TOi\ATEAHM1111 nPO(!JCOlO3AM~1. [JOBe/leHlIe npO¢COlO-                                   ceKTOpe tl)i\eT BBe;leHa 06H3aTe,\bHaJl MHHHM3AbHaJl :'apa60T-
     :lOll      33RHCI1T    OT     11X    OpraHmaIJI10HHOH.             cTpyKTypLI           11   Hall I1AaTa H npl111ilTbl nmO;KCHI1!1, perYAHpYIOIlJl1e lIaeM H
     nOAO)l(eHHH. KO;\AeKTI111HLIX ,IlOroBOPOI!. O~HfI~1 113 OCHOHHhlX                            YIlC1\bHelIl1e pa60THHKOIl, OC;\a6HCT H ClIOCOtlHOCTb 3TOro
     npHHIJI1110B B OTHOmeHl1!1X ~le)l(,1Y 3clMflHI1CTpalJI1eii 11 np()(p-                        CCKTOpa C/lCp;KHBaTb Tpc60BaHHll npO¢COI030R 0 nOBbll.lleImH
     COlO3aYll1       JlBMleTO! otleCne'1eHl1e TOro,             '1'f(lCib!    Y'IaCTHHKfI        .3apa6oTHoti nAaTbl.
     neperClBOpoB CaMH lIOKpblBao\fI CH!l3aHHL!e C fiX /WH.CTHIl!lMIl                                 o Ba;KHOCTI1         KOHKypeHTHblX TOBapHLIX PblHKOB 11 npHH-
     1l3o'leP)l(KH, a      He    nepeKAa/4bllR\H        IlX    Ha      nAe'lll    TpeTbl1X        lJHna    l1IITCpHa;\H3alJI1H         CBJl3aHHhlX        C   3aK.\IO'lCHHCM      Km-
     CTOPOH. BMeCTe c Te)'1 B HeKOTOpLIX CTpaHax 3aKOHO:13TeAb-                                   AeKTl11lHbIX 40rollOPOB H34ep;KeK HarAJI.alIO CflHAeTe;\bCTllYIOT
     CTHO npe;lYCYlaTpHBaeT coxpaHeHHe 3apa60THOI'l n.\aThI ,Ila)l(C                              (Ilia pa3HhlX npHMepa. PC:1Y;\bTaTbI OOC;\C40BaHHil                       20   upo'
     !l HepH04bI 3a6aCTOBOK, 'lTO e.c1Ba .\H crrOCOtlCTByeT 40CTH)I(e'                            MhlllI;\eHHhlX qmpM B 5pa3H;\Hl1 nOKa33MI, 'lID Yl.'ll;\eHlle
     HI1IO      KOMnpOMI1CCHblX          pellleHHH..    B     npOTHHOnOAO)l(HOCTL                 KOHKypeHlJl1H Ha pbIHKe c6bITa nOOY4IL\O 3TH ¢HPMhl /lOtll1-
     3TOMY no MHOI'HX CTpallax (PflPMbl M1WaK)TCJI 3aliMOB H I1paBa                               BaThCil nOllblWeHI1J1 npou:mO,llHTe/\bHOCTH Tp)::\a npll 1I0MOIlJH
     Ila OTCP0'lKY YIV\aTbI H<l.c\OfOB BO npeM!I 3a6aCTOBOK IL\11                                 T3KHX Mero/lOlI H           n[lOlJeCCOIl, KaK KOI-ITPC1\b H              npOllepKa
     AOKaYTOB. fIeperCJBOpbI :>.IC;K/IY rrpoqJCOKna;"1I-I11 3,lMHlII1CTpa-                        Ka'lCCTBa. Pa60THHKl1 3THX ¢HPM, 03a6cl'1eHHblC C()Xp3He-
     IJl1ell roCYilapCTneHHbIX npe,llIlpHJlTl1H. llar:\!I;lHO 110Ka3bmaKJT,                       HHeM KO!IKypeH'f()CIIOctlCiHOCTIl, He H3CTaHllaM1 Ha c')XpaHe-
     KaK       npO¢COI03LI        "o6HHaIOTCJI       HCOllpall:laHHO             Bhlro4HblX       HHH npC40CT311MIIlIIlI1XCil B            npolll~\OM    ,\LroT 11 COTpY4HH'l3,\11
     YCAOIlHil, Korila CIlJl3aHHbie C TpY:10BbIMH ,10IDBOjXIMH IB,lep;K-                          C a4MHHllCTPaJ}lleH..       3To      cBH4eTe.\bCTBY'eT 0 'roM, 'lTO O'fII0-
     KI1 HecyT TpeTbH CTOPOlIbl. ECAI1 roC);!lapCTBeHHoe Ilpe,l-                                  meHHiI ~le;KClY pa60THHKaMH VI a4MmIHCTpaJJHefl lie orpa-
     npl1l!THC HMCCT H03MOJ:KHOCTb 06paTHTbCll K IIpaBHTe,\bCTBY                                  HH'lHllaIOTClI npo!le;lCHHeM IICpcroBOPOH 0 3apa60THoii H,\aTC
     3a cytlG!4(1)1~1Il HMI ;\broTHbl'\n1 Kpe;1l'lTaMH, OKa3alll1JHCb H                           H ClP)THX YCAOBllilX TpY:la. Bo MHOfl1X CTpaHax pa60THHKl1 II
     Tll;KeAOM ¢11H3HCOIlOM UU,,-O;KeHI1I1, 11,\11 eCM1 cro MOHonoAL-                             a,-lMl1!1HCTpalJlfJl np~npl1l!THl1 COllMeCTHO 3aHI1MalOTCiI !lon-
     HblH. CTaTYC n031lC1\11eT eMY nOBblllJaTb lJeHbI no C06CTBCH-                                pocaMH nOllLIWCHI1!1 KOHKypeHTOCIIOc06HOCTl1. B                          npOTHBO-
     HOMY YCMO'rpeHI11O, TO 1I0C\C/lCTIlI1!1, CB!l3aHHblC C Y:101V\CTBO-                          nONJJ:KHOCTb 3TOMY waXTepbI II 11H/ll1H 6bIAH 3aIIJl1II!ellbI 01'
     peHHeM         1'pC60IJaHHl1        npO(pCOK)30B,        '111;KC,\bIM     6peMCHeM           KOIlKypCllljHH C MOMellTJ HalJHOHaM13aIJ1II1 yro\bHOl1 I1pO-
     AO;KaTCi! Ha TeX. Kro n,\3Tl-IT 06YCAoIlAeHHbIC 3THM f)(1\ec                                 MbIW;\eHHOCTH H           1973      roAY. OpmHI130BaHHbie Il MOIlJHbIIl
     BblCOKl1e IJeHbl H Ha;\Onl, a He lIa pa6oTHHKOB H,\H a/lMH-                                  npO¢C0103 pa60TIU1KI1 yro\blIOIl I1poYlblllli\eHHOCTH OKa3hl-
     Hl1CTP31JIIKl npe.mpH!lTIf!!, conaCl1llmYKKil Ha 1I011blllleHl1e                             llaK)T I1(1\I1TH'leCKGe flaIL \eHlle lIa npa BHTeALCTBO C lJCAbK)
     3apa6oTHoii l1;\aTbl.                                                                        /l(lCi.1ThClI    nOHhlIl.leHllll     .,apa6oTHoll        n,\aTbl,     KOTOpoe    lIe
             IIpaoo    IlcTyn,\CHI1i!     B []PO(jKOI03bl        110    COtlCTllCHHmlY            onpaMaHo C TO'lKH 3peHHiI peaAbHoro []OI\O;KeHl1il ,IlCA Jl
     BbitlOpy npCllYCMOTpeHO 3aKOHOilaTC;\hCTI10M MHomx CTpaH                                     OTpaC\l1. BC\e;lCTBlie 3TOro 3apatloTHaJl n.\aTa B yn1\hHor'1
     KaK O,llIla 113 OCHOI!HblX Coo60,l H ilBAilCTCJI npaHCJBoll tla30H.                          I1poMbIlIlAeHHOCTH onpe,lC;\JleTCJI, n\3BHLIM 06pa:lOM. nQ'\H-
     ,IlAll    B03HI1KHOlleHI1!1       cB060,~HbiX      H   He3a1ll1CHMbiX           npoql-       TH'leCKI1MH        c()(lCipa;t;eHH!lMH,       6e3      y'1eTa      3KOHOMI-l'IeCKHX
     C010301l. )!1V\!li!Cb nO;MHHHblMH npc/lcT3AHTe\il:-.m pa60TIIH'                              HHTepeCOB CTpaHbl H 33;la'l H 06;\acTlI pa:mHTlm. TaK, ypOBeHh
     KOIl, TaKl1e npo¢colO3hl Clloc06Hbl /lOOHllaTbCi! OT pa6oTO-                                 peaAblIoii 3ap360TIIOI1 UAaThI lI.IaXTepOH 3aMCTHO YBeMl'1lf-
     ;laTe;\cii TaKI1X YCTynoK, KOTOPblC 110nycTHMbi C TO'IKI1 3peHH!I                            ll<l.c\Cll Il ro;lbl, Heuocpe,lCTlleHHO HpCllweCTBOHallImie Bce-
     KOHKypeHIJHH. 3aKolloilaTC;\bCTIlOM 06bI'IHO /louycKaeTcil cm-                               o6lIJHM IlLltlopaM Il crpaHe (pl1CYHOK               12.2).
     ;laHHe 60A(,"C 'leM O(lI-Ioro npO(pCOK13a, npeilCTall;\!lK)l!Jero
                                                                                                  KC1UeKTUB7-lbte qozo60Pbl B 'lac'r7-lO~'t ce1('rope
     HHTePCCbl KOHKpeTHoi'1 rpynubl pa6oTHllKOB.                         2hu      llll;\!lCTCll
     3¢¢CKTHBHbIM CTHM)W)M ilAJI .aeiiCTBYIOIlJHX HP()(PCOK)301l                                  YPOBEHb          nPOBE,1EHH.lI           KOA;\EKTI1BHbIX            f1EPEroIlOPOB.

     []O,lClepJ:KI1A3Tb Ka'leCTIlO CIlOHX \'c;\yr Ha %ICOKO)'1 ypoIlHe.                           OnblT PJl,-13 CTpall [JOKa3blBaeT, '1TO []eperoBopbl Ha ypOllHe

     3aKoHbl, YCTaHaBMlIlaKJIlJMe I1pC"e;\bHOC 'lHC,\O IIpO¢COI030B,                              OT(\e.'\bHbIX UpC4IIPl1!1THM Mory-r 6LITb 3¢¢eKTI1BHblM Mexa-

     KOTOpble MorYT (1eiicTlloBaTb Ha Oil HOM IIpe,l(l1pHJlTHIl, pac-                             IIH3MOM, .a3IOIlJI1M 1I0;\0J:KHTe;\bHble 3KOHOMll'1eCKHC pe3YAb-

     CMaTpHBaK1TCJI KaK YIlJe~MeHHC [Jp3H TPj-illIIlJHXCJI, BMeCTe C                              Tanl.        tJ;pymii   KpaliHocTblO !lll.hlleTCll          npolle4eHIle TaKHX

     TeM       MHO;KeCTIlO       Me.\KI1X,   COlleplll1'1alOIlJllX        npocj)(010301l          neperoBopoB Ha          llaIJ110Ha,\bHO~1       ypoBHe, '{TO nQ\Y'lI1/I!) pac-

     HHOr,lla 3aTpY4HileT 11X ;leilTe,\hIIOCTh, a CB1I3aHHble C BC4C-                             npoCTpaHeHlle B Cl'P31l3X CeBepl101l 11 3an3,llH0l1 EHponbl.

     HHeM [JeperoBopoB C patlOTCVlaTCAilMH l13/lep;KKI1 YBe.\H'IH-                                XOTI! B YC\OBHJlX pocTa 6e3pa60THIJLI H CIlH;KeHHoli mtiKoCTI1

     BaIOTClI, ec."-H y patloTHI1KOIlI1MeeTCJI MllorO npe;1('TaBHTeAeM.                           PblHKOII      Tpy.aa    TaKall     npaKTHKa       He    TIo:\b3yeTcil    npeJ:KHCH.

     :1nl      npOtlAeMbl '1acTO peW<lIOTCll Ha OCIlOBe COTpj)lHH'leCTHa,                         IIOnY;\lIpHOCTblO, OHa lIa npoTJI;KeHHI1 CleCllTlfAeTHIl o6ecne-

     Kor,lla pa60T0431'e\1I []OOIl}PllIOT 06be,lHIICIll1e I1pOqlCOKJ30B                           '1I1Ba.'\a KOHCTpYKTHBHble OTHOIllClIH!I Me;K,lY patlOTHH~aMI1 H

     ,Il~\ll   COB'vlCCTHOro llC4eHHil neperoHC)pOll 0 3aKAIO'lelIl1H KOk                         pa6oro.aaTCA!llVIH, []03HOAJliI i\06HBaTbClI rrOBbllJleHHll 3apa60T-

     ;\CKTHBIlOro ,101UHopa. CBo6o;13 06bC,lHHeHIltl orpa;K4aCT                                   1I0ii 1I,\aTbl H y,\Y'1WCHHlI YC;\Olll1l1 TpY/la. BMeCTe C TeM ,'\,\11

     pa60THHKOll 01' npHHy;!lHTe,\btIoro IlcTyn;\eHHJI B npocpCOlO3bl.                            331V\KJ'leHHII      Kn\ACKTlfBllbIX          ,~OroBOPOB       Ha    HaIJHOHa. \bHOM

     C    3KOHO"1H'-leCKOH. TO'-lKH 3!JeIlI1!1 HaAI!'1He KOIlKypeHTlloro                          ypOBHC        He06xo,lI1MO,        '1ro6bI    1IC1\OJ:KelIl1l1 :nllx    ;10roIlOPOB

     pblHKa He opraHI130BaHIl0H. B npoqlCOlO3bl pa60'lcll CH~\bI                                  pacnpOCTpaHJI.,\HCb (-la 6U\blllI1HCTBO 33HJlTOro HaCe,\eHHlI.

     MOJ:KeT C;\y~d(HTb ¢aKTOpoM, c4ep;KHHaKJIIjH~1 MOHonmHC'rl1-                                 EC\H 3'IU YC\OBHe He COO/\IO.aaeTC!I, '1TO ¢aKTH'1eCKI1 H;\leeT

     'leCKYIO      IIpaKTHKy      II   06;\aCTH   YCTaHOBAeIlHlI              3apa6oTHoM          MCn,) II CX)AblllHHCTBe (TpaH, 'f() 3aK,\IO'1eHHble lIa HalJHO-
                                                                                                  Ha,\bIlOM ypOBHC KQ,\AeKTIlBHble ,,01\JllopLl 6Y;WT BblrotlHbI



96
M1Wb OXB3'R~HHOMy llpo<J>COlO33MI1 celOnpy 3KOHOMI1KI1 B
YllJep6     I1HTepeC3M              HeOpraHI130BaHHblX                 11       60Aee    6e4HbIX
rpynn R 06IIJeCTBe. Y1MellHo 3TO npOl130111AO B AaTI1I1CKOI1
AMepl1Kc, l?le I)CIITpaMI30BallHbII1 nO/lXO/l K pcrY\l1pOB3mllO
OTIIOWCHIlH           MelK;1Y       pa6oT1IllK3Mll          II    pa60TOIlaTeMIMll                  lie
npllllec rrCV\QlKl1TeAbHblX PC3YN.TaTI)B.
      ECAll rreperoBopbl             ° 3aKAIO'Iellllll           KCV\AeKTI1Blloro Iloro-
Bopa IIPOIKW1TCll Ha ypOBHe I1PCllI1PllJITI1H, TO MOHOI1CV\bHOMY
BAllRHHIO, I103BCV\RIOIlJCMY                     I1poq)(0103Y      Il06HllaTbcR nOBbI-
mCHHll 3apa()CYrHoi'i nAaTbI, npOTHBoCTOI1T CHAblloe KOIIKY-
peHTlIoe 11aB. \eIlHC, KOTOPOMY CPHPM3 nO/"llepraCTCR 113 pblllKe
C6blTa CBerCil npO(1)'KqHH. CorAaCIIO nO/lC'IeTaM, Il MaA3H31111
yp0BeHL OI1AaTbI Tp)n3 '1AeHOll I1POCPCOI030B, ,ileilCTIlYKJIIJI1X
lIa ypOBHC nl Je,~np,IJ!TIl)l, IIpellblwaeT yposeHb onA3Tbl TpY,ila
lIe'lACHOIl npocpCOlO3011 npHMepHo Ha                             15    I1pOlJCIlTOB, II TO
BpeM}] KaKlapa6< )THall llAard '1AeHOB ceKTOpaAbHblX J.L\H
OTpaC\eBbIX npoqJC0103011 BbIWC IlO'lTH Ha                             20 npoqeHTOH,
      nCV\OlKI1TeAbH&le pe3YAbTaTbi 4elJeIlTpa,U130B311f!Oro 3a-
K,\IO'IeHllll FCV\AeKTHllllbIX 1l0roBOPOll H"lelOTOI KaK B pll(le
npoMbllllAeHHO p3mHTblx cTpall (KaH<41a, CIllA 11 JIIIOHI1R\
TaK    11   B     H~KOTI)JlbIX        113        HOBblX    I1H,ilYCTpl1aAbHbIX                CTpaH
BoCTO'IHOH A3HI1 (IoHKOHr 11 Kope)] nOCAe                                       1987    ro,ila).     B
CTpalIaX C llepex,),~lIoii. 3KOlloMHKm'i CI1CTeMa 3aK,\IO'IeHI1R
KOA,\eKTI1BHJ,[X ,ilorosOI)()B flee eUJe HaX04HTC}] Ha                                    CTa,~HI1

CTaIlOB.\eHI1;i.       B      Kalla,le H CWA K(1'IAeKTHBHble 4oroBOPbI
3aKAiO'IaK)TOj, fAUBHbI\! o6pa30M, Ha ypOlJHe HPCllllPI111THH,
XOTlI B OT4e.,bllblX C\Y "IaJlx npaKTI1KyeTcll 3aKAIO'Ielll1e ,iloro-
11O!X'B C HL'CKCV\hKHMIl               pa60TI\4aTeAllMu.                    B    6CV\bnlllllCTIle
CeK'mpOlI Ijt'HTpa, \bllbJe HPo<J>COIo3Hble OpraIIH3aIJl1H Tpa4H-
                                                                                                          lIa'l:L\bllO OTMe'lellHble KOll<pAI1KTaMI1 II     1987-89    l'Otlax, B
                                                                                                          lIaCTO!lllJee   BpeM!I   ynOp!lIlO'lI1AllCb, 11   npOBCIlellHe   nepe-
qHOl!1I0        lie   y'IacTBy~)'f          II    npoBCllellHll         lIeperoBopoll,              lie
                                                                                                          rollOPOH C pafiOTIJ4aTe,\JlI--1ll Ha'lHHaeT npll06peTaTb CPOPMbl
CYllJeCTByel H qeltTpa. \bllblX oprallH3aqntl pa60TO,!(aTeAetl.                                     B
                                                                                                          OTAalKeHHoro HHCTI11YlJHOllaAbHoro MexallWIMa. KCV\,\eKTI1B-
JInOHl111 npocpcm)3bl Ha ypOBHe npCllllpllRTllH paCCMaTpl1-
BalOTClI KaK ),,1I1a 113 onDp CIICTeMbI B.laI1MOOTHOllleHl1il MelK,ily
paf)(lTI111Ka\iH H pa60To/laTeAJI"IH, o6ecne'lIlBalOuJei:1 3KOHO-
MII'ICCKl1e ,10CTlllKeHHll cTpallb!. XOTiI KOtu\eKTHBHbIC ,iloro-
BOPbl B         5.h [OIlIIH    3aIC\IO'IaIOTCll Ha           ypOfllle            npe,!(npI1RTI1H,
BaJKIIYIO       KOOP/~HllllPYIOllJYIO              £lOAb    BO     BpeMll          elKero,llIoro
npone{jellllJl neperoBopoB C pa60WllaTeARMI1 I1rpalOT KOHcpe-
4ep3lJHU         Ilpocpcm03oB,              B      JOIIKOllI'e    npoCPCOlO3bI             TaKlKe
OpraHI130BallbI          H3     ypOBHC            npCllnpllllTI1H.          XOTll,      KaK    II    B
JInom1U, q.e/lepaqHI1 npoqJCOlO30B llbInCV\lIRIOT HeKOTOpble
KOOI¥lI1I1Hp';lOllJI1C           (t)YHKql1l1,           I1po<J>COlO3bl             B    JOHKOHre
,ileilCTBYIOT B YC\OIlHJlX lKeCTKoil KOHKypelllJHH Ha WBapllbIX
pblHKax 11 Ha phIH1.'C TpYlla, '1W 06'b!1ClIlleTCR Ml1rpalJl1eH
pa6o'leii CIAbI 113 KIITall.                     31:u   oCAa6AReT I1X n031iIJHI1 lIa
neperoBOpax            C pa6crrollaTeAJl~m,                H 6cv\bHlllllCTBO llpoqJ-
COlO30B 3aHl1MaeTCR lie 60Pb6oH 3a nOBbIllleHHe 3apa6oTIlOH
rnaTbl, a         OKa3aIlI1C:>1      CBOHM '1Aella,,! CTpaXOBbIX                         yc\yr H
COlJl1a,\bIlOii nOMOllJl1
      I1olle3I1b!M ypOKO~1 4MI ,ilpymx CTpall i1MllIOTCIl HC;laBIIHe
H3MeHeHI1J! B CI1CTeMe OTlIOlllelll1ii pa60TlII1KOB H pa60TO-
4aTeAel1 B Kopee.               B    KOIITeKCTC Ha'laBIllerocR B                       1987 rcv1y
npmJecca I1CV\I1TI1'1erKOH AH6epaAH3a!JHYI nOBblCHAaCb CTe-
neHb caMO~'TORTl"AbllOCTI1 npoCPcolO3oB. l.JHCAO IlpOCPCOlO30H
H I1X '1,\eHOB        yB~H'IJ1BaAOCb 6blCTPblMI1 TeMnaMH (TaihJ.fl)a
12..3). B 15'92 ro,IY          Il Kopee 4eHCTBOBa,\O               7 676 npo<J>colO3011
lIa ypOBHe npCllI'pJ.fJrmH H                21    OTpaC\eBa!l ¢CIlepaql1R. Orno-
weHHll ~1':lK,ilY          pa6uro,ilaTe,\!lMI1 H npoCPcoI03aMH, nepllo-



                                                                                                                                                                                    97
     Hble 40mllOPbl 3aK}\lOqa«)TCli 4eyellTpa;\j130BaHO, a nepe-                                   cpeKTllBHblM, 'leM 33K}\KlqCHIle I1X Ha ypoBHe npe/lnl'HllTliii.
     roBOPh! no HUM IlPO!10411TC)I Ha ypoBHe npe4npHlITHI1, 3a                                     KaK,    HanpHMep.        B cTpOllTe\bHOM              CCKmpe        II    HeKOmpblX
     HCKAKYlelllleM HeCKOAbKHX ceKmpOB, B 'laCTHOCTIl TeKCTIl}\b-                                  pal101Jax CilIA, f/le R G!J\y CIleYHl/mKH pafloTbl lu60'llie
     lIoil npo",lbIlIlJ\eHHOCTH H 6aIlKoBcKOro cCKmpa, rile Ilepe-                                 O'leHb 'lac TO 1'1eHJlIOT pa60ro4aTeAcil, Wc/,epaIJHH lIPC><pCOIO-
     rollOPb! BC;lyTcll Il<1 OTpaC\CllO!>1 ypOlllIC HAH C yqaCTHCM                                 30B    MorYT    IIrpaTb     llaiKHYIO       POAb      Il   Tex C\Y'laJIX, Korll3
     HCCKO\bKHX             paOOTIl;laTcAci'L        Xon!    CllCTe~la           oTHoml'Hllii      llCOOXO,lHMO OCYUJCCTllIlTb KPynHoMaCnlTaoHYKl cTpyKTyp~
     ~leJK/1Y npmjxolO3aMH H pa60m4aTCM!1>1ll B Kopcc IlPO/l(1\-                                   HyKl    nepl'CTpOI1KY       lIMI       o&xnCqllTb          6bICTp<1C        CHlllKCHHe
     iKal'T   pa3IlHllaThCf!,        Tpa,lHYHoHIlaJl        np:1KTHKa        3aKAIOqCHHJl          TCMnOIl    IUlqb\)IYI1lI,    B     Jil'3paH/\e       H MeKcHKe npoq,eol()3hl
     KOAJ\eKTHBHbIX            ilOrollOPOB      Ha    ypoBHe         npC;lnpHllTHH            He   llbICTYIlK\H B n04/1epiKKY roc}4apCTlleHllbIX                 nporpa~lM           CTPYK-
     npeTl'pnCj\a CYUJCCTlll'HHb!X H3~ICHCHIfI1 Il PC3YAbTaTl' llPOBO-                             TYPHOH ncpccTpoilKli H COC\:JCHAl1Cb 33K,\lOqIlTb TaKIlt: tloro-
     ,1IfBIIIllXCJI C   1987 ro;~a 3KcncpHMCHmll, l1 l13MCHCHl1C Ilopll;lKa                        BOpbL KOTOPblC cnocn6CTBOlla"H cTa6H,\H3aIJIHL BMc:CTl' C
     npOBC;lCIH1Jl IleperoBopoB C pa60m,~aTl'AllMH B 6~\UiKaHmeM                                   TC.'I npHMepbl TaKOH KOHCTpy KTHllflOH POAli KOllcpeilepaljHrI
     6)4YIlJl'M npC;lCTall}\)IeTCJl Maj\OBCpOJITHbIM,                                              npmjKoK13011 pe4KI1. 40BQAbHO TP}~lHO y6l'41lTh OTCT;!IlBaKl'
         B CTp:lHax BOCTOqIlOii EBPOIIhl II 6blllmero CCCP CHCTC-                                  lIJYKl CROH I1HTl'PCCbI IlAIl1lTCAbHYlO rpynny npHHllTb Y"laCTHe
     ,fa OTHOIUCllll{1 MCJK(\y npcxjKolO3aMH H pa60To,1aTcMI'vm                                    B pa:>pa60TKc 11 OCYllJeCT&\CHHH f1A:1l1a cTa6H,\H33IJIUI II
     TaKiKC CllJl' OKOH'l:JTeAbHO HC C,\OiKHAaCb, CTpaHbI C ncpc-                                  B034eplKaTbCl! OT rrpOBellCHHJI Bcco6rrJllx 3aOacTOBoK IIpOTHH
     xO/lHoii 3KOHOMHKOii YHaC,\eIlOB<l;\H pbIHKH TpY/la, xapaKTCpH-                               :v!CP crpYKTypHoH nepeCTpoHKH, Hanp:1BACIIHbIX lIa YCHAeHl1e
     3Y101ljlleCll ~KlCCOllhII'I       'l,\eHCTIlOM B npocpcolO3ax, B                     3THX     BHl'lllHCii oplleHTaYI1l1 3KOHO~IHKI1                 H npHIlaTH3aIJl1l0 npo-
     CTp,max       'L\CHaMli         OpralUlJOllallHbIX         H    nO;1;1CpJKIIBaCMbIX           MblIllACHIIOCTI!,     Korlla       H    pC3YMmne            3T1IX        Ml'l'    ,mlKCT
     roC)~lapCTBOM H KO'>IMYIIHCTH'lCCKOii napn!CH llPOCPCOKliOR                                   CHlBHTbCJl     OTHOClITC,\bHbIH             yponeHb        :lapa60THoH            IHaTbl
     llBA)I,\OCb OO\CC         90   npOIJCHTOIl ,1aHllTOm HaCC,\CHHlI. 3K01I0-                     'j;\CIIOR 31nH rpymlbJ.
     MlI'leCKI1C       II    nOAHTI1QCCKHC       npco6pa30BuHHII                 npllBC;\lI   K
     CDKpallJellHIO 'L\ellcKoro COCTana IlPOCPCOI0301l, IlaJKC HeCMOT-                             DA\rOnPl15!T1lbIH I1PABOBOH PEfKVlM H PO;\b Pi\.f)OTO,JIATE-
     pll Ila TO, '1m OIlH CT<lHOIlIlMKb He3aHl1CIlMbl:>1l1, BMCCTC C TCM                           j\E~1. t1j\ll IJl'yelHpaM130BaHHoro 3aK,\IOqCHHll K(1\,\CKTlll!f1bIX
     40Ail OXlla'lCHHOm npcxpCOlO3aMH pu60TUlOnJl'ro llaCe~\CHHJl,                                 1l0roHOPOR     HC06XO,lHMbJ            TBCPtlblC      mpallHm        npaR         IlpOql-
     KOmpaJl. comaCHO OIJCHKa.'>" COCTal\;\JlAa OKOAO                    80       npolJCHrol1      COK)301l, B    KOHTeKCTC ClICTCMbl OTHOIneHHii ~leiK4Y IlPOCP-
     II POCClHI H       60    llpoqeHroll B fh\bllle, no-npeiKllCMY 3llaqH-                        COlmaMli 11 pa60To/{aTC/\llMH, OCHOilOll Kompoii llB,\)IIOTCll
     TC~\bflO npellblwaeT cooTBcTcTBYK)IIJl!1l nOKa3aTC/\b Il OO\b-                                npo¢COlO3bJ Ha ypoBHC npelwplillTHH. 1103",10iKllbl 3/\OVnO-
     IIlHllCTIJC flPOMbIfIlACHHO pa311IITbIX CTpaH C BbICOKHM ypOB-                                Tpe6J\CHHll co croPOflbl pa6oro;JaTCACH, Hl'K010pbIe pa60TO-
     HC!'I 40X04a H pa:lBllHalOlIJI1XCll CTpa11. TIPC)(PCOI03bl B crpallax                         tlUTC,\H nbrralOTCJl HCnU\b301laTb CBOli OTHOCHTC;\bHO ITPO'l-
     C nepex04HoH 3KOflO:-IHKOH                 BCC CIlJC nblTaJOTCll               npHcno-        HblC n03HYI1H Ha PblHKC llA!l TIXO, 'lm6b! BOCnpCnJlTCTBOBaTb
     C06HTbClI K HOBbl!'! yC\OBHll~1 H Bblpa60TaTb CBOH co5CTBeH-                                  C034aH1110 npoCPCOl()30B Ha CllOHX lIpe,lnpHilTHllX, 3,\oyno-
     HhlC nOtlXOAbl K npOllC4eHl11O IIcpl'mBopOB C pa60m4aTCAllMH,                                 Tpc6,\CHHll co nopOl1bl pa60ro43Te\l'H MoryT llPHHCCTH K
     PC3Y,\bTaTbI 3TOHIlCllTe,\bHOCTll 6hlM1 CMClllaHHbIMlI, rIPORe-                               YXYi\lllCHHK) OTHOIlll'HHll C npo(VCOI03aMH H 6ccnopll4KJM Ha
     ;lClmc    ncpeID!lopoB           MCiK4Y     npocpcOI<1,aMII            II    pa60ro,1a-       I1pC4npl111Tl1H, '1m CilIla ,\H 6~~eT cnoc06CTBOBaTb paCliIlIpe-
     l'eAllMI1 Ha HaIJHOHaAbHO~1 YPOIlIIC B 4l'XlIli                    OTIIOCI1TCAhHO             HVllO IlHBCCTHYHH H 3KOHO:>lIIqCCKOMY pOCTy TIPli pa3pa(50TKe
     He6(1\blllOH CTpaHe, KOOP4HtIaYHiI B KompoH TpatlHYHOHHO                                      TPY40BOro 3aKOHCl,claTl';\bCTlla He06XOtlHl'IO 1I0flbITaTbCl                          pe-
     OCYlljl'CTB,\lleTCll Ha 061yeHuqlloHaM,lloM ypOBlle. -                          C}:'lll 110   lllHTb TpY4HYIO 3[l/laqy o6ecne'leHHll em c6aA3HclIpOllal!
     BceMY, IIPHHOCHT xopOWHe pl'3Y,\bTaTbI, qcro                       He~\b3Jl     CKa3aTb       1I0CTl1, npe4YCMOTPCB 3aUJHTY npall npocpCOI030Il Hap;14Y C
     06 YKpaHHe, r4e II             1993   ro4Y B PC3YM,TUTe qeHTpa,\lI30BaH-                      OrpaHl1'leHI1Cl'l 11X nOTl'Hql1a,\bHOH :>IOIIOnO\bHOil MaCTH,
     1101'0   npORC(lCHlIJl         nl'peroBopOB        !,'CJK/tY    np()(pco!O,a~1l1         l1         Cn;lcpiKaHHe 33K;\IOQaCMbIX Ha ypoRHC npC/~npHJlTlli'l KOA-
     pa60m/laTe,\llMH 6blA 3aKAl()'leH COBCPIllCHHO HC yqHTbl-                                     ,\CKTHllflbIX 40ronopoB 06hl'lHO onpeilC,\llIOT caMIl 40l'OilapH-
     BalOUJlIti peaJ\bHYIO CI1TyalJHIO IloroBOP, B COCTBeTCTBl1I1 C                                BaIOUJHCCll cmpOHhl, '1m YCTpallllCT lIeo6xQ'lliMOCTb cnc-
     KOroPbll'1        POCT      3apa60TIIOii         n,\aTbl       OllcpeiKaA        Tc:-mbl      ql1a/\bHO pemaMCHTHponaTb II 3aKOHOllal'eJ\bCTBC BonrOC 0
     Hfl(P,\1l1JlIH,                                                                               roM, Ha KaKHC acneKTbl TPYllOBblX OTHOlllCHlIl1 MorYT liM! HC
         lOT lVaKT. '1m IIpaKTlIKa 3aKAIO'lCHHJl KO\AeKTHBHblX 40ro-                               l'10rYT pacnpoCTpaHllTbCll llONllKCHHJltlOroIlOPOB, EC\H a,l1><1H-
     BOPOB Ha ypoBHe npCiUlpl1JlTHH MOiKCT B 60AblllCii CTenCHl1                                   HHCTpaqHll mmna comaCOBbltlaTb C npocpCOlO3aMH llonpOCbl,
     COCTBeTCTIlOllaTb YC\ORHllM BO MHorHX CTpaHax. He 03Ha'laeT,                                  KacalOlljl1eCll KanI1Ta;\OBoopYiKeHIIOCTli. nporpaMM IIPO(PCC-
     'l11) KOHCY;\bTalJlIH Ha OTpaC,\eBOM H,\H HaIJHOHa,\bHOM ypOBlle                              Cl1OHaAbHOH      n04rOTOBKH             H   YC;\OBHii      1Ial1M3        IlpCMellllbIX
     IIpOBO/1HTb HC C\e{l)'eT H/\H 'lTO HaIJHO!la~\blibIM (p~lepaYHllM                             pa60THHKOB. TO 3anpCllJaTb 3m HC CAeIlYCT. B                                 YC;\OBHJlX
     IIpOCPCOlO30B Ill' OTB04HTCll KaKail-~\1160 pOAb B ,nOM npo-                                  KOHKypellIJHH Ha mllapHblx pblllKax CB1l3aHllbie C TaKH1><1l!
     qeccc, TIO'lTH 00 Becx CTpaHax, ynOM!lHyTbIX B 4aHHOH maRe,                                   1l0roBOpeHIIOCTilMH H34epiKKH 6Y(lyT HeCTH B ncpB)!1O O'lepe/lb
     :laK;\K)qCHHC          KU\"\l'KTllBllbIX   40roOOPOR           lIa ypOBHC            npc4-    caMH     cpnpMbl     n      npoCPCOKl3,          H    HMeHIIO        3ro         11Q!\:tKHO
     npH!lTHi'l l10nOAlUleTCJl KOop/1HHa!JHcii 4CHCTBHH Ha ceKTO-                                  Y4cpiKHBaTb HX OT 3aKAIO'lCHHll ,10roBOPOB, lie Y'lliTbIB3101IJHX
     pa/\bHOi" H lIaYHoHa;\bllOM ypOBII!lX, KpoMe TI)lD, Il onpc,lc-                               pea,\bIlOC nOAOiKl'Hlle tlCA
     ,\eHHbIX YC;\()BHJlX 3aK,\lOqCIIIlC KD,\AeKTHBHbIX (lomBOf){)B C                                    Hc oUJYUJaCTCJl H IIC06X0411MOCTH 3anpcllpTb C03tPHHe
     HeCK(1\bKHMH            pa60m,1aTeAJlMli         MOlKCT        6blTb        60,\((    3Cp-    Ha OTtle;\bH01>l npe(\npHllTHII 60Ace o411oro np(){VCOI03a, ECMI




98
a4,mIHlCTpalJHlI           lIaCTaIlIla<c'T H3 B3311H04ellcTBHI1 Mlllib C                     well CTellCl!1l 1l0(lHCpJKeHbl ,131l;\eHHK,) co C1DPOHhl npaBH-
OilllHH llpQ(tJCOI030~1, ;;(C,\all CBeCTH K MllHll:>lyMY CB1I3aHHble C                       Te.\bCT1l3, 'leM npocpCOI03l>1 B Apyrllx cTPallax 10;;(11011 A3IlH.
3aKAIO'IeHHeM KO!,,"\eKTHIlHOm ,1ofClBopa U34ePJKKU, TO ell                                  B   CU1A    pa60TIUlKll cpe,lepa;\bHbIX CAYJK6 He HMeMI llp3R<I
llPll,ICTClI yfle/11lTb npocpCOlO3hl 06'bCilHI!IlTbCH i\AJl COH;',1e-                        CO:VlanaTb IIpOcjlCOlO3bl liD          1962    ['(lIla, 11 ,1alKe ceii'lac OHH lie
CTHom Be,lellllll lleper'C1HOpO[l. B0'1~10;;(HOCTb opraHI133l,1l1l1                          lfMelOT npaBa H3 336aCTOIlKY; 3anpellJCHO 6aCTOBaTb H pa60T-
ilpyrllx npo(jXO!()]OH HIl.\HeTCJl rapaHTHell TOm, 'ITO cyuJe-                               IUlKaM f(JCwmpCTBeHHom ceK'mpa ~morHX WTaTOB, B TO ;;(e
CTllylOlyllll IIPOCPCOI03 He 6Y4e1' 3all,lHllJaTb llllTepCCbl ,\Intib                        Ilpe~l7I B HCll3l1Hll patioTllHKaM mCY4apCTBeHllom ceKlnpa
uctX.l\blIloll rpYllnf,1 paGoTIUIKOB. C i\pymtf CTOPOllbl, Il TP):,lO-                       pa3pelliCIIO C03,'lalla1'b npocpCOKl3bl, 3aK:\IO'IaTb Ko'\ACKTI1B-
OOM      3aKOllo.laTeAbCTIll'        HCKOTOPblX          cTpaH,     H3npllMCp,          B    Hhle (lomBopbl 11 fiaCTOBaTh, npl11UM YCAOIlI1H, 'ITO OHll 6}/1)'T
n3Hna(lew, yCTaHOllAelIO, 'ITO TUAbKO O/IHH npocpCOI03 MOlKeT                                npOAOAlKaTh nl'lC40CTall;\71TL caMble He06X04I1MoIC yC\}TH                          II
BblCTynaTbl Ka'lt'CTIW               npC/lCTall>l'reAlI Ha uepemoopax C                      MllHHMaAbHOM oG'bCMe, 0I1pe4C.\eHHOM 3aKOHO~,
<UMllHllCTpal,ll1ct'!, H llDC4VCMaTPllllaCTCll UPOBC,IClmc '1Cpe3                                YCllCllIHOC pellleHHC llp06ACM, CIl1l3aHlIbiX                    c 11eHTeAb-
Ollpe,leAeHHble            IlpOM';~JKYTKll     Bpe~'!CIHl      Bbl60poR          TaKom       HOCTblO IlPOCPCOlO301l R mC):rrapCTIlCIlHOM ceK1Upc, 331lfICI1T
upC4CTaBllT<';\Jl H:' '1Hc."a Bcex npmilCOkJ30B, AeHCTBYIOllJHX                              01' CTeneHH COllCpIlJeHCTHa TpYAOHom ,1aKOHOilaTeAbCTlla H
Ha llpe,lnpHmm.                                                                              IlOP7l4Ka ypel')'AHpOBaHIl71 Cf]OPOIi. 3cpcpeKTl11lHOe TpY11000e
                                                                                             33KOHOAaTeAbCTBO B mCY,"1apCTHCHHO:'>-1 CCKlupe i1Q<\JK1l0 npc,l-
npO¢COK)3,~18 c(!c),{lapCt6eHItO.1[ cerrope U lIa                                            YCMaTpHlla1'b HHhie MexaHI13,\lbl yperyAHpoBallllil CIiOPOIl, 'leM
Ilpef}npUJlTi (JlX, Jl8,!JI/{)UJUXCJI ecreCT6eliHl?L'IU                                      3aG3CTtlBKH u ,\OK3YTbI. OQeIlHi1IlbIM npllMcpOM TaKom Mexa-
;\W/lOl'/{kIU}, ,'1U
                                                                                             HIBMa HII,,\lleTC7I ap6l1Tpa;;(l!oe pa36I1paTe;\bCTIl0, npoB04H-
06CCUe'leHIC KOllcrP\,KTUllHOH PO,\H npO¢COI030B OC\()JK-                                    Moe TpeTbHMH C'mpOHaMH, B                      TPY/l0BOM 3aKOHOi\aTeAbCTBe
IlHeTCll,    KOI ,~a      pl~'1b   lMeT   06    OTCYTCTRI1H         KOIlKypCHl,IllH,         '1'11,\H npCflYCMOTpeHhl cneLJllao\bHble 1I0AO;;(CHHll ap611Tpam:-
HallpllMep, I roc;',lapCTBClIHO'1 ceKropc H U3 lIpe/llIpHllTll11X,                           Hom pa36flpaTeAhCTll3 4Ml yperYAllpOllaHl1ll CIIOPOIl, Il KO'm-
llll;\Jl101 yuX( 1I eCT'~CTBt~HHbIMI1 MOHonOAllllMll CncKTp03Hep-                            pblX Y'laCTllYIOT pafiOTHHKll mCYilapCTlleHIlOf() ceKTOpa, B
['eTWleCKHe         KOMllaIJlUl,     TeAe(j.JoHHble          KO:>lllaHHH     H    1:il,),    ((){)TIlCTCTBHH C YCTallOIlAeHHhlM nopil;IKOM, HMeHyeMblM "Bbl-
H3l1ep;;(KH        4Ail    ofillJecTBa,      CB1l3allHble     C IlpeKpallJCHlleM             HeceHHCM       ap6l1Tpa;;(IIOro          pemCHI111     no       OKOII'laTeAbHOMY
pa60Thl lIo.1(apHbIX, IHHllIJeHcKHx, Y'IllTC/\cH, Mt;4UIJHHCKI1X                             npc/j;\OlKelllllO",   ap6llTp          llhI6upaeT     ."11160    OKOII'laTe"<'IbllOe
cecTep, pa{loTIHlt;OB j;OMMVH3AbHbIX nPCf111pl1l1THM H llO,~H­                               npe4AolKellllc 3;1I'lHHHCTpaljIlH, MI60 oKotl'laTeAbHoe llpei\-
TeAefl      oGUjCCTllLHlloro         TpaHcnopT3,          MorYT      6blTh       O'lCHb      AO;;(eHHe     npC)(j)coK13a.         TaKa)!    1l1){)IJeAypa     IIpH3BaHa     cno-
BblO.lKHMH,        B   nU/I06l1bIX CAY'IallX           R03MO;;(HOCTH uOTpe6u-                C06CTBOR3Tb Tt,)MY, '111:16bl o6e cmpollld B cnopc Bbt~BHra.\11
Te.\<:M nOA;'''IllTh ,:OOTHeTCTBYlOlIjUe yc\yru H3 3>\bTCpHaTllll'                           pa3YMHble 1'peflOBaHHil H TaKllM o6pa30M Cal\.lll ilOCTllraAI1
tlbIX llCTOYHI1KOB JrpallH'lCHhl. BC;\e,1(Tlll1c 3Tom :,Ha'lI1TeAb-                          /lomBopeHHOCTI1.
Hail     '!aCT!:    H3;lep;;«,K,     Cllll.1aliHblX      C    3a6aCTOHKOH          11;\1'1
,\OKaYTO:"I, .\O;;(IlT:ll H;I I1Ae'l1l rpyllll, He llpC4CTall.\eHlIhiX Ha                    npOcpCOK>3bl M nOJ1MTMKa
Hcpcmllop'IX C a, ';UlHIlCTpal,lHeH.                                                         Bo Bcex 1I,\IOpaAHCTI1'1eCKHX 0611j('CTllax CB(XX)4a 06'ht;4H-
       [~ CB1I3L co CIIeYllllmKoH ncperollO(){)ll C npO¢C0103aMIl B                          HeHllH 11 OpraHH3aIjHH paccMaT(lHllaeTCJI KaK O,lllO In OCHOIl-
roC::'lapCTB',~HH()M         ceKTOpe      1l03HHKaCT         C'IOJKHall    ,1HJ\CMMa.        HblX   npaB    '1CAOlleK<l,      U    npocllCoK)3bI      '1acTO     lI031~\aIl;\JlIOT
40hJKtlbl All 3aK< 'Hbl ,allJflIlJaTb npalla pa60THHKOll rocYi\ap-                           4BHlKCHHJI 3a YCll;\eHl1e [J(];\HTlI'leCKOH OTKPblTOCTH H 11e1-l0-
CTllCHHOro ,'eKrupa Ha CBo604Y OfYbC;lHHeHlIH H Opral!lBalJllHll                             KpaTlIl1, BMecTe c TeM 110 M}]Ol'HX cTpaHllx 4CllTeAbHOCTb
I1X npaoo 1-13 3<1liacnlBKY, H,\ll JKe Ollll i1QAlKHbi 3aUjllllJaTb                          npottKolO30B I10-npelKHcMY OrpallH'II1BaeTC)],                     KaK MUll lOT
IlpallO HaCE.\eHIlH Il l,Il:AOM Ha Gecnepe6oHHoe lIelAY'leHlle OC-                           Ol'paHH'IeIlH7I    C!l060(11)1       06'bCAHlIemlM      11 opraHH:lal,lHH         Ha
1I0111U,IX yC\yr. a TalOKt' npfl311aHbl HC 4011YC1'HTb npellp3l1Jelll111                     IIOAO;;(eHHe H<l phlHKe TPYi\a? B CTpaHax, r4c HeT Cllo60i\Hb1X
061 l,IeCTB3 " lKcpnl)' Hefu\hlllOH rPrlmbl CPYHKIJIlOllepOB?                                npocpCOI030Il,     i\All   YCTallollAcHHll          33pafioTIlOH        n;\aTbl    H
    Pa:mble        CTPallol        pewanT      31'1'    3aA3'1Y    1I0-CBoeMY         B      onpe(WAellHll 4PYrux YC;\OBI1II TP'413 McxaHH3M K(l\;\eKTHIl-
BalIro\<l.1CIlI pa6'ITHHKaM mCY/lapCTIlCHHOm ceKlupa pa3pc-                                  IIhIX ilomllOPOIl lie llcnQ,\b3yeTclI, 11 n0311:1MY mcy,lapCTllCH-
weHO co.'lt allaTb npo',llCOI03bl, HO 331lpCllJCIIO BeCTH KOAAeK-                            lloe perYMlpOBaHHe npl13HaeTClI He06xo;lI1MbIM, BCAc,\CTBue
THRl1ble lIepe['(lIl')pbl C a,tMHIIIICTpal,lflei\. Pa3Mep 3apa60TIloVr                       3TOT'O 110 MHOI'HX crpaHax, rile IlellTeAbHOCTh npocjlCOK1301l
nMlThl pa()O'lIlX U C\)'lKaIlJHX mcy.~apCTBeHHbIX lIpe4I1pl111-                              nO,daBAJ\e1'Cll,   1IQ,mTI1K3          pblllKa     Tp}~la       X3p3KTepH3YCTCJ\
T11ti onpe/J,eAllKF KOMHCCI1H, Ha3l!a'laeMble npaBHTeALCTBOM,                                3Ha<JI1TeAbHbl,\ll1 ncpeKOCaMI1,
o,lIHaKO 1'''KOi1 fiOPJl,[OK He IlOMellla:\ pa60THllKaM mCY43p-                                  OTCTaHBall CBOIO CllOOCHY II              80-c mALI, llQAbCKHC pa60'lHe
CTBellHOIT) ceKTopa npOBOAllTb He3aKOHHbie 0611jeHaljHOHaAh-                                 y6eAllTeAbHO 1I0Ka'la,\H, '1Ttl cll060AHble llPOCPCOlO3bl JlIlAHIOT-
HblC 336a( TOIIKI1 Ai\JI OKa33HHll H3 llpallUTeAbCTllO [](1\llTH-                            Cll B OCHOBHOM 4CMOKpaTH'leCKHMU I1HCTI1TYTaMH. PYKOBOi\C-
'leCKOm ;1: IIl;\cH I 171 Il IJe,\llX nOBbllllellllJl3apa60THoH IHaTh!.               13     THO "Cl1"I1/1apHOCTlP C'lllTa,\O, 'ITO C03,la1lI1e IlA!OpaAllCTH-
Nh\ai\311U 3aK;\~)'1elllle KO;v\cKTl1BHhIX i\O],()BOPOIl C ai\MHHl1-                         '1eCKI1X npottKOK).30B MO;;(e1' cnoco6CTIlOBaTh nepeX04Y K
CTpalJl1ei\ B mC\~~apCTBCllIlOM ccnope ,10nYCKaCTCJI, OAH3KO                                 1l;\lOpa.\HCTI1'1CCKOMY 06llJecTBY H 'ITO CBO(X)Aa IIpOCPCOlO30B
l)ellTpaAbllOC npaBIlTCAbCTBO HMeeT npa1l0 YTBep41lTb llAll                                  llll;\llCTCll oilllllM H3 lle06xo,lHMbIX YCAoBl1i1 CBo60Abl caMom
OTllepf'll)'Tb OK(lH'IaTeAbllbli1 40mllop. KpoMe TOm, llPOCP-                                06UJeCTBa. B pe3Y\bTaTe llpOBC4eHUblX B aBrYCTe                        1980 mla
COI03bl Il \\a"\311mi1cKOM mC)'IlapCTIlCI!HOM ceKTOpe B 6mb-                                 nepemllopoB B mpO/le I;,aHbcKe, OCHOllHoe BIUlMalUle Ha




                                                                                                                                                                                      99
      KOTDPblX 6bl~\O ):tICAeHO HOnpOCaM, CH1l3aHHbl:'1 C TpY40llblMH                    O/IHHM       H3   c\e4CTHI1M     :n'om     110    MHOf'I1X      CTpaIWX,      [',lie
      OTHOllleHHll~1H, 61,1,\ C034aH nepllblH CIlO604Hbll1 I1pOCPCOlO3 Il                4el!'reAbllOCTh IIPO(PCOK.l301l C(lepJKHHaeTCll, llll,\lIC'TCB 1l<1>\f\-
      KOMMYHI1CTH'leCKOH (TpaHe. 04l1aKO BCKope (TaN) O'lelJH4110,                       '1l1e    oco6eHIlO    pe3Kl1X    411CIlponopIJHH         lIa    pblHKe    TPYAa.
      'I'm alfropl1'fapllbIH peJKHM H cIJ060,J{HbTI1rrpocpcOlo:J HC MOrAH                f1epeYKoMIIAeKTOllaullocTb             lllTaTOB     B     roq:1apCTl;enHOM
      cOCYLYeCfHOllaTb, H B       1982 roilY KOM]\IYHI1CTI1'1eCKOe PYKOBO;l'             CeKTDpC, BblCOKI1l1 ypOllellb MHIll1MaAblloti 3apa60THotl n(\<lTbl
      CTHO 06'LllBHNl "CC1Hl4apHOCTb" BHC 3aKOHa.                                        11 orpaUH'ICfIl111 B OTHOlllenl1Il YlllV\blIeHHH                IlMellH( I TaKall
          f10406HO «C(1AH4apHOCTH", HerpHTlllICKHe IIpOCPCOl03hI B                       IlCHI1Tl1Ka 6bL\<l IWITa Ha IIoopYJKellHe II 3aM61111. KeHHH,
      IOJKHOH      A4JpI1Ke     4a.\11    6eClIpaBllhlM       H03MOJKHOCTb     6bl1'b    Konm, Cy,1aHe 11 TaH3aHHH II 60-e m/~hI                    OTpaiK<L\yl 110AH-
      YCALllllaHHblMH. X01'JI IIpOCPCOlO3bl H OCHOHHO~I 3aHHMaAHCh                       TI1<JCCKl1e    peaAI1H   A,\ll   npaBHTC,\bCTH, KOTDpble, npIl4ll K
      OpraHI13aljI1eH        pa60<Jl1x      11All     lle'leHHll   uepelXmopOIl     C    MaCTH lIoc\e o6peTelll11I He3aBHCI1MOCTI1, H<l'la,\lI orpallH-
      pa60TDila1'eMIMH O1'HOCI1TeAbHO YC\OlJHt'1 TpY<'la. I1X IlO,\I1TH-                 '1HBaTb 4CllTe,\bIlOCTb llPOcjlCOIO:lOB.          B     SO-x 11 6o-x r04ax
      '1eCKaJl ,1ellTC.\bHOCTb nO,\Y'lI1Aa mpa340 OO\bllJl1l! pe30HaHc.                  npe3H/leliT EmllTa Ka~!a,\b A64e>\b Haccep, IlYJK4aBlJJI1ficll II
      npaBI1Te,\bCTBO IOJKHOM AqJPI1KH nepBOHa<Ja~\hHO HaMepe-                           nO(1I1epJKKe co CTOPOllbI Cpe,.1HHx C,\oeB mpCl/ICKOlX) EaCe,\(;-
      Ba,\OCb C034aTb TaKYIO           nAKlpa~\HCTlI'IeCKYIO       CI1CTeMY OTHO-        lIIlll, o6eIIJa.\ ofiCCne'lIlTb Ilpe;IOcl'all.\eHl1C pa60Tbi H mcy-
      llJeIlHt'1 MeJK,W pa60THHKaMI1 11 pa601n/la1"eAllMI1, H paMKax                     (lapcTfleliHoM CeKTDpe BceM BblllYCKlll1KaM IlblCllJl1X Y'le6HbIX
      KOTDpotl 4ellTeAbHocTb I1POCPCOlO30B CB04H,\aCb K pelTIeHl1e                       3ane;lemlti, B       nallr.\ai\elll B 80-e m"hl reHepa,\                 Xycetll!
      BonpOCOB, KacalOLYI1XCll yCN)BI1~1 Tp}~la, a llC1\I1T11'1eCKI1:vm                  MoxaMMa;l 3plll3,\, TaKJKe IIYJK/(aB[]!l1l1Cll Il n044ep;KKe co
      BonpOCaMI1 3aHI1:VlaMlCb 6bI nC1\HTWleCKl1e napTI1H. Eo onhlT                      C10POllbl lXJpo4CKOro HaCCAelll111. BCT},nl1.\ B ncperOBopbl C
      IOJKllotl AcpPIIKH TaKJKe UOKa3aA, 'lTD llaAl1'lI1e cBo60,1Hb1X                    lIaIJI10HaAhHOM      <pe,lepalJl1etl     npocpcolO30B          11   cor)\aCll,\CIl
      npocpcolO3011 liCCOlll'leCTH:vJO C lIe;1<:MoKpaTH'IeCKol'1 llpaK-                  nOHblCI1Th pa3Mcpbl 3apa6oTllotl n~\aThl, IlhIXO,jHbIX nOI.lofil1tl,
      TI1KOil. Eerpl1TllllCKlle npo<pcoKl3bl CTaAH HrpaTb lleAYIIJYKl                    nocofilU111 He;leHeJKHbIX Abf'OT B roCY/japCTBeHHOM ceK'lnpe.
      PC1\b B 60pbGe npOTHB aliapTel1Aa.                                                      Eo He BO Bcex CTpaHax, B KOTDPblX 4ellTeAbHOCTb :IPOCP-
          I1paBIlTe,\bCTlla MlIOfllX CTpaH npo,~C"\JKaIOT oCyll)eCTB-                    COlO30B IIO;lal\,\lIeTCJI, UPOBO..:lI1TGI He3cj)cpeKTllllllall UOMITI1Ka
      ,\)ITh JKeCTKHtI KOHT!Xlc\b 3a I1PO<pCOI03HbIM .111I1JKeHHeM 110                   B OTHOlIJellIlH pblllKa TpY/m (llpKII:>l UpIlMCpOM 'lem c \yJKHl'
      nC1\I1TI1'1eCKHl'l co06paJKCIII111M. XOTll MnOfHe CTpaHhI paTI1-                   Kopcll /10    1987   ro;\a), KaK 11 Ill' BO !lcex CTpallax, npe,lOCTa-
      CPHIJl1pOBaMI KOHBeHIJI11O          87 MOT, rapaHTI1pYKlIlJYKl CHo60-              IlI1BIUI1X I1P()(j)(OIO:Ja~1 CllOI1o,lY, :"TD npllIIOCI1T 11C1\OJKlITe,\b-
      4Y 06bC;]I1HeHI1t1 11 opraml3aJJHti, 06ecne'leHl1e CTpomm ee                       IIble pe3YAbT<lTbl Ha PbIHKC TPJ~a. B~lecTe C TeM BepOllTIlOCTb
      C06>\IO(leHllll Ha npaKTHKe OKa3aAOCb TP}:tIIlOH 3a/laQeH. Bo                      IIpl1ll11THll IIpaBHTe,\bCTBOM He:..cpcpeKTI111110['() TPV40llOf'O 3a-
      MHOT'I1X CTpallax      TPYAllllJII~lCll   OTKa3aHO B npaBe Ha opralIH-             KOH04aTe(\bCTlla YBe.\11'11maeTCJI B 1"eX C\Y'laIlX, KOr,.]a npallo
      3aIJHIO BBe paMOK ()(j:mljl1aAbIIO npIBHamlblX 11 KOIlTPCHI1-                      TPY411IlJHXCll HMeTb CROI1X npe,KTanHTC;\eti He rapaHTl1pyeT-
      pyeMblx mCY4apCTBOM cTpyKTYp. B OTBeT Ha 3<lnpOCbI MOT                             ClI. Pe3YAbTaTbl 3Mnl1pl1'1CCKOf'O auaAI13a I10Ka3blB<lKlT, 'lTD
      npamlTeJ\bCTBa npl1B04llT pa3AII'IHble 06blICHelll1J1, He Bce 113                  IIOAI1TII'IeCKl1e CIlOGO/lbl, KOTopble nO'lTI1 Ilcema CO'leT;1IOTCll
      KOTDPblX ~IOJKnO C'Il1TaTb y6C4HTe"\hHbIMIl. TaK, llpaBHTe>\b-                     co      C1lO6o(10M   OprdHl13aIJIII1    npocpCOlO301l,         lIpe/lllmaralOT
      CTBO El1repml YTBePJK4aAO, 'ITO pacnopllJKellI1e 0 C034aHHH                        MenblllYIO CTeneHb ;\yaAlBMa Il 1I0Al1TIIKe PblHKOIl TPV;ja 11
      C;lHllom npocpCOK13110m IJellTpa OTHC'I,L\O JKe>\allHK) Tryt]ll-                   (xJ,\ee IlJI1POKIIM ocpHlJl1aAbHO perHCTpHpyeMbltl CCKTDp. XOTlI
      LlJI1XCll 06'l,e4I1HHTh :vJIIOm'lHC\ellllble CYIIJeCTBYlOllJHe npocp-              IleKO'I'Opble cTpallbl 80(1'0'111011 A3Hli Orpalll1'lI1Ba,\H 4Cll-
      COlO3bl H 'leTblpe IJeHTpaAbHbIX OpraIl113aLJl1I1. npaBHTC"\b-                     Te,\bHOCTb npocpcolO301l, 06ecne'lI1Aall B TD JKe npeMll fibleT-
      CTBO EnmTa rrbITa,\OCb 060CllOBaTb MOHOIIC1\bHhle llpaBa,                          phlH POCT :laHJlTOCTH B ocpl1ljl1aAbHO perHCTpHpye~101'1 ceK-
      llpe,10CTaMeHllhle 3aKOHOM EnmeTcKotl cpe4epaljl1H                     I1pc)(t>-   Tope IIpH llCCb:vJa YMepeliHblX IIpOllllAelHlllX ?lyaM1CTI1'1eCKOH
      COI030B, :lallll.Mlll, 'lTD TaKoe fIC1\OJKeHHe OTpaJKaeT nOJKc>,alll1J!
      TPWllll1JIlXClI   1I   OTBC'IaeT      IlOTpe6110CTllM        MIlOfHX
      BKAlO'lall pa3BlIBalOLYI1eCll CTpallb!. I1paIlI1TeAbCTBO CetlUJC>'b-
                                                                             Cfpan,                                             ...
                                                                                         1I0MITI1KI1, :;1'11 C\y'laH CAe.WeT lIpl13HaTb I1CKAK1'lelll1J1M'1.


                                                                                              Al1l1leHl1e pa60THl1KOB I1X npan He HBAlleTCJI Heo6;;:0411-
      CKI1X OCTPOI!OB COO6lIJI1Nl MOT, 'lTD EalJHoH3AbHblti COlO3                        MbIM YC\OlllleM 06eClIe'lellHll poem 40X040B. B03MOJKH<) on-
      TpY411UJI1XClI CT<1>\ l1C1\b30BaTbCll 3aKpen>\eHHbl:vJ11 B 3aKOHO-                 pe4C,\I1Tb TaKl1e YC\OllHlI 11 llCl;\I1THKY, llpl1 KOTDPblX 4ellTC,\b-
      4aTeAbnO~1 nop1l4Ke MOHOnC1\bHbIMH npaBaMI1 rroc,\c 406po-                         IIOCTI> CIl0604HhlX nporjX:CJ1030B MOJKeT He rrpellllTCTBOllaTb
      B(}\bIlOm caMopOCIIYCKa Bcex npocpcoKl3011.                                        pa31ll1TI1IO, a cnoco6cTBOllaTb e:vJY ECAH npocpCOKl3bl IldicT-
          B   YC\OBl1l1X      OTCyTCTBHlI           cllo60,~HbIX   npocjlcolO30B    H    lIyKlT Il YC\OIlI1IlX KOHKypeuTHbix ltlllapllbIX PbIHKOIl, KC1'-AeK-
      IIpaKTI1KH    3aK,\IO'Iellllll     KO~\,\eKTl1llHbIX     4omHoPC)B     MHOrl1e     Tl1l1Hble 4omllopbl 3aK,\IO'IaK1TClI Ha ypolllle npe;lnpllllTllIl, a
      npaUHTCAbCTBa C'II1TaKlT He06x04I1MbI~1 06CCne'lI1Tb fIC1\OJKe-                    TPY40lloe 3aKoll04aTeAbcTilo 3aLYI1lIJaeT IIpallO                   OT4e~\',HbIX

      HIle 3aHllTblX B o<pI1IJl1a,\bHO pemCTpHpyeMoM ceKTOpe llyTe:vJ                    pa60TIIHKOB BCTynaTb I1.\11 He llcTyn<lTb II npocjJCOlOl no
      npl1l1llTHi! COOTBeTCTBYIOLYem TpY401lOm 3aKOUO,llaTCAbCTBa H                      ClloeMY llPC/1}'CMOTpeIlI1K), 4ellTe,\bHOCTb UPOCPCOI030B, llO
      npC,IlOCTallAeHl1ll OC06bIX AbmT. 3TD npoHcxoAHT B nepByKl                         IlCeti BepoJlTHOCTI1, llC1\OJKI1Te,\hllbIM 06pa30M CKaJKeTCIl Ha
      O'lepe4b B Tex CAY'lallX, Kor(la 4,\ll 'rom, '1TD6h1 ):tIepJKaTbCli y              1l0BbllllCHlll1 3(pcpeKTHIlHOCTI1 npOlBB04CTBa 11 YKpell,\eIl11l1
      llAaCTI1, npaBI1TeAbCTBY Heo6xo,llHMa II(HI1TH'IeCKaJl lIo/VlepJK-                 npllIlIJI1I101l paBellCTBa, a 1I0TeHtJHaAbHbie HeraTllBnble no-
      Ka co CTDpoHbl IlAI1IlTeAbHblX rpyrm mp04CKom Hace"\CmIJl.                         C\e4CTBHlI I1X /lellTe,\bIlOCTI1 6Ytl)'T ~lHm1MaAbnbI~IIl.




100
          r.AABA                           13




p              e3K0e COKpaJIJeHl1e 40X04011 01' TpY40llOt\ 4eJl-
               Te,\bHOCTH CflOC06HO Cepbe3HO fI040pBaTb )1(113-
               HerlHJ.(t\ ypOBeHb pa60THI1KOB 11 I1X ceMet\. OCHOB-
               HbIMl-!       f1pl-!'lHHaMl!    o6e,.lHeHm!       Hace.\eIUI!!
               TC),\bK') f1p.JMblllHeHHO pa3BI1TbIX, HO 11 pa.3mmaJO-
llJHXC!! CTp.tH JlI1\ilJOTCJI 6e3pa60Tl1IJa, HeTpY/locnoco6HOCTb 11
                                                                                 He
                                                                                      rapaHTMpOBaHMe AOXOAOB B
                                                                                      HeperMcTpMpyeMoM CeKTOpe 3KOHOMMKM
                                                                                      [OPO(lCKl1C II ceAbCKHe pa60THI1KH HeperHCTpl1pyeMoro ceK-
                                                                                      TOpa :?KOHO:'>lI1KH CT<!AKHBaK1TCR C 6ClAce llbICOKI1M PI1CKOM
                                                                                      CHl1)1(eHl1l1 40X04a, 'leM 3<lHlITble B COBpeMeHHblX OTpaC\lIX,
                                                                                      TIpl1 :;TOM 06eCIIe'lelme I1X 6AarocoCTC1JlHHJI MCpa;\l11 roC}/lap-
crapOCTb;lTH )I(e npfl'lHHbJ Bbl3bIBaJOT ila.-\bHet\mee 06Hll-                        CTBeHHOID IlMewaTCAbCTlla npe/lCTalnJleTO! oc06eHHo CAO)l(-
llJaJiHe    Te.X,   KTO       Y;Ke    OK<Lia,\CJI     3a    'leplDt\   6e(lHOCTl!.    HbIM. OrCYTCTflHe /lOX04a q<l!lJe Bcero CIl!!3a1l0 C nOTepet\
OC06eHHO OCTP') 3TII np06,\e:'lbl CTOJIT II CTpaHax c nepe-                           paOOTbl B pe3)c\bTaTe neXBaTKI1 pa6o'll1x MeCT, IlbI3BaHHot\
XO/lHOt\ 3K( IHOMI1KOt\. 06bl'lHO 06llJeCTllO Bblpa6aTblBaeT 3a-                      KC1\e6aJ!l1J1MI1 ce30HHoro Xap<lKTepa 11,\11 fiOAce rAy60KHMI1
llJl1THble M'.:xaHH IMbl . 1M! npetlOTBpallJeHl!!! Ila,ileHl1J1 )l(113HeH-            113MeHe1lH!llVll1 Ha phlHKe TpY?la. Ml60 B CB1I3H C nOTepet\
HOro ypOIllI!! H pe3Y,\bTaTe O)l(!1t1aeMoro 11.\11 HeO)l[!l,laHHoro                   Tp)W1Cnoc06HOCTI1 no C\y'laJO HHllaAH.1HOCTl1, 6Cl;\C3HI1 HAl1
ClIY.:)I(eHI1!! iloxq LOB. Ho ~IHOfl1X CAY'lallX 3TO npCtim1\arat.'T                  cTap.JCTI1. /(All nO/]aIl,\lIlOl!)ero 60AhHll1HCTIla paOOTHl1KOB Il
HCnC1\b30B:lIme .\H'lHbIX c6epe)l(eHl1f! B CO'leTaHI1I1 C Herocy-                     C1'PaHax C mBKI1I,1 11 cpeclHHM ypOBHCM ;lOX040B CTpaXOBaHl1e
4apCTBeHHblMH 1[CTO'IHHKaMH qmHaHCOHOt\ I10MOllJl1 H 06113a-                          01' [Jo406HblX ¢aKTOpoH Pl1CK<l HMeeT Cj)OPMY Heo<:j!HlJHaAh-
Te.' bCTBaM.j co ,:TOPOHbl pa60TO?laTeAetl. Ibcy.!(apcTBO llMe-                       HOt\ nOMOllJl1, 04HaKO ,1onOAHI1Te;\bHVJO n04ilep)l(KY Hepe,lKO
WHllaeTClI [DAhl« 1 B TOM c\y'lae, eC\11 TaKHe HeroCY4apCTBeH-                        OKa3bllJacr l1 roC)ilapCTIlO. Pal)110HaAbHble nporpaMMbl o6llJc-
HbK: H 'la, THblC I1CTO'lHI1KI1 OKa3bJHaK1TClI HE';10CTaTO'lHbIMI1                    CTBeHHblX paOOT n03BOAlIKJT In6e)l(aTb IlblTeClleHl1l1 'laCTllblX
;lA!! peweHllll np06,\eMbl. Hanpl1Mep, Y CeMbl1 MoryT B03-                            HCTO'lHHKOB 1I0MOlIJI1 VI nO:?TOMY 'lacm I1CIIC1\b3YlOTCJI ;1;\1I
H!lKHYTb T:JY;lHOCTI1 npl1 nOnbITKe 3anllTb ;1eHbrH 4AlI KOMfleH-                     CHH)I(eHHlI pHCKa, K01DpoMY f10llBepralOTClI :1aH!!Tble B Hepe-
CaJjl1l1 Bpt MeHH"ro COKpaIlJeHl1l1 Tpy,:IOBbIX ,10XOi10B. Tp;ul1-                    rHCTpHpyeMoM ceK'rope,
IJHOHHble • pOPMl ,I 06[ IJl1HHOt\ nOeUep)l(Kl1 4alOT c6011 II YCAO-
Ill1JIX   2iKO'IOMI1'.JeCKoro        Kpl13l1ca.     31'11   MeXaHl13Mbl    TaK)I(e    06uf,ll1maJl. noggep)Kl(a u ~aCTltble nepe(Jog1)t
npI1XO;111T H yna,loK /10 Mepe yp6aHl13aIJl1l1 IIaCe,\CHIIJ! 11 CHH-                  Ornowelll1!! Me)f(IIY HacMHblM pa60THHKOM 11 paOOTO/laTe\eM
)l(CHll!! pc.\11 ct'MdfHblX 11 po4CTBeHHbiX cIlR3el'i. CI1CTeMa                       B   HeperHCTpl1pye~'lOM   ceKTope perY,\l1pYJOTCiI TpailHIJl1J1MII 11
'laCHlOro .:TpaXOllaHll!! Ha C\Y'lat\ nOTepl1 pa60Tbi 1l,\l1 Tp}nO-                   06bl'lUJlMH   CTpallbI.   /(;\ll    HaeMHb!X   pa60TIlHKOB   YCNlBl1!!
cnoc06Ho'.TI1, a TaK;Ke CPOHilbi neHCI10HHOro 06ccne'leHI1!!                          3aHlITOCTH S HeperHCTpl1pyeMoM ceKTOpe 'laCTO npe,lj'CMUT-
HaXO,lllTCf Il IIpoIJecce CTaHOMeHI1J1 11,\11 1l006l1Je OTCYTCT-                      pIIBaK1T onpe4e,\eHIIYJO rapaHTI1JO 3aH!!TC)CTl1 II pa34eACHl1e
Byer, OT'I.lCTll 113-3a OTpHlJaTf'..;\bHOro B034et\CTBI1J! TaKJ1X                     pllCKa, TaK KaN pa60TO/laTeAL 05R3)"t:TClI 1/,\aTI1Tb pa60Tl1l1KaM
cpaKTOpOB, KaK He)l(C,\aTeAbHb1l1 KOHTI1HreHT KMleHTOIl -                             CPI1KCl1pOSaHHYlO 3apa6oTllYlO IL\aTY flO Tex nop, lIOKa OHI1
CTpaXOllK} IIOKY naJOT m\bKO Te, y KOro MO)l(eT B03IIHKHYTb B                         pa60TalOT H<l Hero, He3aBHCl1MO 01' ce30HHblX l1 np04l1X
Hell 1l0Tp('6110CTb, a TaK)I(C             Mopa.\bHblt\ pl1CK (3acrpaXOllaB-          KOAe6aHHt\ c[Jpoca rTa paoo'lYJO (l1AY. P.d6oTCHuTeAH TaKJKe
lIIHCb, AK '411 CK;\OHllbl MeHblIJe 3a6oTl1TbClI 0 c06cTBeHHot\                       IlIl1pOKO npaKT!lKyJOT [Jpe40Cl'aMeHl1e CC)~1 pafiOTHHKaM npl1
6e3011aCH'lCTI1)                                                                      B03HI1KHOSeHl1l1   Henpe/1Bl1;leHHblX paCXO;10B Y nOC\E';1HI1X,
     KaK rOCY4apCTIl) Hal160Aee 2i¢cpeKTI1BHO ,\I1KBI14l1pOBaTb                       A!lfio OKa3aHI1C CPI1H<lHCOllYOH [JOMOlIJI1 paOOTHIlKaM npell-
np06eAbl Ta;>.!, rile 3TO HeB03MO)l(HO c;,e,\aTb C nOMotlJbKJ                         neHCI10HHOro     B03paCTa      11   He   CHoco6HblM   pa60TaTb     no
PbIHO'lHbll(    Me,aHl11MOIl          11    npl1HlITblX     Il   06UJeCTBe      Mep   COCTOlIHHIO 340POBb!l, (lJ0PM<l.\hHO TaKa!! nOMOllJb HHKOf,13
B3aI1MOBblPY4KH'         B   :-lTOl'i r;\ase paCCMOTpeHbl nyTl1 roCY/lap-             3apaHee He Ol'OBUpHllaeTCJI. O/IHaKO BO MHOrl1X Cl'PaHax TaKl1e
CTlleHHot\ nO;\1< '1IJl1 CeMbJlM pa60THl1KOB, Cm\KHYBlIJI1XCJI C                      HerpopMa,\hHble 06113aTc..\bcTBa, npl1Hl1MaeMble pa60TOilaTe-
TP,)ilHOCT.1MI1 H;, pbHlKe TPY4a ocpI1lJl1a,\bHO perl1CTpl1pYCMOro                    ,\!lMI1, BX0411T B '\HOIO Ile01Del'lAeMbIX HOpM ofiUJellpHW!TOro
11 lIeperl1:Tpl1pVeMoro CeK'ropoB B CTpaHax C HI13KI1M l1 CPE';!-                     nOlle4CHI1!!, OCo6eHIIO Il ce.\bCKot\ :-'leCTHOCTH,
H1IM ypOEHe,,1 41lX041JB, a TaK)I(e TPYAHOCTI1, C KO'roPblMl1 CTa,\-                       lleHe)l(HulI nOMOIIJb co C'!DPOllb! pO,l(TBeHHHKOIl npO/lCl;\-
KHBaeTCJI roCYLnpCTllO npl1 pemeHHI1 3Tl1X npo6,\e:.1.                                )l(aeT 6blTb OCHOBHOt\ CpOpMOH :.taTepHaAbHot\ 1l0,14CPJKKH H




                                                                                                                                                               101
      ncpep<lcnpe:~eACHlJH               110XO/10B B    pa~jlll1llalOllJl1XCH     CTpaH<lX.      6c~f)C;1I1YIO CTapocTb, vkC\e,jOllaHI1)1. npOlle,1eHHhle II KCHlm
      B<l)!(HYIO PQ\[, II OKa:,aHlm MaTepHa,\hHOH nOIMCP)!(KH II ooec-                           11 fIepy, 1I0K313.\I1. 'ITO M3TCPH3;\hHa5l []O~10Ly:h pO/lI1TeA51~1
      ne'leHim ypOHHll )!(1131111 Ur4e,\hHbIX pa60THHKOll 11 'lAeHOB I1X                         COCT,1IL\JL\3 60.\ce '1CTHepnl BCClD OObCM3 'laCTllhIX IICpC-
      ceMdi nrpalOT pa3!leTII.\eHllble pO,lCTlleHllble C1l1l311. Hallpw                          BQ10H,       rIo   HMCK)lljHMC51      ;l<lHHbl~l,    palMep          1I(1\Y'13C~!blX
      Mep, H Ca.\bll<l40pe             33 npOY:CHT<l onpomCllHblX B XO.:1C oI.5C\C-              CeMbil~1l1     'l,iCTHbIX   nepello,10H     T3K)!(C        O() \bllle   B   C',\''l3C
      ,lOBalll1H       tlC;1HOro ropO;1CKOro H<lCC.\CHHll            COoOIY:H,\H,       'ITO     HCTpY;locnocot)HOCTIl, 60.-\e31111 IlAII 6C3pafioTfHjbl. VIce,e,10-
      IIQ\Y'l<lIOT      .~eHC)!(HylO      IIOMOllJb 01' 'l<lCTHblX Ally:, B CPCllHCM             HaHIlC Il I1cpy CIlHilCTcAhcTByeT 0 mM. 'ITO 60AbHbiC lJ(1\y-

      COCTUll.\llK)UJYK)          39    npoY:CHTOB 0'1' o6llJero 40X04a llQ\y'la-                '13101' OQ\ec KP}TIIIVK} nO~IOIIJb, a pe:W,\bT3Tbl 06CA(',10Ilamll1 B
      TC/\Cfl    (Ta6Mly:a         13. n     B    !\iaAa1!3HYI   4CHe)!(HJll      IlOMOIY:b      HH,10He31lH        11   fIcpy   llOKa%1Il3IOT,      'lin    Il   C;\Y'l3C   llorcpH
      'laCTHblX ,\l1lJ COCTall.\llAa nO'lTII IlOAOlltlHY ilOXO/1a 6C1Uldi-                       33HllTOCTIl 3113'1IlTC,\bHO BmpaCTaeT KaK IlcpmlTHOCTb I1(1'Y'lC-
      llIl1X    20     npolJeHToll :10MOX0311HCTll. Of«)AO             75   llpOIJellTOll        Hl1il IlOMOlljl1. TaK Il CC     paCJ~lep.

      ceAbCKIlX         ,10~IOX0311HCTIl Ha OCTPOIlC JlIlJ H VIulloHe3nH
      OKa3bIllJ,\n l1eHC)!(UYK) llO,ldep)!(KY :WYrHM CCMbllM.                                    ilpOi'.pa.1C'lbl 06Uj,I?CT6I?HlfntX pa60T
           Hap1I4)' C COKpaliJeHI1C~1 HcpaHCHCTl1a ,10XO,10B 'laCTHblC                           \OC)'llaPCTIlCIIHbIC nporpaMMbl 3aHllTOCTIl ~loryT ;I0I10,\!lllTb
      nepeHO;1bl        llbll1o\HlI~)T      H    Ha)!(HYIO    CTpaXOIlYIO       Q1YllKY:111O.    nO,1:1ep)!(KY. OK33UlIlaCMYIO fiC,lHbl:Vl Il 0e3[XI60TH[,IM 'laC-f-
      1I1l,\1IIOTCJl    nCTO'lHHKO~1         40nQ\HIlTe\hHO~1        nO,14Cp)!(KIl      ;l,\il   Hbl~lIl ,\I1lJa!'lll, npll yC\OIlHlI. 'ITO I1Q\Y4aTCMl roTOBbl p.ltlo-
      npeerapc. \blX         11    0Iilf'JaIOT     nOC\C,lCTllllil   HeTp)llocnoco6-             T3Tb 33 HI13KYKl I1A3TY. HellbICOKail 33pa60THail llA3Ta CTa
      HOeTlI, tXV\C31!11 II fie3paooTIlIJbl.              B    6(1\blHl1HCTIlC pa31111-          HOBHTCll Mexa1l1l3MO~1 caMOOT6opa, 1I0CKOAbKY .\HIll!> Te, KTO
      BalOlIJI1XCil CTpaH, OCoOCHHO H CC. \bcKml MecTHocTIl •. \10,111                           4c1kTBHTCAbHO Ily)!(;\aeTClI, COrA3CllTCil Ha T<lKylO pa60Ty. 3TH
      cTapmcro I10K(1\elll1il nC1\aralOTCll Ha MaTcpna. \bHYIO 1l0MOllJh                         npOrpaM~!bl OCo6eHHO :.;qJCPCKTllIlllbl Il nCpIlO,,] 3KOHOMl1'le-
      6o,\ec NQ\O/lbIX "l,\ellOIl ceMbll. COOCTIlCHHO roBOP51, ,\lO/lll                          CKOro Cllaila, Kor;la H<.:T ,1pyroH Il03MO)!(1I0CTI1 YCTPOl1TbCH Ha
      I1MCIOT /lCTCH 11 lJ(yroMY. 'lTO H3/1Cl<lTCIl 06ecnc4HTb ce6e                              pa60T)'. fIporpaMMbl otlLy:eCTHClfHl>IX p3f)(JT TaK)!(e npe,lCTJB-



102
AlllOTCJI IJb\ccoo6pa3HbIMI1 H CCAbCKOH MeCTHOCTH 110 BpeMlI                       nbl HaceAeHHII, a Il YCAOBHlIX OrpaHHqeHHoro 6lO/llKeTa 3TO
"MCpTIlOm CC:lOH,I"; ilOnOAHHTeAbHblM pe,'lYAbTJ'rDM 1'aKI1X                       ,\HUIb np1iHeleT K TOM)"                qTO ,1eti:eTBI1Te.AhHO HeHMYllJHM
nporpaMM        JIBAlIeTClI   C03;laHl1C    H   1I0/l/1eplKaIII1C      llalKHblX   6y.1e1' npeljAOlKeHO Mellbmee 'lI1CAO pa60'lHx MeCT. BalKHocTh
06'beKTOB 11l14>paCTpYKTyphL HanpHMCp, B 34>HonHH Y'1a-                            onpe4eAeHmI pa3Mepa 3apa601'HoM I1AaTbI /lAJI ),crrC!TIHOM
CTHI1KH nporpaMMhl 6hL\11 3aHlI1'bl Ha CTpmITb\hCTBC l\OpOr H                      peaAH331JI1H f1porpaMMbI 06llJeCT!leIlHbrX 'pa60T MOlKliO npo-
npOHe;leHl1l1 pa60T 1I0 60ph6e C 3P03HCH nOqIlbI. B ClUA,                          /leMOHCTpHpoBaTb Ha f1pHMcpe nporpaMMhI II HH/lI1H:CKOM
r/lC, no cpallHCHHlO C ;lPyrHMH rrlX)MblWAeHHO pa3BHTblMH                          UI1'3Te Maxap3UI1'pa. 3'!'a nporpaCl-IMa IlpelYCMaTpl11lacT ra-
C1'paHa~1H,        faKHe   nporpaMMbI      I1CnClAb:';CJlj:li\HCh,    nOlKaAYH,    paIITIfI)()BaHHYIO 3aH lITOCTb BeeM lKeAalOllJH:>1.              B   reqellHe
Hal16n\ee a}(THIlH<' /lAiI OKa3aHI111 f10MOLIJI1 Cl-laAOHl'IYllJHM B               f1epBblX IlJITfl3tllJaTI1 ,\eT pa.1Mep npelAaraeMOH 3apa6oTHoM
IlepHo.1    «BeAI1KOii      iWllpeCCHW>      30-x     m/lOH,    YnpaBAeHl1e        IlAaTbI COOTBeTeTIIOBa,\ npeoOAMalOllJeMY B 3KOHOMHKe ypOB-
06l1JeCT!leIl!lbIX pa60T 06eCflCql1AO 3aHlITOCTI, 110qn! O/lllOM                   HlO 3apa6OTIIOH nAaTbl lIeKlla;\H4>HIJHPOBaHHh!X IlpeMeflHhIX
IlllTOM TP}4CllhIX peCypCOIl CTpaHhL                                               CCAbCKOX03I1HcTlleIlHblx paOOqHx. OmlaKO B                  1988 rollY   3apa-
      l(lC'V/lapCTHCHHblC I1porpaMMhl 3am110CTH OqCHh WHPOKO                       OOTHaJI nAa1'a pe3KO B03pOCAa -                  Il COO1'!leTC1'BHH C /lBYX-
IfCnU\b3YlO1CJI H ,'0 MlIornx pa3Bl1BalOllJl1XCJI C1'paHax. I1po-                  KpaTHbl!'1 nOBbIUIeHl1eM 04>l1lJl1aAbHoro MI1HHMa~\bHoro 'lapa'
rpaMM3 "X~\e6 3;[ 1'pi\" H 3HM6a61le H COIJHaAbHbIH 4>oH/l                         6OTKa. fOil cnYCT5I TaKoe f10IlbllUeHlfe, IlpOH)OIlle,1Illee Ha
:1KCTr~HHOH rrO!>I<'U}H II Dn\11BHH of~CneqHllalO1' MHHHMa~\b­                     qloHe 6lO/llKel'Horo /lelpHIJHTa, npaKTH'leCKH AHKIlH/lHpOBaAO
HbIM YI)()!leI h 3aWlTOCTH H IIOTpc6;\eHHJI IIPOllYKTOIl nHTarmJI                  rapallTlfpoBaHllYlO 3aHJlTOCTb.
llAJI HCKOTOPOM q,ICTl1 'la~\OH:-'lyIIJHX. IlporpaMMa rapaHTHpo-                          DCl\bIllI1HCTllO    IlfXlrpaMM        06llJeCTBeHHbIx    pa60T    npe-
BaHlIoti 3aHHTOCTII B HH/lHi'!cKOM IllTaTe MaxapalIJTpa IIpel-                     cAellyeT      /lBC   l}e,\I1:    06Aerq,fTb     nmOIKellHe     !'>laAOHMYIIJHX
YCr-taTpflBaeT Ha,\Om('OAOlKCHl1e 6<)ACe COCTOJI1'eAbHbIX m-                       pa6OTHHKoll H C034a1'h 06n;ecTIJeHllhIe aKTI1BbI. 4AJI 3TOro
pON'KIIX lKllTC;\eir, 00,6ellHO B DOM6ee, /lAlI lIepcpaCllpeile-                   TaKHe nporpa'lMbI /In\lKHbI OTAl1'lanCli rn6KocTblO, flO-BpeMJI
AClIlIlI 110XO lOB Il IIn\h,Y MaAOHMYlIJcm HaCe~\em!JI, pa60TalO-                  pearupoHaTb lla H3MeHeHHll Ha pbIIIKe 1'PWla, H, qTO KpaHHe
lIJero I! ce/.bCKol'! MeCTHOCTI1. B         lJHAI1 KpYlIHOMaCIll1'36HbIe           BalKHO, npe..WcMaTpl1llaTb 6bICTpoe paCIlll1peHHe 3aHilTOCTH II
roC};lapCTll< ~HH{'Ie nporpaMMhI oOU}CCT!leHHb!X pa60T Il ropo-                    KpHl'HQeCKOH cHTyaIJHH. BhlfIn\Helme Bcex 3THX YCAoBnH
tlax f1POBOill1AHCI. IlO BpeMII3KOHOMI1qeCKOm CHa/la cepeilHHhl                    npe/lllOAaraCT HaM1'll1e OO;\blllOro 3anaca f1poeKTOB C qeTKOH
70-x H lIa'k;\a 80"x ['(',jOB.    KaK H II Y1H/lHlf, OCHOBIIOM 3allaqeH            IlpHopHTe1'llocTblO.            fIPH   HopMaAbHO>1 pa3BHTHH CoObITHM
qlfAIfMCKHX Ilpol'[laM\1 6bl<\O CO:\ijaHHe             pa60qHX MeCT;          B    CAellYeT IlpH/leplKl1Ba1'bCli AIfWb OCHOBHOH npOrpaM1>lbI, 06ec-
naqaAe     80-:{    ro;1(111, KOma 3KOHO:VlHqeCKHH cna;l 40C1'I1r HH3-             IIeqHBalOllJeH BhICOK)'lO pe1lTa6e,\bHOCTb KarmT:li\OlV\OlKeHHH.
!TIel! TOqKI1. 31'11 ! !pOrnaM:'>lbl nOMOml1 06eCneql1Tb 3aHJlTOCTb                B YC\OBHllX lKC KpH3Hca YIlCAHqeHHe 'll1c\a paOOqHX MeCT
6(w.'!e qe:'1   10    npOIJeflTaM TflY40BhIX peCypCOB. K 4eKa6plO                  MOlKeT ;10CTl1raTbClI 3a CqeT OCYIlJeCTMeHHJI I1MeIOllJHXCIl II
1988    ro4a, TO enb 'lepe3 1"0;1 noc,\e Haqa~\a 6ypHOro 3KOIIO-                   3anace MeHee Ilpl10pHTeTHbIX                n~K'IOB.

MH'leCKOm pOCTa B lJl1,\I1, 31'3 11CV\1I Yfla,\a /\0 ypOBHJI MeHee
0,1   IIpOIJel'T3
                                                                                   rapaHTMpOBaHMe AOXOAOB B Oq,MUManbHO
      Bt'POllTHOCTb ycnexa IlporpaMM 06n;CCTlleHHhIX paOOT,
                                                                                   perMcTpMpyeMoM CeKTOpe
KaK npaB~L\O, llo:'paCTaeT IIpH 6o\ec BblCOKOH M0611AbHOCTH                        DOAolKeHHR 0          pa311eAemm pHCKa llXOlllI1' B qHClIO CTaH-
1'PPOllhIX t~CypCOB II llpl1 H<G\H'lHH TPMHIJIfM KmAeKTIfB-                        llaPTHbIX      yC~OIllfM        TPWIOBbIX    IloroBOPOIl,   33KAIOQaeMbIX   Il
Hom TpYi!a. IlpH cBoti<J;le f1epeMeUJeHl1l1 B CTpaHe MeC1') lllX)-                 pemCTpHpyeMoM cenope. o.~naKo peUlellHJI, f1pI1HHMaeMbIe
Be;jeHIf>! n:.l0rpa'4MbI onpC4eM1eTCJl, Il OCHOllHOM, KaqeCTBOM                    B qaCTHOM ceK10pe, 3a'IaCT),lO He cnoco6HbI OrpallHTb paOOT-
npoeKTa. Ma,\oHMYIljI1e paOOqHe, 3aHHTepeCOllallllbIe nmy-                         IIHKa 01' 06IIJe3KoHo:-.mQecKl1x KPH311CllblX lIllAeHHM, a TaKlKe
qHTb paoory B paMKax TaKHX np(~KTOB, 06bI'lHO npOJIIlAJIlOT                        U3-3a HecoBepweHcTBa pblHKa 'laC1'HOro cTpaXOBaIlH)!, B CBJ!3H
m1')BIIOC1'h ltepeCXaTb, XO'IiI 61,1 llpeMeHHo. O;lHaKo HpH                        C 'leM rapaHTI1pOB3HHe ;10XOtlOH paoo1'HHKoB 04>I1IJH3AbHO
HIBKOM Mo6HAbilOCTII 1'PY/lOBblX pecypcoB 3clxpeKTHIlHoC1'b                        perHCTplfpyeMom ceKTOpa H 6O:'\bflIHHcTIle Cl'paH /lOCTH-
TeplleTCIl - - PJI,1 ~ICC\eiIOBaHHM I10Ka3a,\, 'lTO HeB03MOlKHOCTb                 raeTCJI IIPIf YQaCTHH roCY4apcTBa. DCV\bwoe :maQeHHe llPH-
6eCflpen5lTCTIleliHoro nepe,WHlKeHHJI pa60qHX no repplfTO-                         oOpeTaeT npaBIfAbHoC noc1'poeHHe TaKl1X f1porpaMM, TaK KaK
pHH KHT,,)! He          I103HCl\H~\a 6<),\ee nmHO OXHaTHTb :Vla,\()-               cYIIJecTBYeT onaCHOCTb TOro,                 '11') nepllOHaQaAbHble IlCV\Y-
I1Myn;ee llaceAeHHe CTpaHbI              II paMK<iX TaKtlX           nporpaMM.     Qam\1f     nporpa~l~!     cOLJlfa;\bHOm CTpaXOBaHHll,            KaK nparll1-
YqaCTHC >leC1'HhlX , J6Il,leC1'BeHHbIX OpraHI13aIJl1M 3aMenIO                      AO, OTHOCUTCAbHO COCTOJlTeAbllaJI npocAoHKa HaCeAeHI1J1, -
YIJe,\l!qHB,eT nepOJlTlIOCTh ycrrexa. I1cCAeJOBaHHII, npOBbleH-                    IlblI1rpaIOT 3a CQeT ;lPiTHX KaTeropuH paoonIHKoB.
HbIe B Hm'Cpe I! CetieraAe, rrOK<L1blllalOT, 'lTO npOqHble 1'pa-
.1HIJHIf KO\AeK1'I1BHOlX) TpY/la crrOC06CTBYlOT MoOHAIBaIJHH                       Iloco6uH no 6e3pa601:u/Je
TPVllOllbIX pecypcoilil npOH3BO/lCTBY 1DllalX)B 06llJCCTBCHHOro                    Ilo'lTH flO Bcex npOMblIlL\CHHO pa31lHTbiX cTpaliax c PblHO'l-
nmpe6,\eHI1J1, BI(AlO'laJl, tlanpm'lep, COBMeCTHYl<' 06paooTKY                     HOH 3KOliOi'lHKOH, a TaKlKe B cTpaHax BoCTOQliOtl EBponbI If
061IJIltIHbIX 3e~'CAb /IAJI KOAAeKTHBHoro CO/lCplKaHHJI CKOTa                      6blBwero CCCP cyu;ecTBYeT CHCTeMa llbIll,\a1'bI rroc06HM IlO
HAI1 lKe 6< '.\ec IIpOCThle 4>OPMbI MeC1'lIOH B3aHMOIIOMOIl;H.                     6e3paOOTI1IJe. 3'!'HM cTpaHaM npe/lcTOHT peIllI1Tb /lBa npHH-
      34>4>eK1'HBHI)CTb TaKHX nporpa:'IM ,lAB HYlK/laIOIIJHXCJI B                  IJllTIHaAbflbIx Bonpoca: KaK 4>HHaHcHpoBaTb :ny cHcTe!'l), H
HC.\I<L.\OH ,:reIleIll1 3:!Bl1CI1T OT npeJAarael'loro B HX paMKax                  'ITO    cAelyeT      f1pe/lnpHH!lTh,        QT06bI   coxpaHHTb    3aHHTel~­
ypOBHiI     :oapa6C'YHOJI     lIAaTbI.   Bmee      BhICOKall    3apaOOTtlaJI       COBaHIIOC1'b B Tp)'/le, He /\HUlHB 6e3pa60THbIX C1'HMYAOB K
H,\3Ta MO Kef llPl1lV\(~% OTHOClf1'eAhHO of)eClIeqemibIe rpyII-                    nOI1CKaM paOOTbL



                                                                                                                                                                    103
          ]l!CXOtVl 113 CO06palKemI~1 9ct:41eKTl1flHOCTI1, HAeaAbHall                     HOP,1taTU81ibte nOJtO)l(eNUfI, capaHTupylO~lle 3allfl~"()CTb

      CI1CTeMa rroco6HH no 6e3pa6oTl'llJe AOAlKHa rrpe,WCYfaTpH-                          CHCTCMU noco6HiI no 6e3pu60THijC pe4KO npl1MemleTCJI II
      BaTh    Ha~\oroo6,\OlKeHHe pa60THHKOll 11,\11 pa60TO;laTeAeM,                       pa311l1llalOliJIlXCJI CTpaHax, T:lK KaK OTAHQaeTCll C,\O::KHO,=ThK) II
      Koropble 33TeM y,lcplKIIllalOT COOTfleTCTBYlOllJVlO CyMMy 1f3                       Tpe6yCT llblCOKHX a,tMI1I1HCTp'3TI1BllblX 3:lTpaT. B1'1eC1t, 3TOfO
      3apa60THOIl fHaTbl pa60THI1KOIl, fIrm 9roYf CTaBKH Ha,\oroB                         BO YfIlOrHX pa3HHB3K)1l,l11XCJI CTpauax 6bIAH npHHllTbllaKOUhl
      ,10AlKHbl    COOTIlCTCTllOB<lTb         CTencml      !lePOllTHOCTI1     nOTepH      o   rapaHTl1pOBaHHOH             3aHJlrocTI1,   OCAO::KllllJOIIJl1e         IIDOlJecc
      pafio4el'O MeCTa, ()lHaKO Ha lIpaKTHKe noco61111 no 6Cl'                            YllC»\bHCHHJI pa60THHKOll, OnpCt1eAeHHble 3aKOHbl, nanpaIl-
      paflOTIllJe II 60AbWHHCTBe C'rpaH cpHHallCl1pYKyrCll 3a CqeT                        ;\eHHbJe I1POTI1Jl I10POQHOH npaKTIlKI1 co CropOllbl pa601U4a-
      CPI1KGlpOBal1HOro           Ha;\Ora     C   rpOHAa    3apa6oTHOH         IHaTb!;    Te,\eH, MoryT 6blTb IJeACC006pa3Hbl, HO 4pe:lMepHOC perY/\H-
      HHblr-Ul C\OBaMH, OTqHCJ\eHl1ll YCroM4HBbiX B (pHHaHCOllOM                          pOllaHl1e MO::KeT HpenllTCTIlOllaTh C03ilaHmo HOllbIX pa6o'lllx
      OTHOUlemm pa601Ut1aTC,\CH H I1X pafXlTHHKOB nOKpblllalOT H                          I>ICCT, HeKOTOpble Ha6,\lOclaTe,\1l OTMC'lalOT, QTO 3aK<JHbl 0
      MCHce CTa6HAbHbiX p<l60ro:laTC;\C~\' B CfIlA 4MI pCll1cmm                           rapaHTHpOllaHHofl 3aHJlroCTH, t1CHCTllYKJIl)He II Opa.lIlMHI,
      :nnil     np06;\e1'1bl       HClIOAb3yeTcll       CHCTeMa          aTTeCTal,lI1H,   311~16atlBc, ¥lH4HH 11 fIepy, 3aCTaIlHAH pa60TO,laTt'AeCI Il
      OCHOII<lHHall        lIa   npOi~ClAlKHTCAbIIOCTI1       Tp);;)Onoro      CTa::Ka:   ocpHijHa,\bHO perHCTpllpyeMOYf cCKmpc HPOllll;\JlTb 6(l.\bUJYIO
      CTpaxOBaHHC lIa c\y4ail fJe3pa60nll)bI 4)I1HaHCHpycTCll 3a                          OCTOI1OlKHOCTh           npH     HaMtvlC   pa60THl1KOB          Ha   nocToIIIlHYKl
      C4CT Ha,\Ora C CP0I1t1a 3apa60THoil I naTbl , nptf4CM CTanKa                        pa60TY H 31t) 3a1'1C;1,\l<L\O TeMlIbl C03ilallHJl HOBbiX pa6041lx
      IIlL\Ora 4All KalKlloro pa60ro4aTC,\ll MeHllCTCll II YCTaIlOIJ-                     MeCT Ha npCt1npHllTHllX pemcTpl1pyeMoro ceKTOpa, fIpenJlT-
      ACHHhlX npCilCAax B 3alltfCI1MOCTH 0'1' IlCPOllTHOCTH Bbln,\aTbl                    CTllyll C03i laHH10 HOllblX pa604Hx MCCT Il ocpl1lJHaAbHo pem-
      noc06HiI      3aHJlTbIM      HU    ,laHHOM     npC4npl1J1THH,        fIOllhIwaJl    cTpHpyeMoM cCKwpe, 'lpe,'lMCPHOC HOpMaTI1BllOe per:,\HpO-
      cmHMOCTb CTpaXOBaHHJI no 6e3pa60THl,lC B Tex OlpaC\llX,                             BaHUC rapaHTHpollaHlloH 3aHllmCTH 3allJI11lJacT HHTcpecbl
      KOTOpble      4alOT        HaH60AbTllCC      KOMl'lCCTIlO     6e3pa6oTHbIX,         llaeMllblX pafXlTIUlKOll B ),uJeptl i.pymM KaTcropllJlM - - &3-
      CHCTCMa aTTCCTal,ll1l1, OCilOBaunall na               IlpO"~OA::KI1TC,\bHOCTI1      pa60TllblM 11 3311))Tb1M II HcpemcTpHpyeMoM cCK'I'Ope If B
      Tpy.mlloro      CTalKa,     YCTaHaBAI1BaCT allWMaTH4eCKYlO CIl1l3h                  Ce,\bCKOM X03llHCTllC,
      Me::KjlY pac XOjlaMI1 11 nOCTYII;\CHHJlMI1 CTpaXOBbIX CPOIl;10B,                        33KOHOilaTeAhCTIlO 0 rapaHTlfpOllanuoil 3aHll1tJCTH, npH-
      Clloco6cTIlY)! pa31lHTHlO 60Ace YCTOilqHllhIX t1mP1'11UIlJITOCTH,                   311aHIIOC npe,IOTllpaTI1Tb npOH311OAbHoe Yll(l.\bHCHUC, flCpe4KO
      O,1HaKO      [JOtlo6Hble l>ICXaHI13!>lbI OTAl1'lalOTCll (;\OlKHOCTblO               npe,WCM3TplmaeT OTOC"TCTBeHHOCTb pa60T04aTeMI,                                \'llo.\b-
      a;lMI1H1lCTpaTHIlHOI'\) 06ecneqeHHJI,                                               HllJOllJero pa60THHKOIl 6e3 /IOCTaroQHhIX OCHOll3HlICL MCKCII-
          C\l1llJKOM HblCOKHH pa3Mep Hoc06HH n03Il(l.\lleT pa60T-                         KaHCKOC 3aKOHO;laTe;\bCTIl0 Tpe6yeT YBet10MAlITb pa60THI1Ka
      IHlKUM He npHAardTb cephe311blX YCI1AHH K nOI1CKY pa60TbI 11                        3a MCCJlIJ ,10 YBC1\hlleHHll If IlblllAa'lHllaTb MHHlfMa/\bIlOe Ilhl-
      OTKa3hIBUTbCJI OT npe,lAOlKeHI1H PU60TbI, HC OTBCqalOllJHX IIX                      X04Hoe 1I0cOtlHC B pJ3MepC Tpex MCCllQHblX O!0\ailOIl                            TlPH
      3anpocaM, I~AlI peweHHll 3mil np06(\e1'1bl Il pa.1Hh1X CTpaHax                      OTCYTCTIlIlH 40cTaT04H()["() OCUOllaIlUl! IlAll YIlO,\bUeHl1ll llbl-
      MCflllCTCll npO;lC»\::KlfTeAbHOCTh Bbll1;\UThI II pa3MCp lloc0611H                  X04UOC nocotlHe YHCAI14HBaeTCiI Ha CyMMy, pallll)'l0 :lapa-
      HO 6e3pa6oTIIl,le, KaK npaIlH,\O, npOlJCflT B03MCUJellHll npe::K-                   60THOC! n,\UTe 3a l1Ba4l,laTh pa60QHx AHCiI, YMHOlKCHIlOil Ila
      HCH 3apa60nlOH lI;\aTbl nOCTeneHHO CHI1::KaCTCJI B Te'leHl1e                        KOAHQCCTIlO AeT, OTpalXlTallHblx Ha 4aHHOM MeeTe, fI04,.JfiHUll
      cpOKa IlbIl1AaThI noc06Hll, 'ITO ,1C»\::KHO CAYJKI1Tb CTH:'IYAOM K                  CPOPMYAllpOflKa MO::KeT IlbJ3HaTb ccpI,e:mbIC Ilpo6;\CMhl, TaK
      nOIlCKaM pa60Tb]' C\Y::K6hl CTpaXOllaHHll no 6e3pa60THIJc                           KaK 110 MHornx CTpaHax HO,l                  4ocTaw4HbiM OCHOllaHHe M
      MoryT IlOTpe60BaTh OT m:1\Y4aTe,\eH noc06HiI (OrAallJaTbC)!                         lJOlll1MaeTCll       m\bKO         CCpbC3HDe         HapYWCHl1e             TPY.l000M
      Ha Ilpe.1MraeMYlO pa60TY, nocTynaTh Ha KypChI npo4Jec-                              4HClJltn,\I1Hhl,     a     He    3KOl!OMI14CCKHe        npH'lHHbL       B      TaKI1X
      CHOHa/\bHoro OtlY4CHI1ll 11/\11 ;\Il'lllO llllAllThOl 3a noco6HeM, a                C'rpaHax pCOpraHI13alJl1ll l(OMflaHI1H MO::KeT (TaTb llPI1'II1HOH
      YIl(l.,ulBlIU1CC)!    no    C06CT!lellIlOMY     ::Ke\aHI1IO   II    HeKoTophlX      OCTpblX    TPy4011hIX           KOHCPAHKWll     H     3Ha'lUTeAbHOH          lI()Tepl1
      C\Y4aJIX M1WaIOTCll rrpaHa ua nOAyqelHle lIoc0611J1,                                PCCYPCOIl,    lj:JY40BbIC        KOHCPM1KThl        Hcpe,1r.u    33Kall'1H113K)TCll
          Ha OCHOIlJHI1H OlIbITa IlpoMblllnemlo pa31ll1ThIX cTpau B                       cY4c6HblM        pa36HpaTe,\bCTIlOM,          411)     CT31lHT       no(.    B(lnpOC
      06AUCTH lIoco6HH no 6e3pa60THl,le 6blAH Hhlpa60Taubl CAC-                           cpaKTIlQCCKlU1 pa3Mep KOMnellcaIJI1H, npHQtfTalOllJcilcll yoo-
      .WIOIIJlle    npl1HlJllnbI:       flO   Mepc    803MOlKHOCTI1,         no coolie    /\eHHbIM pa60THHKaM,
      110.\::KHO 6blTb YHJl3aHo C nOHCKaMI1 paf)()TbI; CAe/weT He 110-                        EllJe 04HlI npH:'>ICp roro, K3K 3aKOHbl 0 r3paHTHpOHaHI111
      nYCKaTb H03MO::KHOCTII 1l0CTOJll!HOro npOlKl1HalUlJl 3a ('leT                       33HllroCTH l>loryT HapyTllHTh HOpYfaAbHOe CPYHKl,lllOHHpClBa-
      nocotlHJI, B ro\hIIIHUCT!le CTpaH IIpaBHTeAbCTIlO ycraHaMIl-                        HHe pblHKa TpV/la, MOlKHO Hal1TH B UlPH-;\aIlKe, nO'JIlMO
      BaeT OrpaHl1qCHHbll! CpOK IlbIH,\aTbl noco6HH, llat1ellCb, 'lTO                     06J13aHHOCTH IlhIH;\a'lIlBaTb BhlX04Hoe lIoc06He If IIpmI3JlO-
      TaKHl>1 06pa30M COKpaTHTCJI nepH04, II TC'leHlle KOTOPOro                           4l1Th OTQllC\eHHJI Il pe3epllHbliI CPOH;l, pa60TIJ,~aTeAH CBJBaHbl
      'le\OBeK He pat3oTaeT, H CHH3HTCll ero 3allllCI1MOCTh 0'1' 110CO-                   fI(l.\OlKeHHl!MIf,       HlL\aralOllJl1MI1    lKeCTKl1e     orpaHH4CHlH            Ha
      6mL Ho ,\HTlIHBTlIHCCJI npalla Ha nocoouc lIO 6e3pa60THl,le                         YBOAbHeHHC pa60TlUlKOB, TlpeanpHllTHJI, Ha KOTOPblX 32lHllTO
      06b1qHO n[104Cv\lKaK)T !10;\Y4aTb MHHHMaAhHYK) COlJHaAhHYK1                         ro\ce IlJlTHa/llj<lTH 4eAOlleK, He MoryT yIl(),\hUllTb pa60TIIHKOB
      !10MOllJb, He !1031l(l.\lllOllJYlO HM OKa3aTbC1I3a rpaHbJO HHIlJCThL                110 lIpH4HH3M, He CllJl3UHHhlM C HapYIllCHllervl TpY4000il 41K-
      TaKall nOMOI.l,lb IfHor,:la C04CTaeTCJI C npo4JeCCI10Ha/\bHhlM                      l,lHIIAHHbl, 6e3 IlX nHCb1'1cHHOro COmaClIJI, lfro6bI n(W~QHTb
      06Y4elll1CM B 'ml!I1;\H IlHoil cpopMe, C TCM 4T061>1 06ecne4HTb                     TaKoe COr;\aCHC, KOMUaHl11l OObl4!10 BbIHY)K4CHbJ nbtn,\a'lllBaTb

      6e3pa60THbiM HCKompylO >,IaTCPHMbHYJO 1l0MOIl,lb H Il 'IU ::Ke                      KpyllHoe BhIXO.~Hoe noco6HC, IIpellbJllJaIOllJee CyMMy, npct1Yc-
      BpeMlI nOBblCHTb llepOJlTHOCTb IIX Tpy,~oyC'rpOHCTlla,                              MOTpeHHYlO 3aKOHOM, HeYAHBIlTe,\bHO, 4TIJ II 9THX YC\OBHJlX




104
n<H)l'lHAa paCnpOCTparremre UpaKTllKa naHMa pa60'lHX nil                                             A,\bTepllaTllllIIbl~l pelllelll1eM MOI:\a 6b1 eTaTh IlbtnMITa
HpeMenUY!(l H nO~leHII)lIO pa60TY 11.\11 3aK,\IO'lCnl111 AoroHOPOH                              llbIXO,IHbIX IlOCOOI1H rrpJIlHTeJ\]'CTllOM H I1X cpml3HCHpOHaHHe
cy6no,lpHi)a,                                                                                   H3     610/llKeTHblX       rrOCl'YII,\eHI1H,        Pa3MCp         YCTaHOIHeuHoro
                                                                                                HhIXO/IHOro 1I0C06l1i1 H 2rm",j c\y'lac HIlKaK He 1I0llAlllleT Il<l
BblxogliOe noco{)ue                                                                             ypOIlCHb 3allllmCTH paOOTlI1lKOB KOMIBlU1H H lIX 3apaiioTllYlO
BMccm Illle,leHI1H OrpaHI1'lI1TeAbHl>IX nU\OlKeHl1tt rapaHTI1-                                  rr;UTY, a OIlAa'llHlaTb !lhIXO;\HOe 110COOl1e YIKHellHb1X fiY'leT
PYlOllJI1X 3allllmCTb, MHorHe CTpallbl, aApeCYll aKTya,\hl!ble                                  n3AOI'OIl,\aTe,u,IIJI1K,       OllllllKO    TaKOI1        nO,jXo{1     COl1plllKell   C
3aflOTbl      paOOTltl1KOIl      pemcrpl1pye,>10ro             ceKTopa,            06;nYIOT     pll(10M cepbe3Hb1X IIp<JO"\eM,             B    '1aCTIlOCTH, OO\bllla}! TCKY-
IIpe;WPHllTI1JI Ilhll1,\a'll1llaTb Il G\y'lae YH(1\bHeHHll CtlHHOHpe-                           'leCTh KUAp<JIl CT<1HOllHTCH Hhll'O{11l011 KilK ,IMI paOOTO,laTeAeH,
MCHIlOC BLIX')(lHOC 1I0C00l1e, H/leai\bHblM pelllCHlleM MOrAD                                   TaK 11 /l>\il caMHX pafionmKOll, HallpHMCp, 31'0 MOlKeT CIIPO-
Obi    CTaTb     comaCOHaHIIC          'ItHHOH      CyM"'lhl    IIOCOOI1H           MClK/!y     BO!fHpOlJaTb         YllQ\bllellHe      paOOTI!l1KOB         np11      lIaCTYIL\cHHI1
pa60'rOI\aTe"llMH H pa6,nHllKaMH, IIpl1'.JeM lIAR 06CClle'leml11                                "~lepTHoro      CC:lOlIa"     H   IlX    llae~l     II   rrCpl1!V1bl   BCHpUCTaHHi!
ClIpaBe,l,\HH(lCTH upe/\CTaB,\ReTOI IJeAecoofipa3HblM OrrpCtle-                                 :lec\OIlOII aKTIIllHOCTH, mr,p K<1K CBJ!:,ilHHb1e c 3TH!'1 113;leplKKH
ACHHblH HU,VOP ((, cm:)()Hhl fOql'lapCTH<l, PafiOTHHKH, rrOAb3-                                 lIepeKAa,\blllalOTCll nil IL\e'll1 roC}:'lapCTBa,
YlOlijl1eell T;JKHMI1 rap,mTHllMI1, KaK IIpaBl1AO, IlHOCllT HeKO-
TOPYIO ,IDA.) 3UTi)aT,            Allfio    B q)()pMe nelloepellCTBeHHLIX                       1fJJ<.Il\TU'tecJ(ue pe3l'Wra'lbl
IBHOCOIl, MIllO KOCBeHlIblM 06pa30M, rrYTeM OT'lI1G\eHl1ii H3                                   MHome o6mpeHaTe>\H C'lI1TaKJT, 'lTO 3i1l\Dllbl 0 rapallTl1pO-
3apaGoTHoH 11,\aTI>1. 011laKO Ha rrpaKTI1Ke TaKoe llaOAKlllaeTCll                               BaHIlOfi 3allllmCTH H BhIHAaTe BLIXO,1Hh1X lIocoGI1l'i BO ~1Il0rHX
pe,1Ko; HMe(m 31 0)1'0, Il fX)J\I,mHHCTBe CTpall YCTUHOIl-\eHO                                  eBponellcKHx CTIXULIX C 1l113KI1M H q)(~lH1!~1 yp<lHHt'M ,10XO;1()II
(I)HKCHPOBaH Hoe H, KaK rrpUIlIlAO, CHAblJO 3aBLIIIleHHOC BbIXOi\-                              1I0BpC,lH.\U (jlOPMIJPOB<1HH!(l IlOBb1X pafX)'lHX MeeT. OI\HaKO
Hoe lloc06m',                                                                                   flpaKTl1'leCKlIX HCC\e'IOBJHHH, I10)lTBCplK,luI0l!fHX TaKoH Bh1-
      ECAlI    0 eTe"l;1      Orr\aThl     TPY4<l    OnH'laeTCll          rHfiKOCTuIO,          BO)I, KpaHlle M,l,\O, []pll'le~1 1l0llhlTKl1 OllpC;leMlTb MaCIIITa6hl
IlblCOKOe      BIIXO,11l(le     [!oc06lle      He   1IIlAllC'TClI   IlOllO,10M          ;INl    31'1)1'0 1I11c\eIl11ll rrpe:IIlpl1ll11el<l,\HCh cIIJe pelKC, /taHHble, nocry-
OecnoKOHcT la, Ta~ KaK pafiom,!\aTe,\1l MoryT KmmeHCl1pOH3Tb                                    lI<1KlUJlle    IB    rrpO"1hllll,\eHHO     pa~BHThIX         CTpalL      lJ    K01npLIX
6(1\bl11l1e 3arpaTui I1a BhlXO,IIILle nocoGHiI 3a C'leT CHHlKCllfUl                             C06AIQ'lelJlle TJKIlX 3<lKOIlOB HaXO,II1TCll llo.'l CTpomM rocy.lUP-
3afYd,30THOIl 1!>\aTbL O'lHahD B YC\OHfUIX lKCCTKO 1l0pMHpO-                                    CTlleHHbl~1 KOIJTp(1\e~1. IlC,lOCT<lT\)'lIlO yGe,II1Te,\bllhl. AHa,\IB
Il<lIlHOii    orr, ',aTbI   TPYt1<l   !lOIlQ\HHTeAbllhIC         paCXO;lhl           ~loryT     C1Ia,la II n3,\e>\l1TefIHOii npm'lhlllL\eIlHOCTIl, npOBt'.leHl1blii B
CmEI1Tb yp' )llelIh 3aHlITOCTH,            B pillle   ('rpaH pafiom;laTe,\11 H                  1991    ro,lY II crpallux EBP<)llbL (JOHapYlKll>\. 'lm (i\aro,lal)lJ
pafiUTlII1Kll CTPC~liITOI 06o~iTH 3TO TpefioB<JIlHC, 3aK,\IO'l<l1l                              lKeCTKOMY pery,\llpcmamIKl 3,UlllTIlCTll tla ellponeHCKOl'1 KOHTll'
/10rOBopbl e orpaI'H'lellllbIyl epOKOM ,leHCTIlHll I1M1 ,10fOBOPbl                              lIeHTe 6blAO 1l0TePHHO "IellhIllC paGotlHx l'fCCT, tle~l B Be, \11-
Ila IID.leHH) lO pat iOT}' , '1m CBOAHT Ha lIeT ocnOBHYIO !fe,\]'                               KOGpIlTUHl1I1, rile rrparlllTe.\hCTHO I1pll,leplKllHat'TUI llQ\I1THKIl
3aKOHO'laTe,\bCTBa,           C\OlKflOCTl>,     1l03HHKalOIIJaJl          Il       CIlR,H   C   HeBMem3Te,\bCTB<1 lIa phIHKe 1'p}na, C ,Ipyr'oii cmpoHb1, OIl!>!T
lIbIX(),;\J1hl~1 lIocoGHeM, :laK,\!(l'laeTCll B onpe,]eAeHHH YPOllllll                          J;1cn;JHI1I1 B :clTOH (JO"\;JCTlI C\ylKl1T JlPKI1M rrpllMepoM TOro, KaK
HhllnaT,      aACKHaTllhI",'      oopa:lO:"1    33U}HlijalOlljem               HHTepecbl        ,\HCiepa,\113<1IJI111 Ilpl1llO.1HT K pOCT)' 3<1WlTIlCTIL OPI1t1IlTIlC B
pa60T1lI1KOE H Il 1'1) lKe Ilpe~IJI He 1l,J.,\araKlI!fcro 'lpe3Meplloro                         1980    m.l)' 1I0,\OlKelll1il 0 11oroBopax 1I0 IlaH~fy Ha (jJHKCHPC;-
6peMeHl1 Ha KOMllaHHII, Cm,\KHYBllIl1eClI C Heo6xo(lHMOCTuIO                                    llallHh1H CpOK 11 paCllpOC1'palleHl1e 3mfl llpaKTI1KH 1\                      1984 ro.w
COKpa!lpTb pa6o'llle MeGa, HHKJKHMI1 MarH'leCKHMH qlOPMY-                                       COllpOIlOlK;la~\OCb      6ctlee   fih1CTpulM (J6JljHM yCKOpeHl1e~1               pOlla
/\aMI1 :<)TH IIHTePCCb1 He C6a,\aHCllpOHaTh, HO flpaKTI1Ka KOi\'                                3allRTI)(Tll          1I0'lTl1 I1CK,\J(J'IHTe \hlln cpe/Ill ,\IlIJ, pa60'fatO-
,\eKTI1BHbIX IjOfOllOPOB MClK,W pa601'O,laTeMIMU U C1«J6o,1-                                    I!fHX 1I0 TaKHM KOHTpaKTUl'1. -                   'leM OlKH,13>\OCb HCXO,jll 113
HblMI1 rrpod lCOlO:lJ",m CIIOCOOHJ rrpHHeCTI1 o(1\ee VCllelllllhlC                              llPOIlL\bIX Tt'H,1t'IllJlli1 POCTU rrpOH31l<l.lI1Te,\bHOCTll Tp)~la H
pe3y.'\hTaTh'. 'le~1 AeKpeTbI rrpaBHTeAhCTHa, PaOOm,jaTe,\H II                                  YBe,\I1'leHllll (J61,c!Vta I1POIl3BO, jCTBU,
npe, lCTUIlHTe,u! p<lfioTHHKOIl N),\lKllhl rr()''Y'lHTh B03MOlKIIOCTh                                AI1a.\1l3 lKCCTKOro pelKHMJ rapallTlIp<mUIIIlOl1 :'Ullll'lt)CTll.
Ht'CTI1 nept'roHoPbl lJO BceMY lIaKeT), KOMlIellC3ljl1M 11 /lofil1-                             B COOTBCTCTlllU1 C K01{)PbIM KOMnUHl111 06ll3allbJ [](l,\Y'laTb CO-
B<!ThClI oowe ]l[,IC. )](OfO BblXO"HOro lJOC06Hll B oiir-leH Ila 0(1 \ee                        man1e     IlpaBHTe.\bCTHa         Ha     ylltl\blJeHHt'       P<lCiOTIlI1KOB,     IlpO-
),McpeIlHbl{, Tpe( iOBallY!J! cmpafioTHoH rrc\aTLI I1AH }'c/\OBHH                               BO.1l1ACll H 311~lfia6BC 11 11l1'IHll, HCCAC;10BU1me 1l0Ka3:1.\O, 'lTO
Tp}ila, Opl1 TaKO:'>1 flo/lXOlle B 3aKOflUX 0 T(l)\'le OyiWT 3alpl1KCI1-                        He I1MClI 1I03MOlKHOCTl1 nepCK,\a,lbIBJTb :lUTpaTbl, CBH3aHIIble c

POBclHbl      rrJlHHljHllb1     rapaHTl1pOBaHlloro             ,10XO,1U        B    <T)OPi'lC   oOecne'leHHeM rapaIlTHpOB<lHl!Ofi :JUHllT\)CTH, Ha rrAC'l>! pa-

IlblXOI1HOro l1ocof'11Jl, a TaKlKe MOlKeT 6b1Tb YCTaHOIl;\CH MaKCI1-                            60THHKOB 11:>':\:1 lKeCTKO 1I0pMl1pOmiHIlOH CI1CTe~lbl OIlAaT!>1

Ma,\bHbIH lpoBeJl" Ilhll1;\aT, 1nrll<l KJK cpaKTH'leCKl1e CyMMhl                                TP)i1a, KOMlIallllH perHCTI)]fpYCMoro ceKmpa COKpamAI1 'lI1C-

6}ilVT onpt',leJ\lllbClI Ca~tIlMH KO~IHaHHRMH,Fb,\b roCY/lapCTIlJ                               ~\eIlHOCTh KU(lpOll,      B   cpe, llle~l, 110 ()])eHKe IlCC;\e:l0Ba're,\eii, B

G}ileT 3aK,110'laThCJI         B OfieClle'leHHH        rrpall paOOTHHKllH Ha                    pe:,YM,TaTe         CYIiJeCTBYlOlIJero      TP,)ilOHOro        :,aKOIIO,laTe.\bCTHa
3aK,\Kl'leHl1e KOA.\eKT11IlIlbIX ilOroHOPOIl H B OKa3aHl1H nOWlI1J11                            K(1\I1'le(1110 pa60'lHX MeeT Il (xtlfllJIta,\hIlO perr\l1pye:Vlo:V1

Il yperY,\HI'OBaIIlI11 TPY/lOllbIX CHOPOll, Cor/\allle1U111, :10CTl1r-                          ceKlnpe CHI13K\OCh lIa            18    IlpOlJeHT\)B Il       35   (lTpaC\lIX llpO~
HyThlC TJKIIM flY reM, 1l0311llMIT AY'lWe 3aUJHlijaTb I1HTepeCbl                                Mb1Ul,\eIlHOCTI1 J;lll,lHI1 H Iia          25     ITIXlljell'IDB B     29     OTpaC\ilX
paOOTHH KOB C \ 'lew",1 peu,\hHb1X lI03MOlKIlOCTeH pblllKa 11                                   rrpOMbUlL\eIiIlOCTIl 3HMfiaOllC,
C!'loryT Co/iAIO,1JrbCll Oo,\ee CTpOro, '1eM HopManlllllhle n<1\O-                                   AIIUAH3 CI1TYaIJI1I1 !I'd phlHKe TpY.la II ce)\hCKOii :VleCTllOCTIl
lKeHllll a BhIXO;\flh1X rrDcofiHlIX,                                                            Ha cellepO-llOCTIlKe bPU3l1MIH T:1KlKe ,laeT nCHOll<lHHe rrpe,1-




                                                                                                                                                                                          105
      nOAaraTh, 'ITO 3aKOH04aTeAbHoe perYMlpOBUHHe rapaHTHpo-                                 npHMcpHO 1I0AMHAM10Ha lKCHIlJHH 11 4eTeH, npO)l(HBal< HIJI1X B
      BaHHOH 3aHJlTOCTH MO)l(eT HMeTh Hc6AaronplUITHbie IIOCAe4-                              C5\bCKOM ?>ICCTHOCTII, IlC1\jI'IaIOT 3CPHO, npl1'1eM ?>IeponpHiI-
      CTBHlI. 3aKOH 0 TpY40BOH 4Cl!TeAbHOCTH B CCAbCKOM X03JlH-                               THlI    cocpe{10TO'ICHbI Il perl10HaX rrOBblwcHHOro pIICKa, a
      CTBe, rrpHHJlTbl11 B Bpa.3HMfH B 1963 roiW, CO/lep)l(a,\ Tpe6o-                         HbIJlIV\eHHe HaI16C1\CC HYlK/lalOllJHXCJl oCYl1JeCTllAHKlT C'feCT-
      BaHHC 0 TOM, qT06bl (IOroBOPbl HU BblITOAHeHHC CC,\bCKOX03JlH-                          HblC opraH1,I caMoynpallAeHIUI. nporpaMMa llOMOlljH C('AbCKO-
      CTBCHHblX       pa60T       OTIlCqaAH     YCTaHOIV\CHHOMY              MHHI1!1<IY'1Y    X0311i'ICTBeHHhl:>1 pa60qHM H HH,lHI1CKoti npOIlHHlJHlI Kepa,\a,
      HOpMaTHBOB, BMlOqall BbllHaTY IlblX04HOro rrOC06Hll. TaKoc                              OCHOBaHHall Ha npOllepKe HY)I(ilaeMOCTH, np5WCMaTpHBaeT
      rrOl\O)l(CHHC     3aKOHa,    IIO-BHilHMOMY,          BbIHY)I(/lllJ\O   KOMrramm         BblIl.\aTY He6C1\hIlHlX neHcH/1, KOTOpble 06eCIIC'IHllalC'T npe-
      HaHHMaTb pa60T!HIKOB Ha BPCMCHHYIO, a HC Ha nOCTOllHHYIO                                CTapeAbIM YXOil Ha .10!'ly, He HCK/\IO'Iall IIpH "TOM 1l!:coMoii
      pa60T)' XOTli B 60-x ro,1ax 06lljHl1 ypOBCHh 3aHllTOCTH B 3TO:>1                        40nC1\HI1Te,\bHOH nOMoIlJlf H'l '1aCTllbIX I1CTIJ'IHHKOB.
      perHOHC !103pOC, KC1\HqCCTBO nOCTOlIHHblX pafJOqHX MCCT                                        4All 3aHllTbiX B O(j)llIJHaAbHO pernCTpl1pycMOM C~KTOpe
      CHH:IHNJCb C 45 40           ?f)   rrpOI,lcl!11:)1l B IICpIR¥I HaHfXl\blllCro           cTpaH C 6C1\ee IlblCOKHM ypOllHCM 110XO{10B, IlKAlO4all ('rpaHbI C
      cnpoca Ha pa6o'lylO C\1,\)'          B   70-e ro4bl HaMeTI1,\OCb YBe,\I1-               3KOHOMHK0/1 nepcxo,llloro THna, o.VIl1M H3 OCHOBHblX 11CTOq-
      qCHl1e '1HCAa rrOCTOllHllblX pa60'll1x MeCT 11 K 1980 rOilY 3TOT                        IlI1KOIl 40XO/la 4AlI TeX, KTI) ne MO)l(CT pa6OTaTb, lIlHlIIOTClI, K3K
      rrOKa3aTC,\b ,lOCTl1r 65 rrpOlJeHTOB. 04HaKo B HCCAe(IOBaHHH                            npaml,\O, roCY4aPCTIlCHHf,Je nporpaM:>lbl COlJHlIJ\hIlOI1 nOMO-
      YTBCp)l(,laAOCb, 'ITO CCMI 6bl BblITAaTbl BblX04HblX noc061111 HC                       lIJIl, nellCHH 110 HHBaHI.1HOCTlI II no CTapoCTll. Cl1 CTeMbI
      perYAHpoBaAHCb 3aKOHOi\aTCA1,HbIM rrYTCM, '111(,\0 nOCTOlIH-                            nCHcm1      lIO   CTapOCTlI      H     HHBa~\H411()CTH   OT'IaCTH         !IMeIOT
      HblX pa60'll1x MCCTO B03pacTa/\O 61,1 Ha npOTlI)I(eHI1H llcero                          xapaKTep nporpaMM cTpaxoflamlil, OT'IHCACHHII                       B Koropble
      YKa3aHIloro nepH04a. B              3aKAIO'IeHHC 6bIAO OTMC'IeHO, 'ITO                  pa60mllaTe,\CH llAll pa60TIII1KOll npel\YCMOTpCH1,I YC\OIlHilMI1
      6palI1,\bCKoe        TpY401l0C      3aKOHO/laTCAbCTIlO           MOrAO      HMeTl,      TpY40BhlX 40roBOpOB. OCH06Hall 3allllCHMOCTb Me)l(4Y IIOCO-
      HC)I(CAaTeAbHbl11 3cj)(j:>eKT, nOCKC1\bKY clIoc06cTBOBa,\O 3Ha'lH-                      611JlMH H B3HocaMll, np0l13BOilllM1,lMH CaMIlMI1 pa60THHKaMH
      Te/\bHO:>IY     COKpalljCHHIO        'U1C,\a     TPY,10B1,IX     40roBOPOB         0    HAH 01' UX 11MCHH, HMeeT fXl\bI!10C 3Ha'lCHHC, TaK KaK flC3 Hec
      nOCTOllHHOH 3aHlITIlCTH.                                                                B03HHKaCT c06Aa3H H36e)l(aTh B3110COB, HanpHMep, pa60Tall B
          Ho lie BCC HCCACllOllalll1l1 npl1XO/lllT K IlbIBOiW, 'ITO 3aKOHbi                   HcpcrnCTpHpycMOM ceK1'Ope H,\H 1I0cTYflall fla !lpCMt:HHylO
      o   rapaHTHpOBaHHo/1           3aHllTIlCTH       H    BbIXO/lHbIX       noco6HilX       pa60TY.     3TO MO)l(eT npl1I!eCTI1          K HcnAaTelKeclloco6HOCTH
      npHBO,ll1T K COKpalljCHHIO '1HC,\a                pa60'lHx MeCT B oqm-                  nporpa!>IM cTpaXOllaHHJl II He06xo,1H:>IOCTll HC1\araTbCll H3
      I,IHlIJ\bHO perl1CTpHpye!>IOM ceKTOpc :,KOHOMHKH pa3BHHalO-                             flOMOlljh    '1aCTHbIX      AHI,I.    CMlUJKO:>l   tiC1\blllHe      neHCIlH   no
      ll]HXCil CTpaH. I-ianpI1MCp, no ,1aHHbIM 06cAe4oBaHHll MOT Il                           CTaPOCTH H HCTpy,mcIloc06HOCTI1 MoryT TaK)I(C no6y.M:AllTb
      MaAafI3HH, nO'lTH BCC KOMnaHl111 YTBeP)l(,ll1J\H, '1m 3aKOHhI 0                         ,\104CH BblX04HTb Ha nCllcHK), IlC il0)l(HIlallCh rrCHCllOHHOID
      rapaHTHpoBaHIIoH 3aHliTOCTH HC OKa3bIBalOT HHKaKoro IlOJ-                               B03pacTa.    B OllHOM H3 nocAe"iHHX I1CCAcilOBallH11 BCC1«U1PIlOro
      AeilcTIlI111    Ha KOAI1'1CCTBO llaHHMaCMblX                HMI1 pa60TIlHKoB.           BaHKa      aHa,\H3HpYIOTCiI          rrp06ACMbi    neHClIOHHoH          CHCTCMbl,
      O/lHaKo        nOTeHI,IIJa/\bHall      BCl1MO)l(HOCTb        He)l(CAaTe;\1,Horo         Cll1l3allHbiC C HelKeAaTe,\bHbIMIl CTI1My,\aMH 11 C 3aBHCHM, lCTblO
      3¢¢eKTa B1,ICOKHX 3aTpaT, CBil3aHHbIX C YBC1\bHeHHCM, lIa                               MC)I(/lY OT'IHC\CHllllMH 11 lIAaTe)l(aMH. Bbl;\O YCTaHOlV\eHO, 'ITO
      3aHJlmCTb B O¢H1JHMbHO pemC'rpl1pyeMoM CCKTOpe no6y-                                    MHOI'HC      cYlljeCT!lYlollJHe         CHCTCMbl     IlCCOC'lDlITe,\bPbl,       a
      4H,\0 pll,~ CTpall rrcpeCMOTpeTh 3m 3aKoHOllaTeAbCTIlO. TaK, Il                         YI0\OHCHHe 01' K1HOCOH B neHcHoHHblH cjJOH4 CTaAO ccpEe3Hoti
      pe3Y,\bTaTC       nepeCMOTpa         TpY40BOro        KOilcKca     B CCHera;\e          npo6/\eMOii B PyaH/1C, 'f}rpI,IHH, Ypyrnac II Ha RMatiKc. MHOrHe
      l1o.~o6Hble 3aTpaThI 6bl.\11 CHH)I(eHbl. npaIlHT5\bCTBO ApreHT-                         CTpaHbI BOCTO'IHO/1 EBPOllbI H 6bIBIIlero CCCP, no-ml,11l\10MY,
      I1llhl   paCl1l11pl1/\O nCpC'IeHb AonYCTI1MbIX                 OCHosaHHH 11All          CTOilT     Ha     I1opore     aHaAOrH'IHOlD        Kpl13l1ca.       Hcnp'X1'OH
      YBC1\bHCHI111, npe.ilYCMOTpeHH1,IX B 3aKOHC 0 rapaHTHpOBaHHOI1                          llB.AileTCJl H 33,13'1a 3,lpCCOBaHHlI nOMOI.IJH TeM, KTO Il HeM
      3aHilTOCTH,      BKAlO4HIl     B HCro          l1pH'IHHbl     3KOHmll1'1eCKoro          IleHCT!lHTC;\hHO HYlK/lacTciI. CHcTeM3 BbIfl,\aTbl noc06l1ti Ila
      XapaKTepa.       B    xO,~e pe¢OPM, HaqaTblX B 1978                    rCl;W,   rrpa-   OCIlOa3HI111      llpoBepKH          HYlK4aeMocTH     pacflpoClpaHeHa           B
      BI1TeAbCTBO qHAI1 nOCTOllHHO COKpalljMO pa3Mep Bhlx04110ro                              cTpaHax C 6C1\eC BblCOKHM ypOBHCM 40XO,10B, flO COnpll)KCH3 C
      noc06Hll, KOTOPoe YHOACHHblC pa60THHKH MOr;\H Tpcf)()BaTh                               BblCOKHMH a"MHHllCTP3TI1IlHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH.                      B   cTpaH3x C
      '1epe3 CY4.                                                                             HH3KlIM !1 Cpc4HHM ypOIlHeM ,10X040lJ 6o\cc lJe,\ecoo6pa3Ho
                                                                                              npC/lOCTaB,\llTb       nOMOII}b         Ha   OCHOB31lHH         XapaKTepnoro
      nporpaMMbl              nOMow.~          HeTPYAOCnoco6HbiM                              npH3HaK3, HCll3MeHHO conpOllO)l(4alOlljcro lIY)I(,l\Y, IlK.,\104aJl
      !OCY4apcTBeHHail CHCTCMa cTpaxoBblx noc06H/1 IlO 6e3pa60-                               B40BCTBO,       HOTCPIO     KOPMHAbIJa,      IIHllllJ\1l4HOCTb      H    llO\HYIO
      TI1I,1e II nporpaMMhI rapaHTHpollaHHoH 3aHllTOCTI1 HC aKTya/\h-                         HeTPYAocnOCOOIlOCT1,.
      Hbl ,tAll AHI],       KOTOphle He B COC'lDlIHl1H pa60TaTb H3-3a                                                                  •••
      HHBlIJ\H/lHOCTH HAH nO)l(II,\oro B03paCTa. B                     6C1!\bWHHCTBC                 B fX»\blll~IHCTI\e cTpaH npaBHTeAhCTBO aKTHBHO Y'IacTllyeT
      CTpall    HHBaMl;lhI H        npCCTapeAble 6e3              CT3)1(a    pa60T1,1     B   B 06eCIIe'lCHHH rapallTHpoBaHHoro 3apa6oTK3, HCCMOTPJl Ha
      o¢l1I,1113AbHO pernCTpHpyetvlOM ceKTOpe )l(I1BYT B OCIlOBnOM 3a                         TO,     'ITO 3TH Mepbl        MoryT npenllTCTBOBaTh paCIllHpeHHIO
      C'ICT CCMbH          HM!   nOMOlljH, KQTI)PYIO OKa3blll3CT                MCCTnall      3aHllTOCTH Il Ocj)HIJH3,\bHO PCrHCTPI1PYCMOM CCKmpc. MHO-
      06U,lHHa. 04HaKO B pil4e CAY'IaCfl o¢J1lJH3AbHbIC rrporpaMMbI                           fUM CTpaHaM Y4aAOCb 40611TbCiI XOPOIlIl1X PC3Y/\1,TaTIlB. fIpo-
      nOMOIlJI1 Hcpa6oTalOlljeMY MaAoo6ccnCqCHHOMY HaCe,\erll1ro                              rpaM'\1bl 06lljeCTIlCHHbIX pafJOT 3a'lacrylO CTaHOBlITClI BeCb'\m
      HMeAH onpC4CACHHhIH YCIICX.              B paMKax       nporpaMMbl nOMOIIJI1            3(/J(peKTHUlIbIM CPC/lCTIlOM 06CCnC'leHI111 rapaHTHpoBanHoro

      HaHOO'ec YH3Bl1MblM KaTeropl111M HaceAeHHll Il BaHrA3,'lCIll                            3apa60TKa 6C3pafJOTHblM B HcpcrncTplfpyeMoM CCKTOpe H




106
CCAbCKOXlTlJlHCTBeHHLIM pa60'lH~, a TaKlKe C,\YlKaT I1CTO'IIIH-                     HbI~1 pewellHe~l, '-Ie~1 BblfL\aTa noc06I1H no 6e3pa6oTlllJC.
KO~I ,10nOMIHTC<\I,nor\ lIOMOllJl1 B CO'leTalIHH c cjmHaHcoBOH                      OllhIT nOKa3hmaeT, '-ITO BCC nCpC'-IHC,\CHHhle rrporpaMMhI 11
I Kltl/leplKKOH, OKa3hIHaeMOH Ha ypOHlIC 06l!JI1HLI, H .1pyrHMI1                    CI1CTC:---lhlrrCHCHOHHom 06eCne'leHllJl ycnelllIIo pa60TalOT npl1
~!CpaMH COlJIIil,\hH0l1 33IIJHTbI Ma,\ml~IYllJUX,               B   CTpa1I3X C      YC\OIlHH    ca),IooKynaeMocTH     H COOTHeCelIllOCTII      llllTCPCCOIl
IIH3KH~1    II   CpCilIIH~1   YPOHHCM ;1()XO/I0H, r/lC       11~leCTClI   AHllll>   n,\aTCAbIlJHKOIl 11 rrllAY'-IaTeN:jj, a TaKlKC KOr/1il HX CTpYKTypa
OrpaHH'ICIlI!<liI      (lpraIUI3alJHOIIHo-:u~mIIUCTpaTHBIIaiI             6a3a,     rr03BOAJlCT   YCTP3HHTb      CTllMYAbl   K   BhI6bITHlO   113   COCTaBa
IlblIL\aTa Bbl:-"O,IIlbIX rroc06uH pa60TlUlKaM pcrHcTpHpyc~10m                      TPY40BblX PCCYPCOll ).nH ITepCX04Y IIa Hpe~lcHHylO pa60TY H B
CCKTI)pa, lKC.\aTC<\bIlO C YKa3alUieM pa3Mepa noc06HH B KO\-                        HcpenlCTpllpYC)\lblH CCKTI)P 3KOllOMI1KIL
AeKTHBHOM ,lomB(Jpc, ifpeACTallAiICTCII 6o\ce IJc;\ecoo6pa3'<




          rAABA                           14




                   OAbiUOJ>l nX}2!APCTBEHllblfl AOOAPAT YIKE HE                     MorYT      cnoco6CTllOH3Tb     1I0BblWemuo      3CPCPCKTHBliOCTH        H




B
                   lIPHlv\CKLtTC,\eH<     Ilo Mepe IIcpeXO,t3         K 6o.\ce      OTllCTCTBellllOCTH pa60TIll1KOB mCY4apCTHeIlHOn) CeKTIJpa, a
                   OTKl'blTbl\l PblllO'lllbIM OTliOUIClll1l1M II CIlHlKe<           TaKlKe 1l0K33aHO, IlO'lCMY 3KDHOMH4CCKIIC 11 n(HI1TH'ICCKl1e
                   Hl1iI ypOHlliI roC):,apcTllcIlIloro pcrYAllpoll311HiI            6apbCPbI MoryT 3aTpY4HHTb HX pCa;\113alJlllO.
                   MHorHe crpaIlbI nCpCCl'IaTpHllalOT pG\b            roC)~ap­

CTRa B 3K(HmmKC<              N:ml   /1AlI o6ecrrC'-ICl!HlI PbIIIO'-ll!Om II        nO'4eMY rOCYAapCTBeHHble CTPYKTYPbl
TpY;loIlHTeflCHBH' ,m pa31lllTlIiI 3KTI1BHO ,1ei1cTll)'IOllJeC mcy-                 paOOTalOT He3Q>Q>eKTMBHO?
.1apCTRO Hc·o6xo,]l1l'10. pe% :la'laCTYKJ I1/leT            °   MCHe'!: MaClll-     HI13KI1it ypOIlellb OCHOlJHblX 06l!JeCTlleHHbIX -mBaPOB H yCAyr
Ta61lo,1 ITXY;lapt TIlCHHOM allnapaTC, BblllC1 \HJllOilJCM HOllblC                  OTl'IC'-I3eTCiI 1I0BCIO;lY- nO'lCMY lKe pa60THHKH roCY;1JPCTHeH-
CPYHKIJHH, IlpWIC'llla COBepUJCIlHO I1HOM Ka'leCTHeHHOM ypOll-                      Hom CCKTIJpa, H OCOflellHO II CTpaH3X C JIlBKl1M II Cpe,11l1lN
HC< Xle..\bH' ,1M Bet: roCY4apCTlleHHblX K<J(lpoB II pa.iHbIX CTpa-                 YflOllllCM 110XO"OB, pa60TaK1T C'm'\b HellpOlI3BO(lHTeAhHO? B
H<JX ,ldACJ(C IlC o.1HIIaI'OB CpHC}TIOK 14<          n   O;1113KO, HCCMOTPiI        OO\blIlI1IlCTHe c,\Y'-laCll OTilCT KpoeTCJl B CBJ!3H MClK,lY OC060H
Ha TO. 'ITO B Ka;.J(il0H crpalle H3H/l)'TCJl npC;lallHblC CBoeMY                    "PHPO/l0M mCY4apCTBCHHOro ceKIDpa, KOTopaiI YCAOlKHJleT
,te..\y   pa6c,nX'ITuc06IIbIC        Y'-IIiTCAJl,   I KnHlJeHCKIIC,   a;lMllHH-     OTCAClKHllaHI1C cro CPYllKIJI10HI1pOBaHHJl 11 113>"lcpCHHe pe3YAh-
CTpaTHBHble         pafioTHIlKI1     11   '1HHOBHHKH,     mCy;1apCTBeHHblii         Ta'mll, H H3;\I1'1I1C~f IlCpaljHOIl3;\blfOH, 6AI130PYKOti K34POBOH
ceKmp B          Je..\OM '-Iaem paCCM3TpHllaeTClI KaK o(1\3CTb, He                  nO\HTHKH roCYilapCTBa. Ila;leHl1e TP):,!OBOH ~lOpaMf IlC lfO-
06ECIlC'IHBJIOIlja>l ;J(ICTaID'-IHOH ~10THBaIJHH H lIpm13llO,lH-                    .'BO\J!CT Y41ITeAIIN 06CCllC'IHTb K3'1CCTHeHHoe 06p330Ha1lHe<
TCM,HOCTH TP}::l<L CW/1YlI npHMCpy CTpaH BOCID'IHOH 1\31111,                        Bpa'iH 3<1'l3CTYIO BbIHYlK,lCllhI IJOilpa6aTbIB3Tb In-3a IIlI3KO~1
rile :"4K{lChTlIllll"CTb roCY4aPCTHeHIlblX C;\)'lK6 CIloco6cTBO-                    On;\aTbI llX TpY4a, H flO::tIDMY HCKOMY ,<\C'IHTb MJ.,\OI1MYlljIlX
BaM] 3KOHC>Mll'-1eO:KOMV IIporpeccy, pa31111ll3101lJHCCiI CTpallbl                  lIalJHell1t)B. A     lleKOIDpblC '1HIlOBHllKI1 6mbIIIc 03a60'lCllbI
i\¢PloKH 11 AaTI:HCl(f,i1 AMCpHKl1. a TaKlKC CTpaHbI, OTK333B-                      1I0\Y'ICHIICM KOMHCCIIOHllbIX 0'1' 3aK)TIO'lHbIX KOIlTpaKTOB, 'lCM
1lIliCClI OT l1PHl1lJH[]('fi ljCHTpaMl3oBalllloro IT,\aIlHpOllaHlIll,               06CCne'leHIICM 3cpcpeKTHBHoro HCflQ,\Hemlll lKI13HeHHO BalK-
IlbITalOTCJI y<\y'-liIJI1Tl, Ka'lCCTBO pa60Tbl r<JC)(llapCTllCHHom                  HblX npoeKTOH pa3HI1TIIR HIlcj.lpacTpyKTYPbL
ceK'mpa, HlBbl01B er(> 110i\OT'IeTHOCTb, OTKpblTbli1 xapaKTCp II                        y!3McPIITb KJ'-IeCTllO H KO\l1'leCTHO pa60TbI mCYllapcTHclI-
ollepaTHHH1CTb I, peu lemHI nOTpe61loCTCH 06l!JCCTik.<                              Ilom ceK-mpa lleIJp0C10, KaK II HeIlpocID OIJcHlIHaTb pa6oT-
     KaK M( (KilO \ ,\Y'-II:IIITb pa60TY mCy/lapCTIlCl-IHOM C\YlK6br?               llHKOB Ha OCIlOllamm IIX ,\I1'1l1bIX .10cTHlKeHHH.              B   T3KHX
4;\Jl TOn) '-ITI16I,1 lIai1TH OTlleT Ha 3T01' BOllpOC. I.l i\aIlIlot\               o6,\acTIlx. KaK 3;lpaBooxpaHellHe II o6p330namlc, ]Jepe4 COOT-
rAalie paC( MaTpIIllaC1CJl mCYilapCTBCHllaJI nO\IlTlIKa 3apa6oT-                    llCTCTllYK1IlJIIMH    mCY4apCTlleHHblMI1     Y'lpelK(jeHHJlMI1      CIDllT
Hoi! IL\3Tb: II 3allll-mCTH, 3 TaKlKC CYIlJeCTBYIOIIJ3J1 CTpyKTypa                  TaKIlC ~IHoru06pa3Hhle 3J43'lH, KaK o6cCnC4eHl1C cnp3BcA-
CTII M}"OIl< 3aTe)[ 3Ila<\1I1I1pYK)TCiI TeTlmbl pecpoPM, KOTOpblC                   ;\I1BOCTI1 11 6opb6a C 6e;lHocTblO, C KOTI1PbH'lH HC CTa,\KI1-



                                                                                                                                                                 107
                                                                                      paAbHOM BH4e 11 CAYJKe6HhIX npHBH,\erHlt, 40 COB'4eCTH-
                                                                                      TeAhCTBa H KopPymJHH.           B    HeKompblx cAY'laJlx Hpd5Ae~IY
                                                                                      ycyry6AJlAH HHocTpaHHhle 40HOPhI, OIlAa'lI1BaK)llJI1e pa60TY
                                                                                      KOHKpeTHblX MIl), BOBAe'leHHhIX II npoeKTbl,           I1p~Aar~IJl    OCO-
                                                                                      6hle B03HarpaJK,,,eHIIJI B 06X04 npalll1A rpaJK4aflCKot\ C'yiK6bJ.
                                                                                      HII3KaJl     3apa6oTHaJl    f1AaTa    OTplIlJaTeAbHO     CKa3aAaCb      Ha
                                                                                      AOliAbHOCTH II ycep,lllll; Ta,\aHTAHBble H qeCTHhle f1epeCTaAII
                                                                                      llH4eTb yeAeco06pa3HOCTh nocryn,\eHHJl B mcY,lapCTBeHHhle
                                                                                      CTPYKTyphl HAH npO.10AiKeHHJI pa60Thl B HHX. HH3KaJl (111,\aTa
                                                                                      TaKJKe 3aCTallH.\a MHorllX '1HHOllHIIKOIl nblTaTbCJl BoeHO;\b-
                                                                                      30BaThClI CBOHM nQ\OiKeHlleM         tW H3BAe'leHIIJI MaTepHa.\bHbIX
                                                                                      Bblm4, mlila KaK         nepeYKOMnAeKTOBaHHOCTh llJTamB enJe
                                                                                      6Q\hllJe YCAOJKHJlAa KOH1'pOAh. OTCYTCTIlHe 40nOAHHTe_\bHhIX
                                                                                      peCypCOIl CTa;\O onpall,laHHeM f1AOXOlt pa60Tb!. npO()Ae~hI.
                                                                                      IlCTpe'laK)Il,IHeCJI II mCY;lapCTBeHHO?>1 ceKmpe :>IHOmX CTpaH,
                                                                                      6hlMI I10llblTOiKeHbl B 1982 ro,W II OT'IeTe roCY4apCTBCIIH0J1
                                                                                      KOMIICCIIII YraH?lhl: "roCY4apcrBeHlloMY C\,YiKaUJeMY OCTalla-
                                                                                      ,\OCb ;\1160     BhliKl1Tb, nocrylUllllllHCh     npHHlJl1naMH JTHKH,
                                                                                      IIpocpecclloHaAlI3:-Ja 11 (106pocoBeCTHOCTlI, .,\1160 OCTaThCJI
                                                                                      '1eCTHhl!'11I norll6HYTh. 011 npe4I10'le,\ BhDKHTh."
                                                                                          HH3KaiI OI1AaTa TpY4a B rocY4apCTBeHHO~ ceKmpe
                                                                                      iIRAeHlle OTHOCHTe,\bHO 1I0BOe. HeKOl'.la B ye,\OM plllie CTpaH
                                                                                      rocY4apcTBellHhle        C\yiKall,llle 3apa6aTblllaAII 60AbllJe.       qeM
                                                                                      ;\lIl)a, BbIflQ\HJlBWlle CXOllllble CPYHKlJHH B rop04CKO:-'1 '1aCT-
                                                                                      HOM ceKmpe.        B   1971 T'Q.W B h'lH3aIlHH 3apa6omK roCY4ap-
                                                                                      CTBeHHoro C\YiKallJero npeBbllllaA 3apa60THYK) IL\aTY paf)()T-
                                                                                      HIIKa '1aCTlloro ceKmpa lIa 14 npOlJeHmB, a B KeHHH B 70-e
                                                                                      ro4bl 3mT pa3phlB COCTaMJlA OT          11   ,10 16 npoyellTOB. CfUlJKe-
                                                                                      HHe peaAhHoli 3apaoonloli !1AaTbI mcy.lapCTBeHHblX C \YJKa-
                                                                                      lyHX 6blAO llb13BaHO 6104iKeTllblM KPI13I1COM, KOTOpbllt 11CHbl-
                                                                                      TaAO 60;\bllJl111CTBO C'rpaH C HII3KHl'>1 Ii Cpe"HHM ypUBHeM
                                                                                      1I0X040B B KOHye 70-x -             Ha'laAe 80-x ro,lOB.      B   YCAOBH)JX
                                                                                      pacrYIlJero "ecpHYtITa CA~OBaN) COKpaTHTh 11,\11 3aMOpD3I1Tb
                                                                                      3aHJlTOCTb Il mC)(-lapCTBeHHOM ceKTOpe, HO MHOT'He CTpaHhl

      BalOTCJI HX      KQ\Aerl1    B '1aCTHO~ CeKTOpe.       11,   KaK H 13 HeKO-     nOWAII no npOTHBonQ\OiKHOMY nyTH. OnacallCb Tom. '1m

      TOpbIX 4PYrl1X HH30BblX 6IOpOKpaTI1'1eCKI1X CTpyKTypax -                        paC1Y'lJaJl    6e3pa60Tl1l)a     B   mp04ax       Bh130lleT   Cepbf'3Hhle

      B 1100011lJI1I1, qilax, CAY;K6c paCnpOCTpaHeHllJl CCAbCKOX03J1J1-               3KOHOMH'ICCKlle II nO;\HTII'IeCKHe np06AeMbl, rocY4apCTBo

      CTBeHHOM:     HmpopMaYHH,          I1ppHraYl10HHOM       X03l!HCTBe,     -      OTBeTIIAO Ha 3KOHOMH'IeCKHlt cn34 nOflhlTKolt HaJ1TH :laHlI-

      He[JOCpe("CTBeHHhlH H He[JpepbIBHbIl! Ha,l30p Ilell03MOJKeH,                    mCTh B mCY4apCflleHHOM cewrope 4AlI ell,lc 6n"bwero 'lHC;\a

      I10CKO;\bKY      pa60THHKH       113aH~lo4dlc'rnyIOT     C    HaCe;\CHHeM       AK)lIelt.   B COl'IaAH   B nepH04 C 1975 no 1990 ro4 rrOKa3:1T5\h

      eiKe,lHeBHo H HanpJlMYK), M!yOM K ;\HlJY TaKHM 06pa30M,                         BBn    Ha .1)'llJy HaCC;\eHHJI CHII3I1AClI, O,lHaKO '1I1C;\O rocv4ap-

      HenpoCTO H3MepHTb BK,\a,l KaJK,10m pa60THHKa H OnpeAeAl1Tb                      CTlleHHblX cAYlKauJHx B 'roT iKe npoMeiKymK llpeMeHH BbI-

      COOTlleTCTllYlOll,Iee       IK)3HarpaJK,leHl1e.   4aHHaJl       npo(heMa        POC,\O C 20 000 40       44 000 'le;\OBCK. X!:mI 6K).'JKeTHble nOCTY-
      OCAOJKHJleTCli TeM, 'ITO pa60THIlKH mCY/lapCTlleHHbIX CAYJK6                    n,\eIUlJl B [aHe COKpaTHMfCh C       15 npol)eHmB BBn B 1970 ro4Y
      paCnOAaraK)T      OrpO~lHbl~1H     B03MOiKHOCTlIMH ;lAJI H3RAeqeHl1J1           40 6 npolJeHmB K 1983 ro4Y, '1I1C;\O 3aHJlTbIX B roC\;4ap-

      40[JO;\HHTe,\bHbIX      SbIm4      H     YKAOHeHHJI    OT     HCnOAHeHHIl       CTBeHHOM ceKTOpe !10'lTH W1BOI1AOCb.          B PJl4e CTpaH np06.\eMa
      06113aHHOCTeJ1 (Bpe3Ka        14. n                                             ycyry6AJlAacb      rapallTHJlMH      Tpytl0YCTP0J1CTBa        B   mC,4ap-

           B   f1ep1104 3KOHOMW.JeCKOm KpH3l1Ca 70-x 11 80-x m40B                     CTBeHHOM ceKTOpe,         np~OCTaBAJleMbll'!II     BhII1YCKHHKaM YHlI-

      HH3KaJl3apa60THaJlIlAaTa H HeY/l0BAeTBOpHTeAbHaJi Ka4pOBaJi                     BepCHTe'JDll, YIlOl\CHHblM B 3aflac BoellHOCAYlKaIl,lHM, a TaKJKC

      f1O;\HTHKa ycyry5H;\H 3TH CAOiKHble MOMeHTbL                   Bo   !'IHOrl1X   BbII1YCKHIIKa:>t   HeKompbIX        I1POcj:JecClIOlla;\hHO-TeXHH'ICCKHX

      CTpaHaX roCY.laPCTBO paCXO(10Ba;\0 OrpaHWleHHble Cpe4CTBa                       Y'le6HblX 3aB~eHHit

      ,~,\JI   HaHMa    HOBblX      pa60THHKOB       llMecTO       TOm,    '1Mbl          COKpauJellHe roCY4apCTIleHHhIX ,\OX040B II CO'leTaHI1H C

      06eClIe'lHBaTb 34eKBaTHYK) OflAalY TpYlla H nplleM/\e~ble                       pocmM 3aHJlTOCTl1 B mCYflapCTBeHllOM ceKmpe 0311a'l3;\O, 'ITO

      YC\OBl1l1 TeM, KTO YiKe 'rpy;4HAClI B roCYllapCTBeHHOM CCKTOpe.                 PC3;\hllhll1 3apa60mK 4Q\JKeH CHlliKaTbCJI. CHlliKeHlle peaAb-

      Hepc,lKO B pe3y,\bTaTe KpH3HCa CI1CTeMbI OnAaThl TpY4a rocy-                    HOlt 3apa50TIIO~1 nMITbl mCY4apCTBeHHbiX CAYJKall,lHx CTaAO

      4apCTIleHHhlM C\yiKaUJHM              npHXO,mAOCh CYll,leCTBOBaTb Ha            llJHPOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHllhl:>1 JlRAeHlleM B CTpaHax, HcnblThI-

      HeJlBHble l1CTO'IHI1KH 40XO,10B: OT Bo:marpaJKlleHHJ1 B HaTY-                   BaK)IlJHX    MaKp03KOHO~H'IeCKHe 3aTpY4HCIIHJI (pHCYHOK 14.2).




108
B   1986 ro"y           Il 3aMf'I1H      :'IapafJOTIlJil      IL\JTJ      ]aMeCTHTe,\J1       fi(1\l;Ule, <Je~1 CIMblii HH:{!(OOIlAa<JHllae:vlhlil C\yJKall)Hii,             B
~IHHl1CTpa C(lOTI\(1TCTIlOJ\Il,\J /\HlIlb            22 I1pOIJeIlTa~l ec 1I0K)'lIa-           19H6    mAY -         Hcem ,\I1I11h B   3.7   pa'la. laKOe 1I(L\OJKeHHe Ill.'
TC/\hIlOl1 CllOCOOllOCTH B 1976 ro,w.                B Ca,\bIlJ,10pe B 80-e ro,l]'l           fihL\O peonhTaTOM OIJeHKH PI,IHKOM OllhlTa H,\H ofipa30BaHHJI
pCa,bHaJl 3Jpa60'wJIl IL\JTJ rocy."apCTBellllblX C\YlKallJflX B                               pafioTHIIKa. CKopee, OHO CTa.\() OTpalKeHl1e~1 Hpe/lcT:J!t\eHHii
:JalIHCllMOCTl' OT fiX 1I0C1D1l COKpanL\JCb lIa 4H-89 ][PO                                    1I0,\I!TI1KOIl 0 clllXlBeilAI1BOCTH 11 Tex nUAI1T11'leCKHX peaAHii.
ljeWf'llt Xo1 il Dllpe, le, \ellllOe CflIllKeHl1e OIl/\IlT"l TpV;'la mcy-                     lIpl1 KOTOPhlX f)(1\ee IlhlCOKl1e                    61,1.\0 ,\ef'le ype.'l3Tb.
"apCTHellllhlX         C\)lK:tIIJ!1X     fI     61>1/\0    ollpaH,lalio       neo6xo;lfl'     Kap,U1Ha,\bllhle IUMeHeIlHJl            B OTIIOCHTe,\bHhIX      :mpatlOTKax
~10CThlO I1pHi,e,]('1lI1il :lapa60TKoB B COOTlleTCTIH1e C Pblif()<IH()~l                      U)'IC,\ll   B<lJKHhIC 1I0C\C,KTBllJl ,lAll H<liiMa,        COXp<lHem1H        Ila
C11TyafJlldi      H     c   ye, \1l~!H   ~laKpo3KofloMH<Je(,KI1X                Hpeoopa-      (lU\lKHOCHI H K<l<JeCTlla paOOTbl BhICOKOHOCTaB,\CHHhlX rocy-

30BaHHit    en I,\b     CepI>l'3Hhle COKpalljCHI1II, 6e"YC\OIlHO, llD.lpbl                    IIapCTlleHHhlX C\YlKaUJI1X H U3I1tlO,\CC KBa~\Hcj:J11IJllpOHalll!bIX

Ha,\11 Ka'leCTBO rocpapcTBeHHblx )C\)T                                                        paGOTtll1KClll, a      :lHJ<J~1T H 11"\i! IIPOI1:lI!()ilHTCAbHOCTH Tp)/la
    3m     KJ'\('C'fIIO YXYilUHL\OCb ellJe O(1\1,llle lD-3a Ha;lell!!il                       Ilo,l<JI1HellllbIX.

3apa6oTHo~i           1l,\aTbl:     3apaGoTHall           IL\aTa     fknee                        COKpaIl)eHHC paCX(l;10B I1a MJTCpHa,\bl I1pHlleN) K ;,a,\('-

CHOHa,\hHhD        H OllbITllhlX paooTHllKOB CllHlKa,\aCb fihlCTpce.                          HeiirlleMY YXyilliletl11l0 K<l<JCCTllH pa60Thi rocYi,apCTlleHlloro

'{eM Y ,\I1I},    :{aHI1~laIOIlJHX fiO\('(' HH:1KHe 110('1'1>1, IIpH"'lepO~1                  CeK1tlpa. Cr3>\[i OIIJYIIJ<lThCII HeXBilTKa llcero lIeof)xo/,BMoro

MOlKeT C\)%I1Th ·1:lfllaHHlL              B     1969      m,W      :'lapafiOTIIalI IL\aTa     il/\ll IlbIlIO/\HeHI1Jl pa60TbL MHllrl1C f'OC);la[XTlleIlHh!e GCv\b-

IlhICOKO]JOCLlMelliloro roC»WPCTlleHllorO 'l11HOllllllK3 B Tpl1il>                            IUlIJh! II CTpaH:1X C HH.'lKI1M 11 cpe, UII1M ;lOXO, ,OM paCH(1\ar,1l0T

IJaTh pa3       IlpCBblllla,\a        OK,\a,\    CA),lKallJem         GI"IOil    HH:lIIleii   llPCBOCX();1l1bIMH :vIC,ll1l.jl1llCKI1"ll1 K<l"paMH, 1'10, lie     l1~lCil   .\e-

CTYIJemL       K ccpe, lime 150-x        rcJ,\OIl :n'O COOTHOllleHHl.' ylJa/\o ilO            KapCI'B f1    xl1pypnl<JeCKIiX HfICTpYMeHTOH, lie MOl')'T ofiec-

lIIeCTI1   K    'lf1HO:\I,;       AHa,\()rWlllhI~l        o6pa'lo;-'1    II   197 1   roilY   lle'lI1Th Hcofixo,ll1MOC oGcAYlKl111aHl1e lIaljHeliTOll. Y<J\1Te/\ll II

[]O~I()[ljHHK lHpel ropa II 3m,4J11l1 IKl\Y<JaA II ce~IH~UIJaTb pa'l                          fOC);,apCJ'IlellHbIX lllKCH3X HYlK!1'IIOTCH 1\ Y<JCt'iHHKaX, KAHC-




                                                                                                                                                                                  109
      pblHKe Tpy,la, 11 n03TOMj ce oCYlJJeCTB~\l'lme 6bL\O conplDKeHO                     ,leCTa, TCM c,\atlee npOTlIBo4el1cTHlle cOKpallJelU1K) Ka/lPOIl,
      co 3Ha'lI1TeAbHbIMH       cOljl1a,\bHbl~1l1    lL1,lepJKK3MH.                       T3K KaK fB4ep)KKI1 npeo6pa30RaHHii K TOM)' HpeMeHH )'JKe H
                                                                                          3HU'II1Te;\bHoi1: Mepe a6cop6HpOllaHbL T<lKHM 06pa30M, 4aJKe
      nonMTMKa M pec:popMa 3aHRToCTM B                                                    CKpO~lHoe     IlhIXO.ilIlOC       noco5He      MOJKeT    OKa3aTbClI    BIlOAHe
      rocy,u,apCTBeHHoM ceKTope                                                           ;'1OcTaTO'lHhIM     4,\!!    KOMneHcalJHH         MJCCOBblX      YHQ,\bneHllii,
      Heo6xo,ll1MOCTb pe(t.JOp)!bI 33HllTOCTH B roCY,lupCTBellllml                        KpOMe TOro, OllblT llOKa3blBaCT, 'ITO llepeCTpoflKa IDcy..lap"
      ceKTOpe npl13HaeTC){ 110 MHOrl1X CTpallilX, Ho npaUI1TeAbCTBO                       CTIleHHom L"eK1\)pa 3aTpaI'llBaeT 06bl'lHO flOAbllloe '111(;\0
      06b1'1HO lIeOXOTIIO lL~eT H3 cepbe311ble llepeMCl!bI, nponUlllCb                    neKlla, \lI(imljHPOB<lHHLIX pa50THI1KOB, KOTOpble HaX( VlllTCJI II
      pe¢oPM<lM, llpe.WCMaTpmlalOllJI11Vl COKpallJeHHe H36blTIl'lHhIX                     caMOM Hmy          C\'y'JKe6Hol1 (\eCTHHIJbl        H   npaKTH'leCKH        tleC-
      K3;lPOB 11 CHllTHe orpalll1'leHH~i 11<1 OlnaTY TP}j'13, TIp}! 31'0""1               Cll;\Lllbl '1TO-M150 C,le,\aTb,        B    6Q,\blllHIlCTllC CTpaH rtX}itap-
      YKa3hlBaeTC){ H3 TO, 'ITO ,:]aHHble pect)OPMbl I1el103MOJKllbl C                    CTlleHHble CAYJK311JIle He40CTaTO'lHO opraHH30HaHbL 'lm6bl
      nOMITIl'leCKol'l   TO'IKH      3PCHHiI,       IlOCKO\hKY      CH,\bHee    Bcem      OK<l3aTb      4CHCTlleHHOe            COnpOTIlJl,\eHHe       lIpe/l,\araeMbIM
      06bl'lHO CTpa,IalOT pa60THHKH 1I113U1em 3BeH3,                  B lleKOTOpblX       COKpalIJCHHilM
      CTpaH3X     npm~)4HTCiI        11    TaKoii    40BO,'\:    nOCKO\hKY     lIeKBa-         B   HeK01upblX crpaHax npaHliTeAbCTIlO H3tleraeT pe¢opM
      Awtmljl1pOllallllble mPCl,lCKlle pa60nll1KH mC};'1apCTllellllom                     B rocwrapCTllellHOM              ceKTOpe,    onaCaJlCh HapywHTh cyuJe-
      ceKTopa npeilCTallAJIKJT co6o~1 llaJKIIYIO onopy CUIJeCTBYK)-                       CTHYlOllJYK) C1KTeMY 1I0KPOBI!TC,\bCTHa, KOTOPaH MOlKeT 6blTb
      IIJero CTPOll, YllJeMAeHHe HX HtITepeCOll 'lpegaTO 3Ha'lHTe,\h-                     neo6x04HMa       ,PJI JlQUITH'ICCKOro IlbIJKHllamUl, OpraHI'C3a1JIIJI H
      HblMH IIQ,\I1Tl1'leCKH)lH 1l3,1epJKKaMI1, l1MeeTclI ljC, \blli pllil                (PYHKIJllomlpOBaHlle <41l'-UlHHCTpaTHBHbIX CTp)'KTYP 06bl'l1l0
      npHMepOB        ccpbc:moro          ll(HHTH'ICCKOJD         npOTHBO;lei1cTHHlI      TeCllO Cllinanbl C npe.ilOCT'JIL\eHHeM 3KOHOMH'IeCKI1X npl1H11"
      pecpopMaM Il mCY4apCTIleHHOM CCK1npe, rJOllhlTKH COKpaTI1Tb                         AerHH,     lIeo5x04HMbiX           nOAHTllK<lM,    '1T05b1   }'4epJKaTbCJI     Y
      '111C\O   3aHlITblX   H     rocY,japCTHeHHOM              ceKTOpe   npa"UMIll       Jl,\aCTH. HpaHI1TC;\bCTllO Hepe.'1KO I1CnO,\b3yeT cpe,'CTBa, KOTO-
      lIaTCHKIlY,\HCb Ha OlKeCTO'lCHHOC conpOTll1i \el111e, a ,10nO,\HH-                  pblMH OIlO paCflo,\3raCT B CI1CTeMe IDC)/lapCTBeHHol1 CAYJK6bl,
      TeALHblM npemlTCTllHCM CTa,\H npaBa, rapaHTHpye\tble pa60T-                         /l,\Jl ,"\p05ACHHlI oml03HIJHI1 H npHRAe'leHHJI n04/leplKKH nt)AY-
      HIIKaM KOIICTItTYljHeI1 CTpaHbL MOIlJHbli't npO(lKO!(l'\ roq:'1ap-                  'l3Te;\eii ClleljH:L\bllbIX llpHllH,\erHH, rJpaHI1TB\bCTHO, 1](1\b-
      CTBeHHblX C\)'JKalljHX JiMaiiKII CYMe,\ Hpe.lOTBpaTI1Th K3P-                        3YlOUJceCJI      f1();106HbIMH       ~leT04aMH,     BocnpHIlHMaeT           ncpe-
      ,ilHHaAbllYIO    peoprallH3a!JHKJ             CHCTe~lbl      OIlAaTb!    TpY--Ia,   CTpoflKY mC),lapCTllCHllom ceKTOpa K3K cepbe3HYKJ yrpmy
      KOTopall npe,lYC"'laTpHHa,\a B03l1arpaJK,1ellHe BhICOKOIIOCTaB-                                                                •••
      ,\eHllhIX '1HHOBIlHKOB 3:1 (''leT pa60TIlHKOH I1IBIlIHX ypOBlleii,                       MHome npaHI1TC;\bCTBa npllXO.illlT K nOIlHMallHIO 1nro, 'ITO
          O,ilnaKO, BO MIlOrHX C\Y'laHX 1I0,U1TH'IeCKHl1 PIICK, K01\)-                    YJKCCTO'leHHe MCJK?1YHapO"Hol1 KOHKypeHIJHH Tpe6yeT OT,\a-
      pOMy n041leprJeTCiI lIpaHllTe,\hCTBO, lIpuCTynaJl K pect)()pM(~                     JKeHHbIX, l'I16KHX <ltl)IHHHCTpaTHBHbIX CTPYKTYP,                   4,\i1    TOro
      CHCTeMbl On;\aTbl TP}'ilJ II :lJIlJlTOCTtI B                roq~lar)cTBCHHOM        '1T06bl ycnewHo HblllOAH)J'fb CPYHKIJI1H pa50TO"aTeMl 11 05ec-
      ceKTOpe, npeyne.\H'len,         B    ApreIlTHHe, [me H rHl1llee KO,\H-              ne"lHHaTb Ka'leCTBeHHble 061ljeCTBCHHbie                yc"ym,   mcy,'\apCTBY
      'leCTBO mCy:rapCTBeHHblX C;\yJKJUJHX 6blAO COKpallJellO Ila                         Heo6xo,UIMO lIepeCMOTpeTb nO/lX04 K naMMY, On,\aTe Tpy",a H
      16-23     IIpOljeHTa flC3 OllJYTHMOro IImHTH'leCKOID IlpoTtmo-                      npOillll1JKell11l0 no C,\),JK6e, a TaKJKC t3mee aKTHBIIO npHIlAe-
      fldkTHHlI, ileCra6u,\H3aljuH MaCTlI U,\H COljHa/\bHOI1 H<lIlPJl-                    KaTb     '1aCTHbIH ceKTOp K npe.1CJCTaHAemHO yc,\yr.                  04H3KO
      JKeHHOCTI1,   I lo<feMY   pe¢op~Ja nopoI1 BCTpe'laCT cmAb CAa60e                    pCa,\H:laIJHlI    3THX      petVOPM,        KOTOpble    Hepe4KO     03Ha"laIOT
      conpoTHIi \eHHe? 04Ha H:l IIPIl'IHH KpoeTcli H 'mM, 'ITO 3<lpa-                     COKpall)'CHllC Ka.ilPOB, IIIi\lIeTClI HellpOCTOii 3a.il<l'leti, nOCKOAb-
      60THall H,\<lTa II ;\hIDTbl H roCY/JapcTBeulloM ceK1'Ope cfpall,                    Ky   nOAHTH'leCKllC         II    3KOnOMI1'IeCKHe       HHTepeCbl     Hepe.1KO
      KOTOPblC oco5eHHo HYJK/laIOTClI B pe¢opMax, YJKe /10HOAbHO                          BCTynalOT I! npoTHBOpe'lHe, 4.c\1I 110cTlllKeHllJl ycnexa TpC-
      CIlAbHO    cOKpaTHM1(b,         '1eM    MeHbll1e      ljellHOCTb    pa6o'lcro       6YCTClIlI<l;\11'll1e OO"bfll0I1110MITJ1'lCCKOil B()AH 11IDTOBHOCTI1,




112
                                                                              IV

                     .J?bIOOP ·TIOAHTHKH 11
      nOAOiKeliHerpYAHIIfHXCJI B
    .npolJecce npe06pa3bBaHHll

  CTPYKrYPHbIEnpEOBPA3~)BAHI1JIH OTxo4oTIJeHTpaAM-
  30BaHHorol1AaHMpOBaHlUI 3a'Qa.¢TyIO CBH3aJibI C 60A~3HeHHbIMM.
  nepeMeHaMM4N1pa6oTlnUxOBI111XCeMcil. Ho B qeM rrpM~UHa
 ... AHIlleHIIti, KOTOPbIM OHM n04BepraIOTCH?J~ H~BepHOH nOAMTMKe
  pecpOpM :qAM STOH HeY4aqHOM CTpaTerMH pa3BI1TMH, Ha 3RMeny
. KOTOpoii: M HanpaBAeHa HhlHelI1HHH                                  pe¢bP1\1a?   HeCYT AM TpY4H;'"
 . lIJl1eCH CAI1IllKOM 60AhI1lYIO .qaCTh 6per..1eartcBH3aHHhIX                              C   npeo6-
  pa30BaHI1HMkl/kl34ep)KCK?·9TklBonpOChI·· P~q;MP9-IOTCH· B. . 4aHHOM:
.. qaCTH oT-qera".B                                    rAaBe.~paCCMaTpI1BaIOTCH    dC04Hh1e'lCpThI 11
  Pa3AHqklH~e)K4yCAO*HhIMI1 npeo6pa30BaHu,aMH, npOBo4MMbIM;11 B
        ':!::   -~~---'~-;-                   -- ".-         <,   .           -'       -                 '


  ff.aCTg~~ee;.. ~pelMRBO . MhQrnX .. CTpaHax,. a 'raJQKe. nOAO)KCfIUC
  TPYf~H~cl{Ir~%40HM33THX .Crp3H.B                                           rAaBe     16. npOaf(aAW-
  ~upo~~~~~l?oc . .                                                                          . .
                      ~, ;<-::;'-~~-:-- ---~'-i
      fAABA )5




        o
                                    '1EPTAHlUl MHPOl:lo~1 3KOHOM.1KVI 3A no~                  TeAbCTHa              MOJKeT   CblrpaTb    llaJKHYIO    P(l\['     B    OfiAerqeHHI1
                                    C\C/]HHC HCCK(HhKO ACT PC:lKO           '13~lCHHAl1Cb     nepeXOi1Horo nep110;1a Il,\Jl paGoTHHKOB H C034allllH /,AiI IIHX
                                    B pe:lYAbTaTC TOro, '1m IJC,\bl?i plM CTpaH               Il03MOJKHOCTeil AOOI1TLC!! ycncxa II HOBblX YC\OBl1llX,
                                    eraA    lIa nyTb pa.~HKa/\LHblX         npco5pa30-            B ,1allHOH manc paCCMOTpeIlbl pa3AH'!lIblC THnbl :,KOIIO-
                                    mIHHH, 3TOT IIpolJecc KOCIIYAOI 1I0'lTH BCCX              Ml1'!eCKHX npe06pa'lOB<UHlI1, IIpll'leM ocoooe BIlHM<1Hlle Y/le-
        pCrHOHOJl IL\aHeTbl: B )\aTHHcKOH AMcpHKe H H<l b~\HJKHe:'>1                          AellO llm,~ci\cTBHIO Ilpeo6pa3()BaHl1~i pa3/\ll'!HbIX Tl11101l 11::1
        BocmKc          lIpCOfipa10BaHHR                                        Kpll3Hca      PbIHOK TPY,la, 3aTCM npoaIlaAH311pOBaH BOlIPOC 0 my!' KaKH1\,!
        3a;1(HJKellHOCTH H 110TpRCeHHH, Hb13BaHHhlX IBMClIellHeM lJell                        06pa30M pa:l,\114H!! B l1CXO,lHbIX YC,\OBH!!X llMllllOT lIa 05llJY10
        lIa Hcq)Th; B KllTac H BbCTllaMc                    pe3YAbTamIl<1 PbIHO'lllbIX        cTpaTcnlKl pe<POpM l1 POAL MaKpo:'KOHOM114CCKOii nC\IlTI1KU,
        pCCPOPM; B CTpaHax AlppHKH K                   «)fY   0'1' Caxapbl OHH fiblMl
        BbDBaHhl YCH,\HilMH cTpalf :froro KOHT!lIleHTa BHOHb CTan, Ha
                                                                                              BaJKHeMWMe l.fepTbl pecpOpMbl
        nYTb :';KOHOMll4CCKom pocn; a B C'rpaHax                       IJCHTpaAbHoH      H    HeB03MOJKIIO lIaiiTH ,jIle cTpaHbI, R KOTOPLlX npOljCCC IIpe-
        Boem'!HoH EBPOl1bl H 5hlHwero CCCP ~ HC'ropH'lCCKHN                                   o5pa30BaHHH npO'reKa,\ Ohl cOBepureHlIo 04HHaKOBO, Ho B
        ncpcxo40M K PblHOqlfOH 3KOHO~lHKe,                                                    KaJK;loi:r cTpaHe HMeNl Mecm m                    H;\H I1HOe C04eTaHlle t><ICP
              B   50AhlWlllCTBC            cAY'laCn   IlpCOOpa30BuHHil       CBJnaHbl    C    MaKpo3KOHONH'leCKOil cTaGHAIHaIJI1I1, MlflCpa,\H3aIJHll mp-
        l1epexo4oM 01' npcJKHdi, HC IIpHHecrueii YCllexa CTpaTcrHH                            nlBAI1       H        BIIYTpeHHem      phlHKa,    IIpoBe/lellHJl       11IICTHTYlJHO-
        pa:mHHIR K HOIlOil crpaTerHH, Hepc,lKo OHH OCYllJCCTBAJlKlTCJl                        na,\bIlhIX pecpopM, I1one"HHc 4na acnCKTa lIIL\JlKJTClI He~
        B YC\OBlIllX KpH:mca: no/! HM1JlHHeM 11IICWIHlX nOTpllccHHH,                          OTbeMAeMoi\ '!aCTblO cTpaTera'!eeKom nepexo/~a K IIOBblllle~
        KaK B ;\aTHHcKoii AMCPHKC II PC3YAhTaTe KpH3Hca 3aN);\-                               l!IilO CTClleHH MeJKiWllapo(1liOil HHl'erpalJl1H l1 cOKpaLJeHHlo
        JKCIIHOCTH H H AcppI1Ke K lory 01' Caxaphl none pC1Kom                                P(1\11 rocynapcTHa, Bce TpH 1l,,\HJlIOT Ha 1I0N)JKCHHe H:l phlllKe
        na,1eHHJl lJeH        lIa cLlpbellble mBapbI;            11,\I1 0611Jero Kpaxu        Tp)~~a, Mbl npoBoAHM p,13~\wme ~leJK/W '!eThlphMJl O(;lIJHMH
        I1peJKIIeA CHCTeMhl, KaK C;\Y'lIHOCh Il cTpaHax, r.Jte paHee                          Mo/,eJ\ilMH npe06pa3011aHl1fi II pa311LIX CTpallax; B Tafi~\H1Je
        npaKTI1KOBUNlCb              IJeHTp,UH:'lOBaHHOe         IIAuHHpOllaHl1e,      Ho     lS.!   IIOKa3allhl OCHOIlHhle 01',\11'11111 3THX MOileAet\ no Ka;Ki~oMy
        IlIrellllll1e nOTpilCCl!Iii1 :,a'l<lCTYIO npoem BhICBC'lHllaIOT np06~                 H3 Tpex aClIeKTOIl pe<jlOPMbl:
        ,\eMhl l!eCOCTOlITe\hIlOil CTpaTerHH pocTa, BCKphlBaroT BHYT-
        pelllll1C IIPOTI1BOpe'!l1ll cYIIJecTBYKlllJeii GlCTeMbL                               •   J1HgycTpuaAbHafl                nOCTCOlJUClvIUCTU'leCicafl               .ltugec1b,
              He'laHHCI1MO 01' npI1'lI1Hhl, IIpoBaA cTpaTerHI1 pa3BHTI1i1                            XapaKTepHa AAJI lIpOMhIlllAellHO pa3BHTLIX CTpa.1 1, r4e
        :1aCTUB,\ReT cTpalihl IIpe;1l1pHIUlMaTb pe(IJOPM]'!, HCK01UPblC                              palHc'C npaKTHKOllaAOCL lJellTpaAH30BaHlloe U,\allllpOlla-
        npar Ibl, lIar Ipl1MCp K, lpei\cKall Hapo,'l1o~ j{eMoKpaTI1'-fecK<H1                         HHe,      l3   3T\1X cTpaHax npeotlpa30llalll11! cOnpOllOJK;PIOTCJl

        Pecrry6M!Ka, IIPOTI1BJlTCJl pc(l)op~le 11 CTPCMJlTCll KaK MO)KIIO                         r:\yfiOKHMH HIICTI1TYIJHoHaAbHLIMIl pelpoprvtaMH, pe3KHM
        ;,OAhllJC IIPHilepJKHBaTbCiI cTapoii CrpaTerllH, IIp)Tl1e CTpa-                              cOKpallJcllHeM BBJ1, a TaKJKe :1Ha4HTeAhIlLIM llepepaCIIpe-
        ULI, TaKHe KaK HHrepHiI H BeHeCY3,\;'\, lIa KaKoe-ID BpcMH                                   ,1CAeIlHeM         TP};~OBbIX      pecypcoB     MeJK/W          pa3Ml'lHLIMH
        OKa3h1HaIOTCll HCCl!ocofiHbl~1l1 Bl,lopan, Ty I1AH HHylO CTpa-                               ceKTopaMH H fiX IlCpeMclIJclIHeM H3 roCY,lapcTBeHHoro R
        Tcrl1K), Ho BCC OOAblllee Ii 5CV\blllee 'lllCAO ('Tpall, 01'            IIoM,1ll11           '-faCTHblil CeKl\)p, nO'ITH          195    MMI patlOl'HHKOll R 3TI1X
        itO   ljI1MI,    cpaJY       1I01lI1MaJOT     Hco5x04HMOCTb         nepeMCH      H           crpaHax          IILIHYJK/1CHhI npHcnOCaOM11laThCJl              K   ye,\, )llflR~1
        Ha'lHHaIOT 5LICTPO IIPI1CllocaGMlIlaTbCJl K HOllblM peUAHHM,                                 nepeXO;lHom uepHo;,a,
        Ilepexo{151 HU HOBLI~i IlyTh pa:IBHTHlL KaK IIpaIlHN), TaKO[\                         •   AaTU'/ioa.'tepUKallC1<:afl _'lOge/!/), 4allHaR MO,~C'\L npeofi-
        IIcpexOi~   Cll1l3aH    c   rrOTp)]CeIlHIlMl1 11 1I0TelllJHaAbHO BblCOKHMH                pa'lORaHIIA xapaKTeplByeTCJI COqeTaHl1eM CTaOHAH:laIJI1H
        n:1,~epJKKaMH,       (l;1HaKO, Il C\Y'lae ycnexa OH rr03BClMleT RbmeCTH                      H 3HaqHl'eAhllOW MI5epa~\n:\alJI1H, OCOOCHHO R o6~ '.aen!
        3KOHOMHKY CTpaHLI Ha lIyTh YCKOpeHHoro 3KOIIOMH'leeKOm                                    1UproMH. I1peo5pa30HaHHJl COnpOHOJK;laIOTClI YMcpeH-
        POCTa,                                                                                    HblM nepepacnpc;,eAelll1eM TPY,-,OIlblX pCCypCOB 11 HeKom-
              bCHhlUOC pa:moofipa3He (l)aK'mpOll, 06YC\OIlMIHaIOIIJl1X                            pbl~1 COKpallJCHHCM BBO, 4allHa)! I'IO;1e,\L COOTlleTcmYCT
        lIeo5xC\!(HMOCTb lIepC:>I(~H, H pa3AWlHail HCX0411all cHTyalJHll II                       onblTY             OO\bllJI1HCTBa      CTpaH     ;\aTHHCKOH             AMe;lI!KH,
        CTpallax, CTaAKHllalOllJHXCIl C aH<J,\OrH'!llbIMH nOTpJICCIIH)]Nl1,                       <DHAllIlllHH H pil,~a CTpaH B,\HJKUero BocmKa H CCBE'PHOH
        3aTpY;1HJlIOT oooollJem1e TOro, KaK 3mT npOljCCC 1l0MHlICT Ha                             AtPPI1KH,            3TH   lIpe06pa30BaHH)!        3aTpOllYAH           npHrvlcpHO
        nONlJKelll1e pa60TIH1KOH 11 KaKHC TPCOYIOTCll Nepbl 3KOIlOMH'·                               I5S   M;\II Tpy,lJaIlJHXGI II 3TH X perHllllax,
        '-ferKOH nC\HTI1KH, 0411aKO onblT npoflI~\oro "eClITH,\CTHll                          •   /Vloqeltl CTpa'/i Aq.,PUKU Ie JOey OT Ca.Ya/lb(,                    B    CTp;lHax,
        llCIIO IIOKa'la,\, '1m YX};lurcnHe nCV\OJKeHHIl pa60TIIHKOB                5cv\ce         ,l;\ll KOTIJpblX XapaKTepHa ,1:lHHaJl MOAe\h npc05pa30Ba-
        OllJyTH~IO      Il   TOM      ~',,\Y'lac,   eC\H   Heofix0411Mble     pe<IJOpMbl             HHH, pe(jJopMc, KaK IIpalll1;\O, IIpe;,lIJeCTllycT MaKp03KOHO-
        3aTRrHllalOTCll HAH HC 401104JlTCR                 ,~o   KOlIlJa, 'ITO 1aAOI"()1\,1          !¥Hl4eCKHH cn;l4, Ca1\,!H npeo5pa3011allll1I conpOIlOJK;lJKlTOl
        ycneurlloru npOllei,enHll npe06pa,30BHHHii JlIlMleTOI Il031lpa-                           my60KoA I1cpeCTpoiiKoti IHlyrPH IIc60,\LlIIOrO COllpe:<1CH-
        IIJeliHe Ha nYTb YCIDH'!11ll0ro pOCTa 11 'l1U nO,\HTI1Ka IlpaBl1~                         Honl CeKTI)pa, a TaKJKe epallHHTC/\bHO HC3Ha'll1Te,\btlLIMH




114
        1!3MerIerIIUIMl1 B np0l131l04CTIle l! CeAbCKI1X paHOHaX lno            l1Me,\H   Menu          pe3Kl1e    KOAe6aHHJI    peaAbHOM        3apa60THoH
        npwll1rIe rIepa IIlI1TnCTI1 I1HqJpaCTpYKTYPbl 11 COXpaHerIl1Jl         n,\aTbl, npl14eM ee MHHllMa;\brIblfi ypoBerIh COCTaIlAJI;\ AIIWb
        rIeC03A31 lCI1POll3rIHlCTI1    3KOrIo:vm4eCKOH      nOAI1THKII).   K   30 npOIJeHrol1 01' MaKCHMaAI,Horo ypOBWI, TI) eCTh CrIHJKerIlJe
        nOCAe(ICTBI1JlM npe! >6pa30BaHI1H BhlrIYlK4eHbl npl1cfloca6-           pea,\bHOH 3apaOOTrIOll IlAaTbl 6blAO Ha~1Horo 60Aee :ma4H-
        ,\I1BaTbClJ npl1~lepHn   70   ~1J\H IYdOOTrIHKOB B crparIax 3TOro      TeAbllblM, 4eM CrIHlKeHHe BBIl (Ta6AI1I,la                 15.2).    Pea,\bHall
        perHoHa                                                                3apa60TrIaJl 1I,\aTa COKpa!lJ:l,\aCb, 1l0CKO\bKY pOC"]' I1HCP;\lII,lI1H
•       Moge,lb acpa/'Hbl.Y crpml         l\31<u. B CTparIaX C npel1My-        onepelKa;\ nOBblllleHl1e HOMUHa,\brIOH 3apa6oTrIOH rI,\aTbl.
        liJeCTlleilrIO CC'AbeKOX03JlHCTHerIIIOH 3KOHOMHKOH M04e;\b             O/lrIaKO BO flcex CTpaHax, YCllemHO OCY!lJeCTBHBlHI1X npe06-
        npe06pr 30BaH'IH OT;\114aeTOI YCTOH'UlBhIM POCTOM BBIl,                pa3011:lHI1J1, ypolleHb 3apa6oTrIofi 1l;\aTbl llHOllb nOlJblCI1ACli
        npoBC4elme!>!     oHp~'leAerIrIbIX    HHCTl1TYIJ110HaAbHhiX pe-        nocJ\e 3aMC4,leHHJI TeMIlOll HHCPAllIJHH II pe3YAbTaTe MaKpo-
        q>oPM, II co IIpeMerIeM 3Ha4I1Te.\brIbl:'-1 nOTeHI,lHaAhHhIM           3KOHOMH4eCKllX npe06pa30llaHHH, XOTil Il HeKOTIlpblX CTp31l3X
        paCnpe;JeAeHI!eM Tpy,~OBbIX peeypcoB. 4aHHoH MD4eAH                    OrI TaK 11 He ;10CTl1r ypOBHJl 3apa60TH0I1 IlAaTbl 40 IIPO-
        COOTlJeTcTByeT omiT BI>CTH3Ma, HH4HII 11 KHTaJl. B CTpa-               llE';leIlHlI pecpopM.    2tm lIMeAO Mecro, Il 4aCTHOC1'H, B bO\HI1HI1,
        Hax   A3HH      C arp.lpHoH 3KOrIOMHKOH          npOlKUBaeT    4YTh    rarIe 11 MeKcHKe. 3Ha4I1Te;\bHOe CHHJKeHUe pe:lAbrIofi 3apa-
        f)(v\bllle MIL\.\Uap,la pa60THUKOB, TO eCTh 60\ee (l,LIHOH             60THOH       fL\aTbl,    KaK   IIP:lBU;\O,   C~IJlr4aJ\O   Heo6xOAI1MOCTh
        -peTH B ::em CJMO,1eJlTeAbHoro HaCe;\eHI1J1 :--ll1pa.                  COKpa!lJerIUli    06rI,lero       4HCAa   pa604Hx     Me cr.     U   umTOMY
                                                                               6e3pa60TUlJa 11 3THX CTparIaX -              3a HCK;\lO'ferIHeM, nOlKaAYH,
B03AeMCTBMe pec:pOpM Ha PblHOK TPYAa                                           OOAHllHlI -      B Te'leHHe Ilceru neplfOila npe06pa30BaHI1i1 OCTa-
Ycnex upec>6pa3(lRaHllH H pecpopM, a TaKlKe I1X B03.-leHCTBHe                  lla,\aCb rIa    CpallrIHTe;\bHO rIH3KOM ypOBHe,             B    He6cv\bllloM
Ha ypOHellb lKl131!11 B ma4HTe;\bHOfi CTenerIl1 OnpE';leAlIKJTCli              'luc\e n'parI AaTHrICKOfi AMepl1KH H Arj,JPHKH K KlfY 01'
CI1TV3!JHeH H:l pblllKe TpY/la. t'lHrIaMHKa H3~lerIe!mll pe:l.\brIOM           Caxapbl KQ,\e6aIiI1J1       YfXJllHJI peaAMloti 3apa6ufrIofi n;\aThl
3:lpa6oTr!ol! !l,\aThl !lpY! na4eHfIH cnpoca Ha TP\\,!OBhle pe-                ObV\11 MeHee pe3KHMl!; TaK, B qHAl! CHHlKerIl1e 3apa60THot'!
CypCb! l! 3KOrIOMl1Ke CTpaH!,! H IJe,\OM, B C04eTaHl1l1 C BmMOlK-              !LlaTh! 6blNJ CMllf4erIO c nOMOllJblO TaKllX IlrICTllTYIJHOIIaAb-
HOCTlIMH DU rrel'epacnpe,lle;\erIIUO TP}40BhIX pecypcoH 11.3                   HhlX ~leXarIIl3MOB, KaK l1rI4eKCal}HJI 3apaOOTrI0l1 !L\aTbI B 3aSH-
pe3KO COKpclllJalOUJHXCli ceKTOpoB 3KOI!OMHKH H ;lpyme ceK-                    CI1MOCTH OT ypOllrIJI I,lerI, 'ITO npaB/la, npl1lleAO K HaMHom
'mph!, H 3H<;'lI1Te,'hrIoi! creneHH OllPC4C;\lllOT ypnHeHb {haro-              60,\ee BhlCOKOMY ypOBHlO 6e3pa6oTHI,lbl.
COCIDllrIl1J1 0a60nmKOB rIa rrpOTJlJKeHHH llepexo;lHoro rrepHO-                    CTparIbl, r',ije paHee IlpaKTllKOBa;\OCb I,leHTpaA1130BarIHOe
4a. Pa3,\114I1b!e ~IO,le \H COKpaUJeHHll '1HCAa pa604Hx MeeT,                  TI.,\aHl1poBallue, WJlK!lO pa3.leAUT!. Ha (IHe rpyrmh!, II Kmu-
CHHlKeHllJl .)eaAb!lofi :lapaOOTIlOH n;\aTLI U llOllblUleHlfli ypOH-           pblX   4eTKO      rIpOCAelKHB:lIOTCli        ,1Be   MO/le,\U     >13MeHe1lHlI
HJI 6e:lpa6uTHIJhl COHepUleHHO nO-pa3rIOMY B03AeikTBYIOT Ha                    3apa6oTllOH nJ\aTbi H ypOBHJI 3:lHlITOCTH.                 4.11I KHTali H
pacnpe;leA<.:rIHe .IOXO,\OB H 6.\arocoCTOJlHl1e HJCe,\erIHJI.                  BheTHaMa, KOTOPbl:'>1 Y4aAOCh 06eCne4[tTb nepeX04 K PhIrIKY,
                                                                               H'I6elKal1 :'>laKp03KOHOMH'leCKoro cna,lla, xapaKTeprIbl cpall-
Pe{HhHaJilUpa(ioTltaJi nAaru U 6e3pa6orU<Ja                                    nHTCAbrIO ycmH'lHBblH POCT peaAbHofi 3apa60TrIOHlI"13Thl 11
B (iO·\bllll1llCTHe c,\)"!aell npeo6pa30BarIl1J1 CBJl3aHhi C rra;le-           lle31la4UTeAbrIblH ypOBerIb 6e3pa60TUIJbl. C                    4pyrofi CTO-
HHe~l     coBoKymJoro enpnea H:l TPiADs],le peeypcbI B pe3ji;\b-               POllhl, TaKl1e HpOMbltUAellrIO pa3BUTLle CTparIbl C nOCT-
TaTe      ~13KPl3KOH()MH4ecKoro        cna,lla H IlpOlle4elll111 IJHCTI1TY-    COIJl1aAl1CTl14CCKOH 3KOHOMHKOH, KaK AaTllHJl, 1l0/lblIla U
I,lH(JHa,\bHHX pe(pop~l. 0PHCIlOc06,\erIHe K TaKoMY Ua;leHHlo                  POCCHll, CTOAKHy,\l1Cb C pe3KIl~1             COKpaUJemieM pea.\bHOM
cnpoca rIa Tpv40Bbie pecypcbI, KaK np:lB!1}\O, Tpe6YeT CrIl1lKe-               3apa60TrIOH HAaTbl Il c04eTallHH C lla,llCHl1eM 3arIJlTOCTl1
HlIll    pea.\J,rI0I1   3apafJOTHoH     Ili\aTbl.   Bo   MIlOrl1X   cTpaHax    (Ta6AHIJ:l   15.3).     B Iimhllle COKpa!lJeHue 3:lpa60THoM n;\aTbl
j\anmcKoll AMCPHKI! H ACPPI1KI1 K KWy 01' Caxapbl, npOlllE';l-                 61,1;\0 rIe ('!'OAb 3rI:l4I1TC,\bHhIM, HO ypOBeHb 6e3pa6oTHlJbl
llIUX 4epel C;\On:IiYKI M:lKpmKOHOMU'IecKYK) KOppeKTl1pOHKY,                   1l0BbICl1ACJl !leCbMa pe3KO, B TO Bpe!'UI K:lK !l fbceHH I1a4erIHe




                                                                                                                                                                 115
                                                                           OTiiOCU'CCAbHblii yp08CHb 3apa6oTH()f'j I//W,'bl U
      peaAbHOM   3apa6oTHOfi    fIAaTbl   OblAO   60Aee   OIlJyTHMbIM,
      04HaKO   OTKpbrraii   6e3paOOHlIJa    OCTaBaAaCb    Ha   fIIBKO:V1   ncpcpacnpcgcAcHIlC TPyg08blX peC)'jJC08

      ypoBHe. 3TH pa3AWIHJI oTpalKalOT KaK 1l03/leI1CTBHe HHCTH-           AlO6hle Ilpeo6pU30Balll1JI fIpe,lfI(1\araIOT fIepepacnpe..leAe-
      TYIJHoHa,\bHbIX cj)aK1DpOIl, TaKHX KaK pa3Mep lIoc06ml 110           HHe TPY.-jOIlblX pecypCOll C Y'laCTKOll, OKa3JIllllHXCii HelKH3lle-
      6e3paOOTHlJe, YaK 11 IIpe/lIIO'lTem1J1 qmpM 11 pa60THHKOB fIPI1      cfIoco6HblMl1, B IlJfIpa&\ellHI1 Tex ceKTOpOll H BH/IOB (leJITCAb-
      Bhl60pe MelK4Y COKpallJeHHeM 'lHCAa :>aHJlThIX H CHIIlKeHl1eM        BOCTH, KOTopble xapUKTepl-BYIOTCii licnee IlhlCOKoti IlPOH:lOO-
      TpY,l03aTpaT Ha O;1flOrO pa60THHKa.                                  /lI1Te,,\hHOCThIO TPY/la. BalKllblM 3/1eCl, OKa3blBaeTC>! lie IHMe-




116
HeHlie 0611Jel'O ypOllllll 3apa6oTHOM U,\aTbl, a TO, MO)l(CT AH                   nux     []OCTCOl.lHaAHCTH'leCKHX       CTp3Hax    BeCbM3 3Ha'lHTeAb-
PbIHOK Tp'j4a npmlAC% Tp)/lOBhIe pecypChi B Te ceKTOpbI 3KO-                      HblMH MOryT UblTb H3MeHeHHil OOOHX 3ruX                    nOKa3aTC/\ei\
HOMI1KH, rile CYUJCCTBYCT llblCOKHM CllpOC Ha HI1X, PbIHOK                        (PI1CYHOK       15.1)
TPY/la RblIlOAHlIeT 3TY (rpIKI)lilO, B OCHOBHOM, nOCpe.4CTBOM                         B    60,\blllI1HCTBC npOBO.~IIUJHX pe¢OPMbl ('rpaH Ha6/\IO-
11:IMeHel!l1l1 OTHOCI1Tc/\bHOrO YPOHHlI 3apa60THoi\ [HaThl, npl1-                 !laK)TClI    ]Ha'lI1Te~\hHbIC   H3MeHCHlill arHOCH'fehbljOl'O ypOllHlI
'IeM H paCTYllJI1X cCKTopax 3KOHOMHKH 3apa6oTHail n,\aTa                          3apaooruoi\ IIAaTbl.       B [aile 3TOT   nOKa3aTe/\b B03pOC II 060liX
[JOBLIllJaeTClI IlO cpaBHcHHIO C 3apaOOTHOM llAaTOM II cOKpa-                     ceKlOpax, Ha pa3BHTHe KOTOPbIX 6bl/\a Haqe;\eH3 IIporpaMMa
lqaKlllJHXCl1 ceKTOpax, BpeMeHHoe YBcMi'leHHe pa3,\I1'IHf\ fl                     pecpopM: B ceAbCKOM X03l1iic1'lle H Il 4ofib1ll31OIqciI lIf'lClMbllH-
3apa60THOH IHaTC nofiY)I(;1aeT pauOTHHKOB llCPCXO;1I1TL C                         ",eHHOCTlI. B MeKcHKe pa3,\H'UlIl Il ypOBHC 3apafJOTHoHIIAaTbl
He)l(H3HeCnO'~OOIlLIX Y'JaCTKOO Ha HOBbie pa60'IHe Mecra B                        MelK4Y ceKTOpaMH CHa'laAa YMeHbIllHAI1Cb, a 3aTeM B03POC,\H,
paCTYllJHX CCKTopax,          qeM 6hlCTpee npOHCXO/lHT lIepeTOK                   llpl1'leM B palBl1llalOllJHXClI, opHeHTHpOllallHblX Ha 3KcnopT
TpY40llblX pecypCOH fl [Xl.CTYllJHe ceKTophl, TeM UblCTpee 6Y,leT                 OTpaCAlIX, TaKHX K3K npoH3Bo/lCTlIO TpaHClIOpTHOl'O o6opY-

IlpOXO/ll1Tb 'ICOOX<J!lHMall llcpeCTpOHKa CTPYKTYPbl npom-                        !lOB3HHlI, 3apaOOTH311 fl,\3m B3pOC,\a no cpallHeHHK) C COKpa-
BO/ICTHa B 3t:OHOMIiKe (,TpaHM, ECAH )l(C IIcpcpaCnpC4C,\CHHe                     ll.lalOllJHMHClI CeK'TOpaMH, 0pl1eHTHpOBaHHbll\m Ha 3aMellJeHHe
TpY!lOllblX PCCypC{)B H, leT M('4AeHHO                  H3-3a 1Ul'O, 'ITO He      I1MnopTa, B        QH,\11 3apa60THall IIAaTa B eXlpa6aTblB31Olljei\
MeHlIeTClI    OTIIOCllTeAMlblfi         ypOBeHL    3apa60Tliofi      llAaTbl,     npOMhllll;\CHHOCTH         H03POC\3    no   cpaBHCHHIO     co   CPC;lHI1M
CMIUIKOM BHCOKI1 K'¥WP)l(KI1 llCpeCTPOHKH 11,\11 llOTOMY, "ITO                    ypOSHel\1 3apaooTHoii nAaTbl, npH'leM H H caMoii oopaGa-
CTap,,!e Y'laCTKH (:TaHOBIITGI HelKH3HeCnOC(XlHLIMI1 ellJe ;10                    TblBaJOllJefi npOMbIlJL\eHHOCTI1 pa3;\H'l1111 B 3apafJOTHofi rIAaTe
CO:'¥VlHHlI HCllblX ~HGO'll1X MeCT -          3KOHOMl1K3 CTpaHN MO)l(eT           l103POCAH B 3aBHCHMOCTI1 01' OTpaCAI1 11 ypoBHlI KBaAH¢!i-
C1'CV\KHYTbCJI C 6tl\ee 3Ha'll1TeALHblM BpeMeHHblM CHHlKeHHeM                     KaIJHI1. CYllJCCTBeHHble H3MCHeHl1l1 OTHOCHTeAhllblX ypoBHefi
'UlC,\a   3aH!ITbIX    H    l:apa,\AeAbHbIM       nOllbllTICHHCM     ypOIlHlI     'lapa60THofi I1AaTbl lIllHO flPOC;\ClKHllaIOTClI Il B npOMblllJAellHO
6e3pa60Tl1ljbI.                                                                   pa3BHTbiX         Il0cTcoqHaAHCTI1'IeCKI1X     CTpallaX,    YCIl,\HAliCb

    11BVMlI r OKa3areAII\1H B03/1eiicTB1111 Ha TPY,'I:OllbJe peCYPCbJ             pa:l;\H'lftll B 3apa6oTHoii flAaTe MClK/IY ceKTopa!'m 3KOHOMHKH
lIB,\lIIOTCil (6uJee H3l\leHellHe CTeIIelUf OTKPblTOCru 3KOHO-                    B qCXHH H CAoBaKIlH; allaNJrH'IBall TeH;lellqHlI 6blAa OTMC-
",IHKIl CTpaE bl CIl/,lI CTpaH C        IJeHTp~\H30flaHHbIM IIAaHl1pOBa-          'feHa H B DOArapnH,
Hl1eM         CTKPhl10CTlJ Il Ccpepe TOpl'OllAI1 co CTpaHaMIf C                       CTpYKTypa 3aIllITOCm, KaK npam1,\0, MeHlleTclI napaAk
PbIHO'lHOil    3KOH(lMUKOil)        U   nOBbIllleIU1C    !lOAH   3aHlITblX   II   eAblfO      H3MCHeIiI1JO   OTHOCHTej\bHbIX     ypoBHeii    3apa6oTHoM
'laCTHOI'I ct'Kl'OPC', 4,\1I pa,IlHBalOlIJI1XClI C'rpaH, me 3KOHO-                n,\aTbl,    B   nUO\HlmH. KOT-;l'l1flyap 11 [aBe B pe3Y;\bTaTe 113!\1e-

MHK;l ),)I(e fVKDBG ICTB\CTCII PbIHO'lHbIMH npHHl.ll1naMI1, GOAee                 HeHHlI OTHOCHTe\bllbIX ypOBHefi lJeH 11 3apa60TlIofi 1I.\aTbl
HalK-(oe 3!l,P'leHHt', KaK npe4CTaBAlICTClI, HMCCT yneAI1'lCHUC                   Ha6AlO!la,\OCb B03spallJeHI1C TPYtIOllbIX pecypcoll B Ce,\bC)(Oe
OTKPhlTOCTJI    :~KOIIOl\IHI;!l;   Il HeKOTopblX npOMbllllAeHHO pa3BH-            X03l1iiCTfl(),   B KOCTa-PftKe    1l03POC;\0 '1HC,\O 3alll1TblX B OTpac-




                                                                                                                                                              117
      ~\JlX, IlpOHJIlO.'lJ1I]JHX 2>KCnOpTHpyeMble TIJflapbL A B '1exml II              Caxapbl IlpOO,\eMa HepaIJIIOllaAbHoro pacnpe(leAeHIl~ TPY<10-
      C\OBaKllH, I10Abwe H Poceml I1l'1eAO Mec1'O IlepeMellJeHHe                       IlblX peCypCOH 6hL\a He TaKOH OCTpoi!, HO 06'beM IIPOU::\-
      TPW10llbiX peeypcoB H3 npoMbllIlAeHHocTH B c<pepy yc;\yr. a H3                   H04CTHa H KpaTKOCp()'IHOM lL\aHe OTM1'1a,\CJI B!lAbIM                       p"C'ro~t    Il
      rocY/lapcTBeHHoro CeK'fDpa -           B '.JaCTHblM:, TaK, mmpHMep, II           YC/\OBl1ilX        nepa'lBI111:ltt   l1H<ppaCTpYKTYPbl             H     OTe) TCTBlUl
      RlCCHH IlOAJI 3aHJlTbIX B rocYAapcTHeHHoM ceK'rope CHH3H;\aCb                    IlIlCTllTYI]l1<lHa,\bHOM n04,leplKKI1, a TaKlKe 113-3a COXpaHelll1il
      npH6.AH311re~\bHO C 83 npoyeH1'Oll 11 1990 ro4Y /10                67     npo-   allTl1arpapHoro yK,\OUa B 3KOH0:-1I1'1eCKo(1 nOAIiTllKe,
      yenTIlll II 1993 roily,
                                                                                       Ponb 3KOHOMM'teCKOM nOnMTr.1KM
      OrpaH ...·teHMA, o6ycnoBneHHbie MCXOAHblMM                                       Bbl60p Mep :~KoHOMIi'leCKOM: nmHTl1KI1 11 O'lepC;lHocTb llX
      ycnoBMAMM                                                                        oCYllJecTIlAeHl1il TaKlKe ~loryT OKa3aTb 6o,\blllOe il,\WIHllC Ila
      !v1aclllTa6bl    II Te:vlnbl   pe¢Opl'l Il :lHa'lHTe;\bHOI1        CTeueUH       TeMflbI Ilpeoopa30BallHl1 H ypolleHb 6,\aJUCOC1'OilHIi!l pa60T-
      3allHCJlT OT l1CXO;lHbIX YC\OBHM:, TaK, uanpHMep, Ila Tel'lnbl                   HI1KOll,    OCHoBHail          3a"a'la     3KOHOMH'IecKOti         1I0AIlTHKH       npl!
      eOKpallJeUHl! '1HCAeHUOCTH pa60'lHX MeCT MOlKUO H034ei1:-                        ynpaB,\eHHH CrpYKTYPHOI1 pe¢Op)lol1 3aKAKl'laeTCJI B Ilepe-
      CTHOHaTb TOAbKO H TOM CAY'Iae, eC\11 3allJHLIJeUHbIH II npo-                     MeUJelUUl pa60THllKOB C HelK1l3Hecnoc06HbiX Y'IaCTKOB Ha
      IJJ;\OM eeKTOp llelle,\HK no cpaBHeHI1IO C OCTaAbHOM: '1aCThKl                   HOllble pa6o'll1e MeCTa TaKllM 06pa30~1, '11'06hl He nOllhlmaTb
      3KOHOMl1KH CTpaHbL AHa,\OrH'IHbI~l 06pa30M, [[OCTeneHHblM:                       IIpH   3TO~!       KpaTKOCpOQllblX H3AeplKeK, CHil3aHHblX C npolle-
      nO/!X04 K pe¢opMe ,\er'le npH~lCHI1Tb Il YCAOllWIX H3Ha-                         ;lCHl1e~1 npt'06pa30BaHI1H:. npll Ilblpa60TKe 3KOHO~lW{eCKOii
      '1aAblloro MaKp03KOHOMl1'1eCKoro paBHOBeCI1J1, 'Ie'.! B 3KOHO-                   l!(y\IlTIIKH cAe,lyeT paCOIOTpeTb Pil,l acneK1'OB,
      l'lIIKe, CTpa,aaKlllJel1 01' IlbICOKOI'O ypoHHJI 11H¢AJllJlm I1M1                    I1pelK/le neero, nylKllo npllHllTb pelllelll1e 0 m~l,                      ;:o2ga
      HeXllaTKI1 IIH0CTpaHHOH BaAKlTbL ltaHHoe nQ\OlKelme t«10lKHO                     lIa'lUIIU,b npeU6pU30f3aNUf!, MHOr,la AonYCTllMa HeKOTOpaH
      npol1AAKlcrpHpOBaTh Ha nplll'!epe KI1TaJl 11 PoCCI1H, B KI1Tae                   rn6KOCTb: B fIepy 3KOHOMWleCKail pe¢Op)\'ta Mo!',\a Ha'laTbCJI H
      6bl.\ 1136paH n04XOil K pe¢opMe no ,1BYM HaHpaR\CHI1J1M: 6bL\                    CepC;1>fHe         80-x    ro;IOH,   flO    6bl;\0   Ilpl1HilTO        pell1eHl1e      ee
      coxpaHeH roCWWPCTBeHHbIH KOHTIXlAb             liM     C)'llJecTHYKlIIJIlMIl     OT/\OlKllTb, 'ITO npI1Be/\O K         orpor-IHLI~1      H3/1eplKKaM, CBil3anllbll'1
      npC4npllJlTllilMIl II Il 'ro lKe Bpet«lil pa3pelllelI POCT HOBOro                c nOBbIlIleHI1eM ypOllllJl 6e,IHOCTH. O;lHaKO, KaK npaBlL\O, K
      HeroCY4apCTBeHHoro ceKTOpa, liaXO/lJlllJeroCJI, H IJe,\OM, 3a                    pe¢OpM<IM C,\C;WeT npHC1')'1I3Th, KaK 'roAhKO nOillllHCH Ilepa B
      pa:'lKaMll ruCYAapCTBeIlHOro KOHTPCI\JI, TaKaJl CTpaTefllJl OKa-                 pell1HMOCTh npamITe,\bCTBa npoBO/tl1Tb naJVle'leHHYIO 11(1\11-
      3x\aCb B03MOlKIi0I1, nOTOMY '1m Ha lie3(IlQJeKTJilllllblH roC'f,lap-             TI1KY, EC,\H lKe ;lolKllflaThCiI :1KOHO~!!1'1eCKoro Kpaxa, Hbl60p
      CTBeIlHblH: CeKTI)p npJilXO;lJilAaCh CpaB!lJilTc,,\bHO He6CI\l>lI1all            a,\hTepHaTlm CYlKaeTCJI, II llepeXO,lHblii neplIOA MOlKeT OKa-
      40i\JI 3KCHO)\,1l1Kll CTpaHbL     M nOCKmbKy        B KHTae HeopraHll-           JaTbCll 6mee flCI\e3HeHHbIM, C APyrOM: cmpOHbl, peq,opMa,
      30BaHHbili Ce,\bCKOX03J111CTBellliblM: ceK'mp 6bl,\ rupa3,10 OCI\ee              Ua'laTail flO TIlro, KaK IIpaBl1Te,\bCTHY Y/laCTCJI 3apYYllThCJl
      06WHPlibIM, '1eM Il 6mee HH;WCTpHa~\bHol1 POCCHJil (pHCYHOK                      ?I011epl1eM        H   :lalloeHaTb       ,HlTIlpHTeT,     ~IOlKeT      IlpllBeC I'll    K
      15.2),   npo6,\eMa HepalJHoHaAblloro paCllpe,leAeHllJl peCYPCOB                  06paTHbIM pe3YM>TaTaM 11 HOBpe/,llTb IIpe06pa.l0BaHl1l1M II
      ObL\a B KUTae MeHee OCTpOH.                                                      lJe,\OM,    3To     l'IOlKeT ll~teTh Kpal1He OTpl1lJa1'e\bHhle nUC\e4-
           TaKHe pa3,\ll'1l1il l\ HCXO;~libIX YCAOBUJlX OrpaUll'lHllalOT               CTBHil     ,~\ll   3KOHOl'm'leCKoro pOCTa, 0             'Ie~1   CRHtleTeAhcTByeT
      KmH'IeCTBO a.~hTepHaTHIl npll Ilblpa60TKe nyTIl npe06pa30-                       OTlblT KOT- 4l11lyap B 80-e rotlh],
      naHlf.H II cTpaTenm, 3Ha'lnTeAbHhIM: nOTeHlJl1a,\ ceAbcKoro                          BO-WfOPbIX, He06xo,IHMO 01lp(4eM1Tb                          re,l(llbl pe(/>op,l(.
      npOIl3HO/lCTBa B KHTJe II03BC1\Il,\ 4aTb MOllJHblH Ha'laAbHbl11                  ltn\lKfla ;\ll pe(pop~ta 6UTh 1l03TannOM: 11 conpOBOlK;laTbCil
      TOA'IOK 3KOHOMH'IeCKOMY POCTY II C03,1afIllKl pa6o'lllx MeeT B                   nOCTeneHHOM:           ,\llKHH,1aIJl1ei'!    tR~lK!13l1eCnoc06HbIX          pa60'lHX
      HeroCY4apCTBeHHOM ceKlnpe, a TaKlKe 4aA IIpaJlIlTe;\bCTBY                        MeeT? MAll lKe ec C;\eAyeT l1POIlO,ll1Tb 6blCTPO, t13lKe eCAI1 3TO
      Il03MOlKHOCTb       1I0crenelIHoii peopraHH3alJl1H He:;ql<PeKTnB-                Cllil.,aHO C onaCHOCThK) pe3KOro CHl1lKeHI1J1 06nJero YPOHHil
      HblX roCY/lapCTBeHHbIX npe/lT1pHHTHM:, B OTMl'me 01' KHTal!,                     :;aHlITOCTll H3 neplloM 3TaHe' C l'O'IKll 3peHllJl Tpy,tHI]J HXCJI,
      CTpaHbl iJe!lTpa,\bHol1 H BOCro'lHOH EBponbl t1 6hlBII1ero                       H/lCa,\bHOH npeflcTaHMleTcJI 1l0creneHHaJi M1KIll1ilalJl1J1 CTa-
      CCCP, He H~leBII1He TaKaro !IPOH3BOACTlleHHoro 1I0Tt'HIJHaAa,                    pbIX paOO'lllX Mt'eT 110 Mepe cm/lallllJl HOBhIX,                   3To Il03BOAileT
      He     NOrAH    OTKAa,lbmaTb      pe¢opMbl     11    6bl,\11   BbJHYlK/leHhI     CBecTH K MvlHHMYMY CHlllKelme 061IJero CIlpoca Ha TPY/loBble
      IIPHCTYIIHTh K npeo6pa30BaHllKl roCY4apCTHeHHoro ceKTOpa 11                      pecypcbL TaKall CTpaTerl1J1 ObL\a I1CIIOAb30BaHa B KI1Tae II
      nOHTH Ha COKpaIlJeHt1e pa60'lIlX MeCT II He",!,                B   Ka'leCTlle    MH;lIlI1, r,1e 6bl,\0 UpllHJlTO pemeHlle o6ecne'lHTb 3allJI1TY
      06IIJeru nCI\OlKeHt1J1 MOlKHO YTBeplK;laTb, '1m nepBOHa'la~\b­                   HelKl1:mecnoco6HblX pa6o'lllx MeCT 11 TeM caMblM 1i36e;K;JTb
      Hble     yC\oBHJI   HIlMIKlTCJI   flCI\ee   Q\aronpt1J1THbIMIl       II    rex   cOIJllaAbHblx 11 nQ\IlTll'leCKllX np06AeM, HeCMOTpJl Ha He06-
      CTpaH3X, rile CYIlJeCTB}'eT BblCOKaJl Mo6H,,\bHOCTb TPJ~13 H                     XOilHMOCTb pellleHlll! B ila~\bHeHtl1eM npotheMb! He3ql<PeI:Tltll-
      KamlTx\a H rIle eCTb lKll3Hecnoc06Hble CeK'ropbl 3KOlIOMI1Kt1 C                  HOnl1 3auJIlllJellHoro ceKTOpa, Ho IJ 6O,\bllllllICTBe C rpaH
      XOpoll1t1Ml1 I10TeHIJ!1x\bHbIMH 1l03MOlKHOCTlIMH Il,\JI YBeM1-                   T3K0l1     1I0cTelleHllhlH        1I0;lXO!1,   KaK   lIpaIlK\O,        HeBC11MClKt'H,
      '1eUHil 06'beMa np0I13B04CTBa, B CTpaHax c pa3BHThlM O¢I1-                       LiallJe Bcero oCYllJecTIJ.,\elllle pecpopM Ha'lllllaeTCJI B pa3rap
      IJllx\bHO   pe!'I1CTpl1pye~lbIM   ceKTOpo:'1 11 YMepeHHblM ypOBueM               MaKpo3KOHOMl1'1eCKOlU Kp1l3HGl, Il YCIIOBHllX YCKopeflllJl 1'eM-
      cOlJlla,\bHOM 3aUJI1TbT He Tpe60na.AOCb C1'OAb pa/lllKa;\blloro                  nOH IlHqnJllJllll H HeycmM:'1I1HOro ,~e¢I1IJllTa no c'IeTY TeKY-
      nepepaCllpe,~e,\eHlll!    TPY40BblX peCypCOB MelK4Y            CeK11:lpa~1l1,    IlJllX onepaIJHl'!,       13   TaKHX YCAOBlIilX e/lIlHCTneHnhI~l H03MOlK-
      KaK B CTpaHax, file paHee npaKTHKOHaAOCb lJen-rpaM!30HaHHOe                      HblM pell1eHlleM ilIL\JlCTCil 04HoBpeMeHHoe l1pOBeileHHe Mep
      nAaHl1pOBamle.       Bo MHorllX CTp3Hax             A¢Pl1KH     K Klry     01'   HO cTa611~\H3aIJHH 11 MI6epaMB;IIJIlIl. 13blCTIXJH CTa6IlAll:la-




118
IJI1I1 MO)f(flO il0611TbCll 10AbKO npl1 naAll'll1l1 Bepbl Il :lamneHI1J1
npaHllTe,\bCTlla 0 ero naMepefll111 3aHJlTb lKeCTKYIO nml1lJl1K) Il
OTflOIllefll111      I1HQ),\lIIJI1I1.     KaK     npalll1N),   A.'lI     YKpen.\eHl1l1
N)Bepl1l1 K HaMepefll1l1M npalll1TeAbCTBa Heo6xOAI1MLI palll1-
K~l.\bHble Mepbl IIO llpeCe'lemHO I1H(PAlll,Jl1l1.                '1m        j.JCKAKl'IaeT
B03:'>IOlKHOCTL IlOC'!'e!leHHoro IlO,1xO,1a. '1eM 60Aee )f(eCTKI1M 11
llceo6'beMAIOIlJ11M              5Yi1eT    !laKeT    pecpopM,     l'eM        6(1\bIllI1M
1I0nepl1eM 6y.wT nn\b30BaTbClI HaMepelll1ll npaBI1TeJ\bCTlla 11
TeM CKopee 113MeHiiTClI t )lK11AaHl1l1 11 nOBClleHl1e Hace.';eHHll.
     TpeT1I11 amen pa.lpa60TKI1 3KOHOMI1'leCK0I1 !I0AIITl1Kl1
KacaeTClI      onpege.,M'HUJI             O'lepegHOCT'U peg50Pf'l.               BalKHbl11
ypOK MOlKn() 113MC'!b K3K [B fle)'ll3IlUl11 XClI, Tat; 11 113 YClIew-
flblX 1l0llbl1OK oC)'llJeCTMeHl1i1 pecpopMbl II CTpaflax AcpPI1KU
K IOrv 01' CaxapLI 11 B c'TpaHax ;\aT11IlCK0I1 AMepUKU. OnMT
31'11X lIpan CflU,1eTe,\bCTIlYeT 0 roM, 'ITO B XOlle llpe06pa30-
llalll1l1   npaBUTeAb.:TI!y           C\CIlyeT      npl1HUMaTb         flO    IlUI1Mafl11e
l13al1~KJ:laBl1(    I1MOCTh        P;L1AWlHbIX      PhlHKOll 11    HeOAI111aKOBble
TeMIl]'l IlPOlICXOAJIl!J11X ua UI1X nepeMeH. Pe(jJopMY ueAb:lll
Orpam1'lUBaTb Al1l1lb phlUKaMU 1OBapOB 11 KaIII1TaAa, fl oc06eu-
HOCTI11101OfIY, 'I1U ua pbfHKe TpYAa CTpYKTypUhle 113Meflefll1ll
1I0'lTU Ilcer;u llpmlCxo,lilT MeAAelmee, 'IeM fla pblHKax TOBa-
POB If Kalll1T .LAa. P'xIJOpMa pbltlKa TpYtla HepeAKo lIBAlIeTClI TeM
HCilOCTUK)UJIlM HHrpe/lHeHTC);I1, OTCYTcTBHe KOToporo MOlKeT
3aTp)i1HUTb BeCb npolJecc Il IJeAO;\1. nocKoAbKY H YC\Olll1l1X
He3uBcpmeflHblx              npeo6pa30BuHI1l1           3aMe,1,\eHHall           peaKlJl1ll
pblHKa TpYA;] rpo 1111' II04BeprHYTI, 3KOHOMHKY 1l000"el1CTBUKJ
pa:''''I1'IHbIX nOTpllCeHp.iI. 3TO MOlKHO npouJ\,\IOCTpupollaTb Ha
npH"lepe Kpaxa 'I11AHIlCKoi1 nporpaMMbl B 1982 roily:                             K   1980
roil} B Q,1AH 6bt' H AJl5epa,\1130Ilaflbl HHCIJIlfHH 11 (j:nmaHCO-
Ilhll1 phlHKH OIlI1aKO H:l pblllKe TpYlla pecpopMa 6bl,\a ocyu)e-
CTlll,ella .\IIWb 'laCTH'lHO, C                 n(1~HhI:>1   coxpaHeHueM Mexa-
HU3t;oJOll uH(leKcalJuu 3apa6oTlI0l1 lIAaTbl. HeOJKHilaHHoe Ylle-
Al1'leUHe IlPU1OKJ. KanUTa,\a B 1979-81 ro4ax npHIleAO K
'lpelMepH<NY nOllblUlCHHIO KYIJCa neco, K01Opoe ycyry6'\Il-
AOCI> UH4Ct.cal,Jm:i.J 3apa60THoH lIAaTbl Ha OCHOBe npOIJIAblX
TeMIIOR 11f1(:j:lA5JlJI!I1.       I ipm!30111AO      MAhHei.Jmee 1l0BblWeHI1e
KYIKa nee<      I    II pe~\bHOM BblpaJKefluH. B                1982 roilY KYPC
llaAIOTbl pe:1KO ynaA, 1I0llH3HIlIllUCb BCCro 3a O,lHH roA. nOYTH
Ha   90     IIpOIJeHTOR; OfYbeM npOU31l0/lCTBa COKpaTHACJ! Ha                           14
npOlJemOIl a YP'JBCllb 6e3pa6onuJbl Il03POC 40 O;lHOH 'leT-
neprol1 Bccii pa6, )"leti CHAbl.
     '1e1'Bep n.IM K '\J()"lL:llbIM 3,\eMeHTOM 3KoHo'>II1"leCKoil: no,\u-                     IIpl1Be.\a K :ilKOHo>,IUyeCKOMY 3a(,1010 U CHl1lKeflUIO BBIl Ha
TUKI1, 0     BHlKHOCTU ROTOfXlfU CIlH4eTe,\bcTBYeT onblT 1982                                 Ayllly Hace,\eHUll H Te'IeHUe IlO'lTH Ilcero AeCllTU~\eTI1JL B
ro.1a II    '1y AU,     llllAlleTCJI onpege.IU?HUe ypCJ(.lHJI pea.,uJ1JOcO                    OTAwme 01' 3TOro, B IllHe ,\116epa;\U3aIJI111 HeOAHOKpaTHO
06NeHHOc')          7<:Y!J<:a.   3Ha"lUTe]l.bflOe 'lpe3>lepuoe nOBhlI11ellUe                  cOlIlXlflOlK,1aAaCb 3Ha'lI1TeAbH0I1 AeHa ..\bBal,Jl1eil Celli', a TaKlKe
peaAbHoro KYPCI Ba,\K)Tbl cTpaHbl MOlKeT OKa3aTb cepbe3Hoe                                    KOppeKTl1pOBKoil: MaKlX)3KOllOMl1'lecKoi.J IIG\UTI1KI1, HallpaB-
()'rpUl)aTeN,HOe B03,leiicTllue Ha OTpaC\I1, IlpmBBoAlIl!Jl1e                                 AeUHoii Iia CHI1JKelil1e '!'eMIlOII I1f1(tJ,\lll,JHH. ::rID IIpHBe,\O K
flHE'lllHeTOproBble nlHapbl, a TaKJKe 3aMCIlAUTb IBMeHeH11e                                   CHI1JKeHI1K)   peaAbHoro      06~leHHOI'O    Kypca,    'ITO   1I1ll1AOCb
061>CMa 3K ..·nopT'[ H C03AaUl1e HOBblX pa60'Il1x Men B KOHe'l-                               lla)f(HblM cnlMY,\OM pOCTa 3KCllopTa 11 II03BG\U,\O CMJlPU1Th
HOM C'leTt. 'lpelMepHoe nOBhlllleHl1e pea.\bHOTD 06MCHHOro                                    1I0CACi1CTIlI1J1 YMeHblIlelll1J1 CTerreHI1 3allJI111JeUUOCTU CeKnJpa,
Kypca MOlKeT nCAopllaTb Beeb npolJecc peCPOpM H lJeAOM, B                                     KOHKypl1pYIOIl,Jem c HMIIOP1OM,
Kor-.fJ.1Byap Il cepe/lUHe 80-x roAon 6blAa IIpeAnpl1HllTa                                        rIllTblM   aClleKTOM   3KOHOMU'leCK0I1     nOMITUKI1 llllAlleTCll
1l0llblTKa r pOBelTH AH6epaMI3alJI1KJ npu coxpaHeHUH CPUKCU-                                  rlOAUT37(OHOl>(.W! pe¢oP~'Ibl.    KaK   IlOKa3blBae1 OHhlT, 3aAoro~1
pOllallHOf(' 05M<~HHOro Kypca U 3Ha'II1TeAbHoro Ae¢I1JJHTa                                    ycnelllflblX npeo6pa30llaUI1l1 JlBAlleTCJl Hepa B pellll1MOCTb
6IOAJKe1a, pe3yAbTaTOM 'lero CTa,\O nOBbUlleHl1e peaAbHOf()                                   COI1TH co c'!'apom, IICIlCPHOro IlyTU pa31l11TI111, CTaB Ha HOllbn1
06,\leUHOf' J       Kypca,        POCT     3aTpaT      Ila   HMTIOpT         U    KPU3HC      llyn, BellYIIJuii K paBliOBeCI1IO, cnOC06CTBYK)l.lJeMY 3KOHOMH-
11,\aTelKlloru 6a ,aHCL Hey,1a'IHaJl 1I0llblTKa npeo6pa30llaHHl1                              'leCKOMY poCTY. '1ro5bl ,,06UThCil TaKoi.J Bepb!, npaBHTeAbCTIlY




                                                                                                                                                                         119
        CAe,weT He Hpocm [lOSlOPllTb q)()PMYAbl MeJK/!yHap0i'!Horo                             3apafioTHOfi JnaTbl 11 nepepacnpctleAemm TpY4011b1X pecyp-
        Ba,\lOTHoro <DoH;la H Bce,mpHoro BaHKa, a B311Tb Ha 1l00PY-                            COil 1\ rrepHO,l CTpyKTypHblX Ilpeo6pa30BaHl1fi, ,llAJI pa3pe-
        JKeHl1e rroCAecl011aTeAbHblfl no/~xo" K rrpOBe;leHHlO pe¢oprvrbJ.                      ureHH)J :'1Oro KOHcpAI1KTa Il Tex CTPafIaX, r4e CYJ.1JcCTByeT
            4,\1I   floilromHKH flO,\b3YlOllJeilcli ;lOllepHe:.1 npOrpa1'IMbl                  CI1CTe'la        3aK,\IO'leIlHJI    IJeI-ITpaM130IlaHHbIX         Ko,\;\eKTl1BHbIX
        ycmfiqHBhIX peq)OPM He06xo;lH:.10, qT06bI B ee oCYUJeCTMe-                             40[,()1l0POB C npocpCOlO3aMH, MOJKHO cpa3Y JKe rro 40CTIJKeHHil
        1UH1 6h1M! 3aHHTepeCOB<lHhI H npaBHTeo\bCTBO, H KanHTaA, H                             cTafil1AH3alJHH nepeX04HTb K 4elJel-ITpaM!30llaHHol1 C;ICTeMe,
        pa60THHKH. Kpl1THQeCKOe 3HaQelUle I1MeeT nO/ l,lepJKKa co                              TaKOH urar 61>\;\ C4e;\aH -                1l03~10)!(HO, C 3<lII034aHl1e M -         B
        ClOPOHbl      Opr<lHH3alJ11H         TPY,li1llJHXCil,   K010pall         OCOfJeHHO     MeKcl1Ke Il Ha'la,\e             1995 ro4a, KOf;la CUCTeMa lJempa;\I1-
        H<lJKHa, eC\11         KaK HHOr,l<l 6blHaeT             npocpOl103bl npCi'l-           30BaHHblX corAamellHfi 0 3apa6oTHol1 IlJ\aTe 6blAa 3a,reHeHa
        CTaIlAillOT ,\Hmb TY 'laCTb pa60THHKOIl, Kompble (10 npoBe4e-                          rrpOlle(leHl1eM ilelJeHTpaAI130BaHHblX f1epe[,()1l0pOB.
        HHiI rrpe06pa:'lOBaHHfi H3XO;jH;\HCb B cpaBHHTeAbHo npHH\1,\e-                                                                     •••
        mpoHaHHoM nO\O)!(eHHI1           .1   rr0310MY    ~lorYT     HMeTb OCHOllaHHlI                3a nOCi\e:1Hue 41la lleCllTI1AeTI111 110 MHorux pa3B!11l<l1O-
        npOTHllO"eHCTBOllaTb peqlOpM<lM.              Ilul 101'0 '11061>1 3apY'!HTb-           UJHXCli         CTpaHax     11   CTpanax,      me     paHee    npaKTHKOBa,\OCb
        Cil nO/l/lep)!(KOH npH IIPOBctleHHH npeo6pa30BaHl1fi, CACi'lyeT                        lJeHTpaAI130llaHHoe IIAaHl1pOBaHl1e, B CTpaTemlO pa3BI1TI1J1
        pa3'bJlCHJlTb    4mrocpo'lHble            npeH'IYIlJeCTB<l       peqlopMbI,       <l   6hlMI IlHeceHbl llaJKHble              113MeHeHHiI. OCHOBHblMH H 3Tl1X
        TaK)!(e I1CnO\b.30B<lTb MexaHIBMbl, ofi1l3hlHalollJHe llpallHTeAb-                     113MeHeHHJlX 6blAl1 C\e4YI0lIJHe ,lila 3/\e:.1eHTa: nepcX04 K
        CTIlO /lOBeCTH pe¢opMY ,10 KOHIF H He 1l031l0AillOllJHe eM)'                           3KollO>Ul'lecKol1 IIOAHTI1Ke, opHeHHlpOBaHHofi Ha 3KcrIOPT 11
        oTcTymlTbCiI OT CIlOHX o6eIIJaHul1. B lbpaUAe H MeKcuKe Il                             C034al1He oTKphl1Oro pbIHKa, a TaK)!(e l1epeCMOTp POA!! rocy-
        80-e   ro/lbI pecpop:.1lJl rrrnYQHM1 umpOKYlO nO/14epJKKY 6,\a'                        11apCTBa.        111KHe    ilOM'OCpO'lHhle        nepeMeHbl       CTallJlT    HOlJble
        ['(MapJl 3<lK/\1O'leHI11O Ilceo51>e;.,nlOUJHX COlJHaAbHbIX naKTOIl.                    3'1.(jaQI1 II 06/\aCTI1 CPYHKlJI1OHI1pOllaHHl! PblHKOIl Tpy4U. OHH
        TaKl1e IIaKTbl MorYT TaKJKe ChlrpaTb llaJKHYlO po\b II 90·e roilbl                     Tpe6ylOT YCKopeHI1J1 nepepacnpe4e;\eHHJI TPY40BblX pecypcoll
        Il IO)!(IIOH AcjJpl1Ke. B paMKax COIJHa,\bHbIX IIaKmlJ TPY<lll'                        H3 HeJKI13HeCnoc06HbIX 8 paCTYUJue ceKTOpbl 3KOHOMI1KI1.                            H
        uJl1eCll,   P<lf)()lO(1aTe;\11   H     npallliTe,\bCTBO       MOI:)'1'    cl0CTI1%     KpOMe 10m, OHI1 3<lCTaJl.-\JllOT pemaTh np06;\e:.1Y pe3Koro
        onpCi'le/\eHHoro KOHceHcyca B OTI-IOLUCHI1H naKeTa pecpop:.1 B                         BpeMeHHoro natleHHJI cnpoca Ha TpY40llble pecypcbl B 3KOHO-
        lJe;\OM, a TaK)!(e CBJl3aHHblX c HHM KOMIIPOMI1CCHhLX peWel-IHti.                      MHKe CTpaHbl Il lJe~\OM. nrnOJKeHUe TpY4J1llJI1XCJI B nepH04hl
        01-I11 TaKJKe ~lorYT nOMO'lb nmOJKUTb KOHCIJ YKopemlllweflCiI                          rAyfioKHX nepeMeH 3allHCI1T OT 10m, If<lCKOAbKO ycnemHo
        lIpaKTI1Ke 1-I0~n!I-IaAbl-IblX geH C HO~H!l-Ia,\bHOfi 3apaf)()THOi1                    CIIpallHTCJI Ta Hi\H HH3iI CTpaHa C pelllelll1eM 3Tl1X 4BYX 334aQ.
        l1;\aTol1. O/lHaKO y COIJH,L\bllhlX rraKTClIl HMelOTCiI 11 cepbe3HbIe                  XOTJI BUJKIfYIO PO\b R 06~\erQeliHH rrpOIJecca npeo6pa30Sanl1H
        He:~oC'raTKH, B 'l<lCTHOCTl1, peQb 11/1eT 0 KOHCPAHK1'e !>leJKfW                       I1rpalOT HCX04Hble YC\OBI111 B CTpane, He MeHee Ba)!(Ha 11 POAb
        CKOOI1ilHlIl1pOllaHHoii KoppeKTHpOBKOii 3apa601'Hol1 lIJ\aTbl B                        rrpHHIlMaeMblX            UpH BblpafioTKe         3KOHOMHl.JeCKOfi       nO\lfTl1KI1
        COOTlleTCTIlHH C COIJHaAhHblMH naKTaMH 11 liaClOJlTeAbHOl1                             pemelHll1         0   cpOKax       f1pOBe/leHI1J1    pe¢opM,       I1X    Te,me     H
        HeOOXQ/1HMOCTblO         06eCrreQeHHJI         OTHOCI1Te;\bHoi'i         1'l16KOCTl1   O'lepctlHOCTI1.




,     r.AABA               16




                              EPEXO/l OT HECOCT05lTEAbHO~i CTPATEf'1111




        IT
                                                                                               rrepeX04Hom           nepHOt1a       rra4eHHe        3apafioTHol1        lIA<lThl   H
                              K HOBOil 3KOfIOMI1l.JeCKOH 1I0i\I1THKe COif pO-                  COKpaUJeHHe           3aHJl1OCTII.     B    HeKompblx         CAY'lallX      Henpo-
                             BOJKipeTCli txl\e3HeHHbIMI1 ;li\lI TP}4llLlJHXCl!                 1I0PIJI10Ha,\bIfO         pe3KO    YXYllUIaeTCl!      1I0\OJKeHl1e        JKeHUJHH.
                             nepeMeHaMH,           ilaJKe    eC,\H    OHH    06eUJalOT         CHTyagl!JI CTaHOBHTCJI Kpafiue 60\e3HeHHOf! H ror4a, Kor,~a
                             npHHeCTH          nO\b3y       B nepCneKTI1Be.          OCO-      nepexo4Hhlti rrepHOll conpollO)!(llaeTClI crra40M IIPOlBB04CTBa
        6eHHO TlI)!(eAbIM MO)!(eT OK<l3aTbCli I1Q\OJKeHI1e MaJ\OHMYUJHX,                       HAl!     )!(e    3KOHO~ll1'leCKI1I1        POCT     lIaC'rynaeT    n03)!(e,     '1e:.1
                                                                                               npCi'lnO,\araAOCb.


120
     51MlIeTClI AU HaAaraeM0e Ha pa60THHKoH H pe3YAbTaTe                                    paCCMOTpeHHhlX II O/11l0M it, He;1allHIlX iKC,\E';10IlaHHfI 13cel'lI1p-
oCYUjeCTB,\eHml npOrpaMM cTa611AI13aYI1I1 11 pe¢Op~lbI 6peMli                               HOro BaHKa, IIal1fJu\ee :JHa'lHTb\hHOro R0306HOllAeHHll :~KOHO­
04HOl\ 113 Hel136elKHhiX 1134eplKeK 11AU C~e/lCTBUeM OllJH60K                               MWlecKoro poCTa 4061lAl1Cb 6 CTpaIl, Kompble 1l0IllAH 4a,\bllle
npH pa3pa6oTKe TaKHX npOrpaMM? MHOrl1e Ha6AKl/laTe,\H                                       11pyrHX Il nOC\e;10BaTb\bHOM npORe;lelll1ll IlalKHeitlllux pe-
OT npe,l(CTaBllTe,\el\            npO¢COICBOB 40 MelK/lYHapOilHbIX                     H    ¢OP"I B 06AJCTlI :?KOHOMIl'leCKOH 1I(1\IlTIlKH, C 1981-86 rollOll
HenpaRHTeAbCTlleHHblX OpraHYI3ayHii                             YTBeplK4aK)T, '1m           110 1987-91 ro;lbl MC411aHHoe 3Ha'lE'HHe ro40BOro npllpOCTa
KaK II CTpaHax C pa3BHBaloIyeilcll PblHO'lHOil 3KOHOMHKOI\, TaK                             B13fI Ha ,wwy HaCb\E'lUUlIl3THX weCTH CTpaHax COCTalll1,\O 2
H B CTpaHax, rile paHee npaKTHKORaAOCh yelHpaAH30BaJiHoe                                    npOlJeHTllblX IIYHKTa,            B   CTpaHax, He OCYHJCCTRl1lll1IlIX 3K01l0-
nAalmpOBaHHe, B nO,\HTllKe CTpYKTypHOH lIepeCTpOHKH yeHT-                                   l'1I1'1CCKOH KOpPE'KTI1POBKII, ylelHJHHOe 3HJ'IeHHe YHeAH'IeHHlI
paAbHoe ~leCTO 3aHllylalOT np06AeMbl HH¢AlIIJHH H C6a,\aHCH-                                Te~1ll0B 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro pOCTJ CIIH3HXlCb el0 -,2 IIpoyeHToB B
pOBaHHOCTl1 tilOi llKeTa, a TaKlKe IleperY,\11pOSaHHe 11 ,\H6epa-                           roil, XOTII CBe;1eHllil 0 ;lIlHaMHKe 3apa6oTHOf! l!AaTbl II YPOHHlI
,,\IBaYllll PbIlIKOB, IlO C\HUlKOM MaN) 11IlI1MaHlIll                     ~;I(e,\lIeTClI    3aHllTOCTl1 B CTpaHax A4)PlIKH lleCbMa OrpaHI1'1eHbI, ?laHHhle
Henocpe4CTBl:llHOMY B03;1eHCTBI1IO                    Ha   lIQ;\OlKelme         pa6oT-      1I0 iWYM CTpaHaI'!, OCYIljeCTllHlJlTHlM I1pe06pa30HaHHll                              faHe
HI1KOB, Alla,\!!3 lIMelOlYIIXClI ;laHHbIX, 6e3YC~\OBHO, lI03BOAlIeT                         11 TaH3JHHII,            nOKa3blBaIOT, 'In) noc \e npOBe;1eHlllI CTPYK-
3aKAK)'HlTh, .. TO HO\OlKt'HHe TpYllllHJIlXCll H nepH04 npe06pa-                            TypHOit         peciJOpMbl       nOKa3aTeAIl       3aHllmCTl1          Ii    3apaOC)1'1I0H
30llJHllti YXYiUllaeTClI, npl1'1eM Hepe;1KO B 6<1\hUJel\ CTeneI1I1,                         IIAaTbl PY'IWIIMICh, B 1985-92 roilbl ypOBeHh 3aHllmCTH B
'1eM HQ;\OlKeIllle 4PYrl1X rpYIm. Ho cYHJeCTByeT ;UI 31xpeK-                                TatBaHllll elKerorlHo Ylle.\I1'1IlHJ"\ClI II cpe/]HeM Ha 6,1 npo-
TIlBHall       a,\h"epHaTIIIlHall        nOMlTUKa,       KOTopall      B OC1\blUel\         yellTa, 110 cpallHeHl110 C -1,5 npolJeHTa II lIepHOI1 1lC1\OBHHe
CTenemI One'laMI 6b! IIHTepeCaM pa6OTllHKOB' 13 11aHH0I1                                    ;leCllTI1AE'TIIR, 13 falie Il llepHO/l c              1983 110 1988 milbl H
r,\aBe paCCMHplIll,[eTOI paCllpe;le,\eHl1e 6peMeH~f lIepeXO;l'                              pe3y.\bTJTe npOBei~eHHll pe(pOpM pea.\hHall 3apa6<)THall rJAaTa
HOro ncpao,la H aHaAH3l1pyeTclI YTlleplK;leHHe 0 mM, '1m                                    II '1aCTHOM ceK1Dpe 1I0'lTIl YTPOIlA<lCh,
n(HIITHKa              IIpCofipa30IlaHI1H       He     OTlle'laL"T       IIHTepeca:'1             13 ;\aTHHCKOti A~lepl1Ke 6e,<\Hble CAOH HaCe,\eHlIll, 6e3-
pa60TliIlKOB,                                                                               YC\OBHO, 1I0CTpa;]3,\H flO npeMIl              ~raKp03KOHOMIl'lecKOro                 KPH-
                                                                                            3l1ca, HO 311,) II OCHOBHOM CBlI:oJHO C 01l1H6KaMl1 Il npelKHefl
3KOHOMM'feCKaR KOppeKTMpOBKa, TPYAOBble                                                     3KOHOMH'IeCt-,)11 nQ\HTIlKe, a He C 1I0C\e;]ylOlyI1MH IIpe06pa-
peCypCbl M 6eAHbie CnOM HaCeneHMR                                                           30llaHIlllMIl K3K TaKOllbl~nL POCT ypOllHll 6e;11l0CTII II Opa3H,\IIH
13   lIepHO;l          npeo5pa.10BaIIHH         oCYUjeCTliMIK)TClI            C\YOC)Kl1e    H fIepy B 80'e ro;lhI 06'hllCHlIACll llellpl1l1lITHeM KaKl1x-MI60
CTPYKTVPHb!" peq}}p'.,jj,I, OTKpblBalOlYlle HOBbie B03'>IOlKHOCTH                           CTpyKTypHhlX Mep H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHM cna;lO\L Hallpl1Mep, II
i1 1I0P0JK;laKJlYHe II0Bbie PHCKI1, '1m He1l36elKHo COllplIlKeHO C                          HeK01upblX CTpaHax )\aTIIHCKOil AMeplIKI1 HepalleliCTllO II
npllo6peTeHHlIMU              elAll    04HHX    H    rrOTepllMH      ;l,\ll    ,:lpyri1X,   06IyecTlle YCH,\Il11,L\OCh B nepHOilbI 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro clIa,," Ii
Q'lH3KO, 06e Cne'll! Ball nepeK,\K)'1eHHe TpY40BhlX pecypcoB Ha                             oc\a6elJa.\o BO npeMJl 3KOIIOMH'IeCKoro f104'beMa (pIICYHOK
60Aee IIPOll:iBO?ll1TeAbHble 11114hl .1elITeAbHOCTI1, CTpyKTypHhle                          16,1)' O/]HaKO, KaK IIpe.I(CT<lIL\J!eTCll, :nu Cflll3aHO He C npol>e-
nepeMellbl,       j,    KOlle'lHO~1 C'IeTe, Be,<1)'T K 1I0RbllllemflO 061,eta               ;leHUC\1 peq)OpM, a -                 KaK U II I!CKOTOPhlX IlpoMbllll-\emiO
IIPOH3B04CTla H O'[;la'll1 OT TpY4a,                                                        pa3llllTblX CTpaHax -             c YHJ0\;1MII 3KOHOMH'IeCKOfl 3KTIIBHOCTlL
     C\e, weT          npll3fIaTh, '1m Ha nepBblX [lopax TlllKeCTb :?KO-                    B '1UAH ;10 1992 rolla Ha6M04<L\OCh YBe\H'ICHIlC pa3,\Il'luii II
HOMlI'IeCKlD, Ilpec>fipa:1OBaHIII1 MOlKeT OKa3aThCll 60,\ee OHJY-                           3apa60THoI1 1I,\aTe MeJK;]y pa60THIlKaJ\111 C p,L1Ilbl~1 ypoIlHeM
THMOH ;1,\Jl 'IPY-'10BblX pecypCOll, 'lei il,\ll KanI1Ta,\a, QlJHaKO B                      06pa.'lOllallllll, O?lHaKO 6blCTPhlH POCT JapafxrrIlOlf rr;\aTbI H
6Q\bIJ!liHCTl\e C\Y'laeB 3m IIPClHCX0411T He IlomMY, 'ITO 6bL\1I                            HJOBlllI 3aHilnlCTI1, HeCOl\lHellHO, llplme"\ K 3Ha'lllTe,\hHOMY
,:10nYlfJeHbI ,)[J1II6KI1 UpH pa3pa60TKe IIporpaM~1bl lIpe06pa30-                           yAy'lIlleHIlIO 1IQ,\OlKeHIIJl licex '111,\lIiicKIIX TP}~lll1yI1XCll,
BaHI1I1, a l1,da 11, ,ro, '1m TaKHe MepbI IIpHHI1MalOTCll 0;1110-                                 B     CTpJHaX,      rile    paHee     npaKTI1KOlJ<l;\(lCb             YCflTpa;\H30-
npeMeliHO V'\II B I >e3YAbTaTe MaKpO:ilKOHOMI1'1eCKoro Kp'f3HCa,                            BaHHoe 1I,\aHHpOllaHHe, nepeX()4Hbll1 lIepHO,\ Cllll3bIllalOT C
33   KompbI'1            C\tllyeT      pe3K0e    COKpallJeHl1e       COIIOKYIIHOro          YCII,\eIlHeM crelleHH lIepalJeHCTlla, IIpll COIJU<L\113Me Hepa-
cnpoca, Tp} jOllble pen PCbI 06,\<41aIOT OrpaHII'IeIIHOI1 MelKilY'                          BeHenlO B 06uJecTBe 6bL\O BeCb~ra OrpaHll'leIlHbll'l, 04HaKO
Hap(l/lll0I1 J,I061Ll bHOCThlO no cpaBHeHl110 C KaflI1Ta,\OM, 11,)                          ,1.\ll 3qJ(TJeKTI1BHoro ct)YHKYIlOHllPOHaHIlJl PbIIlO'lHOH 3KOHO'
eCTh   I1l'l    TpY4llee       n'IKlfHYTh       crpaHY     II   lIepHQ.lbl      3KOHO'      MHKII HeKompall CTeIleHb HcpaBeHCTHa He06xo?lI1Ma: pa3AI1-
MII'IecKOro clIMa (eM mall}' 9). l'IMeHHo lI03mMY HO I!peMlI                                '1lllI B 'lapa6oTHoit IIAJTe Tpe6YK'lTCll 4,\Jl ,MCKIlJTHOro B03-
3KOHOMII'Ie'Koro KpH:lIICa Ha TPY40Bhle pE'CypChl 3a'laCT)'lO                               HarpJlK4e!!Hll 3aTpJT Ha llpH06peTeHHe IlaBbIKOll 11 rrpo-
,\OlKHTCIl (XHOllH' >e 6pe~1lI 1I0TpliCeHIlI1, mr;p K<lK KaTIlH3,\                          ¢eCCI10HJ,\bHoro OIlblTa, TaKH~1 06pa'lOM, YCI1,\elme HepJlleH-
nOKl1,1acr CrpaH)            Ho   IIOAOlKemle TPYiVIHJIlXClI, KaK npaIJIl,\O,               (TEa 6&1.\0 nel136elKHblM, Il 4alKe lKb\aTe,\bHhIM, C\e4CTBl1eM
yxy.lluaeTC ,I          He    H3-3<l     KOppeKTl1pOBKI1         3KOIlOMI1'leCKoi'i         lIepexo4a OT IJcHTpa;\1J30nJHIlOfU 1I,\<lHHpolJ<lHII1I K PblHO'lHOIl
1I0MlT1IKIl, a B pe3y\bTJTe Ilpe4weCTllYlOlyero cit pe3Koro                                 CIlCTeMe, 13 Il(JCn)'1HOH QaCT11 fepMJIll1H, Ih\bUIe, C\OHeHHI1
na.~eHHll      ce'BOKYnHoro (llpOCa,                                                        11   cleXI111   HepaBeHcTBO YCII,\IlAOCb, lJ OCHOBHOl'I, B pe3Y,\bTaTe
     KaK CBI;~eTe,\hCTlli'E'T onblT a¢pHKaHCKHX elpall, IIpHCry-                            pOCTa       OTHOG1Te;\bHhIX            /jOXOi]OB    Ha!16clAee         06pJ3011aHHOi1
III1BlllHX K npeciipa3()BallIlJlM B 80-e ro4b!, 3KOHOMl1'1eCKUe                             '13CTH IlaCb\eHl1lI, OTHOIlleHlle 3apafJOTHoi'i I1AaTbI                          10   npo-
peqJOpMbl .'noco,lHbl YAy'llllllTb 1I0AOlKeHHC TPYMHJHXGI, HE"                              IJeH'lDll       pa60THHKOB        C    aaIl6C1\ee     HI1,'lKI1TvIl1        ,10XO;]aMH   K
CMcrrpli Ha BpeMC?HHoe COKpaIlJelil1e 3aHlImCTH II peaAbHoit                                Me;ll1aIiHOll Be,\11'1I1He 3apa6oTHOH 1l,\JTbI OCTa,\OCb He1l3-
3apa6oTHo;i IlAaThL j. b 29 crpaH A¢PI1Kl1 K lOry OT Ca.xapbI,                              MeHHbI~1        11,\11 H'lMeml,\OCh Al1lI1b He3HJ'IllTe,\bHO,




                                                                                                                                                                                         121
                                                                                  6e;lHhlX, nepollTlIO, OCTaHYTCil ,\l1Wb MUla C IIIBKl1M "'POBHCM
                                                                                  OOP,130BaIlHil, KOTOpble He CMorYT rrpl1Cf10COOl1TbClI !~ HOBblM
                                                                                  YC.\Olll1ilM.
                                                                                         Hal1XY4WU~1 llapl1aHTOM i~Ml pa60THHKOIl H3 'll1c/.a MaAO-
                                                                                  HMynJ11X lIRMICTClI Ha'laTall,           no 'laKOn'lHilmallCll lICYtla'lel'l
                                                                                  pecpoPMa.       B   CTpaHax, KOTOPble He 401lO4ilT npe06pa 10llaHl1l1
                                                                                  40 KOHIJa HM1 npOilllAlIlOT HCpeLUHTe.AhHOCTb B Bbl60pe Kypca,
                                                                                  ypOBCllb )!(113HH 3a'l<.lcTYIO pe3Ko na.rlaeT 11 OCT<.IeTClI Im3Kl1M.
                                                                                  B      KOT-4'MByap       B 1984-86        roAax   Macmra6bl       6t:4HOCTl1
                                                                                  :ma'll1Te,\hHO COKpaTHAHCh 6,\aro/l<.lpll YCTOH'lI1BOMY 3KOllO-
                                                                                  MH'leCKOMY POCTY, nOCAeAOBaBWCMY 3a lIpOBc,lenHeM CTPYK-
                                                                                  TypllOH pe¢lOPMbl H 1I0BbiWellHeM MHpoBblX yell 1I<.1 KaKao 11
                                                                                  KOetJC. O/lllaKO, Kor/la Il 1986 roil}' rrp0l130TJ1AO K<.ITaCTpO-
                                                                                  CPl1'lCCKCle YXY/lLUelll1e YCAOBl1H BlIellIHel'l TOprollAl1 C1pallbl H
                                                                                  pecpopMhI 6bIMl npHOCTaHOllAeHbl, TeMflbl POCTa               BBn     pe3KO
                                                                                  3a~le/lAHAHCb, a ypOBCBb 6e4HOCTH CYUlCCTllCHHO rrOBbICHAClI,
                                                                                  'ITO ClleAO Ha BCT ,10CTHI'HYTble paHce ycneXH.               B   nepHO/l C
                                                                                  1985 flO 1988 ro4 AOJIil HaCeAeHHil, )!(HBYflJeI'O 3a 'lCPTOH
                                                                                  6e."llocTH, YBeAH'lHAaCb C 30 /10              46   npoYCHTOB. i1pymM
                                                                                  I1pHMepoM lIBAlIeTClI onblT <DH,\MIfIHH B Ha'laAe             SO-x   ro/lOIl,
                                                                                  Kor4a H3-3a IHlcj:lAlllJllH H HeIJpaBH)\bIJOm 06MeHIJOm Kypca
                                                                                  OKa3aAOCb HeBO:,MO)!(HblM Y)\Y'lLUHTb 110J10)!(CHIle Ma              \OH~IY­

                                                                                  lyHX.    A   Ha YKpaHHe Il Ha'la-\e 90-x ro/lOIl rHnepIlH(j,,\lIIJHlI,
                                                                                  coxpaHeHHe orpaHH'leHIIH IlO BHellIHeH TOpmllAe II HHepT-
                                                                                  HOCTb 'laCTHOID ceK1npa n04BepmH MaAOHMYllJl1X MHom-
                                                                                  'lI1C,\eHIJhN AIIIlleHl1l1M, He IJ03BUAl11l ,10CTI1'lh ooellJaHlmm
                                                                                  I1paBHTeAbCTBO~1 6blCTpom yAY'lLUeHHll cHTyaYllH.
                                                                                         3KOHOMH'leCKHH cna/l, 6e3pa60THIJa H na.cleHHC 3apa6t)T-
                                                                                  HOM IJAaTbl Ha pallHeM 3Tane nepex04Hom nepl1o/la CKa3bl-
                                                                                  BaKlTClI Ha nO/I,O)!(eHI1H Ma-\OIlMYIIJI1X caMblM 6UAe3HCHHblM
                                                                                  oopa30M, O/lHaKO, CTpYKTypHble pelpopMbl, KOTOpble H IJPC4-
                                                                                  CTaB.AlIIOT co6oH peaAbHble IJpe06pa30lJaHIlil, 4a)!(C Il Kpano-
                                                                                  CPO'lIlOM I1AaHe nO\O)!(I1TeAbHO CKa3blllalOTCil Ha IlOJlO;KCHHH
                                                                                  MaAoOOecne'lCHHbiX pa60THHKOB. CO'lCTaHHe M!6epaAIHaYHH
                                                                                  TOprollAH H CHH)!(CHI111 pea.... blloro 06MeHIIom Kypca CI10COO-
                                                                                  CTllyeT POCTY 3KcnopTllhlX OTpaC,\eH, KOTOPLle Il palBHBa-
                                                                                  KlllJHXCll CTpaHax, KaK npallHAO, nOCTPoeHhl Ha HHTeHCHBIIOM
                                                                                  I1CIJ0JIb30BallliH MaAOKBaAIIcpHlJl1poJlaHlloro TpY4a. Pa3BHTHe
                                                                                  )f(e   'laCTIJOm      ceKTOpa    Hepe4KO     conpoIlO)!(/laeTClI    POCTOM
                                                                                  HOllblX npc,'lIJpHlITHrl II Tpy(~oeMKHX oflAaCTlIX. I1OCf;OJIbKY
                                                                                  Y/leAbHblfl     Bec   BHcwHeTOproBblX 'JUBaPOB B IJOTpe6HTeJ,bCKOH
                                                                                  KOP3HHC Ha116OJ1ec 6e,jIJbIX rpyun HaceAcHHll HH)!(e, 'leM Y
                                                                                  ,\Hy C 60J1ce BblCOKHMH 40XOlIaMH, OHH B MCHbmeH CTeIJeHH
                                                                                  HCIJblThIBaIOT Ha ce6e IJOBbIllleHHe OTHOCHTCAbHblX IJeH Ha
                                                                                  HMIJOPTHblC TOBapLL
                                                                                         Me)!(IlY TeM Il cTPaHax, rile paHee npaKTHKOBaAOCb lJeHT-
                                                                                  pa-\H3011aIlHOC IJAaHHpOllaHHe, IJO/lOOHble HCIJOCpC4CTBeHHble
                                                                                  pe3YAbTaThl :>101)'1' OTpIlijaTeAbllO B034eHCTllOBaTb Ha 110J10-
         Bo   BCeX CTpaHaX, r4e paHee npaKTI1KOBa,\OCh yeHTPa-                    )!(eHHe      MaAOHMYllJIlX,     Ilpe)!(4C    B 3THX     CTpaIJaX    ~(fIAbC,
      AI130BaHHoe l1AaHl1poBaHl1e, nepexo4 K phlHO'lnOM 3KOHOMI1Ke                KOMMYHaAbHble YCNyTH H OOllJeCTBeHHblH TpaHCIJOpT tJblAH
      npUBeA K YBc,\I1'leHUIO 'lHCAeHHOCTU MaAOHMYIIJHX. 3Ha'll1-                 nO'lTH UecflAaTllblMH, a npo/lOB(1\bCTBeHHble TOBapbl CV6CH-
      Te,\bHOe   nOllblIlJeHHC   ypOllHlI   fie.1!1I0CTH   UMC,\O   MeCTO    B    I~HpOBaAI1Cb,       B TO Ilper-Ill KaK HMnopTHblX TOBapoB nO'lTH He
      DeAapycH, AI1TllC, M0JI40BC H POCCI1U. 3KOHOMU'leCKHM POCT,                 5bl--\0 H,\H IlX MO)!(HO 6blAO KynHTI, m\bKO IJO O'leHb BLICOKHM
      1lO306HOllUBLUHMCil II p1l4e CTpaH C nepcx04HoM 3KOHOMHKOM,                 IleBaM na 'lepHOM phlHKe,            B    pe3Y)\bTaTe >\H6epa-\H3aijHH
      llepOJlTHO, npHBC;,e1' K COKpa1lJe1l111O 'll1CAa 6C,~HbIX, a CAC4o-         TOpmllAH, KOppeKTH(lOBKH ooMeHHoro Kypca H COKpaIlJeHHlI
      BaTc,\bIlO, /tAlI 60JIblIlHHCTfta nonallWHX II ::lTY KaTempl1lO II          iloTaijHH 04HH HMIJOPTIJblC 'JUJlapbl CTaAI1 MeHee 4()porn~ul,
      nepexOilHhlH nepl1o/1 3TO         BPCMcllHoe 1I1lACHI-le.     B   'll1c\e   (,Pyme )f(e ImepBble IJOllllHAl1Cb II IJpO;la)!(e, Il TO        llpe~lll   KaK




122
IJCHbl lIa K(lMMYllaM>HbIC yG\yrl1, IIPO;lYKTbl nl1TaHl1ll 11 1K11Abe     npoc<\elKl1BaCTClI   II   rex    ceKTopax,     KO'lupble      yTpa411BaKlT
llbIPOCAll,                                                               3KOHOMI14ecKyID      1K1l3HeCHoc06HOCTh,        I104TI1    Hll   IJ 04I10M
                                                                          CTpaIle, npOBO,11l11Jlleli 3KOHOM1l4eCKYID pecj:lopMY, He Y4a,\OCh
Ha KOrO nO)l(r.1TCA 6peMA Ba)l(HeMWr.1X                                   I1Q,\HOCThID    1l36eJKaTb      BpeMeHHoro      CHI1JKelUlll     pea/\hIlO~i
npe06pa30BaHr.1M?                                                         3apa60THOH 1I,\aThl       II   1l0HblllleHIlll ypOHHIl     6e3pa60Tl1l)hl,
    BOAbW fllll'TIlO I,O!'>IOX03H!kTll 3a811CI1T, mallHblM 06pa30M,       04I1aKO BC;\114IlHa II npOIIO;\JKI1T;:,\bHOCTb 06011X 3TH X lIMe-
01' TPY.~()BbIX /!OXO.10Jl. CAeAOn3reAbHO, ypolleHb 1K113Hll H3Ce-        HI1M B pa:lHblX CTpaHax HeOtlllH3KOllbL B              KOHC'IHOM C4eTe
AeHllH II nepllO,ll,1 KOpeHHhlX nepe:'>lell TeCHO CBH3aH, Hapll4Y C       BaJKHeMlI1ee    3Ha4eHlle       llMeK)T    TeMlIbl   C034allllll    HOllbIX
/!P}TllMll (f13KTOpaMI1, C npOI1CX0411IIJllM Ha pblHh'e Tpy/,a,    Ho     pa60'lllx MeeT 11 I1X KQ,\114eCT80, a :~lD 3allllCl1T 01' 6blCTPOTbi
04Ha ,\HIrb :mpa60THall 11;\aTa MOJKeT 4aTb HeBepIlOe npe/!-              II amOpllTeTHOCTll pecj:lopM.
cr:llIAeHI1C', HOTOMY '110 lia TeKY1lJllH YP0BeIlb JKIl3HIl BAlllleT 11      PeaKIJll1!   pa6OTIIIlKOB     II   /IOMOX03I1MCTB     Ha    1l3MeHeHl1e
pll.' ,JPynx cj:l3KlOPOlJ, llKAK)'13H ypOlleHb TPY,lOBOH aKTIlBIIO-       CTpYKTYPbl cnpoca Ha TP)11 3aHI1CllT (IT lKl1paCTa 11 IlC1D'IHIlKOIl
(Til HaCe;eIll1ll, CTanKI1 1\Il'lIlbIX c6epelKeHIlH, pa3Hoo6pa:me         40X0;10lJ pa60THI1Ka, em CTaTyca 3aHl!lOCTll, a T3KJKe (rr pa3-
II Ka'leCTB'J nOTpe6AJleMblX lOBapon, a TaKJKe ocplllJl1aAbIlble II       Mepa 40MOX03I1HCTlla, B rex G\y'lallX, Kor/~a pa60THllKIl, npe-
I1eoejml)ll;!/\bHble TpaIlccpepTbI 40X040B (llpe3Ka    16.1).             MeHHO OCTaBllllleCJI 6e3 pa60Tbl, lIoAy'laKIT TlO;1;1CPJKKY, . - 1\
    rIO'ln: BO Bcex CAY'lallX TpancepopMal)IlJl Il pe¢oPMbl               (popMe COIJl1a,\hHbIX IlbIllAaT, nepeS0401l 01' 4PYrIlX 'l/\eIlon
conpOBOJ!4aAIl( b lJa4eHIleM cnpoca Ha TPY/I (3a IlCKAK)'1e-              CeMbl1 IlMl 01' 4PYrl1X 1I0MOX03J1HCTIl,               40AJl HaCe,\eHllJl
HI1C"", nO:Ka,\YM   KI1Tal! 11 BbeTHaMa) B pe3YAbTaTe B3aI1MO-            Tpy4OCfloc06HOro Bmpacra, He HMeIDII}ero pa60ThI, KaK IIpa-
4eHCTIlI1J1 MaKp};;KOHOMI1'leCKOm cn3jja 11 ncpepacnpe4;:,\e-             fiHAO, B03paCTael: POCT '1I1CAa AHI), He llMeI01lJI1X pa60Tbl,
I1HlI TpY4' HlblX peCYOCOB. HaH60Aee OT'leTAl1ll0 310 JlMeHl1e            MOJKeT npO!1CxolIHTb 3a          C4eT     YlleMI'leHI1Jl 6e3pa6<ITHI}hl,




                                                                                                                                                         123
      paHHero BhIXO;la Ila neHOllO MAM 4pyrMx cj)OPM yxo~la C pLIIIKa          6mbllIl1HCTlJe cTpaH, llP<~NlpHHllmllI1X CTPYKTypHble llpeo6-
      TPY4a (KaK, Hanpl1Mep, B C'\Y'lae "OT'IaJlBllIMXCJI" pafxrrHI1KOB).      pa30BaIlHR, HK, \lO'lall      OOAHBI1IO,   Bpa31M1110,     Emy 11 /la)l(e
           B   60AbllIHHCTBe   CTpaH   lJeHTpaAbHOH      H   BOCTO'IHOH        MeKcHKY H Oepy, POl'T '1HC\eHHOCTH 6e;lHblx npOl1cxo.m,\, B
      EnpOllbI 6e:,pa6onllja /,OCTHrAa ypOIlHeH, HaMlloro npellbl-             OCHOBHOM, 3a C'IeT Tex, KTO npO,il(v\)I(aA pa60TaTh 3;1 Bee
               10 npOljeHTOl\ (Il omrapHH H lln\bll/e ee
      llIalOLljHX                                               ypOlleHb       MeHbIHYIO 3apa6oTH)'1O n~\aTy.          :7m   TaK)I(e xapaKTepHO ,iI;\ll
      HpeBhlCHA 15 npOljeHTOB). Ha nepBblH B3rA1I4 Tawil        yponeHb        PJl,']a   npOMbIllL\eHHO p'd311I1ThlX (TpaIl, me paffee npaKTHKO-
      6e3pa6oHlijbl He npC4CTaBAJleTClI CYUJeCTJJeHHO 6cnee IlblCO-            BaAoeb ijeIl'rpa,\H30SaHHoe TI,\aHllpOll<lHHe, Hallpl1l'lep. ,iI,\ll
      KMM, '1e]\l 00 MHOrl1X CTpaHax 3alla,lHoii Ellponbl, liH o,ll1a 113      POCCHI1, r,w npeljTIplllITlIll, crpeMllCb IBrJe)l(aTL YllOAbJ-leHHfl
      KOTOPblX He CTaAKHBaAaCb B nOC\C4HHe ro4bI C aHaAOrH'I-                  OTllpallMlIOT pa60THIlKOll B BblH})I(;leIlHbJC OTllYCKa. t\)Kpa-
      HblMM nOTpJlCeHHlIMH nepeX04Horo nepHo,la. 04HaKO B CTpa                 llJaIOT pa60'1HH 4eHb H CHH)I(alOT 3apa60THylO IlAaT}\
      Hax lJeHTpaAbHOH 11 BoCTO'-IHOI1 EBpon"l 6e3pa60nlija 6bL\a                   Bm;leHCTlll1e pCCPOPM Ha nO,\O)l(eHl1e pa60THHKOH, coxpa-
      6bl HaMHoro BhIllIe, eC\H 6bI 60AbllIoe '1HC\O pa60THHKOB He             HHllUlI1X pa60TY, MO)l(eT 6blTh caMblM pa3J\I1'1HbIM. B 1'a6.\Hije
      llblllIAO H3 COCTalla oqJf!ljHa,\bHO pemCTpHpyeMbIx TPY;lOllbIX          16.1      nOK33aIlO, KaK II nepexo;lHbIH nepl10;1 !>leHlIeTCii I KJAO-
      pecypCOIl. AalKe B TeX cTpaHax, r4e roCy;wpCTBeHHbIe llpe,!!-            )l(CHHC pa3;\H'IIlblX K:1TeropHH pa60THI1KOll B 3aBHCI1MOCTH 01'
      npHlITl1lI, ,\I1I1lI1BUlI1eCiI Cy6CHIlHH, 6blAl1 BbIHY)l(4eHbi YHO-      33IllITOCTH      Ha   pemcTpHpyeMoM         1l;\H    HepenlCTpHpy<.~I'IOM

      AHTb '1aCTb pa60THHKOH, 3aMeTHoro 113MClleHHlI '1HC.\CllHOeTH            PhlHKC TpY;1a, MeCTa []PO)l(I1B<llll1lI (mpo.acKl1e I1M1 Ce,\l,CKHe
      6e3pa6oTHbIX    II Ty    11,\11 I1HylO C'!DpOHy He np0I130llL\O.         paHoIlbI), Ilma H ypoBIllI Klla,\HqlHKaIJI1I1. Vbl'leHeHl1e lJ(.1\O)l(e-
      O,!!HaKO II TO llPCMJI, KaK Bce MCHblllee '1HCAO pa60THHKOB              HHiI Ka)I(40M KaTeropl1H B lIepexo(lHbIH nepHOil CpaBlIl111aeTCll
      nonClAHiI,\O I1AI1 nOKH/laAO apMHlO 6e3pa6oTHhIX, na(hlOllaACll          C I13MeHeIll1e:'1 llG\O)l(eHl1J1 epC/lIlero pa60TIlHKa 110 '1L'1'blpC;-'1
      3Ha'llrre,\bIlbIfl POCT '1HC\a AHlj, paBOTalOUJHX Ile no HaHMY H         OOlijHM rpYllIIa;-,1 CTp3H. OnpC.'leAeHIlbIM R fAaHC           15.
      3aHllTblX II HeperHCTpHpyeMOM ceKTOpe 3KOHOMI1Kl1.
           Talme nepeMCl!bl II CTpyKType 3aHll'lUCTI1 3aTpanmalOT              Pe<,;ucrpupye_tlbIU u Hepe<';uapupye,'tblu cenvpbl
                                                                               3k'O/IONUKU
      ,!!OMOX03lli1cTBa caMblM HellocpC;lCTBeIlIlblM OOP<130M. 6mb-
      IHHHCTBO pa60TIll1KOB ocpl1ijl1a,\bHO pefl1CTpl1pyeMoro ceK-             TIepeX04       pa60TlUIKOll    H3   oCpl1ljl1aAbHO    peracTpl1pye,'loro
      TOpa, KOTOpble nOTepIL\H paOOTY HM1 CTaAKI1BalOTClI C pe3Kl!M            ceKTOpa Il lleperl1CTpl1pyeMhIH JlIlMle1'Cll He MCHee Ball,HOM
      COKpaLljeHl1eM pea,\bHOH 3apa6clTIIOH n,\aTbl, npHIla,lAe)l(aT K         OCotJeHIlOC1'hlO pecpopMI1p<JBaHHll pblHKa Tpy.aa, '1CM fl'lSbl-
      ,10MoxmllikTllaM, He BXO,ilHBlIIHM ,il0 OCYlijeCTlV\eHHJI Hepe-          llJellHe ypOllllll 6e3pa60Tllljhl, OC06eHHO II Tex CTpaHax. r/~e
      MeH B 'lHC\O 6e,lHbIX. TaM, rile POCT 6e3pa6oTHljhl 6bl;\ 3Ha'll1-       OTCYTCTllyeT ClJl'TeMa cOIJl1a(\bHol\ 3aUJIJTbl HAI1 CTpaXOIl;IHllll
      Te;\bHblM, OH CTaA O;IHOM H3 OCHOBHblX IlpI1'1l!H YJJeAH'IeiUlll         3nHllTOC1'I1.    tIuc\O   3aIlJlThlX II HeperJ1CTpHpyeMoM ceKTOne B
      '1HC,\eHHOCTl! ceMeH 3a '1cpTOil 6e,IjHOCTI1. B 11mbllle II    1993      XOile IIpe06pa30lJaHHH, KaK npalll1AO, PC3KO YBeAH'lUBaeTCll II
      ro'!!Y BepOllTHOCTb OKa3aTbCll 3a 'lepmH 6C;1HOCTI1 6bl.\a BTpoe         pC:>yAbTaTe TOro, 1.j1tJ paOO1'Hl1K~I, 1l0TepllBllJI1e pa60ry B OI.flll-
      Bblllle i~AJI iIOMOX03i1ikTB, B KOTOPblX 11Me,\OCb ,ilBoe H~\H           ijn3J\bHO perlfCTpnpYCMOM ceKTOpc, nbiTalOTCii BHOBb TP),IO-
      6mce 6e3pa601'HbIX. B MeKCHKe B         1992   roilY IIG\JI 6e3pa-       YCTPOH1'bCll, a )l(CI!IijHHhI II ilpyrl1e '1AeHbl CeMM! HaXO,lllT
      OOTHoro roPOIlCKOro HaCe,\eHI1J1 3a '1epTOH 6C4HOC1'l! 6bl,\a Ha         pa60TY '1a npCAe,\aMH IcOMa, '1To6bl 1l0CI!OMUlTb CHH)I(CHHC
      20   TIpolJellTOB Bblme, 'leM cpe,"1 HMellllU1X pa60T):    A   ,Ij~\)l   ,!!ox0401J. TaKele I1011blllleHHe ,ilG\H 3aHlITbIX II HcperHcTpl1pye-
      roPO,lCKHX .aOMOX03i1HCTll B llepy B KOIlije    80-x   ro,lOB 4mJl       MOM ceKTOpe xapaKTepHO KaK Il,\lI CTpall,              I~'le   paHee npaK-
      6e.'!Hblx 6bl"'1 caMOH BhlCOKOI1 CpC,ilH 6e3pa6oTHblX. O/lHaKo B         1'HKOBaAOCh IJeHTpaJ\1130IlaHHoe nAanHpollaHne, a                    lIeperl1-




124
cTpIIpyeMLII1 CeKIDp 6LI,\ IIe,aOCTaID'IHO pa311IlT, TaK II IPR                  '1a(TlIhIH ceKIDp.            B    ge"\OM B CTpaHax A:mu lIOBbICl1AOCb
CTpaH C PbIHO'IHOfl 3KOHOMHKOfl, B A¢pl1Ke K lOry OT Caxapbl                     (i\arococIDilHI1C pa60TlIHKoll                  KaK   ocpHgl1a.,\bHO       PCrHCTPH-
II B AaTI1HCKofl AMepHKe, rile HepemcTpl1pyeMbIM CCKIDP 11                       PYCMOID, TaK 11 lieperHCTplIpyeMoro ceKmpClIl, XOTiI B rrepllOM
paHCC      6bL\   BbICOKopa3IlHTbIM, OIlHaKo lIPOH30llL\O cYllJe-                C\y'lae aID 1I3MCHeHHe 6bL\O MCHce CYllJeCTReHHblM.
CTIlCHHOC COKpauJCHI1C lIP0l13BO,1CTlla Il oq)Hgl1a\bHO perH-
crpl1pYC:-I0M CCKIDpC. I1pOIJelleHHbIC B CCHTII6pe                1994   rolla   Ce/l.bCKUe   u copogo:ue pauow/:J/
06C\C;10BaHl1iI 1I0Ka3aAI1, 'fID Il I1o,\blllC 6mce TpeTH pa6oT-                 I10'lTH 110 Bcex CTpaHax OCHOIlH3.i! :'lacca I-laAOHMYlljHX, npl1-
III1KOB 6bI;\l1 !Io,\1I0CTblO 11/\11 '1aCTI1'fIlO 3aHIITbl B lIeperl1CTpI1-      '1eM 6eIlHernnail 11X '1aCTb, npOJKHllaeT II CC,\bCKI1X paflOHax.
pyeMoM cenopc,            46   npogeHToB 6e3pa6oTllbIX Ha caMOM                  Ho MaAOO6ecne'leHHOC ceAbC!(OC HaCeAeHl1e HcpellKO OflJY-
11e"\C pa601'a. \Ii lIQ.\HLIfl HM1 HenQ\HblH pa60'fllfl 4eHb Il Hepe-            Igae1' lIOAb3Y CTPYKTypHblX npe06pa3011aHlIfl, XOTli MaKpo-
fIlC1'PHPYCMC>M ceKrope. B MeKCllKe '1IlC\O 3aH.i!TbIX II nepe-                  3KOHm1l1'lCCKHfl ClIaf~ 3aTparHIlaeT H pa60nmKoB ceAbcKoro
rHcrpHpYCMClM ceKTope COCTIUI..\JleT, lIO CIlCpJKaHHblM ogeH-                    X03I1flcTIl3,    OHl1,        KaK      IIpaBI1AO,     ,'Y'IUle    3aUJI111JeHbI     01'
Ka~l,25-40 lipOlJellIDIl erf 06lIJero '1HCAa 3aHR1'blX, npll'leM B               lIOCAe;!CTBHH cOKpargcHl1l1 rocy,~apCTBeHHOro ceKTDpa, '1eM
nepH!)1l C 1983 no 1988 ro,~ 31'01' rrOKa33TeAb Ylle.MI'IHBa\C.i! H3             pa60THHKH B ropo,~ax.                 Bo MHOrHX JKe       CTpaHax I1X Il(1\O)!(CHI1C
95      npogellTa B P)Il. AHMoru'fHbIM 06pa30M, Il 6pa31l;\1l1l                  3aMeTHO y;\Y'lUlI1,\OCb 6Aaro,1apJ! npCOIl(l.\eHI1K) aHTHarpap-
'1I1C\O 3aH.i!" 'blX b HeperHCTpl1pyeMoM CCKIDpe IlO Bpe:-li1                    HOlD     YK,\OHa.       xapaKTepHOlD              I1AiI    IIpeJKHei1      IIo,\HTHKIl,
3KOH(lMH'Iecwro CTI3,I\a       1981-83    ro,llOB Ylle\ll'fHAOCb rrO'lTH         lIOAaraBlIlcflciI H3 IIpOTeKljHOHl13M H 3aMCllJeHHC l1:o.lIlopm, B
Ha   30   rrpOlpHIDll. B ']1) llpeMiI KaK '1HC,\O 3aHllTbIX II Ocpll-            TCX    CTpaIl3X,       ri.e       H3MeHeHHC       ~1HpOllbIX     gell    lIPHBC,\O K
IJl1a.\bHO perHCTpllpyeMoM '1aC1'HOM         CeKID~"le   COKpanl,\oCb.           y~\y'lllleHHlO YC\OBHH IDPlDB,\l1 ,1AiI CCAbCKOro x03J!~icTBa,
     I1o,\O>KCf HC pa60THHKOB B HeperHCTpHpye:o.l0M CCKIDpe                      f1o,\OIKCHHe     ceAbcKoro              HaceAeHHiI        yAy'llll11AOCb    eIge    ilO
3KOHOMHKl1 Ii nCpltOllbl KOpeHHbIX lIpcoopa30Balmfl, KaK lIpa-                   1l0CTl1IKCHHiI lIG\OJKI1Te\bHbIX TeMlIOB pocm 3KOHOMHKH II
Bl1AO, ,\Y'lIlI(', '1C~1 B ext'l1lJHaAbHo perHCTpHpyeMOM. /-laHHble              IjCN)M. B       faHe     peaAbHail 3apaflOTH3.i! IIAaTa                  II Ce;\hCKOM
no CTpallaM me Dallee lIP3KTHKOIJaAOCb lJeHTpa\I130SaHIIOC                       X03.i!flCTIJe YHC,\I1'1H,\3Cb Ha           27    I1poIJCHIDB, Il m         IlpeMl! KaK
lIAaHHpOllaHlfe,      CIIH4eTe,\bC1'BYIOT,   'lTO Ha llepBbIX 31'3lIax           3apa6oTHail        llAa1'a        B    ccKIDpax,      lIpOH3BO;1i1Ujl1X       IDllapbl
nepCXOIlIlOIX) lIepIIO!{a lIC),\OIKeIlHe pa601'HH KOIl HCperuCTPI1-              BHyTpCHHCro I1oTpeti\CHH.i!               (Il   OCHOIlHOM, B TOprollAe), noc\e
pye!'loro Cel(IDpa 6b1N) Ay'lllJe. TaK, H3npl1Mep, B I10AblllC                   KOppeKTHpOBKH COKpanlAaCb npuMepHo Ha                            22     IlpogellTa. B
3apaOOTHaiI lI,~aT.t B HeperHCTpl1pyeMoM CCKTOPC BHa'la.\C                       CTpaHax ;\aTHl!CKotl AMepl1KI1 11 A31tH :,a nepl101l npe06pa'
6bIA:l B IICCKOAbKe, pa3 BblllIC, '1eM B OCPl1IJHiL\bHO perHCTpH'                30BaHl111 O1'liOCHTeAbHoe no,\O>KCHl1e Ce,\bCKoro HaCC,\CHHl!
pyeMOM.     3T)     Om,l!ClIiI,\oCb OT'laCnl reM, '1m pa6m'HHKI1 H               1'aKIKe y.\y'llllHNKb, llaJKC IICCMOTPil Hfl TO, '1m :>lflAOIIMYllJHe
pa60TC,13Te, \H HepCrl1CTpHpYCMOlD ceKmpa lIQ.\y'la\H BbICO-                     lIo-npeIKHCMY CKOHIJeHTpl1poB3Hbi II Ce\bCKHX paHoHflx.                             11
KI1e 110X~tl 3a i}aMKaMH IDfl '1aCTl1 3KOHOMHKH, KOIDpail                        1U\hKO B CTpaH3X EBponbl, 'IlC paHce npaKTl1KOnaAOCb gCHT-
lI04>\eJKMa Ha.\oroOO,\OJKeHHIO, a OT'laCTl1 TCM, 'fTO 3TH pa-                   paA1130IJaHHOC lIAaHl1pOBaHl1e, 1IC1\OJKeHHC CCM,CKoro HaceAe-
60TlU1KH lIepCXO,ll1,\l1 II HOBbIe, lIPH6blAbHbiC ceKIDpbl, xapaK-               Hllil B lIcpexo;lHbIH IlCPl104 YXY;Cl111lfAOCb B 60AbllleH creneHH B
repll30BaBUll1eC.i! '1pe3Bbl'laflIl0 llbiCOKl1:'>1 CllpoCOM. 3aTeM 3m            pe3YAbTaTe lIpeKpallJCHHiI lIOililCPJKKl1 Ce\bCKoro X03l!HCTlla.
pa3,\H<me COKpan1AOCh, H B HaCTOilllJee BpeM.i! MOIKHO npe,a-
nCWlJKI1Tb, ,ITO B CKOPOM BpC:'>1eliH 3apa6oTlIail lIAa1'a B OCPH-               na·!OACeHue ACeHUJUH

gl1a.\bHO Pt"rHCTpHpyeMoM CCKIDpe OK3JI(CTCll llbIIIIC, '1eM B                   I1moIKeHHe JKeHllJl1H II nCp110llbI KopeHHblX lI~"leo6pa3011aHl1fl
Hcpemc1'pllpyeMoM. B IICKOIDPblX cTpaHax Aq)PHKl1 K lOry OT                      3aC\YlKI1BUC1' oco6oro BIlH~laHlI!I, 1I0CK(HbKY BO 1l~"leMiI KPH-
CaxapbI, Hmpl1r>lep, II KOT-Il'l1Byap, B pe3YAbTare CTP}'K-                      3Hca    K   HIlM     npCIl'bilMilIOTCiI           lIOBbJIlICHHble       Tpe60BaHll.i!.
TYPHOfl lIcpccrpoi1KH pa6arIlHKll roCY?l3pCTIleHHoro (CKIDpa                     flOMllMO CBOHX 06bJ'IHbIX ,10MalIlHI1X 06i13auHocTefl, JKCHlIJH-
lIocrpallaAlt Cl1AUiCC, '1CM 3aHilTbIC II Ce\bCKOM X03llrICTBC 11 II             Hbl, KaK    lIpaBI1,~O,       ;lo,\JKHbl 1I0MoraTb 1I01111epJKHBaTb 1l0XO,.1
lDP<J4CKOM HepemCTpHpyeMoM ceKIDpe. OIlHaKO B 6o,\blllI1H-                       ceMbH, KO'4a na4aeT 3apa60THaiI lIAaTa MyIK'IIlHbI. llMllIO-
CTIle C1'paJ J\aTlIHCKOM A:o.ICPl1KI1 nOAOJKelll1e pa60TalOlgcro                 IlJCI'OCiI mallofl ceMbH. I1oAOJKCIlI1C pa60TalOlgHx JKeHlIJHH
He lIO HaflMY rope '4CKoro H3Ce\CHHiI -          OC06eHHO pa60THHKOB             HCPC;lKO OK<l3blllaeTCiI fu\ce HCYCIDfl'lHBbIM, '1eM lIG\oJKCHHC
HepemCTpfpyeMnro CCKrupa                     YXY4111HAOCb B OO\bIllefl           !><lji)f('1HH; HelIpO[JopgHoHa,\bHO BblCOKU HX l1o,\iI II ceKIDpax H
C1'e!ICIIl1, '1:,!'-1 rKl\OJKeHHe HaeMHbIX pa60T!Il1KOll B ocpHIJHa,\L-          BIl/lax I1C.i!Te,\bHOCTl1 C HH3KOH 3apa60THoii lIAaTofl; O'leHh
HO ~"lerHCTpHpyC~IOM CCKIDpe. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, 110 BpeM.i! 3KOHO-                 '1aCID OHlI MoryT HaflTl1 pa60TY ,[()AbKO II HepemcTpllpyeMoM
MH'leCKOrO cml.,U       1981-83     r'OtlOB B 6pa3HAI1H OTHOllIeIIl1e            cei<IDpe. Hc Y4HBl1TeAbHO lI03mMY, '1,[() II lIepHOIl CTPYK-
40XO/IOB B <¢11IJ1la\bHO pemCTpHpYCMOM ceKIDpe K 40XO,laM B                      TyPHotl HepecTpoi1Kl1 HX lIO,\OIKeHl1e OTHOClITeAbHO 4pyrHx
HepemC1'pl1pYC"lOM 1\03POCAO Ha          7   llpolJeHmll, B arpapHblx            K31'CroPHfl Hcpe4KO YXY4111aeTCII,
crpaHax A31111 KapTI1Ha MeHee ~HOpQ1Ha. Ha 0/1HOM KOHlJe                               I1PIl OCYlgCCTliACHllH 3KOHOMl1'lCCKlIX npco6p330BaHHH B
4lJaIla30H3 HaXO.ll1TCiI Kl1Tafl, r4e pa60THI1Kl1 OCPlllJH<Lc\bHO                CTpafIax J\aTI1HCKOfl AMepl1Kl1 nO'laCOBail OlI,\aTa Tpy.~a JKeH-
1"lel'l1cTpl1pyeMolD c(,KIDpa 6b];\11        3alIJl1llJcHbl,    a pecpopMa       lIJI1H lIa;la.\a eUJe fu\ec pe3KO, '1eM OI1AaTa TpYlla MY)!('ll1H,
roCy4apcrBeHHbl"{ Upe4I1pU.i!THH 6blAa ncpcHeceH3 Ha fu\cc                       'lID   'laCTl1'1HO OObilCHlieTCiI               KOHgeHTpaIJ1leii        pa60THl1KOIl-
fl03IlHHfl :Han. Ha npOTl1l\Ofl(l.\OIKHOM KonlJe -             BbeTHaM, 'tlC     JKeHlI)lln B HeperHCTpHpYCMOM ceKIDpe, a T3KIKe B OCooo
noc/\e    19H9    ro,\a 6hlAa lIpone,aeHa paNIKa\bHail pt..'¢opMa                lIOCTp3,.laBlIllIX B xO,~e pecpop:-'l CYTpaCMlX C TPMI1IJHOHHO
roCyilapCTJCHHblX lIpelllIPHlITHfl, II pe.3Y,\bTare 'fClD lIpl1~lepHO            H113K0i1 on,\aToil Tpy;-"la, H3lIpHMep, B lIllleflHofl IIPOMhllll-
TpeTb H3      2,4   ~'AH Da60TIIl1KOB aTOro ceKIDpa llepeU1Aa B                  ,\eHHOCTl1. B '[() JKe·lJpeM.i! na pblHKe TpY4a 3Ha'lHTCAbHO 1l03-



                                                                                                                                                                           125
      POC,\3 '!l1CAClIlIOCTb n<CHlIJHH H3 ll<lHGC1\CC 6C,lHhlX CCMCH _.                                    MI1'JCCKOt'I pecP<JPMhl ocoGeHlIo TJI;+;;C.\O .\OJt<IlTCll 11,1 f1AC'1H
      llIt"CIIHC, K01'OPOC 'mCTI) H3:lblllaroT "3(P<:PCKroM 110[[C1\HH"                                    nCKII3,\I1<jlt1IJl1pOllaIlHblx          paCiOTHI1KOII        C     1I1l3KIlM     ) POHIKM
      TC,\bflOro P300THHK3",                   B   raHC T3Kn<C COKpaTI1AaCb .3apaGoT~                      ofipa30BaHI1J1.      13    nepllO;1 CTpYKTypllblX llcpCMell 11:'; 1fC1\O-
      [faJl [[<\aTa Jt<e[frrJl1l1, 3allllTblX II             Hepef'HCTpl1pye~loM           CeKTI)pC,       n<ellI1C OKa3hllJaeTCJI fio.\cc YJl'lIlI1MuIM, IIOCKO,\hKY IlM"(l)Yl11ee
      'Jro JlBI1A(lCb pe3YAbT3roM npHroK3 p3GOTIII1KOIl, IIO'repJll1llll1X                                 IlPl1cllocofiHTLCJl K ][OBLIM YCAOIlHllM Il 1l0CllO\h:'lOB3TLClI Te!VIli
      p3GOTY H ()cp~n)l1a,\bH() pcmcTpllpyeMoM CCKmpe, Ha nC1\()~                                          !l[XJMOJKIIOCTllMI1, K01rJphie OTKPhIlJaK)1'CiI Il pC3Y\hT,11 e                       1l0i1B~

      n<eHlle Jt<eHIIJllfl TaKJt<e nOMIIJlN) rrepeKAIO'Jelll1e pecypcoB B                                  ,\cmU! IlOllhlX paGo'Jllx MCC1:                B     CTpallax, r,1C pallee IIpat;-
      CC/\bCKOM XmJlHCTBe C Ilblpal.IJH1l3Hl1ll npo/l0!la\bCTBeHIlbIX                                      TIlKOIlaAOCh yeH1'pa;\1l30IlaHHoe I L\<lHllpOllaHHC, OTM\!'laCTUI
      Ky/\L1'yp -            lile 3aHllTbl npeIlMylf)CCTIlCIIIIO Jt<CHII)llHhl -                     H3    JlPKO IlbqxlJKCIIHail OfipaTH<lJl 3<lIlI1CllMOl'Th MCJt<,lY ) [JOlllle>1
      np0l13BOilCTHO TOllaplIJ,IX Ky/lbTYp. B K()r~ 1t'l1Byap Jt<CIIII)~1HJ,[                              Klla.\I1(/mKar)1l11 11 BCPOilTIIOC1'blO OK<l3aTbCll 3a 'ICpTIli10e,'H(J~
      OK33'.L\IlCb II HeO<\3r'Onpl1llTHOM 1l();\oJt<eHHH 113-:>3 cpamlH~                                   CTII. fIoN)Jt<cHHe pa60'JHx, :laHI1M3!OIl)HXCJI PY'IlIhIM Tf));]OM, a
      1'e,\bIlO 1I113KOro ypOBllll 06p330n3HIIJI, a Il Erllll1'e                               l!3'33      TaKJt<c      KOIITOPCKIlX        pafi01'lIl1KOIl        InnKOH        Klla,\II(pf IKal)IlH,
      Y/1AlllfeHIUI CHI1CKOB OJt<I1,131011)I1X paG(r!'y Il rocy/]apCTIlCHIIOM                              KOTIJphle :13'JaCTYK) l1~lel()T OOpa'lOIl3HIIC TIHbKO 11:1 ypOIJIIC
      CCKTIlPC,         3       TaKn<C   1l3-:,3      fXJ,\ec    OrpaIlI1'JclIHoro          Bhl60pa        IIPOCPccclloHa.\hIlO-TCXHH'JCCKIlX                    Y'JIl.\Il11J    11.\11    1I11n<e,   3a
      pa60Tbl H 'JaCTHOM CCKTOpC. B                           cTpaHax A31111 1l(J,\OJKCHI1C                BPCMJI       nepcxo,]Jloro           lICpllO;la      YXnlllll,\()CI,       Jl    fi( L\bLllCj:i
      Jt<CllllJIlH      Il      ncpeXO,]IlOll        IlCPHO/!    T3KJKe      6ulAO      OTMC'Jerr(J        CTcnCHll, '1eM 1l0AoJt<eJH1C ,\Ki)OH ilpvmti K<lTeropllll, II 11')
      CBOI1MI1 OCOOCIIHOC1'HMI1. Bo BueTII3MC Jt<eHu,lI1Hbl C'f()AKIIY-                                    IlpeMJI KaK O1';\a'Ja OT of)p3301la1l11Jl B CVOHCHHI1 Il f[(HblUC

      AIKb C IIpoiheM3MI1, Bb131l3111fbl!'>11l Kp3XOM CIlCTe~lhl YXO/13 3a                                 PC3KO IlO:JpOC\a. B TaKIlX (1'panaX C POIllO'1Il0H aK()nO:<l11KOH,
      /1e1'b:>1l1,     CYUJCC1'B01l3fllueH             1\    p3MK3X       Koollep31'IlBOl\,          llO   KaK lJy[,\1l 11 MCKCI1Ka, CTpyKl'Vpa OTIIOCl1TC,\bIfOi\ :lapafioTlIoit
      lIeCMOTpJl         H3       3TO,   I1X   1I0;\OJt<CIIIIC     Il    1)e,\OM    YAY'llllIL\OCh         IL\aTI>I TaKn<e Il'l~ICIII1;\aCl, II fI()Ak1Y pafloTIIHKOIl C Go,\ee

      GAUD/1apM :-)KOHOMWICCKOMY pocTy, Il 1\ HaCTI1JlII)eC Bpe~ul                                         BhlCOKOH KIJa, \l1(1)IlK,u)lleH, 'J'f(), II(IlMOJt<1l0, (i)'bJlCIIJlCTCH •\IlCie-

      ceMhll, 1l03rMlIl;\Jle~lhIC Jt<cHIl)IlIlaMH, HC JlIlAJlI01'CJI 0(1\Ce fJe;l~                         paMBaYHell mproll.\I1.               Bo    BhC1'HaMe Il MOHIU\1l11 YIIC.\lI'JC-
      Hhl!V1I1. '1CM CeMI.>I1, 1l03C\allAJleMhle MyJt<'JI1H3MI1.                                           IIl1e 3apafioTllOH InaTbl ObL\O Hallf)(1\hIlIHM II GhICTpO pa:1BI1-

           4311HhlC 0 nOCAe,1l'TIHIJlX :1K()1I0~1H'ICCK()M KoppeKTHpOIlKI1                                 llaK)lIJe~fOI     CCK11'lrJe yC.\)T, r,1c IIp(Wl\Jt<aCT paCTIl :1aIlIlTI)CTb
      ,lMl lKCHU)IlH B cTpaHax, r,lC p3Hec IIpaKTHKOIl3;\OCh lJellTpa-                                     KlI<J;\W/ll1l)I1P0B<UlHbIX paOOTIIIlKOI\, l!OKIIHYBllIl1X COKp.lIIJaIO-
      Ml'lOllallllOC            1l,\3llllpollaJme,          Heo;lHopO,lllbl,
      O'lCBH;1110, 'JTO llX 1If,1\oJt<CHlle lie CTIlM, KPHTI1'1JI0, K3K CID
                                                                                   XOTll    BllOAllC       IIJIlHCil f1p07>!I'lIIIAelllll,I~1 CCK11'JP.
                                                                                                                                                         ...
      06bl'JHO OIlI1CblllaJ01: C                   O/lllOH    C'f()POllhl, mpal,1o 60Abllle                     Cepbe:Jllble :-)KOIIOMH'IeCKIle 1l0TpllCelll1J1 MOfYT OTKpblTh
      Jt<ClIll)llll,     'JeM       MyJt<'JIlII,      nOKHllYAO         PblHOK      TP):13 ,    xo'[}!     1I0Bble H(n"IOJKJ[OCTII ;1,\i! O;lHIlX paf)(lT1II1KOB Il no,mcprnYTl,

      ncpBolla'J3Ahlf0 CTcnellb 11X V'JaCTI1I1 H TPY,!OllhIX PCCYPC3X                                      ,\HJlleIllli1~1    ,1P)TIlX.     B     pa:lIIblX     C1'paHax        IIpeofipa:1UHal!HJI
      6hl/la O'leHL BblCOKOH 110 cpaBHellH!O C AP')TIlMI1 C'rpalla~1I1.                                    11i1YT pa.'MP1HbIMI1 ll)1'ilMI1, 110 OIlH BCel}la I1K,\IO'laklT :laMCT-

      KpoMe TOm, Jt<eHII)HHbl MClv\ellHeC 1I0KIlA3K1T PJl/lhl fJe.1-                                       H(Je YCKopeHHC llPOI)CCCa MIKBH/l31)HH He)f(IBIICCIIOC(lOIIl,IX
      paf)o1'HhIX.          C   ilPyroH Cf()POllhl, IlCCAe;10BaHI1J1, f1poBt:.lcHllhle                     pa6o'Jllx      ~lCC1'     11   CO:J,lalflUl    l!OllblX.     I JO'JTll    Bcer.13      :;nu1'
      B C\OIIeHHH H lJCXHll, nOK3:1aAll, 'ITO IIpll IlpO'lHX pallllhlX                                     lIpOIJCCC      COHPOIIO)K;JaeTcH             ~mKp()3K()II()MW!CCK<1M               C1la,loM,
      YC;\OBHiIX nOAOJt<CIlIIC )f(ClIlIJI1I1 cpaKTI1'1CCKIl Y;\Y'JllIIL\()Ch 110                           Bei1)'lI)H~1 K CHlllKClIlllO CllPOC3 (la 1'P):lH 113;1elIlllo pea \hHOH
      cpalllleHl110 C             nC1\OiKeIlUeM        Myn<'1IlH,       Il 311')   BCPHO       KaK    B    :Japali(rffiOH      IL\<lThl.     B       IJC,\OM.    3TI)13'JaCT),IO            Bc:;!eT     K
      OTHomeHHlI 11X :lapa60TlIOII n,\3Tbl, TaK 11 ypOBHJI :lalUITIXTI1.                                   :H1a'II1TCM,1I0MY COKp311)eHIlK) .cjOXO,\OH OT 1'p):la, )10CT\' f)c:l-
      TIPI1'JIIHOfl a'f()MY 61>1.\, B O/lHIlX C\Y'laJlX, f)(J,\CC IlhlCOKHii                               pafioTI11)1,1, a TaKJt<e K [[epC~leIlJCIfI110 TP); IOllblX pecypcoll WI
      ypoBeHb          oGpa~oBaHIlJl Jt<eH(1)IlH (a O1'.13<ra OT oopa30llaHf1Jl                            O(I)Ill)Ha,\bHO IJefl1CTpHpye.JOm IIllcperl1cTpHpyeMblH CCK11'lP
      Ilmpoc;\a),        1\ i1Pyrl1X -             flCllPOIIOpljllOHaALHO BhKOKal1 ill»\ll                 :'lKOHOMHKI1.       He"lCil.\ellHI,I~1H         pe:JY,\bT<JT3MH          ,laJt<e     caMot'I
      Jt<CHlI)HlI       II       CCKmpax,           K01'OPLlC      B     ~lCllhllleij      CTCIlCHll       fie:Jynpe'lHOH IIp()rpa~lMhI pe(/lopM                0\; l\,T    IIC TInbKO nplloCipc-
      110crpa,1aM1 OT 113ACHIlJl cnpoca Ha TPY-'] (ll OCOOCIIIIOCTIl, II                                   1'CHI1Jl, HO 11 1I0TCPH,          [lpll'le~1   IlO1'CPH II()IICC\'T l!pel1;\'),Il)C-

      c(:j:Jepe yC\yr 11 II        Tp);~OeMKllx        OTP3CAJlX),                                         CTllellHO IICKmL\W!lllljHpOn311HbIC paoo'lIle H paliOTlIl1KH                          o(tm-
                                                                                                           1)1la.\bIlO rJerHCTpl1pye~lOro CCKTI)P3 B mpO;lax. 4All 11'll'O,
      K8a~W(plll~UP(j(laIlHble 1I 'IeK(lCLlU(PlItJulX)(JalllllJle                                          'l11'lfibl   IIPI1()CT3110BIlTb           YXY;11I1CIII1C        fJ,\aJUCOC'f()JlllVIH.       B
      pa60TIIW:1I                                                                                          llepBylo o'lcpe,1h Hcofixo/ll1MO 1\ KpaT'IaHIIUIC CpOKII OOl~Clle~

      B   CTpal13X C nepCXD,1110H :"KOIIOMIlKOM                            Il IJ TCX, r,1C paHce           'fIlTb ncpCllo,l 3KOHOMHKl1 H<\ JlOBhlH !I\Tb IXlCTa; OTKa:, ;Ke OT

      llpaKTI1KOllaNKL IJcIITpa,\11:l0IlaHHOc IIAaHl1pOllalllle, Il II TCX,                                pe<.110PM     II~ lJ(l\nyTI1 O);<C1' ocofiCl!II0 6(}\e1HCHllhl~1 :l<\JI
      1/1C YJt<e npllllilThl PhIHO'lHhle llPIlHI)llllbl,                           CipeMJI 3KOIIO-         ~laAOI1M)'LyI1X pa(ioT1II1KOI\




126
       r.,\ A B A                    17




                   opeHHble npeo6pa3011aHlU! CBR3aHbi C llmpo-               nOBblweHMe rMOKOCTM pblHKa TPYAa




K
                   KOrl llepecTpotiKoi'1 CTPYKTypbl 3aIlRTOCTJ1              A,\R     TOro '1TOObl 3KoHOMH<tecKm'1: f104'beM MOl' npHBeCTH K
                   pe% HAe'!' 0 ~\J1KBJ14aIJJ1II 1'1HO)!(eCTBa pa6o'lJ1x     6bICTPO~IY YAy<tIIleHHKl f1OAO)!(eHHll TpY411UJHXCll, Heo6x04HMO
                   MeCl 11 C03/laHJ1U 60;\bWOI'O '1l1c\a HOEbIX, B           HaAl1'1He Ollpt'4B\CHHOfi mOKOCTH Ha pblHKe TPY4a (T36AHlJa
                   nepll04bl    pa,~UKaAbHbIX    nepeMeH pe3KO OO3pa-        17.1),   f1011blllleHHe rH6KocTlI pblHKa TPY,la, HeCMOTpll Ha TO.
CTaeT KaK <HlCAO AJlIJ, IlaHUMae1'1blX lIa pa60TY, TaK U '1UCAO              'ITO 3TO f10HRTHe npH06pc,\O oTplllJaTeAhHYIO KOHlIoTaIJHIO H
BbICBo6<:))!(4a'::'>lbIX pa60THlIKOB,   3To Bbl3bIBaeT nOTpRceHHR H3         HCnC1\h.1yeTcR KaK 3Bcpe1'1H3M, 3a KOTOpbIM cKpbIBaeTcll IIMe-
pblliKC TpY4a U CTaBHT pa60TIIHKOB B Heonpe4eAeHHoe nOAO-                    HlIC 3apa60THofi nAaTbl H YBG\bHeHHll,            RBAlleTCll He06xo-
)!(eHHe, B CTpaHax file p,!Hee npaKTI1KOBa;\OCb lJeHTpa.\H30-                NIMblM YCAoBueM BO Bcex perHoHax I'lHpa, f4e OCYIlJeCTllAR-
BaH Hoe nA3HllpoB3Hue, a TaK)!(e 110 MHOfUX CTp3Hax Aanm-                    K1TCR KpynHble perpopMbL B          cTpaHax, r4e panee f1PHMC-
CKOti A:.tepHKU H 5AU;KHeI'O BOCTOKa, I,le OCYIlJeCTIlAHeTCR                 HRAOCb IJeHTpaMI'IOBaHHoc f1/\aHHpoBaHUe, IJc,\ble KaTeI'Opml
CTPYl;TypHaF nepe':Tpoi1Ka, yp0BeHb 3aHHTOCTH B mjmlJuaAb-                   paMHHKoB        npo4G\)!(alOT    pa60TaTb    Ha   HepeHTa6e,\bHbIX
HO perJ1CTpJ1pyeM(l~1 ceKTOpc CHl13HACH Ha           5-15 npolJeHTOB, a      Y'IaCTK3X;    no U!'>leKlll)HMCR OlJellKa1'1, n0406HaH npaKTHKa
peaAbHall :3<lpa6<:nHaR n;\aTa B 014e~\bHbIX C\y<taHX ynaAa                  OXllaTblBaeT /10    20   11 60\ee npolJeHTOB pa60qetl. CH,\bl. B
6oA.ec 'IC>I ,a    40     ,1POljCHTOIl, npe)!(4C '1e1'1 POCT 3THX nOKa-      KHrae 11 cTpaHax IO)!(HOH A311H          C\O)!(HACR Hem6KlIti H
3aTeJ\eti Bo'06HOHI1AC!!.        HeKOTOpble pa60THHKH 1l00y'lalOT            KpaHHe 3anJHll)ellHblH roCY4aPCfBeHHblli ('eKTOp, XOTll ero
Hcnocpe4cTJICHHYI0 BI,II'04Y -              B TOM cAy'lae, ec\u OHU 6e3      ,1G\1l B 3KOHOMlIKe cTpaHbl B lJeAoM HeBeAHKa, B AanmCKoti
npOMe/IAeHI' ff nep<~X04)jT Il paCTYl.lJHC CeKTOpbl. O,lHaKO nOAO-           AMepI1KC, a TaK)!(e B crpaHax DAH)!(HeI'O BocTOKa U CeBepHoH
)!(eHHe MHOrllX yx '",1waeTCll B CBR3H C n~leHJle>1 3apa60THoti              ArpPIlKH nepccTpoHKe phIHKa TPY4a I'leIIlalOT MHOI'O'II1C\eH-
n;\aTbl, nep('X04ml na xy)!(e onA3'11lBaeMYlO pa6<:)TY B Hepe-               Hble 1I0PM3THBHblC OrpaHlIqeHUJl. A         II 6o\bIIlIlHCTBe CTpall
nICTpHpye1'1)M ceKTOpe HAIl B pe3YAbTaTe nOTepH pa60Tbl.                     ArpPIlKH K lOry OT Caxapbl I'OcY4apcmeHHhlti l'eKTOp OTAII-
AAll rex, K1,) C Ha'laA:J n04'beMa 3KOHOMHKH BHOBb 1l0AY'laeT                '1aeTCll f1epeYKoMn,\eKrollaIlHocThlO, IUI3KoI13apa60nloHIIAa-
pa6C'T}, I103lQ,\RKlllJYKI 3apa6aTbmaTb He MeHbwe, '1eM npe)!(-              TOH II HCHblCOKOH npoH3B04HTeAbHOCThlO Tpy4a. Bo :l-IHOruX
4e, 'T'aKOC YXy,-lUK'HHe f1G\O)!(CHHll OKa3blllaeTCll Bpe"'leHHbIM,          cAyqaJlX He06X04I1MLle peqropMbl nOMeKYT 3a c060fi 1'1ac-
<"1M! 4pynn. )!(e nOTepH f1pH06pcTaIOT He06paTHMblti xapaK-                  CUlmoe, pa3000e coKpaJ.lJeHHe K3jlPOll !lAU MI6epaAlI3aIJHIO
Tep AH60 nOTOM\', 'ITO          Y HHX       HeT He06xo,lHMhIX HaBbIKOB,      CMe)!(HblX PbIHKOH, B OCo6eIlIlOCTH, phlHKa )!(H,\hll. O/lHaKo
~\H6<:) nOTO!·1Y, 'ITO 4ll peq)OpMbI OHH I1G\Y'IaMI BbICOKYIO                Ba)!(HeHIIlHe H3 perpopM n04pa3)'MeBaIOT YCTpaHelllle orpallll-
3apaOOTHYIO f1AaTY B 3lIlJHIlJeHHhlX ceKTOpax.                               qeHUM fla Mo6HAhllOCTb TP}40BbIX pecypCOB 1I 06eCne'leHUe
   C   TO'IKH      3peHHR      pa60THHKOB ycnex        npe06pa30BaHlIH       nloKocTH cTpyK'rYPbl 3apa60THoM nAaTbI, a TaK)!(e OTKa3 OT
0llpe4eAJlel Cil    B(   ,306I1()lL\eHHeM    3KOHOMl1'1eCKoro   pOCTa   11   f1paKTHKH YBJl3blBaHHll TPY,loBbIX ,ilOrOOOpOB C COIJHaAbHblMU
o6ecne'lCHlieM elO YCTOti'lHBOro xapaKTepa,             11   XOTll TO, Ha-   AbmTaMI\.
CKO;\bKO 6bICTpo IKlCCT3HOBHTCil cnpol' Ha TP};t, B OI'P01'1Hoti
CTeuelIH 3a 811CHT 01' BbI60pa BpeMeHH npOBe,,:1eHlIll MaKpo-                DOBblUJeHUe )'to6UAbHOC,'U rpyqoBblx peCYpcOB

3KOIIOMU'Ie'Koti peqropMbl H 01' ee CTpyKTYPbl, Ba)!(HYIO pO\b               Bo MIlOrHX CTpaHax, ocyuJeCTIlARIOIlJHX pecpopMbl, rpYHK-
lIrpaer raKiKe H 11(1\lITHKa B OTHoweHlIll pblHK3 TPY/la. qTO                ljHoHHpoBaHHIO pblHKa TpY4a MelllaeT           H~10CTaTOqHall   MO-
MO)!(eT llpe lflpHHllTb npaSHTC,\bCTBO 11,\R YCKopeHHR npeo6-                6HAbHOCTb TpYtl011h1X pecypcoB, CBR3aHHaJl C 6<:lAbwHHcTBe
pa30llaHlIti 11 06. \eI''1eHHR IIG\O)!(eHHR nOTepllBIIlllX pa60TY,           CAY'IaCB C rpaKTOpaMH, H3X04Rl.IJHMHC!! 3a 1l~)C4B\aMH ca~lom
SKAIO'IaH K<K Tex. KTO CTpeMlITCH nepetiTH B HOBbIe ceKTOpbl,                pbIHK3 TPY43. K I1X '1I1CAY OTHOCllTCR npalloBblc orpaHINeHIIR,
TaK H TeX,(OMY \Tpo;j(aK)T He06paTHMbIe nOTcpll? B 4aHHoti                   /10 eHX flOp 4dlCTBYIOl.IJHe BO MHonlX pernOHax 6bIBIlleI'O
maBe paCOlaTpI1B3eTCR 3rprpeKTHBHOCTh 1'1eponpHRTHH '1e-                     CCCP; YKopeHHBlllueCll Tpa4H1JUH; He3rprpeKTlIBHOCTb pblHKa
TbIpeX nmOB.       310,    BO-lIepIlbIX, Mep]'l, npH3BaHHblC npeo40-         )!(1I,\bll; a B PR4e CTp3H, -   HanpllMCp, B MCKCHKe,       cnelJH-
AeTb licrHtiKoCTI, pbIllKa TpY4a, npellllTl'TSYIOIIJYIO 3KOH01'1H-           rpHqCCKHe      oc06eHHocTH      HHCTHTYTOB     3eM,\enOAb30BaHI111,
'leCKOMY mWheMv; lIo,lroTOBKa pa60THHKOB K IlpOHCXO,illll.lJHM               YCTpaHeHlIe TaKIIX OrpaHII'IeHIIH, a TaK)!(e npoBe4eHHe pe-
nepeMeWL">I; 06eCne'lCHHe COIJHaAbHbIX IlblllAaT 4,\1l KOMneH-               rpOPMhI 4PYfllX PhlHKOB MO)!(eT npHBeCTII K PC3KOMY nOBbl-
calJUH 1l0repH 40X04011; a TaK)!(e peIIleHHe np06~\eMbI Mac-                 weHHIO M06H,\bllOCTII TpY40BhlX pecypCOB, 3KOHOMII'IeCKHH
COBblX COKpallJeHHH,                                                         POCT, OTMe'laKlIlJHHCll B nOC\e4HeC Bpe~1ll B KUTac, CTaA




                                                                                                                                                    127
128
Il03MO)f(eH 6Aaro4'!pll TOMY, 'ITO MHAAHOHLI CeAbCKOX03J1H-                     ;lo6HHaTbCJl cTa6HAH3JljHll, Ho llHOCAe/lCTIlHH B 6o,\LmHH-
CTlleHHblX pa60'lIlX JlOCIlOAh301l3MICb OTKpblllllleHCJl B03MO)f(-              CTlle CTpaH LJeHTpaAblloH H BOCTO'IHOii EIlPOIlLI lllTpa<j:lIIoii
HOCTblO      nepeKAIO'II1TbCJl    Ha   /lpyrue   llH4LI   4eJlTeAbHOCTH,        I!a/\Of IIJ '1pe3MepHblti POCT cpOH/~a ont-aTh! TpY4a 6blA 3ayle-
OCYllJeCTMeHllaJi B lla'laAe 90-x ro;10B II fIepy Au6epa-                       HeH 4PyrllMI1, fu\ee rl16Kl1Mll MeXJlIH3MaMll, TaKHMH KaK
AH3aljUll    np3BUA    npl1eM3     H3 pa60TY       U   YlluAbHeHllll    P3-     npe/WC'>IOTpeIlH0e Il TPiW)BbIX 110IDBopax nOBhllllellHe CPe4-
6oTHHKoB Ilpl1BeAa K :laMeTHoMY YlleAH'IeHHIO '1HCAa HOBblX                     Ileil    3apa60TlIO/\    IlAaTbI,       a   HeKOTopble   CrpaIlLI      Bo06lIJe
pa60'lux MeeT.                                                                  OTKa3aAHCh 01' npoBe/lcHHJl KaKoii-AU60 nOAIITUKH Il 06Aacni
    [JOBhlmeHlle      M06I1AhHOCTH TpY40llbiX          peeypCOll TaK)f(e        40XO,,101l, Oco6eHHo 3aMeTHble ycnexH B coxpaHemm m6-
HMeeT lla)f(HOe 3H3'1eHl1e /lMl npe040AeHHlI reorpacpH'IeCKHX                   KOCTH OTHOOIT<:J\bHOH 3apa60Tlloi! IL\aThI II paMKax ljeHTpa-
4Hcnponopljl1it PblHKH Tpyt,a X3paKTepU3YlOTCJl reorpacpH-                      A1130lJaHHhIX neperollopoll 6hL\H 40CTHfHY1'hi B qexlUI, '11U
'1eeKoii P33061ljeHHOCTLIO, 'ITO He/leT K nOJlBAeHHIO pa3M1'1Hii                clloc06cTllOBa/\O coxpaHellHIO HH3KOro ypOBHJI 6e3pa60THljhL
Me/MY perHOllaMH,    B BeHrp.m ypOlleHh 6e3pa6oTHljbI II 1993                        BaJKH0e 3Ha'lellHe (1MeeT TaKJKe Il(j,\Hn1Ka MHHllMa,\bIlOil
ro4Y Ko,\e6aACJI no pemOHaM 01' 7 40 46 llpOljemUll, H Ila)f(e B                3apa6oTHOH I1AaTLL BB(:,~eHHe CAlflllKOM BblCOKOil Ml1f1ll:\-IaAb-
TaKoii HL>6OAbmo/\ crpaH(~, KaK AaTllHlI, OH COCTaBAlL\ OT 3 /,0                Hoii 3apa60THOH llAaTbl MO)f(eT CY3UTb ciHalla30H pacnpe,le-
22 npOljeHTOI! B M(,KcHKe II 1992 ro,1Y ypC)!leHb 6e3pa60THljbl                 AellHJI 3apaf)()'moii lIAaTbl, He n03110AJllI ycraHallAHllaTb ee Ha
B ropo,lC MaT,jMOI'lC,e 6blA II tlBa pa3a BbIllJO, '10M no CTpano B             ypOIlHJlX, 06eclle'lHBaloLIJI1X pallHOlleCHe Ha pblHKe, B pe,'!YAb-
ljeAOM, H IIO'!TH II llllTb pa3 HLlme, 'leM B OpHca6e, B                        TaTe 3TOro pa60TIIHKH C HH3KOH KllaAl1ClmKal}HeH H MOA04bJe
3KCTPCM'MbllI.IX CA\ '1allX, KOma Mlloro\eTHl1e 4UCllPOIIOPljHH                 paflOTHHKU MOryT ,\HIIIHTbClI 40C1'Ylla K paf)(lTe II O(jlHljHaAb-
Me)f((l" pemc fl3MH ycyry6AJllOTCll cepbe3HbIMI1 1l0TpllCeIlHJl-                HO pefHCTpHpyeMoM ceKTope, [lOCKOAbKY YIXlReHb 3apa6OT-
MU Ha penIO 13AblltlM ypCllllle, 4a)f(e llLICOKOH M06HAbHOCTH                   Iloii l'lAaTbl II 31'OM ceKTope fJy,1eT /lAJI HI1X CAfIIllKOM IlbICOK,
Tp)~OHbIX     pel ypCOll MO)l(eT OK33aTbCll He40CTaTO'l1l0, U 4AlI              0411aKo Ha npaKTHKe npaBHTe,\bCTllO Il flOAblllHIICTHe IIPOIlO-
OKa33lH1Jl    IlOMOIljH   3KOIIOMHKe     OT4<:J\bllbIX    perHOIIOB,    -       4JlIIJI1x peCPOPMbl cTpall, oco6eliHo cTpall 6LIBIIIero CCCP,
oco6eHIl0 po HOHOH, X3paKTepl13YIOIJJHXCJl BLICOKHM 1l0TeIl-                    11011ycKa]{Yf    CHlIJKeHHe    MHHlIMaAbHoii         3apa60THoif        [j,\aTbI
ljH<l,,\OM, HO IIMeK)lJJHX C,\36ylO HHcppaCTpyKTypy,              MOryT         60Aee 6LICTpbIMl1 TeMl1aMH, 'leM CHH)f(elme cpe,l{lIeli 3apa-
IlOTpe6oBaTLI'1I mC\\'lapCTlJeHHble KanHT<l,,\OIJAOJKeIlHJl.                    60THOii Ilc\aThl (pHCYHOK        17, n

fl06bilUel-tUe 2u6K')CTU CTPYKTYPbl OTl-tOCUTeAbNOU                             AW<1luqm;iUJl3a6UCUNOC,U ,lte)l(gy C0tJUaAbNblJltU
3apa6oTNoii n"taT'J1                                                            6"ta2a,ltU U 'JaHJlTOCTbIO

OrcyrcTIlHe m6KlCTH npH YCTaHOBAeHHH OTHOCHTeAbHOH                              IIpe/lnPHlITHJI CTpaH, r4e pallee llpaKTUK(maA()Cb IJeHTP,V\l1
3apa6oTHoi1 IIAaTh, MOA<eT nO/lOpllaTb nepeCTpOMKY CTPYK-                       30BaHfloe llAaflHpollaHHe, a TaK2Ke Kpynflble rocY4apC1'HeHIlbie
TYPbl 3aHJl1X CTH ilaJKe B mM CAY'Iae, Kor4a 4pyTlie phIHKH                     Ilpe411pHJl1'HlI B 4pyrux cTpaHax, npe,lOCTallAlIKJT pa601'IIH-
pa60Ta~JT 3C[)cpeKl HBIIO, ECAH 3apa60THaJl IL\aTa B pa3AH'I-                   KaM MHoro'lHCAeHllble COljuaAbHble noco611ll 11 AbroTbl, fie
llblX OTpaC\ ,[X H pomOHax He MOJKeT cBo6omlO llapbHpO-                         CBJl3aHIlLIe C 3apa6(l'fHOH nAaTOii, llKc\IO'lall JKl1Abe, a TaKJKe, B
RaThclI, y pailoTHliKOB lie 6ytleT CTHMYAOIl 4AJl llepexO;la Ha                 ollpe..l{e,\eHflo/\ CTenellll,      -       06pa30!laHlle H     34pall(lOXpa-
6n>\ee npoli:1Il04H1eJ1bIIYIO pa60Ty. B          cTpaHax, r4e panee             lIeHue, HeKOTOpbJe npellllpHJlTHJI, H OCofJeHHOCTH B 6blllmeM
IlpaKTHKOBaAOCL ljCHTP<l,,\H30B3HH0e IMaHHpollalme. 40 npo-                     CCCP H KI1Tae, 6ePYT fla ce6l1 06eClle'leHl1e COljHaAbHblX
lle(leHHlI peqlopMbI cYIIJecTlloBaAa KpaiiHe )f(eCTKaJl CTpYK-                  6Aar IlCeMY MecTHoMY HaCeAeHI1K) B IJ<:J\OM, a TaK)f(e OTlle'IaK1T
Typa 33pa60Tlloi1IIAaT]'!, Ceii'lac CI1TyaljHJI MeHlle1'CJl, 04113KO            3a      pa60TY   Bcero    KOMMYHMbflOro           X03JlHCnla,       lIanpl1Mep,
4aJKe II YCA<lIJI1JlX ,\H6epaAl13alJHH 3a'l3cTYIO cYLIJec1'llYIOT               CAe/lJlT 3a CPYHKljHoflHpollallHeM KallaMBaIJHH H !le;WT CTPOH-
cpaKTOpbl, OI'paHl'FlHBaIOLIJHe nl6KOCTh npH              YCTaHOBAellHH         TeAbCTIlO     fu\bHHlj,    B     OT4eAbHbiX       CJ\Y'lallX   Ha    lloc06HJl,
3apaflO1'Hoii nAa1'l>!, 'ITO MOJKeT cYIlJeCTlJeHHO 33Me4AH1'b                   AbroTbl II yCAym MO)f(eT llPI1X0411TbCJI ;,0 35 IlpoljellTOll
llepeCTpoiiK'.' pblHKa TpYtla, TaKl1e orpaHWlellHil !>.lory1' 6bITb             06LIJHx 3aTpaT 1lpe4llpHlITl1l1 Ila OIl,\aTy. TpY/la, TaKlle He4e-
pe3}',\bTaTOM     KOA \eKTl1BHbIX      ,~oroBOpOB,     3aKAIO'IeHHLIX       C   He)f(HhJe nOC06HJl CHH)f(aI01' Mo6HAbHOCTh TPY40RL1X peCYP-
llpoq)COlO3aNH - - KaK, HanpHMep, B MeKCI1Ke B Ha'laAe 80-x                     COB, I10TOMY '1m nepeMeHa MeCTa pa601'I>I mHa'iaeT yTpaTY.
ro401l, -    H/.H llOAHTHKH HaAoroBblX CaHKljHii, lIanpaHAeHHoif                IlO KpaiiHel1 Mepe, llpeMeHHo, B03MO)f(HOCTH llOAY'IaTb ",morHe
Ha C,leplKHBlHHe IXlCTa HOMHlIaALIlOii 3apa60THoii llAaTbl II                   H3 3Tl1X 1I0c06l1i1: H AbroT, a TaKJKe 1l000MY, 'ITO npe4UpllJlTlIll
nepH04      CTa<)HAIBaIJHlI,     '1m HMe/\O Mecm II P1l4e CTpaH                 HeOX01'HO npllHHl\1alOT Ha pa60Ty Ilpe;jCT3BHTe,\eii onpe-
LJeHTpaAbll(IIJ. H BocUl'lHoii EIlPOllbl (Hanpl1~lep, B j\aTlll1H,              ,1e,\eHHbIX /leMOrpa(pH'IeCKHX KaTeropuii, HanpU"lep JKeH-
IIo,\hllle 11 fHBlIleH qexoCAoBaKIlH), B MeKCHKe CpaBtll1TeAb-                  lIJHIl C 11eThMH. KpOMe TOro, I1CKalKaeTCJl KapTI1Ha KOHKY-
110 HI13Kall m6KOCTb CTPYKTYPbl 3apa60THoii nAaThl, llepOll1'-                  peHTH0l1 6opWhI, 1l0CKOAbKY pa3Hbie npe.'llIpHlITHll H pa3-
HO, JlIlHAaCh IlPH'IyIIlOii TOro, '1m nepeCTPOiiKa pbIHKa TpY/la                AH'IHOil C1'enelll1 HecyT 6peMJI no Ilpe40CTallAeHHIO COljHaAb-
6b1A<I OCYllJ<'CTBAcHa 1l()3JKe, '1CM B qHAH, rtle lIoC'J\e OTKa3a 01'          HblX 6Aar H yCAyr.
0611JeH HlI,'l~Kcal}IIH 3apa60THoif IIAaThl Il 1982 ro4Y CTPYK-                      OpraHLI IUCY/lapCTHeHHoro ynpallAeHHJI MoryT C!loco6-
Typa 3apa5 YfKOB llpHi >6peAa 60/\blllYIO n!6KOCTb. B LJeHT-                    CTBORaTh pemeHl110 .iaIIHoii flpOOAeMJ,l nYTeM Ilepelloca 6pe-
paAbHoH 11 BoCTO'IHOil Ellpone !l 1990-92 rc¥tax H03HHKAO                       Mellll llpe;jOCTallAeHI1Jl COljHaAbllLIX yCAyr, noc06111l 11 AhroT C
llPO:Hllope"lle "'1CJK4j 3<l;13'1aMll 110 IIOllblIIJeHlllO fH6KOCTI1            npe411pHJlTHii lIa MeCTllble opraHbI BAaCTH. HaCKOAbKO nOBbl-
3apa60THoii nAaTbl 11 06eCne'leHlleM cTa6HAmal}HH, B :~THX                      CUTeJl R pe3YALTaTe TaKoro mafa 3¢cpeK'fllIlHOCTb CPYHKljllO-
YCAOHHlIX 6),1"0 lIPllllJlTD BepHoe pellJenHe Il nepBYlo O'lepe.lb              HHPOBaHHJl pblHKa Tpy.'1a, BO Mlloro:>1 3aBHCHT 01' IIpOBe4eHHlI



                                                                                                                                                                   129
      peCPOPMbl 40nOAHHlOlijl1X PbIHKOll, B oc06eHHocTI1, pblHKa            'ITO pa60THHKaM He XBaTaer n04roTOBKI1, He06XO,lI1MOll 4AH
      JKI1AbH. &3 TaKOM peCPOPMbl npeAnpl1JlTI1HM npl14eTCH BhmAa-          pa60Tbl Ha BHOBb C034aBaeMblX pa60"ll1x MeCTax, I1AI1 JKC
      "II·maTh rocY4aPCTBY Te JKe CyMMhl B llH4e MeCTHbiX H<L\Ol'OB,        6a30BOro 06pa301laHl1ll, KOTOPOC n03IlCV\I1AO 6b! 11:>1 fiblCTPO
      KOTOpble OHI1 npeJK4e BbmA3"111BaAH B 11l14e npHMblX H34epJKeK.       npH06pecTl1 HOBYIO cnelJIlMbHOCTb. MaAoo6p330BaHHbie pa-
         Mepbl no nOBblllleHl11O CTeneHH rl16KOCTIl pbIHKa TpY4a            60TlIIlKH 33'1aCTYIO He MoryT nOKI1HyTh PJl,lbl 6e3pa6oTl1blX
      MoryT nOBAI111Th lIa 0611JHM Xo,,1 11 TeMnbl 3KOllOMIl"leCKoro        l1MI   BbIHYJK,leHbl   6opoTbCH   3a    B03MOJKHOCTb      IlbIHOAHllTb
      nOtl'hCMa. BOT nO<.fCMY OHH HMCIOT oco6oe 3na<.fCHHC Mll TeX          HeKB<L\!1(}llUJllpOBaHHYIO   pa60TI',   TOr,la   KaK   lJaKaHCl1ll   no
      pa60THHKoB, KOTOPbIC, BePO!ITHO, Hal14YT HOBYIO pa60Ty 11             MHOl'llM cnelJl1aAbHOCTIlM ocrdlOTCll He3anOAHeHHblMl1,
      MoryT Ha/lel!TbCll Ha Y/\Y'llllemic CBOero nC1\OJKeHHH. Ho 3TllX         06llJall rAo6aAbHall TeH4eHijl1ll cnpoca Ha pa60THHKoB c
      MCP, CKopec BCcro, OKaJKeTCJ! HeAOCTa'ro<.fHO B CAY<.fae pa60T-       60Aee llHfPOKOi\ KBaAl1cpHKaijl1ei\ II fu\ee BblCOKI1M ypOBHeM
      HI1KOB, KOTOPblC He roroBbl K nepCMeHaM 113-3a He;{OCTaTO'I-          06pa30BaHHiI YCHAI1SaeTCll B llCPH04bI rAy60KllX npedipa30-
      Hol1 KB<L\HCPHKaijHH 11 YKOpelll1BlllHXCll npl1Bbl'leK HAI1 npocTO    llaHI1ll, 3'ro 03Ha'laeT, <.fTO HeKBaAllcp!1!)HpOBaHHbIM pa6OTHH-
      YKOpCHI1BllleHCH npHBbl'lKI1 K CTapOMY, I1AIl npocTO 1l3-3a           KaM CTaHOBI1TCll Bce TpI'4Hee ll36eJKaTb 6e3pa6oTHijbl.          I{,"JI
      TOro, 'ITO npll06peTeHl1e HOBOll npocpeccm! 11 OTKa3 OT               HeKOTOpblX ll3 HHX, -     HanpHMep, /JAll MCKCl1KaHCKI1X ceAb-
      CTapblX npl1Bbl'leK npOIlCX0411T Me4AeHHee, '1eM I13MeHeHl1e          CKOX03J1tiCTBeHHbIX pa6o'll1x, nOTepJlBlllHX pa60TY H nepe-
      CTpyKTYPbl cnpoca na TpY4,                                            e3JKalOllJHX B CTOAHijI', yc,\OBlleM TPY/10YCTpOllCTBa CTaHO-
                                                                            BHTCll 3AeMeHTapHaJl rpaMOTHOCTb,        Y   MHrpaHTOB, He 06Aa-
      nOArOTOBKa pa60THMKOB K nepeMeHaM                                     tlalOllJI1X TaKHMI1 HaBblKaMH, B03MOJKHOCTl1 no,,\I''II1Tb pa60TI'
      nOBbllllemle   3qxpeKTI1BHOCTI1      II   m6KOCTH   pblHK3   TpY4a    3a paMKaMH lIepemcTpllpI'eMoro ceKTOpa HelleAl1KH. AHa-
      Tpe6YeT He TOAbKO YCTpaHelll1J! CllCTeMHblX cpaKTOpOB, npc-           AOm'lllaJi ClHyaIJl111 na6,\104aeTCI! BO MHomx "pymx CTpaH
      nHTCTBYlOllJl1X M06ll,;\bHOCTI1, 11 6blCTpOro H3MeHeHI1H 3apa-        AaTHHcKoti AMepHKl1, l'4e 60Abllll1l!CTBO 6e3pa6OTHhiX He
      6OTHOM    nAaTbl.     Pa6OTHI1KI1   TaKJKe   40AJKHbi    o(hMaTb      I1MeeT KaKl1x-AI160 HaBblKOB, B cTpaHax, r4e paHee npaKTI1-
      pecypcaMI1         COOTBeTCTIlYlOllJeM KEMl1cpllKaijl1ell II HaEbl-   KOllaAOCb lJeHTpaAH30BaHHoc nAaHHpOBaHHe, KOpHI1 npo-
      KaMI1 pa60Tbl, -     n03BOAJ!IOllJI1MI1 11M BocnOAb30BaTbCll HOBbl-   6AeMbl -     B anpHopHo Y3KOM cnelJHaAH3alJlll1, a TaKJKe B
      Mil B03MOJKHOCTIlMIl, nOHBNllOlijl1MI1CH Ha OblCTPO MeHlllO-          3aKOCHeAOCTH I'HacAe4oBaHlIml CHCTeMbl npocpeccHoHaAb-
      llJl1XCll pblHKax TpYM.                                               HOro 06Y'IeHl1ll, I1l'HOpHpylOlijell Tpe6oBaHl1!I 6blCTpO Me-
                                                                            HillOllJI1XCJI PblHKOB TPI'4d. 3,lecb    ypoBeHb 6e3pa60n1lJbI
      HeCOOT8eTCT8ue K8aAU¢U1m~UU                                           cpe411 llOAYKBaAl1cpmJl1pOBaHHblx pa60Tl1HKOTl YlKe Bblllle,
      IIAll pa60Tb! Ha pa3AI1'1HblX Y'IaCTKax Tpe6YIOTCll pa3Hbie           '1eM CPeAH AI1IJ CB()/)04HbIX npocpecCljM H ynpaMeH'IeCKI1X
      ypOBHI1 KBMl1cpl1KalJl1l1, 11 npl1 fIorepe paOOTb! BblilCHileTCiI,    pa6OTHHKoB.




130
    B (iO,\bIU mCTI", "POMbIIlli\CHIlO pa3Bl1TblX       CTpall, a TdKlKC     oTOM npoljeccc, KaK nOKa3JA onblT QHIII1, C YCIICXOM :>IOrYT
I\() MtKlrl1X crpaua,;, r(1c pallcc npaKTMKOlla;\OCh J,lCHTpaM!30-           npl1~ICHRThCR      nporpaMMhl MpccHOro pacnpC4eACHI1R Bay-
BdliHOC !lAaHl1fXlBaHHC, MMCIOTCll roCY4apCTIlCHHbiC Ilporpa'l1-             4epoll, KOTOPblMl1 IlCV\Y'laTB\11 OIlAa'll1BaIOT Ilpo<j:leccHoHaAb-
M],[ rrcpCn04:DTOIl.11 K,'4POB, K OIJCHKC fiX oqxpeKTHBllOCTI1               H(lC 06Y'lClll1e, npc;loc1'dIlAReMoc Ha KOHKypeflTHOM PhIH04-
C;\Ctlj'CT rr04'\o,lI1Tb C (lCTOPOlKHOCTbIO, nOCKQ.\hKY I1MCIOTC!!           HOt! OCHOIlC, O;lHaKO B CTpaHax, r/lc palicc npaKTI1KOIla;\OCb
Al11l1b OT4C,' !>libIC Hce \C,10BaHH!I, OCHoBaHHLIC Ha cTporl1X              l)eIlTpaM13oRaflllOc nAallliponaHl1e, PC3YAbTaTbl I1CnCV\b301la-
3KCllepHMCH'['ax co C\Y'1aMHhIMI1 Bb!50pKaMfI Y'IaCTHI1KOIl HAH              HI1H TaKoii CJ1CTeMhl Ha ncpBOM 3Tanc MoryT 6h1Th MCllec
I1CIlO\h:,YIOIl,lI1C    Tl1JaT(!,\hHO   COCTalHeHHble     KOHT!XV\bHhIe      ycncLUllhfMI1,     ffOCKC»\hKY    OTCYTCTIlYL"T   OffblT     opnlHH3aJ,lHH
rpynllhl (BPC:,Ka      17,l), B IJeAOM, 11MeIOIIJl1eC!I OlJCIIKM 3<P<PCK-    ncpeIlO;lroTOBKI1       Ka;lpOR   lJaCTHbIM   ceKTOpoM,        B      llrooM
Tl1HIIOCTII I'CqclapCTllCHHhIX nporpaMM nepell04roTOBKH Ka,l-                cAY'laC, Y'IaCTl1C rocY,lapcTlla B 3TO:»1 l1p<lJ,lccce MOlKeT 61>ITb
poB liC II03H1MIIO':' C4(';\aTb o,~H03Ha'lHblfl llbIBOfl,     B   AI060:>1   IJc;\CC006pa311hIM .'III!! coxpaHCHH!! lIO(14ePlKKI1 pe(POPMhI 11
CAY'l:lC, 8b[[I<);lbl laKM:\ l1CCAC/l011dHl1M nC;\b3R pdcnpoCTpa-            o6ecne'ICHI1!! COljl1aAbHot! cTa6H;\hHOCTH, TaM, me HCo6xo-
IliITb HU ,Jp"me ,:Tpa)[M, IIOCKC»\hKY nporpaMMbl nepenOk                    4HMOC1'b ncpcno;JroTOBKH K<I.lpoll Ilhl:JBaHa crpYKTypllbI:vm
roTOBKII 4aR)T pa:'IIH'lllhle PC3YAbTaThI Il pa3HhiX CTpaHax, a              1l0TPiKCHl1l1MI1    B    3KOHOMHKe      cTpaHbI   B   J,lCAOM,     Y'IaCTI1C
TaKlf<e 1l3aBlICl1:>10CTl1 OT KOHKPCTHOM KaTeropl111 pa60THl1KOB,            rocY/lapCTBa Il cpl1HaHCl1pOBaHI1I1 TaKI1X nporpaMM MOlKCT
4A!I o6ccn(,lJeHI1}I cl(t4lCKTHllHOC1'H 1'aKl1X nporpal'lM He06-             6blTI> J,lcAeco06pa3HbIM C T04KH 3peHI1!! roC)l1aPCTBCIlHOM
X0411MO IlCCTI1 noc rOllHIlYIO OIJCHKY PC3Y;\hTaTOIl, lKC;\aTeo\bHO,         3KOHOMH'lCCKOH 1IC»\HTI1KI1,      B   TeX cAY'lallX, KOrlta 6aHKoBcKaR
II paMKaX crporo KOHTPOAl1pYCMblX 3KcncpHMCHlDIl, oo\ce                      CI1CTeMa H PhlHOK KaIlI1Ta,\a pa60TaK.lT ae3<pcpeKTI1BIIO, 40MO-
TO[,O, 3TH III"orpal>lMbl cAe4yeT OIJeHHllaTb KaK C TO'lKH 3peHI1R           X03l1HC1'Ba H pa(i0T04UTeAI1 MorYT OK,t3aThCR          lie   B COOORIIHI1
HX OTIIOCWe,\hH('M 31tlQ)CKTI1IlHOCTH, TO ecn IIOllhllllCHHl!                <pliHaHCl1pOHaTb        ncpeno4IDTOBKY     KMPOll,    11     3/1cCb   TaKlKC
;1()XO,101l pa(;OTIII1KOB 11M! ncpOllTHOC1'H l1X TPY;10YCTpOHCTBa,           MOlKCT lIoTpc6oBaTbCR II04;lcPlKK3 co CTOPOHbl rocYltapCTBa,
TaK 11 C TOlJKH         'PCIIHlI 06rJ,leH :'1<plj'leKTHllllOCTH, TO eCTl,       IIcpcno4roTOBKa pa6m'HI1KOIl, OTIiOCRI1JI1XCJI K Ha116C»\ee
IIPCllbIiIlCHv!! pe3\,\hTaTOB 11M 3aTpaTaMl1,                                Y1I3BHMblM rpyIlllaM, H <pI1HaHCl1fXJHamlC TUKI1X rrporpaMM
    3#CKTI1BHO( Th rrcpcn04roTOBKH Ka,1poll MOlKeT raKlKC                    MOlKCT OKa3a1'J,CiI IIC HO;l CHAY 'laCTHOMY CCKTOPY, 3KOHOMl1-
6bfTh IIOllhlI , lelia :'a C4CT YCI1ACHHJI pc»\H 4aCTHOro cel\ropa Il        4CCKall OT/1a4a OT TaKOH nepenollroTOBKI1 MOlKeT OKa:laTbCR




                                                                                                                                                            131
      HH3KOH, HeCMOTpl! lIa ee KOIICTpYKTl111IlYIO PO\b II YMellb-                               '1aCTH 6e3pa6oTllbIX (OKGAO            3   npOlJeHTOB B npOMbl :IL\eHHO
      lllelll1l1    pa3061lJellllOCTH          B 06IlJeCTBe.           OpraHa~1 mCY4ap-          pa3BUTbIX CTpaHax Il OKmo            1 lIpolJellTa II IlO,\bIllC).
      CTBeHHOm YflpaHAeHHlI C\etWCT COCpe40TO'IHTb BHlIMaHl1e Ha
      nO;MCp;KKe          H    perYAHpOllalIHH            '1aCTflbiX    PbIllKOB, o6ecne-        Cy6cu,qupolJwwe 3apa6orHou nM1Tbl
      '1UBaIOlljUX lIepellO(lmlUBKY TeX 6e3pa60THblx, flOTeHl)l1aAb-                             4A!! TOro '1m6bl cy6C114npoll3Hue 3apaflOTHofl IL\3ThI MOrAO
      lIa!!    OT;la'la       OT    06y'leIIHl!     KOTOPblX          l!BMleTC!!    RblCOKOH,    CblrpaTb n03l1T1IBHYlO pnAb, 0110 ,lGA;KIIO HMeTb orp;.llIH'Iell-
      OrpaHH'IUB cooe fleflOCpCtlCTBeflHoe Y'laCTl1e H cy6cu;,upo-                               IIbIH xapaKTep U HaX0411TbO! no,~ CT[){)rHM KOHTP( "\eM. B
      HaflHe AHlllh nepenoAroluRKotl TaKUX HaI160·\ee Y1l311HMbIX                                npoMblUHeHHo pa3Bl1TbiX CTpaHax TaKHe Cy6C114uH HUKaK He
      I'pynn. KaK M3TePIl-041Il10'lKI1 Il IlHBaAll4hl.                                           OTpa3HAUCb        113   Te~max       .3KOIlOMI1'1eCK0I1    KoppeKTHpOBKI1,
                                                                                                 0illlaKO OHH MoryT npl111eCTH nOMonJb Xp0l1l1'1eCKH 6e3pa601'-
      OrCYTCf6ue WUpop.llalf:UU                                                                  IIblM. B aTOM C\y'lae UMeeT ~leCTO 3cp¢eKT 33MCUJeHUl!, TO
      Pa60TIII1KIl He MOryT BOCflC1\h30RaTbCl! HOllblMH 1l03MO;KHO-                              ecn, Te pa60TIlHKU, '1bll 3apa60THa!! n,\aTa cy6CU,11IpyeTclI,
      CTl!MI1 Ha pblHKe Tpyila, eCAI1 IlM HI1'1em He H3ReCTHO 06                                 np11XOi1l1T na CMellY lIecy6C1IilupyeMbIM. bmee TOro, cy6Cl1-
      IlMelOlIJI1XC!! 113K3HCl1l1X 11 ypOBlle On,\3Tbl TPY;13. P360THI1KI111                     4Hp0BaHUe 3apa6OTHotl I1AaTbT 1lI10AHe MO;KeT 1l0,lOpBaTb
      pa3B1U13K)fI)HXC!! crpaH3X npH 1l0l1CKe pafX)Tbl nQA3raIOTC!!                              Cal-IY pecpoP~IY, npO,1;\eBa!! CYllJeCTIlOBaHue lIepeHT36eAbHblX
      npaKTH'IeCKII TC1\bKO lIa lIecpopMa.\bllbli1 06MeH I1mpopMa-                               qmpl<l. B03MO;KHOCTb cyfiCU4HPOB3HUJl 3apa6oTIIOH nAaTbI
      1)l1eI1. 04naKO B npOMbII[L\eHIIO pa311HTb1X Il 6b1l3UJI1X COI)l1a-                        cAe4yeT p3CCMaTpl11laTb 1t);\bKO B OCOObIX CAY'la!!X, KOr;~a
      .\HCTWleCKHX CTpallax lIepe(lKO CYUJeCTByeT ocjmlJHa.\blla!!                               AerKO o6ecne cIHTb <upeCHOCTb TaKOtl nOMOIlJH, HanplIMep, R
      ceTb mCY4apCTBeHllbIX, a HHorA3 11 '1aCTHbIX 610PO, Upe;lO-                                HaCe,\eHHblX nYHKTax, l/1e CYlIJeCTIlYeT Al1l1lb 0411a cpHpMa
      CTallA!!IOI.lJHX nOl-lOllJb II 1I0l1CKe pa60Tbl. HeMIIOm'lHCAeHllble                       (C~I. IIH;KeJ. KOl'4a n[Je40CTaMeIlHe cy6cu4HHIIO 3apaf)oTlloH
      HMelO[J)HeC!! OlJeHKH CAY;K6 TpY.J!O'YCTpoi1cTlla Il npOMbllll-                            IlAaTe     1I0CTalL\e1l0     nOll   cTporuti    KOIITPOAb,        mm   MorYT
      AeHIIO pa:lBHThIX CTp311ax 1I03llOAlIIOT C4eAaTb llblllO(l 0 10M,                          0K333ThC!!    ~lellee   iloPOroCTO!!IlJHMU, '1eM cOlJHaAbHhle Bb[rJAa-
      'ITO Ollll 110CT3TO'IHO .3cpcpeKTUllllbl. 'IaK, 1l3npHMep, B CUlA                          ThI,    \1 6o"ee .3cpcpeKTHHHbIMI1 IJ YCTpalleHI1H COlJH;IAbIlOH
      nOMOII)b B 1I0lKKe pa60Thl !!BA!!eTt'!! lie MeHee 1I0Ae31iOH 4,\1I                         pa306llJe1l1lOCTU Il y,a;\eIlHbIX paHOII:lX.
      Tex, KTO nOTepll.\ pa60TY, -                    H lIa"moro MCllee 40pom-
      CTO!!IIJeH, -       '1eM nepello,lroTOBKa Ka4POB.
                                                                                                 YKpenneHMe cTa6MnbHOCTM AOXOAOB npM
              B m   ;KC Bpe"m nOMOII)b B nOI1CKC pa60Tbl npCtlCTallA!!eT
                                                                                                 nOMOUJ,M npOrpaMM COL\ManbHbIX BbmnaT,
      C060H ;lellTeAhHOCTb co 3Haql1TeAbHblM ,li!MHHlICTpaTUIlHbIM                               B    nepU04bl my60KHx npe06p:l30llaHUfl p360THHKH CTaAKI1-
      KOMIIOlleHTOM            11   n0.31DMY      BP!!4     AH   craHe1'     npl1eMAe~lblM       B310TClI    C P!!;1CN      Cepbe31lblX     cpaKTOpOIl     pHCKa, llaJ\60\ec
      pelllelll1e:"1   ,~;\H   MHOT'I1X CTp3H C HH3KI1M 11 CP{'4IlHM ypOBlleM                    3Ila'lI1Te;\bHblM H3 KompbIX !!IlAlIeTC!! HePO!!THOCTb nOTepH
      40X040B. 4a;Ke B ll(){)MbIHLACIlHO pa31lHTbiX CTpallax C pblllOq-                          pa60TbI U HCTO'IHHKa ,\OXO,13. 43lKe II npOMblllL\eHHO pa3llH-
      HOH .3KOIlOMI1KOH .\Hlllb Hef.lO.AblllaH '1aCT!, Tex, KTO HlIJeT                           TblX crpaHax co cTa6l1AbllOH .3KOHOMHKoi1 O'leHb TpY,1HO nC1\-
      p36oTY, KaK np3BHAO, He 6ol\ee                 10-15 npOlJeHTOB, HaX04!!T ee               HOCTblO      I1CKAIO'II1Th    PHCK    6e3pa60TlIlJbl       (CM.   mallY     13)
      C 1I0MOIlJbKJ roCY43PCTBeHIlOH CAY;K6bl OlOpO 33H!!TOC1'II, B                              4el!TeAbIlOCTb '13CTllbIX IlpOrpaMM CTpaXORallI1Jl Il nepH04bl
      Ilmbllle HX 401\11 COCT3B.\lIeT Bcero                 3-5 npoyellTOB. Ho 4a;Ke             !'J\y60KHX Ilpe06p330Ballut'1 OKa3blB3eTClI eIlJe 60,\ee 33TpYk
      CCAI1 OK:l;KCTClI, q1'O rocy/,apCTBeHllble CAY;K6bI 3all!!TOCTll                           llemloH. 1l0CKOAhKY Il 3KOHOMl1Ke (,Tpallbl lllJeAOM npOHCX0411T
      urp310T B<1;KHYIO pC1\b 'TO,\bKO II npOl-lhllllAellllO p331lHTblX                          CHH;KeIlHC cnpOC3 lIa TPY4, 11 llepOllTHOCTb nOTepH pa60ThI
      CTp:lllaX, B AK)5bIX yC\OBI1!!X np{'4CTall"'!!I..."TC!! l)eAeCoo6p33-                      1I011blluaeTCH (lAl! BCex pa6OTIlHKOB 04HOIlpeMeHHO. TaKHM
      IIblM pa.3peUIaTb t,e!!TeAbHOCTb '1aCTHblX c\Y;K6 3a1I!!TOCTII.                            06pa.1oM, HMelOTCJl apryMeHTbl B flC1\b3y mro, '1ToGbI rocy;aap-
                                                                                                 CTIlO B TOH I1AH IIIl0H cpopMe OCyIlJCCTBML\O CTpaXOB3mIe
      iloqgep)/(Ka npegnpulIu"t(lreJl.bCKozl geflre.tbHocru                                      40X040B U nOi14ep;Kl1BaAO I1X Ha OnpCtleAeHHOM ypOllllE:.
      B pa3,\II'1HbIX CTpaHax npe(,npH[Jl1MaAI1Cb nonblTKH OKa3aTb                                      [JOCTO!!IlHble MexaHH3Mbl n04tlep;KaHHlI onpe4eAeHIIOm
      IlOTep!!BlllUM pa60Ty nOMOllJb B OTKpbITl111 C05CTIleHHoro                                 ypOBHlI tl0XO/lOB          n0400Hble 06cy;K4aBIlIH~ICll B rA3Be        13
      tleA3.    Bo   MllorHX CTpaHax B 3KCnepl1MeHTaAbHOM nOp!!,\KC                              Il   nepexo;1l1b1fl     ncpII04     MoryT    5blCTPO      yTpaTHTh        CBOIO
      AeHcTIlYIOT nporpaMMbl no npe/lOCTallAeHmo cnelJl1aAbHblX                                  .3cpcpeKTHBHoCTb 113-3a orpOMHom, XOTIl H BpeMeHlIom, Ylle-
      Kpe/IUTOB II npOBep!!IOTC!! P33Ml'1Hble Meponpfl!!THH, Ilanpall-                           AlI'leHHlI '1I1CA3 6e3pa6oTl!bIX HAlt '1HCAa ceMei1, ;KHRYlIJI1X 33
      ,\eHllble Ha C04eHCTIllle p33BI1TllIO MHKpOnpe4I1pH!!Tllii. T3KHe                          '1epTOH 6e41l0CTU. 03a60'leHHOCTb IlpallHT6\bCTB3 TaKJKe
      IIporpa~lMbl        pe"KO        nO;lBepr3AHCb             TllJaTeAhHOH         OlJeHKe,   MO;KeT Ilbl3bIB3Tb on3CIIOCTb nOTeplt nC1\HTHQCCKOH n04.1ep;K-
      0411aKO onblT mCYMpCTBeHIlblX nporpaMM I1pe40CT3IlAeHII1I                                  KH pe¢OpM B pe3YAbT3Te pe3Koro !l34eHH!! 40X040B, oco6ell-
      cneyuaAbIIblX KPCtlUTOB B AaTHIICKoi1 A!>lepuKe U B CTpaHax                                HO CP{'4H rpyIlII H3ceAeHHlI, 06A34alOl1jIlX 6o'\bIl1HM IIO.\UTU-
      AcpPUKU K lOry OT CaxaphI n031l0AlIeT CtleA:lTb IlblB04, 'ITO                              '1eCKIlM BeCOM, 06a .3TH COO6Pa;KCHH!! ~1()['yT BeCTH K nOBbl-
      TaKHe IlporpaMMbl P{'4KO npHIIOCl1AI1 pe3YAbTaTbi. 'iacTHbJe                               wellHIO ypOllHlI COYHaAbHhIX llbllI,\aT.          B     6bIlllUHX COlJ11;L\H-
      MIIKponporpaM~IbI KPCtlHTOllaHH!! lIBA!!IOTCli 60,\ee .3cpcpeK-                            CTllQeCKHX CTpaHax poeT BblllAaT np11311all '1aCTH'IHO CKOM-
      THllllbIMH, oco6eHHO B ceAbCKOH MeCTHOCTH.                            B      IloAbllle C   neliCHpOll3Tb pe3Koe COKpallJelme Cy6CH,111H np{'4l1plllITH!!M,
      YClleXOM 6bIA3 OCYllJeCTllAeHa .3KCllepI1MeIlTaAbfla!! nporpaM-                            B      .3KCTpeM;L\bl!bIX     C,\Y'I3JIX,   HanpllMep,      B   DC1\rapllH    H
      Ma lIO Kpet1[1mBaHI1IO HOBbIX npe4f1pl1!!THti. O/lHaKO HMelO-                              IloAbme, 06'beM Cy5CH4l1H CHH311AOI C                    12-15    npOlJeHTOB
      f1Jl1ec!! /{allllble CBUtlCTeAbCTIlYIOT 0              TO~'l,   'ITO T3Kl1e nporpaM-       BBfI ,10 1- 2 npOlJellTOIl BBI1, 3 06'bel>1 COljHaAbHbix llblllAaT
      Mbl npe;lCT:lBA!!IOT HHTepec AHillb 4AlI O'lellb lIe6(1\billOf!                                                          5-8 npOlJeHTOB BBI1.
                                                                                                 3a TIlT lKe l1epUO,1 Il03pOC Ha



132
     B pa3HbiX CTpaHaX             6YlYT,    IlH4HMO, npHMeHIITbClI pa3AI1'I-               neHCHK) IIO CTapOCTH. 06pa3ylOT HaMHoro 60Aee BAHlITe.\b-
Hble erpaTenm, 1l0CKOAbKY ,10 npOBe4eHHlI npe06pa30llam!l1.                                 HylO rpymIy HaceAeHHlI, '1eM 6e3pa6oTHble. BOT llo'leMY fl
Me)l(il)' HIlMIl CYIIJCCTIlOllaAl1 OrpOMHbie                   pa3~\I1'l!l1l    B pOAIl     cTpaH3x IJeHTpaAbHOill1 Bocw'IHOH EBPOllbi fl3)1(HYK) POAb Il
MeXaHI!3MOH         CeMef!HOH          nOcl4ep)l(KIl    ceMeH       Il    MaCIl1Ta6ax       Ka'ICC1'lle 'J,lexaHH3MOIl cOlJHaAhHhlx IlblIJA3T 11rpaAl1 nporp3M-
HeperllcTpnpyeMoro ceKwp3, 3 TaK)I(e II O)l(VlAaHllllX, CJljl3aH-                           MbI COLjl13Ahfloru cTpaXOflaHI111, 11 B 60AbflII1HCTBe 3THX cTpaH
HblX C lll'It'UlaTec\bCTHOM roC);ilapCTB3. B lje~\OM, '1eM oo\ee                            npll pa3pa601'Ke C1'paTerm! pecpoPM IIC06X04HMG 6b1/\o OOec-
npOMhlllL\eHHO            pa3Bl1Wft      JlIlMleTCll    CTpaHa,        TeN     6C»\hUle     ne'lHTb C6aAaHCflpOllaHHocTb Me)l(4Y pelIleHHeM Kpa1'Kocpo'l-
CYllJeCTBYC"f .10B04011 B nOAh3Y 6c»\ee UlHPOKOro npllNeHeHllJl                             Hoil 3a,~a'l11 110 CM!!l"lellHIO 6e!(HOCTIl B nepex04Hhlil nepl10;l
ruCY4apCTBeHHblX             noc06H11.         '1W   06b!!CHlleTC!!          HaAH'IHeM      nYTeM HbII1~\aThl BlllX04HblX noc06I1H 11 noc06HH 1I0 fJe3pa-
6n\hUlerO 06'beMa pecypCOB H cAa6oCTblO a.\hTepHaTHBHbIX                                    601'll1)e, H peWeHI1CM 60Aee il0AroCPO'lHbIX 3alla'l 11 OOec-
MeXaHI13...10B      n04llCP)l(KI1        B     paMKax       HepemcTpHpyeMoru                ne'leHHe1'1 rrOCW!lHHbIX IlblllAaT, TaKI1X KaK neflCHll.
CCKwpa. HeY;\I1HI11C'AbHO n03WMY, '1W ypoBeHb COljHaAbHblX                                       COljHaAbHbIe BblllAaTbl 4All CM!!r'leHI1J1 CHH)I(eHHll 40X043
Bbll1.\3T     B    C\OBeHI1H        ShilIle.    '1eM    B    Y36eKllCTaHe,          a   B   11 I10Tepl1 pa60TbI, oc06eHHo lIoc06l111 no 6e3pa6oTHlJe, 3a-
ApreHTI1He 1lI,[lIle. 'leM B O(J'\I1Blll1,                                                  '1aCTjilO lJa3bIBaKlT «naCClHlHot\» IlO.AHTHKOVl pblHK3 TP},?13, BW
     HarlAY'IflI .lil      CI [OCO(;    OK33aHllll     rrOMOllJ1l        6ellHblM           BpC:>I!! KaK nOAI1TlIK3, HaUpallAeflIl3J1 H3 rr04rowllK)' pa60'll1x K
I1Cll(J\b30B3Hlle         rrpOCTblX      MexaHIl3MOB         3,~peCHOil        IlOMOLIJIl   llepeMeHaM, IlOAY'lH;\3 lfa3BaHHe "aKTHBHoil". B npOMblllL\eH-
TeM, '1bC nOA<l)l(elme YX);ilUUiAOCh. [10CKOAbKY 6e;lHOCTh He-                              HO pa3BHTbIX CTpallax 3TH lllla           BH)~a   Mep lIepellKO paCCMa1'-
nocpeclCTBeHilbIM Ol')P330M CB!!33Ha C 6e3pa60THlJeJ1 H CeMeft-                             pllHaKJT, KaK B3a11M033MellJalOIIJHe, rrpl1'1e!>1 B P!l4e          HCCACe~O­

HblM craTYOH B CTpaH3X C IlepeXOilHoil 3KOHOMHKOil, I:1e                                    BaIlHil YTllep)l(,1aeTCll, 'In) YlleAH'IeHl1e paCX04011 Ha aKTHBHble
paHee IIP3KTHKOBa\OCb lJelITpaAH30B3lfHOC nAaHHpoIlaHHe,                                    MepbI     lIR\lIeTClI   60Aee    3cjl¢eK1'HBHbIM,      1I0WMY      'lW   01f0
06a 3TH KpHTepHll WHPOKO 11CIIOAb3YKJTCli llAli CMllr'leHHll                                rr03Iln\lleT pa60TlfHKaM BHOI!b YCTpallllaTbC!I Ifa pa6OTY, a 3W
OTplHJaTe.VblfhlX llPCAt'.i!CTIlHft npe06pa30BatlHil.                    B   npOMbIW-       Be,leT K CHH)I(eHlflO 3aTpaT Ha COIJHaAbHbIC BblrL\aThl. Ho B
AeHHO oo\ec pa31lHThiX CTp3Hax C nepeXONIOVl 3KOHO;\IHKO{1                                  CTpaHax C 3KOHOMHKOVl nepeXOt~Horo llepH04a aKTHBHble H
npC,lnpIlHllMJIOTCll nOllbITKI1 ;10IIOAHHTb TaKHe                            <l;lpeCHble    naCCHI!Hble :l<lepbl, BH411MO, He llMlilOTCli 113aHM03aMeI.YUKJ-
nporpa~lMbl XpHIJII<IAbIIOft Cl1CTeMOlf COljl1<L\bHOil 1I0MOllJlf,                          11jHMH. nOCK(J\bKY B ~laHHOM CAY'I3e npl1'lHIIo~j 6e3pa60THlJbI
OCHOI<atIHOH Ha npOBePKe HY)I(;laeMOCTH, Q1H3KO npOBepKa                                    !lBAlleTCll, l'lIaBllbiM 06p330M, He ne3q)cjleKTHBHOCTh npell.\O-
HYlK4ae.YIOCT! -             CAO;KHalI 334a'la, Tpe6yKlHJ<tll 60AbHIOI'O                    )l(elfHll TpY4a, a HIBKHi1 cnpoc Ha Hero.
06ne!'Ia 34MHHI1Cl P3TlillHOil pa60Tb!, H IlmlDMY                              43HHblH
Me'm;j, BePOHTHO, MOlKeT npHHeCTH xopOlIlHe pe3Y;\bTaTbl                                    MaCCOBble cOKpaw,eHMR
TC»\bKO B np:)MblllIACH!lO pa:iBHTblX CTpaHax.                      B     HCKlJ'roPhIX      06bI'lHbIMH lllneHHllMI1 B XOlle KOpeHHblX npe06pa30llaHHfl
CTp<I1I3X     11   'mil    1·IAH   ~moil       cpopMe       HCllO;\b3yeTC!!       CaM()-    llllJUllOTCll MaCCOBble COKpaHJeHI1!! Il nepecTpotiKa roCYAap-
3a'lHC\eHHel com IleTcTBYKlHJYIO a,apeclIYIO rpynny, HanpH-                                 C1'Belllforo ceKlDpa,       B    KpaTKOCpO'l11OM nAaHC YBOJIbHeHHe
Mep. KOP'la IU;\Y'IeIJl1c lloc06Hil 06ycAa!l.\l1BaeTCli y'lac1'lfe~l B                      60,\bIllOru '1l1c\a pa60THl1KoB llMll<:.'TCli lleCh",la 40POI'OC1Dll-
IIporpaMMax 06HJ(,CTBeHHbIX pa6m: XoTli T3KHe nporpa~lMbI                                   IljI1M. EeAH npe(lnpHllTHll ilMJlIOTClI nOTeHIJHaAbHO )KH3He-
He n03llOA!lI01' yAy'lflIHTh nepcrreKTHBbI Y'laCTHI1KOIl B fL\al!e                          cnoco6HbIMl1 H MoryT 6]'(Tb paHO HAH n03,lHO npl1B3TH3H-
l!OAY'IeHH!! .\OArocpO'lHoil pa60Tbl, Il nepeX04Hb1ft lfepHOll                              POBaHbl, W      peq)Op~lhI MoryT rrpOTeKaTb CpaBHI1Te,\hHO 6e3-
OHH nn\e3Hhl He 1Th\bKO IlmDMY, '1W npe..1C1'afV\Jl!OT co60H                                6n\e3HeHHO. 04HaKo B oo\bUIHHCTBe C\Y'I3CB He06xo,1!lMO
3¢qJeKTHIlHhIft         MeXaHl13M         caMOOT6opa,          o6ecne'lHBaK)HJl1il          COKpaHJaTb MaculTa6bl npoH3HO,1(TB3 Ha KpynIIblx roCY4ap-
OK33<JHHe a;IpeCHoil IIOMOHJH 6e;lHeillllHM CAO!!M HaCe~\eHl1l1,                            CTfleHHblX llpellnpl1l1Tl1l1X 11.\11 3aKpblllaTh HX, HPl1'1CM 3nl1'
HO 11 nOWMV, 'In, I1o:mO/\lIIOT nepe)l(flTb BpeMli 01' lIOTePI1                             npolJecc MO)I(eT OXB3TblllaTb lJeAble OTpaCAI1.                B   Ka'lCCTBe
cTapoH paf.oTllllo IInW'leHllll H()HOft. TaK, HanpHMep, B                                   npHMepOB MO)l(HO IlPHBeCTH COKpaUjeIIlle o6neMa npOIl3IlO(1-
3CTOHI1H      a,lpeCHhIil       xapaKTep         1I0co6Hft      no 6e3pa6oTI1lJe            CTll3    II ruql1apCTBeHIIOM       ceKwpe         B '1lL\11, nocreneIIHoe
}:']a,A')Cb 311aIHTC\hHO \'CHAHTb nOCAe n)ro, KaK HX 1I0AY'IellHe                           COKpaHJeHlle '111C\a pa60THl1KOll IlpllH3!(Ae)l(3uJeft rocY4ap-
6bL\O 06YCl,0IlAeHO Y'faC1'HeM HerK1AHbIH pa60'll1ft ;leHb Il                               CTBY CTaAeAl1TellHoft KOMnaHIIH Il I1crralfHH H npe4flIeCTBO-
nporpaMMax 06IIJeCTBeHHbIX paf)()r. Al1Wb IIpe4CTaIlH1'ec\H                                 llaBwee npHllaTH3aJJHl1 COKpaHJeHl1e Ka4POll Ha rOCY4apCTBeH-
H3H6cnee 6t'.i!HbIX rpynn HaCe~\eHH!I 06paHJaAHCb 3a 31'H1'1l1                              IlblX   npe;ll1pHllTll!lX   Il   MeKCHKe.     EHJe    04HHM      npH~lepOM
1l0CC,{iHlIMH. B     A \6aHllH         nporpaMMbJ o611JeCTBeIIHbIX pa60T                    !lBA.lIeTClI   ncpeCrpOftKa       YIDAbHOIl        npoMbIllJJ\eIlHOCTH      B
WllpoKO HCIO.Ab:J~IOTCJl /L\ll CMllr'leHl1J1 AHHleHHil B nepHo,~                            !bccHH, flo HMeIOU)HMCll 0IJeHK3M, ll'\!! OOecne'IeHH!I )l(1l3He-
6e3pa6oTI1I;N. KIK YKa3blBaJ\OCb B l:\aBC                        13,     CYUJCCTByeT        cnoc06HoCTH 3WJ1 OTpaC\11 '111C\0 ruPHliKOB, COC1'aIlA!lBHIee
He1'1,l,,\O   IlpyrHX          npHMepon          YClleIUHoro             npllMeHeIHlIl      nO'lTH    800    TbIell'l   '1eAOlleK,    nOTpe6yeTCll       COKpaTHTb    Ha
npOl'paMM (6HJeCTlleHIIblx pa6uI' B pa311HBaKlllJl1XCll crpallax.                           50   npOlJeHlDB. 06uJ!1M B 3THX npHMepax !!BAlleTC!! 1'0, 'IW
     Ihopall       npWI!lHa         nOllblUleHHll       ypoBHll          COIJHaAhllhIX      npoljecc OXB3TblBaeT OO\bflIOC '1HC\O pa60THIlKOB, HCpe,~KO B
BhlIl\a1' 3aLAlO'laeTCll B He06xo/!HMOCTH COXpaHI1Tb o611Je-                                O,lHOM mp04C HAI1 pernOHe, 'lW            3a1'pY;~H.lIeT   Mll nOTepJlllWHX
CTlleHIIYlO Ilo.~4el')I(K)' pecjlopM, '1m, KaK npalll1AO, paIlII03Ha'l-                     pa60TY TP)"'0YCTPOVlCTIlO Il llpyrHx ceKwpax.
HO diecne'leIIHK) IIO;lileP)l(KH co ClDPOHbl 113H&:nee I1AIl!!-                                  OIlTHMa,\bHOe       pellleHHe       npo6AeMbi     !'laCCOllbIX   yIln\b-
Te;\hHhIX rpynn.          Bo   :,IHorllX CTpaII3X, 11 Il OCOOeHHOCTl1, B                    HeHHVl 3allHCHT OT ypoBHll pa3BHTHJI CTpaHbl, a 1'aK)I(e OT 'rima
npm1bIlfL\CI!HO l'a31lHTbIX CTpaHax. rile palfee llpaK'fl1KOBa-                             npC;llfpJ:l!lTHI1 11 ero Ka4POB0J1 CTPYKryPbl. B                HeKowpblX
~\OCb   ljeHTF;lAH3c,aaHHoe nA3mlpOB3Hlle, AHIJa, IlbIUlt'.i!Wl1e Ha                        CAY'laliX Tpe6yeToi yIlnAHTb H3AHWHHX pa60TIlHKoB ;10 npo-



                                                                                                                                                                            133
      HCilemlll npllHanB31J1l11, KaK 3m 6hlAO CN~AaIlO H Mcnalll1l1, C               cynJeCTBYKlIlJI1C      06IIJellaIJI10H<V\hllble      nporpaMMbl,           AY'lWe,
      TeM '11\)6b[ 06ecne'lI1Th HOHhlM llMI4C,\bIJaM M3KCllMaAbHYI0                  'le~1 rrpei~OCTaIlAeHI1e IlOC06HIl no 0e3pa6oTH1Je.                  II(   'CKOAbKY
      ll03MOJKIlYlO creneHh CllcJ6Q4bl B npOBe4eHI111 nepecrpollKll                  OHa IlpollJe C aAMHHHCTpaTI1HHoi1 TOQKH 3peHHJI. IIAll TOro
      npeltrrpllllTI111. B i\pymx CAY'l311X MOJKHO H3'l3Tb C npHBaTH-                'lT06LI H3fie;KaTb CHI1JKeHHlI cnpoca Ha TPY4, He :,\CilyeT
      3aIJl1l1 II    llCBAOJKI1Tb IIpOBe?lelll1e lIepecTpollKI1 Ila nAe'll1          ¢I1HaHCHpOJlaTb        TaKl1e    oco6bIe    nporpaMMLI           C nCMOlljblO
      HOHblX IlMlile,\bIJell. Bo MHOfJ1X C\Y'l3J1X coxpaHlllOTClI orpa-              HaAOroB 1m (llOH4 3apaOOTIIOIl nAaTbl.             B 11llTepeCax       cllpane,\-
      HI1'leHHJI 113 YIlOAhHeHHe paOOTIlHKOIJ 11,\H Ha yp0Bellh 3apa-                ;\HBOCTlI     H     3qxpeKTI111HOCTI1      YBOALHlleMblM            pa6C'THHKaM
      60TIl0i1 1I;\a1'hI -        1'aKOHa, 'lallJe Ilcero, cHTyaIJHlI H CTpaHax      c;\e;lYe1'   npe.,llOCTaBI1Tb    IlCHMOJKHOCTb IlbJfiopa Me)!;4Y               He-
      IJCIITPaAhHOI1 H BOCTO'lIlOi1 EBPOIlhl. B CTpaIlax C Hl13Kl1M H                CKOAbKHMI1 napl1allTaMI1. it,'ll npCilOTBpallJeHHl! YXGU AY'I-
      Cpc"lliHM ypOHHeM 110XO;10l! npoq)COlO3hl Pt'llKO Y'laCTllYKJT Il              IIII1X paflOTHHKOIl CAe4Ycr npOBeCTI1 pe¢opMY 3apaOOTHOH
      :mJM npoIJecce. MCKAKl'leHHlIMH JlllAJllOTClI CApK6a 0611Je-                   IL\aTLI, TeCHee YllJI:lall Orr,\aTY TpY4a C ero pe3Y,\hTa"'aMI1. M
      CTBenlloro aBTo6YCHoro COOOlIJeHI1J1 Il fa He • a 1'aKJKe nO/11'O-             HaKOHeIJ,     ailanTalJI1l1   paf)OTHI1KOB       ;"IOJKeT   cnoco6CTllOlIaTb
      TOIlKa nporp3MM B TpaHCHopTHOM ceK1Upe Ha lVIaBPI1UH1 11 B                     06113aTeJlLIloe YBt'llOM,\elll1e 0 rrpe"lCml!lIJeM YIlClAbHt:III1I1. B
      lOrocAa!lHI1,     me   flC3 Y'laCTHlI npoq:JCOK1301l ycnex fibl,\ 6b[          1U JKe npeMll, nOCK(}\bKY paJlHee YBe,lOM,\eHI1e MOJKeT 3aMell-
      HeB03MOJKeH. B OTAl1'-Hle OT 3Tnco, B npOMb[UIAellllO pa3BHTbiX                AI1Tb   Ilo6ponoAbHbll1         YXO;l   pa60THI1KOB,        ,tall    11M     1I0B04
      CTpaHax, TaKHX KaK KallaAa H illlleIJHJI, Mlloro'lHC;\eHHLle                   BblJKH4aTL KOMneHcaIJHOHHOI'O 113KeTa, TaKoe YIlt:.lor.IAeHI1e,
      COKpaUJeIU1J1 npOIlOi11lJ\HCb B YCAOBI1J1X TeCHoro COTpY4IHl-                  1I0-11I1/lI1MOMY,     IJeAecoeJ6pa3110     CO'leTaTb        co      CIIH;KeHHeM
      'leCTlla MeJK4Y HPO¢C0103aMI1, pafiOTHHKaMH H Jl.leCTHLIMH                     onAaTbl TPYlta OCTaK:JIIJHXCll pa60THI1KOIl. l{pyrI1e 3ACMeHTbl
      06IIJHHaMH. TaKoll 1I0/lX(lA, KaK IIllet1CTalJAJleTCll, HaHOO\ee               llporpaM:>I, npaKTHKyeMble B npclMblWAeHHO pa3BI1TLJ:': CTpa-
      3(P¢eKTHBeH B CpaBHl1TeJ\bHO pa3IlHTblX B rrpOMblUIAellHOM                     Hax, TaKI1e KaK ¢YIIKIJI101lI1pOBalll1e Ha IIpe/lnpHJlTl111 CAYJK6bl
      OTHOWeHHI1        crpaHax         co    Cra6l1AbHOH     pa60'leH     CH;\OH,   1'pYAOYCTp0l1CTBa, 6YltYT 3¢(peKTI1BIILIMI1 TOAbKO npl1 HaAI1-
      I1MelOl.IJeH llblCOKl1I1 yp0HeHb (J6pa:lOBaIlHll.                              'll1H COOTBeTCTIlYKlIIJI1X a/lMI1HI1Cl'paTI111HbIX B03MOJKHOCTeI1.
          itAl! 06eCIICqeHI1J1 2lCP¢CKTI1BHOCTH nOCAe lIPOBC,1eHHll                  OHH BpJl;l ;\H llpUlIeCYT nOAh3), B 60J\bLUHHCTlle pa3BI1BalO-
      MaCCOIlhlX YllOo\hHCHHIl He06xoi~HMo npY'laTb p31-!HI1e yne,l()-               l.IJI1XCJI CTpaH, 110 :MOrYT OKa3aTbCJI rrOAe3l1blMH B HeK01upblX
      MAeHI111 06 YBO,\bHCHI1l!X, rrpe,1AaraTL YIlOAeHHblM aAbTepHa-                 H3 CTpaH, me paHce IIpaKTI1KOBaAOCb IJeHTP3AI130IlaHHoe
      TI1I1Hble     BmMO;KHOC1'H,        a   TaK;Ke   nepeCI>IOTpeTh CI1CTeMY        nAaHHpOBaHHe.
      On,\aTbl TpY4a oCTaIOIIJHXCl! pa6oTlIHKOB. IIpoTI1IlClAellcnme                     Oco6ylO npOfi,\eMY IIpc;lCTaBAJlKlT 016011 rpa4006;)a3YKJ-
      pa60THltKOB ~!OJKIIO CHI13I1Tb II T()~I CAY'lae, eCAI1 cOKpa-                  IIJlte npc"lnpI1l!Tllll. He OCTaBMllOllJI1e <L\bTepHaTI1BHLIX B03-
      IIJeHI1e    KaltPOH    llH;\l!eTCl!    'laCTbIO 60Aee    1ll11POKOH npo-       ;"IOJKHOCTeH      TpY40YCTpoHCTBa.        TaK,     Hanpl1Mep,        B HXCI1I1
      rpaMMbl       CTpyKTypHbIX         pe¢opM.      B   CTpaHax,   rAe   paHee     IfeKOTophle yme,loOblllalOllJI1e JlpeltnPI1J1THIl paCIIOAOlf.:eHbl Il
      IIpaKTHKoBaAoCb         IJellTpaMOOlJaHHOe          nAaHI1pOBaHIlC.    YJKe    H30MlpollaHHbIX        paHOHax, ,1allaJl 3aHlIIDCTb 6Cl-\blllllHCTBY
      Cm;\KHYllIllI1XClI      C    HeCKOAbKIlMI1      npHMepaMH      M3CCOlloro      MeCTHhlX JKI1TC;\eH. OIlTl1Ma,\bHblM nOltX040M JlMlleTOI npo-
      YBoAbHeHI111 pa60THl1KOIl, 60Aee IIIHpOKall nporpaMMa I1~leAa                  Be4eHI1e Mel'. cnOC06CTI!YIOIIJHX nepeMeHa:M                         :MHr:JaIJHH,
      ¢OPMY Bceo61,eMMolIJero nepexo,la 01' COljI1aAI1CTH'leCKOH                     C03,~aHI1Kl HOIlhlX pa60Ql1x MeeT 11 HOI!bIX ¢I1PM. Ho Il KpaTKO-
      3KOHOMHKI1 K PLlIIO'lHOiL B TpaHCflopTHOM ceKTOpe B faHe                       CPO'lHO,>1 IlAaHe TaKoil 1I0/lXOA pe,lKO nO'lIlOMleT pellll1Tb
      :na nporpaMM3 6blAa 'laCTblO o611Jero COKpaIIJeHI111 H3AI1III-                 npo6,\el'l)'. Kor4a nepel'leHbl oCYUJeCTIlI1Tb C\OJKHO, Kor/1a
      miX pa60THIlKOII Ha roCY/lapcmeHHoH cAYJK6e, II c(pepe                         3KOHOl'nt'leCKall KOppeKTl1pOllKa He MOJKeT 6blTb npom:lleHa
      06pa30Ilalllll!, a TaKJKC Ha P1l4e cocY/~apCTlleHHblX                 npe,i-   6bJCTpO, B onpeAe,\eHlihlX YC\OBHJIX lJeAeco06pa,1HbIM'IO;KeT
      rrpI1l!THi1. B cAYJK6e aWJ'o6YCHOID COO()IIJeI!l1l! IllpH-AaHKH                OKa3aTbCJI npOlleAeHHe Ilpel\leHlIblX ]'.Iep, HanpaBAeHHi,IX Ha
      olla OhlA3 'laCTbKl 06UJelD COKpallJeHI1l! roCY4aPCTlleHliOro                  1l0/14epJKaIfHe paOOTbl CYllJCCTIlY«)l1JI1X rrpCilrrpI1l!TI1ii. Bo-
      allllapaTa.                                                                    nepBblX. eCMl lleAHKH COIJH<L\bHLle J1..\H nOAHTl-I'leCKlle J.l3-
          'ho     KacacrCJI Bonpoca 0 1UM, C\t';1ycr AH IlhIl1Aa'lHBaTh              ,1ePJKKH M1KIlI14aIJUH paOO'lI1X MeCT, coxpaHellHe cy6CI1/1111l
      BbiXO/1Hoe rroco6He          Jj   ¢opMe CilHHOHpeMeHHoro IlAaTeJKa,            MOJKeT He n:V\bKO He MemaTb OCYIIJeCTllAeHI11O 60Aee IIll1pO-
      Kmupblll YIlOAeHHble paf)()THHKH MOrAI1 6LI HCIlOo\b:iOllaTb 4;\l!             KHX npe06pa30BaHI1i1, HO 4aJKe YCKOPHTh HX. BO-llTOPbIX,
      OTKPbITHJI co6CTHeHHoro 4C;\a, HAll Jl BI14e rrepmlAI1'leCKI1X                 eCMI cmHMOCTb IIPOAYK1JHH q:mPMLI rrpeBOCX04l1T cmH~IOCTb
      II/\aTeJKe~1 Il yeQeHHe ,1,\HTe,\hHOrO BpeMeHl1, 'l1U (J6ecrre'lI1,\o          npOl13B04CTBeHHblX pecypcoB, 1'0 cy6CH,.lHpOB311I1e ~10JKeT
      61,1 cpeAcTBa K cYIIJecTBOBaHI1KJ B Te'leIll1e 60Aee 11AHTeAb-                 lleCTI1 K CHH;KeHHKJ I134CpJKeK, TaK KaK Il            rrpOTI1HHO~1         C\Y'lae
      HOCO llepI10Aa, TO Ha 31UT C'leT HeT t:.1HHOro :MHeHHlI. rIepllblll            IIYJKHO By/leT IlblflAa'lHllaTL rroc06l111 flO 6e3pa6oTHIJC HM1
      rrO/~X04 IIpt:.mO'lTHTeAbllee llAll npCilnpI1I1M'H1BbIX AlO;lCH, a             f10ceJ6I111 B pa:MKaX COIJHaAhHOH I10MOLlJH. rIPH p;13pafioTKe
      llmpol1        4M! Tex, K1U lie J\Kl6I1T pHcKa. B03MO)l(1I0, ,\Y'lwe           nporpa~IM f10/l/1ep)l(KI1 rrpc"lnpUllTHllll I130MIPOB3HHhIX pal1o-
      Beero         11aTh B03MOJKHOCTb eaMliM pa60THHKaM BbJ6paTb 1UT                Hax HaJKlIeiimei1 3<41a'lell }II!AJle1'Cll npe40TBparIJeHI1e (,034a-
      HAH I1Holl llapI1aHT.                                                          HHll I1CKaJKeIfHblX CTHMYN)B, npHMeKaIOI.IJI1X II 3TI1 pai10Hbl
          rIporpaMMbl COKpatlJeHl1l1 KaApon pa60THHKOfl ,~OAJKHLI                    APY1'l1X     pa60THHKOH H~\I1       KOMnaHHIt.      Amhle nporpaMMbl
      6blTb OCHOBaHbl Ha C\t:.WlOllJI1X OCHOIlHblX npHHIJunax. geM                   nO(lAep;KKI1 npe4npl111TI1Il Il(1\JKHbl B1104I1TbCJI Ha orpaJiH'leH-
      MeBee pa3BHTa 3KOHOMI1Ka cTpaHbI, Te:>! fiOAee rrpOCThlMI1 H                   llblllnepl104, ( TeM 'nn6bl npc"lnpUlITI111 HCIIC}\b30Ba,\H TaK),K:J
      nOHJlTflblMI1 ,~Oo\JKHbl 6b1Th HCl](.,\b3)'eMble MexallH3~lhl, flpo-           rrOtMepJKKY He ,"\ll YBeKOBeQeHI1J1 He:clqxPeKTI1BHOCTlI, a 4;\l!
      rpaMMa cncIJHa,\bHbIX BblXOAHblX 1I0c06I111, 1101l00\HlllOlIJall               rrepecTpollKI1 (Hoell 4eJ1TC;\bHOCTI1.




134
    /l,M!
                                 ·..
            ycnelllHoro np0BeileHl1ll npe06pa30B3Hl1ti He06xo-
                                                                         'Il1c\a   pa60l.{l1x   MeCT.   Ha   nepllblx   :nanax   nepexo4Horo
                                                                         nepl1043 Olt1a'la 01' npoBe4eHI1ll aKTI1BHhlX "Iep Ha pblHKe
i!WMO HaM1'1We rw6Koro pblHKa TpWla.         A   ,~All 1l0BblIlleHI1ll   TpY4a, HanpaBAeHHhlx Ha co/jeHCTBl1e nOl1cKY 1l011b1X pa60l.{l1x
CTelleHI1 ero rw6KOCTw HY)KHbl peCpOpMbJ, cnOC06CTBYlOllJI1e             MeCT, CpaBHI1TeAbHO HelleAI1Ka. Ho KOr;ja OCHOBHble nOl'pllce-
:-'106I1AbIlOCTI1 TpY40llbiX peCYPCOll, nporpaMMbl cOlJl1aAbHblx         Hl1ll oCTaHYTcll n03a,111, l.{aCTb pecypcoB 6Y4eT, BePOllTHO,
HblllAaT, a TaK)Ke MepOnplIllTI1J1, n03llOJ\JlIOllJI1e pa60THwKa:-'1     nepelG\JOI.{eH3 C llblflAaTbl noco611H Ha nposC4eHwe Mepo-
IlCHroIDHWTbCJI    K   nepeMcHaM.   3ao\oroM     ycnexa   JlHMleTC!!     npl1!ITWH aKTIlBHoi:'1 no,uI1'I1KI1, oc06eHHo B cTpaHax, pacno-
1l0,14ep)f(Ka l>106wAbHocTw TPy/l0BbIX pecypcoB, llID llpeMJl KaK        AaralOl.lJllx HallbQ\bIllI1MI1 '41MI1HIlCTpaTIlBHhlMIl ll03MO)f(HO-
cOlJl1a,\bHble BblllAaThl I1rpalOT 4BOJlKYlO PQ\b, CMJlr'laJl cna)!      CTJlMH,6e3 KOIDPblX HeB03MO)f(HO ycneIllHoe oCYllJecTBAeHHe
nOTpebAeHl1l! II CmDKal! Pl1CK, CBl!3aHHbIH C cOKpallJeHl1e"l            n0406Hblx nporpaMM.




                                                                                                                                               135
   I1eptneKTI1BbI TPY4HlIJI1XOI
                        BXXI BeKe

3A T1POWE4illEE             CTOAETME CYtlb6hI AI04eH B pa3HhIX
CTpaHaX MI1pa Onpe4eAIIAI1Ch,4I1BepreHTHhIM pa3BI1Tl1eM rOpa340
qauJe, qeM KOHBepreHTfIhIM: M.;3MeHI1TCJI AI1 CI1TyaguH B XXI BeKe?
5Y4eT AI1 OH 3HaMeHOBaTh anoxy          BKAIOqelik:UI -     4aAhHeHIllero·
pacrrpocTpaHeHI1JI I1HTerpagl1I1 3KOHOMI1)Ul, Be4YlIJeH K pOCTy
llOX040B pa60THI1KOB BO Beex perI10Hax, l1oco6eHHo, B 6e4HeH-
IllI1X? TeMhI, 3aTpoHYThleB llpe4hI4Yl.IJI1X,rAaBax, aHaAI13I1pYIOTCH
B rAaBe   18   npI1MeHI1TeAhHO K TOMY ,qro ())KI14aeT TPY4HlIJI1XCJI B
BaJKHeHill IfX perlfonax. MHpa. PaccMaTpllBaIOTcH KaK neCCI1MI1CTM-
qeCKMH cqeHapHH pa3BMTI1J1, corAacHO KOroPOMY YCMAMBaeTCJI
411~¢epeHgMaIJHJI B ),poBHe%I13HM rpY4J1lIJMXCJI B pa3Hhlx perl1o-
nax,)'rakjr; OPTMMHCTMqeCKl1H,B COOTBeTCTBMl1 C KOTOphIMB03~
N{(:);H9CTH,C034aBaeMhIe '6Aaro4apJl rAo6aAhHoH HHTerpaqllM,
I1CnOA~3yJdir~H'4A1f YJr-Yt;IIUeHl1J1 'IK113fiU pa6oT::tIOIllero HaCeAeHM>I B .
pa3HhIXI~panax. .' . .                  .              .
      r.AAHA                18




                            a TI{X1TlDKeHlHl IIIX)lJHOro BCKa xapaKTepnoH               •   3ct)CPCKTHBHoe HcnOAb30llalll1e l1epc~lcH Ha Me)KilYHap0j(-




        H
                            'fepTOH MHpOBClH 3KOIfOMHKI1 61,1;\0 YCI1Ae-                    HOM ypOllHC            6Yllb   m    pcampOllaJlHe lIa BOBble PbIHO'1·

                            HI1C HcpaBcHcTBa 1I0XOIIOB. Cpe,lHHH ypo-                       HblC      B03MO)KHOCTH         H,\H    npl1llAe'feHl1e        KallllTaAa    HAil

                            Benb 3apa60'rHOH TIAaTbl KllaAl1(jJHIJl1poBaH-                  npeO;lCV\eIlIlC 4l1cnponoplJI1H, llb1311aHHbIX H:l:'>leIlCHlUIMH B

                            IIblX pa60'fHx II TIPOMbllllAeHlIo pa3HI1ThiX                   CTpyKType mproIL\I1;

        CTpaHax       Ha~f6(Hee COCTOllTe;\bHOH KaTcropl1l1 pa60THI1KOIl            •       npl1HllTHe llOAHTllKIl II 06;\aCTIl TP}lW H 3aHJlTOCTlI, Y'fI1-

        II Ml1pe    II HacTOlluJcC BpeMll H WCCTbllCClIT pa3 IlpCIlblWacT                   TbmaK)flJCl1 He;'lOCTaTKI1 IIcperl1cTpHpye~.fOro H Cb\bCKO!'O

        CPCIIHCH 3apa60TOK 6eIlHcHWdi rpYlUlbl                       q,epMcpoB B            PhlHKOB Tp)"la, 06eCne'fl111aIOIlJeH 3q,¢eKl'I1BHYIO CHCTeM,

        cTp<lHax A¢pl1Kll K lOry 01' Caxapbf, 3a TIOCAei1Hl1e 15-20,\eT                     TIpt11131l0/1CTlleHHb1X OTHOWeHI1H              B Oq,I1IJlia;\bIlO peru-

        3aMeTHO y;\y'1WIHOCb nOAO)KCHI1C orpOMHblX Macc Tpi/lll-                            CTpHpye!>IOM          ceKTOpc,        npe40CTaMlllO[JJcH             rapaHTI1H

        flJl1XClI B CTpanax A:lIH1, HO lOT )Ke llCPl1011 6blA OTMe'lCH                      YIl3BI1:'>lbIM    KaTeropHllM          pa60THl1KOll      II     ~B6eralO!lJeH

        CTarHal/l1eH I1Mf cna,~OM Ha D,\I1)KHCM BoCTOKC, Il AanIHCKoH                       YKN)lIa     II   flClAb3Y    }?KC     3aKpellllBWl1XCll        B :3KOHOMI1Ke

        AMCPI1KC H B Aq,PHKC K lOry 01' CaXapbl, a E ca",loc TIOCACIIHce                    OTHOCI1Tb\bHO COCTOJlTeAbllbIX rpynTI;

        BpCMll -   H B CTpaHax 6blHWCH CHCTCMbIIJCHTpa.\1130BallHoro                •       nepexo4 K M04eAJlM pa311I1Tl1!I, 6aAec 1\l'fnO OTpalKaJOllJHM

        n;\aHl1pOBaHI1R B EBPOTIC II CPC/lHCH A31H1, rIpmI30l1"CT ;\11                      PblHO'1HblC f1pl1l1lJUflbI 11 MelK/WllapOIIHYIO I1I1TerpaJJUIO,

        BblpaBHIIBaHI1C ,10XO;IOB B XX] BCKe? 01' OT8CTa na 3TOT                            6e3      CYIlJeCTBeHllbIX      11     l1epMaHeHTHhIX          H:Vlep)KCK    ilAR

        BClTIpOC 3aBIIClIT MHOroe, PCa;\bHblH rlporpecc Il03MO)KeH riO                      TPYilOBbIX pecypCOIl,

        BceM HaHpallAeHl1ll",l: 6bICTpoe paCWI1peHl1e 3awnueTII, POCT
        np0I1.3H04I1TeAbIIOCTI1 II )J\y'fWCHl1e YC.\OIlI1H TP}ila, Ho eYlIJe-
                                                                                    ABa cueHapMR rno6anbHoro pa3BMTMR
        CTBYCT II onaCHOCTb, '11\) HeKoTOpble KaTcroPI1I1 -              01' 6e3-   /lBa CIJeHapl111. COCTaIl,\eHlIbIX 4AJ! HaeTOllIlJcro OT'1eT3, nOKa-

        pa60THblX Il lHuyC'rpl1a,\bHbIX CTpaHax 110 3Ha'HlTe\bHOI1                  ,bmalOT flpelleAh' OO:1MO)!(HOI'O 11 CTeIleHb                    p~fCKa,     O)!(~l/laIO­


        '1aC'fH HaCCACHllll B i\q,PI1KC K lOry 01' Caxapbl             oCTaHyTcll   flJero pa60THl1KOH B OCHOBHblX perHCmax :>lI1pa. Con3CHO

        3a paMKaMI1 3TOm TIpol/eeca, 3 Hep3BeHeTllO Il AaTHHCKOfl                   llepBOMY CIJenapHIO pa3BllTHC HOCHT TIaCCHBHblH xapaKTep,

        AMepl1KC II 11P}THX pCrl10HaX COXpaHI1TCll.                                 CAe/lYlI         npOIIL\bIM     TeH4clIl/HII~I.      ITOCKOAbKY          CYliJecmyeT

            Pe3YAbTaTbl 6i~YT 3allHCCTb KaK 01' COCmJlHHJl 3KOHOMI1KI1              pea/\bHall BepollTIIOCTb TOm, 'fT03TO 6Y,1cT conpoBO)K,c:aTbCll

        Il OT4CAbHbiX CTPaHax, TaK 11 01' Me)!(lIYBapoIIHOH 3KOflOMll-              4aAbHC~!meH /1Hq,(pepcHIJrlaIJl1eH ~le)K;:IY OT4C;\bHbIl>1II perno-

        YCCKOIl CpC/lbl. /la,\bHCHWall MClKllYHap04H3Jl I1HTCrpalJllll              HaMIl       11    YCI1ACHIICM       HepaseHCTBa       ,'IOX0401l      pa6OTaK'flJero

        n03IlCV\HT 3TI1M    CTpaHaM       H     IJe;\bIM rpyllfJaM   paOOrHI1KOB    Hacel£HHIl lIeKOTOpblX CTpall, lIaHHblH 1I)''Tb pa311I1Tl1ll 11(}-"Y-

        3q,cpeKTHllHce HCnCV\b3ClH3Tb HOBble nOTCBYHa.\bHble B03MOlK-               'f~n     Ha3BaHI1C 41111CprellTHoro              CIJeH3pHJ!, TO CCTb OTMC'1CH-

        HOCTH. PcwalOflJcc 3Ha'1ellJIC 6y,WT H!>!CTb ,1ci1cTBI1R 60raTbiX           HOI'O 33MC;l,\CHHbIM 3KOHOMH'IeenIM pocmM 11 pa3061l/eH-

        CTpaH, B 'faCTHOCTllll Bonpocax IlHCllIHempmllOH nCV\l1TlIKI1 H             HOCTbK). Bo llTOPOM Cl/eHaplll1 aHaAI1:mpYK)TCll ll03MOA(HbIC

        B OTnOWCnl1H 6IOII)KCTHOro 4eq,Hl/I1Ta. EC;\Il 4eCpl1l/HT He                flOCAe4CTlll1R aKTI1BHOl'O roCY;lapCTBeHHO!'O BMcwaTeAbCTBa

        C1l1131lTCll, 3TO o6oH4CTCJl BceM CTpaHaM CHI1)KeHl1eM np0l13-              l1a HaIJIlOllaAbHOM ypOBIIC 80 Ilcex '13CTRX Ml1pa B CO'leTa:1l!11 C

        BO,'II1TeAbBOCTll   TpY?la   11       3a:>Ie;1,~eHlleM   3KOHOMI1'fCCKOm    4a,\bHeHWeH ~le)K,'IYHapO/1HOH HlITerp3lJllell, d-roT J](vlXo,,,

        POCTa. He MeHCC Ba)K!lOH 4,\11 BK,\IO'IeIlHIl llcex KaTcropl1H              Ha3bIBaCTCli             KOHBepreHTHblM           CIJeHapI1CM,         06e     MOIICAI1

        pa60THllKOIl B Ml1pOBylO 3KOHOMIlKY 6Y4CT II MelK4YHapO,1Hall               4alOTCJl 1\l.\bKO KaK TIpl1MCpbl: npl11lO4l1MbIC 8 HI1X IJllq,Pbl - -

        nOMOIYb. Ho, nO)KaAyH, caMYlo Ba)KHYIO po,\b H pa3BllllalO-                 OTHIO,1b He TIpom03, a              ~\HIllb   paC'ICTbI, OCIIOllaHHble Ha          ~IHO'

        llJI1XCR cTpaHax 11 cTpallax C 3KOHOMI1KOti ncpexolllloro THna              )KeCTlle ,'IOTIYIlJeHI1H. Ho 31'11 CIJeHapmf TI0311G\IIIOT C OllpC/le-

        6y,'lCT HrpaTb ycncx B '1eTblpex HaTIpallAellHllx, OlIHcaHHbIX II           ;\eHI10l1 ;10CTOBePHOCTblO npCijBl14eTb                    1l0CAb~CTBl1ll KaK          Il

        npe;lbl4YIIJI1X '1aCTIIX HaC1\»!ll,Icro OT'feTa:                            C\y'lae YCllexa, TaK 11 Il C\y'lac HeYlla'fl1, Y'fI1TblBall ncpOllTHblC
                                                                                    6Y4Yll,Il1C TeHllcHIJlm llal/HOH3AbHom 3KOHOMH'1CCKOro pa3llH-

        •   Bbl60p PbIHO'lllOro nYTl! pa31l11TI1R, Be4YflJero K 6h!CTPOMY           TI111 11 MC)!(,"YHaPO;1110H I1HTCrpaIJIII1.

            C034alll1lO cnpoca lIa TPY;1 H nOBblWCHl11O npo11380i111TeAb-                   I:AaBHbIM        q,aKTOpOM,         OlIpelleAlllOll,Il1M       TICpCTIeKTI1Bbl

            HOCTlI TpY4a;                                                           pa60nUlKoB Ha 6Y4YflJCC, llllAlllOTCJ! I1HBeCTHIJHI1 H KanllTaA,




138
06pa:KlflaHI1(', I1H( !)pacrpYKTYPY                     11 TeXHCl\OnUO.         COD\aCHO       cropoHlleM       ypOlllle.   COfAaCHO     4HBepreHTlIOMY          Cl,leHapHIO
I1I1BeprellTHo 1MI' ClJella:mlO, OTMe4ellHble B                   nOG\e,~Hee BpC~Uf            Ha6AIO;laeTCll 3aMe;lAeHHbli1        POCT 3KCIlOPT3, 3            CTpyKTypa
TeHilellfJIU! Il I1HI eCTlIl,l110HIIOM npol,lecce COXpaHllTCll 1-L\11                          Me;K4Yllap04Horo pa34eAeHHlI TpYila oCTacrcli npaKTH4eCKH
OC)\a6I1YT,          IHa4H 'eAbJlaJl        11QM!       Y4allJHXCll   lie      3aBepWI1T       Hell3MellHOl1, Me;K,w TeM, B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C KOHBeprellTHblM
mKchblloro 16Y4eHlU!, a llPOl13B04HTCAhHOCTb TPllla Il lJCAOM                                  Cl,leHapl1eM, m06a,\bH311 HHTerpal,lHll II C04eTallllH C BHYTpeH-
lie CTAl14aern! fihlCTPblM POCTOM (TafiAHl,la                         18.1).     KOHllep-      HHMI1 IlHBeCTIUJHllMII B (p113H4eCKlliill 4eAOIle4eCKuii KaIll1Ta,\
rellTHblii cljeHapllii npe;1110AaraeT YCKopeHl1e Ter-.mOB POCTa                                4aeT OllJYTI1MYK) 411CTylO Bblro,,!), (Ta6Al1l,la            18.2).   D08bl-
HHlleCTI1IJl1};,        cTa611M13alJIIKl       'IIIC\eHHOCTI1         Y4allJl1XCll       Ha    meHl1e I1pocpeccHoHaALHoro YPOBlill pa60TIIHKoll H YC/\OllllllX
cYIlJecTBYloll,leM :'POBlle, COKpanJeHlle OTceBa Ii 6AarDTBOp-                                 r,'OOaAI13al,lI1H 3KOHOMl1KH n0311C1\lIeT pa3BHBaKlUJI1MClI perHo-
Hoe      R03;1et1 CTIllle      KalllUa,\OMO;KeHl1ii           Ii IIHcppaCTpYKTYPY,             lIaM n04HlITbCli lIa CACAYKlllJYIO CTYl1eHb TeXHC1\OfH4eCKOll
I lep(~'l<l4y        TeXHCl IOfHfi     l1    COllE'pWeHCTBOBaHlle                Ka4eCTBa      AeCTHI1l,lbl: pa60TllllKI1 B HH4YCTPH3,\bUbIX cTpallax C PbIHOq-
ynpalL\eHHl!           H<!   nOBl..lmeHl1e      Ilp0I13IiO,~IlTe,\bHOCTH            Tpy)'ta.   Hoii   3KOllOMHKOi1      nepexo411T       01'   cpC4HcrexHOAOrH4l1oro
KOH BepreH"Hblii ':I)eHapl1ii Ilpe411maraeT XOTll fib! He6oAb-                                 npoll3804cTBa        K   lIaYKoeMKHM       TeXHOAorHll!V!     H    YCAyraM;
moe YBeAl1'leHHe c6epe;Kellllii, CHI1;Kelme 6K),,(;KCTHoro 4e-                                 AaTHHOaMepl1KaHCKHe H 6,\H;KHellOcTo4Hble cTpaHbl, HcnOAb-
(pHlflUa        Il   fKlraTblX    C'rpaHax          U    l1epeMellJeHl1e        KaI1I1T<!Aa    3YiI H~leKlll,leeCl! npellMYllJeCTBO II 1106bIHalOllJeii npOMblUl-
Me)lqy CTp;maMl1 B Ollpe4e,\eHHOM 06'beMe, BKAIO'tali cpHHaH-                                  AellHOCTII H II ceAbCKOM x03l1iicTBe, IIplKTynalOT K IlPO-
COIlj'I() UOM()I1Jb .lAll fJeAeii pa3BI1THH. OC(l6eIlIlO :')HeprH4-                            H31l0(\CTBY TOH3POB, Tpe6YK)[lJeMY cOBpeMellHblx TexHC1\omll;
HbIMH YCH,\llli B 9roM HallpalL\eHliH 40AlKllbI 6blTb II CTpauax                               HeYKAOHHO        B03pacTaeT       po,\b     11114HII     H    KHTall       KaK
Arppl1KI1 K lory 0'1' CaXapbl.                                                                 3KcnopTepoB TPY4oeMKOH IlpO:l)'Kl,ll111; cTpaHbI A(PPHKH K KlI'y
      He    MeliblUee         3Ha'{ellHe IIMeeT pa3BIITHe COfiblTl1i'l Ha                      OT Caxapbl IlHOHb OfipaIlJaKlTCll K CBOHM 60raTbiM npl1po,~HbIM
Me/l\I1ynapc4HoH apeHe.              B      COOTBeTCTBl111 C 41111eprellTHblM                  pecypcaM H CTaHOBllTClI KPYUHbIMli 3KcnopTepaMl1 ceAbCKO-
CIJeHaplleM           I1pOreKl,lIIOHII3M       coxpaHlieTCll,             a    YQaCTlHlKI1     X03BiicTBeHH0l111po 4YKl,lUI1.
YpYJ'llatlCK(:ro paVII/la He CllernaT peaAII30BbIH3Tb I10,~1II1C3H­                               KaK     Bce    31D    oTpa;Kacrcll      Ha    I1Cl"OlKeHHI1    Tp,)"OBhlX
IIbl(" Ha Hel' corA:lmeHI111 I1AII iKe CB04BT lI3 HeT AOCTII;KeHIIlI Il                        pecYPcoBI 06a clJeHapHll YKa3blBalOT Ha cOXpaHelll1e n36,\J{)-
OAHOi:i     c<tepe,          npl1HI1Mali      upOTeKl,l110HI1CTCKHe              Mepbl    B    4aBUlerocll H3 npOTH;KeHIII1 I1ByX IlOCAe4HHX 11eCllUL\eTliH
'Wyrotl.      K lIlBep:'eHTHblii ClJeHapl1H                 lIpe4110Aaracr nOAHoe              TeXHO\Or!!'{eCKoro       YKAoHa,    KOTOPblH       OTBe,{3A      l1HTepeca~1
COO,\Kl;leHlle COnaWf:HIIH YpyrBaiicKOro pay Hila f! ,la,,\hHeI1-                              KBaAl1cpHlJHPOBaJIHbIX pa6oTHHKOH.          B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C 4111lCp-
flIyKl     ,\Hf:epaM!3al)I11O          TOproBAI1,           llK,\104all       npoiJYKIJl1Kl    reHTHbIM    cl,lellapl1e)'l,   i13HHall    TeH;leHl,ll1l1,   co'{eTal!Cb    C
ceAhcKoro X03l1H·Tlla. KaK Ha pemoHa,,\bllOM, TaK 11 Ha MHOro-                                 !'le4AeHHb1M lIplipoCTOM K3l1HTaA3              11 3aC1De),! 11 MHPOBoii



                                                                                                                                                                                139
      mpr<)Jl,\C, npHHO:1HT f( 3JME,1,\eHHOMY POtTY                  BBIT     H G(lAb~    llpOlJccca        H CTpmIaX     co    Cpe.1HHM     ilOXO,10M   H    I   6(1\ee
      IlJllHCTHC pemOIlOH H YCH,\CHIlIO He(XJHellCTBJ KaK MelK:lY                         COCTO!lTe,\hllbIX       CTpali<JX    6bLIH   C   H:lfihITKOM   lKlCl :1\IiCHbl

      IU1MI1,   TaK    11    IIll],"rpH   O1:;tCAbHhIX   pemOHOIJ.    B      npOTJ1B()~   IlOBhlllJemleM KB<L\WjlllKaI)IHl, 6AarOilap!l 'le~ly rrpOlICXOilHT
      rrOAo;t(IiOCTI, 31U~ly KOHlleprellTllblH CljeHapHII I1PC,\f1C1\;J,deT               COKpmlJeHlle 'lHC\ellI1OCTI1 Mru\OKIl<JMHjmlJl1pOllaHHhl,{ pa60'
      poeT      (\OXO,\OIl     H   COKIXlll.JeHllC   IiCIXIHellCTBa    110     MIIOI'HX   '!II X,   a   C\eiIOB<lTe,\bHO. II031xlCTaeT OTHOCIITe,\bHbIH CJJPOC Ha
      crpaHJX H B 6C1\hIlUlIICTIJe pemOHOH (Ta6,\l1Ija               18,3). 13 omce       HX yC\)TH.
      6e;\HhIX CTpaHax H3 '1HC\J pa:lHHIJalOllJHXCJI 1t(1\())fU1Te,\hllbl,1               ~13~leHetH1JI II :-iKOIiO,Uj'leCKOl\] liepalleliCTBe ~!e~lY n:X1H3MI1
      3(jxpeKToM ;la,\hlleHlUeii m06aM13alJHl1 CTa..\ POCT cllpoca Ha                     IIpH      ,\!OOOM    pe,L\HCTH'IeCKml        p,mmnm      COfibITHM      MOfYT
      M<j,\OKlla,\l1q)HI)HpOflallIlLIX pafio'lHx. He,l()CT<JTKH ;t(c 3TOl'O               liaCTYI!HTb ,\HIll!> IlOCTe!leHHO.      Ho KOlmepreHTllblH         C1]<:?flapllii




140
fl   I1HTerp:lljHl!   ~10r)'T       1!C1\OlKHTh     Ha'la.\O   COKpalIJeHHIO       CTpaHax A¢PHKH K KJry 01' Caxapbl 3mro He np0H30llL~0.
OrpOMHhlX pa3AH'lI1H, CYlIJeCTBYK1ilJHX B HaCmJlilJee BpeMJl. B                    DPH IlHBepreHTHOM pa31ll1TI111 C061>ITI1fl cmyaIJHJl MOlKeT
Me>K,JIYHafX'4Holl f\epapXHH 3apa60THOH !naTh! COOTHOlUelUle                       ,13lKe YXY/1WI1TbCJl       COOTHomeHlle (10XOIlOIl pa60THI1KOB B
Me)f(,W 3at a60TKaMH Hal160Aee etXmJlTeAhHblX 11 HaHOO\ee                          3TI1X ,~IlYX K3Teropl1JlX ;>'lOlKeT nOlUlJlTbOl ,10   70: I, 06paTI1MCl!
6C4HhIX     K;lreropHH       -      KBaM!cj)l1IJHpOBaHHbIX       pa60'lHX     B    Tenepb K paCCMOTpeHHK) OCHOIlHblX ¢aKmpOB, npemrrCTBYIO-
lIpOMhIWA~ HHO         pa3B11ThlX        CTpaHax         11    a(ppHKaHCKHX        ilJl1X yAy'lWCHI!lO nOAOlKeHllli p360THIlKon B KalK,loM perllOHC,
¢epMepOB.      -      COCT:lBAJlBWee        60:1    B   1992   ro,lIY,   :MOlKeT
                                                                                   I7PW,f,bIW,teWtO pa3Burble crpaHbl
COKpaTHTb"Jl K        2010       rocW 110    50:1   (pHCYHOK      lS.n     3m
lI03BOAHT II06HTI,CJ! CUKpailJeHHl! OIIJYTH:MOro pa3pbll!a, HaMC-                  Ha npOTHlKeHIlH nO'lTH nllTH<l.l!lJ3TI1 AeT npOMbIllIAeHHO pa3-
THlllUcroa     3a IIOCAC,JIlme cm AeT, no Mepe mro KaK B                           BHTble crpaHbl llblTaJOTCJ! Hail:m pelUelme np06AeMbl 3aHl!m-
pC3YAbTan' 9KOH')MI1'ICCKOro n04'beMa 1l000lKeHl1e pa6onm-                         CTH, OCHOBHblMIl COCTaBAliIOilJHMI1 KompOH JlBAJlIOTCli YCIL\e-
KOB Il   IIpO),lblW~\eHH(l       pa3Bl1TbIX CTpallax yAy'lIIHL\OCb, a Il           HHe HepaBeHCTna B CgBePHOH A:MCpHKe II B BeAIIK06pHT3HIII1,



                                                                                                                                                              141
      Hel13MeHHO IlbICOKail 6e:,pa60nllja II CTpaHaX KOHTI1HeHTa~\b­                      IOJKHafi A3UfI,          KurClU       U BbeTlta~'1

      Hoii EBponb1, a TaKJKe pacryllJHli KJlacc olileAellHblX, IlO'lTH                    [mUll!>1 "'1 BheTHaM, KHTalt fl ,1pymc CTpaHbl IOJKHC,i1 A3HH
      He HMelOUJI1X waHCOIl Ha TpYAOYCTpolicTIIO, B 060HX CAV'lallX,                      nOBTOpH1'h BOCTO'lHOa3HaTcKHfl onblT 3KOHOMI1'leCKO[l) pacl)-
      HeCM01pll         Ha    HeoTCTynHoe      IlHl1Mamle        mCY4apCTBeHHbiX          BeTa H IlIrrerpalJ'Ul II :'leJK4YHap04HYIO                  3KOIIO~IHKy,   <IMl JKe
      opraHoll, MeJK,WHap04HbIX opraHI13aijHH 11 Y'leHbIX, OCTalOTCiI                     Ha'la1'ble II HflX npeo6pa:mnallHiI He 6y.WT 40Be,I!.:!!bI tlO
      HepewellHblMI1 Upl111ijHlma;\bHble oonpOCbl 0 ,1aAbHeliwHX                          KOH1Ja' X04 HX 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro pa311HT1111 JlHAlIeTCJI onpe-
      marax, B      CTPYKType cnpoca Ha TpY;1 npOH30111e,\ OT'IeT-                        lIe,\illOllJHM       tlAll    4llYX   HaH6(Hee       "!HOro"lHC\CllHbIX rpyun
      ,\HllbIH C411111' -       01' MaAOKllaAlJ(jmijHpOIl<lHHbIX pa60'll1X Il             t3~HeH[]lHX paflOTHHKOB II MHpe                            <j:lep:'lepOIl H HCKHa·
      nC»\b3y llbllTYCKHHKOB 1l}'301l 11 G\YJKaIl)HX, a Ha CMeHY nCv\lIoi1                ;\WPHl,IHpOllaHHhlX pa60QHx Ha flH/IHHCKOM cy6KOH1'HlleHTe 11
      33HilTOCTH H nai1Ma npeH:'IYlijeCTBeHHO MYJK'IIIH lIpHUlAH                          II KHTae,        B    HaC'IDilLijee Bpe~lll CTpaUb! pemOHa hl1!llb II
      ,'1pYl'He ({lOPMbl, OlmpaK)LijlleClI Ha 6c»\ee m6KYlO H Bpe-                        He:ma'lI1Te;\bHoi1            CTeneHH     1l0ll/\e'leHbl    R MCJKllYllal'o,lHYK)
      MeHHYK) 3aHllTOCTb, npH BmpaCTaKlllJei1 P(1\H JKeHlijHH Il                          TOpmnAlO, H caMYIO 6mbWYIO lI3,4eJKtW lla pOCT ilOXOLiOll YKa-
      COCTalle TpY4011bIX pecypCOll, KaK 6blAO OTMe'leHO II 9aCTH                   If,   3aHHblX KaTempl1ii ,\3C1' Ha6~\IOt1alOUJHi1CiI B 3KCliopTe Tp)/lO-
      MeJK;lYllap04Hall TopmMll, :.mrpaIJl1ll H 411HJKeHl1e KanwraA3                      e:'IKoi1 npOiWKijl1H 6v~1. PaCIllHpeHHe YQaCTI1i1 3T11X lTpaH B
      HMe,\H onpc,'Ie;\eHHoe MHllHlle, KOTOpoe, B03"!OJKHO, npo-                          :>leJK4YHapOIlHoil TOpmBAe MOJKe1' 11:>IC1'(' KaK 110AOJKI11'e,\hHble
      40AJKaeT YCI1AHBaTbClI, no :-tepe 4aAbHeHwei1 IlHTerpaljHl1                         110CAC,'1(1'BHlI motxL\blIOf() l>laCIllTa6a, npOlllV\ilK)Lijl1eCJI B YBe-
      HaceACHHll B MHpOllble phIHKH; 041raKo npCi,CTaR\lIeTCll, 'ITO                      ,\H'IeHlU1 cnpoca l1a           ~IHPOllbIX   pbl!lKaX, T<lK H npl11leCTI1 K lIa-
      TeXHH'IeCKl1tl nporpecc, B 'laCTHOCTH H 06AaCTY! I1H<j:lopMa-                       paCTaHHK) 4aBAeHIlll KOHKypeHl,IlH1 Ha HCKlla;\I1<j:lI1lJI1PORaH-
      TI1KH, HrpaA CllJC tlC»\ce 3aMeTHYK) po;\b,                                         HblX pa60'lHX R 4pymx CTpallax, '1m, H CllOKl O"lepC4b, Qpe-
          Ha pblHKe Tp}\~a CiliA, oTAwlalOllJeMciI tJO,\bmei1 rH6-                        Ha1'O   OTBe1'Hbl~m          Mepal'>lH np01'CKijHOHHCTCKOf() xapaKTepa,
      KOCTblO, Otll1H H3 IJellTpaAbHblx OOllPOCOB 3aKAIO'lae1'Cll Il TOM,                     B    Ha3B3HHhIX            C1'paHax    OTMeQaACil        cTa611AbHblii     POCT
      HaCKOAbKO npe4;\OJKenl1e TpY4a, Bbl3HaHHoe Ha6;\Kl4alOllJHMOl                       ypoRIIJl cpe(lIlC?\ylllellom (10XO,~a, conpOBOJK4allWHHCll 1l0Bbl-
      POCTO"! cnpoca Ha KBaAI1<j:lHijHpoBaIlHblX pa60TIIHKOH,                        3    WeHl1eM npoI13BO,iIllTC,\bHOCTI1 Tpy/1a, HafiAlOilaAOCb TaKJKC
      06 3TOM CHHtlCTeAbc1'llyeT YReAH'feHHC 'lHCAa ll3POC;\bIX Y<Ia-                     yCTOllQHllOe HaKon<\CHlle KallH1'a,\a 11 npocpeCCIlOHa. \bHOm
      UJI1XClI II Cpel1HIlX TeXHH'IeCKI1X Y"le6HbiX 3alle4eHI111X, -                      nOTeHijlla,\a,        1I0 3a     Ilpe(~CAa"!H KI1Tall 31D IIpOI1CXO,~Il,\O
      1l03llC»\I11' Cnpalll11'hCil c paC1'YUJI1M HepaReHC1'BO"! H Y-'Y"I-                 OTHOCI1Te,\bllO l>le4AeHllO, XOTll 11l>lCIOTCll xopOWHe B031'!OJK-
      mHTb nQ'OJKeHHe Tex, KTO OC1'aAClI 3a                     pa~IKa~m   3KOHOMH-       HOCTH       ,1;\ll   YCKOpeIII1ll      lIpolJccca    H                flPOIlJ,\ble
      "IeCKoro nporpccca B 80-e m/lbL B Ellpone <latlJC CTalll1TCli                       ycnexH Il 3Ha<ll1TeAbHoi1 ~lcpe 06bllCHllIOTClI lICl;\OJKiITeAh-
      llonpoc () TOM, KlKI1M CHOCotlOM nOBblCHTb KOHKypeHl,IHlO II                        HblMI1 pe3Y\bTaTa:-1I1, OTMe"lCHlIbIMI1 B CCAbCKOM X03llI1CTBe,
      ccpepe yCAyr, 'lT06hl 06eCne'lI1Tb 4aAhHefllTIHt'j pOCT cnpoca                      Ho Ha        HH411ilcKOM cy6KoHTHlIeliTe nonOLijellHe pa60'lcil
      Ha TPY4,      a    II HeKOTOpblX     cTpaHax        11,   npeJK,1e   Ilcem,    !l   CH;\hl   B npoMhllll,\CIIHOCTI1              npOI1CX(HIlAO lleChMa         lla,\O, a
      I1cllallHl1, -         KaKI1M 06pa30M O1'0i11'11 01' npaKTI1KH KOi\-                Ce,\bCKOe X03llHCTlIO 1I0-npeJKHeMY OrpaJKlleHO npOT(;'KlJI10'
      ,\eKTI1BllhlX i\O[,(lllOPOB, OTRC'laKJl[Jei1 I1H1'epecaM             CBOflX    II   HliCTCKI1MH Mepa~lH,             B    6}!'lyIijeM AIi6epaAH3aijHll ce.\bCKO-
      YllJep6 sceM OCT<L\bHhl"! pa6onmKaM. 04H<lKO 60~\ee mOKaJl                          xO:,lIticTHeHl!oro I 'P0H:lRO,1CTBa Ii nOtlae,! o6pa6aThIBalouJdi
      CTpYKTypa 3apa6oTliOH IPaT!:>! npHBe4eT K 3aMeTHoMY co-                             npOMblllL\eHHOCTH tl(1\JKHbl IIPOHCXO/IHTh napaAAeAbliO,                          B
      KpaUJeHHlO fle3pa60Tl1IJhl          AHmb        B YC\OHI1HX     YBcpeHHom           OTCYTCTlme MouJHom cnpoca na pa6o<!ylO CHAY co cn'pollbl
      06uJem poCTa cnpoca Ha TPY,'!,                                                      npO"!bll!l,\eHHOC1'H coxpaHlleTCJl               pCa~\bHail     onaCliOCTb YCH-
          C06blTHll npomcilIllem ,lCCllTHAeTllll HC ilalOT l1oCTa1Dq-                     ,\eHI111 HcpaHeHCTBa 11 :>aMe,~Aelll111 pe¢OPM, KOHBeprefiTHbli1
      HblX OCHOBaHI1j;'1 H3,4eJlTbGl Ila 6blCTPOC peweHl1e np06AeM                        JKC CijeHapHtl pa3BHTI1ll C05blTHlt llpe,lnU\araeT YCTOil'IHIlbli'1
      3aW!TOCTI1 Il npOMbILLU\eHHO pa3Bl1TblX CTpaHax,                     flPHHl,Il1-    POCT 40XOll01J 11 CHI1JKeHl1e ypoBHll 6ei lHOCTl1, flpe,]CT:lll-
      nHaAbHoe      3Ha'lCHI1e     IIpHo6peT'de1'       Bonpoc 0        B(L"lMOJKHbIX     ;\Jle1'CiI, 'ITO COKpaUJefme HepaBeHCTB<l 6)/leT lleCbMa orpaHH-
      nocAeilCTBHJlX npO!lO;lHMhlX II 3TUX CTpaHax MCPOllPUlITHi1                         'lellHbIM, OCOfJeHHO II KHTae H BbeTHa~le, rile POCT 3apa-
      4All   OC1'a,\bHOfD        ~Hlpa,   fJpH        I1I1BepreH1'HOM      pa31lHT11I1    601'11011     1l,\3Tbl        Ce;\bCKOX03JlHCTHeHlIblX         pa6oQl1x      ~IOJKeT
      C06blTUH OO3paCTaeT BepOllTHOC1'b TOm, "1m CTpeMAeHHC                               COllPOBOJK/laTbClI YCI1;\eflHe:"1 HepaReHCTBa B IlPyrl1X c4:,epax,
      coxpaHH1'b 3aHilTOCTb H onaceriHe KOHKypeHijHI1 CIIe/IF Ha                          IIpl1"leM H HeKompblx C,\Y"lallX OHO llc»\e3HO, nOCKCV\bKY Be,'!eT
      HeT nOTeHIJl1aAbHb!e Bblm4bl OO\bllleH O1'KPhl1tJCTI1 3KOHO-                        K M!6epaAH3al,lHll CnOOK 3apa6oTHoii !L\aThl B mqi'\apCTBeH-
      MHKH. KaK 6HAO OTMe'leHO B naBe 8, COD\ameHlHl Ypyrllat'l-                          HOM ceKTOpe, H 4pyrHx JKe CAY'I311X -                    KOr/PO;\an:)(Ocn'1IH11e
      CKom payH,'!a He npllHeCAH 3a~leTlIblX I13MeHeHI1i1, a (10CTl1r-                    HaceAeHHll 3aBllCl1T OT pe3Y,\bTaTOB 3KOHmll1QeCKOH ilellTe,\h-
      HyToe OKa3a,\OCb 1104           yrpmoi1 113-3a npHMeHeHI111              aHTH-      HOCTH B OTCT3lOLijl1X perllOliax -                MeHee JKe,\aTe,\bHO,
      l1eMnHHmilbIX Mep H 3KCn,\yaTal,lHH 3aKOHOll 0 TPY4e 11 06                              B CTpaHax IOJKliOii A3lUl 11 B KI1Tae coxpaHlleTCJl I \eOO-
      oxpaHe     OKpYJKaIOLijei1      CpCtlM     Il    11HTepeClX     npOTeKIJHO-         X04H~IOCTh pe<j:lOPMI1POH3HI111 IH\HTHKI1 pblHKa Tpy/la, Bo
      HHCTCKOH flc»\HTI1KI1. C ilpyroil CTOPOHbl, npH KOHBepreHTHOM                       llCCX 3Tl1X CTpal1aX CYIlJeCTllYIOT             lIe~IHOm'lI1C\eHHble       rpVfIIlhl
      ClJeHapUI1 YClleXH Haijl10HaAhHoil 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH nc»\I1TI1KH                       OTHOCllTe,\bHO BblCOKO OnAa'll1naeMblX pa60THI1KOll, 1l:>lelO-
      CIloco6cTilYlOT YCKOpeHl11O HHTerpaijlU1, XOTII 11 llpH coxpa-                      UJI1X rapaH1'HpOllaHlIYlO 3aHllmCTb 11110AY'IalOllJHX, oc06eHHO
      lIeHlm   pcryAHpORaHHll         Ml1rpaijl1l1, npl131laHHOID oCAa611Th               II KI1Tae, OlIJYTHMYlO nO,MepJKKY Jl He(leHeJKIIOI1 CPOPMC,
      113IV\eHl1e   Ml1rpaHTOll      Ha   llHyTpeHHHi1           PbIHOK    HeKllaAI1-     BMeCTe C TeM IllMbI 11ellTe,\hHOCTI1, KOTOpble npHXOt1!1TCil
      <j:lHijl1pOBlHlIOti pa60qeii CI1,\I>1.                                              BblflC»\IIJlTb 3TI1M pa60TlIHKaM, Tpe6ylO1' PCC1'PYKTyPl1pOfla-




142
HI1R. QilllaKO 310MY MemaeT '1pe3MeplIOe perYMlpoll311l1e 11                              .AmbIe 1l0llblTKI1 4BI1lKeHHil lllIepe4 40lllKllbI BKAIOQaTL,
HeMaAblH         m~\I11'I1'1eCKI1H        BeC     pa60THI1KOll,     Hax04RllJHl1     npClKc1e Beero, 06eClleQeHHe 60Aec IlblCOKOro ypOBHll lIaKon-
IlblpalKeHl1e B ?,eRTC;\bHOCTI1 He}amlCI1MbIX 11 KpaHlIe lK1\I1TI1-                  AelUlil KarnlTa,\a H nORbllllemle 3tpcpeKTHllHOCTI1, YpOlleHb
3UpollaHHbiX npOcpCOlO30B Il IO)f(!lOH A3I1U, a Il KI1Tae -                     II   11HBeCTHIJI1H ynall Hl1lKe    16 npOlJeHTOIl BBD. Ha CPOHC llbICO-
Il03MOlKHOCTU npOMblmAellHblX KOHqv,UK1OII. I1p01'I1BO,~eH­                          KIlX TCMnOH npHpOCTa HaCe,\CHI111 nOBhIlJIeHIlC 'YPOIlHIl lKH3HI1
CTIlHe nepeMellar-1 MOlKe1' []OCTaHI1Tb nOll yrpmy nepex04 K                         B03MOlKHO TOAbKO npH pe3KOM YBe/\H'1eIlI1H o61,eMa IlIIBeCTH-
oTKpbrroH 3KOHOMHKe II llHTerpa!JulO IlHyTpeHHero pblHKa                             lJI1H. ECAH 31Oro HC CAY'1HTCll, KC\H'IeCTBeHHLle napaMeTpbl
Tpy4a. He06xo/111MO nO,14ep)f(lllla1'b yC1OH'II1BYIO Tp34HIJI1K)                     06pa1011aHIIR GIMH no ce6e HC CIloco6Hbi ('TaTb ccpbe3HbiM
cTa611MBaIJI111 40xo40H cpe,1u 33WITblX Il HepemcTpl1pyeMoM                          C4eplKHsalOllJHM      cpaK1OpoM,           XOTll    1l0BblllleHHe    Ka'leCTlla
ceK1Dpe 3KOHOMUKH H B ceAbCKOM xmRHcTBe, B '1aCTHOC1'I1, H                           06pa3011aHHR OCTaeTCil lKI13HeHHO BalKHLIM; (l11BepreHTHblH
paMK3x nporpaMM 06nJeCTBeHHhIX pa60T 11 OCHOBHhIX ~Iexa­                             clJeHapHH npetlnC\araeT, '110 cpaKTwlecKoe CHHlKeHHe '111C-
HH3MOB COIJI1J;\bHOl'1 3allJI1TbL                                                    AeHHocnl Y'1allJHXCR, OTMe'leHHOe 00 MHorllX crpaHax B 80-e
    HeAb3Jl lie OTMe1'HTb CKOPOCTb nepeX04a K HOBblM cpop-                           roilLI,   Ilp04mlKl1TCil.    40     Tex     nop     nOKa    HC    COKpaTI1TCIl
MaM vnpallA{ HHJl, 110 TeM He MeHee KHTaH H I1H4HR -                        3TH      CTpaTefl!'leCKI1H pHeK, C K010PbIM CfaAKI111aIOTCIl HHlleC1Opbl,
r1lr3HTbl penlOHa              CT<L\KHBaK1TCJl C BHyTpCHIIHMH TPY,lHO-               H, II '1aCTHOCTI1, onaCHOCTb pa.1lJKa,\bIl0!,() OTx04a 01' npH-
CTilMI!. BalKl cHmcii 3<1,la'lCH nepcxo4Horo nepl104a JlllAJlCTCJl                   HII10H f10AHTHKlJ, C/lBa AH :'>IOlKIIO OlKH4aTb "OCTa'ID'IHoro
npeQlmeHH<'            KpH3I1Ca     roCy,'lapCTHCHHbIX      npe;lllpI1JlTII~j   !1   nplJPOCTa I1I1SeCTHlJl1l1. Pe3KOC lJOHLIlIIell!1e 3cfJcpeKTHIlHOCTI1
OTK3.'1 01' npareKIJ!10HI!3Ma B '1aCTfIOM CCKTOpe.                     [OC}llap-     B IJe,\OM IIoTpe6yeT KOAoccaAbllblX YCHAllH lIa MHOrl1X CPPOH'
CTBellHblC Ilpe,1npHRT1111 B Kl1'rae 40AlKHbi 6blTb OCBo6olK-                        Tax -       ar YCKOpeHI1R peaAl13a!JI1H He3aBeplUeHHOH npo-
4eHbl 01' IlbIllOAnCH!1!l COIJ!1a,\bHbIX CPYHKlJllil B 11114!1H lKC                  rpaMMbI pecpop:'l 40 YKpenAeHl111 6a3000H IlHcppaCTpYKTYPLI
IIPC4C1DHT         l06HTbCJl 1l0BbllllCHHil 40XOlIOll 11 COKpallJeH1l1l              H COBepmCHCTIlOllalll1ll MelD/lOB ynpaBAellHJI.                  jL,\il n04all-
6C;IHOCTI1 B CC;\bCKOH MCCTHOCTH, a TaKlKe npOBeCTH peCTPYK-                         ,\lllOllJCro 6mblllHHCTBa 6e(lHbIX (jlepMepoB oc06ylO aKTyaAb-
TypllpOBall!1e HC2l<j.xjJeKTHBHbIX npC4l1pHRTHH, Ha K010pbIX                         HOCTb Ilpe;lCTallAllL'T arpapHaJl pecpopMa.                I1oTeHlJl1aAbHall
npl1CYTCTilY10T ~1()llJlIj,Ie UPOCPCOI03bI. Dpl1 ,IIl1BepreHl'HOM                    shIro(la, COllplllKCHllaR (' nOBblll1elllJeM MI1POBblX [jell Ha npo-
CljellapHI1 n.:peCT] JOilKCl roCY4apCTsellHoro ceK10pa 3<l.!{eplKl1-                 ,10BQ\LCTBHe, He CMOlKeT 6blTb pea\H30Balia, eCAH nOTeHIJHa;\
llaeTCII, II   P"3'1~\bTll'C      'lero ll03paCTaeT llepOJlTHOCTb 3a"IC4-            pOCTa OKalKeTCii HC;IOCTYlleH 4All l'I(';\KI1X cpepl'lepOB; 4AJl
AeHHOTO 3KJI!OMll'1eo.oro pOCTa, l!enC\HOH HHTerpalJHH B                             2l101'O H lJeNlM PR4e (,TpaH, SK,\KJ'laJl IOlKHYIO AtVPHKY H
MI1p<)IlYIO      "'KOHOl\IIIKY,     coxpaHeHHil       OCTpOro     4Y<L\113Ma    H    3HM6a6ne, MOlKeT 1l0Tpe60BaTbCll npOBe4eHHe palJHOHaAb-
llilAOro cnplCa Hcl HeKHaAI1cpHljl1pOllaHHYIO pa6o'1YIO CHAY;                        HblX 3e!'<leAbllbIX pecpoPM II paClllHpeHHR 40CTyna cpepMepOB
HepaBeHCTll') IlpH 310M YC!1AI1BaeTOI, OCo6ellHO Ha HI!(Il1H-                        K HCTO'IlU1KaM CPHlIaHCl1pOBalllJil.
CKO~I cyt'iKO!!TIUleHTe. ComaCHO KOHllepreHTHOMY C!JeHapHK),                              [OCY4apCTBeHtIoe BMemaTc;\bCTllO Ha pblllKe TpYlla npl1-
pe3Y,\bTa1OM l\mrpaljllH TPY,10BbIX peCYPCOB H3 Ce,'\bCKOH                           3EaHO, rAaBHblM 06pa30r-1, COKpanlTb llepeKOCbI, :"lernaKJlljl1e
MCCTHOCTH          B    rnp04a,      HaKOn,\eIlI1Jl    npocpeCCHOHaAbHoro            pa3BHTIIK) MeAKom npC4l1pHHHl'IaTeAbCTBa, HeperHCTpllpye-
nOTem )l1a,\;[      11 nOBblIlleHI1R npOH300"HTeALHOCTH TpY4a B                      MOro      ceKTopa   2lKOHOMHKI1       11   CCAbCKOro       X0311HCTlla.   4AJ!
Ce,\bCKOl\I X03ill1CTHe CTaHeT 6bICTPbIH 3KOHOl\1H'IeCKHH POCT,                      1l0BblmeHHR Ka'leC'fIla Ilpe40CTaBAReMbiX yc\yr HCo6X04l1MbI
CIIocofiCTB} IOllJl1ii POCTy COL)HaAbHoro paneHCTBa.                                 pecpopMbI Il roCj\1apCTBeIlHOM ('eK1Ope, IlKAlO'lali COKpallJeHHe
                                                                                     Ka4POB H IlpHHJlTHe &1.\ee KOHKypeH1OcIloco6HOH llIKMbl
ClpaHbl A'PPUKU K JOe)'             UT    Caxapbl                                    3apaOOTHOH IlAaTbJ.
I1o;\OlKelHie Ha AlppI1KaHCKOl\l KOHTl1llellTe OCTaeTClI HaH60\ee                         CYIlJeCTHYlOllJHe PIICKI1 ;\I1Ulb 1l03paCT'd10T 1104 0034eH-
cepl,e3HbI:>I Bhl30BOM HOBOMY MHPOIlOMY nopR(,KY MelK4y-                             CTIlHeM m06aMI3alJHlI. Comacllo IlI1BepreHTHOMY ClJeHapHK),
Hap04Hble nepClIeKTHBbl B "aHHOM c;\y'Iae IlOCilT (lllOJlKl1tl                       AcppHKa ellJe rAy6lKe 1l0rp1l3aeT B I1HllJeTe, llblIlMall H3
XapaKTep.        CoI'A<lll1elll1e    no    l110raM    YpyrllaHcKoro     paYH(la      MnpoIlOH3KOHOMI1'1eCKOH CHCTeMbl. CTpaTerllJl, He o6ecne'lll-
Ilpc,\yolaT)I1Bae1' nOBhlrnCHHe !Jell Ha np04YKTbl I1I1'faHl1Jl, '110                BalOl.IJaR POCTa I:\06a;\blloro cnpoca Ha npo,ilYK!JIIKl ceAb-
B 6AHlKaJ1U:HH llepHO,1 oTpHlJa'fC;\bIlO CKalKeTCIl Ha nC\OlKeHHH                    CKOro X0311HCTBa H 406blllalOn)eH I1poMblllIAeHHOCTI1 H lie
6ei!lIblX C 'OCB IDPO.ICKOro Hace.Aelll1Jl, 110 B nepcneKTHne                        COllpOOOlK4aKJllJaJlCl!     pelllllTeAbHLIMH         Mepa~m      Ha MelK(W-
C03.1aCT IIH1poKHe B03MOlKHOCTH 4AJl KpeCTbJlR Pea\H3alJHll                          Hap04HOH apeHe, COOTlleTCTIlYKJllJl1MH TCKYllJHM Ilp06,\eMa"l,
conarnem!l TaKlKe            npHBC;lcT K YXY4111eHHIO pll/la 6Aaro-                  He    CMOlKeT    3aBoeIlaTb       /lOllepl111.     C\e/!yeT    IlHHMaTe,\bHO
npllllTHblX YCAOB>fHluproBA!1, nPC40CTIlBAeHllbIX peruolly Ha                        H3Y'lHTb B03MOlKHOCTb TaKHX Mep, KaK /laAbHel~lIlee 60Aee
pbIHKax 1I·':KOTOPbIX eBponeHCKHX CTpaH, a                        B pe3YALTaTe       6blCTpoe OTKpbITHe PbIHKOB ceAbCKOX03JlHCTBCHH0I1 npoi\yK-
YCI1.\eHHll    MClK;IYHapO,lJHOil KOHKypeHlJl1H             COKpaTHTCJl B03-         !JIm B npoMhlllL\CHIIO pa3BHTLIX CTpaHax, COKpallJClIl1e BHelll-
HarpalK4elll1e 3a M<L\OKBa;\!1cp!1!Jl1poBaIlHLIH TPY:l B 06pa6a-                     Hero 40Ara, 06YCAOIlAeIlHOC llbII10AHeHlleM onpe4eAeHilbIX
TblBaJOllJeii npOl\lLIlll. \eHHOCTI1. 4alKe II np0H3B04CTBe OCHOB-                   Tpet'ioBallHH, 11 YKpenAeHHe 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX CBR3eH C OCTaAb-
HblX IIl1(~OB CbIPbJl, 10 eCTb B TOH ccpepe, me CTpaHbl ACPPl1KH K                   HblM MHPOM, BmMO)f(HO, B paMKax corAallleHHl1 0 cIl0604HOH
KJry 01' CaxapblJ6Aa,laIOT OTHOC!1'fC;\bHbIM npeHMYllJeCTBOM,                        TOproBAe C eBponel1cKI1Ml1 CTpaHaMH. [Jc;\blO /IOA)f(HO 6blTb
nOTpL>6YC'1 ~ll 1l0BbICl!Th npo113110;1I1TeAbHOCTb TpYlla, qT06bI                    OT'1aCTl1 3aBOeBaHlle PblllKOll C Ollpe.cleAellHblM Ha6opOM llpC-
llbl:lep)f(aTb     KOtIKYPf'HIJHIO        co    CTpmIaMI1   IOro- BOC1O'1110H        MeHHblX Abl'OT, npH3llaHHhiX BmMeCTI1Tb 1l0TCPlJ, 8b13HaHHble
A'1U1 11 AITHHCKOH AMepnKH, HMCK)llJI1MH 60raTble pecypCbl.                          pelllelll111"m YpyrllaHCKoro paYH.l{a. flo             ellJe   llalKllee llO/l-




                                                                                                                                                                       143
      'lepKHyTb B TaKl1X COrAaWeHl1l1X He06xo,/!HMOCTb IlHYTpeHHHX                           O;lIIaKO no Mepe 4a,\bHei\wero pOCTa ilOX040Il H lIe~,eXO/la Il
      peCPOPM C 'leTKHM YKa3alUleM HX CpOKOB. CUlI3aB TaKHM                                  KaTeroplilO CTpaH co epe4Hlf!'! ypoIllleM il0XO/10B IlCe 'laI.IJe
      06pa30M npallllTe,\bC1'IlO CrpaHbl 06113aTe,\bC1'lJaMH, 01' K01U-                      6};1)'T   H03HHKaTb      HeMa,\OBalKHbIe         BonpOCbl,    Kacal.lI.IJI1eClI
      pblX      OHO    He      CMOlKe1'    o1'cTynHTbclI,      nO/l06Hble      YCAOBHH       6o;\ee COBpeMeHHblX I1pl1HIJI1HOIl ynpallAeHlIll 11 /\t:MOKpa-
      nOMOf'YT HOllbICI1Tb 40!lepHe K nporpaM~!e peCPOPM H 'laCTIl'l-                        T1l3aljHH nQ\IITH'leCKol1 lK1I3HII. IlpOIIIAbIe ycnexlI P;;31111TII1I
      HO YCTpaHHTb conpHlKeHHYlO C Hei'i Heonpe4e,\eHHOCTb. ECMI                             BbI3B;L\fI He06xo;lI1MOCTb nepeCMOTpa TpY40BbIX HOP,I, II, B
      TaKa.f! CTpaTentH 6illeT npHH.f!1'a, IOlKHall AcppHKa, cppaHKO-                        'IaCTHOCTII, Bblpa60TKH          pa.IJHOHa,\bHbIX CPOPM rap"H1'HpO-
      1I3bl'lHble roCY4apCTBa 3ana4lloti ACPPHKH H 4alKe HHI'ePHli                           llaHl1ll 3aHlITOCTl1 Il OCPHIJlIa~\bHO perHCTpllpyeMoM C;'KTIlpe.
      cMory1' CTaTb 3aMeTHbIMI1 O'laraMl1 3KOHOMH'leCKoro pOCTa II                           Kopell y'lKe cra,\a Ha 3mT nYTb, npucrymlll II                 1995   ro4Y K
      perHOlle.                                                                              KopeHHOMY nepeCMOTpy 3aKOHOll 0 TpY;le 11 0 6e3pa60THlje.


      BOcrO~liaJ! A3UJ!                                                                      ljel·rrpa,tblWJ/ u    BOCTO'lllaJl      Eepona    II   6blllzuull CCCP
      BoCm'lHOa3HTcKHH penloH, 3a HeMHOrHMl1 HCKAlO'leHllllMH,                               B CI1/\)' oc06eHHOCTeH npowAoro pa3BIITH.f! 3TOT pef'IIUH pac-
      CTa,\ 06pa3ljOM mro, KaK npHmK HHBeCTHlJHH 11 aKTllIlIIoe                              HO;\araeT 60raTbiM 'leAO!le'leCKHM Kamna,\OM 11 pa3Hl1'rol1, HO
      Y'laCTl1e B MelK/lYHap04HoH 3KOHOMHb.'e enoc06Hbl npl1lleCTII                          YCTapeHalOn;eH 11HcppaC'rpYKTypoit O/lHaKo nepeXO,l K pblHKV
      TPY4llllJI1MCll       Ol.IJY1'HMYKl     Ilblro4Y,     IlblpalKalOlIJYlOCll,      no    Ha'l;L\ClI C Kpl13l1Ca npoH3BOACTBa, nOIlAeKmero 3a c060i'l
      Kpal1HeH Mepe, B POCTe 3apa60THoi1. [MaTb!. Opl1eHTl1pO-                               BblCOKYKl 6e3pa601'I1ljY K"lO'lOl\! K B0306I10MeHlllO 3K, )HOMII-
      BaHHbIii rIa 3KcnopT 3KOHOMH'leCKHi1. POCT, no Bcei1. nepOllT-                         'leCKoro pOCTa 1I1HlIeTCll ycncnmall peopralll13alJlIli TP\ilOBhIX
      HOCTH, npO/1Q\lKl1TClI, COIIPOIlOlK4<111Cb HOBbIweHHeM npocpec-                        pecypcoB H I1X nepeMenJeHHe 113 IDCYilapCTlleHHoro ceKmpa II
      CHOHaJlbHoi1. II04romll,\eHHOCTl1 KJ4PO!l H !lce 6Q\ee aKTHIl-                         OTpaC;\II, OT,\lI'1alOlljlIeClI       BblCOKOH    HPOH3B04HTe;\bHOCTblO
      HblM BOBAe'leHl1eM perHOHa Il Ml1ponylo 3KOHOI\1l1KY, a TaKlKe                         TpY4a. HHbTMH C\Ollal\lH, PC'll> H,leT 0 MaccoBoi1. npHBaTII-
      YrAy6AeHHeM MelKperHOHJAbHblX CB1I3ei1. He c;\e;weT, 04HaKO,                           3aljHII, COKpallJel!l1l1 npOTeKljHOHl13Ma II ccpepe BIlemHei1.
      ynYCKaTb 113 11114Y BepO.f!THOCTb OTI!eTHbIX Mep co cmpOHbI                            mproIl;\H H C034aHIIII 60Aee lKH3Hecnoc06H0l1 cpHHallcoIloi'1
      npOMblWAelIHO pa3BlITbiX CTpaH, CBll3aHHbIX, HanpHMep, C                               CHcTeMbL ConplllKeHllblC C 3TI1M CTPYKTypHble 113Mt'HeHHll
      03a60'leHHOCTblO             C06,\104eHI1CM       r-mHlIMa,\bHbIX       YC\OlllI1j     Hc6,\alDnplUITHO         CKalKYTCli      Ha    nOAOlKeHHII         HeKompblX
      1'pY4a,    a    TaKlKe     nOCAe4CTBHlI pacrYI.IJeH          KOHKypeHIJHI1:       B    KaTeropl1l1 pa60THI1KOH, npll'leM nOC;\e4CDlHlI MOf'yf 6bl1'b
      c\y'lae 6e./!HbIX roCYIWPCTB pernOHa -                    co cropOHbl Bbe1'-           llpeMCHHblMIi             npl1    nepepacnpe4e,\eHHH           6104lKcTHbiX
      HaMa, KHTall H crpaH IOlKHOi1. A3Hl1, Il CAY'Iae lKe 6Q\ee                             Cpe4CTIl, IL\l1 lKe nocmllHHblMH -             TaM, r4e II3-3a ctIH.;f(eHHH
      60raTbIX           co CTIJpoHbI CTpaH IJeHTpa,\bHOH H BoCm'lHOH                        npOI13110;11l1'eM,HOCTI1     TPY4a       3apa60TH3ll      IL\aTa    OK3lKeTClI
      EllPOI1bl. CYIlJeCTIlYIOIlJHe OHaCHOCTlI ycyry6,\llKlTCll OlKH;lac-                    MeHl,me HpelKHCH. OCHOBHall 33;'la'la 33K,\lO'laeTCli fl 06ecne-
      MOH       JlI16epaAI13a.IJtlei1.     Ce\bCKOro       X0311iicTlla:     YCK\eHl1e       '1eHHI1 lUro, 'l1tJ6bl nepeXO;\ K PbIllO'lHOH 3KOHOMIIKe npOHC-
      OTKPblTIlCTlI       II     3TOM     KpatiHe    3aI.IJ11I.IJeHHOM   ceKmpe        lle   X0411,\   npH      MIIHHl'laJlbHbIX     COljHaAbHblX       nOTpHCeHYI HX     II
      npoi1.1eT 6e36Q\e3HeHHO ;1,\1I Ce,\bCKOX03l1ikT!leHHbIX pa60-                          3aTpaTax, CB1I3JliHbiX C 6e:1pa60TlIlJell.
      'lI1X H MOlKeT Ilbl3llaTb ymy6,\eHHe HepalleHCTHa.                                         CIllllKeHlIC 3apa601'HOi\ nAaThI OTpalKaAO :ma'fHTe,'.bHYlO
          C\eilyeT nOAaraTb, '1m IfHTeHCl111HalI HlmeCTHIJl10HHa.f!                          fllOKOCTb CTpyKTyph! 3apa60TKoB. B m lKe BpeMli nperlClOHT
      4ellTeM,HOCTb He npeKpaTlITC.f!, 04HaKO II CTpaHax pervloHa co                         eI.IJe 406HTbC!! MOOfL\bHOCTI1 TpYLlOBblX pecypcoll B pa31ibIX
      cpe,lHl1:'>1 ypoHHeM 40X040H Bce oc-rpee oI.IJYllJaeTC!! HexllaTKa                     CCKTIJpax.     3aTpa1'bi I1a pa60'lYlO CH,\}, , He CIl1l3aHHble              C
      KllaMlcpl1lJHpOBaHHbIX pa60THIIKOIl. B HeK010pbIX CTpaHax, B                           On,\aTOH TPY4a, npe;lCTa&\lIlOTCll llblCOKl1MH 11 LlQ\lKHbl 6blTb
      '1aCTHOCTH R TalL\aH4e, ClKTeMa 06pa30BaHHlI He Cnpall,\lIeT-                          CHl1lKeHbl B pa~!KaX         KOMH,\eKCiIOH        PC4lOpMbi MeXaHlI3MOB
      ClI C paCTYI1JI1M cnpOCOM IIa CHeljlIa,\I1CTOB AMI peweHHlI                            COljlla)\bHoro CTpaXOBaHHlI, OlKII4ae-rClI, 'ITO npocpCOlO:lbl Ha
      3THX      npo6;\e!>l,      aa'lHHalOnJHx       npenll1'cTBoBaTb      pa'lBHTlIIO,      ypOBHe npe/lnpl111THtI npO/lmlKaT HrpaTb 1I00\OlKIITeAbIlYIO
      MorYT 6blTb npl1HHTbI TaKl1e MepbI, KaJ( YCKOpeHHoe pac-                               pQ\b, o/lIIaKO OHI1 e4Ba ,\H nepeCTaHYT npoTHBO/lefICTIl'.lIJaTb
      wHpeHlle cen! BblCWHX Y'le6HbIX 3alle4elillH, noolljpeHHe                              6bICTPOl'lY X04Y peCPOPM, CCAII nOCTpa4aBWI1M pa60THIIKaM
      pen3TpHaIJl1H            BblCOKOKB3AHCPI1ljHpOBaHHbiX          CneljHaAHCTOB,          He 6 yileT rapaHTllpOBaHa COOTlleTCTBYlOu;all nOil4eplKKa II
      MHrpllpoBallwHx B npOMbIllL\eHHO pa3BI1TbIe cTpaHbl, a TaKlKe                          KOMlleHcaljl1l1.
      nplIMe'leHl1e         KS3,\\1(:jmljHpOBaTIH0i1.      pa6o'lei'i    ell,\bl    IB-3a        BHClllllc3KOHmlH'leCKHe YCN)BHlI npe4CT3IlAlIIOTC.f! 6.\aro-
      pyfJelKa. Bce 3TII 4eHcTBHlI Il ml1 HMI IIHOi1. cTeIleHH ocy-                          IIpllllTHbIMl1,    oc06eHHO      4All    TeX     CTpaH    fJeHTpa,\bHOH      1I
      I.IJecTB,\.f!IOTCH, !!!l.c\ll!!Cb BalKHbIMII KOMnOHeHTaMH cTpaTerHH,                   BOCm'lHOH EBponbI            H 6aATHHCKIIX         rocY,lapcTB,     KOT! IpbIe
      I1p'13BallHOH         He    IlonYCTIITb       CTpeMIlTt:,\bHOro       YC11i\en11ll     nC1\Y'lIlAIi AbI'OTHbli\ ;locT1'n K pblHKaM EHponei1.cKoro COKJ3a.
      HepaneHCTBa BC;\eil 3a OT"'leHoH npClTeK.IJHOHH3Ma B ceAbCKO"'!                        5,\arD,'lapil 3TO~lY nepel1       HHMIi OTKpbIBalOTC!! HOBbIe B03-
      X03l1lICTHe.                                                                           MOlKHOCTIl II 1l01lMileTCH Ha4elKHail OCHOBa 4,\ll OCYIlJeCTB-
          BOHall HQ\HTHKa pblHKa TpY;Ia HaX04I1TC!! II npOlJecce                             AeHIIH MJKp03KOHOMH'feCKIIX Mep II pecpopM. BalKHyKl p<1\b B
      CTJHOIlAeHlIlI. B npolii/lo...1 MHorlle c1'paHbl perlloHa nO/laB-                      CTII~lyAI1pOBaIlHII      3KOHDMI1'leCKOlD          pOCTa,     06eCIle'leHHI1
      ,\.f!AH ,llellTe\bHOCTb He3aBHCIIMbiX npocpCOlO30B, cTpeMlIcb                          ynopll;lO'leHHOCTI1      il1101lKOro     npoljecca       cpopMl1pOBaWlll     II
      3a~leIIllTb     npaKTIIKy Tpy,lollblX 401DllOPOIl          BIl~eHlIeM        HopMa-    ,\IIKlll!4aIJl1lf 3aHlImCTII, a TaKlKe Il nepeIIOilromnKe c),uJe-
      nlllHblX       Tpc60BaHlli1:,      KOTOPbIC,    c,\eAyeT    npl13I1aTb, 6bL\H          CTIlYIOIljeH      pa60'leH   CIIAbl     6y,lleT HrpaTb npI1lOK 110nO,\-
      OTHOCHTe,\bHO Y"lepeHHblMI1 II C\e,llollaMI 3aKOHaM pblHKa,                            HIITeAblloro KamlT3.\a,




144
    MelK4Y Te~, eCM1 He 6Y'WT npHHllThI COOTBeTCTBYlOllJHe                           Dp06.\eMa          3aHllrocTH     B     rocYAapCTBeHHOM         ceKrope
Mepbl,    COIJHa>'\blia~J   Hanp~JlKeHHOCTh        :>IOlKeT nOCTaBI1Tb n04        OCTaeTClI 04HUM 113 OCHOBHbIX ¢aKTopoll MaKp03KOHOMH-
yrpmy 6Y4YllJee npe06pa30BaHHit Cpe411 OCHOBHhlX npo-                             QeCKol1 HeycroH'lIlBOCTl1, nO/lpbmalOllJHM lio6epHe K /lpymM
6AeM MOlKHO Ha3BaTb 3aMe4,\eHHYIO HHTerpalJHIO B MHpOBylO                         pe¢opMaM, HapH/lY C )KeCTKol1 cHcTe:>loii 3aKOHOB U nOAO-
3KOHOMHKY B pe3YAhTare TPY/lHOCTefi H:1 nyn1 CTpYKTypHbIX                         )KemlH,    penaMeHTHpYlOllJeii           cOBpeMellHble        oTpacm,     31D
peifJopM IlHYTpH crpaH;              YCI1Aelll1e MaKp03KOHOMH'leCKoro             nocAY)KHAO npH'lHHOH pacTYllJero pa3pbllla "ie)K4Y perYAH-
4Hc6aAaHca Ha ¢olle 'lpe3MepllblX COIJHaAbHblX Bbll1AaT H                         PyeMblM ceKropoM 3KOHOMUKU, HaX0411njHMOf B yna/lKe, H
Cy6CH/\I1H; nOllBAeHHe HOBOH KaTeropHI1, npe4cTaBAHIOuJeM                         pacTYllJuM lIepemcTpHpyeMblM ceKropoM, OTAH'lalOllJH"lClI
10-20     npoIJel!roll HaceAeliUll, nocTpMaBllll1X B pe3YAbTaTe                   H1I3KOH npomBO/\HTeAbHoCTblO TpY4a, Kpol'le roro, neMHO-
3aTlIlKHOH 6e3pa60THljhl H YBe,\l1'leHHlI pemOHaAbHoro Hepa-                      ro'lHCAeHllall      npllBlgempoBaHHaH          KareropHlI      pa60THHKoB
lleHCTlla,    PellJeHHe       COIjHaAbHhlX        np05AeM       nepeXO/lHoro      npO,lC1\)KaeT lJenAlITbCl! 3a CBOU OTHOCHTeAbHbfe npeUMY-
nepHo"a,      oti,cne'lc:lme         Ka'leCTBa     CHCTeMbl     COIjHaAbHoro      llJeCTBa B YLIJep6 HrlTepeca:v[ 60AbIllHHcTBa, TaKoe nOAO)KeHI!e
05ecne'leHUll          C03.laHut: YC;\OBHH liAlI 6hlCTPOro ¢OpMU-                 BellJeH MO)KeT cnPOBOIjHpOllaTh cOIJHaAbHbie KOH¢AHKTbL
pOBallflll 3awlroCTl' U Ilpe40TIlpalljeHHe nOllBAeHHlI HOBOro                     He05xOlmMO II HeOTAO)KHOM nop1l4Ke nepeCll<lOTpeTb 05llJe-
                                                                                  CTBeHHbfM 40roBOp. IIpIl3HaB, 'fro roC);!IapCTBO He /lOA)KHO
pewaTbClI      OIIl1    4( 'AlKHbI    B paMKax        34paBoH       6104lKeTHoH   6bITh   4BHraTeAeM        nporpecca,        HOllaH     POAb    rocy/lapcTHa
nOMnllKll,        05eCHC'lIlIl<llOllJeM     KaK     COIJHaAhHYIO,       TaK   H   3aKAIO'laeTClI B perYAI!pOBaHlIH            4ewre,\bHOCTH cll0504HbiX
MaKp03KOHOlVl1'leCKYK)             cTa5HAbHOCTb,       Ycnex        HopolK;jaeT   PblHKOB,    cnoc05HblX      406~fTbClI       COljuaAbHO       nplleMAeMhIX
ycnex, lIpll&leKall HHocrpaHHbIH KamnaA, OTCYTcTBlle lKe                          pe3YAbTaroB, DC1\HTHKa phlHKa TpYtla TaK)Ke HY)KtlaeTCll B
KOMnAeKCHor:) nO,1:{O,1a K peIlleHlIlO 3TllX 3KOHOMll'leCKHX II                   KOpeHllhIX pe¢opMax:            H3-3a Bce603~IO)KHbIX         npenllTCTBHH
COIJHaAbHbIX 3a4a'f MOlKeT 3a4ep)KaTb npeo6pa30BaHllll II                         4ellTe.\hHOCTb npO¢COlo.10B npOTeKaeT BeCbMa lle3¢¢el<TUB-
yrpolKat:T        TlIlKe;\bIMll      AllllJeHUlIMll     H      nOTepllHHbIMll     HO H.\H OKa3bIllaeTClI B llblCIlleH CTeneHlI n();\lITH3HpOBaHa,
B03MOlKHOCTlfMH,                                                                  He06XOtlHMO         n03a60UITbCH 0         palJUOHaAl133IJUH      ¢YIIl<IJHH
                                                                                  npo¢COlO30B,
D,fUJI(llUU BOCTOK U Ce6epltaJ! A¢puxa                                               t\.HBepreHTHbIH        CIJenapUH        npeaCTallAlIeTCll     40B();\bHO
113MelleHHH>1e)K4\ Hapo4HoH 05CTaIlOBKlI B 4aHIlOM pemOHe                         Mpa'lHbiM     De3     penmTeAbHblX pe¢opM              C\e.WeT 0)K1143Tb
AHIll!>   1l0,~'lepKHBaKJT        HeOTAO)KHOCTb nepeX04a 01' roCY4ap-             POCTa 6e/!HOCTlI H .1aAbHeHmel1               [JC1\)JpH3aIJHH 06IIjeCTHa,
CTBeHHOH H 3aKpnroH 3KOHOMHKI1 K IIpHHIJHnaM pblHKa H                             M3Mell'lllBhIH xapaKTep 'laCTHoro KarnfT,l;\a H nOCTOllHHbIe
Me)KIlYHapot HOH ('PUeIlTaIJIHl, B YCAOBHlIX, KOr/la He npe4-                     c60H MHpHOro npoljecca YBeAU'lllBaIOT CTeneHb pllcKa; OCAOlK-
IlI1jjHTClI   pi 'CT    nOCT) nAellffH      113    npe)KlIlIX       HCro'lHUKOB   HlIeTClI X04 npe05p,130BaHllM H B pe3YAbTaTe cTpeMUTe;\bHoro
HHocrpaHHO:\ llaAIOThI -              BHeIllHeH nOMOllJU H 4eHe)KHbIX             pOCTa npe./lAO)KeHlIlI Tp}lIIa,       KOHsepreHTHbJH          CIJellapHH,   C
nepeBCUOII or pa5uralOfljHX 3a rpaHUljeCI, OCHOIlHoe 3Ha'leHHe                    4PyroH CroPOllbI, BblfAlItlHT      60Aee 05l1a4elKHBalOllJe, H npl11UK
npH06peTaeT YBe ,WleHHe 3KClIopTa, fA05aAH3alJUlI OTKPbl-                         KanllTa.\a ll03BOAJIeT 60Aee 1I();\HO llcnOAb30BaTb CYllJeCTIlYIO-
HaeT HOBbIe B03M( ')KHOCTH, HO B ro )Ke BpeMlI 11 YClIAHBaeT                      IljllH npo¢eCClIOHaAbflb!H nOTeHIJHaA IlepOOCTeneHHoe 3Ha-
¢aKropbI pECKa, Cell'l<lc KaK HHKOrJIa Tpe6yeTCl! H<l/le)Kllall n                 'leHHe npll06peTaeT llonpoc IIOBePHli K nporpaMMe npamI-
peaAHCTH'lH:lll cTparerHlI, cB1I3bIHalOllJall perHoll C MHpoBOH                   TeAhCTBa     11    np06,\eMbI   BHYTpellHeH      nOAHTHKH~       BalKllbIMH
3KOHOMI1KOll       HeM:lAOBa)KHbIe nepcneKTHHbl oTKpblHaeT B03-                   3AeMeHTaMH ycnemlmro nepexo/la K PblHKY 6Y,1eT C03,~aHlIe
MO)Klloe oc,u6i\eI!I1e perHoHaAbHoH Hanpll)KeHHOCTH H y~\y6~                      ;\leXaHH3MoB, n03BOAHIOllJUX HallTU             HORYIO 3allllTOCTb 4AlI
;\emle cB1I3ell C EBponellcKH:>1 COI030M, OAHaKo 113-3a cAa60ro                   YBOAeHHblX pa50'll1x, KOMlIeHGIIJHlI nOTep!' nOCTp<l/laBlIlHM Il
HH/lycTpl1a,' bHOl'O pa3HlITulI perHoHa H npoIllAoM BbIXOA Ha                     X04e pe¢oPM 11 Bblpa60TKa opraH1I3aIj110HHO-npaBOIlOH 6a3bJ,
:>le)K:\yHapO,Ulhlll      PbIHOK      MO)KeT      OKa.,aTKlI    He    npocroH     CIlOC06CTllYIOLljeii COKpaLljeflUIO 6eilHOCTH,
3a;~aqeii     v     nO"pe6)'eT         cepbe:mblX       Mep     BHYTpeHlleH
AH6epaA1I3; IJlIlI,                                                               AaTUHCKaJ! k'tepu1(a u Kapu6c1(uu 6acceUH
    3KOHOMIcKa          i rpap,    DJUIJKllero     BocroKa      H    CeHepHoll    MHTerpaljHlI 3TOro pemOHa B PA06aAbHYIO 3KOHOMHKY IIPO-
NPPllKH, OJ II1paK 'IlJallCl! Ha He¢TlIHYIO npOMbIlllAeHHOCTb 11                  TeKaeT 6bfCrpblMH TeMna"lll, oco6elIHO B c¢epe roprollAI! H
pa31'l1roH f\ )C)l'lapCTB{'HllbIll ceKrop, nonepeMeHIIO nepe)KU-                  Ha pblHKax KanHTaAa, a R LJeHTpaAbHOH AMepHKe                         -     U
saeT B:lAen; H na lleHlfll, B pe3YAbTaTe COKpallJeHHlI ilOXOAOB                   5Aaro4apll        MelK4YHapo4lmH         MHrpaIJIHl,    Me)K4YHap04I1bIH
rocy,lapCTBI'HHOro ceKropa Hap1l4Y C 4aAbHeHIlleM yp5aHH3a-                       KMIMaT npe?lCTaMlleTClI 051Ia/le)KHBalOllJHM, TaK KaK HaAH'llle
IJHeif H pa:,BHTHt'M CllCTeMbl 05pa30Baml1l npe)KHUH 05llJe-                      peCypClIOH 5a31>1 R HeKoropoH CTenellH orpaJK4aeT pemofl 01'
CTlleHHhIH     10roBop OKa3aACl! HenpHeMAeMblM; OCTpO OIIlY-                      KOflKYlJeHIJllU Ha pbIHKe TPY/loeMKOH npO/lYKIJHH, DbICTpblH
lIJaeTClI He:J6xo,lllfMOCTb c03;laHlIlI YCAOllHH, n03BOAlIlOfIJUX                 POCT B03MO)KeH, TaK lKe KaK If /lHBepCH¢lIKaIJlIH 3KcnopTa, B
'laCTHOMY ,'eno!,y CTaTb /lBuraTeJ\eM POCTa, 04HaKO npea-                         pe3YAbTaTe 'lero COKpaTHTCif POAb npHpO/lHblX pecypCOIl H
npm!l1MaTe~\¥1     e411a .\H npOllBlIT HHTepec nOKa Ile COKpaTllTOI               B03paCTeT 3lla'leHlIe CpealIeTeXlIOAOrH'lHOH np04YKIJHlI,                   B
CTpareru'l{'cKHll pUCK, a 3ro nOTpe5yeT 3aKJ\IO'leHHlI MHpa B                     5Y4YlljeM MHOroe 6Y4eT 3aBHCeTI> 01' roro, pacnpocTpaHUTClI
penlOHe Ii ypenAHpoBaHHH KOH¢MIKroB BHYTPll cTpaH, a                              AIi ,1eHCTHHe HA<DTA Ha Bce CTpalIbl 3anMHoro nC1\YllJapllll,
TaK/Ke pel !I1TeN)HbfX maroB B Bonpocax 3KoHo:-.m'leCKOH                          HAH ;;Ke cnophl no nOB04Y HOpM TpY4a 3aBe;lYT Y'laCTHl1KOR
nOAIl'nIKH,                                                                       corAamellllll B TynHK,




                                                                                                                                                                  145
          B   6oAbllII1HCTBe CTpaH ;\aTl1HCKOH AMepl1KI1 HaMeTl1ACJI               cnelJl1aAbHblX MexaHH3MOB COljUaAbHOH 3allJI1Tbl. 4l1hepreHT-
      3KOHOMHqeCKI1H         fIO,ll'beM, COnpOHOiK,IlaKlllJHHCJI    HeK01UpblM     HOC pa3fll1THe /I0rrYCKaCT ,\HIllb BCCbM3 YMepCllllbli' 3KOIlO-
      pOCmM 3apa60THoH fIAaTbl. XarJl 11 He C\e,llyeT fIpCYBeMl-                   MH'-IeCKI1H paCT, corrpOHOlK4alOrrJHrICJI yCI1~\elll1eM HepallCH-
      qllllaTb        :maqeHl1e    He,llaBHero     qll1HaHCoBoro    Kpl1:mca   B   CTIla,    3To,      B   KOHe'lHOM      H'rure,     yrpolKaeT        ljeAOCTIlOCTI1
      MeKCI1Ke, B 60Aee 1lII1POKOM fIAaHe CYllJeCTByeT orraCHOCTb                  COql1aAbHOH         TKaHI1.     C    4pyl'OH     cmpOllbl.        comao 'BaHllble
      mro, "1m HeCMOTpJl Ha 3KOliOMHqeCKHH nO(I'beM, np06,\eMbl                    4eHCTIll1il nOMOry'T B0306110BHTb crrpoc H3 pa60QYK' CIMY B
      HepaBeHCTBa OCTaH)'TCJI HepelllCHHbIMH, a CTpaHbl perl10Ha,                  ceAbCKOM         X'03IlWCTBC,       COKpaTI1Tb      pa3pblll      MCiK/l}      pem--
      OKa3aSlllHCb B TllCKaX KOHKypeHIJm! co CTpaHaMI1 A31111,                     cTpHpyeMblM 11          HCperHCTpHpyeMbl~1         ceKmpaMI1 3KOII( 'MUKI1 H
      11:-"lelOllJHl'lH lIpeHMYllJeCTBO HH3KOH 3apa60THOH rrA3Tbl, He              npC/10TBp3TI1Tb 4a;\bHeHllIHw POCT Hep3llellCTBa.
      cMory'r 40611TbCJI H3KorrAeHllil qeAoseqeCKOI'O KarrI1Ta,\<1 B
      COOTBeTCrBl1H C ypOBHeM               ,10X04011 penlOHa.     HaKorr,\eHHe
                                                                                   3aMeAneHHbillt POCT MIIIII KOHBepreHTHOe
      qCAOBeqeCKoro K3mITaAa              ,iKe   H/leT 6blCTPblMH TeMnar.m B
                                                                                   pa3BMTMe?
      TaKHX crpaHax, KaK TIHM1, r4e pecjJopMbl OCYllJeCTBAJlIOTCil                 I1paBI1TeAhcrRaM npHX04HTCl! ,~eWCTBOBaTb H3 6a3e UPOIlJAOH
      ca~lblM aKTI1BHblM 06pa30M. CPe,i\11 BalKHeWllll1X npo6AeM,                  no/\HTI1KH 11 crpyKTyp pa3l1HTHJI. TpYi\ilrrJl1eCIl IlblHYiK4eHbl
      OlKl1,1lalOllJl1X    pelllemlil,    MOlKHO     Ha3BaTb   He40cramqHblH       40110AhcTllOBaTbCJI I1MelOlljHMI1CJI B03MOlKHOCTilMI1, KOmpbJC
      ypoBeHb npocjJeCCllOHaAbHoro 06yqeHl1il 11 coxpaHeHHe aHTH-                  onpc,le,\illOTCJI CTPYKTypOH             3KOHO~IHKI1 11 061ljCCTHCHllbl~1
      TpY,llOHOH fIo/\HTI1KI1 Il Tex CTpaHax, r,le, KaK B KOAYilol611H 11          yK~\a;10M,     a TaKlKe MI'-IHblMH Ka'lCCTlIaMH                   KaK YHaCAC/lO'
      Bpa311AI1I1, pacnpt~leAeHHe 3eMAI1 xapaKTepH3yeTcil HepaBeH-                 BaHHhIMI1, TaK H npl106pe-reHllblMI1 B pe3YAbT3Te 06:,''1eIlHlL
      CTBOM.      He06xo,llI1MO      rrpoBeCTH       3eMeAbHYlO    peq)OPMY    H   Ho 11 4,\1l np3BHTeAbcTB, H 11Al! TPY/lllllJHXCil ~TO _. ,,\HlUb
      nOKOH'II1Tb c aHTI1TpYilOBOH arpapHOH rro/\l1THKoii.                         OTnpaBH;UI m'-lK3. HIlHlJl1ampa~lH nepeMCH MoryT CTaTb H Te,
          [Jo/\I1TI1Ka pblHKa TpYI\a -           O,II1H 113 OCHOBHblX HepellIeH-   U tlpyrHe. Bbl60p 34paBOI1: IIHYTpCHHew 11 BlleIllHew no \I1THKH
      HblX BonpOCOB Ha 1I0BeCTKe ,11l1il. XOTIl HCKompblH rrporpecc B              MOlKCT clIoco6cTBOB3Tb 1I0BblmeHI11O ypOBHIl lKH3HI1 BceX
      MI6epaMI3aljl1l1 PblHKOB TPWla 6bL" ,II0CTl1rHYT, COXpaHJlIO-                KaTeropHH TPY/lJ111Jl1XCJI Il Ml1pe J.! llepllyTb Il OCHOIlH()(,' PYC\O
      llJHeCil rrepeKOCbl no-npelKHCMY cnOC06CTBYIOT '1pe3MepHOMY                  pa3BHTHil Tex, Km lie MOiKeT npl1crroc0611TbCJI K lIcpe~leliaM
      pocry HepemCTpl1pyeMoro CCKmpa II TaKI1X CTpaHax, KaK                        C3MOCmllTeAbIlO,          EC;\11    HMCcrClI      6AaronpHilTHblH            MCiK4Y-
      nepy       11    3KBa/lop.   3a     l1CKAIOQCHHeM      roCY,laPCTBCHIlOro    HapO/lHbIH K.\I1M3T, a npallHTeAbCTBo, B COOTlleTCTIlHH co
      CCKTopa, IIAHJlHl1e npocjJCOI03OB B 3KOHOMI1Ke oCAa6AO, mr43                 cBOeil pO.\blO, C03/1aCT He06xo4UMb1C YCAOBHIl, y pa60TtlHKOII
      KaK UMeHHO He3aBHCUMblM npocjJCOlO3a:-"1 OTBO/lHTCJI BalKHall                nOllBHTCJI B03MOlKHOcrb Bbl61fpaTb pa60TY, lIo6HBaTbCIl nYTeM
      po\b, a B pJl.!le CTpaH HX CTaTYC no-rpe6yeTcil YKpenHTb, OCO-               rrcperoBopoB        npueMAeMblx          YC\OBI1H      TPYiP       11   npHlUlMaTh
      6eHHO npl1 BC4CIlI1I1 4cqellTpaAl13011aHHblX KOAAeKTI1BHblX                  pemeHI1J1 06 06pa30BaHHI1 CHOUX ,~eTei\, m                       CCTb nOllbICI1TClI
      rreperoBopOB.        He06x04HMO TaKlKC rrepeCMOTpeTb npaBH;\a                6AarococmilHl1t:~ Bcex rpyrm                 TP}/lilllJI1XCIl,    3To    nOlBCY\I1T
      HaHMa 11 YBO/\bHeHl1il, pellllfTb np06AcMbl roqnapCTllellHoro                rrpe040/\eTb MHOffi\CTHIOKl            'reH,~eHqulO     pacTylljero Hepalleu'
      CeKl'Opa        11   ymy6uTb       pecjJopMY    CI1CTeMbl    COIJHaAblloro   CTBa MelK4Y pa60TIII1K3MH B Ml1pe, cTaBllIYIO xapaKTepHoH
      06ecneqeHHJI.                                                                '-Iepl'Oi-\   3101'0    BeKa,   U    tlaTb    HOByIO     Ha,IleJKAY      H    HOBbIe
          I1PC4Cl'OI1T peUlI1Tb CAC4YlOllJue rrp06AeMbl ncpex04Horo                B03MOlKHOCTH MH,\M10HaM, OKa33BWHMCllll TI1CK3X 6e,1110CTll.
      rrepHO/la: COKpallJeHue K3.,lPOB H3 roCY4apcrBeHHblX rrpC/1-                 B,\al'O;lapJl     3mMY        6YllyT    33AOlKeHbi        YCAOBHil,       KO'rupb\e
      npl1J1THJlX ApreHTl1Hbl, 06ecne'-lcHHe OTHOCI1TeAbllOH rH6KO-                c/leAalOT     XXI   lleK rrOHcnme 3Cli\OTb\M ,1Ail Bcex c-rpall l>ll1pa.
      CTJ.! crPYKTyphJ 3apa60THoH nAaThl B MeKCHKe H C03/1aHHe




146
n
                        PH nONOTOBKE HAC1DHLljErO OT'lETA 5blAH                            Cpe41l    ;10KA34'1IlKOIl   H Y'IaCTHHKOB       KOI!CYAbTaTHllHoil
                        I1C[I(]Ah30HaHbl :>IHoro'lI1CACHHbIC MaTepl1aAhl               BCTpe'lH C roCYtlaPCTBellHhlMH HCil0MCTllaMH, MelKAYHapo4-
                        Ikel\mpHoro DaHKa -              TeKYllJl1C I1CC\E:,10Ba-      HblM!! opraHH3alJHilMIl H HnO 6blAI1 fu\b¢ A\bTep, /PKoaH
                        HlI!!, pa60Tbl OCiUJC3KOHOMI1'1eCKoro 11 oTpac-                Doep, <DH,\Hn D3PPH, JKaK BIOIlHKYP, lIH Ball4cMypT,\, TOMae
                        ACBoro xapaKTepa no OT,l('..,\bHbIM CTpaHaM,                   Belkc, AapaH BepHbep, AHH Kpl1CTfIH fepMallcaH, PY,lH
pa3,\I1'1HbIC IIpoeKTbl                H HHeUllme I1CTO'IHI1KI1, OCHOBHbIC             tJ,CAapKJ, Poil /PKOYIlC, YmTCp /{OHt11', HHKmac KapaBI1THC,
6H6"JIOrpaq'I1'1eCl;I1C l\laTCpHa,\blllpflBe4eHbl             B ,~BYX   l'pyllll<lX,   XOPCT Kc\eAHmMH4T, MapTilll Kop, l'vhpl10H Kpymay, MapK
C YKa:,<lHHCl\, a8'IOpoB          v OpraHl13aIJI1illl 3MpaHl1THOM nOpiltlKC:           !Ie J\aJYIOTT, A,ma ;'\eKIlQ\A, /PK0ll MapTHll, PYT MeilH, Mep)I(
cncI.J1<lJ\bHbIC HCC \CtlOI13HHiI, BblllOArICHHblC /lAiI HacmillIJero                  MHKKma, [11 ,1e MOHKI1, ?l,JKOH MopAI1, KpHcm¢ep -"lyap,
01"IE'Ta, 11 ~!:i6paHJ lail 6H6AHorpa¢llil, CneIJI1<lJ\bHble I1C('.-\('40-             tJ,3BH/l Oy,\,~, Vloprell OMCCOll, AH~lepc Cepyn PacMycceH,
llaHHII, ofx ,tluJa~ 'llJHt'          COOTlleTCTll)'IOUJYIO ,\HTCpaTYPY H              <Da6p!1c PI1T'II1, AHH PH'Iap/\C, /PKOH Po6epTc, Hapem                  C.
pa60Ty DanKa, BI,IXOlliiT B CepHI1 pa60'lI1X /lOKYMeIlTOB HC-                          CHH, MaTTH Cl1xm, /PKeilMc <D, CTHA, APH CTPOM, PY/1Hrep
CACi\OBaHllil 1IfJ.\IHHKI1, a TaK)I(C lIy6MIKYI01'CiI pC/laKTOpCKI1M                   Cbe,\a¢qJ, C1'3fL\H TetiAop, KPHCTI!H TOT3Ke, tJ,3BH{1 TypHx3M,
OT/leAOM "tn-'IeT,1 0 l\II1POBOM pa38I1TlIW', CoAcplKallJneCiI B                       DliTep YIHH!!, <DI1AHn P. YOM, Po6epm YpMeHCHTa, tJ,OMI1-
HliX MIICml)1 lie ,16i13aTe,\bIl0 oTpalKaKlT UmI1lJI1K) BcelVmp-                       !!11K Y3,\KaM, feopl' <Dl1!Ilep, lKaH'DaTlKT c~e <DYKO, CAlKIlKO
Hom DallK<I 11 lIaCIO!!L1Jcm OT'JCTa,                                                  <DYKY!la-l1app, KaTcpHH XC~If'eH, Ka3ym             LJy till ,   TaKeMI1KH
     nOM!!MC' !!ClI< ~\b30BaHI1i1 np!!Be4CHHLIX H11)f(e OCllOBHblX                     W!!paii H fperopH lLIocl)'\'
HCl1l'IHHKO)', COC1 aBHTeAH OT'Icra 06paUJ<L\HCh 3a llOMOllJblO                            npOKOM~leH'fHpOBaTb OT'IeT 6blAO npe,l,\O)l(eHO He¢op-
KO MHOnJM ClleIJI!a~\!!CTaJYl KaK              B   caMOM BceMHpH01V! DaHKe,            MaAbHblM rpyrlllaM, C034aHHhiM C 3mil IJeAbKJ           B   DaHrA34em,
TaK H 3a em IIpt',lCAa '>IH, dm, npC)f(4e Bcero, dit1p!!an BY4,                        De~\apycl1, faHe, BeHrpl1H, BeHecpAC, l1H;10He31111, l10ALwe H
11mb Kmbt;, /PK,)![           flCHKaBe,\h, KpHcm¢ep I1HccapH4, AHn                     lO)f(Hoil A¢PHKe,
CK~acp, /1,~'!lH4 l"pHx:,M 11 PH'Iap,1 <DPHMalL Pe",aKIJHiI 6Aaro-                         B HaCmJlllJCM OT'IeTe upe4CTallc\eHb! !laHHblc H3 caMblX
4a['I11' !lee} 3TI1X CneI)Ha;\HCTI)B 3a aKT!1BHylO 1l0tlllCP)f(KY.                     pa3HblX I1CltJ'IHHKOB. Hall60Aee HHTeHCHBIlO HCllOAb30BaMKb
     &,\bIU,'1O II' 'MOIl)b CllOHMH COBeTaMH H 3a:'le'laHHilMI1                        6a3bl 4aHHblX MOT, Kor-mHAjjlJHiI Aa!lHL)X BCC!'<UlPHOro DaHKa
OKa'la.\H ApBHA         B, A,laMC, Hal1IUa i\pl'aHaA, fep BepMan, fanc                 o TPWlollhIX pecypcax (CM, Topel, Levy, and Rama                    1994),
DmlcBaHrep,           HIY;\o Bbeilpa           ;la   Kyn<l, Keil1'   fpmp¢HI!,         ;lall!lble OOCAe,10BaHHiI 40MOX0311ikTB, B oco6eHHOCTH, pe-
IllHrepy Vlnm~aBa, PallH Kau6yp, XO~IH Kapac, tJ,HlIaK                                 3Y,\bTaTbI npoeKT3 IBY'leHHJI nOKa3<lTeAeH )f(IBHClllfOro ypOB-
Ma'lYMt1ap J\3H r I1pH'JeTT, MapTHlI PeilMa, PH'IapA Ca60,                             IlJl, a TaK)I(e O¢HIJllaAbHble 4aHHhlC H3 OT/leJ\bHbiX CTpaH,
I1HTep         Cl1aA'\Olf,    I1Iil   <Pe¢¢epMaHlI,        CTeqlan      Xarrap,l,          I1pl1Mepbl, Olll1Canllble Il KpaTKHX 6l10rpa¢H'IeCKHX Ha-
/PKdIMC XapPl1mlI             H   /PKeilH dpMHTa)f(, LJCHHYIO nOMOllJb lIa             tlpOCKax B Pe3lOMe H IIPYl'HX rAaJlaX OT'IeTa, JlllAlllOTCiI
pa3nblX ,n:max IJC4aK'InpCKOil pa60Tbl OKa3a,\H CIlOHM!! eOBe-                         BbIMbIUL'l.eHHblMH 11 COCTallAeHbl Ha OCHOBaHHH IlHqIOp!,JaIJHH,
Ta1VUI MeTa lIe KOKCPOMOH                 11   BpK)C Ibcc-/\apcoH, HIf)f(e             na\Y'leHHoH H3 06CAe40BaHHil 40MoxmilticT!l H pil4a ony6,
nepe'J!!CWHbl ,\lilJa, Ilpe;l\O)f(lflllUHe IJeHHble 3JMe'laHflll no                    ,\I1KOBaHHbIX n Heony6AHKOBaHHblx HccA~ollaIlHi\, B CBJl3H C
OT,'le,\hHbI!>l   'JaCTiI~l   OT'JeTJ,                                                 'IeM OflHcaHllhle cHTyalJHH :'101'1'1' paCCMaTpl1BaThCiI KaK
     OC06YKJ IIpII3HaTe~\bHOCTb pe;laKIJHII Bhlpa)l(aeT KaTepl1H                       XapaKTepHb)e ,lAli ,\I1IJ B alla,\Ol'l1'1HOM nCI\OlKeIlI1l1,
XE'ilrall H ;lpymM COTpY41lHKaM Me)f(,WHapoAHoti opraml3a-                                 lJelIHble 3aMe'lallHIl no 'facTH ncplloil C(leAaAH APBHj\ B,
lJl1H TPWP (MOT) 3a HX 3aMe'JaHHJI Ha pa3Hhlx 3TanaX                                   A4aMC, fapoAL(' AAb/lcpMaH, AAaH DePr, fep DepMaH, faHC
pa60TLI, , TaKlhe CnlBeHY l1epcH H3 MC)f(;lYHaP04Hoil KOIl-                            I:'mHcyaHrep, 3a¢upHc 3aIlHaTDC, YI1~\,\bllM HCTCPAH, dMMa-
ctx~{1cpaIJIIH CIlI.flO,lllbIX llPo<PCOlO30B H d,14>1 I1Hl'epCY H3                     HpA VluMeHec, Po6epT ;\aAOH /1, TOM MeppHK, ,/{lKOll MHA-
BcervmpH(',il KOII¢C/lepaIJHH Tp);'l<l 3a HX nOMOllJb                   B   1I04ro-    /lAmH, M3TTbIO l\1KMaxaH, M!1H 'fay HrY3H, HIPPH AIlTDHI1
'IOBKe OT'I<::1'a H    :,<\ opraHIBalJHIO KOHcY,\bTaTI111Hoil BCTpe'll1 C              l1aTpHHO(, AaHT I1pI1<!eT, MapTHH PanaJv\bOH, IKopJl( CaK3-
npe~lcTalllTe,\JI'>IH IlpO¢COI030B,                                                    pony,\oc, tJ,311H4 TYPllX3M, fail <De¢¢epMaH, i13BH;1 <DpeT-
     Ha KO'lcYAbTa1'HBHoil BCTpe'le C I1pe4CTaBI1Te~\ilMI1 HPO¢-                       BeJ\,\, PH'Iap4 <DpHMaH, /PKeilMc XappHcoll, CTeneH XeilHe-
(01030B nDHcYTcTBOna,\H 11 BLICTyn<lJ\H AAaH A6paxapT, fCMMa                           MaH, Ket'n XHHKAH¢ 11 AAHCOH dBaHc,
A~a6a, BHKTOp 5ae3-MocKeilpa, MailK BaropH, Ha3apao                                       B COCTaMCHl1e 'facTH B'Inpoil IlHeCAH CBoil BKJ\a,'l JKaH
BHBepo, PCillUA40 l~epoHHMo,                         AHH   Ml1!lllep, tJ,3IlH,:1       BaHeT, dl14pHall BYA, CTHilH K\aCCeHC, 1100b KOAhe, tJ,3HneA
)\aMGepl, lIllYl;] MHxa,;\hCKH, ArHec MYKyna, CTe¢aH DepCH,                            K03H, BHJ\J\ MapTHH, KpHcm¢ep fIHccapH4, ;\aHT I1pU'lcr,
d,~,m rIl!Tepc. Mal'K~\H P06epLJ, MarIKA Ce6acTbilH, A ...\hOH                         LliapoH PacceM,        4arm     Po/lPHK, <DpaHc C1'lOapT, /bBH4
ClY, tJ,el'K YmTeH'\OH, DH1'ep YllTepnerep, tJ,::lBHtl <DoYAep,                        TypHx3M, fail <Pe¢¢epMaH, PWl.ap/l <DpHMaHl1 BappH 'fHCBHK,
P()lJa,\b/~ XaHCl'Il, Ib6epT XappHC, Kper XHA\, 'fllH 'fa6y,                               'facTb TpeTbll HalIHcaHa C HCrKlAb30Bamle:>1 CllelJHaAbHblX
/l,lKOH 3'laHl', /!opreH dKCPClT, faHC dHI'eAb6ePIJ H CeilXall                         I1CC\~OBaHHil H lJeNlro p1l4a HaY'lHbIX pa60T OCHOBllblJ'vlH
dP,iO r,'lY.                                                                           peIJcH3eHTaMH      BblCTYlIMH      /PKOH     IleHKalleA      H PH'Jap4


                                                                                                                                                                    147
      <DpHMaH. I1OAe3Hble MaTepHaAb!, Hapl!/l)' co CB0I1!>1I1 3aMe'la-        MaTeplla,\a~1 Spiegel, cneljl1aAbllOe I1CC\eA0BaHl1e, a raKlKe c
      Hl1l!MII, npeilOCTaSI1M1 TaKlKe MapK B~\3K4eH, AOMI1I1l1K BaH           HCflCV\h~01\3HHeM       pe3}(·\hTaTOIl IleTa,\bHOii 3KoHOMeTpIl'leCKoj.j
      lIe BeiiA, XOMH Kapac, fIQ\b KQ\be, A3fll1eA K03f1, F,,;\l13a6eT        pa60Thl, OnHCalll!OH B Barro 1991, Levine and Rendt 1992,
      MOPPI1C-XbKJr, CTecpaH flepcl1, MapnlH PaSaAbOfI, MapTI1H               Mankiw, Romer and Weil1992.
      PaMa, Ihnep <Da,\,\OH, AAI1COH 3BaHC 11 AplmA B. 3,lat>!C.                  He Mellee 06CTOJlTeAhl!O OIlI1CaHbI R ,\I1TepaTYpe H Bonpo-
          IJeHHblii IlMa4 B n04f'OTOIlKY CiaCTII 'leTllepmj.j BHeC\H          Cbl llpHpOCTa HaCe;\e!IlIl! B YC;\OBllllX 3KOHOMHl.JeCKOrC pa.1IlH-
      MHDrlle cneYl1aMICThI 80 Bce~1l1pHOM oaHKe 11 3a ef'O npe,~e­           TI1I!. OCReLlJeHlle 3mii reMbI H ;lallHoii rAaJJe OCHOHallO Ha
      AaMII: KpIlCTIlH A,\~\IlCDH, Hl1KQ\ac Bapp, IKaHIIII BpeiiT-            Kelley 1994, Pritchett 1994, World Bank 1994d.
      ReiiT, MOPI1C Byacbep, Ml1Aall BO(lOmmelj.A,\eH feAG, MapeK
      fclpa, Kap,\OC KaSa,\LKaHTH, KPIlCTl111 KeCCH4, TllMOTI1 KvlHr,
                                                                              Dtasaj
      CaiiMOH KOM:'laH4ep, KeiiTH KpaM!>I, M3pH K3I1HH, PoGepT                B pa3(le,\e 0 peweHHllx, npHHHMaer--IbIx 40MOX03RiicTBa~IH, 3a
      ;\H6eJfTaAb, Al1l1aK Ma3YM4ap, MHKa3~\ Mepmr, BpaHKO                    oCHony B3I!Ta !'104e;\b pacnpe4eAeHI111 npeMeHI1 113 Becker
      MHAaHOBII'I, MaiiKA MH,\A> , KapC1\HH Mmep, Kaii I1lfrepc,              1965. I1po6;\eMhl, CBJl3aHHhle C I1OAOJl03paCTHbIMI1 IIOKa3aTe-
      MapTHH     Peii~1a,   I1aOAo PoGepTll, JIH PYTKDBCKH, MapK              MI~1H    3aHJlmCfI1 TP}AOC!IOcc16110ro 113Ce,\eHI1J1, B~JlTbl 1l:J
      CaHi16epr MOHHKa <DOHr, A3BIl4 <DpeTBeAA, PaAbrlJ B. Xap611-            Behrman and Zhang, cneYl1a;\bllDe IIcc<\e,~()BaHlle, a TaKlKe
      COH, MapTl'1H WpeHK, CaY,\b 3CTpHI!.                                    113 pa60T Goldin 1990, Horton 1994b, Horton, Kanbur, and
                                                                              Mazumdar 1994a 11 1994b, 3sacharopoulos and Tzannatos
      TAasa 1                                                                 1992, Schultz 1990. I1l1cpopMaIJHlI 0 KC1\H'leCTlle nplpa60-
      3MnHpH'lecKaJ! xapaKTepl1CTHKa MHPOBOf'O pblllKa TpY;la CD-             TaHHblX         l.JaCOB IIpe/~CTa8Aella Ha OCBose 06C\eA' maHH)!
      CTa&\eHa Ha DCI!OBaHlU1 l\!HOrHX HCTOl.JfIl1KOB. Oyel!Ka pOCTa          TP)\'lOBbIX pecypcoll M3;\ati:mll II 1989      I\)(W   H 06C\eAo1l31111Jl
      HepaBHOMepIIOCTI1 40XDAOB lIa'lI1Hal! C        XIX HeKa fmlTa H3        1I0Ka3aTe;\eil YfX)IlHJl lKl13l111 II faHe B 1988-89 rOilax. 411113-
      pa60Tbl 3KIHecpyee 1994. CTpYKTypa 3aHllTOCTI1 HaCeAeHl1ll H            ,,!UKa l.JaCOIl pa601'[,1 II CTpaHax 03CP C IlhICOKII!'1 ypollHe'l!
      Tp):'locnoc06HoM ll03paCTe no IlH4aM X0311iicTIleHHoii .Jell-           110XO,'lOB OllHcaH3 II Maddison 1989.
      Te,\bHOCnl COCTaMeHa HO OljeHKaM ypOllHlI TPYAOBOii aKTHB'                  Pa3/1e;\, nOCBJlllJelllIhIii 6e,opa60l'l1lje. COCTall;\ell Ha OCI!O-
      HOCTI1, npyllleAel!1I0f'O B ILO 1986 11 Il 061!0llAeHI!hlX 4alll!blX    Be l>IaTepUa;\OB Commander             and    Coricelli 1994, OECP
      MOT npHMeHIITe;\hIIO K nOC;\e;lIlH~1 OIJellKaM OOH flO B03-             1994a, Topel, Levy and Rama 1994, a TaKlKe lfO extmflllaAb-
      paCTllblM rpynnaM lIaCe~\ellJ1l1. 3T11 /Jalllll>le paCCM3TpHBalOT-      Hbli'l ,IlaHHbfM OT,1E-\bHbIX CTpaH.
      Cll B cOBoKynnOCTll C    ?laHnhl~1lI   0 33HIl1tlCTJ1 B pa311blX ceK-
      mpax 3KOliOMHKI1, oIIy6,\HKOllaIIHhlMH lilLO, IlblIlYCKI1 pa:mhlx       Dlaaa 4
      AeT, a TaKlKe C oqmljH3AbHblMIl AaHHhlMI1 OTIle;\hl!bIX cTpall.         Pa3;1E-\ 06 H3MeHeHIU1X OTpaC\eHOii CTpyKTYPbl 3allll'lDCTII
      4,\1! oo\ee nO;lp06110f'O IBYl.JCIIHll 01. Filmer, cneljl13M,1I0e       OCllORaH lIa Kruger 1983, Schiff and Valdes 1992, Syrquin
      IlCCAe40BaHHe.                                                          and     Chenety 1989. Pa34e;\ 0 lIearpaplloH 3aHlImCn! R
         MelK,WHap04llall CTpyKTVp3 3ap36oTII0l1 II,\3T]'1 IlbIRe4etla        Ce,\bCKOt'! MeCTHOCTH COCTaIL\eH C I1CflOi\I,30IlaIlHeM Lanjouw
      lIa OCIlOBe ,13HllhIX H3 Union Bank of Switzerland 1994                 and Lanjouw, cneIJlla,\bHOC I1CC\C(10BaHl1e, Turnham                    1993.
      KOi:ltpCPllljI1CHThl poera BBrt II,\I! pa3Mll.JllhlX perHotlOIl         OnHCaHl1e         nepefl!CTpl1pyeMoro     CeKl1:Jpa    :'JKOlIOMIlKII    no-
      npe(lCTaMlllOT co60ii OIJellKH Bce",ll1pllof'O BaHKa 0 pone             Cl'pOeHO        H3    cneljua,\b!IhIX HCCAeAollamfllX Banerji            and
      BBI1 Il PblllOqHblX IJellax 3a Jlhll.JemM oyeHOl.JHOf'O npHpOCTa        Banerji, Campos II Sabot. Bpe3KY 4,1 1I04f'OTOilHA faHc
      TPY40BbIX pecypCOB, np1IBeAellllOf'O II fLO 1986 11 II 06HOH;\CII-      Blll!CllaHrep.
      IIbIX (laHllblX MOT. K021CPCPIlI)IlCI!Thl perHOllaAbHOf'O pOCTa
      npe4CTaIneHhi Ha oeHose K03qJcj:JHljHeHTOB pOCTa OT4eAbHblX             J:W(W    5
      crpall C Yl.JeTOM OlJeHOK MOT 0 HaCeAefll1H TPY40cnoco6Horo             0630pbl ,\I1'repaTYPbl 0 IIHTaHl111 H npOil)'KTllBHOCTll coeTaB-
      BmpaCTa B 1995 f'o/lY 4aHllbic 0 6bfIJlIleM CCCP Il APYrHX              Aellbl no MaTepllaAaM Behrman 1993, Pinstrup-Andersen et
      CTPaIJaX 3mm perllOl!a npe4CTalneHbi lIa OCHone EBRD                    aL 1993. OTile,\bllble MI!Hhle 0 pelKllMe nl1'raHHI!           I! 06be~le
      1994, Kornai 1992.                                                      ceAbCKOX03l1l!CTBeHHOm npOlBllO?lCTBa Ha lOre VlH,:lHI1 lllllThl
         0630P aAbTepHaTllBllbIX CTpaTennCj Pa3BHTllJl H I1X no-              113 pa60Thl Deolalikar 1981'1, a Ha <DI1AHlllU1fIaX -         I'Ll pa(iOl'hI
      C;\e"lCTlll1ii Ha pblHKe Tpy.l!a COCT3flAell C HcnOAb10HalllleM         Haddad and Bouis 1991.
      pJl/la I1CTOl.JIII1KOB, IlKAIO'laJl Easterly   and    Fischer 1994,         AallHblc 06 06pa3011aHlllI II llHC;lpeHHI1 JlblCOKOypO;KaJi-
      Lindauer and Roemer 1994, World Bank 1993                               IlblX COpTOll        pIKa npe4CTaMellbl II Lin 1994 ~KI1Taii) 11 B
                                                                              Foster et aL 1994 01H;1I1Jl)
      D!asa 2                                                                     11H4)opMa1J1111 0 IIpocpeCCl10HaAbHot-1 06Yl.JeHHH 1l1aiinaHe,
      P,13Ae,\ 0 4HHaMIlKe 3KOIIOMIll.JeCKOf'O pOCTa 11 nOC\e4CTlllillX       Kmaii, B31!Ta 113 Aw and Tan 1993. BhlllOAbl 0 IlAl1ll1l1111 }\Yl.J-
      3mf'O npOljecca ,~;\jl phlHKa Tpy,a OCIIOBall lIa i131lHhlX 06c,\e-     meHIIOf'O IIHTaHHl! Ha 06pa301lalll1e Ii fnaTeMa,\e IJI1THPYk)TClI
      ,~ollaHHll nOKa3aTeAeH ypOllll1! lKH3HI1 B TIllie Il 1989 f'04Y H       110 Pollitt et aL 1995. l!onC1\HHTeAhHble CBe4ellllJl 06 06pa:10-
      06C,\e/10BaHHR TPY40BblX pecypCOH .MaAaii3HIl II 1989 f'OAY             llal!l111ll 06Yl.JeIlHH II fIepy ilaIOTCJl B Arriagada 1989./laHHble
      laK)Ke C I1CnCV\b30llaHl1eM ,1alll!blX H3 4pyrl1x orlJHljl1aAhHblX      no C\OHemm B311Thl 1I3 Omzem and Vodopivec 199'1. B
      ny6AHKal)llii.                                                          c16CYlK4emlll lIp06,\e!'l, CB1I33HHbiX C 06pa30BaHlleM H l.JeAO-
         113Yl.JeHI1IO rjJaKTOpOB 3KOIlOMI1l.JeCKOf'O pOCTa 1I0CllJUl)eHa     Ilel.JeCKll~1   Kalll1TaN)M, I1cnOAb30BaAl1Cb ilaHl!hle 0 :>.1I1POllbIX
      06WHpHaJl     M1TepaTypa,      4allHall    rAaBa     COCTaMeHa    flO   TellileHYHJlX IIpl1eMa B Y'le6l1bIe 3aBeAe1!HI!, npHllC;WIIHhle B


148
Barro and Lee 1993, Tilak 1989, f1OAe3Hble Ha6AIO"eHI1I1 06                      )KI1TeAliX ceBepHoro pal10Ha 'TIU1~\3Hila B311Ta H"700men 1992,
06pa'lOllaHI1H KaK KanI1TaAOIlAOlKeHI1i1X lIpe/1CTallAeHbl pa6o-                 06q!)K4eHfle perHoH3Ahlloi1 flepallHoMepHocTH B ApI~HTI1He
TaMH Becker 1995, Schultz 1994, World Bank 1995a                                 OCHORaHO Ha pa60Te Estache and Fay 1995,
      AAH4a KaCTI1A;\O-<!JpHMaH npe40CTaBHA pe3YAbTaTbl no                           AHac\fl3 pa3AI1'lIlt! B 3apa6oTH0l1 TIAaTe ~!YlK'lHH    fI   lKeH-
CIlJA K pHcyHKy Bpe3Kl1 5.1, bhJAa npC4npHHIlTa nOl1hlTKa                        IlJllH OCHOBaH fla Holton 1994b, Newell and Reilly 1995,
406HTbo[ conOCraBl1MOCTI1 ynoMHHaeMhlX Il "l1al'paMMe I1C-                       Tzannatos 1995. Bpe3K3 6,1 COCTall,\Clla C HCII(1\h30BalU1eM
C;\e40IlUHI1H, 110 TaK KaK B HI1X l1CnC1\b30Ballbl pa'lHble MeTO,~bl             llallHhlX 113 Ooxaca 1973 11 Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos
onpe;le;\eHI1I1 cj:JYHKIJHH ?lOX040B, nOAH all COnOCTaBUMOCTb                    1992, CIJe;leHl1l1 06 oTlleAbHblX CTpaHax B311Tbl H3 Birdsall
l1CCAe,JjOBaHl1t! He rapUHTl1pyeTclI, i1cX0411 H3 AorapmjJ:,m-                   and Sabot 1991.
'leCKI1X ypallHeHHil paC'leTa 3apa6oTHofl nAaTbl, KOTOpble B
OCHOIlHm,1 KaCalOTCJI oT60pa HaeMHhlX pa60THI1KOB H HX
                                                                                 JAa6a 7
HH/lI1Bl1;lYa;\hflhIX xapaKTCpHCTI1K,         oT/~a'la    01' nOlll>lIl1CHl11l   PaccMoTpeHHe np06AeM 1~\06J.,\U3alJI1U nOCTpoeHO C Y'leTOyl
06pa30BaHl11l 'Ia Kall:/lblt! HOBbIt! yp0BeHb Ilbll104HTOI AH60 113              Rodrik 1994 H World Bank 1992a, TeMa KmmepreliYHI1
Ci) KOClJeHHot Bbm '41>1, conplllKcHHOt! C 4aHHbli'1 ypoBHeM                     pa311HB3eTclI Ha OCHone I1CCAe/tOllaHHll Berry, Bourguignon,
06pa3()B~UIl111, nOAY'lacMot! nYTcM Y!>lHolKemul pa3Mepa npl1-                   and Morrisson 1989, He4allHei1 pa60Tbl Ben-David 1994,
6blAH 11a K(1\y''lCCThO AeT Ha llanHOM ypoBHe Ha KOAH'lCCTBO                     cneYHaAbHoro HCCAe/tOB3rIHIl Pritchett, Quah 1994, 4,\11
A{''T, Heoi)xo41lMhlX      a;\1l ,~OCTUlKCHHIl   3TOro   II   paMKax cYUJe·      6<nee no,lp06HOro 03HaKOMAeHHil C 3(1\OTbIM lleKOM Kanl1-
CTIlYKJIlJdi B CTpallc CIICTeMbl 06pa30SaHI1I1, AI160 (ii) 113                   TaMI3Ma CM. Maddison 1982. Neal 1985, Zevin 1989, a C
;'"OCBcHlIOi1 Bhlro,1bl, CB}l3aHHoi1 C Onpe4eACHHbli'1 ypOBHCM                   I1CTOpuet! MHrpaYHH          pa60ThI Hatton and Williamson
06pa30BaH1111, MeTO,loM Ilepepac'lera 6HHapHoro nOKa3aTe.~1I                     1994 11 Stalker 1994
ypoBWI 06p< 30naH 1111 lIa CBln3HfJOe C 3THM YBeMI'lerlHe
4oxo,13 B flpOJeHTH')~1 IlhlpalKeHUH.
                                                                                 J:W8a 8
      IlporpeccIIOHa,\bHoe 06Y'leHl1c KaK llAO)f(eHl1e H'leAOBe'le-              AIlaAI13 YpYl'Bai1cKoro payll/la rrpl1BeileH no pa60TaIl-I Goldin
(KHH Kal1l1Ta,\ OflUCaliO Il Middleton, Adams, and Ziderman                      and van der Mensbrugghe 1995, Harrison, Rutherford> and
1993 H R WOIld Bank 1<)91. 4aHHble 06 06Y'leHHH B MeKCI1Ke                       Tarr 1995, Hathaway and Ingco 1995, Hcrtel et aL 1995,
11   0 MeKCHKaJ lCKOt! nporpaMMe ClMO 11311Tbl H3 IlHyTPCHHUX                    Rodric 1994, 06cYlK4etme BOIlPOCOB TOproBAIl Il 3apa6<JTHoi1
iloKY"leHTOB !:ke:.mpHoro barlKa, 4aHHble 06 06Y'leHI1H B                        llAaTh] B npOMhllllAeHHO pa31lIlThlX cTpaflax c phmO'lllOi1 3KO-
JInomlH npHIIC4eHLl B Lvnch 1994. 4aHHhle () TeKY'leCTI1 Ka4-                    HOMHKOti CTpOHTCli H3 OCHOBe 13hagwati and Kosters 1994,
POB B npOMblllL\eHiIOCTlI KopeH YI1THPYIOTCli no Republic of                     Cooper 1994, Freeman 1995, Krugman and Lawrenc~ 1993,
Korea 1987, AII3.\113 ilporpaMM npocj:JeCCI10HaAbHo-'rexIIH-                     Lawrence and Slaughter 1993, Neven and Wyplosz 1994,
'leCK('ro o6Y'leHuli Il falle CO,1ePlKUTOI B Velenchik, B ne'laTH,               Sachs and Satz 1994, Stolper and Samuelson 1941, Wood
CUCTeMa npocj:JeccI1OHa,\bHO-TeXHH'lecKoro 06Y'leHUli B ql1;\11                  1994a, Wood and Berge 1994, f1pu paCCMOTpeHl11l nOCAC;l-
OIl11CaHa   Il   K .ng and Hill 1993                                             CTBHi1 YpyrBai1cKOI'O paYH,1a 11AII pa3BIlB<lrOllJHXCll CTpall 6bIMI
                                                                                 I1Cf1C1\b30Baflbl IlblH04hl Davis 1992, Feenstra and Hanson
I:1a6a 6                                                                         1994, Krueger 1978, Robbins, cneyuaAbHhle I1CC\e/l011amlll,
Bonpochl :-ll\OHOMll'leCKoro pOCTa U 411cj:Jcj:JepeHl]U3YI1H /to-                Wood 1994a, 4eMorpacj:JH'leCKI1e llporH03bI ;lAll 6ol'aTbix
X040B paCOlaTpl1l1alOTCIl fla OCHOllaHI1H Dickens and Katz                       CTpaH npl1Be4eHbl 110 McKinsey           Global    Institute 1994,
1987, Freeman 1993b, Krueger and Summers 1987,                                   PI-ICYHOK Ilpe3Kfl 82 nOCTpoeH no Mem,lmOrl1H Wood 1994b.
Rutkowski 1993 II 1994, World Bank 1990, Pa3/teA 0 CBII3H
MeAUY flep,meHCTBOM ,10X040B H ypOIlHeM IUKOAhHOro 06pa-                         T!lat3a   9
30n3Hlll! CO'TaBAeH Ha OCHOllaHHH Gindling and Robbins                           Pa34eA 0 B3aUMOCB1I3H c6epelKelU!l1 Il HHBecTHYHt! COCTallAeH
1994, Park, Ross and Sabot 1992, Psacharopoulos et al.                           C Y'leTOM Montiel       1993, Schmidt-Hebbel, Senten,            and
1993, Robir,s       199i   H Robbins, cneIJl1a~\bHhle I1CC\e/tOBaHHJl,           Solimano 1994. l1mpopMaYllll 0 TpaHCHaYl10HaAbHbiX KOPIlO-
PaCCMOTper He 310m Borrpoca npHMellHTeAhllO K 2\1eKcHKe                          paIJHIlX H npliMbIX HHOCTp<lHHbIX HHBeCTHYHJlX llO'lepllHyT<I 113
nOCTpoeHO Ha H~,nson and Harrison, cnelJH3AbHoe IlCCAe-                          Feldstein 1994, Lawrence 199't, Lipsey 1994, United Nations
/lOBaHl1e, Re veng:, 199 t.                                                      1994a. Bonpocbl 0 J1\HlIHIlH 'laCTllbiX 1I0mKOII KarIl1Ta~\a H
      npl1 06, YlK4elU1H .1IlCnporropYHt! B pa3BIlTI1H C'CAhCKIlX H              HecTa6uAbllOCTIl pacC~laTpllBaIOTCli C Y'leroM Calvo, Leider-
roIX)4CKIlX Jai1oH\)R 610IAIl Y'lTellbI 3aMe'l3HIl11 faHca bUHCBaH-              man, and Reinhart 1992, Chuhan, Claessens, and Mamingli
repa H I1CllC,\b301kIHhl lleKOTOpble ?,aHHble mllllhI 4, P-dCCIl-IOTpe-          1993, Claessens, Dooley,         and    Warner    1995, Dadush,
Hlle ypallHoBellHlBalOIIJero IlO34eticTBml ocj:Jl1l,1HaAbHO pem-                 Phareshwan, and Johannes 1994, Schadler et a1. 1993,
CTpllpVell-lOlD pblllKa Tpy,-la OCHOBaHO fla llaHHblX Bell 1994,
P-d3/teA 0 lIepaBeHCTBe ~IClKIlY 3THI1'leCKUMH rpYllnaMI1 OCHOBafl
Ha Psachan 'poul()s and Patrinos 1994 Il Banerji, cneYHJ.,\bHOC                  4All OO\ee n04p06llol'O mHaKOM,\eHI1J1 C reopHet! MllrpaIJll11
UCC\e,\OBaHHe. b, >\hWHHCTBO ,ilaIlHbIX npn 06CYlK.1eHHI1 npH-                   CM. 13hagwati 1991, Massey 1990, Massey et aL 1993, Razin
BI1AempOIlL HHblX rpynn Il MJ.,\aH3IlH B3I1'ID fl3 Tzanna[os 1994,               and Sadka 1994, a TaKlKe Stark 1991. no 06IlJHM npro\e~taM
      /taHHbI'.: 0 HE:paBHOMepIIOCTH pel'l10Ha.\hlloro pa3BI1TI111 B             I-mrpaLJHH CM, Russell and Teitelbaum 1992, Stalker 1994,
MeKCllKe r O'leprHYTM          l-I3   World Bank 1994c, a B fallbey,             Zlotnik 1993, RUIlillue ~mrpal)lm Ila 3KOHOMl1KY CTpallhI
Kwraii -         H3 \X,)rId Bank 1992b. 11114)op~mIJI1Jl 0 ropHblX               HCXOlla paCCMaTpmlaeTCli c Y'leTOM pa60T Abella and Morl


                                                                                                                                                          149
      1994, Adams 1989 H 1992, Findley 1994, Rodriguez and                         ll3blKOllblX MellbUlI1llCTB U03BCHI1T Il 3Haql1TeAbll' )t'i :'>!epe
      Horton 1994, &HJlHl1e Ha 3KOHOMHKy Upl1HH:'>!alOlljl1X crpaH                 COMKllYTh Ha6AlOilae;lblti pa3pbIB B 3apa6oTl!OH n/\.lTe Dpl1
      ormcaHo no Bo~as 1994, Borjas and Freeman 1993, Overbeek                     0530pe 4HCKpl1MI1llaIJI1l1 H aHTI1.'lI1CKpI1MI1HaIJl10IIllUX Mep B
      1994, Zimmcrmann 1995                  B Kwong 1994 lIpe4CTaMCHa             npOMblWAeHHO pa3BIlThlX CTpaHax            I1CnQ~b30BaHbI          MaTepl1a,\bI
      HH<popMaIJHJI 0 HC~\eraAbHOM HMMHrpayHH 113 KI1TaJl B CIlIA                  Becker 1957, Beller 1979. Bergmann 1989, Brown 1982,
                                                                                   Edwards 1994. Gold 1983, Goldstein and Smith 1976, Hill
      IAc/(jc/ 11                                                                  1984, Leonard 1984a 1984b 11 1989, Smith and WeIth 1984
      B pa60'rc Solow 1980 aHaAH311pYCTCJI CYUJHOCTb pbIHKon                           B   <DJlcj:Jb, cneYl1a,\bHOe I1CC,\e40BaHl1e, aHaAI1 iI1pyeTcll
      TPY-'Ia Ii liX 01j\WmC 01' iIPYrHX PblHKOB, a TaKJKe lIpl1'mll!'1            311a'leHHe MI1HI1MaAbHOH 3apa60THoH HAaThl 11 HeKomphle
      roCY4apCTBeHHoro peryAHpollaHHJI PblHKOll TpY4a,                 06.~op      3:'>1Ul1pl1'1eCKl1e 4aHHbIe. AprYMeHTbI, I1CK/\lO'laK)IljHe cyllje-
      3THX npwum rrpliBO;lHTCIl H II Kaufman 1991.              B Mazumdar         CTllCllliYIO 3afll1CI1MOCTb :'>!eJK/ty MHHH:'>1a;\bHoi'i 3apa60TlmH
      1989 OCBClljCHbI npo6Ac:-'lbl pbIHKa Tpyf(a II pa1BHllalOlljl1XCil           nAamH 11 3aHJlTOCTblO, C npl1Mepall-!l1 113 npoMblIIlAeHHO pa3-
      CTpanax 11 nyn! I1X pCrnCHI111.                                              BHTbIX crpan, llPI1BO,1)fTCJI R Card and Krueger 1995, Krueger
          06301' OCHOllHblX TPY;IOHbIX HOPM, I1X 11(1\h3bl 11 Ha3l1a-              1994.   B   Rama and Tabellini 1995 npe/W)JKeHa M'V1e,\b, B
      qCHI1)1 MOJKHO Ha/-lTI1 Il   lID 1994a H Robinson, cnelJl1MbllOC             Kompotl MI1HI1MaAbllall 3apa6oTllaJl nAa Ta lIB.AlleTCIl I1C11:)q-
      I1cc\e,IjOBalll1e.   B cnclJl1aAbllOM    I1CC\e~lOBaHI1I1 Grootaert and      HI1KOl'l 3KOllOl'!l1qeCKOH pellT!>1 f(,\il HeKompblX Ka'reropl1t'i
      Kanbur llaMe'leHbI paMKI1, B KOmphlx OpraHl13011aH MaTeplJa,\                pa60TIII1KOB, B m       Bpel'lJ! KaK   B   Freeman 1993c nOKa3aHO
      pa3,IjCAa 0 f(CTCKOM TpY/IC, a TaKJKC C04epJKaTCJI MIlOrHC 3Mnl1-            I1Cn(1\b30BaHl1e MI1HHMUAbllOH 3apa60THotl 1l~\aTbl B KaqeCTlle
      Pl1qCCKl1e ,IOIlO,lbL Tl1IK1\Orl1i1 4eTcKoro TpYela "pe,'lAo)!(eHa B         Iltle61O(lJKeTHOm I1HcTpYMeHTa Hepepacnpe4eAeHHJI 40XO;la.
      Rodgers and Standing 1981. B Galbi 1994 lIp06AeMa f(eT-                      Dpl1Mep MaBPI1KI1i1 3aHl'ICTBOBall 113 cnelJl1a~\bHoro I1CC\e,'lO-
      CKOro TPYtla rrpe,llcTaMeHa B I1cInpl1qeCKOH llepcnCKTIUle, B                BaIlHll Robinson. 06'bllClleHl1e cM50ro c06MQ!lenl1ll YCTa-
      Nichols 1993 np'IBe/IeHbI KOHKpeTHhle npl1Mepbl 113 IOJKHOM                  HOIlAellHOH MI1HI1Ma,\bHOH 3apa60THoil 1l,\aTbl               II   pa:lBI1BalO-
      A31111 11 OHI1CaHhI TPW1HOCTI1, C KOmpbl:'>!11 CTa~\KI1BaIOTCll              UJHXClI cTpaHax, HaplllIY C npl1MepaMI1 He«)()~\IO,leHI1J1 MOJKHO
      I1HOCTpallHbie cj:mpl'ihI. B Boyden 1988 onHcaHa CflTyaIJl1ll,               HaHTI1 B cneYI1JAbHOM I1CC~e40BaHlm Squire and SUlhiwart.-
      CAOJKl1BmallCll B Al1Me, Depy On bIT I1HIII1MCKOID WTaTa                     Narueput. CBl14eTe;\bCTBa HapYllleHl1ll TpYAOIlom 3aKOH04a-
      KepaAa 11 cj:lI1Al1nnl1HCKoro OCTpOlla Ce6y npl1OO411TCll no                 TeAbCTRa Ila MeAKHX      lIpe,,~IlPHllTl1l1X   B   pa3BI111aIOlIJI1 KClI CTpa-
      Boyden and Myers 1994. AHaMl3, npoBC;lellHblil B Patrinos                    Hax 1l3i1Th1113 Morrison, Solignac Lecomte, and Oudin 1994.
      and Psacharopoulos ]995, IlOKa3blBaeT, 'ITO pa3Mep CCMbl1                    ltallHble 110 MeKCI1Ke 113llTbl 113 Bell 1994, no MapoKKO -                 113
      JlMJleTCJI BaJKHot'i 4erepMl1HairroA AeTcKoro TpYlla, a B Siddiqi            Parrison 1993, no KeHl111 -        113 Freeman 1993b.
      and Patrinos ]994 40Ka3blllaeTCJI, 'ITO rrpoiheMhl C llOAY-                      npl1 06c),JK4eHHI1 HOpM 6e30nacHocTH Ii mrl1eHbl TPYM
      qeHl1e:'>! lllKOAbHOro 06yqeHl1ll BeIlYT         K   pacnpocTpaHeHI1K)       I1ClJ(1\b30IlaH pllll I1Cm'lHI1KOB. CpaBHI1TeAbHble ,1allHble ()
      lIereKOID TPY4a. v13yqeHl-IIO Cflil311 MeJK;lY lleKOMl1eTeHTHO-              npocpeccHonaAbHblK 3a6C1\eBaHI1J1X 11 TpaBMaT113'\le lla 111'0-
      CTblO 06pa30BaTeAbHo/-l CHcreMhI B l'1iPPI1l(C 11 l'IacwTa6a"m               113OO4CTIlC npe,locTaMeHbl MeJK,tyHapoflllb1:'>! 6J()po 1 PY4a 11
      lleTcKOro TpY;la l10cBilllJeHa pa60Ta Bonnet 1993, U flOIlOA-                BCeMl1plloii OpraH113aIJl1etl 34paBooxpaHelllfll (B03). ()IUfca-
      HI1Te/\bHble L10Ka3aTCAbCTBa o6paTllo/-l 3aBI1CI1l'10CTI1 MeJK/lY            line 1l.>\I11111Hll IleCTI1YH,lOB ll3 3AopOllbe      Ce~\bCKOX03llilcTlleH­
      o6pa30Balll1eM 11 lIeTCI(I1~1 Tpy,lOM I1PI1BO(lJ1TCll IJ Riviera-Batiz       HbIX pa6o'll1x B3ll'lt) 113 Boston Globe 1994. Orll1CallHC KOll-
      1985. 4allHble 110 EfI1llTY B3J1TbI \13 Levy ]985, no f1H41111               KpeTllblX cAyqaeB nOJKapa Ha cj:Ja6pl1KaX npl11l0411TCJI B Foner
      113 Rosenzweig 1981, Rosenzweig                 and     Evenson 1977.        and Garraty 1991 11 H pa3Al1qHbIX ra3eTHbIX MaTeplliU\ax.
      06CYJKilelll1C 3aBI1C\1~IOCTI1 MeJK,w lleCTa611AbHOCTbKJ f(O-                Olll1CaHl1e Mep no 06eCneqeHl11O HOpM TeXHHKI1 6e,onac-
      XO,101l 1I0MOX03ilHcrna 11 ,leTCKI1M TpYIlOM MOJKUO HatiTI1 B                HOCTI1 lla <D11/\l1nnl1llaX npI1OO4I1TC!I II Laboj 1988. Pe3Y,\b-
      Jacoby and Skoufias 1994. J.1clloAb30Balll1e 4eTcKoro TPY;la B               TaTb! nporpaMMbl 60Pb6bl C peqHoil CAenomH npHMeHI1Te~\b­
      Kapbepax romThl Olll1CallO B Salazar 1988.                                   flO K PblHKY TpY4a paCCMaTpl1BalOTCJI B Cooley and Benton
          COlIocTaMeHHIO CfPYKTYPbl JKeHCKOA 3allilmCTl1 fl pa3-                   1995. 06301' I1CCAC;lOBaHI111, 110CBllllJetlH"IX HopMaM TeXHl1KH
      HblX     CTpaHax       110CBJllljeHO    cneYl1aAblloe    I1CC~e,'lOllaHl1e   6e:mnaCHOCTH 11 rl1meHbl TpY4a, C04epJKl1TCil B Currington
      Behrman        and     Zhang. J.1cmpwleCKl1ti 0630p 3aHilmCTI1               1988 11 Viscusi 1986. 4aHHble, CBH4eTeAbCTIlYlOlljHe 0 331l11-
      JKellIljl1ll Ha pblHKe TpY43 Il CI.UA 4aH B Goldin 1990, a II                CI1MOCTI1 MeJK4Y npl1CYTCTlll1eM npocj:Jcolo30B 11 CTelleHblO
      A31111        B Porton   1994b.   B<)!lPOCbl OTllycKa no pOllaM II 110       c06AI04eHl1J! 3THX 1l0PM, nO'lepIIHYTbl H3 Wei! 1991.
      YX04Y 3a pe6ellKOM 06cYJKfiaIOTC)I no !>IaTepl1aAaM cneYl1a"\b-                  BOl1poc 0 yeAecoc)()pa3HocTI1 CBII3H MeJK,l¥ TpY40BblMI1
      Hom liccAe40BaHI1)f Robinson, a B03paJKeHI1J1 npOTHlI cj:lHHall-             CTaH4apTaMI1 11 mproBblMI1 COrAameHI1J1MI1 CTM                     IlpC4~lem~1

      Cl1poBaHHlI      noc06HA      pa60r04aTe,\llMII       Bhl4BI1fmOTCil    B    HlI1POKOM III1CKYCCHI1. B      U.S.    Departmcnt of Labor 1994
      Tzannatos       1995. Ha6A104ellH)f 0         JKeHCKOM 3aHJlmCTl1 Il         H3AOJKellW pa3AWlllb!e m'lKI1 3peHHll C COOTIleTCTI1YlOlYHMH
      BaHfAa4elll 1l3llTbl H3 Chaudhuri and Paul-Majumder 199111                   110B04aMI1.
      ClleYl1aAbHom HCC/\C40BaHI1J1 Rahman. 06cYJK4eHI1e nO\I1TI1-
      KI1 3allll'ltJCTH Il rocY(tapCTIleHt!OM ceKTOpe Erl1IlTa 11 ee
      HocAe(lcTBI1H /l;\ll pa6oTalOlljl1x JKeH!ljl1H OCHOBaHo 1M cl1e-             B OCHOIlY 4aHHoM maBbl ,\erAI1 cneYl13AbHble I1CCAC;10Balll1ll,
      IJl1aAbHOM I1CCAe,'lOBaHI111 Assaad. B Patrinos 1994 40K;1:lbl-              Hal'leTl1lll.Ul1e aHa;\I1TI1'1eCKl1e paMKI1 11 IlOC;\YJKI1Il111l1e I1CTOq-
      BaeTCII, 'ITO HIlBeCTl1pOBaHHe CpC,'lCTB Il 06pa301la1ll1e npe,'l-           HI1Ka~m     3MlIl1pl1'.JeCKI1X .1aHHblX: Bane~i            and      Ghanem;
      CTaBI1TeAeM KopellHoro HaCeAeHl1ll, 3THl1qeCKI1X, paCOBblX 11                Ghanem, Devarajan, and Thierfelder; 11 Pencavel. B XOt,e



150
npe411pl1H1I1'Oro 11 .l!aHHOH rAaHe aHaMBa TaK)!(e 6hl,\I1I1CI10A&-             Orll1CaHl1e OllbITa CIfCTeMbl noc06HH no 6e3pa60TI11)e II
30llal1bl pa60Thl Freeman 1992, Freeman and Medoff 1984,                     ClUA MO)!(HO HaHTI1 B Hamermesh 1991 l1AH Topel and
Katz, Kuruvilla, and Turner 1993, Pencavel 1991, Rees 1989.                  Welch 1980, a arlaA113 CIl1l311 Me)!(;l)' np040A)!(HTeAbllOCTblO
<DYHKYI1H npQ(pcOI03011 OIlHCblBaK)TClI B Sugeno 1994.                       6e3pa60Tl1lJbl 11 nOC06l1l1:>111 110 6e3pa60TI11)e   B Pujol 1994.
    /{aHHble 11 llpl1Mepbl ITO OT4e;\bHbIM CTpaHaM B311Tbi 113               Cll1l3b :'>le)!(4), rap3HTI1etl pa60Toi H 3aHlIID(,TblO I104po6110
MHOruX I1CTO'lHI1K(]B flpl1Mepbl 0 Ha/16allKaX K 3apa60TliOM                 Olll1CblllaeTCl! B pa60Te Freeman 1993b. TaK)!(e I1CnO;\b30Banbl
11,\aTe Ha npe,1I1pI1RTI1I1X. OXBa'leHHLIX npc:xpcoI03aMl1, npl1BO-          pa60Tbi Berto!a 1990, Blanc and Freeman 1993. Lazar 1990.
;1I1TCII II B1anchflower       and    Freeman 1990, Moll 1993,               06cY)!(/lemfe np06ACl'1 esponeHcKOH CTaAeAHTeMtiOH npo-
Panagides and Palrino,,; 1994, Park 1991, Standing 1992,                     MblllHeHHOCTI1 11311TO 113 Houseman 1991, a npHMep HCnaHl111
Teal 1994. HH¢opMaYHlI 0 npo¢coIU1HOM 1l1l11)!(eHl1l1 II                     I1pl1ne4ell no Alba-Ramirez 1991. B Schaffner 1993 /laH aHa-
VlHIlI1I1 11aHa 1:0 Joshi and Little 1994, B BOCTO'lHOH A31111 -             AI13 ITC)'\O)!(ellI1M 0 rapaHTllpOBaHHOCTH 1l0XO,!\OB Ha cenepo-
no AKYT"Y.1 1993, II 11maHI1l1             no 1LO 1985, Jimeno and           llOCTOKe Dpa:m'\I1I1, a B Marshall 1991 pacc:>taTpmlaeTClI Ol1bIT
Toharia 1993. /{aHl!ble, .:·BI1/1eTe,\hCTBYlOllJl1e 0 nON))!(I1TeAh-         J1ep}' Bce lIpO'll1e CCblAKH Ha npHMepbl 113 CTpaH AaTI1HCKOH
HOM 1l,II111Hl111 npoq COK) \OB Ha pacnpE'lle,\eHl1e 40X04011, no-           AMepl1KI1 lIPI1B04I1TCl! no Cox Edwards 1993 M 1994. 3a"le'la-
'1epnHYTLI 11'! Freeman 1980, Lee and Nam 1994. Panagides                    film no IJJpl1-J\atlKe npe;lCTaBi\eHbl Ha OCHOBe pa60TbI Rama
and Patrinos 1994. I10;\' ))!(I1Te,\bHoe BMIIIHl1e npo¢coI030B B             1994, a l'taAaH311j;'ICKHtI npllMep 3aHMCTBOBaH 113 Standing
MaAail3HIl OIIlKaH,) B Standing 1992. I1pl1Mep npOMbllll-                    1989. AHa;\lB 11000)!(eHI1H 0 cTa611AbHOCTI1 pa6o'll1x MeCT 8
AeHliblX npoq )O(he.lI1HelmH Il Dpa3l1Al1l1 B311T 113 Fleury and             HHill1l1 I1 311M6a6Be npl1B0411TCII no Fallon and Lucas 1991.
Humphrey 1:)93, a npn¢C01030B B yro\bHOM npOMblillAeH-                       Onl1Calme nporpa;\tM cOlJlfa,\bHOH nOMOlljlf OCHOBaHO Ha
HOCTI1 I1H~lmf           113 Banerji and Sabot 1993. OyeHKa                  pa60Te Milanovic 1995.
ypOllHlI, Ha \01'op' 'M llC;WTClI neperoBopbl 0 3alV\IO'leHtll1
K();\AeKTI111HLI,( 40I'OBOPOB. llaerCII B Calmfors and Driffil
1988, Freeman 1988.          B Freeman 1993a IlaHO OHHcaHHe                  AprYMeHTaYl1l1 3KOHOMl1QecKOro xapaKTepa B llaHlIOH r,\aBe
TPY~iOBbIX oTlfoweHl1H B npoMbIllL\eHIlOCTH crpall BoCID'IHOH                (lI1l1paeTClI, r;\aBHbIM 06Pa30M, lIa Lindauer and Nunberg
A:mH T'JrIla KaK t!('Tai\hHblH alla,\ 113 31Dro llonpoca B Kopee             1994 11 Wade 1994. flocAe/lllll!! pa60Ta nOC,\Y)!(I1Aa TaK)!(e
CO"ep)!(I1TClI ,I Krause and Park 1993. AHaAI13 npc:xpcoI030B,               IlCID'IHHKOM IlAl! onllcaHHlI OTHoweHIlM Me)!(4Y npI1H1JIl-
iWMCTOYIOIYIIX II rocpapcTseHHOM ceKTOpe, OCHOBaH Ha                         na;\OM 11 af'eInDM 80 spe3Ke 14.1 11 npl1 cpaSlIeHI1H I1ppHra-
cn(1)lla"\bHm, HCC ,eilOBamm Pencavel H Mtloro'1I1CAeHHblX                   Yl10HHbIX G\y)!(6 VlH41111 11 Kopel1. 0630P BonpocoB, CTOllLYHX
06cYlK4e!U1I!, C J1pe,rTaBHTe;\lI~!H npC:XPcoI0301l. 0TlleTbI                nepe4 nOAI1TI1Ka,>m, npllcTynalOllJl1MI1 K pe¢op'>le rocy.1ap-
OT,leAhllblX .:TpaH B ('rIPOCHl1KaX MOT 0 cBo604e 06'be-                     cTBeHHoM cAy)!(6bl, lJpe4CTaBi\eH B Dia 1993. Gregory and
,1lmecmH    II(   1,\Y'Ieflbl 113 Botswana Federation        of Trade        Perlman 1994, Lindauer and Nunberg 1994, Nunberg 1993,
Unions 11 Inlernational Federation of Trade Unions 1991.                     Reid 1992, Reid         and    Scott 1994. B    Kraay   and      van
    rIpH IlO;ll'OTI)BKc: rA31lbI I1CflQ\b30BaH T'dK)!(e pll(l HCCAE'/lOBa-   Rijckeghem 199'~ /l3eTClI cpallHIlTeALHblH 9Mnl1pHQeCKI1H
HIlH " lX1\11 np()(i'COl(XIOll II pa311I1B31011)I1XCll crpaHax, B TOM        arlaAIl3 ¢aK'ropoB, OIlpe,~eAllIOIlJI1X 3apa6omylO !lAaT), 11
'1HCJ\e II VlHll1H        Bhattacherjee 1987, Bhattacherjee and              3aHlI1'OCTL B rocY/~apCTBeHHOM ceKTClpe pa3Hhlx cTpall.
Chaudhuri 1994, Manning 1993 -                B HH40tle31l11, McCoy             OI1HCaHl1e nQ,\I1TI1KI1 llatiMa 11 B03Harpa)!(4eHI111 TpY4a Il
1989- B BeHecpAe, .'vlondal 1992 -             II DatlrAallew.               l'OcY/lapcTBeHlIoM ceK'rope II ErunTe K-1!!1'0 113 Assaad, cne-
                                                                             YHaAbHCle l1CC""CAOllaHHe. a 'laHllhie 110 CpaBHIlTe;\bHOMY aHa-
DW6a 13                                                                      ;\113Y Emma    11   faHb! 3aIlMCTBOBaHhI 113 Banerji and Sabot, Il
B xO,le 06c\ )!(,leHHll rapaHTMpOBaHIlOCTIl ,10XOIlOB 3atlllTbiX II          ne'laTI1. HeKo1'Ophie 4aHHLle no IlHle B311TLI TaK)!(e 113
HepE'rHCTplltlyeM('M O:KTope 3KOHOMI1KI1 paCCMaTpl1BalOTCJl                  Lindauer, Meesook, and Suebsaeng 1988. /{aHHble 0 rpa)!(-
TaKIJe BOIlP'lChl, KaK m'>4,1lep)!(Ka co CropOHLI 06lyecTBeliHblx            ,1allcKoH CAy)!(6e YnlHllbl npl1lle.,1eHbl no Republic of Cganda
OpraHII331JI1 ti 11 \ aCTIiLle TpaHccpepTbI, nporpaM:'>lhl o6llJe-           1992. CHTya1)l1l1 II TaH3aHI1H onHCblBaeTCl! '1aCTI1'1tlO no
CTllCH/[bIX pa60T 11 l'1t'pbl cOIJlfaAbHoH 3al1)I1TLI .~,\lI 6e/llleM-       Lindauer and Sabot 1983, a 4aHHhle 4AlI KeHl111 npl100411TCli
WeD) Ce,\bCKOl'O Hace.\elll1l1. 06c\ellOllaHl1e ;\l1TepaTypbl 0              no Johnson 1971. 11pl1 paCCMOTpemlll cl1TyaYl11f B 3aM6HI1
nO/l,ICp)!(Ke co (TOpr<llbl 0611JeCToeIlHLIX oprallH3al]l1H 11               I1CnOAb30BaHa pa60Ta Colclough 1989. 4aHHhle no Ca,\b-
'1aCTHbIX TpaHcq,epTax npe;lCTaB,\eHO B Cox and Jimenez                      Ba/l0py Ijl1Tl1PYIOTClI no Gregory 1991. AHa,\113 pa3AH'lHti II
1990. Oep}aHCKI1:1 npl1Mep B311T H3 Cox and Jimenez 1989.                    3apatlOTHoH nAare H '1aCTHOM H rocy.lapCTBeHHOM ceKIDpax
06~op BOr POlDb, CIlH3aHHbiX c nporpaMMa:>1Il o6nJeCTBeH-                    CO,llep)!(I1TCll B Knight and Sabot 1987, Terell 1993, van der
HLl);   pa6o'l', npc,!\CTaMeH II cneYHaALHOM HCCAe/~OBaHI1H                  Gaag, Stelcher, and Vijverberg 1989. Onl1Calll1e pe¢opMhl
Mukherjee B \',)n Braun 1994 Ol1IlCaHhl MHorue KOHKpeT-                      CI1CreMhl 06pa301la1l1111 B "l11,\11 B311TO H3 Castaneda 1992.
Hble npHMt'Phl, od0611JeH HaKOn;\eHHblH onbIT H npl100411TClI                   B pa3;le,\C, nOCBlIllJeHHOM nOAI1TH'leCKI1M aClleKTaM pe-
llaHHhle nil np(,rpaMMaM B DQ;\I1BI1H, 311M6a6ne, KHTae,                     ¢oPMhl rpa)!(4aHCKOil cAy)!(6bl, I1CllQ,\b30BaH aHa;\M3 pe-
HHf'ePl1l1, CeHcra;\e.      3<jJnOlll1l1   H IllTaTe MaxapalllTpa,           ¢Op:-Ibl II KeHl1l1. npolle/leHHbIM B Cohen 1993, a TaK)!(e no'
1I1IUMJl. B Datt and Ravallion 1994 TaK)!(e /lall nO/l[106HhIH               c\etll1l1e pa60TbJ no oonpocaM ynpaRAeHl1l1 11 lJQ,\I1TIl'leCKI1X
3Mlll1pIl4eCKl1H ,lIIa"\H3 1I0G\C;lCTBI1H llporpa~IMbl II IllTaTe            aCneKTaX 3KOllOMHQeCKoro pa3tnrrl111, B TOM '1l1c;\e Boeninger
Maxapalll1pa. B Edwards and Cox EdwarcL~ 199111 Hudson                       1991, Landell-Mills      and    Serageldin 1992, Martin       1991,
199·+ OflJ:IC ilia '11' AI1M',Kalll1pOrpaMMa 06llJecTBeflHblx pa60T.         Nelson 1994 b Rodrick 1992.


                                                                                                                                                    151
      J:taeJa 15                                                                  I1mOAb30BaHbl MaTcpllU!\bl Fax and Morley 199'>, World
      DPH 06C)')K4CHHH Kpaxa pa3AH'lHblX CTpaTCrHH pa311HTHJI H                   Bank 1990 11 OIJeHKH 6e/1HocTI1 no BbC1'H~IY, I1H,1oHc3I1H,
      ncpCX04a K HOBblM M04CMIM 3KOIIOMH'ICCKOI'O pOCTa HCIlOAb-                  MeKcHKc 11 Depy.
      3011aHbl MaTCpmL\bl Estrin 1994, Hierro and Sangines 1991,                      4aHHble 0 HepaBeHcTne 40X040B B cTpaH,L'I( C ncpeXOtlHOH
      Lustig 1992, World Bank 1994a H IlHyTpCHHHC IIOKY:'>ICHTbl                  3KOHOMIlKOH l13l1TbI 113 Atkinson and Micklewright 1992 H
      BCC)IHPHOro BarIKa, AIlaJ\H3 OClfOHIlbIX 1I0Ka3aTC,\eti pecjlOP-            Komai 1992, r4C 4aHO OIlHcaHHC I1CXO,l11bIX YCAOlll1it a TaK)f(C
      Mb! npHRO/fIlTClI no BllyTpCllHIlM 40KYMeHTaM BaHKa H pHII}'                H3 Milanovic 1994 11 1995, r,1c paCCMaTpl1llalO1'ClI pe]YAbTaTbl
      BHcmllHX HCJ1)4HHKOB, IlKj\104aJI Bosworth, Dornbusch, and                  TpaHccpopMalJHI1 3KOliOMlIKH, 4aHHble 0 pa3AIl'll1l1li B 3apa-
      Laban 1994, Charnley and Ghanem 1994, Cooper 1994,                          6oTHol\ nJ\aTe Il DO\blllC 6a3HPYIOTClI Ha Rutkowski 1994, II
      Gelb and Gray 1991, Hussain and Fanlqce 1994, Larrain                       BIlCT04HOi\ fCp)laHHI1 -         Lehmann, melJ.I1'dJ\bBoe IlCC\C;lO-
      and Selowsky 1991, World Bank 1994a, LjacTH4Hble peqlop-                    llaHHe, Il LjeXI1H -   Chasc 1994, 411HaMI1Ka pacnpOCTpaHCH
      Mbl Il CTpaH<lX c lJ.eHTpaAH30BaHHbIM n,\aHllpOllaIlHeM 3KOHO-              HOCTIl 6C,1HOCTH onHcaHa B Milanovic, Il ne4a1'l1,
      MHKH 06cY)f(/laIOToI no Kornai 1992,                                            Bpe3Ka 16,1 OClIOllall<l lltl Lustig 1992, Moscr 199'/, Moser
          OlJ.CHKH /lHHUMHKH MUKP03KOIIOMH'lCCKOm CI1<ltlU 11 I10K<l-             ct aL 1994, Bcrg and Sachs 1992, B 1I0C\CilHCH pa60Tc 4aH
      'laTC/\1l Typ6},\eHTllOCTVI 3aHlITOCTH IIPHB0411TClI IIO paC4CTaM           allaAl13 113MepcHHJI 6AarocOCTIlJIHHJI Il CTpaH<lX C ncpex04HOH
      COTpyltHHKOIl BceMHpHom BaHKa, H:l OcjJHljH,l/\bllbIX IKTIl4-               3KOllOMllKOi\, 1111<p0pMaIjI1H 0 pa6oTHHKax, IlhIX04Jl:lJHX 113
      IIHKOIl H BHYTPCHHI1X ItOKYMeH1Ull Bce'>mpHom BaHKa, a                      COC1'alla TPY40BbIX peCYPCOB, B3J!1'a H3 Flanagan 1995, Pa34e,\
      TaK)f(e Jackman, CllelJHa,\bHOe HCG\C4011aHlle, OIjeHKH 'lHC\a              o llepOJlTHOCTIl ncpeX04a pa.l"\H4HbIX rpynn Hace;leHl111 Il
      pa6oTllHKOB, CB1I3aHlILlX C KOHKpeTllOH pcrHOHaAblloH MO-                   pa3pJl,l 6C4HbIX COCTallACH npeHMYUJeCTBellHO C HClJO;\b30-
      4eAblO CTpYKTYPHOH perpopMhI, OCIIOllaHb! flU 4UIlHblX 0                    BallHeM IlHyTpeHHI1X IlOKy:-tCHTIlH BCCMl1pllOrO BaHKa, II ncpn-
      pa604cH CHJ\e, CO;lCp)f(aIlJ.HXOI B ILO, llbmYCKI1 pa31lblX ,\e1'           )'10 04epC;lb, 0IjCHOK 6e,'lHoCTH U HCCAe40BaHIlH 0 PG\H )f(CH-
      ClaHHhlc no O1ilC,,\hHbIM CTpalla~1 C"I, Il IIPHAO)f(CHI1H),                IIJHH II npOIJeccc pa3IlHTHJI, a TaKJKC Milanovic, Il IIC1.Janl. B
          Pa34c;\ 0 peaAhHoH 3apa6oTHoH nAaTe H 6c3pa6oTHlJe                      3TIlM p~l34c.<\e T<lK)f(C HCIlG\b30BaHbl ltaHHblC H3 Fox and
      nOCTpOCH, r,\aBHbIM 06pa30:-t, Ha pa60'rax Horton, Kanbur,                  Morley 1990, Horton, Kanbur, and Mazumdar 1994a 11
      and Mazumdar 1994a II 1994b, IlPH 06CY)f(4Clll1l1 CTPJ'KTYP-                1994b, World Bank 1990, CBC4eHHlI 0 ,10,\e ueperl1CTpw
      HbIX IIpc06pa30BaHHH II cTpaHax AcjJPHKH K lory 01' Caxapbl                 pye:.mm pbIHKa TP),4a 1l3li1'bl H3 Banerji, cnelJlU\bHoe I1CCAC-
      HCJ1(1)\b301laHbl     MaTCpl1aAhI    H:,   Mazumdar,        cneIJHa,\bHOe   40BaflHC, BraiIhwaitc 1994, Dallago 1995 Ii H3 oq)HIjH;V\bHbIX
      HCC\C40BaHHC, 11 World Bank 1994',1,                                        ilalillblX OT4e"\bllbIX CTpaH,
          Pa:Vje\ 06 OTllOCltTC"\bllOH 3apa6arHoti HAaTe 11 ncpepac-                 Pa34eA 06 YI}()BHe Kll<L\l1cjJI1KaIjHH COCT'aBJ\eH HpeI1MYUJC-
      npCileACHHH TP}:40llbIX PCCYPCOB OCHOilaH Ha Beaudry and                    CTRCHIIO Ha OCHOBC HCC\C/10BaHHH 06 OT4a4C OT 06p<L10BaHHJI:
      Sowa 1994. Gindling and Berry 1994, Horton 1994',1, Horton,                 Robbins 1994 .- '111;\11; Hanson and Harrison, cllelJI1:.l,\bHOC
      Kanbur, and Mazumdar 1994b, Mazumdar 1994. Rivcros                          HCC\C;1011aIlHC, Revenga 1994 .- MCKCI1Ka; Chase 1994,
      1994, Revcnga and Montenegro 1995, mc 06cY)f(/laCTCJl OllblT                Orazem     and Vodopivec 1994, World Bank 1994e -
      CTpaH c cjJoPMHpYlOllJeHcli PbIHO'lHOfl 3KOHmIHKO~f, a TaK)f(e 11',1        1l0c'tt)'IIIOeHpollcticKHe CTpalIbI, a TaKJKC Ila OCHOBe 3KOHOMI1-
      Beleva, Jackman, and Nenova-Amar 1994, Commandcr,                           'lCCKllX MeMopaHilYMoB no BbcTHaMY H MOllroAHH .
      .'vlcHalc, and Yemtsov 1994, Ham, Svcjnar, and Tcrrell 19<)4,
      Rutkovski 1994, flte pe4b H4C1' 0 CTpaHax,           }l   KOTOPblX paHCC    FAaea 17
      npaKTHKOB<L~OCb       IJCHTpa;\1130IlaHHoe llAaHHpOBalll1e.                 BOIlPOCbI lIaHMa 11 YBOAblleHHJl paCCMaTpHBalOTCJl C Y1.JCTIlM
          AliaAI13 HCX04HblX YCAOllHH, OnpCileAHBIlll1X nynl pe-                  Roberts, B nC'laTH, H Rutkowski and Sinha, CnCljl1aAbHOe
      (lJOPM B IbcCH!1 11 KHTac, oCHOBali Ha Sachs and Woo 1994,                  HCCAC40BaHHC, AHUJ\113 peaAbHom cna/la 3apa6oTllOH Jj,\<lTbl
      TaK)f(c npHllllTbl IlO llHHMaHHC apryMcIITh!, HhI4BHHYTblC B                COCTallACH ITO HaIJI10HaAbHblM craTI1CTH'leCKHM C)f(Cm411I1KaM,
      McKinnon 1994                                                               cnclJllaAbHoMY I1CCA~10BaHHIO Commander and McHalc H
          Pa.'14e\ 0 M<lKP03KOIIOMWICCKOH IIO\HTHKe COCTaB.\CH 110                pa60TaM Horton, Kanbur, and Mazumdar 1994u H 1994b,
      Bruno 1988, Charnley and Ghanem 1994. Easterly and                          OlJcHKa I1CX04HOro IIG\O)f(CllHlI pa60THHKoll 11 I1X peaKIJI1H Ha
      Schmidt-Hebbel 1994, World Bank 1994',1 3Ha1.JeHHe TeMnOB                   pC3KI1e 3KOIIOMl14CCKI1e H3MCHCHI1JI 4aCTOI no Jackman and
      llpOllE+1eliHlI pecjlOpM H 40llCPHlI K HHM B CTpaHax, OTX04ll1lJ.HX         Rutkowski 1994
      OT npaKTHKH IjCHTpa;\H30BaHHOro !MaHHpOBaIIHlI, pa36HpaeTclI                   Pa34e\ 0 m6KOCTH pblHKa TpY/ja H Mo611AbHOCTI1 TP);,lOBbIX
      C HClKl\b30BaHHCM Balccrowicz and Gelb 1995 H Komai 1995.                   pecypCOfl COCTallAefl Ha OCHOBe cnelJl1aAbHom I1CC\C40,iaHl1il
                                                                                  Knight and Song, 06CY)f(4eHI1C CHTYalJHI1 B Dcpy OCHOBallO
                                                                                  lIa OlJCHKe 6e/~uocTI1     BCc~UlpHom        BaHKa 11 6ece/l;lx C
      ltaHllall   rAall<l   OCIlORaHa     npeI1MYllJCCTBeHHO       Ha OlJCIIKC    34rapilo <Dallapo. AHaAl13 pcI'HOHa,\bHhIX ypoBHeH 6e3]1a60-
      nporpaMM       pe<P0PM      B pa31lblX     CTpaHax        MHpa,   AHa/\H3   THIJbl OCHOBaH Ha nOKa3aTei\JIX, 113111'b1X 113 BflYTpellHI1X
      pe3Y,\bTaTOB TaKI1X nporpaM~1 tl CTpallax ArppHKH K lOry OT                 110KYMellTIlil BceMHpHom BallKa, 11 llallHhIX H3 Boeri and
      Caxapbl, B /\aTHIICKOH AMepHKc, Ha BAI1)f(HeM BOCTIlKC 11 B                 Scarpetta 1994, Commander and Coricelli 1994, Erbenova
      CCBepHoH AcjJpllKe HPI1B04I1TCJl no pa60TaM Porton, Kanbur,                 1994, Gora and Lehmann 1995, Scarpetta 1994, 4allllble 0
      and .'vlazumdar 1994a 11 1994b, Mazumdar 1994, World                        p<L'lAH411>LX B 3apa6omoH IIAaTe 1l3J1Tbl H3 Rutkowski 1993 H
      Bank 1994',1, 4aHHblC 0 nepaBlIOM pampetlCAeHI1H ,10XOtlOB II               1994, 3aMe'laHHH 0 npl14ep)f(HIlaHHH pa6o'lcil CI1,\bl I104CPlI-
      ;\aTHHcKol\ A~lepl1Ke B3J!Th! 113 Psacharopoulos ct aL 1993, a              HYTbI 113 Commandcr and McHale, cnclJl1aJ\bHOC I1CCAC40'
      B AqlPI1KC 11 A3HI1 -        113 Sen 1994, B 3TIlM pa34C,\e TaK)f(e         BaHHC, Rutkowski 1990, I1HcjJOPMalJHJI 0 HaAore lIa npeBbl-

152
llleHMe cjJoH4a OIl,\aTbI TpWla IlQ,\Y'leHa M'! MHoro'!McAeHHbIX     Assaad, Ragui. "The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and
;lOKYMeHTOB BCe~1HpHoro BaHKa MaH~\M3a, HpHlle?[eHHoro B                 Compensation Policies on [he Egyptian Labor Mar-
Commander, Coricel\i, and Staehr 1991, Coricelli and                     ket."
Revenga 1992, a TaKJ:Ke Rostowski 1994. 4aHHbie 0 MHHH-              Azam, Jean-Paul. "Effects of Minimum Wages in Develop-
                                                                         ing Countries: An Exploration."
MaAbHoti 3apa6oTHoti nAaTC c06paHbI 113 CIS 1994 H CTaTH-
                                                                     Banerji, Arup. "Workers in the 'Informal Sector' in Devel-
CTH'leCKHX eJ:Kero4H11KOIl no 'fHM! H MeKCHKe. AHaAM3 co-                oping Countries."
ljHaAbHblX yC\yl; npe,lOCTallAJleMblX rocY4apcrBetltlblMl1           Banerj!, Arup, J. Edgardo Campos, and Richard Sabot. 'The
Upe4npl1J1T11J1Mf1, upOlle/,Ctl C HCUQ,\b30BalmeM Ha6A104eHHti           Political Economy of Formal Sector Pay and Employ-
COTPY4HHKOll BceMMpHOf'O BaHKa H pe3YAbTaroll 3MUHPH-                    ment in Developing Coumries,"
'!eCKI1X HCCAe,loBaHllti R Commander and Jackman 1993,               Banerji, Arup, and Hafez Ghanem. "Political Regimes and
Estin, Schaffe:, and Singh 1994 H lJO llHYTlJeHHHX 40KY-                 Labor Policies in Developing Countries."
MeHTax BceMvpHoro BaBKa no KHTaJO.                                   Behrman, Jere, and Zheng Zhang. "Women's Employment:
     Pa3.1e.\ 0 n~penolrol1)BKe pafiOTHHKOH c yqeroM nepeMeH,            Patterns Across Countries and Over Time."
IlKAIO'!aJl Bpe:'Ky P.l, COCTallAell c yqeroM MaTepHaAoll            Collier, Paul, John Hoddinott, and Francis Teal. "African
                                                                         Labor ~1arkets."
pa3Al1'!HhIX 11< ro'!t1lfKOIl, Il roM '!I1CAe Burda 1993, Fretwell
                                                                     Commander, Simon, and John McHale, "Labor Markets in
and Goldberg 1993, Fretwell and Jackman 1994, Ham,                       the Transition in East. Europe and Russia: A Review of
Svejnar, and Terell 199.1 H 1994, Jacobson 1994, Johnson,                Experience."
Dickinson, a1d \X est 1985, the Lehmann, Leigh 1992,                 Filmer, Deon. "Estimat.ing the World at Work."
Micklewright and Nagy 1995, OECD 1993 11 1994b, O'Leary              Ghanem, Hafez, Shantayanan Devarajan, and Karen Thier-
 1995, Orr et al. 1994, Revenga, Riboud, and Tan 1994,                   felder. "Trade Reform and Labor Unions: A General-
Sohlman and Turnham 1994, Wilson and Adams 1994                          Equilibrium AnalysiS Applied to Bangladesh and In-
Bpe3Kl 17.1 .:ocraJ.,\eH:J Ba OCHOBe Fretwell and Jackman                donesia,"
 1994 H allaAHla, CO.leplKalljeroCJI BOECD 1993.                     Grootaert, Christian. and Ravi Kanbur. "Child Labor."
     Pa:vlCA, IIOCIlJluJeHHblti COKpalljeHHIO Hecla6H~\bHOCTH        Hanson, Gordon, and Ann Harrison. "Trade, Technology,
                                                                         and Wage Inequality; Evidence from Mexico:'
UpH 110MOfljl1 aporraM"'1 COljHaAbHbIX BbIIlAaT, nocTpoeH npe-
                                                                     Jackman, Richard. "Coping with Job Destruction in
I1MYlljeCTlleHIfO na Barr 1994 11 Krumm, Milanovic, and                  Economies in Transition."
Walton 1994. 4anl'hle () ,]Q,\e COljHaAbHblX paCX040111l BB[J        Knight, John, and Lina Song. ''Towards a Labor Market in
B3J1Tbl IB B1,YTpellnHX 40t-,MeHTOll BanKa, OfiC:YlKi\eHl1e              China."
CAOlKHocTeti, conp,llKenHblX c npoBepKOl\ 40XO;10s/HYlK4ae-          Lanjouw, Peter, and Jean o. Lanjouw, "Rural Nonfarm Em-
MOCTH !1 oeecne'!eHHE".t MexaHlBMOH 34pecnol\ nOMOlljH.                  ployment; A Survey,"
OCHOBano Ha KOnl]CaljH!IX, 113AOlKeHHbiX B Barr, B nc'!aTI1, 11 B    Lehmann, Hartmut. "Active Labour Market Policies in the
Sipos 1994. CTaT\C pJ6OTHl1KOB cmpwero lJ03paCTa pac-                    OECD and in Selected Transition Economies."
CM3TpHBaeTC ii no \laTepl1aAaM Jimeno and Toharia 1994 H             Lewis, Jeffrey, Sherman Robinson, and Zhi Wang. "General
Revenga and Riboud 1993                                                  Equilibrium Analysis of Effects of Human Capital and
                                                                         Trade on the International Distribution of Labor."
     Bn\hw!1HCTBO IIpl1Mepoll 4)IJ! nporpaMl>1 Maccolloro COKpa-
                                                                     Mazumdar, Dipak. "The Structure of Wages in African
lljeHlfJI B3JlTO 113 Chaudhry, Reid, and Malik 1994, Hess 1994,          Manufacturing."
3 T3KlKe Svejnar and Terrell 1991. 06CY'lKtlelme ocnOllHblX          Mukherjee, Anindita. ''Public Work Programs; A Review."
npHHlJHnOH, onpe.1e\JlKlHJ!1X npolJecc K'V1POBOti peopranl1-         P(:ncavel, John. "The Role of Labor Lnions in Fostering
3alJHII II mV,HTI1KH Il OTHOllleHHH rp3iloo6pa3ylOlljHX npe4-            Economic Development."
npmrmti, fibl\O onpe;IC\eHO pa60TaMH Diwan 1994, Jackman             Pissarides, Christopher. "Trade and the Returns to Human
and Rutko\\ ski 1994 11 llHy-rpeHIHtMH ,~oKyMeHT3MH BceMHp-              Capital in Developing Economies."
HOIU BaHKa 110 yro\bHblM npoeKTaM UJpH-AaHKH HfuCCHl1.               Pritchett, Lant. "Divergence, Big Time."
                                                                     Rahman, Rushidan Islam. "Formal Sector Employment
['.taM 18                                                                Among Women in Bangladesh and Gender Composi-
                                                                         tion of Industrial Workers."
[JpHlle;leHHJ,Je np< lrH03bl OCHOllaHbI Ha MO;le\JlX, p33paooTaH-
                                                                     Ravallion, Martin, and Gaurav Datt. "Growth and Poverty
HblX LIlepMalloM POfil1HCOHOM 11 ,lPKetp¢OM AblOlKOM IIpH                in Rural India,"
co4eticTBI1H 'flKH BaH. lJellHble npe,IAolKenHJI TaKlKe Bllec        Revenga, Ana, and Adrian Wood. "International Trade, In-
3i14pl1an BYl                                                            equality, and Human Capital: A Review and SyntheSis
                                                                         of Theoretical and Empirical Work."
Cneu,ManbHble MCCneAOaaHMA                                           Robbins, Donald, "Earnings Inequality, Structural Adjust-
Agrawal, Nsha. "Indonesia-Labor Market Policies and In-                  ment, and Trade Liberalization in Costa Rica."
   ternational C{,mpt'titiveness,"                                   ____ . "Summary of Preliminary Analysis of Malaysia
Ahuja, Vinod, aed Deon Filmer. "Educational Attainment                   Wage Structure 1973---1989."
   in Developing Countries: New Estimates and Projec-                _ _ _ . "Wage Dispersion in Argentina 1986-1993,"
   tions Disaggregated by Gender."                                   _ _ _ . "Wage Dispersion and Trade in Colombia-An
Appleton, Simon, John Hoddinott, Pramila Krishnan, and                   Analysis of Greater Bogota 1976-1989."
   Kerry Max. 'Gender Differences in the Returns to                  Robinson, Derek. "Do Standards for the Workplace Help
   Schooling in Three African Countries."                                or Hurt'"


                                                                                                                                  153
      Rutkowski, Michal, and Sarbajit Sinha. "Employment Flows        _. _ _ ' B neqaTIl. "On the Design of Social Saftty Nel';'''
         and Sectoral Shifts during the Transition Shock in Post-        HRO Discussion Paper. \'V'orJd Bank, Human Eesources
         Socialist Countries."                                           Development and Operations Policy, Washington, D.c'
      Spiegel, Mark. "Determinants of Long-Run Labor Produc-          Barro, Robert J 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Sec-
         tiVity Growth: Selective Survey with Some New Empiri-           tion of Countries." The QUa/1er{v Journal of Ewnomics
         cal Results."                                                   106 (2): 407-43
      Squire, Lyn, and Sethaput Suthiwart-Narueput. "The Im-          Barro, Robert J., and Jong-Wha Lee, 1993. "Inte-national
         pact of Labor Market Regulations."                              Comparisons of Educational Attainment." JOitrnal of
      Tan, Hong, and Geeta Batra. "Technology and Industry               lHonetary Economics 32 (3): 363-94.
         Wage Differentials: Evidence from Three Developing           Beaudry, P., and r-.;. K. Sowa. 1994. "Ghana." In Sman Hor-
         Countries ..,                                                   ton, Ravi Kanbur, and Dipak Mazumdar, eds., Labor
      Turnham, David. "What Can We Learn from Past Efforts to            Markets in an Era ofAdjustment. Volume 2: Case Stud-
         Encourage Employment-Intensive Development?"                    ies. ED! Development StUdy. World Bank, Washington,
      Vashishtha, Prem. "Informal Sector Workers in India."              D.c'
                                                                      Becker, Gary S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination.
      M36paHHaR 6M6nMOrpacpMR                                            Chicago, IlL: University of Chicago Press.
      Abella, Manalo, and Hiromi Mori. 1994. "Structural Change       ___ ' 1965. "A Theory of the Allocation of Tin~e." &0-
        and Labor Migration in East Asia." /(oK,\a/t, npe;lCTan-          nomic Journal 75 (299): 493-517.
         AeHHblH Ha KOHlpepeHlJl1l1 03CP no Cl1CTeMa~1 pa3BI1TI1)1.               1995. "Human Capital and Poverty Alleviation."
        3aHaTOCTl1 11 MelK,WHapo4HOH l'mrpalJl1l1, rIapl1::K,            IIRO Working Paper I"o. 52. World Bank, Human Re-
         11-13I1Kwl.                                                     sources Development and Operations Policy, Washing-
      Adams, Richard, Jr. 1989. "Worker Remittances and In-              ton, D.c'
         equality in Rural EgypL" Economic Development and            Behrman, Jere R. 1993. "The Economic Rationale for In-
         Cultural Change 38 (October): 45-71.                            vesting in Nutrition in Developing Countries.' World
      ___ ' 1992. "The Effects of Migration and Remittances              Deve/opment21 (11): 1749-71.
         on Inequality in Rural Pakistan." Tbe Pakistan Develop-      Behrman, Jere R., and Ani! B. Deolalikar. 1994. "Are There
          ment Review 31 (Winter): 1189-1203.                            Differential Returns to Schooling by Gender? The Case
      Alba-Ramirez, Alfonso. 1991. "Fixed-Term Employment                of Indonesian Labor Markets." University of Pennsylva-
         Contracts in Spain: Labor Market Flexibility or Segmen-         nia, Philadelphia.
         tation?" /(oKAa4, npe4cTaMeHHblH Ha KOHlpepeHIJl1l1          Beleva, Iskra, Richard Jackman, and Mariela I"enova-Amar.
         EALE. I!IcnaHlIll, ceHT1l6pb ..                                 1994. "Bulgaria." In Simon Commander and Fabrizio
      Appleton, Simon, Paul Collier, and Paul Horsnell. 1990.            Coricelli, eds., Unemployment, Restructuring, lind the
         Gender, Education, and Employment in Cote d'lvoire.             Labor Market in Eastern Europe and Russia. ED! Devel-
         SDA Working Paper No. 8. Washington, D.c': World                opment Studies. Washington, D.C,; World Bank.
         Bank.                                                        Bell, Linda A. 1994. "The Impact of Minimum Wages in
      Arriagada, Ana-Maria. 1989. "Occupational Training                 Mexico and Colombia. ,. /(OK,\a,i!, npe4cHIllAeHHblH Ha
         Among Peruvian Men: Does It Make a Difference?" Pol-            npaK'fl1'leCKOM ceMIlHape Bce~1HpHOrO BaHKa, 1l0CllilllJeH-
         icy Research Working Paper No. 207. World Bank,                 HOM pblHKaM TP}?1a B pa31J1111alOllJl1XCll cTpaHax, BalIll1Hr-
         Washington, D.c'                                                IDH, oKpyr KOilYMBI1!l, 6-8 HIOAll.
      Atkinson, Anthony B., and John Micklewright. 1992. Eco-         Beller, Andrea If. 1979. "The Economics of Enforcement of
         nomic Tran'i/'ormation in Eastern Europe and the Dis-           an Antidiscrimination Law: Title VII of the Civil Rights
         tribution of Income. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Uni-
                                                                         Act of 1964." Journal of Law and Ecol1omics.
         versity Press.
                                                                      Ben-David, Dan. 1994. "Convergence Clubs and Diverging
      Aw, Bee-Yan, and Hong Tan. 1993. "Training, Technology,
                                                                         Economies." University of Houston, Department of
         and Firm-Level Productivity." PSD Working Paper.
                                                                         Economics, Houston, Tex.
         World Bank, Private Sector Development Department,
                                                                      Berg, Andrew. and Jeffrey Sachs. 1992. "Structural Adjust-
         Washington, D.c'
      Balcerowicz, Leszek, and Alan Gelb. 1995. "MacropoJicies           ment and International Trade in Eastern Europl'~: The
         in Transition to a Market Economy: A Three-Year Per-            Case of Poland." Economic Policy A European Forum
         spective. " Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Con-           14 (April): 117-73.
         ference on Development &onomics 1994. Washington,            Bergmann, Barbara. 1989. "Does the Market for Wcmen's
         D.c'                                                            Labor Need Fixing?" Journal of Economic Perspecti1Jes 3
      Banerji, Arup, and Richard If. Sabot. 1993. "Wage Distor-          (Winter) 43-60.
         tions, Overmanning, and Reform in Developing Coun-           Berry, Albert, Franl;ois Bourguignon, and Christian l\1orris-
         try Public Enterprises." World Bank, Policy Research            son. 1989. "The World Distribution of Income: Evolu-
         Department, Washington, D.c'                                    tion over the Recent Period and Effect, of Population
      ___ ' B ne"laTI1. "Barriers to Labor Reform in Devel-              Growth." 40KAa;1, npeilcTallAeHHblH Ha KOHljJepeHIJI1H HO
         oping Country Public Enterprises." World Develop-               HOc\e/lCTBI111M 6bICTpOro poCTa HapO;10H3Ce,\eHHlI, Opra-
         ment.                                                           HH:,\aIJUll 061,C4uHeIlHbIx HalJIlH, HblO-VloPK, 23-25 ae-
      Barr, Nicholas. 1994. "Income Transfers: Social Insurance."        rYCTa.
         In Nicholas Barr, ed., Labor Markets and Social Policy       Bertola, Giuseppe. 1990. "Job Security, Employment and
         in Central and Eastern EUrope: The Transition and Be-           Wages." European Economic Reuiew 34 Qune): 851-8(}.
         yond. New York: Oxford University Press.                     Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1991. "Free Traders and Free Immigra-


154
   tionists: Strangers or Friends?" Russell Sage Foundation            tive Approaches to Combating Child Labour: Case Stud-
   Working Paper No. 20. New York.                                     ies from Developing Countries." Innocenti Occasional
Bhagwati, Jagdish, and Marvin Kastel's. 1994. Trade and                Papers, Child Rights Series NO.8. International Labour
    Wages. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Insti-                Office, Geneva, and the liNICEF International Child
   tute.                                                               Development Centre, Florence.
Bhattacherjee, Debashish. 1987. "Union-Type Effects on             Braithwaite, Jeanine. 1994. "From Second Economy to In-
   Bargaining Outcomes in Indian Manufacturing." British               formal Sector: The Russian Labor Market in Transition."
   journal of Industrial Relations.                                    World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department,
Bhattacherjee, Debashish, and Tarnal Datta Chaudhuri.                  Washington, D.C.
   1994. "linions, \'fages and Labour Markets in Indian In-        Brown. Charles. 1982. "The Federal Attack on Labor Mar-
   dustry, 1960-86." journal of Development Studies 30                 ket Discrimination: The Mouse that Roared?" In R. G.
   (2): 4'6-65                                                         Ehrenberg, ed., Research in Labor Economics 5. Green-
Birdsall, :r\anCi, and Richard Sahot, eds. 1991. Unfair Ad-            wich, Conn.: JAr Press.
    vantage: Labor I1m-ket Discrimination in Developing            Bruno, Michael. 1988. "Opening Up: Liberalization and
    Countries. World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies.               Stabilization." In Rudiger Dornbusch, F. Leslie, and C.
   Wa"hingtoll, D.C.                                                  H. Helmers, eds., I1Je Open Economy: Tools for Policy-
B1anchflower. David G , and Richard B. Freeman. 1990.                  makers in Developing Countn·es. :r\ew York: Oxford
    "Going Different Ways: Unionism in the U.S. and Other              Cniversity Press.
   Ad\'anced OECl) Countries." :r\BER Working Paper No.            Burda, Michael. 1993. "Cnemployment, Labour Market In-
    3342. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cam-                  stitutions and Structural Change in Eastern Europe,"
    bridge, Mass.                                                      Economic Policy: A European Fomm 8 (April): 101-37.
Blank, Rebecca M., and Richard B. Freeman. 1993. "Evalu-           Calmfors, Lars, and John Driffil. 1988. "Centralization of
   ating the :~onn\~ction Between Social Protection and               Wage Bargaining and Macroeconomic Performance."
   Economic Flexihility.'· :r\BER Working Paper No. '*338.             Economic Policy ApriL
   National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge,                Calvo, GuiHermo A., Leonardo Leiderman, and Carmen M.
   Mass.                                                              Reinhart. 1992. "Capital Inflows and Exchange Rate Ap-
Boeninger, Edgarc:o. 1991. "Governance and Develop-                    preciation in Latin America: The Role of External Fac-
   ment: Iss.les, (hallenges, Opportunities, and Con-                 tors." International Monetary Fund Staff Papers 40
   straints." i'roce£'din~s of the World Bank Annual Con-             (March): 108-51.
   ference Oli Development Economics 1991. Washington,             Card, David, and Alan Krueger. 1995. ivfyth and il-feasure-
   D.C                                                                 men!: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage.
Boeri, Tito,md Scefano Scarpetta. 1994. "Convergence                  Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
   and Divergence of Regional Labour Market DynamicS               Castaneda, Tarsicio. 1992. Combating Poverty: Innovative
   in Central and Eastern Europe." 4oMa4, rrpe4cTaBAell-               Social Reforms in Chile during the 1980s. San Fran-
   HbJl'l Ha TeXHll'leCKOM rrpaKTHKyMe "PerHollaAbHall 6e3pa-         cisco, Calif.: ICS Press.
   60Tl1qa B lJellTpaAbHOHI1 Bocm'lHoii Eapone». OpraHH-           Chamley, Christophe, and Hafez Ghanem. 1994. "Cote
   3alJl1!1 3K< IHOMl1'leCKoro COTPYi~HI1'leCTBa I1 pa3BHTI1Jl,       d'Ivoire: Fiscal Policy with Fixed Nominal Exchange
   .It1HCTHTYT yrAyl)AellHblx HCC/I('4ollalH!H, Bella, AacTpHlI,      Rates." In William Easterly, Carlos Alfredo Rodriguez,
   3-') H01l6, JlI.                                                   and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, eds., Public Sector Deficits
Bonnd, M. 1993. "Child Labor in Africa." International                and lvlacroeconomic Performance. New York: Oxford
   Labour Rc'uieu' 132 (3): 371-89.                                   University Press.
Borjas, George J. 1994. "The Economics of Immigration."            Chase, Robert S. 1994. "Returns to Education and Experi-
   jOllrnal of Economic Literature 32 (December):                     ence in Transition Czech Republic and Slovakia: Re-
    1667-1717.                                                        search in Progress." Yale University, Department of
                                                                      Economics, New Haven, Conn.
Borja), George J., and Richard B. Freeman. 1993. Immi-
                                                                   Chaudhry. Shahid Amjad, Gary James Reid, and Waleed
   gration ,md tbe W()rk Force: Economic Consequences
                                                                      Haider Malik, eds. 1994. Civil Sen'ice Reform in Latin
   for the t >lited States and Source Areas. Chicago, III.:
                                                                      America and the Caribbean: Proceedings of a Confer-
   Universiri of Chicago Press.
                                                                      ence. Technical Paper No. 259. World Bank, Washing-
BostOll Glohe. 1994.'Harvesting Bananas, and Poison,                  ton, D.C.
   from the Rain Forest." July 11 (p. 7).                          Chaudhuri, Salma, and Pratima Paul-Majumder. 1991. "The
Bosworth, Barry. Rudiger Dornbusch, and Raul Lahan.                   Conditions of Garment Workers in Bangladesh-An
   1994. The Chilean Economy: Policy Lessons and Chal-                Appraisal." Bangladesh Institute of Development Stud-
   lenges. \'Vashington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.                 ies, Dhaka.
Botswana Federation of Trade Unions and International              Chuhan, Punam, Stijn Ciaessens, and Niandes Mamingi.
   Confederation of Free Trade Unions. 1991. Democracy                1993. "Equity and Bond Flows to Latin American and
   De~'elopment and the Defence of Human and Trade                    Asia: The Role of Global and Country Factors." Policy
   Union R.'ghls in Ajrica. Brussels: ICFTe.                          Research Working Paper No. 1160. World Bank, Wash-
Boyden, Jocelyn. 1981:l. "Working Children in Lima, Peru."            ington, D.C.
   In Assef" Bekele and Jo Boyden, eds., Combating                 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). 1994,. Statis-
   Child Lahor. Cene\a: International Labour Office.                  tical Yearbook. Moscow: Statistical Committee of the
Boyden, Jo, and Wi!lLlm Myers. 1994. "Exploring A1terna-              CIS.


                                                                                                                                 155
      Claessens, Stijn, Michael Dooley, and Andrew Warner,         Datt, Gaurav, and Martin Ravallion, 1994, "Transfer Bene-
         1995, "Portfolio Capital Flows: Hot or Cold," World           fits from Public-Works Employment: Evidence for Rural
         Bank Economic Review 9 (1): 153-74,                           India," &ot/omicjournal: TheJoumal ofthe Royal Eco-
      Cohen, John M, 1993, "Importance of Public Service Re-           nomic Society 104 (November): 1346-69
         form: the Case of Kenya," Journal oflVlodern Aji'ican     Davis, Steven J 1992, "Cross-Country Patterns of Change
         Studies 31 (3; September): 449-76,                            in Relative Wages." In !VEER Macroeconomics Annual
      Colclough, Christopher. 1989, ''The Labor Market and Eco-        1992, London: MIT Press,
         nomic Stabilization in Zambia," Working Paper Series      Deolalikar, Ani! B. 1988, "Nutrition and Labor Productivity
         :.io, 222, World Bank, Country Economics Department,          in Agriculture: Estimates for Rural South India:' The Re-
         Washington, D,C,                                              view of Economics and Statistics 70 (3): 406-13.
      Commander, Simon, and Fabrizio Coricelli, eds, 1994, Un-     Dia, Mamadou, 1993. A Governance Approach to Civil Ser-
         employment, Restructuring, and the Labor Market in            vice Reform in Sub-Saharan AfriCa. World Bank Tech-
         Eastern Europe and Russia, ED! Development Studies.           nical Paper No, 225, Washington, D.C
         Washinglon, D.c': World Bank                              Dickens, William T., and Lawrence F, Katz, 1987. 'Inter-In-
      Commander, Simon, Fabrizio Coricelli, and Karsten Staehr.        dustry Wage Differences and Industry CharaCTeristics,"
         1991 "Wages and Employment in the Transition to a             NBER Working Paper Reprint No, 894, "'ational Bureau
         Market Economy," Policy Research Working Paper No,            of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
         736, World Bank, Washinf,'1:on, D,C                       Diwan, Ishac. 1994, "Public Sector Retrenchment :md Sev-
      Commander, Simon, and Richard Jackman, 1993, "Provid-            erance Pay: Nine Propositions," In World Bank Techni-
         ing Social Benefits in Russia: Redefining the Roles of        cal Paper No, 259, Washington, D.C
         Firms and Government." Policy Research Working            Easterly, William, and Stanley Fischer, 1994, "The Soviet
         Paper No, 1184, World Bank, Washington, D,C,                  Economic Decline: Historical and Republican Data,"
      Commander, Simon, John McHale, and Ruslan Yemtsov,               NBER Working Paper Series No, 4735, National Bureau
         1994, "Russia," In Simon Commander and Fabrizio               of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass, Forthcoming
         Coricelli, eds. Unemployment, Restructuring, and the
                                                                       in World Bank Economic Review,
         Labor Market in Eastern Europe and Russia. ED! Devel-
                                                                   Easterly, William, and Klaus Schmidt-HebbeL 1994 "Fiscal
         opment Studies, Washington, D,C: World Bank
                                                                       Adjustment and Macroeconomic Performance: A Syn-
      Cooley, Laura, and Bruce Benton, 1995, "Controlling
                                                                       thesis," In William Easterly, Carlos Alfredo Rodriguez,
         Riverblindness in West Africa," In Investing in People:
                                                                       and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, eds" Public Sector Deficits
          Tbe World Bank in Actio1/. Directions in Development
                                                                       and Macroeconomic Peljormance, New York: Oxford
         Washington, D.C: World Bank.
                                                                       Cniversity Press,
      Cooper, Richard N, 1994, "Foreign Trade, Wages, and Cn-
                                                                   EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
         employment:' Harvard University, Department of Eco-
                                                                       ment). 1994, "Economic Transition in Eastern Europe
         nomics, Cambridge, Mass,
                                                                       and the Former Soviet Cnion." Transition Report (Octo-
      Coricelli, Fabrizio, and Ana Revenga, eds, 1992, "Wage
                                                                       ber). London,
         Policy during the Transition to a Market Economy:
                                                                   Edwards, Linda N, 1994. "The Status of Women in Japan:
         Poland 1990--91." Discussion Paper No. 158, World
                                                                       Has the Equal Employment Opportunity Law V1ade a
         Bank, Washington, D,C.
                                                                       Difference?" journal of Asian Economics 5             Sum-
      Cox, Donald, and Emmanuel Jimenez, 1989, "Private
                                                                       mer): 217-'10,
         Transfers and Public Policy in Developing Countries: A
                                                                   Edwards, Sebastian, and AJejandra Cox Edwards, 1991.
         Case Studv for Peru," Policv, Planning and Research           Monetarism and Liberalization.' The Chilean f-:xperi-
         Working P~per No. 345 Worid Bank, Washington, D.C             ence. Chicago, IlL: The University of Chicago Press.
      ___ . 1990. "Achieving Social Objectives Through Pri-        Ehrenberg, Ronald G" and Robert S, Smith. 1994. ,Modern
         vate Transfers: A Review," 17)e World Bank Research           Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, 5th ed,
         Obseroer 5 (2): 205--18.                                      New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
      Cox Edwards, Alejandra. 1993, "Labor Market Legislation      Erbenova, Michaela, 1994. "Regional Unemployment and
         in Latin America and the Caribbean," World Bank Re-           Geographical Labour Mobility: A Case Study of the
         gional Studies Program, Washington, D.C                       Czech Republic." 40KA<ltl, npe;l(TallAeHHbIH Ha TeXHll'1e-
                 1994, "Poverty Alleviation and the Labor Market       CKOM npaKTllKYMe "PeruoHa;\bHaJi 6e:;pa60Tlllja B LJeHT-
         in Ecuador," World Bank, Washington, D,C,                     paAbHoH 11 BOCTO'1HOH EBpolle», OpraHll3aIJllJl :jKOHO-
      Currington, W. P. 1988, "Federal vs, State Regulation: The       Mll'1eCKOrO COTpY,lHll'1eCTBa H pa3BHTllJ1, Ji1!I(TlITYT
         Early Years of OSHA," SOCial Science Quarterly 69 (2),        ymy6,\eHHbIX HCCAe40IJallIlH, Bella, ABCTPI1J1, 3-5 HOil6pJl.
      Dadush, Uri, Ashok Phareshwan, and Ronald Johannes,          Estache, Antonio, and Marianne Fay, 1995, "What ~hould
         1994, "Are Private Capital Flows to Developing Coun-          Regional Policy in Argentina Focus On'" World Bank,
         tries Sustainable?" Policy Research Working Paper No,         Latin America and Caribbean Country Department I.
         1397, World Bank, Washington, D,C.                            Washington, D.C
      Dallago, Bruno, 1995, "The Irregular Economy in Transi-      Estrin, SauL 1994, "The Inheritance," In Nicholas BaIT, ed"
         tion: Features, Measurement and Scope." In Robert             Labor Markets and Social Policy in Central and Eastern
         Holzman, Janos Gacs, and Georg Windkler, eds, Out-            Europe: The Transition and Beyond. New York: Oxford
         put Decline in Eastern Europe: Unavoidable, E"('ternal        University Press,
         Influence, or Homemade, International Studies in Eco-     Estrin, Saul, Mark Schaffer. and Inderjit Singh, 1994, "The
         nomics and Econometrics 34: 31-60,                            Provision of Social Benefits in State-Owned, Privatized


156
   and Private Firms in Poland." 40K~\a4, npe4CTaIl;\eHHblli     ____ . 1993c. "Minimum Wages-Again?" 4oK.~a4,
    Ha npaKTll'leCKOM ce~ll1Hape nOCBllllJenHOM npeo6pa30Ba-        npelCTan,\ellHblli lia KOl\(pepeHlJl111 flO npolle4ellHlo
    BilK) llpe/Jnpl1JlTUli II BOCTO'HlOli EBpone, BCeympllblli      aHaMl3a MI1HI1M:U\bIlO~1 3apa60THo~i IT.~aTbl 11 ee nOCAe,ll-
    BaHK, ,1enapTaMeHT Hcc)\e,llOllaHI1Jl llOMITlIKI1, BamUHf-      CTBull, CER/GRIFE, YHI1BepCI1TeT 3Kc-aH-I1poB3HC, APAb,
   roH, oKpyr KOAYM6Hll, 22-23 ceHTJl6pll.                          CDpalllJull ,
Fallon, Peter R., and Robert E. B. Lucas. 1991. "The Impact      _____ ' 1995, "Will Globalization Dominate· U.S. Labor
   of Changes in Job Security Regulations in India and              Market Outcomes?" 40K"\a", l104roroMellHbiM 4All KOH-
    Zimbabwe." World Bank Economic Review 5 (3):                    cpcpeHlJllu <,I1MIlOPT, 3KCITOPT U aMepliKallcKlIe pa60'me»
   395-413.                                                         I1HCTlITYT npYKIlHrc, BalllllHrTOH, OKpyl' KCli\YM611ll,
Feenstra, Robert C, and Gordon H. Hanson. 1994. "For-
                                                                    2- 3 cpeHpa;\Jl.
   eign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence
                                                                 Frenkel, Stephen, ed. 1993. Organized Labor in the Asia-
    from Mexico's Jfaquiladoras." University of Texas, De-
                                                                    Pacific Regions: A Comparative Study f!f Unionism in
    partment of Economics, Austin.
                                                                    Nine Countries. Cornell International Industrial and
Feldstein, Martin. 1994. "The Effects of Outbound Foreign
                                                                    Labor Relations Report No. 24. Ithaca, NY.: ILR Press.
    Direct In,restment on the Domestic Capital Stock."
    NBEH We,rking Paper No. 4668. National Bureau of             Fretwell, David, and Susan Goldberg. 1993. "Developing
   Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass,                              Effective Employment Services." Wodd Bank Discus-
Fields. Gary S. 19'!4. "Changing Labor Market Conditions            sion Paper No. 208. Washington, D.C
    and Econ)mic Development." Cornell University, Eco-          Fretwell, David, and Richard Jackman. 1994. "Labor Mar-
    nomic:,; D,~partment. Ithaca, NY                                kets: Unemployment." In Nicholas Barr, ed., Labor
Findley, Sail} E. 1994. To Go But Not to Go: Migration and          l'v[arkets and Social Policy in Central and Eastern Eu-
    FC!mi~y interactions in Africa. New York: Columbia              rope: The Transition and Beyond. New York: Oxford
    lJ niversit) .                                                  University Press,
Flanagan, Robert J 1995. "Labor Market Responses to a            Galbi, Douglas. 1994, "Child Labor and the Division of
   Change in Economic System." Proceedings ofthe World              Labor." King's College Centre for History and Econom-
   Bank Annual BanI.: Conference on Development Eco-                ics, Cambridge, liX
   nomic.., 1994, Washington, D,C.                               Gelb, Alan H., and Cheryl \XT. Gray. 1991. "The Tmnsforma-
FleuPl, Alfonso, a:ld j<)hn Humphrey, 1993, "Human Re-              tion of Economies in Centml and Eastern Europe: Issues,
   sources and the Diffusion and Adapt:ttion of New Qual-           Progress, and Prospects." Policy, Research and External
   ity Methods in Brazilian Manufacturing," Institute of De-        Affairs Paper ~o. 17. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
   velopment Studies, Research Heport 24. Sussex, U.K.           Ghana Statistical Ser:;ice. BhlilYCKII pa311blx AeT. Ghana
Foner, Eric, :md John A, Garnlty, eds, 1991. The Reader:,           Quarterly Digest f!f Statistics. Accra.
   Compan 'on to American History, Boston: Houghton-             Gindling, T. H., and Albert Berry. 1994. "Costa Rica" In
   Mifflin,
                                                                    Susan Horton, Ravi Kanbur, and Dipak Mazumdar,
Foster, Andr~w D, Mark R, Rosenzweig, and the Ruml In-
                                                                    eds., labor Markets in an Era ofAdjustment. Volume 2:
   dian ECO.lomi< Growth Research Group. 1994. "Techni-
                                                                    Case Studies. EDl Development Studies. Washington,
   c;.;1 Char ge and Human Capital Returns and Invest-
                                                                    D,C: World Bank.
   ments: '.:onSt'quences of the Green Revolution."
   University of l'enn~ylvania, Philadelphia, and National       Gindling,T. H, and Donald Robbins. 1994. "Earnings In-
   Council of Applied Economic Research, Washington,                equality, Structural Adjustment, and Trade Liberdliza-
   D.c.                                                             tion in Costa Rica," Hap/ard Institute for International
Fox, ~1. Louise, and Samuel A. .'v1orley. 1990. "Who Paid           Development, Cambridge, Mass.
   the Bill? Adju~tmenl and Poverty in Brazil, 1980-90."         Gold. Michael Evans. 1983. A Debate on Comparable
   Policy R,.~seaf(h Working Paper No. 648. World Bank,              Worth. Ithaca, N.Y.: Industrial and Labor Relations
   Wa~hingon, D,C                                                   Press.
Freeman, R chard B, 1980. "Unionism and the Dispersion           Goldin, Claudia. 1990. Understanding the Gender Gap: An
   of Wage ;." industrial and Labor Relations Review.               Economic History ofAmerican Women. New York: Ox-
____. 1S38. "I 3bour .'v1arket Institutions and Economic            ford University Press.
   Performmce.' Economic Policy: A European Forum 3              Goldin, Ian, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, 1995.
   (Apri\): (,3--80                                                 "The Uruguay Round: An Assessment of Economywide
___ ' Dn. Is Declining Unionization of the U.S,                     and Agricultural Reforms" 40KAa/l, ITpeAcTaBAeHHblM Ha
   Good, Bad, or Irrelevant?" In Lawrence Mishel and                KOHcpepeHIJI1H, nOC!liIUJeHI10M Ypyrllal1cKoMY payllllY H
   Paula B Voo.' , eds, Unions and Economics Competi-               pa3l\HBa!oIIJI1~Cll CTpaHaM. BCeMllpl1h1l1 naHK, Ballll1Hr-
   tiveness. Arm( 'nk, NY.: M. E. Sharpe.                           1DH, OKpyr KOAYM6HiI, 26- 27 ilHBapll
_ _ _ ' 1993a. 'Does Suppression of Labor Contribute to          Goldstein, Morris, and Robert S. Smith. 1976, "The Esti-
   EconomIc Success; Labor Relations and Markets in East            mated Impact of the Antidiscrimination Program Aimed
   Asia." rap/ar,] University, Department of Economics,             at Federal Contractors," Industrial and Labor Relations
   Cambricige, 1\lass.                                              Reuiew July (24).
            1993b "Labor Market Institutions and Policies:       Gora, Marek, and Hartmut Lehmann. 1995. "How Diver-
   Help 01 Hindrance to Economic Development?" Pro-                 gent is Regional Labour Market Adjustment in Poland?"
   ceeding, of the \'0irld Bank Annual Conference on De-            Working Paper NO.1. IFO Institute for Economic Re-
   1'e/opment Ec.J11omics 1992. Washington, D,C.                    search, Munich, Germany.


                                                                                                                                    157
      Gregory, Peter. 1991. "Increasing the Efficiency of the Pub-       Horton, Susan. 1994a, "Bolivia." In Susan Hon,m, Ravi
         lic Sector." A report prepared for LlSAID/EI Salvador.             Kanbur, and Dipak Mazumdar, eds" Labor Mdrkets in
         U.S. Agency for International Development, Washing-                an Era o/Adjustment. Volume 2: Case Studies, ED! De-
         ton,D.c'                                                           velopment Studies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
      Gregory, Peter, and Bruce j. Perlman, 1994. "Civil Service         ____ , ed. 1994b. "Women and IndllstrializHion in
         Diagnostic Review: l\icaragua." World Bank, Latin                  Asia." Institute for Policy Analysis, Cniversity of
         American and the Caribbean Country Department II,                  Toronto <
         Washington, D.c'                                                Horton, Susan. Ravi Kanbur, and Dipak MazumdaL 1994a.
      Haddad, Lawrence, and Howarth Bouis. 1991. "The Impact                Labor Markets in all Era of Adjustment. Volume 1: Is-
         of Nutritional Status on Agricultural Productivity: Wage           sues Papers. ED! Development Studies. Washington,
         Evidence from the Philippines." Oxford Bulletin olEco-             D.c.: World Bank.
         nomics and Statistics 53 (l): 45-68.                                         1994h. Labor Markets in an Era of Adjustment.
      Ham, John, Jan Svejnar, and Katherine Terrell. 1993. "The             Volume 2: Case Studies. EDI Development Studies.
         Emergence of Unemployment in the Czech and Slovak                  Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
         Republics," Comparative Economic Studies 35 (4):                Houseman, Susan. 1991. Industrial Restmctllring with job
         121-34.                                                            Securi~y. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
      _ _ _ . 1994. "Czech Republic and Slovakia." In Simon              Hudson, Rex. 1994. "Chile: A Country Study<" Library of
         Commander and FabriZio Coricelli, eds., Unemploy-                  Congress, Federal Research Division, Washington, D.C.
         ment, Restructuring, and the Labor Market in Eastern            Hutbauer, Gary. 1991. "World Economic Integration: The
         Europe and Russia. EDI Development Studies. Wash-                  Long View." International Economic lnsights
         ington, D.c.: World Bank.                                          May/Tune: 26-27.
      Hamermesh, Daniel. 1991. "Unemployment Insurance:                  Husain, Ishrat, and Rashid Faruqee, eds. 1994. Adjustment
         Goals, Structure, Economic Impact~, and Transferability            in Africa.< Lessons from Country Case Studies< A World
         to Developing Countries." World Bank, Population and               Bank Regional and Sectoral Study. \v'ashington, D.C.
         Human Resouces Department, Washington, D.c'                     IFC (International Finance Corporation). 1992< Emerging
      Harrison, Ann. 1993. "Morocco Private Sector Assessment:              Stock j'lclarkets Factbook 1992. Washington, D.C.
         The Labor Market, 1993." World Bank, Washington.                ItO (International Labour Office). 1985, The Trade Union
         D,C,                                                               Situation and Industrial Relations in Spain Geneva.
      Harrison, Glenn. Thomas Rutherford, and David Tarr.                _ _ _ ,1986. Economically Active Population E,,'imates
         1995 "Quantifying the Uruguay Round," 40KA<l1, JIpe4-             and Projections.< 1950-2025. Geneva,
         CTaMeHHblH Ha KOHcpepeHIJIH1. nocllilllJellHoH Ypyrlla~l­       ~_ _ .1994a. Defending Values, Promoting Change: So-
         CKO~ly payHIlY 11 pa:lBl1BalOllJHMcil CTpaHaM. Bce"'!HpHblfl      cialjustice in a Global Hconomv: An ILO Agenda. Re-
         BaHK, BanHmrIDH, oKpyr KOAYM61U!, 26-27 illlBapil.                port of the Director-General (Part D, Intermtional
      Hathaway, Dale E., and Merlinda D. Ingco. 1995. "Agri-                 Labour Conference, 81st Session. Geneva.
         cultural Liberalization and the Uruguay Round."                 _ _ _. 1994b. World Labour Repent 1994, Geneva.
         40Kc\a,ll, npeIlCTaB,\eHHhIH Ha KOHcpepeHIJ'U1, nOCBlllljen-    _< ___ . 1995a. World Emplr~vment 1995. Geneva.
         HOH YpyrBaHcKoMY payH4Y H pa3Bl11lalOlljl1MCll crpaHaM.         _ _ _ . 1995b. World Labour Report 1995. Geneva
         BceMHpHbIH BaHK, BalllHHrmH, oKpyr KOAYM6IlJI, 26-27             _ _ _ . BbllIYCKH pa.1HbIX AeT. Yearbook qfLabor 5rlltistics,
         ilHBapil,                                                           Geneva.
      Hatton, Timothy j., and Jeffrey G. Williamson, eds. 1994.          INTELSAT. BbIflYCK!1 pa3Hblx e\eT, International Telecom-
         lvfigration and the International Labor Market,                      munications Satellite Report, Washington, D,C.
         1850-1939: An Economic Sun!ey, London and New                   Jackman, Richard, and Michal RutkowskL 1994. "Labor
          York: Rutledge Press.                                              Markets: Wages and Employment." In Nicholas Barr.
      Hertel, Thomas, Will Martin, Koji Yanagishima, and Betina              ed., Labor ,lI;farkets and Social Policy in Central and
          Dimaranan. 1995. "Liberalizing Manufactures Trade in a             Eastern Europe: The Transition and Beyond. New York:
          Changing World Economy." /.{OKAa!(, npe/lCTallAeHHblti             Oxford University Press.
          Ha KoHcpepel!IJHH, llocBlluJellHoH YpymailcKOt>ly payn/ly If   Jacobson, Louis. 1994. Evaluating Policy Resources Aimed
          pa31HlBalOuJHMCJl CTpaHaM. Bce!>H1pHblti BaHK, BaUH1Hr-            at Reducing the Costs to Workers of Increased Import
          mH, oKpyr K<1\YM61111, 26-2711Hllapll<                             Competition." 4oKAa;1, lIpe.:tcTaMeHHblH Ha KOHq:,epeH-
      Hess, Jolama. 1994. "Managing Large Scale Labor Restruc-               IJHI1 «);hlllOpT. 3KcnopT H aMepHKaHcKHe pa6()'1He".
          turing." World Bank, Washington, D.C.                              HHCHITYT 0pYKHHrc. BarmlHrToH. oKpyr K(1\) "16I1il,
      Hierro, Jorge, and Allen Sangines, 1991. "Public Sector Be-            2-3 cpellpa~\ll.
          havior in Mexico." In Felipe Larrafn and Marcelo               Jacoby, H., and E. Skoufias. 1994. "Risk, Financial ivLlrkets
          Selowsky, eds., Tbe Public Sector and the Latin Ameri-             and Human Capital in a Developing Country." World
          can Crisis, San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Contem-           Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington. D.C.
          porary Studies Press.                                          Jimeno, Juan F., and Luis Toharia. 1994. "Unemployment
      Hill, Herbert. 1984. "Race and Ethnicity in Organized                  and Labour Market Flexibility: The Case of Spain."
          Labor: The Historical Sources of Resistance to Affirma-            Geneva: International Labour Office,
          tive Action<" The journal of Intergroup Relations Win-         _ _ _ . 1993. "Spanish Labor Markets: Institutions and
          ter: 12<                                                           Outcomes." In J. Hartog and J. Theemuwes. eds .. l.abor


158
   l"rfarket Contracts and Institutions: A Cmss-National          Krueger, Anne O. 1978. "Foreign Trade Regimes and Eco-
    Comparison Amsterdam; North-Holland.                             nomic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Con-
Johnson, G. E. 1971. "The Detemlination of Individual                sequences." NBER Working Paper. National Bureau of
    Hourly Earnings in Urban Kenya." Intitute for Develop-           Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
   ment Studies, Discussion Paper No. 115. University of          _ _ _ . 1983. Trade and Employment in peveloping
   !\airobi.                                                          Countries. Volume 3; Synthesis. Chicago, Ill.; University
Johnson, Terry R., Katherine P. Dickinson, and Richard W.            of Chicago Press.
   West. 1985. "An Evaluation of the Impact of ES Refer-          Krugman, Paul, and Robert Lawrence. 1993. "Trade, Jobs
   rals on Applicant Earnings." Journal of Human Re-                 and Wages." !\BER Working Paper No. 4478. National
   sources 20 (Winter): 1l7-37.                                      Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
Joshi, Vijay, and I. M. D. Little. 1994. India: ;'viacroeconom-   Krumm, Kathie, Branko Milanovic, and Michael Walton.
    ics and Po/Uica/ Economy 1964-91. A World Bank                    1994. ''Transfers and the Transition from Socialism; Key
   Comparativ.: Macroeconomic Study. Washington, D.C.                Tradeoffs." Policy Research Working Paper No. 1380.
Katz, Harry (., Sa:osh Kuruvilla, and Lowell Turner.                 World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office,
    1993. "Trace Unions and Collective Bargaining." Pol-             Washington, D.C.
    icy Research W<rking Paper No. 1099. World Bank,              Kwong, Peter. 1994. "China's Human Traffickers." The Na-
    Edu~'ation ;md S<)CiaI Policy Department. Washington,             tion. October 17: 422-25.
    D.C.                                                          Laboj, Elmer. 1988. "Occupational Health and Hazards in
Kaufman, Bruce E. 1991. The Economics 0/ Labor Markets,              the Philippines." Labour, Capital, and Societv (Special
    3d ed. ChiCdgo, Ill.: Dryden Press.                              issue on health and safety·) 21 (November); 294-306.
Kelley, Allen C. 199·j "The Consequences of Rapid Popula-         Lalonde, Robert S. 1992. "Th~ Earnings Impact of U.S. Em-
    tion Growth on Human Resource Development: The                   ployment and Training Programs." University of
    Case of Edllcation." In Dennis A. Ahlburg, Allen C. Kel-         Chicago, Department of Economics, Chicago, Ill.
    ley, and Kuen Oppenheim Mason, eds., The Impacts              Landell-Mills, Pierre, and IsmaIl Serageldin. 1992. "Gover-
    of f'opulaMJn Growth in Developing Countries. Berlin:            nance and the External Factor." Proceedings of the
   Springer-Verlag.                                                   World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development
Khandker, Sh:lhidur R. 1991. "Labor Market Participation,            Economics 1991. Washington, D.C.
    Returns to Education, and Male-Female Wage Differ-            Larraln, Felipe, and Marcelo Selowsky, eds. 1991. The Puh-
   ences in ['eru.·· In Barbara Herz and Shahidur R.                  lie Sector and the Latin American Crisis. San Francisco.
    Khandker, cds., Women's Work, Education, and ramily              Calif: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
    We/tare in PelU. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 116.         Lawrence, Robert Z. 1994. "Trade, Multinationals, and
   Washingtol, D.C.                                                  Labor." NBER Working Paper No. 4836. ~ational Bu-
King Elizabet 1 M., ,md M. Anne Hill. 1993. Womens Edu-              reau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
                                                                  Lawrence, Robert, and Mathew Slaughter. 1993. "Interna-
    catiOIl in J)eveloping Countries: Barriers, Benefits, and
                                                                     tional Trade and American Wages in the 19805; Giant
   Policies. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University
                                                                     Sucking Sound or Small Hiccup?" Brookings Papers on
   Press.
                                                                     Economic Activity: JUicroecollomics 2: 161-226.
Knight. J B., ;md Richard H. Sabot. 1987. "Educational Ex-
                                                                  Lazear, Edward. 1990. "Job Security Provisions and Em-
   paSion, G•. wernmenr Policy and Wage Compression."
                                                                     ployment." Quarterly Journal of Economics 105 (Au-
   Journal uf Development Economics 26 (August):
                                                                     gust): 699-726.
   201-21.
                                                                  Lee. Joung-Woo, and Sang-Sup Nam. 1994. "The Effect of
Komal, .fano,.;. 1992. The SOCialist System: The Political
                                                                     Labor Dnions on the Wage Dispersion in Korea." Ko-
   Economy of Communism. Princeton, N.].: Princeton
                                                                     rean Ecollomic10urnal41 (3): 251-77 (in Korean)
   University Press                                               Leigh, Duane E. 1992. "Retraining Displaced Workers:
_ _ _ . 199':;. Hif:',hwavs and Byways: Studies on Reform            What Can Developing Countries Learn from OEeD !\a-
   and PostCJmmllnist Transition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT              tions?" Policy Research Working Paper No. 946. World
   Press.                                                            Bank, Population and Human Resources Department,
Kraay, Aart, end Crotine van Rijckeghem. 1994. "Employ-              Washington, D.C.
   ment and Wage.; in ,he Public Sector-A Cross-Country           Leonard, Jonathan S. 1984a. ''The Impact of Affirmative Ac-
   Study." Inlernallonal Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs De-           tion on Employment." Journal of Lahor Economics 2
   partment, Washlngton, D.C.                                        (October); 439-b3.
Krause, Law["nce B., and Fun-Koo Park, eds. 1993. Social          _ _ _ . 1984b. "Employment and Occupational Advances
   Issu.es in Korell: Korean and American Perspectives.              Under Affirmative Action." Review qf Economics and
   Seoul; Korea Development Institute.                               Statistics 66 (August): 377-85.
Krueger, Alan B. 1994. "The Effect of the Minimum Wage            _ _ _ . 1989. "Women and Affirmative Action." 10umal
   When It Really Bites; A Reexamination of the Evidence             ofEconomic Perspectives 3 (1).
   from Puelto Rico." ;.jBER Working Paper No. 4757. Na-          Levine, Ross, and David Renell. 1992. "A Sensitivity Analy-
   tional Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.              sis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions." A~ericdn
Krueger, Alan B., and Lawrence H. Summers. 1987. "Re-                Economic Review 82 (September): 942-63.
   Hections on tile Inter-Industry Wage Structure." In            Levy, Victor. 1985. "Cropping Pattern, Mechanization,
   K<:'vin Lang and Jonathan S. Leonard, eds., Unemploy-             Child Labor, and Fertility Behavior in a Farming Econ-
   ment and the 'itml·ture of Labor ;vIarkets. New York:             omy: Rural Egypt." Economic Development and Cul-
   Basil Blackwell.                                                  tural Change 33 (July); 777-91.

                                                                                                                                  159
      Lin, Justin Y. 1994. "The Nature and Impact of Hybrid Rice      McCoy, Jennifer. 1989. "Labor and the State in a Party-Me-
          in China." In Cristina C. David and Keijiro Otsuka, eds.,      diated Democracy: Institutional Change in Vc·nezueJa.·'
          Modern Rice Technology and Income Distribution in              Latin American Research Review 24 (2): 35-6-:-.
          Asia. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.             McKinnon, Ronald 1. 1994. Gmdualversus Rapid Liberal-
      Lindauer, David L., O. A. Meesook, and Parita Suebsaeng.           ization in Socialist Economies. Financial Pcllicies in
          1988. "Government Wage Policy in Africa: Some Find-            China and Russia Compared. San Francisco, Calif.: In-
          ings and Policy Issues." World Bank Research ObsenJer          stitute for Contemporary Studies Press.
          30; January): 1-25                                          McKinsey Global Institute. 1994. The Glohal Capital Mar-
      Lindauer, David L., and Barbara :\'unberg, eds. 1994. Reha-        ket: Suppry, Demand, Pricing, and Allocation. Washing-
          bilitation Government: Pay and Ernployment Reform in           ton, D.C.
          Africa. A World Bank Regional and Sectoral Study.           Micklewright, John, and Gyula Nagy. 1995. "Unemploy-
          Washington, D.C.                                               ment Insurance and Incentives in Hungary." Centrelor
      Lindauer, David L., and Michael Roemer, eds. 1994. Asia            l:.Conomic Policy Research Discussion Paper Series 1118
          and Africa: Legacies and Opportunities in Development.         (lanuary): 1-42.
          San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Contemporary Studies   Middleton, John, Arvi! Van Adams, and Adrian Zldem1an.
          Press.                                                         1993. Skillslor ProductivitV: Vocational Education and
      Lindauer, David L., and Richard Sabot. 1983. "The Pub-             Training in Del'eloping Countries. New York Oxford
          lic/Private Wage Differential in a Poor Urban Econ-            University Press.
          omy       Journal of Development Economics 12               Milanovic, Branko. 1994. "Poverty in Transition.' World
          lFeb.!Apr.} 137-52.
                                                                         Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.
      Lipsey, Robert. 1994. "Outward Direct Investment and the
                                                                      _ _ _ . 1995. "Poverty, Inequality and Social Policy in
          U.S. Economy." NBER Working Paper No. 4691. l\ia-
                                                                         Transition Economies." World Bank, Policy Research
          tional Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
                                                                         Department, Washington, D.C.
      Lustig, Nora. 1992. .Mexico: The Remaking olan Economy
          Washington, D.c.: Brookings Institution.                    Moll, P. G. 1993. "Black South African Unions: Relative
      Lynch, Lisa 1\1., ed. 1994. Training and The Private Sector.       Wage Effects in International Perspective," Industrial
          Chicago, Ill.: t:niversity of Chicago Press.                   and Lahor Relations Rel'iew 46 (2).
      Maddison, Angus. 1982. Phases qf Capitalist Development.        Mondal, Abdul Hye. 1992. "Trade Unionism, Wages and
          New York: Oxford University Press.                             Labour Productivity in the Manufacturing SlOctor of
      .____ . 1989. The World Economy in the 20th Century.               Bangladesh." Research Report No. 133. Bangladesh In-
          Development Centre Studies. Paris: OECD.                       stitute of Development Studies, Dhaka.
      Malaysia (labatan Perangkaan). BhlITycKM pa3HhiX Ae'f Rub-      Montiel, Peter J 1993. "Capital 1\10bility in Developing
          ber Statistics Handbook. Kuala Lumpur.                         Countries: Some Measurement Issues and Empirical Es-
      Mankiw, N. Gregory, David Romer, and David N. Wei!. 1992.          timates." Policy Research Working Paper No. 1103.
          "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth."           World Bank, International Economics Department,
          Quarter(y]oumal ofEconomics 107 lMay): 407-37.                 Washington, D.C. Reprinted in World Bank Economic
      Manning, Chris. 1993. "Structural Change and Industrial            Review 8(3): 311-50
          Relations during the Soeharto Period: An Approaching        Morrisson, Christian, Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte, and
          Crisis." Bulletin (If Indonesian Economic Studies 29 (2):      Xavier Oudin. 1994. l"ficro-Enterprises and the Institu-
          59-95.                                                         tional Framework in Developing Countries Paris:
      Marshall, Adrian. 1991. "The Impact of Labor Law on Em-            OECD Development Centre.
          ployment Practices: Temporary and Pan-Time Employ-          Moser. Caroline. 1994,"Poverty and Vulnerabtlity in
          ment in Argentina and Peru." lLO DP/38. Labor Market           Chawama, Lusaka, Zambia 1978-1992." World Bank,
          Program, International Labour Office. Geneva.                  Transportation, Water, and Urban Development De-
      Manin, Denis-Constant. 1991. "The Cultural Dimensions of           partment, Washington, D.C.
          Governance." Proceedings of the World Bank Annual           Moser, Caroline, Cathy Mellwaine, Helen Garcia. and Ce-
          Conference on Deuelopment Economics 1991. Washing-             cilia Zanetta. 1994. "Poverty and Vulnerability in
          ton, D.C.                                                      Guayaquil, Ecuador." World Bank, Transportation,
      Massey, Douglas S. 1990. "The Social and Economic Ori-             Water, and Urban Development Department, 'Washing-
         gins of Immigration." Annals of the American Academy            ton, D.C.
          of Political and Social Science 510 (July): 60-72.          Neal, Larry. 1985. "Integration of International Capilal Mar-
      Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali               kets: Quantitative Evidence from the Eighteenth to
          Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor.              Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Economic History 45
          1993. "Theories of International Migration: A Review           (2): 219-26.
          and Appraisal." population and Del'elopment Reuiew 19       Nehru, Viknun, and Ashok Dhareshwar. 1991. "A New Data-
         (3); 431-66                                                     base on Physical Capital Stock: Sources, Methodology
      Mazumdar, Dipak. 1989. ''.rv1icroeconomic Issues of Labor          and Results." RevL,ta de Analisis Econ6mico 8 (1): 37-59.
          Markets in Developing Countries: Analysis and Policy        Nehru, Vikram, Eric Swanson, and Ashutosh Dube). 1993.
          Implications." ED! Seminar Paper No. 40. World Bank,           "A New Database on Human Capital Stock: Sources,
         Washington, D.C.                                                Methodology and Results." Policy Research 'X'orking
      _ _ _ . 1994. "Wages in Africa." World Bank, Office of             Paper No. 1124. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
         the Chief Economist, Africa Regional Office, Washing-        Nelson, Joan M. 1994. "Organized Labor, Politics, and
         ton, D.C.                                                       Labor Market Flexibility in Developing Countries." In

160
   Susan Horton, Ravi Kanbur, and Dipak Mazumdar,             Patrinos, Harry Anthony. 1994. 'The Costs of Discrimina-
   eds., Labor Markets in an Era ojAdjustment. Volume 1:          tion in Latin America." World Bank, Education and So-
   Issues Papers. ED! Development Studies, Washington,            cial Policy Department, Washington, D.C.
   D.C: World Bank.                                           Patrinos, Harry Anthony, and George Psacharopoulos,
Neven, Damien, and Charles Wyplosz. 1994. "Trade and              1995. "Schooling and Non-Schooling Activities of Peru-
   European Labor Markets." University of Lausanne, De-           vian Youth: Indigenous Background, Family Composi-
   partment of Economics, Lausanne, Switzerland.                  tion and Child Labor," World Bank, Education and So-
Newell, Andrew, and Barry Reilly. 1995. "The Gender               cial Policy Department, Washington, D.C
   Wage Gap in Russia." 4oKAa/l, npeilcTaMeHHblH Ha           Pencavel, John. 1991. Labor Markels under Trade Union-
   ce~ll1Hape ,. PaBeHcTBo nOAOll B nepexo4HblH nepI104",         ism: Employment, Wages, and Hours. Cambridge,
    ByxapecT, PYMbIHllll.                                         Mass,: Basil BlackwelL
New York Times. 1993. "102 Dead in Thai Factory Fire:         Pinstrup-Andersen, Per, Susan Burger, Jean-Pierre Habicht,
   Higher Toll Seen." May 11, p. 3.                               and Karen Peterson. 1993. "Protein-Energy Malnutri-
Nichols, Martha. 1993. ·'Third-World Families at Work:            tion." In Dean Jamison and others, eds., Disease Con-
    Child Labor or Cllild Care?" Haroard Business Rel'iew.        trol Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Ox-
Nunberg, Barbara. 1993. "Public Sector Pay and Employ-            ford University Press,
    ment Reform: A Review of World Bank Experience."          Pollitt, Ernesto, Kathleen S. Gorman, Patrice L. Engle, Juan
    World Bank Discussion Paper 68. Washington, D.C               A. Rivera, and Reynaldo MartorelL 1995. "Nutrition in
Oaxaca, R. L. 1973. "Male-Female Wage Differences in              Early Life and the Fulfillment of Intellectual Potential."
    Urban Lab( ,r Markets "International Economic Review         lournal of Nutrition 125 OS): 1111S-1118S.
    14 (1) 693-701.                                           Pritchett, Lant. 1994. "Population, Factor Accumulation,
OECD 1,0rganization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-           and Productivity." World Bank, Policy Research Depart-
    opment). ]993. 'Acti\e Labour Market Policies: Assess-        ment, Washington, D.C
    ing Macroeconomic 3nd Microeconomic Effects." Paris.      Psacharopoulos, George, Samuel Morley, Ariel Fiszbein,
_ _ _. 1994a. Thcjobs Study-Facts, Ana~vsis, Strategies.          Haeduck Lee, and Bill Wood. 1993. "Poverty and In-
                                                                  come Distribution in Latin America: The Story of the
   Paris.
____ . 199tb. "Review of the Labour -"1arket in the
                                                                  1980s." Regional Studies Program, Report No. 27. World
                                                                  Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Technical De-
    Czech Republic.' Pans.
                                                                  partment, Washington, D.C
O'Leary, Christopher J. 1995. "An Impact Analysis of Em-
                                                              Psacharopoulos, George, and Harry Anthony Patrinos, eds.
    ployment ProgLlms in Hungary." Staff Working Paper
                                                                  1994. Indigenous People and Poverty in Latin America:
    No. 95-30. W. E Upjohn Institute for Employment Re-
                                                                  An Empirical Analysis. A World Bank Regional and
   search, Kalamazoo, .v1ich.
                                                                  Sectoral Study. Washington, D.C
Oomen, Joer', 1992. "Hill Tribes in Thailand: Victims of
                                                              Psacharopoulos, George, and P. Zafids Tzannatos, eds.
    Developrr ent?" International Work Group for Indige-
                                                                  1992. \Vomen's Employment and Pay in Latin America:
    nou.s Aila.rs Newsletter 4 (Oct.-Dec.): 38-40.
                                                                  Overview and Methodolog)l, A World Bank Regional
Orazem, Peter E, cmd .\oman Vodopivec. 1994. "Winners
                                                                 and Sectoral StUdy. Washington, D.C
   and Loser; in Transition: Returns to Education, Experi-
                                                              Pujol, Thierry. 1994. "Cnemployment Duration and the
   ence, and Gender in Slovenia." Policy Research Work-          Welfare Impact of Unemployment Benefits. '" Interna-
   ing Paper No. 1342. World Bank, Washington, D.C.               tional Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C
   Reprinted in World Bank Economic Review 9(2):              Quah, Danny. 1994. "Empirics for Economic Growth and
   201-30.                                                        Convergence. '" Centre for Economic Policy Research
Orr, brry L., Howard ~. Bloom, Stephen H. Bell. Winston           Discussion Paper Series 954 (May): 1-50.
   Lin, George ClVe, ~ll1d Fred Doolitle. 1994. "The Na-      Rama, Martin, 1994, "Flexibility in Sri Lanka's Labor Mar-
   tional JTP\ Study: Impacts, Benefits, and Costs of Title      ket" Policy Research Working Paper No, 1262. World
   II-A'" A Eeport to tile U.S. Department of Labor. ABT         Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C
   Associate" Inc. Bethesda, Md.                              Rama, Martin, and Guido TabellinL 1995. "Endogenous
Overbeck, Henk. 1994 "Globalisation and the Restructur-           Distortions in Product and Labor Markets." World Bank,
   ing of th(' Eur(,pean Labor Market: The Role of Migra-        Poverty and Human Resources Division, Washington,
   tion," Department of International Relations, University      D.C
   of Amsterdam.                                              Razin, Assaf, and Efraim Sadka. 1994. Population Econom-
Panagides, \Iexb, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. 1994.               ics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
   'Tnion-Nonunion Wage Differentials in the Developing       Rees, Albert. 1989. The Economics of Trade Unions, 3d ed.
   World: A Case Study of Mexico.'" Policy Research Work-        Chicago, Ill.: Lniversity of Chicago Press.
   ing Pape- No. 1269 World Bank, Education and Social        Reid, Gary. 1992. "Civil Service Reform in Latin America:
   Policy Department, Washington, D.C.                           Lessons from Experience.'" LATPS Occasional Paper Se-
Park, Young Bum. 1991. "Union/Minimum Wage Differen-             ries. World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Re-
   tials in the K\)rean Manufacturing Sector." Interna-          gion Technical Department, Washington, D.C.
   tional Be ollom ic journal5( 4).                           Reid, Gary ]., and Graham Scott 1994. "Public Sector Human
Park, Young-Bum. David R Ross, and Richard Sabot. 1992.          Resource Management: Experience in Latin America and
   '·Educati·mal Expansion and the Inequality of Pay in          the Caribbean and Strategies for Reform." Report No.
   Brazil ar d Korea," International Food Policy Research        12839. World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Re-
   Institute, Washingtnn, D.C.                                   gion Technical Department, Washington, D.C


                                                                                                                               161
      Republic of Korea. 1987. 'yearbook of labor Statistics.            in Rural India: An Economic Analysis." ECDr'ometrica
         Seoul: Ministry of Labor.                                       45 (5),
      _ _ _ . BbmycKH pa3Hblx ;\eT.. Report on l}fining and           Rostowski, Jacek. 1994. "Labour Markets and Wages Poli-
         Manufacturing Survey. Seoul: National Statistical Of-           cies During Economic Transition," Center for Social and
         fice.                                                           Economic Research, Warsaw.
      Republic of Uganda. 1982. Report of the Public Service          Russell, Sharon Stanton, and Michael S. Teitelbaum, 1992.
         Salaries Review Commission 1980-82. Kampala.                    "International Migration and International Trade,"
      Revenga, Ana. 1994. "Employment and Wage Effects of                World Bank Discussion Paper No. 160, Washington,
         Trade Liberalization: The Case of Mexican Manufactur-           D.C
         ing." 40lV\a(t, npe.lcTaB;\eHHbIH Ha npaKTW-leCKOM ce:-.m-   Rutkowski, Jan. 1993. "Wage Determination in Historically
         Hape BceMHpHoro BaHKa, nocBllUJeHHQ;\l pbl!lKaM TpY/la,         Planned Economies: The Case of Poland," Centre for
         BaUll1HrmH, oKpyr KOAyM6HJ!, 6-8 111();\J!.                     Economic Performance Discussion Paper No, 164, Lon-
      Revenga, Ana, and Claudio Montenegro. 1995. "North                 don School of Economics, London,
         American Integration and Factor Price Equalization: Is       ~ ___ ' 1994. "Labor Market Transition and Changes in
         There Evidence of Wage Convergence between Mexico               the Wage Structure: The Case of Poland." Polish Policy
         and the lJ.ST 4oKAa,Il, lIO(lromMeHHbl~l IIAll KOHcpepeH-       Research Group Discussion Paper No. 32. Warsaw Uni-
         IJI1H «Mr-mopT, 3KcnopT H a'l1epYlKaHCKYle pa6o<me»,
                                                                         versity, Warsaw.
         MHCHITYT BpYKYlHrC, BaWYlHfTOll, oKpyr KOAYM6I1Jl,
                                                                      Rutkowski, Michal. 1990. "Labour Hoarding and Future
         2-3 cpellpaAJl.
                                                                         Open Unemployment in Eastern Europe: The Case of
      Revenga, Ana, and !vlichelle Riboud. 1993. "lJnemploy-
                                                                         Polish Industry." Centre for Economic Performance
         ment in Mexico: Its Characteristics and Determinants."
                                                                         Discussion Paper No.6. London School of Economics,
         Policy Research Working Paper No. 1230. World Bank,
         Latin America and Caribbean Country Department II,              London.
         Washington, D.C.                                             Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Howard J Shatz, 1994. "Trade and
      Revenga, Ana, Michelle Riboud, and Hong Tan. 1994. "The            Jobs in U.S, Manufacturing." Brookings Papers on Eco-
         Impact of Mexico's Retf"dining Program on Employment             nomic Activi{y 1: 1-84,
         and Wages." World Bank Economic Review 8 (2):                Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Wing Thye Woo, 1994. "Experiences
         247-77.                                                         in the Transition to a Market Economy." journal of
      Rivef"d-Batiz, T. L. 1985, "Child Pattern and Legislation in       Compamtil'e Economics 18 (June): 271-75.
         Relation to Fertility." Indiana lJniversity, Department of   Salazar, M. C. 1988. "Child Labor in Colombia: Bogota's
         Economics, Bloomington, Ind.                                    Quarries and Brickyards." In Assefa Bekele andJo Boy-
      Riveros, Luis A. 1994. "Chile," In Susan Horton, Ravi Kan-         den, eds., Combating Child Labor, Geneva: Interna-
         bur, and Dipak Mazumdar, eds" Labor Markets in an               tional Labour Office.
         Era of Adjustment. Volume 2: Case Studies, EDI Devel-        Scarpetta, Stefano. 1994, "Spatial Variations in Unemploy-
         opment Studies, Washington, D,c.: World Bank.                   ment in Central and Eastern Europe: Underlying Rea-
      Robbins, Donald J. 1994. "Worsening Relative Wage Dis-             sons and Labour Market Policy Options." 4oKAa, \, npe,j-
         persion in Chile During Trade Liberalization, and Its           CTafu\eHHbIH Ha TeXHI1<feCKOM npaKTHKyMe "PerHoHa"'bHaa
         Causes: Is Supply at Fault?" Harvard Institute for Inter-       6e3pa6oTHija B IJeHTpaAbHoH H BOCTO<fHOH Enpolle».
         national Development Discussion Papers 1 (April): 60,           Opraml3alJHll 3KOHOMH<feCKOrO COTpY,ilHWleCTlla 11 pa:~­
      Roberts, Mark J. B ne<faTH. "Employment Flows and Pro-             BHTYlll, MHCTI1TYT yr"'y6AeHHbtx HCC\efioBaHYlri, BeHa,
         ducer Turnover in Three Developing Countries." In               A llCTPHJl, 3- 5 HOJl6pJl,
         Mark J. Roberts and James R. Tybout, eds" Producer           Schadler, Susan, Maria Carkovic, Adam Bennet, and Robert
         Heterogeneity and Performance in Semi-Industrialized            Kahn, 1993. "Recent Experiences with Surges in Capital
         Countries,                                                      Inflows." International Monetary Fund Occasional
      Rodgers, Gerry, and Guy Standing, eds. 1981. Child \¥brk.          Paper No, 108. Washington, D.C,
         Poverty and Underdevelopment, Geneva: International          Schaffner, Julie Anderson, 1993, "Rural Labor Leg:slation
         Labour Office.                                                  and Permanent Agricultural Employment in NOltheast-
      Rodriguez, Edgar, and Susan Horton. 1994, "International           ern BraziL" World Development 21(5): 705-19.
         Return Migration and Remittances in the Philippines,"        Schiff, Maurice, and Alberto Valdes. 1992, The Plundering
         University of Toronto, Department of Economics,                 of Agriculture in Developing Countries, Washington,
         Toronto.                                                        D.c': World Bank.
      Rodrik, Dani. 1992. "Political Economy and Development          Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus, Luis Serven, and Andres Sohmano.
         Policy." European Economic Review 36 (April): 329-36.           1994. "Saving, Investment and GroMh in Developing
      _ _ _ . 1994, "Developing Countries After the Uruguay              Countries: An Overview." Policy Research Working
         Round." Columbia University, Department of Econom-              Paper No. 1382. World Bank, Policy Research Depart-
         ics, New York.                                                  ment, Washington, D,C. Forthcoming in World Bank
      Rosenzweig, Mark R 1981. "Household and Nonhouse-                  Research Observer.
         hold Activities of Youths: Issues of Modeling, Data and      Schultz, T. Paul. 1990. "Women's Changing Participation in
         Estimation Strategies" In Gerry Rodgers and Guy                 the Labor Force: A World Perspective," Economic De-
         Standing, eds, , Child Work, Poverty and Underdevelop-          velopment and Cultural Change 38 (April): 457-88.
         ment." Geneva: International Labour Office,                  _ _ _ ' 1993, "Investments in the Schooling and Health
      Rosenzweig, Mark R, and R, Evenson, 1977, "Fertility,              of Women and Men," journal of Human Resources 28
         Schooling, and the Economic Contribution of Children            (4): 694-734,


162
_ _ _ . 1994. "Integrated Approaches to Human Re-             Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. 1989. Education and It5 Relation to
   sources Development." Human Resources Develop-                  Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution:
   ment and Operation Policy Working Paper I'<o. 44.               Past Evidence and Furtber Analysis. World Bank Dis-
   World Bank, Washington. D.C                                    cussion Paper No. 46. Washington, D,C
Sen, Binayak. 199f t. "Adjustment, Poverty and Inequality:    Topel, Robert, and Finnis Welch. 1980. "Unemployment in-
   Insights from a Cross-Country Analysis with Household          surance: Survey and Extensions." Econorn.ica 47: 351-79.
   Expenditure Survey Data." World Bank, Operations           Topel, Robert, Anat Levy, and Martin Rama, 1994. "A Labor
   Evaluation Department, Washington, D.C                         Market Cross-Couillry Database." 4oKA;l4, lTpe.!lcTaMen-
Siddiqi, Faraaz, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. 1994. "Child         HblH na npaKTI1'leCKOM CeMI1Hape BceMl1pHoro naHKa,
   Labor: Issues, Causes and Interventions." World Bank,          IKlcBlIllJeHHOM pbIHKaM TpyAa II pa3Hl1BalOUJl1XCli cTpaHax,
   Washington, D.C                                                BaWI1Hl'TOH, oKpyr Ko.!\YM611!l, 6-8 111OAlI.
Sipos, Sandor. ]994. "income Transfer: Family Support and     Turnham, David. 1993. Employment and Development: A
   Poverty Rdief." In ~icholas Barr, ed., Labor Markets
                                                                  New Review ofEvidence. Paris: OECD,
   and Social Policv in Central and Eastern Europe. New
                                                              Tzannatos, p, Zafiris. 1994. "Reverse Discrimination in
   York: Oxfcrd University Press.
                                                                  Higher Education: A Framework of AnalYSis and Coun-
Smith, .James, and hnnis Welch. 1984. "Affirmative Action
   and Labor Mark~ts." Journal of Labor Economics April           try Experience," World Bank, Education and Social Pol-
   (2).                                                           icy Department, Washington, D.c.
Sohlman, Asa and David Turnham. 1994. "What Can De-           _ _ _ ' 1995. "Economic Gro\Vth and Gender Equity in
    veloping (:ountries Learn from OECD Labour Market             the Labor .:V1arket." World Bank, Education and Social
    Programffi<~s and Policies?" OECD Technical Paper No.         Policy Department, Washington, D,C.
    9. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-       UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1990.
    opment, P.tris.                                                Human Development RejJort 1990. New York: Oxford
Solow. R,.:Vi 198 1), "On Theories of Unemployment."              University Press.
    American Econ, mzic Review 70 (1).                        LJ'NIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organiza-
Stalker, Peter. 1994, The Work of Strangers: A Sumey of In-       tion). BwnycKI1 pa3Hhix AeT. Industrial Statistics Year-
    terllation,ll La/'our Migration. Geneva: international         book. New York: United !\;ations.
    Lahour Office.                                            Union Bank of Switzerland. 1994. Prices and Earnings
Standing, Gu:. 198<), "The Growth of External Labor Flexi-        Around the Globe. Zurich.
    bility in a Nasc~nt '1IC: A Malaysian Labor Flexibility   United I'<ations. 1994a. "Transnational Corporations, Em-
    Survey." ILO \Xorking Paper 35. International Labour          ployment and the Workplace." World Investment Re-
    Office. Ge neva.                                              port. New York and Geneva.
_ _._. 1952. "D·) Unions Impede or Accelerate Struc-          _ _ _ ' 1994b. "Trends in Total Migrant Stock" Depart-
    tural Adjustment? Industrial Versus Company Unions in
                                                                  ment of Economic and Social Information and Policy
    an Indust:ialising Labour Market." (:'ambridge Journal
                                                                  Analysis, "iew York.
    ofcconor.lics J() (Sept,): 327-54,
                                                              U.s. Department of Labor. 1994. Proceedings of the Labor
Stark, Oded. 1991. The Migration of Labor. Cambridge,
    Mass.: Ba"il Blackwell.                                       Department Symposium on International Labor Stan-
Statistical Ye,/rbookfor Poland. 1993. Warsaw: Central Sta-       dards, Yale University, April 25, New Haven, Conn.
    tistical Office (in Polish).                              van der Gaag, Jacob, Morton Stelcner, and WimVijverberg.
Stolper, Wolfgang, and Paul A. Samuelson. 1941. "Protection       1989, "Wage Differentials and Moonlighting by Civil
    and Real Wage~." Review ofEconomic Studies 9: 5B-73-          Servants: Evidence from Cote d'Ivoire and Peru."
Sugeno, Kaz'IO. 1994. "Unions as Sodal Institutions in De-         World Bank Economic Review 30; January); 67-95.
    mocratic "'larket EOJilomies," International Labour Re-   Velenchik, Ann D. B ne'laTI1. "Apprenticeship Contracts,
    vieu; 133 (4): 511-22-                                        Small Enterprises and Credit Markets in Africa." World
Summers, Robert and Alan Heston. 1991. "The Penn                  Bank Economic Review.
    World T~ ble CV/ark 5); An Expanded Set of Interna-       Viscusi, W. K. 1986. "The Impact of Occupational Safety
    tional Ccmpanson:" 1950-1988." Quarterly Journal of           and Health Regulation 1973-83," ]ournal of Economics
    Economi.:s 106 (M~IY): 327-68.                                17 (4).
Svejnar, Jan, and Katherine Terrell, 1991. "Reducing Lahor    Von Braun, Joachim. 1994. "Employment for Poverty Re-
    Redundancy in State-Owned Enterprises." Policy Re-            duction and Food Security." International Food Policy
   search 'Working Paper No. 792. World Bank, Insfras-            Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
   trucmre md l rban Development Department, Wash-            Wade, Robert, 1994 "Organizational Determinants of a
    ington, D,C.                                                  'High-Quality Civil Service': Bureaucratic and Techno-
Syrquin, Moshe, and Hollis B. Chenery. 1989. Patterns of
                                                                  logical Incentives in Canal Irrigation in India and
    Development, 1950 to 1983. World Bank Discussion
                                                                  Korea." Sussex University, Institute of Development
    Paper No. 41. Washington, D.C.
                                                                  Studies, Brighton, U.K,
Teal, Francis. 19)14. "The Size and Sources of Economic
   Rents in a Developing Country Manufacturing Labor          Weil, David, 1991. "Enforcing OSHA: The Role of Labor
                                                                  Union~," Industrial Relations 30 0; Winter): 20-36.
   MarkeL" St. John's College, Oxford, Center for the
   St.udy of AfriGln Economics, Oxford, UK.                   Wilson, Sandra, and Arvil V, Adarns. 1994. "Promotion of
Terrell, Katherine 1993, "Public-Private Wage Differentials       Self-Employment for the Unemployed: Experience in
   in Haiti: Do Public: Servants Earn a Rent?" Journal of        OECD and Transitional Economies." World Bank, Edu-
    Del,'elopment JicorlOmics 42,                                cation and Social Policy Department, Washington, D.C.


                                                                                                                                 163
       Wood, Adrian. 1994a. North-South Trade, Employment              _ _ _ . 1994d. Population and Development. Implica-
          and Inequality: Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driuen              tions for tbe World Bank. Development in Puctice Se-
           World Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.                            ries, Washington, D.C.
      _ _ _ . 1994b. "Skill, Land, and Trade: A Simple Analyti-        _ _ _ . 1994e. "Poverty in Poland." World Bank, Central
          cal Framework." Working Paper No. 1. Institute of De-            Europe Department, Washington, D.C
          velopment Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.      _. __ . 1995a. "Priorities and Strategies for Educ:ation." A
      Wood, Adrian, and Kersti Berge. 1994. "Export Manufac-               World Bank Sector Review. Education and Social Policy
          tures: Trade Policy or Human Resources?" Institute of            Department, Washington, D.C.
          Development Studies Working Paper No.4. University           _. ___ ' 1995b. Social Indicators ofDevelopm<,nt 1995.
          of Sussex, Brighton, u.K.                                        Baltimore, Md,: .Johns Hopkins University Press.
      World Bank. 1990. World Development Report 1990:                 _ _ _ . BblllYCKH pa3Hbix ,\eT, World Debt Tables. Wash-
          Powrty. New York: Oxford University Press.                       ington, D,C
      ._ _ _. 1991. Vocational and Technical Education and             _ _ _ . BbmycKH pa'l!lblX AeT, World Tables. Baltimore,
          Training A World Bank Policy Paper. Washington,                  Md .. Johns Hopkins University Press.
          D.C                                                          Zaytoun, Mohaya A. 1991. "Earnings and the Cost of Liv-
      _ _ _ . 1992a. Global Economic Prospects and tbe Deuel-              ing: An Analysis of Recent Developments in the Egypt-
          oping Countries. Washington, D.C.                                ian Economy." In Heba Jandouss and Gillian Potters,
      _ _ _ . 1992b. Poverty Reduction Handbook. Washing-                  eds, Employment and Stmctuml Adjustment: Egypt in
          ton, D.C.                                                        tbe .199Os. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
                  1992c. World Deuelopment Report. New York:           Zevin, Robert B, 1989. "Are World Financial Markets More
          Oxford University Press.                                         Open) If So, Why and with What Effects'" WIDER
      _ _ _ . 1993. 10e East Asian .Miracle: Economic Growtb               Working Paper No. 75. World Institute for Development
          and Public Policy. A World Bank Policy Research Re-              Economics Research, United Nations University,
          port. New York: Oxford University Press.                         Helsinki.
      _ _ _ . 1994a. Adjustment in Ajtica. Reforms, Results,           Zimmermann, Klaus F. 1995. "European Migration: Push
          and tbe Road Ahead. A World Bank Policy Research                 and Pull." Proceedings of the World Bank Annllal Bank
          Report. New York: Oxford University Press.                       Conference on Deuelopment Economics 1994. Washing-
      _ _ _ . 1994b. Al'erting the Old Age Crisis.' Policies to Pro-       ton, D.C
          teet tbe Old and Promote Growtb. A World Bank Policy         Zlotnik, Hania. 1993, "International Migration: Causes and
          Research Report. New York: Oxford University Press.              Effects. "In Laurie Ann Mazur, ed., Be.'volld the Num-
      ~. _ _ , 1994(, "Mexico: Second Decentralization and Re-             bers: A Reader on Population, Consumption, and tbe
          gional Development Report." Staff Appraisal Report               Em'ironment. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press
          No. 13032-ME. World Bank, Latin America and
          Caribbean Regional Office, Washington, D.C




164
   IIPHAO.IKEHHE




TaOmllJ,a A-1 AMHaMMKa npeAnO)KeHMA TPYAa                                       TeAbCTOO), yC\YI'11 \ropmBAlI, TpanClIOp1', 63HKIi, KOMMCp'Ie-

B Ta6MIIJe A-1         I1pe,1CTalneHbl 4aHHble 0 upe,J,\OJKemm TpY,Ja           CKJIJI ;lellTE'./\bHOCTb H lIe,JOCTaro'lllO onpe.1eAenllbJe/oIII1Call-

Il CTpaHaX, 'IHCACHtIOCTb TPYrlOBbIX PCCYPCOIl KOTOPbIX npe-                    lIble). B KalK,JOM CCKropC YKa3aHa ,Jo,\ll Hae~lHblX pa601'lIHKOB

IlblWaeT, I10 OlJellKa >I,      400 000       'IeAOIleK. IlPH COCTaBAellHH      comacllo onpe,lC,\CHHIO MOT 4AlI 3roii. Ka1'empl1H. rIpo'lnc

Ta6AHlJbl Hcm v\b30HaHbI ,JaHHble ILO            1986 11 0611011Ae1lHble        BH,JL!   3aHJlTOCTH    OXllaTblBalOT    IlX04J1IlJHX    B   KaTempHIi

,JaHHble MOT ;10         1994 f'O,Ja IlKAIO'IHTeAbHO. Tp)~oBhje pecyp-          pa60TO,llaTe,\cii., Mil), pa601'alO!IJHX He 110 IJaHMY, 3allllTbiX

ChI COOTlleTCTIIYIOT .1KOIIOMI1'1eCKfl aKnmHOMY lIaceAeHHK) no                  6C3 onAaTbl TP'i?\3 B cCMeHlloM x03J1ticTBe 11 ,\H1J, CT3TYC

?laHllbIM Ma', 3a %1'IeroM AI1IJ B 1l03paCTe                  10-14   ,\eT H    KD1DpblX lie rro,J;lacTcJI KA3CCl1cj)!1KaIJHH,

CTapme      65    A,'1: CoIAaCHO orrpe,JeAemllO B ILO          1986, 3KOHO-
Ml1'1eCKH aKTJAHHOe nace.\eHl1e BK;\K)'IaeT Bcex, Y'laCTBYKXlll1X
                                                                                TaOnMu,a A-3 POCT BBn M3apaOoTHoi1 nnaTbl
Il CTP) KType lawm 'CTII (pa60To,JaTeAeH, ,\HlJ, pa60TaJOJIJI1x
                                                                                Ha AYWY HaceneHMA
He 110 lJaHM) , pa6,)ql1x. C\YlKaIlJI1X, 3aHlIThIX 6e3 OIlAaTbI                 B n6,\lJlJc A-3 npe/1CTaB.\ellbl ,JaIlHble, HcnOAb30BaHIIblC I1pl1
TpY;la II ce~let.HoM XO:1J1HCTlle, 'IAeHOB CCAbcKoxmllikneHHblx                 nOCTpOCHHH rpacjmKoB Ha PHCYIIKC 2.2. rIocKmbKY paCCMa-

KOOnepaTl1BOI! 11 BO<:lIHOC\y'lKauJl1x), a TaKlKe Becx 6e3pa6oT-                rpl-!llaeMble nepl10/1bl ,1HlIaMHKH 3apa60TlIoil II,\aTbl HC O,lll-

HblX (KaK nmepJlfHlIl1X pa6OTY, TaK 11 HIIJ)TIJI1X OnAa'lI1BaC-                 HaKOIlLI no pa3HblM      C1'paHaM H OTpaCAlIM, IlOKa3aTe,\H B

MYIO pa60TY BIlepFble). Yp0BeHb TPY,JOBOH aKTIIIlHOCrll ,1,AJI                  Ta6M1IJe conpOBOJK4alOTCJI IIOKa3aTC\lIMH POCTa BBIl H3

B3poC\Om m CC\eHI1J1 Tp}~ocnoc06Hom ll03paC'ra (01'                    15 ,JO   4}'my lIaCC,\eHHlI Il pcaAbIIOM BhlPaJKCHl1H 3a        COOTBCTCTBYIO~

64 AeT) H MO \0,JeJ!01 (B        l!03pacre     10 - 19 ,\er) OTpaJKaeT ,JeHIO   IlJilH !Iepl1o,J. npHBe,llClillblMH B 6a3C 4allllblX, COCraBAellHOH

3KOHOMH'IeCKH          aK~lmH('m       lIaCeACIIHJI Il 31'HX 1l03pacTlIblx      Hepy H 4apCWll3pOy! (Nehru and Dharcshwar                1991)   3apa-

rpym:3X.                                                                        60nmJl IL\ara Il CCAbCKOM X03J1HCTHC 06bI'IHO npHBO,JIJ1'CJI IIO
                                                                                ocjJHIj.13ALHhIM ;UHllbIM C'fpallJ.!. 3apa6oTlIM n.AaTa Il npo-
TaOnMu,a A-2 CTPYKTypa paOol.lei1 CMnbl                                         Mbl!lL\eHIIOCTIl COOTBeTCTBycr CpC..1HCMY 3apa60TK}' B IIpO-

B Ta6.'-'I-!lJe   i\ -2 IIpeclCTaBAClIb! ,13l1Hble 0   cTpyKType pa60'lCH       MLIUI,\CHHOC1'H no llaHHblM UNIDO. BLrnycKH pa3HblX ACT

CH,\bl   no.   lIJC~Tll K~>TerOpIlJl~I: liaeMHbl11 TpY4 H npO'll1e flH/lbl      llallHh!C 0 :lapa6oTHoii. nAaTe !!PylBOllJITCJI C IlonpaBKoii. HJ

3aulIrocTI1 B Ce,\bCKOM Xo.ll1HCTBC, npoMbIllL\CHHOCTH H CCK-                   ,mcjJAJlIJHKJ no Il3HlIb!M HH/lCKca II01'pe6HTCAhCKilX IJeH H3

TOpe yCAyr HCIlO, \b30lJallbJ npCHMYUJeC1'neHlIO ,~allHble 113                  IMF,   BbrnYCKH pa311blX ACT

ILO, BblI1YCK,! pa3HbiX ,\CT. 4aHIIbiC no HII,1HH, HII,JOHC3I1H 11
KI1TalO IIo,\Y'Iellbl 113 O.llHljll3AbllbiX Hcro'lHHKOB 31'HX crpan
                                                                                TaOnMu,a A-4 PaTMcpMKau,MA OCHOBHblX
(roCY/lapCTlJ(:IIHbIX craTHCTl1'1CCKI1X ynpafl,\elll1ii.), B Ta6,\HIJY
                                                                                KOHBeHu,MM MOT
BKAIO'Iellbl CTpallb:, ,1aHHbIC 110 KOroPblM I1MC,\HCb 3a AI06011               B   T36,\Hl,le A~4 np11Bo.1HTClI cnHCOK crpaH, P3THcjJHlJHPO-

['04 1l0C\e .      980   m?la, 4allHblc MOT 110 cCKropaM crpyn-                 BalllliHX OCHOllllble KOHBCHl,lHH MOT, KaCaKJ!lJI1CClI C1lO60,1bl

llIlpOBallbl C \C/WK '11J11~1 06pa30i>1: CCAbCKoe X03J1ii.c1'BO, llPO-          otYhC;lHllcmlii.,   npHHYllHTe\bllOro    TpWla,   flI1CKpHMHHaljHI1,

Mbllll.\eHHO(Tb       (lC 6blll;lIOllJ311,   nepepa6aTblBalOllJall, ra30Ball,   ,JCTCKOro rpy.'1a 11 1I0AI1THKI1 :1alllll1)C1'H.ll3HHb!e BocnpOl13BO-

npOH3BO,JCTiIO ,Ml~KTp()3HepI'Hn, BO,~Hoe X0311ii.CTllO, CTPOll-                ;ll1TClI C pa3pCllieHHlI MOT.




                                                                                                                                                         165
      TaOnlt1u,a A-1 AIt1HaMIt1Ka npeAnO)KeHIt1A TpYAa
                                                                  TPYAOBble peCypCbl B 1995 r.                                            YpoBeHb TPyp,OBOIl aKTHBHOCTH
                                                   TbIC. pa6oTHHKOB                        CpeAHeroAoBoll npHpocT                           H8ceneHHA (B npOu,eHTax)
                                               B             15-64 neT                         (B npOu,eHT8x)                             15-64 neT                       10-19 neT
      CTP8H8                                  MY)K4.               )KeHUJ,.                  1965-95         1995-2025             MY)K'1·        )KeHUJ,.        MY)K'1·         )KeHUJ,.
      BOCTO'lHaR A311R II TllxooKeaHcKIlM 6aCCel1H
         BbeTHaM                           19299                   16996                       2,53               2,05               92              77              37                33
         rOHKoHr                            1905                     995                       2,55              -0,17               86              50              24                23
         VlHAoHe3HA                        52766                   24161                       2,48               1,50               85              38              29                16
         KaM6oA)Ka                          2319                    1395                       1,32               2,28               95              50              31                36
         KlAT811                         406660                   316623                       2,60               0,41               96              80              45                43
         KH,llP                             5945                    5140                       2,61               1,65               75              65              21                21
         naoccK8A H,llP                     1 228                     981                      2,00               2,54               98              76              41                37
         Man8113IAA                         5365                    3004                       3,49               2,01               91              52              20                13
         MOHronHA                             630                    526                       2,81               2,63               89              75              31                26
         MbAHMa                            12529                    6983                       2,33               1,90               93              51              38                32
         nanya-HoBaA rBIAHeA                1 156                    691                       2,08               2,22               89              58              44                36
       • CIAHranyp                            812                    500                       1,82                                  84              53              15                15
         TalAnaHIl                         16542                   13084                       2,66               0,63               86              67              39                37
         <DlAnlAnnlAHbI                    17426                    7644                       2,85               1,91               85              38              25                16

      Espona 11 CpeAHRR A311R
       • A3ep6al1ll)f(aH                      1670                  1 278                      2,23                                 78               56             15                  14
       • An6aHI1A                               908                   623                      2,78                                 86               63             27                 15
       • ApMeHHA                                837                    754                     2,71                                 79               69             13                  12
       * oenapycb                             2671                  2551                       1,42                                 82               73             13                  12
         oOnrapLAA                            2225                  2007                       0,00              -0,07              76               68              11                 14
      • OOCHLAA-repu,eroBHHa                  1 183                    717                     0,83                                 79              47              12                   9
         BeHrpLAA                             2878                  2398                       0,34              -0,15              82              67              31                 24
         rpeu,HA                               2711                 1 021                      0,56              -0,03              79              30              21                  11
       * rpY3LAA                              1 381                  1 179                     1,13                                 80              64              14                 13
      • Ka3axcTaH                             4192                  3608                       2,30                                 82              68              16                 12
      • Kblprbl3cKaA Pecny6n1'!Ka               962                   827                      2,41                                 78              65              13                 12
         naTBLAA                                660                    631                     0,62               0,02              79              71              17                 15
         nHTBa                                  953                   888                      0,87               0,20              79              70              18                 15
      • MaKeAOHLAA, ofOP                        535                   357                      1,64                                 78              53               11                  9
      • MonAOBa                               1 081                 1025                       1,13                                 81              70              13                 14
         nOflbwa                             10583                  9081                       0,88               0,34              84              71              21                 14
         nopTyranHA                           2736                   1616                      1,03               0,08              84              48              38                 21
      • POCCLAI1CKaA <Dep,epau,IAA           39212                 36613                       1,04                                 82              72              15                 12
         PYMblHLAA                            6112                  5373                       0,43               0,42              78              69              20                 18
      • CflOBaKLAA                            1372                  1208                       1,13                                 82              71              17                 16
      • CnOBeHIAA                               500                   424                      1,06                                 77              65              13                 10
      • TaA)f(IAKLACT8H                       1 082                   792                      2,70                                 78              56              14                 15
      • TypKMeHlAcTaH                           816                   663                      2,95                                 81              64              17                 16
         TYPU,LAA                            17067                  8856                       2,36               1,65              87              48              37                 26
      • Y36eKlACTaH                           4240                  3644                       2,83                                 76              84              14                 15
      * YKpalAHa                             13060                 12496                       0,66                                 80              70              14                 13
      *lOrocnaBLAA, <Dep,epaT. Pecn.          2625                  1868                       0,88                                 77              55              12                   9
      • XOpBaTLAA                             1 177                   874                      0,54                                 77              56              11                   9
      • 4eXlAA                                2784                  253O                       0,54                                 82              74              17                 17
         3CTOHlAA                               394                   372                      0,76               0,09              78              71              17                 15

      flar\llHCKaR AMep\llKa \II Kapll6cK\II" 6acceMH
         ApreHTI1Ha                             8472                3442                      1,25                1,28              80              32              25                 13
          oOnlABLAA                             1734                 589                      2,37                2,36              78              25              26                 12
          opa3LAfllAA                          41470               16551                      2,90                1,31              82              33              31                 14
         BeHecY3na                              5351                2154                      3,73                1,75              81              33              21                  6
         ralATIA                                1536                1059                      1,12                2,07              79              51              33                 29
         rBaTeM8na                              2359                 525                      2,83                3,46              85              19              34                  8
         rOHAYPBC                               1400                 385                      3,52                3,07              87              24              41                  8
         ,llOMHHIAKBHCKBA Pecny6fllAKa          2113                  411                     3,24                1,93              87              18              27                  5
                                                8788                2553                                          1,52              81              23              18                  9


      166

                                                                              ¢'   _"""",,,,,,,,,_,,_,*,,,,,,,~_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,",,,_.~~~~----<t!,,,,,,>,~-,,,,,,-,--,:-"'r---~''l''.   ~~11:"~"'''''~''~
",.   J.,a   "iill>!£JiiIII'* ..... ~:U.   ~_~~         'Ii,*1f
                                                                                                           ----'
                                                    TPYAOBble peCypCbl B 1995 r.                       YpoBeHb TPYAOBO~ aKTIo1BHOCTIo1
                                           TblC, pa6OTHIo1KoB       CpeAHeroAoBo~   nplo1pocT            HaceIleHIo1A (B npOu,eHTax)___
                                         B B03pacTe 15-64 IleT           (B npOu,eHTax)               15-64 IleT                10-19 IleT
                                                                                                                              ----,--
                                                     )t(eHI!.\,      1965-95       1995-2025                  )t(eHI!.\,                   )t(eHI!.\,
  KocTa-PIo1Ka                            908            263           3,59           1,99      87               26            28               8
  Ky6a                                  3153           1 591           2,32           0,40      84               42            15               7
  MeKclo1Ka                            23132           8937            3,58           1,83      83               32            26              12
  HIo1Kaparya                             942           384            3,48           3,33      88               32            32              12
  naHaMa                                  691            276           2,90           1,62      83               34            22               8
  naparBai1                             1 257           328            3,27           2,49      89               24            36              10
  nepy                                  5656           1833            2,80           2,16      78               26            17               9
  I1Y:>PTO-PIo1KO                         867           365            1,75           0,93      75               29            13               4
  CaIlbBaAoP                            1322             486           2,44           2,29      87               29            33              13
  Tplo1HIo1Aall. 101 To6aro               358            157           1,90           1,21      92               39            22               8
  YpyrBa~                                 826            397           0,59           0,74      83               39            28              12
  YIo1IlIo1                             3682           1508            2,37           1,11      83               33            13               6
  3KBa/l,Op                             2774            686            2,96           1,99      79               20            24               7
  RMa~Ka                                  682            596           2,19           1,45      86               75            23              17

6nMlKHMiiI BOCTOK M CesepHaR Aq,pMKa
  AIl)t(lo1p                         5926                676           3,06           3,32      76               8             15               3
  Apa6cKaA Pecny6Illo1Ka Erlo1ner   14430              1687            2,70           2,35      84              10             22               4
  1I13palo1Ilb                       1503                799           3,23           1,28      84              44             17               9
  lI1oPAaHIo1A                        954                123           2,82           3,90      72              10             18               2
  II1paK                             4495              1327            3,84          3,61       78              24             17               8
  II1cIlaMcK8A Pecny6Illo1Ka II1paH 15765              3737            3,86          3,74       93              23             24              11
  KYBe~T                              439                 114          4,03          1,90       94              25             16               3
  JlIo1BaH                             676               256           1,88          1,81       77              27             17             '10
  JlIo1BIo1A                         1 177               132           3,95          3,88       79              10             15               3
  MapoKKo                            7100              1 893           3,39          2,52       88              23             28             15
  OObeAIo1HeHHble Apa6cKHe 3MIo1paTbi 799                 64           9,89          0,45       90              19             23              4
  OMaH                                434                 44           4,02          3,99       87              10             23              3
  Pecny6IlHKa lIIeMeH                2877                419           2,52          4,25       90              12             36               8
  CaYAoBcKaA ApaBIo1A                4625                385           4,78          3,25       81              10             23              4
  CHPHi1CK8A Apa6cKaA Pecny6Illo1Ka 2911                 634           3,69          4,46       79              17             18             10
  TYHHC                              2237                747           3,26          1,90       83              28             25             14

CTpaHbt-"neHbl 03CP C SblCOKMM YPosHeM AOXOAOS
  ABcTpanHA                             5333           3318            2,15          0,94       86              55             28            25
  ABCTPIo1A                              2108          1436            0,55                     80              55             28            24
  beJlbfHA                               2760          1393            0,59         -0,44       82              42             12             11
  BenHK06pIo1TaHIo1A                   17290          10941            0,45         -0,04       91              59             28            25
  repMaHHA                             24381          15493            0,52         -0,31       87              57             27            24
  ,QaHIo1R                              1 589          1294            0,99         -0,36       89              75             34            26
  II1pnaHAIo1H                            920           397            0,90          0,36       82              36             22            17
  II1cnaHIo1A                           10741          3527            0,84          0,08       80              26             23            15
  II1TanHA                             15653           7469            0,45         -0,41       79              37             26            20
  KaHaAa                                8353           5607            2,24          0,65       87              58             27            21
  HIo1AepnaHll.bI                       4497          1 976            1,38         -0,06       83              38              11           13
  HOBaR 3eIlaHAIo1A                     1040            571            1,67          0,49       89              49             27            23
  HopBerlo1A                            1280           930             1,48           0,19      90              68             20             17
  CWA                                  73443         52242             1,70          0,44       86              60             24            20
  <PI1HIlAHIlIo1A                       1359          1 219            0,71         -0,31       80              73             17            13
  <PpaHu,lo1p                          15641         10721             0,95         -0,07       83              57             19            14
  WBe~u,apI1A                            2176         1233             0,92         -0,06       91              53             27            25
  WBeu,Io1A                             2538          2066             1,04          0,02       89              75             19            18
  RnoHIo1R                             36799         23025             0,83         -0,35       84              53             10            10
IOlKHaR A3ltR
  Acj:JraHI1CTaH                        5791            612           2,15           3,07       85               9             39             6
  5aHrnall.Bw                          31458          2723            2,57           2,75       84               8             45             4
  5YTaH                                  468           207            1,96           2,64       96              43             54            38
  II1HAI1A                            260 802        83502            2,09           1,61       90              31             30            16
                                                                                                     (np0,llO/7eJKeHHe H8 clle,llpoli/eii CrpBHHlle)

                                                                                                                                               167
Ta6mtu,a A-1 (npOAOmKeHMe)
                                                     TPYAoBble peCypCbl B 1995 r:                          YpoBeHb TPYAOBOi'l aKTI>1BHOCTI>1
                                           Tblc. paOoTHIo1KOB        CpeAHeroAoBoi'l npl>1pOCT               HaCeneHI>1R
                                         B B03pacTe 15-64 neT            (B npOu,eHTax)                    15-64 neT                10-19 neT
                                                      )KeHUJ,.         1965-95      1995-2025                   )KeHUJ,.                  )KeHUJ,.
  Henan                                 5532            2516             2,18           2,52          91           43          46              37
  naKIo1cTaH                           34 008           5344             3,29           3,21          90           16          34               5
  Wpl>1-fiaHKa                          4763            1806             1,93           1,35          82           30          20              10

A(j:lpI'IKa K lOry OT Caxap..,
  AHrona                                2466             1 512           2.06          3,32          91            54          41              28
   OeHI>1H                              1 166           1 051            2,21          3,24          88            77          44              40
   oOTcBaHa                               274              156           2,68          2,97          79            39          37              19
   E>ypKI>1Ha-<Daco                     2504            2107             2,05          2,63          94            77          60              53
   E>YPYHAIo1                           1487            1 316            1,81          2,93          96            79          62              54
   faooH                                  310              181           2,71          2,72          78            45          30              23
   faHa                                 3491            2254             2,15          3.18          78            49          21              16
   fBI>1HeR                             1 616             991            1,77          2,84          96            59          51              34
   fBI>1HeR-E>l>1cay                      259              169           1,87          2,10          91            57          51              35
  3alo1p                                9530            5128             2,45          3,54          90            47          36              21
  3aMOl>1R                              1 997             867            3,11          3,45          89            36          36              22
  314MOaOBe                             2464            1257             2,74          2,66          82            41          45              28
  KaMepYH                               2999            1 431            2,09          3,10          87            41          43              20
  KeHIo1A                               5631            3546             3,16          3,45          82            51          53              36
  KoHro                                   560             364            2,53          3,32          88            53          29              18
  KOT-A'!t1Byap                         3314            1 718            2,98          3,91          93            51          40              25
  fiecOTo                                 468             339            1,96          2,27          89            60          47              15
  fil>10ep14A                             660             273            2,58          3,30          85            36          46              19
  MaBp14KIo1i'l                           322              120           2,46          0,74          85            31          28                8
  MaBp14TaH14R                            506              158           4,68          3,16          85            26          39              13
  MaAaracKap                            3242            2023             2,34          3,27          90            55          48              33
  ManaBIo1                              2479            1604             3,05          3,00          94            57          45              34
  Man14                                 2417              434            2,28          3,56          92            16          65              14
  M03aM014K                             3877            3381             1,79          2,92          93            78          51              47
   HaM140lo1A                             369              114           2,61          3,35          85            26          24               11
  Hl>1rep                               2096            1825             2,54          3,02          95            80          62              55
   Hl>1repl>1A                         26686           13993             2,73          3,19          85            43          44              22
  PyaHAa                                1 879           1 623            2,81          3,34          96            80          56              54
  CeHeran                               1 901           1 157            2,45          2,56          87            52          54              35
  COManlo1                              2302            1407             2,47          3,10          92            55          43              29
  CYAaH                                 6630            2045             2,87          3,42          87            27          38                9
  Cbeppa-fieoHe                         1075              503            1,80          2,87          89            40          29              16
  TaH3aHIo1A                            6430            5680             2,65          3,21          86            73          49              46
  Toro                                    922             495            2,72          3,17          88            46          48              31
  YraHAa                                4553            3029             2,75          2,97           92           60          58              40
  Li,eHTpanbHoa<j:lp14KaHCKaA Pecn.       771             635            1,69          2,76           92           70          46              42
  4aA                                   1500              399            1,81          2,98           90           23           51             13
  3<j:llo10n14A                        13425            7777             2,17          2,86           91           53          53              35
  IO)KHaA                               9275            5250                                          75           42           16             12
  HeT AaHHblX
npIiIMe'iaHlile: 3Be3A0'1Koi'l 0003Ha'1eHbl cTpaHbl, no KOTOPblM AaHHbie 0 TPYAOBblX pecypcax 1>1 TPYAOBOI1 aKT14BHOCTI>1 HaCeneH14A np14BeAe-
Hbl 3a 1990 rOA, a no cpeAHeroAoBoMY npl>1pOcTY 3a 1960-90 roAbl.
ConOCTaB14Mble nOKa3aTen14 AnA 1995-2025 roAOB OTCyrCTBYlOT, HO no ou,eHKe COCTaBflAIOT 0,28 B oblBwei'l 4exoCflOBaK1414, 0,48 B OblBweM
CCCP 14 0,18 B OblBWel1 IOrOCnaB14I>1.
MCTO'iHIiIK: ILO 1986, C oOHoBneHHbIM14 AaHHbIM14 MOT.




168
Ta6nMu,a A-2 CTpYKTypa pa60'leM CMnbl
                                               CenbCK06 X03AMCTBO        npOMblWneHHOCTb                      Ycnyrl1

                                                             npo'4l1e                npO'4l1e                        npo'4l1e
                                               HaeMHb11ii     BI1Abl     HaeMHblM     BI1AbI          HaeMHblM        BI1Abl           rpynna
CrpaHa                                  rOA      TPYA       3aHATOCTI1    TPYA      3aHATOCTI1           TPYA      3aHATOCTM          AOXOAOB


BOCTO'4HaA A3MA M TMXOOKeaHCKMIii 5acceMH
opYHe~                                  1981      2,5          2,5        29,9          1,3              59,3           4,5           BbiCOKI1~
rOHKOHr                                 1991      0,3          0,5        32,1          2,8              55,8           8,5           BbiCOKI1~
ryaM                                    1980      0,8          0,1        14,7          0,3              81,3           2,9           cpeAHI1~
VlHAoHe311R                             1993      6,5         43,9        10,0          5,8              14,3          19,5           cpeAHI1~
KI1TaH                                  1993      1,0         60,0         4,0         14,0               11,0         10,0           HI13KI1H
MaKao                                   1990      0,0          0,2        39,9          2,5              47,3          10,0           cpeAHI1~
ManaH311R                               1988      8,8         21,8        19,0          3,6              34,0          12,7           cpeAHI1~
Pecnyonl1Ka KopeR                       1991      1,2         15,5        30,5          5,1              29,0          18,7           cpeAHI1~
CI1Hranyp                               1991      0,2          0,1        32,6          2,6              53,9          10,7           BblCOKI1H
Tal1naHA                                1989      6,6         59,7         8,7          3,2               11,6         10,2           CpeAHI1H
Q)l1mmnl1Hbl                            1991      9,6         35,7        12,3          3,7              23,6          15,1           CpeAHI1H
Q)paHl.\Y3cKaA nOnl1He311R              1988      1,3         11,5         8,8          1,4              56,1          21,0           BblCOKI1H

EBpona M CpeAHAA A3MA
50nrapl1R                               1985     26,4           0,2       13,9         0,0               59,2            0,3          CpeAHI1H
BeHrpl1A                                1991     17,1         21,4         11,6        3,9               37,3            8,6          cpeAHI1~
rpel.\I1A                               1990      1,0         22,2        19,6         8,1               32,0           17,0          CpeAHI1H
Kl1np                                   1989      2,2          11,8       24,1         3,9               47,7           10,2          BblCOKI1H
ManbTa                                  1983      0,8           4,1       34,8         3,5               49,0            7,8          cpeAHI1~
nonbwa                                  1988      6,0         21,9        34,5         1,8               34,7            1,2          cpeAHI1~
nopTyranl1F1                            1990      3,4         14,5        30,0         4,5               37,3           10,4          CpeAHI1~
PYMblHI1R                               1990      5,2         23,3        41,1         2,0               26,6            1,8          CpeAHI1H
TYPUI1R                                 1991      1,4         47,4        15,3         4,8               19,5           11,5          CpeAHI1H
YexocnOBa~I1A     (obIBwaR)             1980      9,5         12,1        15,4         0,2               62,2            0,6          cpeAHI1~
IOrocnaBI1F1a                           1981      4,8         36,1          9,9        0,6               45,5            3,2          CpeAHI1H

J1arMHcKaR AMepMKa 11 KapM5cKMIii 5acceMH
ApreHTIIIHa                             1980      6,4          5,7        23,6         7,9               41,6          14,9           cpeAHMH
oaraMCKI'IE~    OCTpoBa                 1980      3,3          2,4        13,2         3,3               71,3            6,6          BblCOKI'IH
5apoaAoc                                1982      8,6          1,5          9,1        1,8               71,1            8,0          cpeAHM~
OOnl'lBI'IFI                            1991      0,5          0,7        15,2         9,6               34,1          39,9           CpeAHI'IH
5pa31'1nl1R                             1988      9,4         14,8        19,4         4,0               37,3          15,1           CpeAHI1H
BeHecy:ma                               1991      4,7          6,7        18,7         9,0               38,4          22,6           cpeAHMH
ral<1T11                                1990      4,1         61,6          4,7        4,1               10,2          15,4           HM3KI'IH
rBaTeMana                               1989     17,2         32,7        11,1         7,2               20,3           11,5          cpeAHMH
rOHAypac                                1991     11,9         25,0        13,5         7,4               21,0          21,3           HM3KMH
1l0MI1HI1KaHCKaA Pecny6nl'lKa           1981      4,6         19,0        14,1         4,0               36,4          21,9           CpeAHI1H
KocTa-PI'I~,a                           1991     14,5         10,5        20,0         6,9               36,3           11,7          cpeAHMH
Kyoa                                    1981     25,2          7,0        39,6         0,4               27,0            0,9          cpeAHMH
MeKcMKa                                 1990      9,3         13,3        23,2         4,6               35,6          14,0           cpeAHMH
naHaMa                                  1989      7,9         19,1         11,3        4,7               44,8          12,3           CpeAHI1H
nY3pTO-P.1KO                            1992      2,1          1,5        24,6         1,7               58,4           11,8          cpeAHMH
CanbBaAop                               1991      7,0          3,7        19,6         9,6               38,0          22,2           cpeAHMH
CYPMHaM                                 1980      5,8          3,5        19,1         2,7               58,1          10,9           cpeAHMIii
TpMHMAaA 1'1 Tooaro                     1991      5,5          4,9        29,9         2,6               43,8          13,3           CpeAHI'IH
YpyrBalii                               1985      8,3          6,3        20,1         5,7               43,5          16,1           cpeAHl'l1ii
Q)onKneHACKl'le oCTpoBa                 1986     14,3          5,6        17,2         1,2               58,9            2,8          CpeAHI1H
Yl'lnM                                  1991     10,5          8,6        20,5         5,8               38,0          16,6           cpeAHMH
3KBaAop                                 1990      8,2         23,0          8,4        9,7               26,4          24,4           cpeAHl11ii

6nMJKHMM BOCTOK M CeBepHaA AcppMKa
AmKMp                                   1987      6,2          11,1       27,2          4,0              40,4           11,1          CpeAHI1H
ApaocKaA PecnyonMKa ErMneT              1989      6,3         36,2        15,6          5,1              27,2            9,6          HM3KMIii
5axpeHH                                 1981      1,2           1,5       32,7          2,2              54,6            7,8          cpeAHMIii
\I13paMnb                               1990      1,5           3,8        6,1          2,2              67,1           19,3          BblCOKI'IH
\I1cnaMcKaR Pecny6nMKa V1paH            1986      3,0         26,1        15,0         10,3              30,3           15,3          cpeAHMIii

                                                                                                 (npo;:;ollJKeltHe Ita clleJ1YIOli/eii CrpaltHl4e)

                                                                                                                                             169
Ta6nM,-,a A-2 (npOAOnJKeHMe)
                                                       CenbCKOe XOaRMCTBO             npOMblWneHHOCTb          YcnyrM

                                                                   npO'lllle                   npO'lMe                npO'lMe
                                                       HaeMHblM     BIIIAbl       HaeMHblM      BMAbl     HaeMHblM     BIIIAbl    rpynna
CTpaHa                                       rOA          TPYA    aaHRTOCTIII          TPYA   aaHRTOCTM     TPYA     aaHRTOCTM   AOXOAOB

KaTap                                        1986          3,1        0,1             31,8       0,4        63,3         1,4     BbICOKM~
KYBe~T                                       1985          1,7        0,2             26,2       2,4        65,6         3,9     BbiCOKMW
06beAMHeHHbie Apa6cKHe 3MHpaTbi              1980          3,9        0,7             37,3       0,9        51,9         5,4     BblCOKMW
CMpHwcKaA Apa6cKaA Pecny6nMKa                1989          3,5       19,3             20,6       8,3        32,2        16,1     cpeAHHw
TYHHc                                        1989          9,2       16,6             26,0       7,7        30,7         9,9     cpeAHMw

CTpaHbl-'lneHbl 03CP C BblCOKMM YPoBHeM AoxoAa
ABcTpanMA                                    1991          1,8        3,5             18,6       5,8        57,0        13,4     BbICOKH~
ABCTPMA                                      1990          1,0        6,7             35,2       1,9        49,7         5,5     BbICOKHi1
oenbrMA                                      1990          0,5        2,2             25,1       2,6        55,4        14,3     BbiCOKH~
BenMKo6pMTaHMA                               1990          1,1        1,0             24,9       3,8        60,2         9,1     BbICOKMi1
,QaHMA                                       1990          2,0        3,4             25,5       2,2        61,6         5,3     BbICOKM~
liIpnaHAHA                                   1990          2,1       12,8             25,2       3,2        48,2         8,6     BblCOKMW
\IIcnaHMA                                    1991          4,5        6,2             28,3       4,4        41,9        14,7     BbiCOKHI1
\IITanMA                                     1991          3,4        5,0             26,5       5,5        41,7        17,8     BbiCOKMi1
KaHaAa                                       1991          1,5        2,0             22,9       1,5        66,2         5,9     BbICOKH~
n,oKceM6ypr                                  1991          0,5        3,0             27,5       1,5        61,2         6,4     BbICOKMi1
HMAepnaHAbi                                  1991          1,6        2,9             24,2       1,1        63,1         7,2     BblCOKMI1
HOBaA 3enaHAMA                               1991          4,1        6,0             19.1       4,6        55,1        11,1     BbiCOKHW
HopBerHA                                     1991          1,4        4,3             21,0       2,7        64,0         6,6     BbICOKHi1
CWA                                          1991          1,6        1,3             24,2       1,6        65,5         5,8     BbiCOKMI1
<DMHnAHAMA                                   1991          2,3        5,9             27,7       2,5        56,2         5,5     BbICOKHi1
<DpaHl(MA                                    1991          1,2        4,5             26,4       2,4        57,5         8,0     BbICOKH~
WBel1l(apHA                                  1980          3,5        2,8             36,8       2,2        50,0         4,8     BbICOKMi1
WBeu.MA                                      1991          1,3        1,9             26,3       1,9        63,5         5,0     BbICOKM~
AnOHHA                                       1991          0,7        6,0             29,5       5,0        48,4        10,4     BbfCOKHi1

IOJKHaR AaMR
oaHrnaAew                                    1989         0,6       64,9                2,0     13,5         7,0        12,6     HM3KM~
\IIHAMA                                      1991         1,5       61,7                3,7     10,5         9,4        13,2     HH3KHI1
ManbAHBcKMe OCTpoBa                          1990         3,6       21,6                7,3     15,1        38,8        13,5     cpeAHHi1
naKMcTaH                                     1992         4,5       42,9               13,8      6,1        16,2        16,5     HM3KMI1
WpM-naHKa                                    1986        21,5       27,6               13,2      4,9        23,8         9,1     HM3KMi1

AtflpMKa K lOry OT Caxapbl
oOTcBaHa                                     1981         2,9       51,1              12,0       0,4       30,7         2,9      cpeAHMi1
raHa                                         1984         3,2       57,8               3,2       9,6        9,7        16,5      HM3KHI1
3aM6HA                                       1980        22,5       29,8              11,9       1,6       24,2        10,0      HM3KMI1
Ka6o-BepAe                                   1990         9,1       15,7              21,7       2,8       22,9        27,8      cpeAHMI1
KaMepYH                                      1982         2,5       74,2               2,6       4,2       10,3         6,3      cpeAHMi1
KOMopcKMe OCTpoaa                            1980         9,4       43,9               3,5       3,9       12,7        26,5      HM3KMi1
nM6epMA                                      1984         6,7       72,7               3,7       2,1        5,0         9,8      HH3KM~
ManaaH                                       1987         5,3       81,2               3,6       1,4        5,2         3,3      HH3KH~
HHrepHA                                      1986         1,1       43,9               1,4       5,2       17,0        31,4      HH3KHW
PelOHboH                                     1982         6,5        9,1               9,5       1,1       65,7         8,0      cpeAHMw
CaH-ToMe H npMHCMnH                          1981        52,7        7,1               6,4       1,2       25,8         6,8      HM3KMW
Cei1wenbcKMe OCTpoaa                         1981         7,2        2,8              17,1       3,4       54,6        14,8      cpeAHMj,1
Toro                                         1981         0,7       65,8               1,9       7,3        8,2        16,1      HH3KHI1
~eHTpanbHoaqppMKaHCKaA       Pecny6nMKa      1988         0,7       79,5               1,2       2,1        6,8         9,7      HM3KHI1
npMMe'laHllle: rpynnbl AoxoAoa no AaHHblM World Bank 1995.
a. ,QaHHble OTHOCATCA K qpeAepau.HH AO 1991 roAa.
\.fCTO'lHMKIII: ILO, BblnycKH pa3Hbix neT; oqpMl(HanbHble AaHHbie oTAenbHblx CTpaH.




170
Ta6nll1u,a A-3 POCT 06'beMa np0ll13BOACTBa                            111    3apa6oTHOIII nnaTbl Ha AYWY HaCeneHII1R
(6 np0l.\BHraX 6 rOil)
                                                                3apnnara B
                                                                                ----_.                 ~- ~-..        -- -- ----
                                                                                                                     ..   ..     ..
                                                                                                                        3apnnara B
                                                BBn Ha AYWY                                               BBn HaAYWY
CTpaHa                             nepMOA        HaCeneHMR cenbCKOM X03RMCTBe                nepMOA        HaceneHMR npOMblWlleHHOCTH
Apa6cKaA PBcny6IlHKa ErHnBr         1970-88          4,45                    5,20            1970-87         4,62               0,85
oaHmallBw                           1960-91          0,81                   -0,73            1967-89         0,74              -1,05
opa3wlHA                                                                                     1963-91         3,19               1,64
raHa                                1969-88         -1,20               -4,03                1964-87        -1.27              -3,55
VlHIlHA                             1960-90          1,93                1,82                1963-90         1,94                1,74
VlHIlOHB3HA                         1976-88          3,96                3,74                1970-91         4,21               5,52
VloPllaHHA                                                                                   1983-91        -1,64              -4,34
KBHHA                               1964-92          2,13                   -0,92            1963-91          2,11             -0,98
KOIlYM6HA                           1960-88          2,32                    2,17            1968-92         2,45               0,35
Kor-A'VlByap                                                                                 1966-82         2,27               0,66
MaIlaBH                             1968-89          0,98               -3,68                1968-86          1,18              0,20
MaIla~3HA                           1971-92          4,35                3,96                1968-92         4,14               2,18
MeKcHKa                             1962-85          2,93                1,25                1970-91         1,56              -1,20
HHrepHA                                                                                      1963-85        -0,04              -1,40
naKl-1craH                          1970-92          2,32                2,94                1963-88         3,00               4,89
nepy                                1960-86          1,00               -2,03                1963-86         0,68              -0,97
Pecny6IlHKa KopeA                   1960-78          6,90                7,06                1966-91         7,44               9,09
TaHIlaHIl                                                                                    1970-90         4,89               3,00
TYPl.\l-IA                                                                                   1960-85         2,75               2,64
<DHIll-lnnHHb                       1960-77          2,37                   -1,10            1963-91         1,20               0,89
41-1111-1                                                                                    1963-92         1,17               2,10
Wpl-1-J1aHKa                       1980-90           2.76               -1,06                1966-90         2,91               1,03
                                   ---.--.--.-----.----.--                                 ---.-~--~--                         .--~-

.. Her llaHHblX
npHMe'laHHe: npl1BelleHbl cpellHHe nOKa3areIlH 3a yKa3aHHbl~ nepl-IOIl.
~CTO'lHHK: ,CJ,aHHble IOHVI,D,O; ocpHl.\HaIlbHble AaHHble orAeIlbHblx crpaH; Nehru and Dhareshwar 1991.




                                                                                                                                        171
Ta6m'll.l,a     A-4 PanU:pMKau.MR OCHOBHblX KOHBeHu.Ml7t MOT

                                06U.\ee       npaBO     KOlllleKTMB-   npMHYAM-           aaHRTOCTb paBHaR                         MMHIIt-      rpex-
                                 '111tCIIO   06'beAM-   Hble nepe-     TellbHblM           M Bbl60p     onllara     nOlllltTMKa MallbHbliii   CTOpoHHMe
                                paTllt¢lM-    HeHMR      roaopbl         rPYA      OTMeHa npo¢leccMM rpYAa          aaHRTOCTM     BoapacT KOHCYllbTaI.\IItM
CTpaHa                           Kal.\MM      (Ng87)      (Ng98)       (Ng 29) (Ng105)      (Nil 111)   (Nil 100)    (Nil .122)   (Nil 138)    (N!! 144)

BOCTO'IHaR A3MA M rlltXOOKeaHcKMM 6acCeMH
BbeTHaM                            22                        x             x                   x                         x
~HaOHe3~A                          10                        x             x                                x                                      x
KaM6oA*a                             5                                     x                                             x
K~Tai1                             17                                                                       x                                      x
naoccKaA H.D.P                       4                                     x
Manai13~A                           11                       x             x          x
MOHron~A                             8         x             x                                 x            x            x
MbAHMa                             21          x                           x
nanya-HoBaA rB~HeA                 19                        x             x          x                                  x
Pecny6n~Ka KopeA                     4                                                                                   x
C~Hranyp                           21                        x             x          x
Ta~naHa                             11                                     x          x                                  x
<D~n~nn~HbI                        26           x            x                        x        x            x            x                         x
EBpona M CpeAHRR A3MR
A3ep6ai1a*aH                       50           x            x             x                   x            x            x           x             x
An6aH~A                            17          x             x             x                                x            x
ApMeH~A                             5                                                          x            x            x
5enapycb                           40           x            x             x                   x            x            x           x             x
50nrap~A                           80           x            x             x                    x           x                        x
50CHItIA-repl\erOB~Ha              66           x            x             x                   x            x            x           x
BeHrp~A                            63          x             x             x          x        x            x            x                         x
rpel\~A                            66          x             x             x          x        x            x            x           x             x
Kblprbl3cKaA   Pecny6n~Ka          42          x             x             x                   x            x            x           x
flaTBItIA                          43          x             x                        x        x            x            x
n~TBa                              30          x             x             x          x        x            x                                      x
MonaOBa                              1                                                x
nonbwa                             78           x            x             x          x        x            x            x           x             x
nopTyran~A                         68           x            x             x          x        x            x            x                         x
Pocc~i1cKaA <DeAepal\~A            50          x             x             x                   x            x            x           x
PYMbIH~A                           42          x             x             x                   x            x            x           x             x
CnOBal\KaA Pecny6mlKa              57          x             x             x                   x            x            x
CnOBeH~A                           66          x             x             x                   x            x            x           x
TaA*~K~cTaH                        42          x             x             x                   x            x            x           x
TyPl\~A                            35           x            x                        x        x            x                                      x
YKpa~Ha                            50           x            x             x                   x            x            x           x             x
<DeA. Pecn. IOrOCnaBI1A            76           x            x             x                   x            x            x           x
XopBaT~A                           34           x            x             x                   x                         x           x
4eX~A                              57           x            x             x                   x            x            x
3CTOH~A                            24           x            x                                                                                     x

flaTIIIHCKaR AMepIIIKa 111 Kaplll6cKIIIM 6accei1H
ApreHT~Ha                          67           x            x             x          x        x            x                                      x
50n~B~A                            43           x            x                        x         x           x            x
5pa3~n~A                           76                        x             x          x        x            x            x                         x
BeHecY3na                          52           x            x             x          x        x            x            x           x             x
ra~T~                              23           x            x             x          x         x           x
rBaTeMana                          67           x            x             x          x         x           x            x           x             x
rOHAYpaC                           20           x            x             x          x        x            x            x           x
.D.oM~H~KaHcKaA Pecny6n~Ka         28           x            x             x          x        x            x
KonYM6~A                           52           x            x             x          x         x           x
KocTa'P~Ka                         48           x            x             x          x         x           x            x           x             x
Ky6a                               86           x            x             x          x         x           x            x           x
Me~~g                              ~            x                          x          x         x           x                                      x
H~Kaparya                          58           x            x             x          x         x           x            x           x             x
naHaMa                             ro           x            x             x          x         x           x             x
                                   35           x            x             x          x         x           x             x


172
                                     06111ee    npaBO     KOnneKTMB-   npMHYAM-              3aHI'!TOCTb     paBHal'!                            MMHM-                Tpex-
                                     'I MCnO   06'beAM-   Hble nepe-   TenbHblM              M Bbl60p        onnala         nonMTMKa          MaJlbHblM           CTopOHHMe
                                 paTMcpM-       HeHMR      rOBopbl      TPYA      OTMeHa npocpeCCMM           TPYAa         a8HI'!TOCTM        BoapaCT KOHcynbT8L\MM
                                     KaL\MM   (N!!87)       (N!!98)    (N!! 29)   (N!!105)    (N!!111 )    ,~(N_!!_1_0....;O)_(:-N~!!_12_2:-)--..:.(_N!!~1~3-,8),--....c(N!2 144)
                                          --"'--
nepy                                   67        x            x           x          x            x                x                x
CaIlbBall.Op                            6                                            x
TpI1HI1ll.all. 11 To6aro               12        x             x          x          x            x
YpyrBaiil                              97        x             x                     x            x                x                x               x                     x
YI1IlI1                               41                                  x                       x                x                                                      x
3KBall.Op                             56         x            x           x           x           x                x                x                                     x
AMaiilKa                               25        x            x           x           x           x                x                x
DJ1M)I(HMiiI BOCTOK M CeBepHaR ACPPMKa
An~l1p                                53         x            x           x           x           x                x                x                x                    x
Apa6cKaA Pecny6m1Ka Erl1neT           60         x            x           x           x           x                x
~3pal1nb                              44         x            x           x          x            x                x                x               x
~Opll.aHI1A                           17                      x           x          x            x                x                x
~pp                                   M                       x           x          x            x                x                x               x                    x
~cnaMcKaA      Pecny6Ill1Ka   ~paH     11                                 x          x            x                x                x
KYBeiilT                              14         x                        x          x           x
nl1BaH                                37                      x           x          x           x                 x                x
                                      27                      x           x          x           x                 x                x               x
MapOKKO                               41                      x           x          x           x                 x                x
06bell.I1HeH, Apa6cK.3Ml1paT~           4                                 x
Pecnyom1Ka V1eMeH                     26         x            x           x          x           x                 x                x
CaYAoBcKaA ApaBI1A                    13                                  x          x           x                 x
Cl1pl1ii1cKaA ApaocKaA Pecn.          46         x            x           x          x           x                 x                                                     x
TYHI1~                                55         x            x           x          x           x                 x               x
CTpaHbl-'meHbl 03CP C BblCOKMM ypoBHeM AOXOAa
ABCTpanl1A                             54        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                                     x
ABCTPI1A                               48        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                                     x
benbrl1A                               85        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                x                    x
Benl1KOOpl11 aHI1A                     80        x            x           x          x                             x               x                                     x
repMaHI1A                              75        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                x                    x
,o,aHI1A                               62        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                                     x
~pnaHll.I1A                            60        x            x           x          x                             x               x                x                    x
~CnaHI1A                              124        x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                x                    x
~Tanl1A                              102         x            x           x          x           x                 x               x                x                    x
KaHall.a                              28         x                                   x           x                x                x
HI1ll.epnaHAbl                        94         x            x           x          x           x                x                x                x                    x
HOBaA 3eIl<lHll.I1A                   56                                  x          x           x                x                x                                     x
HOpSerl1A                             99         x            x           x          x           x                x                x                x                    x
CWA                                    11                                            x                                                                                   x
<DI1HnAHll.11f1                       86         x            x           x          x           x                x                x                x                    x
<DpaHUI1A                             115        x            x           x          x           x                x                x                x                    x
WBeiiluapw'l                          51         x                        x          x           x                x
WBeUI1A                               84         x            x           x          x           x                x                x                x                    x
AnOHI1A                               41         x            x           x                                       x                x
IO)I(HaR A3MR
AQJraHI1CT8H                           15                                            x           x                x
5aHrnall.eUJ                          31         x            x           x          x           x                                                                       x
~Hll.I1A                              36                                  x                      x                x                                                      x
Henan                                  4                                                         x                x
naKI1CTaH                             31         x            x           x          x           x                                                                       x
Wpl1-naHKa                            33                      x           x                                       x                                                      x
AcpPMKa K lOry OT Caxapbl
AHrona                                30                      x           x          x           x                x
5eHI1H                                18         x            x           x          x           x                x
bOTcBaHa                               2
                                      31         x            x           x                      x                x
                                                                                                                         (npO,llQlllKeHl1e Ha cnepY/OllfeJi C7p8HI1l(e)

                                                                                                                                                                              173
Ta6nl.1u,a A-4 (npOAOn)KeHl.1e)
                                           CBo6oA8 06loeAIIHeHMM     npMH~AMT. rp~A          ,IlIICKeMMIIHaL\IIA
                               06u.\ee       npaso      KOnneKTMB-   npIlHYAII-             3aHATOCTb paBHaA                        MIIHM-       TpeX-
                                '1I1CnO     061oeAII-   Hble nepe-   TenbHblM               M Bbl60p     onnaTa       nonMTIlKa    ManbHblM    CTopoHHMe
                               paTII41M-     HeHIlA      rOBopbl       TPYA       oTMeHa npo4leCCll1l TPYAa           3SHATOCTII   B03paCT KOHcynbTaL\1I1I
CTPSHS                          Kall,MM      (NI.!87)     (NI.!98)    (NI.! 29) (NI.!105)    (NI.!111)   (NI.! 100)    (Nil 122)   (Nil 138)    (Nil 144)

E.YPYHJ],1>1                     26            X                         x           x           x            x
ra60H                            34            x             x           x           x           x            x                                     x
raHa                             45            x             x           x           x           x            x
rali1HeA                         53            x             x           x           x           x            x            x
3ali1p                           30                          x           x                                    x
3aM61i1A                         38                                      x           x           x            x            x          x             x
31i1M6a6ae                         9                                                                                                                x
KaMepYH                          47            x             x           x           x           x            x            x
KeHIi1A                          46                          x           x           x                                                x             x
KOHro                            17            x                         x
KoT-J],'V1ayap                   31            x             x           x           x          x             x                                     x
necoTo                            11           x             x           x
nli16epI>1A                      20            x             x           x           x           x
MaBpli1KI>1H                     34                          x           x           x                                     x                        x
MaBpli1TaHI>1A                   37            x                         x                      x                          x
MaJ],aracKap                     30            x                         x                      x             x            x
ManaBIi1                         23                          x                                  x             x                                     x
Manli1                           21            x             x           x           x          x             x
M03aM61i1K                        11                                                 x          x             x
Hli1rep                          32            x             x           x           x          x             x                       x
Hl>1repl>1A                      30            x             x           x           x                        x                                     x
PyaHJ],a                         25            x             x                       x          x             x                       x
CeHeran                          34            x             x           x           x          x             x            x
COManli1                         14                                      x           x          x
CYJ],aH                          12                          x           x           x          x             x            x
Cbeppa-neoHe                     33            x             x           x           x          x             x                                    x
TaH3aHIi1A                       28                          x           x           x                                                             x
Toro                             18            x             x           x                      x             x                       x            x
YraHJ],a                         26                          x           x           x                                     x                       x
LJ.eHTpanbHoa¢>pIi1KaHCKaA Pecfl.35            x             x           x           x          x             x
4aJ],                            19            x             x           x           x          x             X
3¢>1i10fl1>1A                    15            X             x                                  x
fOlKHaA A¢>pl>1Ka                12
npMMe'laHMe:   KOHBeHUIi1Ii1, paTIi1¢>Ii1Ul>1pOBaHHble Ha 31 OKTA6pA 1994 roJ],a.
MCTO'lHMK:   World Labour Report 1995 (ILO 1995b), ce, 108-09. Copyright ©1995, International Labour Organization, Geneva,




174
                                    _,,,,;a,,.
                                  __..
~~-.~.~,---""----~-' ,---"'~~""''''                   , ___.....
                                             ...... ....
                                             ~ ,~,.,,,,
                                                      ~        "'I'Id¥
                                                                   ..  M         ,."'_,_ _ _ _ _ _ __
                                                                       ...........
          :~-,-,::< ~     ':~'   -'   ~--,


       1EClA~LIJIJ'iCTBO AIQ4Eil BO BCEM MI1PE npOIlO4HT OCHORHYIO qaCTb >KH3HH B TpY4e. ,'laJKe
      ;~(".....·.~. ~.•. ·". ·.·.cp.·.e4H~.F.a"•.:M.;ht
                                                     .• . . x
                                                            ... 6e.ilHblX 'lHCAO He .11MeIOJIJ11X pa60TbI.OTHOC11TeAbHO HeBeA11KO? n04aBAHIOIIJaH :IKe
              ....:       .)Mac~a·ge~~oro HaCeAeH11H TH:lKeAO pa60TaeT 3a HH3KYIO IIAaTy. 5e3pa60THlJa CTaAa 'laCTbIO
                *l'J:3~HHOroOIlb~ 6oAee'leM 4AH eTa MHAA110HOB 'leAOBeK BO BceM M11pe 11 BbI3bIBaeT cepbe3HYIO
                ()3~QOqeHHOCTbijaK'B§oraTbIx,TaK 11 B 6e4HbIX crpaHax.H) e~Je COTH11M11AAHOHOB, npe11MYUJeCTBeHHO
                B C:'rpaaaX'CHM3Kl1l'4'!1Cpe4H11MYPOBHeM 40X040B, :lKHBYT B Hl1IIJeTC()1HIOllb He 113-3a He;tOCTaTKa pa60TbI,
                a   H;fl~3a lJH3KoJfilwaAyl(pHKal}111111 QTCYTCTB11H TaK11X9.KOHOM11'la:k~rXYCAoflHJfi,              KOTOpble JI03BOA11All:.6bI
                HMlIpl1MeffM'rh CBOM UaOblK11na60Aee JIP0113BOII11teAhHoi1 pa60Te 11 3<1                  6oAee'BbIC0~y~ oHAaTy.              . .
                         lXJ~blPI1HCTBopa60:raIOIIJ11X:, y'laCl'BYH B fTP0I13B0411Teb.bHoH 4eilTeA.hl.fOCT11,HOn<l1~eT B nOAHY
                rA){t)HHat¥x;.~epeMeH,BAeKYIIJ11X3a        co6oH CAl1HH11C3KOHOMI1lI;Yi OT/leAbHbl.X cTpaH 11lJeAbD{ per110HOB B
           . e4HHYIO rAOOOAbHYIOCHcTeMy. 3TH uepeMeHbI -                     OTKpbITOCTb AMI Me)K4YHapOAHbIX pbIHKon,OTXOA OT
                lJc1rqiaMI30naJIHoro JIAaHHpOBUHHJI -           IIpe4BeUJ<lIOTHe6bmaAbIe B03MO)KHOCTl1 4AJt"J(OHOMI1'leCKoro
                R:QCTa., l\aKHJ\1,:lKco6pa30M rrp011C){04i1lr;ee OTpa:IKaeTCJI ua Tex, KTO pa60TaeT, Ha 11X 3apa6QTHoH JIAare,
              ;~.I;)$aKTOpa~.pl1<:Ka,. KOTOpbI~       OHHIIOABepraKYrOl,aaycAOBl1Jl l1X Tpy4a,                   . OCo6eHHotnlepeX04HbIH
          .     'ri~Ho.a.,OKai3aBlllHl-kH     4AJl MHOrHX CTpaH  11l1i'lff1~AeH11H He6e360Ae3HeHHbIM?
                        ·Ufm.C'f()RWeI>lBOCeMHa/llJ<1TOM                                            °
                                                           Bb!nYCKee)!(etti4~pro"OrqeTa M11POOOM pa3BHTMl1»Ol)eHHBaeTCJl
                3Ha'lenUe /1;\;51. TPY~lOBbI~ pecyp<;OB YCMAMBUIeHC.H ~Ul6}fJ:iOH Opl1eHTaIJV1l1 11 MHTerpalJM11 13 M11pe.               CTaHHTCJl
              .• I.lonpOCbl, npH;'lBaH~bIe,OIlpe4eAMTb,    KaKl1ec:rpaTef'l<l~p~36MTMJl Ha11AY'lUIMM 06pa.'lOM OTBe'lmoT. HY:lK4aM
                3aH}fThIXl1 KaKOH AoX/KHa6bITb BHYTpeHllSH fl9AHTftKapbH1K3 TpY4a, cnOC06HaJI 06eClIe'lnTb 60Aee
                CilpaB~AAl1BOepacnpe4eJ\eHMe 40X040B,.· /laTb90Aee Trep/lI.>Ie rapaH1}fM 3aHHTOCTM,' yAy'lIUMTb YCAOBMH
                TpY/laM.~TOAbKO COXpaHHTb, HO M nOBbIC11TboCPCPCKTMBHOCTb pblHKa TpY40BbIX pecypCOB.
                    B 0Tlie;r~ 4CAaeTCH' BhIB04, 'qID •. rApoaA113alJ11Jl OKOfiOMMK11 06ellJaeT B 6YAYIIJeM orpOMHhleBhlfOllbI
                /lAJlTPY4jlW'UXCJl' MMpa,XOTH Ii He AaeT rapaH'flli\. 34pa~aJl BHyTpeHHJlJl.Ii Me:IK4YHap04HaH nOAl1THKa
                ilMRei'CJl HenpeMeHHhlM YCAOBl1eMMaJ'epMtlA113aJ}llunpOlJBeTarollJero U11HTerpMpoBaHHoro f'Ao6aAbHoro
                pblHKa. TPY4a. ITbAMT11Ka, KOTOpaJl orntpaeTC>I Ha PbIHOK, 1136erail np113TOM xapaKTepHbIX AAR Hero
          ,.HC4(jciraTKOB M BHOCH He06XO/lHMble KOppe~TMBbl, npCilYCMaTp11BaJI MHBeCT11IJM11 B AIO;lCKMe pecypCbl M

          ~r·
              ,C03/laaa8
                  -_  -
                         6.AarOnp11JlTHbIe
                               -         _
                                           YCAQBI1H/lMI.
                                              >\ -" - -
                                                         rrOHBAeH11H'
                                                         -
                                                                      ceMeHHbIX X03JIHCTB, pa3BMT11H ceKTOpOB:
              'ilBO~liU;IIAeHHOC'T11 M YO'Yr,·;'- TaKaH nOAl1TMKa OTBe'laeT IfH'TepeC3M pa60THMKOB.                             B   TO :IKe. JlpeMJl
          ~~ra~Y,A~pC'TBOIIPOIIOAiKaeT BbIIIQ!\HHTbBa)KHbIe CPYHKIJl1M:               C034aHHe Ho6ecneQeHMe (PYHKI)HOH11pOnaHMJl
,. ,::(~:~~~~HOti ctPYKTypbI, 13 paMKaXI<oTOPOH ypOBeHh 3apa60nIOH IIAaTbl.11 YCAOBMH TpY4a·OfIpE:4eAAlOTaI.li
      c., .  .' Te:maI1M04eHCTBl1Jl pa60THMKoB, JIPOCPCOI030B H KOMJIaH11H; OKa3amlCJIO~lIJH pa60THMKaM
                          ........ 'l1tjeAbIX CTpaH, nepe)KUBaIOllJ11X oKOHOMM'leCKMH KpH3MC; 3allJ11Ta.flpaB HaM:~ee YH3BHl\fblX
  ~cJ~r~fI~ pa6OTIIMKOB, B TOM T.J:MCAe 4eTeii, BbIITOAHJlIOIIJ11X HerrocHAbliylO pa60Ty,JKeIUlJllItHoTHJ1'leCKMX
   c·M~H.l?,1~Mi:!C,tB;1104BeptaIOll.Jl1XCJlII11CKp11M11HalJ1111. B CTpaHaX,ne BnQ;\He roTOJ1L,j,XBcTynuTbB fA06aAbHYKY'
 ...•..
'?':.';ie6i1i~H~I:tIO, B'-l:aCTHOCTH, B<=TpaHaX,OTX04JILIj.11X OT npI1HIJun(jB~Tpa41130~a1:IIJoro HAaHHpoBaHMJI,
          :'I'OCY4apCTBY              OTB04HTC5l.0<=~Sl POl\hB o6ecne'lelJ11M M06ltA~~~H'TpY40in;,i~pecyPCOO,                         CMJlr'leH11M
          •••• lL1/tepiKeK       nepex04Horon~p~aiI OKa3aH11l1rrOMOllJ11;~~4(:)i\~~HbIM, B                          flpllAO)KeH11H K OTT.J:eTY




                                                                                                                ISBN 0-8213-2898-0