59270 Cuba today Migration Seminar held IBRD or BIRD? April 1979 News about the men and women 01 the World Barak Population work at Bank is revisited Two former members of the five­ member external advisory panel on population that, three years ago, exam­ ined the Bank's work in the population field have taken a fresh look at the Bank's activities, and, in general, like what they have seen. But the two, Bernard Berelson, who was the panel chairman, and Ronald Freedman, a sociology professor at the University of Michigan, also say that the Bank could still do more. The original "Berelson Report," submitted in August 1976, noted that the Bank should give more attention to influencing fertility demand than it had in the past. This could be done by making governments more aware of the penalties they pay for higber fer­ tility, and by paying more attention­ through project design, research, and the composition of its lending program -to factors that influence fertility de­ mand at the family level. The panel also felt that the Bank should develop a concern for popula­ At a boarding school in the countryside, Cuban youngsters wait for a bus to take them home for the week-end. Photo: A. Salmon tion problems throughout its activities, that senior management should speak out frequently on population issues, that one must keep in mind when visit­ Hedonists, revolutionists vie ing Cuba today. After being in Cuba for a couple of that there be a more systematic treat­ ment of population in the Bank's eco­ for place in today's Cuba days, we began to get a glimpse of Havana, its people, the environment, nomic work and country program analyses, and that population compo­ and culture. nents be included in many of the By Abdun Noor Though we were able to move Bank's social sector projects. around freely and talk to people, we In reasse sing the Bank's activities A mission to Cuba - a country eled on our own and talked freely with since 1976, the two panel members which is not a member of the Bank­ were handicapped by a language bar­ the people. This is an account of my visited the Bank and talked with a appears to be somewhat of an oddity. rier. I don't speak Spanish, and only personal impressions-as apart from a few people we met spoke English. number of people in the Population But, in 1978, an official mission led the official report that was prepared Projects Department (POP), the Popu­ by Mats Hultin of the Education De­ But when someone in a crowd could following the 1978 mission-during speak English, he always came for­ lation and Human Resources Division partment, visited Cuba to see how of the Development Economics De­ the island nation is dealing with the that first trip, but I feel they are still ward and helped us out. Cubans are fairly used to tourists partment (PHRD) , and other parts of problems that other developing coun­ valid and are representative of the now. Though the country has been the institution. tries are facing today. Cuban people today. Among the positive steps the Bank The Bank's mission was well re­ opened only recently to Americans, * * * * the Cubans have grown accustomed has taken, the two noted tbat: ceived in Cuba, and a special program Where does Cuba stand today? What -In April, 1977, the President of was arranged for us. We were accom­ to tourists, and show a Willingness to is happening to the country; to its be open and hospitable. the Bank made a major address on panied by government officials when revolution; to its culture; to its youth? ways to further accelerate current we traveled in the country, and we At all hours of the day and night I Is Cuba living up to the promise its noticed people in the streets. Although rates of fertility reduction so as to maintained a fairly rigid schedule dur­ leaders made to the people? Are they reach a net reproduction rate of 1.0­ ing our stay. Havana's population is close to 2 mj}­ happy, fulfilled , contented? Has the lion, I stil1 felt that there was an un­ replacement-level fertility-some ~O I first visited Cuba in November revolution met the basic needs of the years in advance of current predIC­ 1977. The group was organized by the usual number of youths in the streets. masses? tions. Florida State University, and we trav­ These are some of the questions (Cont'd on Page 2, Col. 1) (Cont'd on Page 4. Col. 1) Page 2 Bank Notes April 1979 A Tour groups visit ntral community housing developments. Cuban mosaics are found in many cultural centers open to tourists. Photos: A. Salmon Cuba .. . Cont'd about it, and there was no real propa­ Cuba after the revolution. His father doesn't know how long it will take, gandizing or politicizing on our visit, is a dock worker. I asked him if his but he is aiming for it. I asked why he They seemed to be wandering, looking father studies at night, and he said that wanted to go to the university, and he but this is what I sensed. for a sense of direction, or a purpose The Cubans seemed to have lost his father is 50 years old and doesn't said that he wanted "to become a total in life. There were always long lines man, and to understand and control their values and purpose in life. Youth feel a need for more education. His at the cinemas and expositions. My jam the disco centers, the cabarets, and mother is a housewife, and he has two his environment and to move upward." immediate question was, "Do they not other music places to drink and dance. brothers and one sister. His mother His concept of the "total man" is have anything else to do?" When I asked some of them about once participated in voluntary work, simply a man with a university degree, I talked to some of them and asked their family life and culture, they such as clearing slums, and helping the earned through the workers program; questions about what they do, and smiled and said, "Of course we will neighborhood children, but she doesn't a man with a good income, a good learned that almost all of them are talk to you about it, but can you do us participate in such activities at pres­ home, and a happy life. He used to be students. They are attending the uni­ a favor? Will you buy a cassette re­ ent. She is, however, "prepared to re­ a cane cutter. He was black and had versity or a technical college. The tech­ corder from the dollar shop, a record join the forces for carrying on the no hopes nor aspirations. He says that nical and vocational schools offer pro­ from the store inside your hotel, or a revolution if the need should arise." if there had not been a revolution, he grams in industry, agriculture, and shirt, a pair of pants, or a camera? His sister also attends the university, would probably still be a cane cutter, commerce. The students spend a great \Ve wi1l pay for it. We are not begging; and they live in a three bedroom and that he would have continued to deal of their time in production work we have earned· it; we have enough house. His father earns about 250 to live in poverty. I didn't consider what and practice. The university students pesos, but we don't have the coupons, 300 pesos a month, and he earns 30 he said as propaganda. He seemed to study engineering, agricu'ture, and sci­ and if you don't have coupons, you pesos from a scholarship, as does his believe in the revolution, and to feel ence, and they work in enterprises re­ can't buy what you want. But a tour­ sister. They obtain food from the Gov­ that it had reached the most deprived lated to their field of study. ist doesn't have to have coupons. You ernment for which his parents pay people. He feels that he has benefited A few of them say that they were once can pay for it and buy anything you about 30 percent of their earnings. from it. a member of the "literacy brigade," want." "How do you get the coupons They keep the rest for expenses. a group who, in the early stages of the His wife is an 11th grade teacher. you need?" I asked. "There are ways When Eduardo becomes an engi­ revolution, went into the villages to When she was 12 years old, she be­ of getting extra coupons," one boy re­ neer, he hopes to get a job with the teach, and to wipe out illiteracy. They came a participant in the literacy move­ lated. "You can get them by working government and live in Havana. He contributed at the voluntary level, or ment and a member of the literacy hard or by being of service to the presently works for four hours each they went with the CDR (Committee brigade. She went to the villages to people. Some of us get them. My day at a job that is unrelated to his for the Difference of the Revolution) teach, and she met her husband in one friends have gotten them." My an­ studies, because the Ministry could for national security. More than five of the remote villages. swer was, "Why don't you work hard not find him a job in his field. He does million Cubans belong to the CDR. for the coupons?" They would just not appear to be very sharp. I think On another occasion, I talked with "But what do you do now," I asked. smile and say, "The other workers that is probably why he is not placed a little girl I met at a basic secondary "Well, every Saturday or Sunday the are better strivers. They work very in a work program that is related to school. A "total man" to her meant CDR announces programs, and we are hard, and we will always be in the his career. But I don't know. "the obligation to serve one's country; ready to perform whatever work they lag end." I asked him what his concept of the to assist in the production process, and to want us to do. Weare available for the It appeared to me that the youth future of the revolution was. His an­ to help the community." I thought this se cause of the revolution." are longing for a life where pesos can swer was simple, "The revolution has was a tremendous aspiration for an so "The words are fine," I replied, "but buy anything. They have the pesos, but come to stay, and will carry forward." eighth grade girl. She was looking for­ th have you been a participant in volun­ cannot purchase what they want. In "How?" I asked. He looked at me ward to helping society rather than tary work within the last year? Have other societies, they might be able to blankly. He did not have an answer. herself. G you gone to the countryside to cut cane purchase the materials, but not have * * * * * * * * 19 or to pick strawberries, or pineapples, the pesos to do so. In other countries, I met one interesting couple. The We visited a basic secondary school so or have you gone elsewhere to work where many suffer from unemploy­ man is an auto mechanic. He has eight that was located in the countryside mi for your society? Have you been in ment, lack of food, health care, hous­ years of education, but claims that, in about 50 kilometers from Havana. ad the industries, the ports, or the docks?" ing and other things, it does not matter 1961, he was illiterate. He is black, The school combines classroom study pr They would often tum around and if the store or the supermarket has and he took part in the literacy cam­ with a program of work. This particu­ HI say, "No, but our friends have been." plenty of cassette recorders, radios, or paign. lar school accommodates about 600 an "Why not you?" I asked. The general the like; the people are unable to buy At an early stage in the revolution, students in 15 classes of three grades. In reply was, "We are not needed." them. Cuban youths, on the other Cuba's objectives were to create a It is one of about 200 boarding schools o~ The voluntary work program has hand, are well fed, well clothed, and new man and a new society, and edu­ located throughout the country. or slowed down. And, it is not the only are given an education to the extent cation became the means for doing The programs, which are highly he thing in the revolution that has slowed that they want it. But the deprivation that. Illiteracy is not acceptable, and regimented and scheduled, begin at er down. The revolution appears to be is still there. primary education. considered a basic 6 A.M. and continue untU lOP.M. m sitting back, taking stock of the situa­ I talked with two Cuban youths in need, is universal. Education and train­ Every minute is accounted for. The of tion, becoming introspective digesting particular. One is a boy I shall call ing opportunities are free to groups children are provided food, shelter, Nt what achievements have been made, Eduardo. He is in the third year at the of a11 ages. and clothing, and they have pbysical allowing people enough freedom to University of Havana and is attending The auto mechanic is about 25 years education drills regularly. At 7.30 each ar understand the fruits of the revolution, engineering classes. He attended pri­ old. He is in the eighth grade and is morning, they congregate and salute IC to synthesize it, analyze it, and offer mary school in the US, and speaks planning to go on to the ninth. He alternative solutions. Nobody talked EngJish well. His parents returned to hopes to attend the university. He (Cont'd on Page 8, Col. 1) April 1979 Bank Notes Page 3 The Prime Minister of Upper Volta, analyze the causes and consequences H.E. Joseph Conombo inaugurated of migration and policies dealing with the seminar, underscoring the impor­ migration and development. The dem­ tance of migration for Upper Volta ographic study was to be based on ex­ and noting that one out of every five isting data, and the second phase on Voltaics emigrated, particularly to data especially collected for the pur­ coastal countries. He reminded the pose through sample surveys in select­ conference that the movement of large ed areas. Phase two never got off the numbers of people creates serious ground, however, primarily because manpower problems in both the coun­ no mutually satisfactory organizational tries of origin and destination, and arrangements could be worked out "' . that his government continues to look with potential collaborating institutions for policy ideas regarding economic in the region. Such research, may, development through research. however, take place in the future. H.E. Georges Sanogoh, Minister of The findings of the demographic Planning and International Coopera­ study are presented in the form of a tion, presided over the opening and regional report by K.C. Zachariah and closing sessions. He also emphasized Julien Conde (OECD), with contribu­ the importance of international migra­ tions by N.K. Nair, M.L. Srivastava, tion in the economic development of Chike S. Okoye, Eugene K. Campbell, West Africa; in addition, he noted the Kenneth Swindell, Remy Clairin, and sizable internal migration occurring in Michele Fieloux. This volume is avail­ the various countries of the region. able in both French and English; cop­ Representatives from 16 countries in West Africa and 23 international organiza­ These movements take the form of ies may be obtained by writing to the tions discuss African migration. permanent moves from depleted and Editor, Bank Notes. densely populated rural areas to more In addition, nine country-specific productive rural settings, as well as reports were prepared by researchers West African migration patterns are seasonal movements of workers be­ in the region and at the Bank and tween towns and other areas of eco­ OECD. (They are available in Eng­ the subject of Upper Volta seminar nomic opportunity and the country­ lish.) Each report, both regional and side, as determined by the agricultural country consists of four parts: demo­ By Bonnie Newlon graphic background, international mi­ cycle. The Bank has become increasingly The 83 participants included repre­ The Bank was represented by K.C. gration, rural-urban and inter-regional aware of the need not simply to carry sentatives of Statistical Offices from 16 Zachariah, Senior Demographer, who migration, and differential characteris­ out research and publish it in forms countries in West Africa and 23 inter­ had been the main organizer and the tics of the migrants and their socio­ accessible primarily to other research­ national organizations and research principal researcher on the project; by economic significance. The nine coun­ ers in developing countries, but also to institutes in the region. Timothy King, Chief, Population and tries included in the study were select­ disseminate results to policymakers, The main objectives of the seminar Human Resources Division~ and by ed. on the availability of good migra­ planners, and researchers in the coun­ were to present the findings of the Florent Agueh, Bank Representative tion data, mainly from the 1970 series tries concerned. newly completed Bank/OECD re­ in Ouagadougou. Louis Sabourin, Pres­ of censuses and surveys; much of the Thus, a seminar on "Migration in search project on migration in West ident of the OECD Development Cen­ data were provided to the researchers West Africa," which took place in Africa, to receive comments from the tre, spoke on behalf of that institution. by the countries in unpublished form Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, in mid­ participants, and to discuss possible The seminar's proceedings focused as tabulation, and publication of some January at the National Assembly follow-up studies on the causes and on the findings of the Bank's research censuses are stilI under way. The study Building neatly tied into the "new consequences of migration in the re­ project, "Demographic Aspects of Mi­ included four anglophone countries look" of Bank research. The seminar gion. gration in West Africa." Originally (Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and was jointly sponsored by the World The seminar received considerable this project was conceived as com­ The Gambia), and five francophone Bank, the OECD Development Centre, attention from the Government of Up­ posed of two phases: to study the dem­ countries (Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, and the Government of Upper Volta. per Volta and the local news media. ographic aspects of migration, and to (Cont'd on Page 8, Col. 1) Book looking? This computer can find some 4,000,000 of them Staff members of the Joint Library directly ("on-line") with 10 million are presently getting settled in their dollars worth of computers and related new quarters on the third floor of the equipment. IMF building. The move began the You simply ask the computer if the first week of December and 37 staff information you need is available. The members moved to the new location. data base is searched, and in a few One individual remarked that he seconds your answer is flashed across was happy with the new surroundings the TV-like screen. The Joint Library and that it was nice to be able to see has a printer attached to its terminal, daylight after spending more than two which will print the information on the years in the G building basement. The screen at the touch of a button. If you OCLC furnishes info "on the spot." Staff members are bappy with new IMF location is more accessible to need a list of books by the same author, surroundings. Photos: Y. Hadar staff members housed in the Bank's this information can be obtained in the offices in leased space in the area. same way. operations. The data ba~e contains more than Although the library's staff are avail­ If you would like to have a list of OCLC was founded by the Ohio Col­ four million bibliographic records. able to assist individuals during regu­ the area libraries that have a particular lege Association and came into being These records represent cataloguing lar working hours on weekdays only, book, you may obtain the list from the in 1967 for the purpose of "increasing provided by the Library of Congress the library may now be used by staff computer and then request to borrow availability of academic library re­ through its MARC (Machine Read­ members seven days a week, 24 hours the book from one of them. sources and to slow the rate of rise of able Cataloguing) Distribution Service, a day. General information about books library expenditures." and cataloguing done on-line by the A new computerized system called that usually appears on library catalog Members of OCLC's computerized participating libraries. OCLC, Inc. (formerly Ohio College cards can be obtained readily from library system can use the data base to: According to statistics provided by Library Center) is presently being put OCLC computers. If our library does -Increase availability of library re­ OeLC, the data base grows at the rate into operation at the Joint Library. not have the book you are looking for, sources to library patrons; of 20,000 records each week, or one OCLC headquarters is located in a bibliographic search is necessary to - Lower the rate of rise of library million new records each year. More Columbus, Ohio, with over 2,400 ter­ provide information required to order per-unit processjng costs; than 10 million location symbols are minals in more than 1,600 institutions or borrow it, and to catalog it. By pro­ -Furnish patrons and library staff added annually, and some 60 million throughout the world. If you need in­ viding this information quickly OCLC with information when and where catalog cards are produced. As libraries formation about a book, oeLC can helps the librarian to assist a library they need it; be contacted and you can converse user or to perform some routine library -Provide management information. (Cont'd on Page 8, Col. 3) Page 4 Bank Notes April 1979 Filipino School: providing ties l' that bind to the "old country" By Nereida Mangosing cans for Community Action and De­ velopment (PACAD) and the Philip­ The little girls dashed about the pine Heritage Foundation, an umbrella stage, looking a trifle awkward in their group of Filipino community organiza­ colorful patadyongs, kimonos, and ma­ tions in the greater Washingtol) area, longs. The boys strutted about in their had made a survey of the bilingual! fli barong tagalogs. Their chatter, as they bicultural education needs of the a~ all moved about, had a distinct Ameri­ 17,000 Filipinos living here. Parents can flavor. had expressed concern that their Amer­ But in the audience of adults, the ac­ ican-born children neither knew nor cent was definitely Filipino. appreciated the language and culture The occasion? The Filipino School's of the "old country," a concern voiced first Christmas presentation. for generations by newcomers to Established to give American-born America. Filipino children living in the Wash­ ington area the opportunity to learn Nina Vargas de O'Keefe, bilingual the language, history, and culture of coordinator from Arlington County, their parents' native Philippines, the trained would-be teachers and coor­ School hopes to develop in them an dinators in language and cultural teach­ appreciation of the richness of their ing. Workshops drew up the syllabus cultural heritage and an awareness of and lesson plans. their ethnic identity. Driving forces behind the school Filipino children learn language, history, and culture of their parents' native Classes are held in Rockville, Alex­ were four officers of PACAD: Dading country. andria, and Oxon Hill on Saturdays Macaranas, a clinical psychologist in from 9 A.M. to Noon. Each session DC; Nilda Yadao, a child psychiatrist ance and set future goals. In the fall, probably just another school program, has two major components: language in Alexandria; Marilen Recinto, a classes were expanded to include two but to most of the grownups it was a arts and social studies. former teacher; and Gloria Caoile, a other sites, Rockville and Oxon Hill, sentimental journey back in time to The social studies portion focuses convention coordinator of one of the as well as a class for adults in down­ their homeland. Many eyes glistened on geography and early Philippine his­ biggest unions in the United States. All town Washington. Spring classes for with nostalgia and pride as they tory. Native songs and dances are four have first generation American children resume April 7 for eight con­ watched the children perform. They to taught and native food is served at children and brought to the Filipino secutive Saturdays in Rockville, Oxon danced the native ceremonial and sea­ ca snacktime with an explanation of what School not only this experience but also Hill, and Alexandria. An adult class sonal dances of the Philippines and of goes into the preparation of the dishes. their own professional disciplines and will be taught by Susan Felizardo at sang familiar Tagalog, Ilocano, Vi­ fri Each class is handled by a teacher and training. the George Washington University. sayan, and Pampango melodies with four aides. Students are grouped by age In the summer of 1978, the first It was cold and wet and dreary on just a little hesitation-and the trace ly and by their level of knowledge of group of 17 students started classes in that December night. But at the Bur­ of an American accent. str Philippine language, history, and cul­ the Burgundy Country Day School in gundy Country Day School in Alex­ Inquiries about children's classes a ture. Alexandria. When the summer session andria, Virginia, some 150 Filipinos should be directed to Marilen Recinto, fn The School was conceived in the ended, meetings were held with par­ gathered for the children's first Christ­ telephone 354-4581. For adult class, Bl spring of 1977. The Philippine Ameri- ents to evaluate the school's perform- mas pageant. To the children, it was telephone Susan Felizardo at 839-2708. tel d'] TJ th Population . .. Cont'd responsible for organizing the semi­ frc -The Bank is trying to be more nars. -A training session on population The IFC in Switzerland "( pI open and communicative in its popu­ "I has been included in the Economic lation work, and is trying to improve ce Development Institute. relations with other donors, particu­ Although the Bank has made signifi­ larly the UN Fund for Population Ac­ ot cant progress in dealing with popula­ tivities (UNFPA). A new internal re­ tion problems, there is still more work search program is under preparation, to be done, Mr. Berelson and Mr. and the Bank has also joined other donor agencies in support of the Inter­ national Review Group on Social Sci­ Freedman report. They feel that the Bank still needs I to try to: 1) link family planning with ence Research in Population and De­ velopment. more social sector projects, and moni­ tor and occasionally adjust the alloca­ t -Projects in the social sectors that tion of its funding in the social sector are significant for fertility are being to include projects that influence fer­ wi emphasized. There has been an in­ tility-lower mortality, better educa­ e, creased stress on rural development tion, employment, the status of wom­ N and education and on including family en, and an increase in social equity to planning activities in health compo­ through better income distribution; 2) w nents. selectively measure the population im­ ht -The Population Projects Depart­ pact of social sector projects; and 3) as ment has prepared a lending program expand its population research. sc designed to increase the number of Population objectives are becoming la population projects brought to the Ex­ a more central part of the Bank's de­ w, ecutive Directors for consideration. velopment strategy, but there is a limit -Efforts are being made to improve to what it can do in this field: loan Sf the coverage of population matters in projects are hard to get, impacts are bt the Bank's economic work and to en­ long range if determinable at all, and fr sure that the various social sectors that adjustment of sector funding to fertility th help to influence fertility decline are ends is difficult at best. Within a mere month, this color meeting drew top executives of more Pl taken into consideration in its country But, a commitment to popUlation photo exhibit was planned, produced, than 100 major companies and finan­ fil programming. issues is more visible today, the "popu­ shipped and displayed at Davos, cial institutions. The exhibit resulted aI -The Bank is taking steps to en­ lation consciousness" of the staff is Switzerland, as an adjunct to senior from close collaboration and coordi­ ar lighten its own staff on population mat­ being raised, and though quick results IFC management's participation in the nation by the Art & Design Section la ters by organizing in-house seminars are not expected, significant steps have European Management Forum's Feb­ (Administrative Services), the Audio­ c( that have revealed and corrected genu­ been taken, and many accomplish­ ruary symposium: "The Enterprise Visual Division of the Information and in ine misconceptions and misperceptions ments have been made in the thinking Responds to the New Economic and Public Affairs Department, IFC's In­ A among Bank staff, and staff are now and the activities of the Bank. Social Structures of the 1980s.' The formation Office, and the Paris Office. d, '79 April 1979 Bank Notes Page 5 Flap over BIRD comes home to roost By L. Peter Chatenay rJ~ f'l To the "Service des Postes" in francophone Africa or to the mailroom at the World Bank, the intended desti­ nation of a letter addressed: BIRD Washington may be perfectly clear. It is not, how­ ever, clear to the US Postal Service. Whiie the Washington Post Office can usually be relied upon, after 30 I odd years of practice, to deliver cor­ run. The Post Office hypothesis about respondence addressed to IBRD to the B1RD was brought into question. 1818 H Street, it tends to flights of Other hypotheses were tested, and per­ Dr. Franco (second from right) attends signing of first Bank loan to Uruguay in fancy when confronted with a BIRD. haps by a bit of serendipity, the letter 1950. Fanciful, but undeterred by rain or reached 1818 H Street. the Bank's last loan to South Africa ive sleet or, so it would seem, by obscure acronyms. For imagination and deter­ This is not actually the first case of Franco-Holgu(n: dated back to 1966. One kept pressing its sort. Personally, I have handled del­ him to add remarks such as: "as I in­ m, mined detective work, it can hardly be faulted (not knowing that BIRD stands icate negotiations with Fisheries and Wildlife who, at one point, and totally man of patience dicated last time" or "if only the dele­ gate from . . . had listened to my last ia for IBRD, in French) if mail addressed fed up with BIRD, proposed we Ernesto Franco-Holguin has served to intervention on the subject." But Er­ to BIRD comes to roost in the US De­ change the Bank's name. Their pro­ as Executive Director for Brazil, Co­ led lombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, nesto always kept his cool admirably, partment of the Interior, Fisheries and posal, though not entirely unreason­ ey never showing impatience or depart­ Wildlife Service, Bird Banding Labora­ able, I dismissed out of hand. It seems and the Philippines . for five years. He ley tory. I do not think, however, I would retired from that position on March ing from the most diplomaJic line. to me that as long as this institution is ~a- care to contemplate the possible fate known as BIRD, it will fly. We need 31. Before becoming an ED, however, In the group of organizations that .nd of correspondence from our Spanish to preserve our name and our tradi­ Dr. Franco was a staff member of the makes up the UN system, the Bank vi­ friends addressed to BIRF. tion, not to mention opportunities Bank for 25 years. In this article, holds a special position and has a ith The bird banders, while undoubted­ which I once enjoyed as a French­ L. Peter Chatenay recalls Dr. Franco special role to play. It has operational Lce ly experienced in dealing with many speaking Bank representative to the in this latter capacity. ties with UNDP, FAa, Unesco, and strange creatures, suspected they had UN to confound interpreters with "la Representing the Bank at the United others, but is not formally bound to ses a problem when they recently received BIRD a survole Ie probleme" or "la Nations is, possibly even for a pro­ the UN. Ernesto managed always to to, from Africa an envelope addressed to BIRD a pondu un rapport volumi­ fessional diplomat, a unique assign­ navigate between the twin dangers of ~, BIRD containing only a copy of a let­ neux" (mind you, never an egg!), or, ment. Back in 1971, when I joined the appearing haughty and uncompromis­ .8. ter which began "Citoyen Commissaire to a critic: "non, la BIRD ne bat pas Bank's UN liaison team, Ernesto ing and of making promises or accept­ d'Etat, rai l'honneur . . . etc., etc." de l'aile." Franco was its leader. He possessed, ing compromise with which the Bank They knew they had a problem when We need to keep the name even if needless to say, all the diplomatic skills could not live. the letter returned several months later we create problems for the US Gov­ without which no one could survive in If today, the Bank's relations from their translation services. It read: ernment-the Fisheries and Wildlife the special arena of the UN. Patience, throughout the UN system are firm "Citizen State Commissary, I have the people, I mean. We might even have a perhaps, was his outstanding trait, the and based on considerations of greater pleasure . . . etc., etc." and concluded BIRD in the center of our logo instead one I most admired. Year after year, understanding and mutual concern, it "Please, Citizen State Commissary, ac­ of a globe, if it didn't run the risk of unfriendly delegations would ask rh~­ is in no small measure due to Ernesto's cept my best regards." more people taking pot shots at us. torically why the Bank went on lend­ quiet and steadfast handling of a most It was immediately routed to an­ Are we not becoming an endangered ing to South Africa. Ernesto would delicate assignment, carried out with other department. I assume tests were species in need of banding? answer, without raising his voice, that uncommon tact and care. great debt of gratitude to Dean Ache­ Broches: in on son, Oscar Cox, Luxford, Brenner, Collado, Arnold, Chang, Broches, and the creation our own Beckett of the British Dele­ gation." Ronnie joined the Legal Depart­ Ronnie Broches has been associated ment in 1946. He was one of the with the Bank since its beginning and original members of the staff, and he even before. As legal Adviser to the has remained one of the staff's most Netherlands' delegation to the Bret­ original members. He must have ton Woods Conference in July 1944, wondered if he made the right deci­ where the Bank's Articles were drafted, sion in the early months of the Bank's he was present at the creation and not existence when there was very little as a mere observer. Lord Keynes de­ for lawyers to do, except to write scribes his role, and that of the other learned and lengthy memoranda to lawyers at Bretton Woods, in these each other about the interpretation of words: the Articles, to prepare a draft pros­ "I have to confess that generally oectus for what then appeared to be speaking I do not like lawyers. I have the remote occasion when the Bank been known to complain, to judge would be able to sell bonds in the from results in this lawyer-ridden land, US, and to talk endlessly over coffee that when the Mayflower sailed from in the old White Tower. (Whenever re i}- Plymouth she must have been entirely filled with lawyers. Too often lawyers Chester McLain, the then General Counsel, wanted a lawyer and couldn't effect on July 1, 1944, matters which 'd are men who turn poetry into prose find one, he would call the cashier at he is still explaining. fi- and prose into jargon. Not so our the White Tower and say "Send me a He has given wise counsel to every lawyers here in Bretton Woods. On the lawyer".) Ronnie was a diligent coffee Bank President, and has had a hand in contrary, they have turned our jargon drinker and was able to explain to fashioning the Bank's two affiliates, into prose and our prose into poetry. his colleagues what was meant by such IFC and IDA, as well as one which Mr. Broches (far left) talks with Mr. And only too often they have had to arcane matters as par values and US McNamara at the 1971 Annual Meet­ do our thinking for us. We owe a dollars of the weight and fineness in (Cont'd on Page 7, Col. 1) ing. Page 6 Bank Notes April 1979 Volunteer help is needed for Save the Children Day fete Save the Children Federation, Inc. everywhere. It was marked in 1978 by first became an interest of Elayne thousands of letters written by children Clift's seven years ago when she and from all over America sharing their her husband, Arnold, began sponsor­ concerns and hopes. A representative ing a little boy in Honduras. They still group of children presented these to sponsor the same child, and through a President Carter. series of photographs, letters, and This year, Save the Children volun­ hand-painted artworks, Antonio has teers from cities and communities all become a special part of their family. over the country are planning activi­ Save the Children is a non-profit ties that are of special interest to their charitable agency dedicated to improv­ local groups. The Washington group ing the welfare of children everywhere. gathered for a brainstonning session Its funds are channeled into child as­ in September, and agreed that the peo­ sistance and community development ple who, from every part of the world, projects in some 430 needy communi­ reside in Washington, were a resource Famous boxer is challenged at Special Olympics. Staff volunteers participate ties in 17 nations overseas and in the unique to the area. It was decided every year. United States. Approximately one that the main focus would be an Inter­ quarter of a million children and their national Children's Festival, and. plans families are aided by the agency's ac­ are developing rapidly for a series of tivities. The organization, founded in exciting events. Nieman-Marcus and 1932 to aid Appalachian victims of the the Mazza Gallerie have joined in Depression, is a pioneer in community­ planning and promotion efforts, and based development programs aimed at will be a part of the celebration. helping children by improving life in This year's Save the Children Day the communities where they live. While activities are specially important be­ a sponsor has a special one-to-one re­ cause they are being held in conjunc­ lationship with a particular child, his tion with the International Year of the monthly contribution is used for proj­ Child. Many institutions and organi­ ects that assist the entire community, zations will be focusing their attentions but which always relate directly to the on children's activities, rights, and education or welfare of that commun­ needs. ity's young people. It's an exciting time to be thinking Recently, Mrs. Clift became the of, and working for, children. Volun­ Area Coordinator for Save the Chil­ teers for Save the Children Day do not dren Day, 1979. This national annual have to be sponsors. If you are inter­ event was started last year by the or­ ested in finding out more about the ganization to gain visibility for its festival and how you can help. please work around the world, and to point Montgomery County football team was founded by two staft members--"Skip" do not hesitate to call Mrs. Clift at White and Lee Brantho~er. to the continuing needs of children 530-0430. Luis Machado several times, always with respect, as a "strong personality," "one who affected notably the evolu­ Human wastes vie with theater tion of the Bank Group," a skilled ne­ gotiator on behalf of the Bank, a strong supporter of the creation of as a draw for London visitors IFe. They put him in a short list of What attraction would draw about borne diseases by low-cost methods of Executive Directors of "real distinc­ 250 people from 33 countries to Lon­ water supply and wastes disposal. tion, capable of creative pioneering don for a week in mid-December? This was an example of the Bank activity." But there is more than that. Christmas shopping; theaters; a pro­ in action among skeptical profession­ Luis Machado was in many respects tracted visit to Heathrow? How about als, many of whose training and ex­ "Mr. World Bank." He was unswerv­ a Symposium on Human Wastes--Qr perience were contrary to the simple ing in his devotion to the Bank Group. to give it the correct title-Engineer­ technologies now being urged as feas­ Nothing attenuated his efforts to make ing, Science, and Medicine in the Pre­ it an effective institution. He was a ible low-cost solutions to human waste vention of Tropical Water-Related disposal problems in high-density areas strong Executive Director, always con­ Disease? It was, in fact, this latter of the world in the next two decades. scious of his duty as a Board Member, event which attracted many eminent but never waivering in his efforts to professionals to listen to, and discuss Some responses were predictable, support management and staff. He was some 40 papers on such topics as: from reinventing the wheel, to deteri­ Mr. World Bank free and open with all the staff. He knew us as individuals. He was always "of typhoic fever and telephone oration of well-established standards, but, in my opinion, the predominant poles: deceptive data on the effect is remembered sympathetic, always helpful, always free with advice-advice illuminated of water supply and privies on health response was an enthusiastic accept­ ance of the need to provide basic facil­ Yes, Luis Machado's "friendly dis­ by experience and wisdom and by per­ in tropical countries"~r- ities for the maximum number of peo­ position endeared him to all who knew sonal interest in each of us. No wonder "the design of low~cost water dis­ ple, using low-cost, intennediate tech­ him." But there is more than that. that we listened to Luis Machado at tribution systems." nology that finds its basic construction He was associated with the Bank Board Meetings, in his office, or any­ This symposium, organized by the materials and maintenance capabilities Group almost continuously for 31 where we had the good fortune to meet UK Institute of Civil Engineers, in­ in locally available resources. Tlte years. He was present at the creation him. He was our (and, I believe, the cluded a Bank-sponsored seminar on medical men posed the probiems; the in Bretton Woods in 1944 and in Sa­ Bank's) conscience. the "Preparation of Sanitation Proj­ engineers proposed solutions; and the vannah in 1946; and he served as Ex­ A friendly disposition, certainly. ects." As their contribution, Bank staff financial1y minded revelled in the pros­ ecutive Director for 20 years and as Also a builder of the Bank, a strong and consultants from the Energy, pect of providing more for less. an occasional consultant to the Bank supporter of its rnission, a backer of Water, and Telecommunications De­ A worthwhile venture on the Bank's and to the IFC thereafter. But there the Presidency, a friend of every staff partment of the Central Projects Staff part, which should be repeated in other is more than that. member~f all those on whom the used this opportunity to tryout the parts of the world. Mason and Asher, in The World institution rests. results of over two years of intensive Bank Since Bretton Woods, refer to William Diamond research into the prevention of water­ Maurice C. Mould 9 April 1979 Bank Notes Page 7 The razor-close final scores, where only a half point separated the first Bank Calendar five places, indicated a hard-fought contest all the way. In fact, after five rounds, Rudi Rhomberg and Tommy Heintscbel led the entire field, but the exciting last round saw them lose their games, and Tejano, who was trailing at that time by half a point, scored a decisive win to wrap up Art Society (IMF)-An exhibition of creative prints and master ceram­ the contest. ics of Japan will be presented from April 19 through May 25 in the The next event is the Spring 1979 tournament, which will take place Fund atrium. over a period of five weeks. It will begin on Tuesday, April 3. Anyone Everyone is invited to attend the opening on April 19 from 5.45 P.M. interested in playing may contact Tommy Heintschel, extension 60158, to 7.30 PJvI. in the Fund atrium. or Fernando Morales-Macedo, extension 60285. The Club meets every Bridge Club---The Bridge Club will meet on alternate Tuesdays, April Tuesday at 6. P.M. in the E building cafeteria. 10 and 24. All those interested in playing should contact Patrick de Soccer Club-When the time came to play our State Cup match against Fontenay, extension 76028. the McLean Soccer Club, the temperature was in the thirties, and a Camera Club-The Club's annual exhibit, which was scheduled to strong wind off the Potomac drove the wind chill factor down to 17 open on March 12, was postponed until March 19. Kodak misplaced 25 degrees. We survived and didn't lose by much. Daniel Molfino and Grant slides which were sent to be printed for the display. The exhibit will Sinclair held the defense together under great stress, and Haroldo Suarez, remain on display at the IMF Atrium until April 6. Quaye Armar, and Boris Skapin spearheaded the attack, which got On March 28, Guy Hammer, President of the National Institute for easier in the second half when we had the wind behind us. Technological Art, presented a show on "TEK-ART-Lasers and Chron­ Would you like to get tough? Play soccer! For further information, ographs" which was illustrated with color transparencies of nonlight call Jim Coates, extension 72679, or Gene McCarthy, extension 76826. sensitive emulsions, and with pictures of the Bicentennial laser kinetic Jim Coates light sculpture sponsored by the Institute on July 4, 1976, at the Wash­ Transcendental Meditation-The Bank/Fund TM group will hold its ington Monument. next advanced meeting for those already practicing TM on Wednesday, The winners of the monthly slide presentation were: April 11, at Noon, in room E-855. For further information, call Martin . ;, Class AA: Hartigan, extension 72257. e Maurice Asseo (Francesca Nera) 1818 Society-The Club's first get together was held at the Fort McNair e Officers Club on Thursday, March 29. If you did not attend the dinner A. Raizen (Japanese Seashore) but are interested in joining the club, please contact Garry Lightowler at Ll ,) Class A: (703) 525-8814. " . .s -, Hugh Chambers Janos Somogyi Janos Somogyi (Masonry/Painting) (Walk in the Fog) (Sand Dunes) cAlIS World Bank Volunteer Services-We would like to re­ mind new staff members and those returning from permanent missions l; that our volunteers, who would like to make the first weeks in Wash­ d Christina Hoedemaker (Lake Titicaca) ington easier for your wife, cannot do so unless we know she is here. e Class B: Please call the WIVES Office, extension 61247 and give us your address d It Paula Stone (Jungle Sunset) Sunday, April 29: Tour to Luray Caverns. Leave 1818 H Street e Janusz Krasowski (Solitary Spectators) promptly at 9 A.M. $22 per person ($12 bus transportation, $10 for r, --lanUiZ Krasowski (Preacher) guided tour of Caverns, buffet-luncheon and entrance to Antique Car :0 A. Temizer (Windows) and Carriage Museum). Checks to WIVES, H-908. It Joaquin Ferran (Stop Sign in Hull) a Michael Wishart (Terraces, 1979) YOUTH :1 d Thursday, April 5: "All You Ever Wanted to Know About What the Chess Club---Albert Tejano won the Bank/Fund Chess Club's six­ d World Bank Does and That You Didn't Learn at Home." 9 A.M., E-1244. round Winter 1979 tournament which was held from January to March. Seminar with senior Bank Staff, including question and answer period. Tied at second to fifth places, just half a point behind, were (in alpha­ r. betical order), Tommy Heintschel, Fernando Morales-Macedo, Fred Saturday, April 21: Disco for 15 years and over. 7.30 P.M.-l 1.30 P.M., ~- Reams, and Rudi Rhomberg. E building foyer. Parking in E building garage. Fee: $2 at the door. ~- :y o Broches . .. Cont'd Ie never left the drawing board, the pro­ ~ posed International Investment Insur­ ance Agency. ICSID, his own special Letters rj and particular invention, has proved It a notable international instrument for ~; facilitating the flow of private capital To the Editor: tl to the developing countries and will I read with great interest Gabriel serve to keep Ronnie, as its first and Roth's article on "van pools" in the so far only Secretary-General, under March issue of Bank Notes. I think the Bank's umbrella for a while longer. the time has come to give some serious He served as Chief of the Bank's thought to starting a "pool" for Bank/ General Survey Mission to Nigeria in Fund staff. Besides being advantageous 1953-survey missions being precur­ to the staff, it would mean a great sors of today's in-depth economic saving to the Bank in terms of park­ missions-which produced a report ing costs. I think it would be useful adopted by the government as a blue­ for Personnel!Administrative Services ~ print for the country's development. Department to draft a plan to inform He has published articles in periodicals the employees further on this matter and has lectured at the Academy of and/or seek information on the gen­ International Law in The Hague. Rec­ eral feelings of Bank staff on van ognized by his peers as an authority pools. on international law and arbitration, he was recently recognized by his gov­ One other Bank staff member and ~ t ernment as well, when Queen Juliana I joined a van pool that was arranged j r. made him a Commander of the Order by the community we live in, and we b of the Orange Nassau, one of the find the "pool" useful, economical, , Netherlands' highest honors. and advantageous. I endorse van pools : 1 We are delighted that he will still be for Bank staff. Let us see some action! h among us as Secretary-General of Vidya Shetty ICSID. The Legal Department Programming and Budgeting and Old Friends This is the last time you bring your lunch to world Department Page 8 BBDk Notes April 1979 Cuba . .. Cont'd her in another occupation, however, seeding, weeding, watering, observing from the society?" I asked. "No, we she said that she would be "willing the production process, learning about are all workers in the society," she the flag, go over the work schedule, to give up her career and be a farmer pests and disease, and how the change answered. But when I asked why she and listen to news bulletins. At this ~ time, they are also given examples of .or a nurse, or whatever is needed in the color of leaves sometimes gives wants to be a doctor instead of some­ most." a clue as to the health of the plant. thing else she smiled and said, "Be­ better services that have been pro­ vided by other classes or students, and I asked how work was divided be­ All of them perform this work re­ cause I like it." are encouraged to achieve more. tween the girls and boys. "There is gardless of what career choices they These children in the fields seemed Though the examples are not con­ no difference," a girl commented. have made. They are inquisitive, and to contrast with the youth we saw in sidered an incentive to competition, "Everyone is equal in physical and appear to be sensitive and intelligent. the Havana streets. Are the Cuban but rather, used for recognition pur­ mental abilities and we can all do the Although we could not determine what planners aware of what is happening poses, I am not quite sure that there same work." work options were available in the in the streets of Havana? Are they is a difference in actual practice. I asked the students what they basic secondary schools, it was pre­ aware of the frustration and the un­ The children are divided into two would like for us to say about Cuba dominantly agricultural. happiness? Do they want to attack it groups; one has classes while the other today. As children, what are the things Rosa, an eighth grader, was alone by providing a better foundation in the works outside. that they would like to be remembered and seemed to be occupied with her boarding schools? More than 60 per­ for? work. She had bright eyes and a pleas­ cent of the students at Rosa's school They stay at the school for five days, are from Havana. The school system returning home on weekends. The par­ One black boy answered, "We have ant face, and she told me that she has wiped out racial discrimination." A in the city appears to be crowded and ents are also encouraged to stay at the two sisters and two brothers. Her par­ girl added that "the revolution was is faced with many delinquency prob­ school with the children during the ents live in Havana, and her father for the humble people. It was for those works for the government. Her mother lems. weekend if they wish. Their stay is without rights and aspirations. It aimed is a nurse, and they earn about 600 If Eduardo and Rosa are typical ex­ free, and food and transportation are provided. After lunch, they reverse. to provide rights to all and make all pesos a month, which indicates that amples of Cuban youth today, my im­ humanity useful to the society. It has they must be quite high up in the social pression is that the revolution will have While many socialistic societies are a chance of greater success. downgrading the role of family life, the accomplished this, and few revolutions hierarchy. All of her brothers and sis­ in the world can claim such." The stu­ ters stay in boarding schools. Two We saw the statue of Jesus Christ at Cubans appear to be encouraging an dents were apparently highly politicized brothers are in two seoarate hipher the port of Havana. The statue was interest in the family and making chil­ on ideological issues. secondary technical schools, and her built in 1958 on a mountain peak just dren aware of its benefits and contribu­ tions to personal growth. We were taken by bus to a field sisters are in another boarding school across from the port, and from the about one and one half kilometers in Havana. They get together on week­ shore, it looks as if Christ is appearing The children are mixed-different from the school. The school is located ends only. Though the parents would from the sky. The statue is beautiful in race, sex, ap.d origin. I noted that in the midst of an agricultural farm. It like to have their children at home as in the early morning, and as the sun's they were well integrated and made no distinction whatsoever about mixing is about 500 acres or more, and all of much as possible, they realize that edu­ rays fall on His face, Christ appears to it is cultivated by the students. The cation is better in the boarding schools. be looking downward over the seas, with each other. I asked one little girl about racial farm has its own people, tractors, driv­ I asked Rosa whether she missed blessing the Cuban people. discrimination and she said, "If I want ers, experienced farmers, and workers her parents. She said, "Yes, I do miss to marry a man of another race, I will to assist them. them. But this is good for us, and we * * * • not be forbidden to do it nor be looked We reached there unannounced and will have a better education here. We Other members of the Bank's 1978 down on. Will any other society give saw four groups of students at work. are here to serve our country. We have mission included: Messrs. Paul Street­ youth such rights?" I could not answer Each group was comprised of about lots of friends here and when we re­ en, Special Adviser, Policy Planning that. 40 students. Two groups were ready turn, we forget about our families. We and Program Review Department; When I asked the children what to leave the field at about the time we work, laugh, and dance, and we have Marcelo Selowsky Economic Adviser, their reactions to the work program arrived, and they were moving from nice teachers here." Development Economics Department; were, one boy answered that he liked the field to the garden center to clean When I asked her what she would David Brewin, Deputy Division Chief, both his studies and his work. He said the equipment. The other two groups like to be, she said that it was too early Western Africa Projects Department; the studies developed the mind and were still working. to decide, but she thought she would Andre Salmon, General Educator, the work program provided valuable A teacher, who is in charge of the like to be a nuclear engineer. I guess Eastern Africa Projects Department, experience for the future. "It is neces­ class, two or three farmers, and a few this is fashionable. Another girl in the Yves Tencalla, Agricultural and Rural sary for production and for the sup­ assistants guide the students in ~he class also wanted to be a nuclear engi­ Education Specialist, Latin America port of the economy." work they perform. On this particular neer. Her second choice was to be a and Caribbean Projects Department, One girl stated that she liked sci­ day, they were working in the wheat doctor. Again, I asked why, and she and Mats Hultin, the mission leader, ences and that she wanted to be a nu­ fields. . replied, "To be of service to the peo­ and Senior Adviser in the Education clear engineer. If the country needed The students help with such tasks as ple." "Doesn't a doctor get benefits Department. Migration . .. Cont'd economic analysis be organized on a Library . .. Cont'd ings, and it could change the nature of sub-regional basis rather than an indi­ the librarian's work dramatically. The Senegal, Mali, and Togo). As data be­ use OCLC to convert their retrospec­ vidual country basis, with oarticipating Joint Library, as a new member of the come available for other countries in tive cataloguing to machine-readable system, is presently concentrating on the region, the authors hope to expand institutions being the Department of form, the union catalog, which is the using OCLC's capabilities for catalog­ their coverage to include them. Statistics in the francophone sub­ data base, becomes an increasingly use­ uing, but will explore other advantages The seminar was held to be a great regions, and the social science research ful tool for locating bibliographic ma­ as they become available. success. The research reports were institutions in the anglophone regions. terials. As of May 1978, OCLC's data well received, and there was universal Landing Savane, Coordinator of base contained over 20,000,000 loca­ agreement that they should be pub­ Population Research for the Council for tion listings for its over 4,000,000 April 1979 lished at an early date, since they pro­ the Development of Economic and So­ titles. vide base data from which further re­ cial Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Some libraries find cataloguing for search may be generated and are a was nominated to organize and coordi­ over 90 percent of their titles already necessary resource for policy planners nate the project. A project proposal in the system. If a record for an item in the region. will be prepared for submission to do­ is not available, it may be created and The participants discussed the nor agencies by Dr. Savane and a pre­ entered into the system. The record causes and consequences of the migra­ paratory committee including Sidiki then becomes immediately available to tion patterns described by the Zacha­ Coulibaly (Upper Volta), Nelson Addo all participating libraries. Bank NOles is published by and riah/Conde report. There was general (Ghana), a nominee from the Director OCLC-produced catalog cards are [or the staff of the World Bank agreement that comparable data on of Statistics in Ivory Coast, a repre­ custom made according to specific re­ 10 times yearly in the Department this topic are largely lacking, how­ sentative from Nigeria, a representa­ quirements of each library; they are of Information and Public Affairs. ever, and that follow-up research to tive from the Economic Commission shipped daily, and they arrive at the Inquiries should be addressed to the the demographic study was necessary for Africa (ECA) , Julien Conde, and library already presorted for filing. Editor, room N-231. Contributions and should be organized. K. C. Zachariah, has been set up. More than 2,000,000 such cards are from staff members are welcomed. It was agreed that an overview of One important by-product of the presently printed each week. Member Deadline for letters and articles (in existing information on the determi­ seminar was the opportunity for re­ institutions may also receive computer which brevity is the soul of pub­ nants and consequences of migration searchers and planners interested in tapes containing the records they use lishability) is the 12th of each should be undertaken before new field the topic of West African migration or enter. The Joint Library receives month. The Editor reserves the surveys for collecting economic data to meet one another, in many in­ these tapes. righL for reasons of space or clar­ on migration are organized. The Bank stances, for the first time. A rapport * * ity, to edit all copy without notify­ * ing the author in advance. is taking steps to commission such a was established at the seminar which OCLC is the first and the largest study. will enhance future research and policy system of its kind. It could lead to the Acting Editor ................ K. Fawcett In addition, it was proposed that efforts involving collaborative data col­ end of public card catalogs and com­ Staff Photographer .... G. Franchini sample surveys to collect new data for lection and analysis. puterized book catalogs of library hold-