· . E494 V12 REPUBLIC OF YE EN MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT IBB W TER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION PACT AGEME o ITO for CITY A D A DRAFT FINAL REPORT DECE BER, 2006 CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA) PVT. LTD. SANA'A NEW DELHI REPUBLIC OF YEMEN _ .. MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN IBB CITY WATER AND SANITATION PRO.JECT DRAFT FINAL REPORT DECEMBER, 2006 CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA) PVT. LTD. SANA'A NEW DELHI Table of Contents List of Abbreviations II Executive Summary ES1-ES23 1.0 Introduction 1.1-1.11 2.0 Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework 2.1- 2.13 3.0 Project Objectives and DescrlpUon 3.1 - 3.23 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set Up 4.1-4.40 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives 5.1- 5.14 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.1- 6.20 7.0 Public Consultation Meetings 7.1 -7.9 8.0 Environmental Management Plan 8.1- 8.22 9.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 9.1 - 9.8 Figures Annexes Literature Cited List of Abbnwiatlons NGO Non Gowmment Organization Percentage % No.lNos. Number1Numbers IJS/cm Micro sinen per centimeEr NW Northwest AC Asbesbs Cement NWRA National Water Reaoul'ces Authority America1 Con~renca of Government NWSA National Water Sanitation Aulhority ACGH In Il.""CIJ Purchasing/leasing of Equipment Q c: G) 8 Confinnation of right to access lands for survey z purpose Public Safety Potential Injuries Moderate =::::::- Material Movement Public Nuisance Mild e G) Operation of Construction Yards Air quality Mild and Temporary, c: Disposal of Waste Material Noise Quality Restricted to construction G) Quarrying Operation Soil Quality, Water Quality period. ~ G) Construction Camps Solid Waste Disposal Mild 2 "" aJ .s::: Il. Traffic Congestion, Blocking or impairing access along the existing street Circulation Impacts Temporary, Restricted to construction period, c: Site office Disposal of Solid waste Mild 0 tj Occupational health and Safety Moderate ~ c: Equipment Storage and Machinery Aquatic Ecology Nil Maintenance 8 Terrestrial Ecology Land use pattem Nil Nil Employment Opportunities local Pe()f:)le get Environment Beneficial Impacts Land use No change in Land use pattem Nil II Socio-Economic 'e' No R & R Issues Nil Il. Biological Environment No impact on Aquatic or terrestrial .z:. Nil 0. Ecology 3 0. Occupational health and Safety Mild :::J Flushing and disinfection pipes CIJ Soil Quality Negligible "- .e Laying and jointing of Pipes Disruption of Services Mild ~ Drilling of wells Air, Noise and Soil Quality Mild and Temporary Executive Summary ES-19 ConsuJting Engln""ng S8IVicetI (lndlll) Pvt. Umn.d i. ~ iii: iI< .., "' December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact "'Mument (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation ProJect, Republic of RevlaJon: R1 Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 8700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS S. Likely Impacts on Environmental Degree of Impact Activity Issues Involved No. Paramatars Public Health Moderate e: Removal of cesspits and septic tanks Public Nuisance Mild ~13 4 .m.~ Soil Quality Negligible e "c a.. as Laying and jointing of Sewer Pipes Access to Property Mild (JJ Replacement of existing pipes Occupational health and Safety Moderate TraffIC congestion, blockage, and access Circulation Impacts Mild (S) Dpennkllllli PhIl. , I land use Pattern, Agricultural Land will be ! 13 Change in existing Land use pattem Nil CI) purchased as per prevailing rates of the area e 'a..- Uncontrolled Abstraction of Groundwater Groundwater Table Moderate (Needs 2:- Mitigation Measures) 5 a.. a.. Disruption of services Social Issues Moderate ::I (JJ Water Connections Social Issues Negligible t.. .! Increased Wastewater Generation Water and soil Quality, Public Health Nil (as STP upgraded) ~ Coping system of residents Social Issues Mild land use Pattern, Agricultural Land will be Change in existing land use pattem Nil i a.. e: purchased as per prevailing rates of the area Sludge Disposal Water Quality Nil, treated wastewater and sludge will be reused 6 Wastewater disposal Soil Quality 0 :;::I in irrigation purpose :m e: Mild (after Mitigation as Operational and Maintenance Occupational Health and Safety (JJ measures) Sewer Overflows Nuisance to Public Mild Can be mitigated by Reuse of Sludge and Treated wastewater Soil quality, water quality, and human applying the mitigations beings ---- EtfftJc:tive~. {Refer 8.4) Executive Summary ES-20 Consulting EnQlneet1ng Services (lndltJ) Pvt. Umlted Project: EnvironlMl"ltallmpact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 [ill Mitigation PIa'! .-.d Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project, Republic or Yemen. IBBCS-2. (WOftd Bank CllIdit No.: 3700 - YEM) Revision: R1 Document: 2008018/ENVI Draft Final RepOlt No major environmental impads are anticipated and also there is no involuntary settlement in the projed. Hence, the projed falls under category "B" as per the Wond Bank Operational Policies, 1999. 7.0 Public Consultation Meetings (PCM) Three (3) Public Consultation Meetings have been conduded with the key stakeholders and other group of stakeholders. The proposed projed alternatives and impacts association with the project implementation and operation phase have discussed. Their views/opinion and suggestions have been noted down and taken into consideration in the preparation of Environmental Management Plan. The major outcome of these PCMs is as follows: · All stakeholders welcome the project and expressed the need to upgrade the existing water supply and sewerage system of the city. · Great concem has been expressed about the intennittentlshortage of water supply and nuisance of odor emission from the existing STP · Stakeholders has also expressed that the contactor should provide proper safety arrangements at the construdion sites to avoid any accident. · Some stakeholders also expressed that the storage of material at the construction should not be allowed for longer time especially in the congested areas. · Need has also felt for the fonnation of a citizens committee for proper implementation of the environmental management plan and routine maintenance work.. · Minor land acquisition is requirement and there will be no problem in this procedure. The final and fourth of PCM will be conduded with the area wise representatives from the projed area. The agenda for this meeting are presented in Sedion 7 of this report. Some of the pOints of this agenda are as follows: · To record stakeholders, OveraU reaction to the projed activities, Opinion regarding quality of construction, Felt needs, Lessons leamt during construction phase, and suggestions for improving implementation of future phases of the development plan · To initiate follow up activities such as, - Area wise formation of citizen committee comprising representative of IWSLC, local council, NGO, women association, and hara member. - Public Awareness Campaign 8.0 Environmental Management Plan Based on the environmental impact assessment, analysis of altematives, and conduction of the public consultation meetings with different stakeholders Environmental Management Plan has been deVised. The EMP is presented in Sedion 8 of this report. Summary of the EMP is as follows: EJeecutlve Summary ES-21 Consulting Englneetfng Services (lndltJ) Pvt. ImIted '" ~ . " December, 2001 ~ Project: Environmentallrnpact Aa ....mant (EIA). Environmental MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation ProJect. Republic of Revt-'on: R1 Yeman,IBBCS-2, (World Bank C ...dlt No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200I0111ENVI Draft Final Report SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Project Actlvltyl Environmental Issues Actions to be Taken .I'LIIIMIIIIITATIDIII'WAIM! Air quality and noise quality due to construction Select sites for construction camp and storage yard as per recommendation of EMP. yard activity Borrow Pits and quarrying Firm-up con1act with approved Quarry and borrow pit sources obtain balance oU1Put and reQuirement of material. Severance due to trench opening Mitigation measures as per EMP (ref. Sub-section 8.2.1.1). Disposal of Construction debris Weekly inspection of sites for collection and disposal of construction debris to approved landfill sites. Traffic Management Secure assistance from local police for traffic control during construction phase. Construction Workers Colonylsite office Ins1alllavatory at construction workers colony/ site office. Provision of collection domestic reruse and its disposal. Noise Pollution Workers working in the vicinity of equipment generating high noise levels provided with earplugs, proper maintenance of construction equipment Imachinery and vehicles. Air Pollution Construction equipment! machinery and vehicles be maintained In good condition. Dust cover to the vehicles carrying construction material. Sprinkling of water in du~ area. Equipment storage and maintenance yard Waste collection, storage and disposal in proper manner. Whenever posaible (in case of lubricants) should be reused. Transportation of Construction material Routine check of vehicles used for transportation for adequate maintenance and compliance with emission norms. Pollution (Air/noise from Construction Yard) Ensure location of Construction yard at least 500m from habitation as a part of Conditions of Contract Environmental Monitoring Establish monitoring system. Use of water on and off-site All water on site will be transported in tankers by the Contractor of its own. Disposal of Sewer pipes debris Disposal of debris to the approved landfill sites located tllN8y from habitations and well fields. Flushing and disinfecting operating Strict control of the material. Access to the mater1al shall be transported to the lite in appropriate vehicles. Provi~ion of first aid facill~ at site. Drilling of wells Regular maintenance of DG sets, reuse of the drilling mud, wast8lN8ter generated during drilling shall be proper1y drained off. Dl'lERATIOIII'IIAIJe Occupati9nal Health and Safety Provision of adequate protective clothing, gloves footwear, and Personal Protective Safety equipment, Implementation of effective industrial waste pre-treatment eyatem periodic health check-up of the workers. SEllNer Overflows Routine inspection for iUegai connections and obstructions, regular clesning of sewer, awareness among pubic to prevent disposal of solid waste in sewers Operatio n and Maintenance AlI.pare parts shall be readly available, provision of standby pumps and alternate power supply (Generator sets), Preventive Maintenance Daily obeervationalrecorded, half year1y, and Annual Maintenance of pumps, lifting sewage pumps, and other electro-mechanical equipment shall be conduc1ed. Monitory Plan Regular Chemical anlliysis of wastewater at the inlet and outlet of the STP. Reutilization of sludge and Treated Wast8lN8ter Regular tests of the treated wastewater and .Iudae and holding PAC in vHlages (Refer 8.4 for details) Sludge Disposal Sludge may be used as a manure in the green belt development program, it shall be disposed off to the approved landfill site ----- ExecutJve Summary ES·22 Consulting Englneerfng Servtces (lndlll) Pvt. UmltxKl Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA). Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan IrId Environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City ReYI.ion:RO Water and Sanitation Project, RapubrlC of Yemen, IBBCS~ (World Bank Credit No.: 3100 - YEM) Document: 20060 181ENVI Draft Final RepoIt 9.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan A monitoring plan has been prepared for the effective implantation of the suggested EMP. The monitoring plan has been discussed in detail in Section 9 of this report. The technical and institutional activities to be taken up for monitoring the EMP in different phases of the project are as follows: · Preconstruction Phase Monitoring Plan mainly includes: - Deputing Environmental Safety Officer - Establishing Baseline Conditions · Construction Phase Monitoring Plan covers: - Environmental Quality Monitoring - Environmental Audits · Operation Phase Monitoring focused mainly on the post construction monitoring. A budgetary cost for the EMP has been wo!1(ed out by the environmental consultant. Total preconstruction and construction phase EMP will cost about USD 128,550 (One Hundred Twenty Eight Thousand five hundred and fifty US Dollars). The operation phase EMP cost USD 38,400 (fhirty Eight Thousand and Four Hundred US Dollars) per annum. Executive Summary ES·23 1.0 INTRODUCTION Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1.1 1.1 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 1.2 1.2 Project Background............................................................................... 1.2 1.2.1. Background of the Water Supply System .............................................. 1.2 1.2.2. Background of the Sewerage System ................................................... 1.3 1.3 Scope of the Study ................................................................................ 1.3 1.3.1 Task 1 Preparation of The Environmental Assessment (EA) ................ 1.3 1.3.2 Task 2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) .................................. 1.6 1.3.3 Task 3 Monitoring Plan.......................................................................... 1.6 1.3.4 Additional Safeguard Issues.................................................................. 1.8 1.3.5 Public Consultation ............................................................................... 1.8 1.4 Availability of the Project Reports for EIA. ............................................. 1.9 1.5 Approach Adopted for Conduction of the Study .................................... 1.9 1.6 Structure of the Report ........................................................................ 1.10 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Index Map showing location of Ibb city Figure1.2 Schematic Diagram showing Approach Adopted for Conduction of EIA December, 2006 Revision: RO 1.0 INTRODUCTION The city of Ibb is located at latitude 13°58'48" and longitude 44°10'48". It is about 170Km away in south of Sana'a, the capital of Republic of Yemen. Ibb is situated in a fault - controlled valley close to the main watershed of the Wadi Zabid at an elevation of about 1800 above mean sea level (msl). The city lies on a green mound on the western slope of the Jabal (mountain) Ba'adan. An index map showing the location of the city is presented in Figure 1.1. It is the biggest city of lbb governorate. It also serves as the capital of the Governorate of Ibb. Being the capital of governorate, the city has important role since there are many govemmental institutions and commercial centers. Also, it has Significance as regional distribution center. The area has the highest rainfall in Yemen, about 800 - 900 mm/year, and terrace cultivation is practiced extenSively on the steep slopes. The variation of atmospheric temperature is not large with its minimum temperatures from December to February and maximum temperatures from June to August. The population of the city has grown tenfold during the last twenty years. This is attributed to the high birth rate and return of Yemen is from Saudi Arab after the second Gulf War. The preliminary results of the census data of the year 2004 show that the population of the city has increased rapidly. The current population is estimated to be approximately 255,5001 which are much more than the population (148,123) projected by the Department of Planning based on the past census (1994) data. This rapid population growth has rendered the existing Water Supply and Sewerage System inadequate and there is an urgent need to upgrade the system to cater for the future demand of the city. Accordingly, Ibb Water and Sanitation Local Corporation (IWSLC), has undertaken the task to upgrade the existing system. The feasibility study and development plan for the proposed system is being prepared separately by the Engineer consultant (Ec). M/s Consulting Engineering Services (India) Private Limited - CES has been appointed by IWSLC, Ministry of Water and Environment to study the Environmental Impacts ariSing out due to the proposed water supply and sewerage system plan 1 Preliminary Census Results 2004, Central Statistical Office, Ibb 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Limited ~ --""Q;;~--=----- -"\- -- ==-=~ ---=:: ---- -- ------;;- :t ... --- -REB-SEA- -- --- -- --_. -- ------------- \-1 r-~~/ ~./J _'~ TIm / I / ....~ ETHIOPIA ------------- .. -'--1 LEGEND;- OlHERROAD NATIONAL CAPITAL PR~CE HEADQUARTERS o ------ -. WADI SEA NOT TO SCALEI UE CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTO. ~ ~ REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT Index Map Showing Location of Ibb City Figure - 1.1 REVISION DATE R-O DEC ,2006 Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EiAl. Environmental December, 2001 [11 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project. Republc ofYarnen. IBBCS-2, (Wortd Bank Credit No.: 37" - YEM) Doc:ument: 2GOI019IENVI Draft Final Report Revision: RO developed by the Ec. This will help reduce the environmental impacts by adopting the mitigation measures at an early stage. This study includes: · Carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) · Preparation of the Environmental Mitigation Plan · Preparation of the Environmental Monitoring Plan 1.1 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the proposed study are to ensure that · The stakeholders and affected members of the society have an overall . understanding of present water supply and sanitation conditions and of Mure requirements. · The service levels and standards are commensurate with environmental concerns. · There is a satisfactory environmental assessment and environmental management plan for overall stage of investments proposed by the Engineer Consultant. · That proposed investments are cost-effective solutions, financially and environmentally sustainable and appropriate to the circumstances. · The project options under consideration are environmentally sound and sustainable. The section presents project background, scope of the study, approach adopted by the consultants for the conduction of the study, need of the project, and structure of the report. 1.2 Project Background2 The sequential development of Ibb city water supply and sewerage system is briefly discussed in the following sub-sections. 1.2.1 Background of the Water Supply System The existing water supply system of Ibb city was designed by the Dorsch - Gitec Consult in 1987. This was implemented by Chinese Roads and Bridges Engineering Company (CRBEC) in 1987. In 1995, the Dorsh consult designed the extension of the water supply system. Some of these extensions were constructed by IWSlC. Despite construction of some new wells and rehabilitation of some existing wells in recent years, the existing water supply system has become inadequate due to cope of the water demand of the city. The ISWlC is facing major constraints to supply the water continuously due to the following reasons. · Rapid Population Growth of the city.. · Small capacity of the reservoir. · Small diameters of pipes. 2 Terms of Reference (TOR) 1.D Introduction 1.2 Consulting Engineering Services (india) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment tElA). Environmental December, 2001 Mitigation Plan and EnvIronmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Ba,* Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, DocumenI: 200t018JENVI Draft Finlil Repod 1.2.2 Background of the Sewerage System In 1984, the German joint venture Dorsch - Gitec designed the sewerage network of the city. This was implemented by the CRBEC. The vast expansion of the city into the well-field made it necessary to extend the sewerage network to protect the well field. KNV financed the extension of the sewerage network. It was commissioned in 1995. Since then the city has expanded more and more with out any extension of the sewerage system. 1.3 Scope of the Study The scope of the services shall include the following major tasks: <:rTask 1 Preparation of the Environmental Assessment (EA); <:rTask 2 Preparation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP); .. <:rTask 2 Preparation of the Monitoring Plan The above tasks are further elaborated upon under below paragraphs. The enumeration of sub-activities is not exhaustive, and the consultant should attend to what, in practice, can be associated with this kind of consultancy services. 1.3.1 Task 1 Preparation of The Environmental Assessment (EA) · The conSUltants shall conduct an environmental (ecological and biological) assessment of the effects of existing and proposed water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities within the project areas. They shall collect and analyze all relevant environmental information and use this to conduct the EA The consultant shall collaborate closely with Local Corporation and EPA office in Ibb and local planning officials in conducting the EA. The consultant shall be solely responsible for the interpretation of a" data gathered and for the findings of the EA and related recommendations. · The Environmental Assessment procedures will be carried out in parallel with the Development Plan, Feasibility Study prepared by the Engineer consultant. It will analyze the project's alternatives and options of environmental impacts and relevant mitigation measures which will be incorporate them in the overall project deSign, those measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts. It will also recommend measures that the Client may undertake to improve environmental management and monitoring capacity. · The assessment should be based on Best International Practice including WHO guidelines for acceptable levels of chemicals and contaminants, and should reflect fully the requirements for complying with the Legislation of GOY and EPA, as well as those of IDA Safeguards policy. · The scope of work required for the EA will include: 1.D Introduction 1.3 Consulting Engineering Setvlces (lndltl) PIIt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 ~ Mitigation Plan and environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City RevIsion: RO Waler and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World BlInk Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, Doc:umenl: 2OOI0111ENVI Draft Final Report - Information Gathering and Documentation. Conduct interviews and discussions with appropriate World Bank, and other donor agencies, GOY, local and university wildlife, fisheries, medical and planning staff to obtain relevant information and documentation on potential effects of wastewater, water supply and irrigation. Develop a list of knowledgeable parties from the central government and local governments, NGOs, educational institutions, and other interested parties. - Inventory significant natural and cultural resources within the study area. Based on interviews, the public consultation meeting, and other literature searches and personal observations, compile a list of significant natural and cultural resources potentially affected by water supply and sanitation systems. Using maps and related materials prepared by the Engineer consultant (including the Environmental Baseline Resource Map) identify the general location of these resources and their geographic relationship to existing and planned works and/or project components. - Baseline Establishment and Analysis. Baseline conditions for the Project will be established with relevant measurements taken to establish, as far as is possible, the ambient conditions. Care should be taken to ensure that the baseline conditions defined represent actual conditions for the pre-project period. Within this context, the consultant will prepare a baseline description of the existing physical, chemical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the areas likely to be affected by the proposed-project on the basis of existing information (including relevant material included in the Development Plan (DP) prepared by the Engineer Consultant) and supplemented by appropriate fieldworks - The fieldwork should include any data collected during work described in the preceding paragraphs. The use of computer modeling may also prove beneficial. The baseline description will relate to the sites of any proposed new treatment system and areas to be affected by new well-fields pipelines, water reservoirs, pumping stations and associated works and to the marine receiving system. - The marine baseline description should incorporate a review of current and potential beneficial uses, should identify sensitive receptor locations and suggest appropriate quality standards, and should characterize the system in terms of its physical, chemical and ,biological characteristics. - The socio-economic baseline should incorporate relevant information in respect of such aspects as population figures, present and proposed land use, development activities, employment categories, value of the fishing and tourist industries, public health and cultural properties. 1.0 tntroductIon 1.4 Consulting EnglntHdng Services (india) Pvt. LImItad December, 2001 ~ Project: Enviror-.mentaIlmpact Assessment (EIA), Enviromaental Mitigation Plan and Environmental MonItorIng Plan for Ibb City RevisIon:RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 31. - YEM) Docunent: 2OOI0111ENVI Draft Final Report - Compare Investment Alternatives: Compare alternatives, including the "no project" option in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating cost suitability under local conditions and institutional monitoring and training requirements. To the extent possible quantify the costs and benefits of each alternative incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Relevant work completed under the DP prepared by the Engineer consultant should be included in the analysis. - Impact Assessment. For investment alternatives selected, identify water supply and wastewater program and project activities that directly and indirectly affect natural resources, including flora, fauna and sea environments. - Prepare criteria for determining the significance of these impacts on natural resources. Based on the results of preceding tasks, develop criteria for determining the significant adverse effects, considering the likelihood and magnitude of effects and the potential for successful mitigation. - Determine ecological (including industrial and commercial effluent) and socio- cultural effects of water abstraction, water supply and sanitation, including directlindirect effects, cumulative effects, and long-termlshort-term effects, effects from non-project changes to drainage projects. Using the results of preceding tasks, conduct an impact assessment of existing and planned programs and projects. If possible, this assessment should quantify the nature of these impacts. - Identify Significance of Effects. Based on the results of the impact assessment, identify which effects are significant and adverse. Significant effects are those effects that involve important cultural and natural resources, and are of sufficient magnitude to alter the value and condition of these resources. In addition, identify those effects which can be mitigated and those which cannot be mitigated, and consider the potential role of the private sector in mitigating these effects. - Identify Alternatives and Mitigation and Enhancement Measures. Prepare ecologically acceptable alternatives and mitigation. Based on the preceding tasks, identify possible program and project alternatives and mitigations, which would avoid or reduce the potential for significant adverse effects to cultural and natural resources. - Support the PMU in the development of plans to mitigate any negative impacts. Recommend fe~sible and cost effective measures to reduce significant negative impacts. The plans should consider compensation to affected parties for significant impacts that cannot be mitigated. - Determine potential ecological enhancement measures for existing and proposed programs and projects. For important natural and cultural resources, which have 1.0 introduction 1.5 Project: EmrironmentaIlmpact Assessment (EIA). Environmental December. 2001 ~ MitIgatiOn Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revlsion:RO Water and Sanitation Project. Repul:llic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Sank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, Docwnent: 2OOI01lfENVI Draft Final Report been significantly affected by existing programs and projects, identify potential enhancement programs to restore and avoid further impact to these resources. 1.3.2 Task 2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) The scope of work required for the Environmental Management Plan will include the following tasks. · Identify and Develop the Environmental Management Plan to support the Ibb Local Corporation. EMPs are an important element of EA report and the Operation Policy of the World Bank in respect of such plans is set out in Operational Policy 4.01 - "Environmental Assessment". The EMP should identify the institutional arrangements for implementing the proposals of the EA and review the capacity of the proposed arrangements for operating the system in an effective and sustainable manner. · Identify Needed Follow-up Studies. Identify follow-up studies to fill in critical data gaps for documenting ecological effects and related report preparation. Based on the preceding task, identify any significant information gaps on the effects of water abstraction, wastewater and sanitation requiring documentation. Specify how this information is needed in evaluating the effects of irrigation and drainage in Yemen. · Where necessary, the EMP may recommend new regulations, new agency functions, management procedures and training and financial support to correct perceived deficiencies. It should also establish and describe arrangements for monitoring the project during its construction and operational phases. The EMP must note the ongoing role of the World Bank in monitOring of the project and for .. that purpose the EMP must include a recommendation on inspection frequency. details of the aspects to be monitored and records to be maintained and made available during such inspections. · Presentation of the EMP. The management plan will be summari~ed in a matrix format. which will show the potential issue and mitigating measure. The initial and recurrent costs for the EMP will be estimated and presented. Upon request, the World Bank will provide examples of the matrix format. 1.3.3 Task 3 Monitoring Plan The scope, of work required for the Environmental Monitoring Plan will include the following tasks. · Identify Monitoring Procedures. Recommend monitoring and evaruation procedures. Based on preceding tasks. identify possible monitOring programs to f.(J introduction 1.6 Consulting EngllHHIdng Sen4ces (1Pd1ll) Pvt. Limited . Project: Envtronmentallmpact Assessment (EIA). Environmental December. 20M [ill MiUgaIIon Plan and Emrirom'Ientai Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 37. - YEM, Revision: RO Document: 200801t1ENVI Draft final Report evaluate the status and trends of important cultural and natural resources affected by existing and planned programs and projects. · Construction Monitoring. A construction-monitoring program will be developed in the context of the EA, in order to monitor the construction practices and the physical environment of the construction sites. This will require quantitative assessments derived from monitoring sites, including: - Monitoring construction practices to assure adherence to broad guidelines listed in the EA, conceming good construction practices. - Examining and inspecting equipment, control equipment, monitoring equipment or plant; - Taking samples of any pollutants that are emitted, discharged or deposited or are likely to be (or are) of a class or kind that are usually emitted, discharged or deposited; - Examining any books, records or documents relating to the performance or use of such equipment, control equipment, monitoring equipment or plant or relating to the emission, discharge or deposit; - Photographing as necessary, or making copies any book, records or documents seen in the course of such examination; - Monitoring alterations in existing physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment; - Determining whether any detected changes in environmental components are caused by the project or natural occurrences; - Determining the impacts of non compliance with EA and EMP requirements by the contractor, in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and international standards; - Determining the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures; and (j) Highlighting areas of concem unforeseen in the EA and EMP and provide a basis for recommending further amelioration measures. - Depending on the scope of the eventual project works, an Environmental Safety Officer (ESO), with a thorough knowledge of site conditions and safety practices, may be appOinted to the PMU. During this project (until the project completion report is finalized) he will be directly responsible for ensuring the implementation of the environmental management plan. He will also be responsible for liaising with all parties inVOlved in the project, especially the engineering team and "" environmental consultants, and providing advice as necessary on all environmental matters conceming the project and in relation to the EMP. ESO costs, responsibilities, and indicative TOR will be included as an annex to the Environmental Monitoring Plan. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Consulting EllfllneeI1ng SetVlces (india) Pvt. LimIted December. 20" ~ Project Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Envirorwnental Mitigation Plan and Envirormental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic or Yemen, IBBCS..z, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 28080181ENVI Draft Final Report - Presentation of the Monitoring Plan. The monitoring plan will also be summarized in a matrix format, which will show the parameter to be monitored, the location of the sampling point, the frequency of monitoring, and the responsible agency. The institutional capacity of the concerned agencies will be analyzed and modifications proposed as appropriate. The regulatory framework in which these institutions operate and carry out their mandate will be analyzed and modifications proposed as appropriate. The monitoring plan should include an estimate of the required financial resources and any associated needs for training or institutional '. strengthening. 1.3.4 Additional Safeguard Issues In addition to other tasks, the EA should investigate and state specifically in the Executive Summary of the EA Report whether or not there is any: · Involuntary re-settlement the consultant shall fulfill the requirement s of the BANK 00 4.30 shall be addressed. This policy since it applies not only to the compensation of people who are actually moved, but also but also to temporally and pennanent exportation of land. · Impact on indigenous people; or · Impact on cultural property. The consultant shall fulfill the requirement s of the BANK 00 4.11 shall be addressed. And take into consideration Itchance find" procedures in the EMP 1.3.5 Public Consultation · It is important that the consultant take necessary measures to ensure adequate public consultation during preparation of the EA. The consultant will therefore work with local Corporation to set up, conduct, and record public consultation meetings. The Environmental consultant will also assist in coordinating the EA with govemment agencies, in obtaining the views of local NGOs and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their disposition. · This context, at least four public consultation meetings will be held, and input from an affected parties will be solicited. Every effort will be made to notify the public of any major project decisions and public works that are likely to disrupt daily activities in project areas. Methods used will include public meetings, media announcements, and both formal and informal discussions with affected Parties. The EA will include a detailed plan for the continuation of such Public and private interactions. 1.0 introduction 1.8 Consulllng Engineering Services (lndltl) PvL Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment CEIA), Environmental December, 20M ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental MonItoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBSCS..z, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) DoaanenI: 2OOI0111ENVI Draft Final Repott · The first public consultation will take place between contract award and comments on the draft Feasibility Study prepared by the Engineer consultant. The objective of this public meeting is to obtain comments and other feedback from the public and interested stakeholders on: (i) The proposed scope of the Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan; and J (ii) The broad outlines of the proposed Project. Results of this public consultation will be reflected in the draft EA · The second and third public meetings will be held in the areas identified by the Client where civil works will take place or where there will be significant environmental impacts. In order to allow construction planning that, to the extent . possible, reflects feedback from residents and other interested parties. The final public meeting will be held near the end of the Feasibility and Design and should record stake holders overall reaction to the Project and suggestions for improving implementation of future phases of the Development Plan. Because the Environmental consultant would have finished its work when the civil works are completed, the PMU will conduct the final public consultation meeting and record the results. However, the Environmental consultant must prepare the agenda for this meeting and ensure that the PMU is adequately trained to carry it out. 1.4 Availability of the Project Reports for EIA EIA study has mainly conducted based on the Feasibility report prepared by the Engineering consultants (Ec). The following project reports, which were received from IWSLC, prepared by the (Ec) have also been referred for the preparation of EIA study. · Final Preliminary Engineering Design Report, Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design, July 2006, · Water Resource Study - Draft Report, July 2006, · Preliminary Engineering Design Draft Report, Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design, April 2006, · Water Resource Study - Inception Report, January 2006, · Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design - Inception Report, January 2006. 1.5 Approach Adopted for Conduction of the Study Keeping in mind the requirement of Terms of Reference (TOR) and the World Bank's operation directives (00), the following approach for conduction of the study has been adopted. This is presented in the Figure 1.2. 1.0 Introduction 1.9 Consulting EngllKHIIfng Setvlees (india) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (eA). Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan far Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Project. RepuI)IIc: of Yemen. IBBCS-Z, «Wood Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, Document: Z00601.JENVI Draft Final Report for Conduction of EtA Kick-off meeting with client, reconnaissance survey. and secondary data collection Review of Existing Establishment of Baseline Environmental Set-up National. International covering: Legislation, and donor r.;r Physical and Natural Environment agencies environmental r.;r Biological Environment guidelines r:r Social Environment .. ~ ........·.·....·.......·..··..·..·..···.··..··.. Review of Project Components and Analysis of Project Alternatives Public Consultation Meeting with ./ Direct and Indirect Stakeholders such as - Project Affected People - Concerned Aoencies Environmental Impact Assessment ~ erEnviroftmenlalM........... "..<(EMP}eovering; - MifigdlaBmetISIftI fo~lIfI·n .. the flUjectimplementatiorl phase ~impacls .. - :::::=_ltat10IftaValimirtllBprojad operation phase - .......... Ueasures - Erlviroarlwdal Monitoring ·PIM tbr projadimplementatiorl and aparation phase - .....ilaryCost Estimates of £UP Source: Environmental Management Plan Report prepared for Taiz Flood protec:tion Project, CES 1.6 Structure of the Report The Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management Plan (EMP). and Environmental Monitoring Plan report has been structured in the following sections. Executive Summary summarizes the findings of each sections of this report. 1.0 - Introduction gives project background, scope of the work. approach adopted for conduction of the study, and need of the project. 1.0 Introduction 1.10 Consulting Engineering Sent;ces (India) Pvt. Limited December, 2001 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental MitigatIon Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Projed, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200I01t1ENVI Draft Final Report 2.0 - Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework covers the institutional and legislative set up, policy, and the World Bank safeguard issues relevant to the project and environment. 3.0 - Project Objectives and Description gives details of the proposed project and its Objectives. 4.0 - Baseline Environmental Set-up describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions, including any changes anticipated before the project commences. 5.0 - Analysis of Alternatives systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation-including the "No project" scenal;o. 6.0 - Public Consultation Meeting covers the views of the stakeholders expressed with respect to the project. 7.0 - Environmental Impacts Assessment deals with the environmental impacts ariSing out during project implementation and operation phase. 8.0 - Environmental Management Plan includes mitigation measures to be adopted during project implementation and operation phase to reduce/offset/mitigate the environmental impacts. 9.0 - Environmental Monitoring Plan covers the monitoring plan of various environmental parameters, institutional measures, and budgetary cost estimates to implement the proposed environmental management plan. I.D Introductlon 1.11 ComlUltlng ElIfIIlHHII1ng Services (Ind"') Pvt. LImIted 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Table of Contents 2.0 Policy, legal, and Administrative Framework ......................................... 2.2 2.1 Organization of Government ................................................................... 2.2 2.1.1 Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) ............................................. 2.3 2.1.2 National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) ................................... 2.3 2.1.3 Ibb Water Supply and Sanitation local Corporation (IWSlC) ................. 2.4 2.1.4 Environmental Protedion Authority (EPA) .............................................. 2.4 2.1.5 Other Relevant Agencies ........................................................................ 2.7 2.2 Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Yemen .............................. 2.7 2.3 Research Institutions............................................................................... 2.9 2.4 Regulations and Standards on Environmentallssues ............................. 2.9 2.4.1 laws and Standards ............................................................................... 2.9 2.4.2 legislations ............................................................................................. 2.9 2.4.3 Issues.................................................................................................... 2.10 2.4.4 EIA Procedures Issues.......................................................................... 2.11 2.4.5 Policy Framework .................................................................................. 2.11 2.5 IDA (Wortd Bank) funding agency ......................................................... 2.12 List of Tables Table 2.1: list of Relevant Agenaes ....................................................................... 2.7 Table 2.2: Indicative list of NGO's Active in Yemen ................................................. 2.8 Table 2.3: list of NGOs in Ibb City ........................................................................... 2.8 Table 2.4 Relevant Environmental legislation ..................................................... 2.10 Table 2.5: Relevant Key Articles of EPl ................................................................ 2.10 Table 2.6:Summary of EIA Procedures................................................................. 2.11 Table 2.7: Main Components of NEAP .................................................................. 2.11 Table 2.8:Salient Features of Environmental Protection Fund .............................. 2.13 List of Figures Figure 2.1 :Organization Chart for Ibb Water and Sanitation local Cooperation ..... 2.5 List of Annexes Annex 2.1 Draft Standards for Air Quality Annex 2.2Principal Environmental laws of Yemen & International Treaties Ratified Annex 2.3 EPA Byelaws Annex 2.4 Water law 33 Project: Environmental Impact A.....ment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring PIIn for Ibb City W..... and Sanitation Ptojec:t, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (Workt Bank Credit No.: 3100 - YEM) Document: 2OOI0191ENVI Draft Final Report 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The policies, legal, and administrative aspects of the project promoters, the funding agencies and the statutory government agencies playa major role in complying with recommendation of the Environmental Studies. Sustained success of any Environmental Management pradice depends upon the strudure and effectiveness of such components. Existing policies, Legal, and administrative framework with respect to EIA and the framewoti( within which this study has been carried out are described in the following subsections. 2.1 Organization of Government The Republic of Yemen (ROy) was formed on 22nd May 1990, after the unification . of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRy). According to the Constitution of the Republic of Yemen, which is valid and in force since unification of Yemen, the cabinet is the Central Government of the Republic. Under the Constitution, each Minister shall undertake supervision of all the affairs of his Ministry and shall direct its Departments and branches in ROY. The Minister is responsible to implement the general policy of the Government in his Ministry. Part of the constitution provides for local authOrity organization whereby the ROY is divided into administrative units, which have legal entity and are integral part of the state authority. The Republic of Yemen is divided into 21 Governorates. Each Governorate has a Governor who implements cabinet resolutions and is responsible and accountable to the cabinet. The government has adopted effective water policies to face the water challenge. In recent years, efforts have been intensified to complete the institutional and legislative build up of water and sanitation sector. Duties of each entity under the Ministry of Water and Environment have defined. New policies of openness in the sector have been allowed for private participation in the water supply and sanitation services. The number of beneficiaries of water supply services increased to 3,870,000 people in 2004. Similarly the number for sanitation services rose to 1,613,000 people. The government has woti(ed on maintaining the public water networks and to replace the worn out pipes and prepare special maintenance teams. The government has drafted a strategy to water challenge in consultation with local communities and international donors. This strategy is important step in 2 .OPoIIcy, Legal, and Administrative Set-up 2.2 Consu/tlnfl EngInflllrlng SetvIces (lndItI} Pvt. Limited December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact AI ....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI. . and Environmental Monitoring PI. . for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS·2, (World Bank CredH No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 191E NVI Draft Final Report development of strategies and water plans. This strategy also outlines alternative sources for water supply. All recent water policies consider the treated wastewater as a water resource that should be used in a safe and proper way. The following is a listing of existing pOlicies and laws: · Environment Protection Law'(1995) · Urban Water Sector Policy (1997) · Water Resource Policy and Strategy (1999-2000) · Watershed Policy (2000) · Agricultural Sector Refonn Policy (2000) · Yemeni Water Quality Standards (2000) '. · Irrigation Water Policy (2001) · Draft Water Law (in partiament for ratification - 2001) · Draft 'Wastewater Reuse Strategy (in parliament for ratification 2002) New Water law No. 33 (in parliament for ratification 2002) " Various agencies are also active in Water Supply and Sanitation sector. These are as follows. 2.1.1 Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) The MWE was established in 2003 and headed by the Minister. The aim of the establishment is to develop the previous efforts of the government, especially, on water supply and sanitation sector refonns. Under this ministry the following offICeS are operating for the development of water supply, sanitation, and environment: - National Water and Sanitation AuthOrity (NWSA) - National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) - Environmental Protection AuthOrity General AuthOrity Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project - Local Water Supply and Sanitation Corporations (LC) 2.1.2 National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) NWSA was established in 1973 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Electricity and Water. The responsibility of NWSA included development, operation - and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities in urban areas of erstwhile North Yemen. Public Water Corporation (PWC) active in erstwhile South Yemen was unified with NWSA. It has at present 30 branches all over the country. In 1997, Yemeni Government adopted a major resolution allowing decentralization of operating and financial responsibilities of the branch offices to be achieved by Year 2000. Now the NWSA is a regulatory authority. The main task of NWSA includes management of water resources (drinking water supply and groundwater extraction quantities), the development of new water resources (test drilling, Planning, etc.) and 2.0 Policy, Legal, and Admini.trative set-up 2.3 Conaultlng Englneet1ng Services (India) Pvt United December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA). Environm...tal Mitigation PI......d Environm ...tal Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revl.ion: RO Water and s.titatlon Project, Republic of Yem.... IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 19IENVI Draft Final Repolt monitoring/or controlling activities (taking water samples, analysis of water quality pollution levels, etc.). The Government began a program of decentralization of urban water supply and sanitation services, under the 'Sectoral Reform Agenda'. In this, the functions of NWSA have been merged into new Regional Water Corporations in accordance with the Local Administration Act. New water sector branches has taken over and expanded the role of NWSA. 2.1.3 Ibb Water Supply and Sanitation Local Corporation (IWSLC) The existing water and wastewater services of Ibb city is the responsibility of IWSLC which is under the Ministry of Water of Environment. The present organization structure of IWSLC is shown in Figure 2.1. A project Management Unit (PMU) has been established for the preparation and implementation of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The PMU reports directly to the Ministry of Water and Environment. For each individual sub project covering a specific urban area, a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) has been established in Ibb which is directly linked to IWSLC. This arrangement would secure local ownership as well as the need for centralized coordination. Within this framework, PMU is mainly responsible for: - Coordinating the overall implementation of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project among ministries and water authorities and to liaise with lending agency. - Allocating and managing the financial resources and execute payments under various contracts - Ensuring internal auditing - Preparing sub-projects for implementation including tendering and contract awards for civil works, equipment supply and consulting services Approving any variation orders, extensions or cost increases during contract execution. 2.1.4 Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) EPA was established through decree No. 60112005 under the mandate of the MWE. This is an offiCial and specialized agency having the following objectives: · Environmental protection , · Conservation of natural resources according to Environmental Protection Law (EPL) and other legislations in force 2.0 Policy. Legal, and Admini.trative Set-up 2.4 Consulting Englneel1ng Services (India) PIIt. Limited PrbJa..,! Envifulllldmtal filltJ' ...tt AsA..an1ent (!.....,. Enviro.......htal M."vaJlon Pft. .. aM 'Dec:e...~...·· 200" ~ Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation ProJect. Republic of Yemen. Revision: RO IBBCS-Z. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: Z006019/ENVI Draft Final Report Figure 2.1: Organization Chart for Ibb Water and Sanitation Local Cooperation Technical Advisor \4 , Chairman of CounCil Ch,'nnan t + Gel"" Manso" + Deputy General Manager t l Deputy General Manager I Project Planning Department (Administration) I."neh~ffa" J Details & Programming Financial Accountant & + Administrative Checking & Auditing ~ Store ... S ..... ~o !?-g ~ ~ c ~ 1::11 ~o . .~ ~ _t_ QI .L- ii 0 Cl -~ :::I'e Cl C'.':'.E ~ .5 c 8~ ... Cl ~.! ~.Si! '3 :g ~.i!: .51:; .15 in sponsoring rural development. Often reflect existing Sana'a Governorate) social structures and are marked by strong tribal affiliations To provide organizational structure for the co-ordination NGO Network for Women of work on women's issues and to provide input into development project planning. Social Organization for Family ITo provide training and health care to poor women and Development k:hildren ITo provide maternal and child health services and Yemeni Family Care Association increase awareness of family care services ITo improve situation of women, economically, socially Yemeni Women's Union and culturally and encourage participation in development Source: Donnan, et al1996 The NGO engage in carrying different activities in the field of environment, social, water conservation, family and child care are listed in Table 2.3. Table 2.3: List of NGOs In Ibb City s. No. Name ofNGO Area 1 Family care Association Women Skill Development Environmental Protection Conservation of Natural resources, Public 2 Society Awareness Campaign etc. Association for Environmental , 3 Environmental and social Development and Social Development Water Resources Public Awareness, holding Seminars for water 4 Conservation Society conservation 5 Agricultural Cooperative Union Agriculture Source. Department of SOCIal welfare and Labor, Ibb 2.0 Policy, leiIaJ, and Administrative Set-up 2.8 Consulting Engineering ServlCfllJ (India) Pvt. Um/ted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, RepublicofYemen,IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 19IENVI Draft Final Repott 2.3 Research Institutions Universities of Sana'a and Aden are the principal govemmental research organizations in Yemen. A marine research branch of the Ministry of Fish Wealth has been established in Hodeidah. The Dutch Govemment is providing support to the University of Sana'a in the following two areas: vStrengthening of Department of Civil Engineering in the field of Environmental Engineering including Water Supply and Sanitation v Support for the Centre of Empirical Research and Women's studies The Intemational institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE). Delft is providing assistance (Technical and Financial) to Department of Civil Engineering. Capacity Building measures of the Department are also being undertaken by them at both academic and applied levels. A Laboratory equipped with latest and technically advanced testing equipment and facilities have also been established for analysis of water and wastewater samples in the premises of Sewage Treatment Plant of IWSLC. Samples can be analyzed for the physical, chemical and biological parameter in the laboratory. This laboratory can be used as a useful aid to water related research works. 2.4 Regulations and Standards on Environmental Issues Relevant law, nJles, standards related with environmental issues are brie'I1y discussed in the following sub sections. 2.4.1 Laws and Standards One of the key functions of EPA is to frame environmental laws on all aspects of environmental issues and specifying standards. Draft standards for wastewater quality and Air Quality are given in Annex 2.1 but a comprehensive set of standards are not yet available. Thus, intemational standards, primarily those of Wor1d Health Organization (WHO) are used. 2.4.2 Leg islations The Environmental Assessment (EA) is considered mandatory according to "Provision 36 of Chapter 3 of the Environmental Protection Law No. 26 for the year 1995 and its implementation guidelines outlined in the Council of Ministers' Decree No. 48 of the year 2000", which states that all projects and structures that by itself is a source of environmental pollution or probably cause environmental impacts, are not allowed to get permit unless an Environmental Impact Assessment study is 2.0 Policy, Legal, and Administrative Set-up 2." ;i Consulting Englneet1ng Services (lndkl) Pvt Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aa....ment (EIA), Environmental MItigation Pial .,d environmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Vemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final Report conducted. The Environmental Protection Law 26/1995 is appended in Annex 2.2.0ther Environmental Laws of Yemen and International Treaties Ratified are listed in Annex 2.3. Water law 33 is enclosed in Annex 2.4. As discussed ear1ier, the EPL contains provisions for the enacting of legislation on the requirement for EIA of the project. Principal relevant environmental legislations currently in effect are listed in Table 2.4. Table 2.4 Relevant Environmental Legislation 1 SI. Law/Decree Date . No. 1. Law No. 5 of 1973 regarding Mines and Quarries 4.8.1973 2. Law No.1 of 1975 regarding Wood Wealth & Greening 5.1.1975 3. Law No.1 of 1989 regarding municipalities 1989 Republic Decree in Law No. 50 of 1991 regarding Mines and 4. 14.4.1991 Quarries 5. Taking ownershi~for Public Interest Law N025 of 1992 1992 Cabinet decree conceming for adoption of EIA Report for the 6. NA projects Law No.89 of 1993 Prime Minister Decree in Law No.24 of 1994 regarding regulation of 7. 19.4.1994 Hygiene and Environmental Heal violations and penalties thereof Source: Vemen Enwonmental status 1995, NEAP, 1996 2.4.3 Issues Environmental issues covered with respect to the project under various articles of EPL are presented in Table 2.5. Table 2.5: Relevant Key Articles of EPL ArtICle Representation Issue EPL Text The concerned body shall protect the surface and groundwater Protection of and to undertake the development of water resources, and 6 Water limitations of the issuance of licenses for drilling of groundwater Resources wells and inpose strict regulations and restrictions to prevent the misuse and overuse of water resources or contaminating it. ·rhe concerned body shall prepare the necessary policies and plans in relation to the construction of dams, canal, water 7 Water Resource catchment and storage to develop such resources and to support Development and encourage the local community initiative towards such projects in accordance with the studies and specifications which shall be prepared by the concemed body or approved by it. Definition of 30,33 and 37.1 Standards & Define the process for the establishment of standaJds and their Development of establishment by the Cabinet EIA guidelines All competent bodies especially those concemed with Environmental Protection & development and economic planning shall adhere to include the 56 Economic considerations for environmental protdon, control of pollution, and the rational consumption and utilization of natural resources Development of the projects and national economic development plans. Source. EPL, 1995 2.0 Policy, Legal, and Administrative Set-up 2. 10 Consulting Englneet1ng Setvlces (Ind/B) Pvt. Limited ." Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment lElA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yern..., IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report 2.4.4 EIA Procedures Issues The procedures for EIA and for decision making process as presented in EPL are summarized in Table 2.6. Table 2.6: Summary of EIA Procedures (A) Elements of Detailed EIA 1. Description of the Project or ProPOSed Activity 2. Description of the Environment that may be affected by the Project 3. Description of the proposed altemative activity 4. Evaluation of the proposed environmental effects expected as a result of the proposed project or activity and altematives including the direct and indirect effects in the long and short term and accumulating effects. 5. Effects from the project or areas outside the national sovereignty (8) Decision Making Process 1. Application is reviewed within 3 months by the authorities 2. The decision of acceptance or rejection is notified; and in the event of rejection with reasons given for the same 3. Applicant may complain without one month 4. Decision can be contested in primary court within a period of one month. Court gives final ruling within a period of not exceeding six months Source: Draft Environmental Protection Law (EPC) 2.4.5 Policy Framework A National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was prepared in 1996. This highlighted challenges facing the environment, such as depletion of water resources, deterioration of land resources, desertification, deterioration of habitats and biodiversity, and waste management. The plan also unQerlined the need to integrate environmental issues in development plan strategies, including the impacts of the project on environment. However, NEAP does not have any legal status but it provides policy framework for the action programs of EPC. It also provides guidance on the application of available legislation throlJghout Yemen. Main components of the NEAP with respect to Water Supply and Sanitation Projects are presented in Table 2.7. Table 2.7: Main Components of NEAP 81. No. Issue Concern 1. Water Depletion, Pollution Over extraction groundwater and Supply Lack of water allocation and conservation system Water Pollution 2. Land Degradation . Inadequate Water Supply Services Soil Erosion 3. Waste Management Wastewater Management Solid Waste Management Hazardous Waste Management Pesticide Management Source. NEAP 1996 2.0 Policy. Legal, and Administrative Set-up 2.11 Consultlng Englneerfng S.rvfCfJII (IndIa) Pvt. L.lmlted Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Wafer and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report 2.5 IDA (World Bank) funding agency* The World Bank has classified the projects in four categories depending on the type, location, sensitivity, scale of the project, nature and magnitude of the potential environmental impacts. These classifications are: Category A The category "A" project has significant environment impacts which are: -.J Sensitive -.J Diverse -.J Unprecedented These impacts may affect broader than sites/facilities subject to physical works. For category "A" projects, EA should cover potential negative and positive environmental impacts, analysis of feasible alternatives and mitigation measures. Category B The project has less adverse impact on human population or environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands, forests and other natural inhabitants. These impacts can be mitigated by adopting mitigation measures more readily than category A projects. EA for category B project should cover potential negative and positive environmental impacts and mitigation measures. Category C It is likely that the project have minimal or no adverse impacts on the existing environment. Category FI The project involves investment of Bank funds through financial intermediary, in sub- projects that may result in environmental impacts. The applicable environmental and social policies, directives, and good practices guidelines of the World Bank are as follows: · Environmental Assessment Sourcebook & its Updates · OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment · OP/BP 4.02: Environmental Action Plans' · OPIBP 4.04: Natural Habitats ·Source: The World Bank Operational Policies - January 1999 2.0 Polley, Legal, and Admini.trative Set-up 2.12 Consulting Engineering Services (Indlll) Pvt. Llmltad " December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmantallmpact Assessment (EIA). Environm.,tal MItigation PI., .,d Environm.,tal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Watarand Salitatlon Project, RepublicofYem",IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final Report · OPIBP 4.36: Forests · OPIBP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement · OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples · OP 14.70: Management of Cultural Properties in Bank-Financed Projects 2.6 Financial Framework An Environmental Protection Fund has been established to provide financial resources for the implementation of conservation and pollution abatement measures. Salient features of the Environmental Protection Funds are presented in Table 2.8. Table 2.8: Salient Features of Environmental Protection Fund SI. No. Parameters Features 1. Potential Govemment allocations for environmental protection Resources Grants, donations and assistance from national agencies or individuals Percentage of revenue from penalties ordered by the courts in cases of non-compliance with environmental protection legislation Fees from licenses issued by EPC Revenues from nominal charges for environmental protection Fees for services provided bY EPC 2. Eligible EPC in particular to execute projects in the NEAP Beneficiaries Line Mlnisbies - to support activities in environmental protection Local administration and NGOs - in particular to execute pilot projects Private Sector - to support incremental investments necessary to minimize ponution or degradation 3. Eligible To minimize adverse effects of catastrophes to the environment Projects To implement pilot projects To support the transfer of appropriate environmental techniques To contribute to the establishment or protection of protected areas To suQport research on the environment Source: NEAP 1996 2.0 Policy, Legal, and Administrative Set-up 2.13 Consultlltf1 Engineering Services (Ind/e) pyt Limited ANNEXES ANNEX 2.1 - Y DRAFT S~ANDARDS FOR AIR QU~LI: i \ \ , I \ , I I \ I S t f .~. I it:-.c. ,.~ \ "" .'~ ~ ~ .. :' :...:-.. ' " .' . S t I ... " ~ ~ ~.I ,;t;.JC ..·~ 1 "·l,,.....:~':.,..:.. ~-:~J " I ... - I .. t I · .. ·~JI J..:.).H.~ I .. i.J .. , . ~ ,-~ . ,. , " · 1 .. .. ·1 .:.·_.................. '- I~ .' '" .. p' "::43:"~\ .. _--_. : ......\ ~~ .1'1 · .! ~ ~_.,:; ~ \.."..: ·· : i ,,' ....\1 ~ ': ~,,JI ,:~~ :~.a 'L: ~'Jl . _' ~·JI .::: ·.~I ,.i :i_~d! d.,.: · ~:.I'_:JI "- 4· ·.· . , ..." ... . , . .. - ~'oooif"" , - , · ." 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I .l;--Sl J) y-l:..c.:i ~ ":I 0" (.)-4 J ~.,>J ~ ~.?')1 C-:---:UJ . ·W,,~fi.ll J,.S ~LF» ~" ;~- J "o~l u1=- tR :UL.l.J ",4+1:-: )JWt"':':4.,..J1 J . .~ l....aL....:U..1 CO U4:i'» l..~ I ~..!i t.JA "..J.? .urJl ~};' c) .,.!..C-?-.,.JI UJ!fil' ~, J;ll I ~I ~ u~1 uk "-, CII,\rTER nvo TilE USE OF I'F.5TICIDES .. ........ 21 .w.... -....~ ,b';':;ll P,\RTTHREF.: ENVIRONMENTALLY DAMAGING O.O~111..,..s1.Ai o· Tt'O ,,;,,.;.0 ACTIVITIES ........................................................ 24 CH;\!"TER ONE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTALLY D,\MACHNG ACTIVITIES .·.·.....·...·..........·....·...·...·....·......·.·...............··..· 24 C"APTfR TWO TilE ENVIROMENTAL TCtINICAL HANIlARDS. CRITERIAS AND SPECIFICA nONs .............................. 27 CIfA!"TER THRFE TIlE UCENSER FOR PROJECTS MID r~\'IRtJNMENTAI.IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................ . Environment Protection Law Environment Protection Law Part One The General Rules and Principles Chapter one - Citation and Definitions CIIM'TER FOUR IIANDLING OF IIA7.ARDOUS WASTFS ANIl Artlcl~(l) M,\TrRIAI-'i ........................................................................ J4 Thl~ la,.. !bllll be dted 8lI th~ EnTlronm~1l1 Protection Illw. UM/'Tr,R mE Till: rROTECT10N OF TIlE ENVIRONMENT IINO Artlclt (l) For tht objectives of impltm~ntlnlllhis law. tbe tt~ And Upre!."'- appearl"ll h~mn und~ shall haTt tht nlAI'TrR ~IX 'I1IE r,NVIRONMFNTAl MONITORING ................ ,42 mtanln. II!I!Ifped 10 IrIK'h or thtm. unlalllht conlul ""auld Indlt'8le to Ihe coni....,. Ih"~1 PART FOllR f>MRINF. I"OLLIITION ................................. A~ II Rtpublk: tht Rtpuhll~ on'~mtn. CIIAM7'R "Nt: rOI.l.lrnON 01' IlIE SEll WATI,RS .......................... 4~ 11 Tht Coundl : Iht Environment rroledlon CooRdI (,IIAm,K nw) Rr<'ORDlNG NOllFIC,\TION ANI) COl'llllTIONS (EPC). II 3) Th~ Envlronm~nl: lhe hlo!lph~rt' Ihat mcomp_ v- 01' INSllR,\NCE ................................. .. ........... .41i 1"11 o....nl.ms Includlnll suMtances and lIS surt'O\lnd· {,IIM'TER TIIREE TIlE MANM'r:MENT AND Tl-m Inll air, ... aler and soil. This blosphHe (Qnsists of tw~ IMI'tf.MENT,\TION .................. ................................. ............... AR ..lem..nlS. cosmk (nalUral) tl~mtnt wblch Inclndes 1"- ing enst""" and llra-niSftl, 01' hum.n beln~ ~aun·· 1',\ RT r:IVE TilE VIOLATIONS ANI> (,OMPENSA nON "lint and natural resnUI'tU of air..... Itr and SOIl ··1;00 r:OR TIlE orll"nk and non ora-nlc' mal~rials 8lI wtll as the eco- ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ..............................52 svslenu. liuman el~mml which Indudes all thaI ,..hl~h 15 aug- ,. (""\"TER 01'1' JI 'IlICIIlt, Ill'll> IIrl'Rf:III'I'ISION AllTIlORlTIEL .... '2 led hv human beings 10 tht NalUral ..nrironmenl <:1I,\I'n'R TIm Til" 1.I11111lJTY ,\NUTIIE COMrENSATION FOR :"~"ed ~nd non nxed eslabll!bmtnlS roads, bridges, TilE FN\'IRONMENTI. DAMIIGE.~ .. ............................... 53 airport and IraruportallolU mea"" and "Yslem." a~ "filII!! ...hllt Is ~realed and produced from Induslri.... ell.li·n'R TIIHI+ Tilt M'NAI.TII'S.................... .. ...~.~ In'·.nlloM and lechnoioptS. CII,wn:R fOCR f'll'/AI Rl'I.I~'.............. .. ................ S(, 41 rollullnll'uhst.nces and fKtOn- \ny ...lId maltrlRls. liquid or 1IS5I!OUS malerial!', " ~moke slenm U(fur!'o~ nfli,.. radiation. heal. spark. \+1.. bratlo;" Inl.:oouetd by hUl1Iu" heinJll' Ibat I..ad Of . ,. --------- .., ... ~--- -- --~ . ,. AIfI" .... - . . . _ . _ - - -. . . . . . ._ - . -" 1 . · "'."1' · . . . . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ,- Environment Protection Law Environment Protection Law di ..ctly o. indlr«lIy 10 the tnvlronmtnlal ""nullon o. dlreclly or Indlreclly tis nalural and IIJ"II8nlc' ('harac' delrrioratlon 10 II... Ih'lng crulur··· !>l """Ironm('nlol rollulilln: t ..... slla and compontnt. or lhal arr«t. lis funcllon.. ·· Ihroullb mllillBUon of lis capablllllUes .... kind and olh- ."n.,· ,·hon!!·.· In the .nvlronmenlol properl"'" lhal mav tr living o...an!sms and natural l'I!!OOUrca dR 10 Ihe r ...dl inlrnliDnnlly nr unlnl.nllonall,. by I,uman ~. lngs 11181 will Irad 10 any ha7.ard~ 10 Ih.. humans. fau. na. nllMl, rm.,y.ltms. n..our'C.' Dr CIlWle any .rr«1 and d!anfIU or tht tnvlron_nl compnntnls charadtri..- lIa and propmles. II) Conservallon of nalUral """urees: .. InOuen", Dn Ih~ lawful u_ and ulllizalion of Ih. en,·I. ronmenl or InOuen... by nny way Dr mtRn of Iht r«r~. Tht rallonal and wise manall_nt or Iht renewable and non-nne,..abl.. !'ftOurca whld! Indude lbe good .. allon of hllman ""In"" and mak.. use and hen..111 of Ih .. "roptrll... II"" and .allDnal nploltallon ond ul/ll".lIon and Iht maintain and conserTf lis ~stainablllly and continuity III Th. rCI><,.lrm., Dr It. producllvt ('apadl,. ror lbe prt'Stnl and fulurt' Thc mm"",hen.! nf n,obile Ihl . Il~red of .. tlnclion Including Ihe prolection of Ihe ar- IJO!;ed fir Inl"ndrtl 10 dl,,,,... or II I. ngs 10 be d ... chReologlca I placH. Ing (0 Ihe p"""dill I ' required Qe("nrd· 21) Wild life:- ng "' "" of Ih" law 10 get rid · Ihal nwner nnd fl'ISSt'AAor d · 0., or Any sp<'de or species or nora and fauna or birds Ihal Irnliu II Or 10 di~pose or II. <'SIr.,. 10 rreyd" It or neu· take Ihe lerrilory or Ihe RepUblic of Yemen u lis 17) 1I..:turdnus W.sl.: home. and 5h,,"ering also Ihe birds Ihallake lhis lerri- An" wasle Ihul i.s Il"neral " r lory or ils coasts .s nsl staliOlll or ror hrftding or for or ;ndi,tlinn operation. an~ ":~:"~~~Irlal, chemical iiving, if. conlenl. nf malerinis or cnn ',alardnus due 10 22) Marine ecn"yslem: or due 10 It, ehrnlieal reaellons cen~rahon. nf mal. rials Marlne crealures Ihal live in Ihe lerrilorlal sea or Ihe nelcr or brlllg Ilohle 10 npl-' or ue 10 it., 10:(lc chor- e)(du~VI! economic zone and Ihe ennllnenlal shelf or in V"on fir In er."'e eorrosl fir nny Illh", ~bnracl"ri"lcs Ilial arl.... d . 11ft Ihe soil Hnd subsoil nf Ihesc! walen indus,,'e lhe coral man hr/nll. founa lind fiom or 10 hanger 10 hu- rur... "helher indeprndenlly , I e envlronmenl 2..1) The projecl: wasle, or ,"Iermlud wllh nlller Any 6tahllshm.nl or con.slnKlion or Helh-il)' of what· III) iJundling of halardo", ""','e: soner nalure Ihal mlahl he a "our« or pol/ulion All Ihe nJlt'mlions 11.01 inillale wllh Ih or deterioration 10 Ihe environmenl, Wll'le ? ntlllhe ,'lafe dl'posel of Illlnd W:lj,e~:r;:::n nr 24) F.n,.jronmenlal Heallh: collection or wasle or slorlnll II, C! e Ihe Tbe health condition or Ihe human being faulI8 or DG- dllnll or di.pnsl~1l of II or lis d Ior r~nlf).'nl or han- ra and aillhat relale 10 the life or Ihe buman belnlllh'- · malnlflulnff oflh~ landlills ~ :~n;1 on Inciudinillhe 19) PolluUon-frer ~rrl1: I . umplng. Ing In Ihe environmenL 0 25) Environmental quality standards: '11';. IIreo i. Ihe l~rril(frlRI _ II The maximum IImlls or pollutanls eon""nlratlons Ibal . I. II1(" r~ .. I U'ln- "'.:ntlomit' lone, lind Ih II"II .1Il UI,UUnuc · " ,"S .111" f \:" lele .IIJu'l! .. "'llt~ .,i, II ... " I" ". 7) II" '1'1 U ICIa I aullOJII.cs alld liS IHI' I' . .e . I:I)UPC';III\'C IIISlil ..liuIISC5pc.... Uy Ihose a.. tliorll.cd 10 .e. II' ,1I1\'i,le :"14 I 1I"',,es .or '1Il\\, or C,X'SlIlig proJ,."':IS i.S \\... II 1I~ r .. I:m' alld lIte UN '" CS ,,' Ihe PIIIlII. illle,".I""",I' Ihe fUICi!!1I ~olllpilllies. Ihill I'''I('";e .1In! , ..rt) ",II I YlIl. lind au) olh""WI\'CIII/UU UII iI.~ I .1\\ "II' ·· · '<"'If I I ' , I.cir ;"",'ilics ,\'illllll YClllcn's "'",lers, ~I~.II lakc 10 he rahlicd by II II ~~"""OII(" cum C""ol1 \I h" Ii I~ illlo considcralion Ihe: prirll:il"C of clldro!!"",,,«,,1 ,'. prOiCClion 0( II '1.' :lIIell for 'lic '''IJJl''~ IIf Ih~ asscsslllcni of projc(;IS so d.sllhe pc. rormallce of Ihe .e fllllrulC CIII" . IIl1lhoril;.,. $'.all CIIJOI' all IIOIIIIICIlI. 1 he "a,c em'irollllICIII,,1 aSSo:SSIlICIII saudics 511:111-1101 conlradici pru\'idcd ror ill IIIe d JlI:rfOflll 'lie JlIrjsdl~lJon UN lI'ilh Ihal of Ibe economic fcasibililJ sludies SCll for Ihe prol:.;1' COII\'l:IIIIOII 011 IIIC 1;1\\(.f lite II) (I) It sl1all nOi be permissib":: 10 issue lIte license for ullder "Ie 51alc 5"'~: v 1011 or. I"e marine ell"irolllncill crclgnlY:ls . II lIelf Ilfojecls and eSlablislllllcllls l'lnl damage or Ihe esc'usj,·c ~~'o,u. I . · \\C 3S IIII.' (IIC"5 'I i"lin pollulc the elivilOnlllelll or Cilllse ils detclioralion. 5) . .· 'v' II~ 1011<: ,FEZ) :rIle offiCIal aUlhorilics '/lid '. III All lIelV PlOjeclS and ,,:slahlishlllClIIS shall adh...re IfISlillllioll5. \lltelher 11'11" publIc and I"ilalc all - "nderlllke Ihe preparll l!> 0 nlpnl !'rolccli"" C.mncl' u. any IIlher concerned hody, olerlilln and ilS conlrnl .lId r . for Ihe en.lrnnmen I p.. , or 10 h. slIppll,d ..ilh eqnlpmenlllnd lethnologles Ihul ) I Ihe coordlnallon ",II h conc.rned b"".e'S P'."(>n1 lhe occurre"e" or IIny ."hslanlinl damnge 10 .holl carry ou . r h . hi '111 exerule such plllicy .. ner I'b., npprllml 0 I · ,. · the t-nl·ironmrn'. 9) Any"n. who dH ......~e.lh. environmenl ,1IIi wifhf .. till! ~dlooJ ~"llarJl~s und {'OU~5 rur Ih ... ifTn~nl ..ducalion levels. Chapl~r Til I'~C - 'I'Ilc F:lllirolllllcnl Protectiun Coundl (EI'C) Arlide (;iJ , .. \ ",,"n,-iI shll" he ..,s/llhlished 10 I... mimed as 1"<" I·:nfj · ..",mem l'rol«llon CUll neil (Ere) Ibal rol/ows ______---------~~L----------- " 15 EnVironment Protection Law .... -....... ----- ... Environment Proteetlon Law " .. ,.,. I'nrl ]\VII · I'rol('ction of Waler, Soil and use Arlie'. (9) of }'csticidc... I) /I ,bnll be "mhibU"" In ...rri... RP1 lIflll'lly Ihal conlrlbul"" dir.rtl), or indi...,rlly 10 lhe dam".. offh. soil or poI'uling il <':h"IJler One· J',n,C('.ion or Water, Soil and ur alTectlls nalur.' chul"IKleri..Ualllld romprmcnlsla a "0)" estub/lshmen( or Natnra/l'rOlectlod \ Ibal fllnnuellCfS and "lI'eels IL. proelueli..., :. /I.e ""flllilillns Ihal 10 he delermined h . Ih pansion 0. nrban und mral dncloP"!!m1 "I Ih.,~'jii"ii.e hod,., ' e ~o"cerned of IIle agrl~,,"urallands, expnl lhal such aellon i.. pro- .\rlide (7) "ided ror;n Ibe p"'l'ailfngla"'-iiidmoliiiions. The m"~.rn«le. · l>tgr2dalion or desll1lCiion of Ihe geographical and gro- of .~ch plunl.·· Such regllialion shall be issued hy a res- 'ottical slruelur.. and cnmpmllioru; or Ihe plnc.. Ihol are olution (rom Ihe Cahinel. t"onsid"ed as 5hcllfrs (flr ."Ialn sped.. of (auna and nora or for Ibtlr r.producllon and breedinl!- .\rUde 0-1) Il It is prohibited 10 ex.rd.e any IIc(I'iI~' "hi.h a(fKI~ Ihe '1ua~ · Inlrodudng (orrign ~.nera wUhin Ihe pmlecled area. lily .nd qualll)' o( lilt I·f~elali..n In any a .... rau...ntt d6.rt ... · 1'"UlllinR Ihe · .,11. walrr or Ih. Air o( Ih. prol..l )'("3" IN''riod and RIa,' 't(' r('.o Ih~ "HI·!roan ·· nl or hlllllan h"alth Itr .nimal~ ex~epl rC',,::i~'rrrd nr f:lnrt"'rd :I~ ,h,,· C'Olopr(t"nt body flC!'r~ if nee .. ·· ,''iSun'· Ihron~h Ihe cumplenl hotly IIRd IIfler nOlllicali.. n of Ihe .\rtiele (ill) Cuunril. ·',l.e Clllllp~'I~nl h""y,hali s/ipulule Ihe ,lCSlicides 'pCdrR'O' ,\ rlid~ (21) 111111··and Il~ hJ\ndljn~ condiliull. "';Ib Ihe c.lllrdlnDllon of Omcers (or judicial i",<.~liglllion~ o( Ihe cUlllpelrn' 21 lit t:::nvlronment Protection Law Environment Protection Law "ody I1o"illll ,iudldal order ~1t811 h" enlillrd and ha,.., Part Three· Environmentally Damaging Ih. riJlhllo ell In plae"" where peslidd ·· arc stored as Activities pm..;d.,d fllr in Aliid. (20) Of Ihl~ Inw, or '''''p · .,I.d Chapler One· Conlrol of Environmenlally In he slorrd, 'n··y ha,'e Ih. rllll.1 10 take limited free Damaging Activities ~amples of ,,"cll p ..llcides ror ils analysl, and 10 in,'.,- Articl. (22) ligale lis validity or 10 inv.sligole that condilions and II Is nQ/ permis.,ible rur any ministrr or aulllority or .pedf1callon~ that are delermined hy Ihls law or its ex. corporation or pobUc or private company or a co- erulh'e regulation.. have bern complied nilh, operative a. well as any Indivlduai to use the Yemeni environment ror dumping or discharge or dispose an)' pollutants to the envlronmenl wilh the types and quan- tities that damage and alfect the environment or con- tribule to Its deterioration or InRict damalle to the nat· .. raJ re50urCH or lhe Ih'lnll organisms or infringes and "lolates or prevent the Ju~tinl!d and equillble USC' and exploilation of Ihe en,ironmenL Artlele Ill} An person ""0 Is responsible for designing or operaling nny proj«t or performing any aellvlty shall abide and comply with the provldl!d rules In this law, DS well as comply and adhere to the ~tatl!d lind determlnl!d sped- ficatlon.~, standards' criterias of Ihe prolecllon or the endronment In this respecL Article (24) Any po..on nalural or Juridical d.sires 10 establish anr projed or activity or work of ",blll",'er nlltllre, whleh migbt cause negative ..lfeels 10 the environment. ~hllil undertake environmental assessment study or any oth- er meall to have Ihe knowll!dge of such possible elfKl~ and III take! .11 sullable preventive measures 23 24 j .. " ... · *1 .gC Environment Protection Law Environment Protection L_ with f It", I.~l'ii~hln("e nr (he ltJ'l)ro r. . It'c:lnlulugi(','i to p~wmt 'be' pr .11. ("(,tullment Dr Artide (28) ,\rUd. /:!:O;l UccllrrfJ )JJ('3snrrs and prolection of the population. He must adhere to and IJ tn t U' I,r{"";t;u... anick- I II ("milt (he f,.:rSC'm t.:au~fng tlte He. Ola' d · ~ 1:1 n~t ('''9 Mbid. by choosing and ~electlng a ",re place for his es- nn'Uf. Ut· .!Ihall he U II r nIJmgt"S flit" cn\"ron~ lahli.hment or aetlvlty and ta respect the nece_.., a I · ",. II,. d._g e _lid ·'11 bra tr~IHJII~ihi1if" .,r hlt'urrin~ :lnd innic:.' "' r flit" sarety dblonce zone and to p!aft an n"......anee .ylllem \'iroflnJt.'fI' arilrjin Of. 1111( daMagH '0 .he ('n .. ..n his eIIIabllshment or activity and to ~blish early .\rUde 127) " I .nd due hi hi. a·· o. lI.gng~nro, ..arning <,.stem, Thr <'Ounril ilia), ,11I.. milit and s r ' , , 2) The activities or the u'3ge or !'Ome materiRI~ ur the "., grr." h~lI" 'Inn" ' ,P r,f'" ,,,,IIUI,,.,n-'r.. are- mdhods of lIUlDuradurinll are prohiblled Ir It appea .. , " , lllre,' ,r..,,,r,,IIIIIII'" I , ' , if is J1r"'lihil~d to 1 n'!)r.\·~ " fI('fC"I,.\, n n rtnfm Te-r.. that there an no means 10 ensure an err«tlvt pro(",,- ally ('HJJstrut'fiannl. :'grit..'ldrur:Jf ! ;rnn;, and ('lI r ry out lion to.be p " " " ~ n ,If('or an('(, · (' flrr"lIIhn~ l:lw~ · tt .., 25 26 Environment Protection Law Environment Protection Law ,\ rllfle (3;1) I) The council shall from lime 10 lime and durinll reasonable ChUIJfl'r 1'\\,11 · The Envirnnmen(a' TechniclI' periods and .ner Ihe ronsultalions wllh Ihe concerned Standards, Criterias and Specifications gon.nmenlal bodi.., updal. and modernlte Ih. sl.n- ,\rlicit! 1:«1) dards nnmi(' 10,,,,1 of II, providrd Ihal su<" Iblnll shull lhedefed. nO,1 ·nolale alld i~frinll~ Ihe requirrment. (or Ihe pro- Irt 1m" nfll.r rnnrllnm""l"nd conlr,,1 of p"IIulion ChaplerThree - The Licenser for Projects .\rlirl.. (.12) · and Environmenta' Impact Assessment II I. nn! Ilt'r"'l...~ihle I" Inerro·· Ihe pnIl11lion dellr.., In Arlicie (.13) , · rhl' clrRlenl. of Ihe nUlural ('O\'lronOlenl morr Ihnn Ihnl II is nol permissible for an)' compelenl body 10 gn'e permIS- or the ~lnndard,lIIj:, ('rilcria~ lind !liip('cincnUnn~ whirh QTr sion or issue a IiC-SCriplion of Ihe envlronmenl Ihal potenllllily mlllhi ..... slTed""- '" Cl OeKriplion of allcmall"eI 10 proposed projocl (e.g_ us· I. ing malenals ofleasl paOullon). Il) Evslllulion lind asseAAm.. nl nf Ihe probable environ- ol.nlsllmpaCI nnd effecls of Iho proposed ac:th'ily und Ihe allernallves, includlnglbose direct Dnd Indlred er· (""t·· lind $ho" and lonlllenll .." .... nmlnllon. conlalns (solid ond liquid .......11.' - gas eml·· ions · land uses - nols... l...el'-lrhleh Ihe pro- rrnm lI.e ,1..,. or II·· appllcutlon l'h n ·· Jtct or the proposed ... UrUy 10 I>e e.lahllshed. nolin"" or Ih.. r""ull or Ih I ' .. "ppli"nnl oI.all I>e II) The .n,·lrollmrnllll impact Ihlll m".!' ocCllr due 10 Ihe · n'pecllon ."h.r of IL. p~o,'''' Dr il. rejecrion In "ose or :J I ap- projecl or eslabUshmenl. , re eel on Ih. nppl' ellnl sholl he nolln"" ond., "h I m ell ".n Ih ··ell'lOns ~ ·· C) Any olher " .... Iopm.nl "IR' may he r ....e lake" inlo considoral' 'h of Ihe sllllemenl and slUdy and Ih.n III submil /I In Ille I .on " tn dl'dding el I ler nilh Ihe "ppr""nl "I' rejeclion nf Ihe sIn I I r- council inclusive ··ith ilS obH..... lions and remarks. Ihr l·n\·ironm~ tnl i . rnilln () The coml.elenl bndy shnll d.cide "illlin " Ileriod Ihal n m,.n~1 n..e",,",,"1. The fnllowing 3) . will nol exceed livl' mnnills, Ihe ....,ae ohllged law. 10 hUJ' monitoring "'Iulpmenl for dlsposlIl 5,...cificoUons ;\rlielt i./.1) and ,mlh,lion .milled from slIch project." eslahll,". ,\/1 coRl,,,,'enl bodies shaD prorlde Ih. counci' wllh cop;"" men!.. or orlhill.", and 10 lIto/nluin nnd keep permanenl or Ih. licenses Ihalthey is5Ue oUached of Ihe e",'!ronmeo- .. e loxic or hazardous. II·· prnjl'cl' ""Ialll',hn'enl (lr nrolt:rbk 10 h. as surh, ntis Iisl shnll be na.ned the ~) 'h~ ..... ".r fir lb. Irrojecl III' e'I:,hll,hlllenl .hall b, I....ic and hazardous lIIal.rl~l. lisl. ,\ decr... by Ih. ,'abinel oh"~('d In I"'''' ""lIIllClI'31/01l< rllr I"t dnmajle,' "lIIlIlml. 'Ie shall I"ued 10 prohihilihe bandl/l111 or Ih... m.'erlals, ;:lrI... IftJ,: flU' or ,,-hl,'h (lUll 11U1,1' h .... innfrtnl at; ;) result or (Jt The council 5haU· "'i'h fh~ consulta.ion or .he parlic§ r~" ('Uu"t'CrUt'uc(' or fJlJ('rR'ioll~. fer"'" I.. in paragraph (ll of this arlicle' r.,,-iew Ihe list of ,hHrI., f~2) Ihe propll!ied mliitrials and 10 amend. add or up.dale Ih. On Ihe flrn'mhilil~· ur an un:urrPlH.'(' nr a hn/nrdm'~ Usl rererred 10' In .. <: UIIO"lt" I III '" C;lSC Ihe cabilICI dcddc:s 10 indudc :III~' nt.,lcrial in " . lite ,.ffidallaboraIHlk, alld :.1",lhl' r,.IIH1""~ lite lisl sI11:<:iali/cd lill Ihe ,,\\k: ,lIId h:l;ardous · t.\,-,. . ". _--------_._--- ;. ...._ ___. . Em iIQII..elll Prolectlon L,nr nlllieria/s or ",hid! arc prollllble 10 bI: IS sueh. tltell ,he cabinet shall ~idc lhe 11CCCSS.11)' nlCllsnrcs 111.11 uans(orrillJ, IICIlin" _- · ribul' diM I~'. I _. . . . .. or hlndli"l of a lo.~lC or 10 be: u such. of L_~."""'" malerials or IhIt whICh IS . , . - -hi. rcspoIISl'b'I'", unckt , I I., shall be laken III Ihis respect, TIle cabinel shall in all Infonnatioll 1IV~lIabIc L~ :::r:inalion of whC111cr such Plnicular decide ill the follo"';nl: which .hall fll:ihl8le lno: The eampIeIe or Plnial prohlbilion 10 material II /IIlJI,IlIoUI 01' toxiC or Il0l. impon. 1llPUf8C'lurc. uulil". sale. dislrlbute Artlele ("') hall isSVC regularly measures for lhe and hand/illl oflhis malerial. The colllfllllenl boIIy s 1G."ic maserials or lilt products thal The pcnniuion 10 impon. ntlllUf8C'lure. 11K. hlodIin, of baZI~ lIad hkh arc IlOl prUYided for in Ihis salr 01' distribute .01' any handlin, of Ihls COIll8in such malen. a nd W nl8terial. law and in pan~lar:. t rials and poups thaI shall be The IJlI8ntilies and concenlralion of lhese - To speaf, lheL~ ~. ""'ioll of su\lmitlilll lhe nlalerial. 111111 1111)' ~ conlained in lhe SllbjcCI 10 10", ......1..... jlfoduc:ts lhat arc e~poned. imporled or infornlllion. ., of 'nfonnalion and lhe exlliflited f« sale. Dala for Ihc submiSSion, I Method and condilions and localiolls for melhod.'o ~ fOllo>of"~:'~:!:sC;:;le persons for lhe disposals. Otlef'"II11UOIi -..- Condili_ of SlorallC or Iransportation of !he hazardouS alld lo.'Iic nlalerials. are allowed 10 be malerial or llie prodott which contains il. Tile linlits of qllllllilies lhal Pack ins and labelinllhis nllllcrial. c i r c u l a t e d . _.· r. the p u - _........ rcs thai are 10 be rolIOl"':'" or ·...-:- An" other nlUsura. !lie coullcil OIay sec il The pr...."..... of the risk or Ihe exlenl of 10~lC n«C$SIIl}' 10 implelllellllile rules of Ihis la\l' of lIues5melil 'fon of Ihe IIlalcrial. alld ils CXI:CIIth'e feJlllalion. COIllPOS' I ' d research celliers wll.:r<: lhe (21 nil: cabincl ilL',... if UlCre IIrc rca5llllS 10 it. cancel any The laboratOries llll . I. · , . n of loxic maleri"ls or ns~s IS condilion or proliibilioll Ihal had been pre\iously del emllnallo ' decided, undertaken. (J) The decisions issued ill relalion 10 lhe abo,'e Artlde (50~ . 'cd for aoy nalural or juridical polSOIl or mcnlioaed hVO pal1llfaphs shall be publisbed in Ihe (I) It IS prohlbll d' pose or dischar". ill Ihe ORid.1 oazclle. any OIher party to ,IS haZardoUS pUlleria's or Ankle 0') eU"ironmenl any _~~... tr 10 be as such and 10 lake Any natura' or juridica' persoll \I ho holds a licellse: shall abide producll Ihil orc ~cprecauliOns 10 prevenl .ny 10 notify competenl body. when inlpOning. llIaOUf.clurins. all necc:SSBIY nlCllSU . _ 311 ;. ....... ,.. ,"4 , :...,(~~ \;:. ." " ., "m~ Environment Protection Law Environment Protection Law n"isin~ mil ot if fit ref.nnn h. lind 'n t'OlJnfftiHn nilh til" ('a~~: ..'On\·frl~nmen. or In 'Ulman health m" 'n .tar ucher lil'in Th.. J!('neral inrnrnmtinn l.'onn'rninA Ihr ust or stwh orJln",slO~. J! m;drriu1. Il) If lit_ r"'pons;"'" pc",on for II·· dl... lta'1:C and dkpn~.1 _ sorcI)' prr.alllinn. mo ..ur"" for the hundling nnd 's n..~ a"le 10 or would ""I h. "Il'e I" IIIke Ihe mf'll."Ir"~ "rtl\"th'd fur in Iht" pr('\iou~ IJarngnlj)h or he ruil. '0 trealmenl of Ihl. malerlal. .. The nalllral phy.icDI lind d"mi0 dI,'", lI"d~rlako Ih. r,ta/lhshl1lenl ,an '- Ilruj('("(s or in'"t'Stnlt"oU that will lead to or r~lt in 42 Environment Protection L8Iw Environment Protection Law 4"Jt'r~lfifin f,f tilt! rU"irUnrntlllal moniCorinll ne''''()rk~_ ( 2) T/, ··· IIrh...,rllo shllll he COnll'O! pt'rntl·· lhle ffl. IIny v........I. _hlp IIr .~II"nlO Conditions of Insurance .\fllcle (65) I · rlne nr IIny oll·· r m.nns In ...illn II·· Yom.nl wol ..u, If (I),\n), v_llhal ..III Iransporl oil or load from uny pnr Iher. "'ill hI' vlolaUo.... In lit. V.ml'nllaw5 nr II... Inlrr- rncillties nr 10 II. or from oil tran"JlOrtalion eq~lpm ...nl nallonal .<."ndurd< and ntll'$ Ihal lire applied in r .. lu- "ilhlll Ihe pollution - flft area, must keep an oil ft'jlIS- Uon 1\111,.. "e:lSm sea worlhln..5.< for nn\'lgallon. Arllde (6.1) ler and 10 comply ,.11b Ihe specified time Inlenalsond " Is nol permissihle fOr any ,·e;;..el. sUbmarin... alreran rnr every v_I owner or any olher n'spnnslble penon or "'Iolpmenl for nil and lias Iral1llpnrlallnn In dis- nf Ihe ,·.ssel,musillbide the rollo"'nll' charlie lIny pnllullng mall'rI..1 in Ihe lerrltorial lI'all'u (1\) Recording Ihe ""m. or Ihe ve.5SI.'l: ~Rlratlon num"..... IIr Ih .. Ropllblic or Yen.en, Ih.. cnnl/nenllll ' To slIhmit tM rl'gister ror 1n.'IJlf!Ctlon on demand Chapter Three · The Management and The rrom Ih ... rnmpt'lffil bodre" 10 deleonlne 1M roul. Implementation and lornll"n or Ihe '·e .......I. ",h.n surh "e_1 is har. Arlide(68) b"ring al :lny port in Yomen rtr wllbin Ibe t ... rritori. Th. om ... r of pollution rontrol al the compelenl body al'fstns or the V ... men. shall underlake 1M stud,· nnd r.,'\"w or Ihe facts In re- lallon 10 anv Infrlng.menl 10 Ihe rules or Ihls law aod Article (66) shall submii a nport of his conclusion o/Ter Ihe .om- Any oll'lIrr or operator or a land location or or 011 plCllon of Ihl~ study whlrh Indud" tM follo"'lnll! transporlation rqulpmen ... Uhin Ihe turitorlal W8. (l) If any violallon to Ihls low has occurred and what ~rc t ... 1'!1 of Vemen must notiry compet""t bodies Imm ... Iho punishml'n'" which should he impo!l4'd to surh ',0- db.lely In rnse or disrhnrg" or poIlutinll malerlal In lation? Ih" polllltion·rr~ nr.,.. or surh diKhorlle. nlfnotln- (2) Ir a "MIIl_hlllly hu hern ..lahUshed which requires (,HUon shall inr'ud~ Iht! 11pt! of the pollUting malul- rompensation a. a n!lult or dischnrge ocrurn!~e rrom a "e..ri: and Hirrrol'!. or n land local ion or an "II tram· "'. lb. limt!. Ille dllte 111,<1 Ih. sperlficd lleullral.hi.,,1 portation "'Iuipmenl. loralion where th" dbehar.e had Artlde (69) The comp"tenl body or one or 115 branrhes in co- ._·rn · · 47 1M 7 48 ----'f;~.;\ ,. Environment Protectfon Law Environment Protection Law ordlootion ..llh t/o" ..... "('('rlled "odles may "a.....,· 001 pollullon- rree area. lhe competent bod)' mo..1 lake all Ih. r"lIowtnjl' ner...... ry /1It'IISU"", 10 pre,·,,"1 pollution or lit risks, mill,.. III .h.ndina or tI·· ",olnl."...·· fir dd......lnln ..........,1100 fadl. ....... " tian or pnoe.dian with all ........nablt meaas. It .h.1I haTt 1~1.. fir "1<01 polllllinR malrrlalo In lalld or "'Ihln lhe t.rnl ... tht It'lliI rlJlht to r..,.,..... aU ...... r.... tho owner mponsl· nul \l'ulco", or Ytmrn. ble ror Ihe arrldenL II h... Ihe right In order the o..arr. Ihe (21 I""d~~ ,lcd,ln,.. nnd Inslrurllon., thai sh;''' delermlnt Ih" master, 1M oprralor or Ihe pentln In L", Ihal are lIot rl,;sterrd ,\rtiele (73) '? "ntrn lI,ul USf \'.nr.nl POri. or na"i~.I. in th. IlOlIn- It is permissible ror Ih ... compelent bod)' 10 .rue any ' !..wI 'IOn.rr..., .rcn ror the purpose or millgoling Ih. rbks or pol- ...ithin th. pollullon-rree am whon tM vesscl'. owner or lurlnn. /1'5 m... lcr or the person fI!5POlI5lblr ror sueh I'I!ssel rom- .\ttkl. (71) mlts a ,iolatlon puolshablo of lin. and thai he d_ 001 pay Th. pollll.lon ,?nlrol .ffi.tr sI.olI h.,·e Ih... rlWJt 10 bnurd surb fine or ""bmiUlna a guaranlee ror paymml or he ...,.. lin, ··",.1 IIr 1111 Iron'portn"on radlill.. In Ihe pollutlnn. rtm':'llo ..«IIlelhe In.trurtiofl!l i....ed 10 tM yHSeiln arcor- rrr. "rr~. or I ... nlrr ony inlmlll lorllilon in \·.nl<'n ror tho dan« wilh the provi.lon! or ,\rtlrlo (71) oflhl!; law. whm .. ""~jH r of in'perlinu or lb. ftllll"ment or rernrd. fir 10 Ihe owner or Ihe _stor or Ihe permu r....ponslbl... ror Ihe ohlll.'t !lnt or Ihe /1I''''ono ,,, Imowtr to on,. que.. l"" whlrh I. ,·eo··1 becomes llabl. ror paymenl or compensation or Ih. rrlatr'~ II) II .. ohllll.1I",05 or ,hi. law ror Ih. pllrpmr nr '111_ damal. tlr Ihe costs and opens.. and d.,... nol pRJ' Ih. drrtnkmx ('fJaainJ:t'lirie; J1I(,;l'lUr(',"i "UI' aR' nr('r,~!l:ar\" to 11"'* romprP.!l8tiun amount Or sulJmit a p:u8ranlee hund for il!( ~ \ ('Ill fJoUufinu. payment, suhjNllo, that ...m ,pizure dNision must "" pre- ,\ rHd. (72) senled 10 the compeltnt court immedi.r.IJ· 10 derld. whtlh· III f 3"': or rhl' flt("urrt'ironment or 10 othm ... a const· person who cauOrI;ohon c'luipnH:1II in Ihe poliUlion·frce are;t, lite 0\\ ncr underlake 10 establish and develop spccialiad iWililula f(of of ~11C1t vessel or lIiu;mft or operalOf uf Uu,l ilalion IIf suel, CIIvirolllnenlal lCienoc 10 graduaIC e:;perienced and qualirled cqllipmclII for oil llallsporlalloo ihalJ be Ij,.blc 10 pay lite 'cadru 10 work for covironrllclllal aclivitles. enlillcd compensauolls I\'jlh the specified punishment in 'Anklc(U) aecordal," wilh the rules of Ihe law, 'All 'responsible bodia for information, guidaoce and directioD must adberc to .he enhlula:menl or environmeatal aWIIII:_ Chapt.r Thre·· The Penaltiel JIlOIIllI'II I" different RlAns of media that it lbe radio, the Anicle (15) television or lhe prcsa. They shall dirCCl all &eneral and Wilhout prejudice 10 allY SlronlCr penall)' provided for in lhe sPecial proBrams 10 'scrve and benelit lhe objc:divtl 01 lbe Sharia Islamic Lair aud other valid laws and lhe e,,,x:ulive 'f.OIection of lhe CUI/ironmellt rClllllations or lhe rules oflllis law and other laws, Ankle (It) AllY person Ivhelher lIalural or juridical who caused the 'All 'COlICCrned bodia for cullure Dlusl adhere '0 prepan: discharae of a polluting malcrial deliberately in lhe ,,'alers, 'proarams , book., publications, and periodicals for lbe pwposc soils or air of the Republic of Yemen and conscquen.ly or achieving environmental cullure developllICIIt affected lhe cnvironmelll, shall be punished of imprisonmell' Ankle (go) for a period noI eXCl:lcdlna len)'CIIS alOIl8 willi JOO&lIlClIl 10 II ' shall be pcnnissible tor lhe counc:il for .he purpose of pay n:asonable amoun.s or compenSltion. IllOIivali"l .he conocrncd panics or lhe illdi\'iduals 10 S6 Environment Prottctilm La'" ImplcmerII and execule !lie rulca of this law aod ill cxa:uti shall as 1\'1:11 issue lhe resolutions :lnd instructions for lhe rcplatlons, 10 pertorm the followilll: illlpiclllCnlulioll of jill rules each accordinllto its jurisdiction. M· To ttain cadrcI and em~ uI tho Pfojacll Anlde(''') corporations for tho objeclive of impruvins < An)' rule or provisioll which is inc:onsi$lenl wilh lhe rules and inc:reasin. lheir knowledae aod cxpcrienoc in ~laf pro\'isions or this law shlltl be rcpculed ill panlcular la,:,' no. 10 Iheir hlndUIIJ of lhe environmental issues (a) of 1984 cOlICCrning lhe eslllblishnlClI' of lhe NallOllll problell\l. Council forlhe Environmelll enllCled in Aden. (2) To ellcouraae lhe lCienllAc _reh and studies. AnJcle(~) Anld.(91) This law shall come illlo fon:c flOill lhe. dale of ill iuuanee The provisions 51ipulaled ia this law as well as the reguI and shall be published in lhe Official Gazelle. aod resoIullons lhat are issued 10 implenicnl it shall considered as basic Nles for the protection of the cnvironn y,...,,., s.". ISMI,J III lit. PrllsiJe"~" 11/ ,It II RIII.allli.: t>/ 'II and conlrol of pll/ulioll and lhe conscrvalion oflhe natu l Jill"'''' AI.l'1I1Hfi, U I' AN., ....".lIsptJlfdi,..,o: ]9 (lL'lfllI" ~ees in 11.e Republic of Yemen. 19"l, Anktc(92) Geneml All AlltlHlla S"I(/IIt, PrnMtIllI of dI. R.p"llIic. ' The EnvirolllllCnlal P10lectioil Council shall eslablish by reso.otion 10 be issued by .he primc miniSlcr, a fund to named .he YCllleni Environment PfIlICClion fund. whereby Ibods aI/cealed by lbe stale ror the protc:dion or eBvironrllel1l shall be dcpo$ited lhere as well as all 111l1li, QIIlIributions aod donalions which are approved the eoullCil from national and inler.llllional COrporal ions or I iodividuala. The eounc:il sball nllocate lhe fund resources I spend on the objeclives and alllls 111111 achieve lhe protection lbe environmenl in accorda",:e wilh Ihe raolution of · prime n,ini,lu .. hic" .1t..11 ,,,,,,,if,, and dcterm.ine lhe pu and lhe fCSUla.ory issues ofllle Iimd. Ankle (9J) The C.~ecullve regulalion of lhis I.IY shall be issued by cabinet raotulion and IlIe coullcil and cOlllpclClI1 alilhorili ANNEXES ANNEX 2.4 WATER. LAW 33 ~a_-",o",!~i~..--..ojJ'J'~ ' RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 11 , 1i Republic of Yemen Ministry of legal Affairs 1 , ., · !'.) Water Law No. (33) of 2002 I August 2002 -- a 0)~ O.a! 0;.1' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU "I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Republic of Yemen Ministry of legal Affairs r I' '. Water Law No. (33) of 2002 August 2002 j ( f) ( r r it 1V!>J-'U i.a' t}J' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Index Page I . Part (1) Definitions 1 I Part (2) ! General objectives and principles j7 I I Part (3) I Organization, management and planning of water: I I i I resources ' f I - Chapter (1) Organization and management: I of water resources I7 i-Chapter (2) Planning of water resources :8 r Part (4) · Water uses I - Chapter (1): Priorities of water use 10 r - Chapter (2): Measures of handling used 1] I water. III i-Chapter (3): Water sectorial uses i I r , Pat1 (5) I Water rights and licenses ! I - Chapter (l): Water rights I 14 I - Chapter (2): Water licenses ! 16 I r Part (6) Protection of Water from Contamination/Pollution I , - Chapter (1): General technical standards and ! specifications " I i-Chapter (2): Preservation of water resources. 19 i from depletion and rationalization of uses i II' -Chapter (3): Protection of water from i i· ) I contamination/pollution. 20 ". - Part (7) Protection against floods , ~--~~---r-------- Part (8) Control procedures and penalties . - Chapter (1): Control procedures f' i-Chapter (2): Penalties : 27 i ; General and final provisions . . _________~I_3_0_1 .. Pat1 (9) ". · If> \. , ~ 2 , a Ol~ i.a! ojJf Jf.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Law No. (33) of 2002 concerning water In the name of the people, President of the Republic: Pursuant to the Republic of Yemen's Constitution, and After approval of the House of Representatives We hereby issue the following Law: Part (1) Definitions Article (1): This law shall be called "The Water Law" Article (2): For the purposes of this Law, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings as indicated against each of them, unless the text requires otherwise: 1- Republic: Republic of Yemen 2- Authority: General Authority for Water Resources 3- Relevant or concerned authorities: Ministries or governmental relevant institutions, organizations or projects which are indicated by the text in any form. 4- Water resources: Any waters existing within the borders of the Republic, whether surface or underground waters including waters naturally flowing into valley streams and artificial canals, waste water after treatment and salty water after its desalination, and also includes the share of the Republic in the water of joint basins between the Republic and neighboring countries, as set forth in treaties and j conventions signed between the Republic and those countries or international agreements to which Yemen is a party. j 5- Surface waters: Any water existing on the earth's surface including floods and valleys water, ordinary, mineral and hot springs whether permanent or seasonal, natural and artificial lakes and basins as well { as waste water after its treatment. 6- Underground water: All waters naturally stored or running r underground in water layers at various depths. 7- Underground Basin and water Layer: Any geological formations, horizontal or vertical, neighboring each other under the ealih's surface f 3 t d ~~ O.a' O)J' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. filled up with water and which, as a whole, are affected by the change of hydraulic pressures in any of their parts with the possibility of variation of their hydraulic coefficients/factors and physical, chemical and geological qualities. If a geological formation is characterized by hydraulic coefficients/factors and pressures and is isolated from the other neighboring fonnations, such formation is called" a water layer" 8- Water basin and water layer: - Water basin: Any area on the earth's surface whose water flows naturally towards the direction of a joint stream or whose water resources form one unit so that any water action in any of its p311S affects the overall waters in the remainder of the pa11s. - Water area: Any part or several parts of water basin or basins whose conditions are similar or it is necessarily that they should be administered as one water unit whether their borders are consistent or inconsistent with the Republic's administrative division. 9- Sustainability of water resources: Extraction of water from underground basins in quantities equal or less than the recoverable quantities thereof during the same year or during a period already fixed in a manner which does not affect the quantity and quality of water in the long run. , 10- Depletion: Extraction of water at a rate in excess of the recoverable rate in a manner leads to the drop of underground water levels. 11- Well: Any hole or opening manually or mechanically drilled with the purpose of extraction of underground water regardless of its depth or diameter or the quantity or quality of water extracted therefrom. 12- Water facility :Any traditional or non-traditional buildings including drilling or accumulation of soil under or on the ea11h's surface with . the purpose of storage, carrying, draining, moving, or distribution of water or for purposes of protection against floods. 13- Water policies: All orientations and procedures adopted by the State for organization, development and utilization of water resources and protecting them against depletion and pollution. 14- Water planning: Conduction of analysis and evaluation of available data and information about the water position and putting the same in illustrative and statistical forms demonstrating the water balances and fluctuation in each water basin or area in the light of the indicators of the reality and future of the national development needs 4 f a ~~ o.a' 0)-1' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU 'I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. for water and comparison between various potential alternatives and which secures working out of a water plan and management of supply and demand for water available in the area or basin with the best possible ways and in a manner that leads to the sustainability of water resources. 15- Water plan: The alternative or alternatives which are selected in the light of data, statistics and indicators which demonstrate the water position and water projects in the Republic or any part thereof during a period of time for realizing the water policy objectives . · 16- Organization of water: All water policies, legislations and plans as well as all procedures, arrangement and field ,office activities and laboratorial activities adopted for implementing them. 17- Usufructs: The rights which authorize their owner to use specific quantities of water for specific purposes and in accordance with law. 18- Traditional usufructs: The inherited rights whose continuance is recognized by tradition or law or both of them, and which are based upon the right of individual, family and collective use of waters of rains, floods, valleys, springs, wells and water facilities, and the purposes and limits of these uses and their associated easements. 19- Easements : The benefits which recurred for others on water resources and their facilities and supplies and wells such the right to obtain water human and animal drinking or for any other recognized purpose, right of passage or grazing at rains catchments and water streams and canals or right of watering for the higher and ) the highest or in the surplus water of the original usufructuary or 1 I right of watch and inspection of what is happening to water in accordance with law 20- Campuses or protection area: The areas surrounding wells, water ( facilities and natural water streams within which any activity causes or expected to cause damages to these wells or facilities is entirely or ( partially is prohibited. 21- Area of prohibition: A geographical space or area in which instal1ation of any water facilities, drillging of water wells or f. development of industrial, agricultural or other activities, which affect the water resources in terms of quantity or quality or on both f · 22- cases, is entirely or partially prohibited. Pollution: The change that occurs in the natural, chemical or ;J biological qualities of water and which results in the limitation of I ,~ water's usability for any of the purposes assigned therefore. it 5 I. a 0)J-".I i~! 0J-l' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 23- Wastes or polluting materials: Any liquid, solid, gaseous, microbial, viral, radiant or thermal material results in or can result in the pollution of water or deterioration of its quality or limitation of its usability for any of the purposes assigned therefore. 24- Removal of wastes : Any process of getting rid of polluting materials whether through accumulating, pouring or leaving them at their sites upon the completion of a specific activity, on the earth's surface or in water facilities, burying them underground, burning them and vaporizing them into air or through getting rid of them in seas. 25- Drained water: The water which was used in domestic, industrial and service purposes including wastes and remains therein whether liquid or solid. 26- Treated water: The water which is purified by physical, chemical or organic ways of some or all the sediments and deposits can"jed therewith or of the materials melted therein. 27- . Wasting of water: Willingly or as a result of carelessness causing loss of a quantity of water without making use of it in the purpose assigned therefore. 28- License or permit: The document granted to the concerned pal1y · pursuant to the rules of law. , 29- Commercial use of water: Distribution, carrying or selling of water against charges 111 any way for uS1l1g water 111 purposes of · commercial nature such as hotels, restaurants and any other uses I j other than domestic or agricultural uses. I 30- Regulation of Regulations: The official documents with which resolutions are issued the Council of Ministers conceming the organization the executive rules, measures and procedures of this law and which are based hereon. " 31- Contractor: Any natural or corporate person practicing any of the professions mentioned in the article (42) hereof. 32- Drillging machinery: The equipments which pierce the earth's surface and reach underground depths with the purpose to reach " underground water whether for extraction or study of water regardless of their operation method and driving energy. 33- Rains yield: Collection of water resulting from rains from spaces owned by the usufructuary or his assignee for direct use thereof or · for keeping it tanks, dams, ponds and others. 6 if rV?>J-6.U O.a! O,.s' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Part (2) General Objectives and Principles Article (3): This law targets the organization, development, and rationalizing the use of water, protection of water against exhaustion and pollution, upgrading carrying and distribution of water ,better maintenance and operation of water facilities and sharing the usufructuary in the management of water facilities at the stage of their development, investment, protection and maintenance. II Article (4): Water is originally al10wable for everyone and shall not be owned as private property unless carried or acquired and it is of a kind · and shall be guaranteed by its kind. it Article (5): Valley streams shall be deemed common properties allowable for all usufructuary and all water facilities and wells set up by the State shall be deemed public properties, and regardless of their ownership, they shall be subject to the registration and licenses system in accordance with the rules hereof. Article (6): Every usufructuary of any water resource shall be entitled for I usufruct without prejudice to these resources or interests of others and shall shoulder the same duties imposed in respect of maintaining and protecting these resources against depletion and pollution and utilization l of underground water resources without a prior license is prohibited and the State intervenes in regulating the rights and duties of water usufruct in accordance with this law and its executing regulations and rules. r '~ Part (3) ( Organization, management and planning of water resources Chapter (1) [ Organization and planning of water resources Article (7): Water resources shall be organized and developed in accordance ( with the provisions this law and its executive regulation in the light of a water strategy to be proposed by the Authority and which is to be issued by a ( 7 I: a ~~ i.a' 0J-I' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y,R. resolution of the Council of Ministers pursuant to the policies, plans and sectorial programs derived from this strategy. Article (8): The Republic shall be divided into water basins and areas and the water resources of each of them shall be evaluated and plans shall be worked out for developing and using them as independent and indivisible units and to be organized on the basis of the principle of integration of water resources management in line with the social and economic development trends and preservation of environment. Article (9): relevant authorities shall organize, manage and prepare their sectorial policies and plans related to the development and rationalization of water uses in coordination with the Authority. Article (10): Associations, groups, committees, or unions may be formed for the usufructuary and water users whose objective shall be water usufructuary's and users' participation in organizing water resources and r operating and maintaining water facilities and the regulation executing the rules of this law shall set forth the purposes and all detailed grounds related , to such organizations. Article (11):The Authority, in coordination with the concerned authorities 'II and local agencies shall form committees for the water basins and areas to contribute to the organization of water, with a proper representation of the relevant non-governmental organizations. The executive regulation shall set \ f011h the composition, duties, competences and tenns of such committees and their relations with the local administrations without prejudice to the integrity of the water resources in accordance with the rules of this law and in line with the provisions of the local administration law No. (4) of year '' 2000 which are related to this matter. '" Article (12): The Authority shall assume estimation of the water budgets and evaluation of demand for water and the quantities which can be utilized for the sectors using water and this shall be through monitoring and .. evaluation of water resources and their uses at the basins levels, conduction of studies and collection of data and information necessary for organizing and developing these resources through the water surveillance network for each and the national network, and it shall also take the measures that secure the fairness of use of the available water and its protection against depletion ·· and pollution. ,1' 8 L-------____________________________________________________--__ ~ " d 0)~ O.a! 0)-11 1'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBA/RI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANNA-YR. Chapter (2) Planning of water resources Article (13): The Authority shall draw up the principles of the general water planning for the Republic in the light of the results of evaluation of the water basins and areas so that it comprises the genera1 indicators of the water position, trends of demand for water in respect of all uses and short, medium and long-term budgets and these principles shall be deemed a basis for working out the water plan alternatives. Article (14): The Authority shall set forth a system for classifying the water basins and areas in the light of their water positions. The purpose of this system is to subject each similar water basins and areas group to one type of procedures. Article (15): All the governmental authorities and private and public corporate persons shall submit their water projects plans for review and approval by the Authority or any of its branches in the governorates offices within not more that sixty days from the date of submission of such projects to the Authority and should the Authority fails to determine its viewpoint within the said period, the Authority's implied approval shall be deemed has been given unless there is a convincing justification to the contrary. ( Article (16): Each water basin or area shall have a water plan consistent with the water policy and principles of the Republic's general water planning f and such plan, upon its approval, shall be deemed an integral part of the water plan. f Article (17): f, A- The Authority shall review the sectorial and basin water plans and prepare the water plan in coordination with the relevant authorities. B- The water plan shall be prepared based upon the standards, data and procedures which are set forth by the executive regulation of this law as well as the strategies and resolutions pertaining thereto and the I' directions set forth by the development plans and principles of the Republic's general planning. This plan shall comprise: 9 a O'!>~ i.a' 0j.ll J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU 'I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 1- Presentation of the basin's water resources in terms of quantity and quality. 2- Estimations of demand for the present and planned water m a manner that secures water resources sustainability. 3- The projects, activities and procedures pertaining to tbe management and development of water including priorities of the fair allocation and distribution water, treatment and recycling of water and control and monitoring procedures that secure the optimized and rationalized use of water. 4- Plans of protection against floods and the activities and procedures related to the development and improvement of utilization of rains, surface water and feeding of underground waters. 5- The economic and technical feasibilities. 6- The basic principles for the mechanism of coordination, follow-up and evaluation during implementation of in a manner that secures , the integration of the development projects maintaining water and I. envirorunent. 7- Qualities of the water basins and areas. . C- Priority shall be given to the critical basins and areas by drawing up " an urgent plan for them until the water plan is drawn up. Article(18): The water plan shall be adopted by a resolution of the Council of Ministers based upon the Authority'S proposal, and in implementing this plan, it shall be observed that competences are invested to extent that enhances decentralization and participation of the usufructuary in organizing and managing water at the level of water basins and areas without prejudice to the integrity of the water resources management. fI Article (19): A- The water plan, upon its approval, shall be biding for everyone and , shall not be overstepped or violated for any reason whatsoever except in accordance with the rules hereof. , 10 a O{>~i.a! o)-l'J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A·Y.R. B- The water plan shall be deemed one of the components of the State's economic and social development plan. C- The basins water plans and water plans shall be periodically reviewed and amended in the light of the developments of water budgets and the priorities of their allocation. Part (4) Water uses Chapter (1) Priorities of water use Article (20): Drinking water and water domestic uses shall have the absolute priority. Article (21): Subject to non-prejudice to the article (20), water shall be assigned for the following: 1- Animal drinking 2- Use in public utilities. 3- Irrigation purposes. ( . 4- Industrial purposes ) ( 5- The minimum limit for the environmental requirements. f Chapter (2) Measures of handing used water r . Article (22): Selling and distribution of water for drinking waters by means · of barrels, movable tanks, distribution networks or any means whatsoever I shall be prohibited unless such means are hygienically proper for carrying water assigned for such purposes. Article (23): A- The following shall be compliant with standards and specifications set forth by the Authority and approved by Council of Ministers: II it ~J-'LI i.a' o)rl' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 1- The water assigned for nutritive and domestic use, food industries and water used in manufacturing and processing medical materials. 2- Water used in animal drinking, irrigation and tourist, service and medication purposes. 3- Uses of drained water treated for irrigation or for other purposes. 4- Salty water after its desalination. B- In case of necessity and within conditioned and special limits, licensing may be provisionally granted in specific areas and cases for using water not fulfilling such standards and the regulation shall set forth the minimum and maximum limits for such standards. Article(24): A prior license within the conditions and standards set forth by the executive regulation of this law shall be applicable to any method of remedy and treatment of water quality by mixing water or by chemical~ biological, radiant or gaseous materials or by any method which changes the " water's physical and chemical qualities including thennal, radiant, gaseous , and bacterial qualities or which changes the water's taste, color or smell. Chapter (3) Sectorial water uses , Article(2S): Without prejudice to the provisions of this law, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and its associate authorities and organizations shall operate their facilities, organize and guide water uses assigned for irrigation and drinking water in the rural areas in accordance with the water plan and in the light the general strategies and policies of water resources, irrigation policies and other relevant policies. For this purpose, the Ministry shall assume the following: 1- Preparation of executive irrigation policies and plans which secure the best benefit from the agricultural sector's share from water. " 2- Conduction of theoretical and applied studies and researches, implementation of guidance programs, taking the actions intended to 12 __- - - - - -____________________________________________________________- - - -__-J' a O'?>~ i.a' 0J-II JI.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. rationalize water uses, increasing the productivity of water, agricultural crops and encouragement of modern irrigation techniques in harmony with the economic feasibility thereof, adaptation with the water shares specified for it and preservation of water and environment. 3- A- Installation, operation and maintenance of water facilities for making use of rains and floods water within the framework of the indicators of the Republic's water scheme and water budgets for the water basins and areas and water plan. B- Drawing up of a plan for protection against floods and well as setting up of climatic and agricultural surveillance networks and recording and analysis of information which it surveys and documentation and exchange of such information with the Authority and beneficiaries and making use of the outputs of the national network for water surveillance. 4- A- If any place in the water uses areas sustains flood risks during field handling such floods with which there is a fear from the occurrence of damages to lives and properties where the public interest requires taking of urgent actions thereon, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation shall be entitled to take the such actions which it sees appropriate including destruction and breaking of facility or removal of any barriers it erected but that shall be within , / the narrowest limits that enable it to prevent or avoid such damages provided that the ministry shall pay fair compensation to the usufructuary for any damage they sustain as a result of such actions and compensation payment shall be made within six months from taking such actions. B- In this regard, the executive regulation shall set forth the coordination measures between the ministry, the Authority and other relevant bodies. 5- Drawing up and plans and programs related to rectification of valley streams and public canals and observation of floods flow and uses of irrigation water and its facilities in a manner that secures the safety of such facilities and preservation of water against wasting and pollution. 13 a 01>J-AJ.I O.a' 0J-l' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 6- Preparation of indicators of demand for water for short, medium and long terms including the private sector projects' need for irrigation water so that such indicators, after their review and evaluation, constitute one of the water plans inputs provided for in article (13) hereof. Article (26): Without prejudice to the provisions of this law, Ministry of Electricity and Water and its associate agencies and institutions, whether in the urban or rural areas, shall organize, manage and rationalize water uses assigned for them in the water plan and in the light of the water general strategies and policies in a manner consistent with the local authority law. For this purpose, Ministry of Electricity and Water shall assume the following: 1- Preparation policies and executive plans related to the water and sanitation sector in a manner that secures the best utilization of the ministry's water share assigned for it in the water plan. 2- Conduction theoretical and applied studies and researches and setting up facilities, laboratories and water supply networks which supply the population with water for domestic, industrial, tourist and other service purposes within the limits of the water assigned for the ministry in the water plan. 3- Rationalizing and upgrading the fitness of use of water assigned for the ministry through enlightenment and guidance programs and regulatory controls and introduction of the manners and techniques which reduces the loss of water and preserve water. 4- Securing the service of supplying the population with fresh water good for drinking and domestic uses, working out controlling measures that secure the application and observation of its standards, specifications and validity for human consumption and adoption of the measures and actions which prevents any health damages to the population as well as developing and improving such services in tel111S of quantity and quality. 5- Supply of water for various industrial, tourist and other private and public services which falls within the range of the water distribution networks and subjecting them to the application of the water standards 14 a OS>J-i.U O.a' 0J-I' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-YR. and specifications control measures in harmony with the various use purposes and in accordance with this law and its executive regulation. 6- Setting up and running of sanitation networks and all drained water resulting from the use of water for domestic, industrial, tourist and other service purposes which benefit from these networks as well as setting up of and running of water collection, treatment and drainage for its projects and also it shall supervise over other projects in the field of drinking water and sanitation provided that the Authority shall take part, in coordination with the concerned authority of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, in selecting the sites of the drained water treatment stations and preparation of the technical specifications for their facilities and method of their drainage system. Also the Authority shall take part with the relevant authorities in working out the specifications and control measures for the individual domestic waste drainage. 7- Remedy and draining of the drain water as per an integrated system to be prepared for this purpose and which shall comply with the quality and environmental standards which are set f011h in the executive regulation of this law so that the treated water shall not be drained or allowed to be used except after coordination with the Authority and the relevant authorities and upon consultation and coordination with its users and those who are affected thereby. Part (5) , Water rights and licenses I Chapter (1) Water rights I Article (27): The water usufruct authorizes the usufructuary to dispose of water in a manner that does not clash with the public interest, the norms I and traditions prevailing in each water area or basin, and in all cases, the rights existing and acquired in water whether before or after the issuance r of this law shall be reserved and not be impaired except for the ultimate necessity and with a fair compensation. 15 a O?v~ i~! 0J-l' j'~ RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283· SANA'A·Y.R. Article (28): Usufructs in rains yield and naturally draining flood water shall be observed in respect of its use in irrigation and its connection with the used agricultural land. In such rights, the characteristics relevant to the norms, traditions and applicable and recognized irrigation systems in every area in the Republic shall be observed. Article (29): The traditional usufructs and the rights associated therewith in the water of springs, valleys, natural streams and surface wells which are not more than 60 meters deep before the issuance of this law shall remain reserved without prejudice to the registration principles provided that they shall remain assigned for the purposes specified thereto and in case of their transfer to another owner, such rights shall necessarily be transferred to the new owner and in case of the division of the land which is making use of water, the water shall be distributed as per the areas of the plots resulting from such division. Article (30): Without prejudice to the rules of the water protection and prohibition areas, quantities of water may be acquired in tanks, ponds or pools through direct collection of rains water from the lands and facilities owned by the usufructuary or from their neighboring areas where the usufruct invests him with the right utilizing the collected rain water and such acquisition shall be deemed an acquired usufruct if it does not damage benefits preceding to it and does not clash the water rights acquired in accordance with the applicable norms and traditions related to . usufructs in rains water. Usufructuary may also according to this article set up necessary water facilities which realize the utilization of these acquired quantities of water as well as setting up of small irrigation facilities and cutting of sub-canals as per the procedures and controlling measures set forth in the regulation. Article (31): The executive regulation of this law shall specify the cases in which the State may have the control of water usufructs if so required by the public interest or if it is necessary to rationalize water uses with a fair compensation for the usufructuary according to the effective laws. Article (32): Pursuant top Articles 28 and 29 of this Law, usufructuaries shall apply to the Authority for registration of their rights within a maximum period of 3 years as of the announcement addressed by the Authority after the issuance of this Law. 16 a CV!*~ i.a' ojJ' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANNA-Y.R. Article (33): Beneficiaries of underground water frilled before the issuance of this Law, or their representatives, and usufructuaries of water, exploited or non-exploited, shall apply to the Authority or any of its branches or offices in Govemorates or Districts for registration and continuation of such rights within a maximum period of 3 years as of the announcement addressed by the Authority after the issuance of this Law. Article (35): The Authority and all its Branches shall maintain a register for usufruct acquired. The Regulation shows the rules and system of maintenance of such a register, recording procedures and amendments. Chapter (2) Licenses Article (35): Subject to Article (73) of this Law: a- No person, group of persons, Govemmental or national agency, natural or body corporate entity may drill any water well or erect a water facility for capturing flood water or running springs in valleys or above valleys, or divert them from their natural courses without first obtaining the approval of the Authority. ] b- A water well may, without prior permission from the Authority, be deepened for one time only up to 20 additional meters. I c- Regarding projects previously licensed by the Authority in accordance with the provisions of Article (15) hereof, those agencies should submit their projects for registration only. { Article (36): No contractor may drill a new or a substitute well or erect any other water facilities without the beneficiary having a valid drilling or ( facility erection license. The contractor shall also have to make sure that the contract between him and the beneficiary is made consistent with the license and submit it to the agencies identified herein when requested to do so. Article (37): No beneficiary may exceed the quantities or surpass the purposes of use or any other technical specifications identified by the Authority. Conditions in the license should be strictly observed. The Regulation provides the necessary details for implementing the conditions . ... 17 a 01>~ O.a l t jJ' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU 'I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Article (38): Licenses granted in accordance with this Law for drilling water wells shall be considered canceled by the force of the Law in the following events: 1- If the licensee fails to commence drilling works within one year as of date of issue of the license. 2- If licensee uses the license for purposes else than those for which the license was issued. 3- If licensee violates the conditions of the contract. 4- If licensee assigns the contract to others with or without price without the consent of the Authority. The Regulations shows the cases in which such assignment could be accepted. The Authority shall have the right of regular review of these licenses in accordance with the system prepared for this purpose. Based on justifiable reasons, the license may be renewed once for a period of 3 months, which may be extended in the event of persistence of such reasons. Article (39): The holder of the license for drilling a water well or erecting water facilities shall acquire a usufruct immediately after completion of the licensed works, provided that the holder applies for registration of the well ". or facilities within a maximum period of 3 months after completion of the licensed works. The holder may benefit from the usufruct 15 days after application for registration. Article (40): Without prejudice to the penalties indicated under Part (8) of '" this Law, the Authority may stop the use of the usufruct if the water of the well proved to be contaminated or detrimental to the public health or the environment, or proves impossible to treated in accordance with a report from a competent agency. Article (41): The Government must undertake projects to deve310p water resources ~md harvesting. The Authority may, when necessary, reconsider the quantity of water permitted to be pumped from each underground or surface basin, in a manner compatible with the overall water resources liable to exploitation from those basins, within the framework of the water projects [ that had been established, or would be established, by the Government in accordance with the Water Plan. I Article (42): Subject to Contractors and Engineering Offices Classification Regulation, contractors and engineering offices may not exercise any of the J 18 L-__________________________________________________________________----~. 'I a O?~ Oi' tJ-l' J'~ RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. following businesses without procurement of licenses from the Authority to exercise them: 1- Drilling water wells. 2- Exploring underground water and undertaking studies and advisory business in the field of water resources. 3- Distribution of water from wells directly, through potable water networks or bottling. The Authority shall issue licenses, or refuse applications, in coordination with competent agencies according to specialization. All natural persons and i, body corporate exercising any of the businesses indicated above at the time of issue of this Law shall, within one year as of date of issue of this law, register themselves or their offices or companies and procure licenses to exercise these professions. The Regulation shows the requirements for procurement of these licenses, the validity period of the license or registration and the executive rules and regulations of this Article, in a manner compatible with the provisions of this Law. ] Article (43): The Authority shal1 classify the natural persons and body corporate engaging in the businesses indicated in the previous Article, ] according to their experience and technical, financial and human capabilities, in accordance with this Law and other Laws. [ Article (44): No water wells drilling equipment or metal casing may be impOlied, unless they are consistent with the specifications prepared by the l Authority. Lists may be prepared for equipment and other materials whose importation is subject to the specifications. Article (45): Subject to the provisions of Article (29) of this Law, surface wells may, without prior procurement of licenses, be drilled up to a depth of 60 meters to obtain limited quantities of water, provided that: 1- Control measures and conditions of water resources and facilities campuses and restricted areas be observed and causing harm to others be avoided. 2- Prevailing customs and traditions pertaining to water usage usufruct and other rights associated with it be observed. 19 a 0)~ O.a! 0)-1' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Part (6) Conservation and Protection of Water from Contamination Chapter (1) General Technical Standards and Specifications Article (46): With the exception of acts undertaken before the issuance of this Law and to the extent that such acts are consistent with the civil law, the following shall be subjected to the approved General Technical Standards and Specifications of the Authority: 1- Drilling of water wells. 2- a) Sites and general designs of irrigation and water facilities. b) Water treatment and desalination plants. 3- Campuses of wells and springs. 4- Drilling rigs inputs, drilling materials and well casing. 5- Pumps. The Regulation identifies these technical standards and specifications and other executive procedures of this Article. Article (47): Subject to Article (54) of this Law, the competent agencies shall, in coordination with the Authority, issue licenses for disposal of waste, · drainage water and re-use of treated drainage water with the approved conditions, standards and specifications, and shall also erect sewerage · networks and desalination plants in a manner compatible with the relevant laws. Chapter (2) Conservation of Water Resources from Depletion and Rationalization of Utilization Article (48): The State, represented by the Authority and other relevant agencies, shall undertake the following: 1- Accord the necessary support and facilities to farmers and encourage them on using modern irrigation techniques and technologies that aim at saving water supplies, rationalizing and increasing water production. [ t ___________________________L 20 ~ a V>~ i.a' o,)-ll JI.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 2- Erect water dams, dikes and facilities that are necessary for harvesting rain water in order to benefit from rainfall and floods in replenishing underground water and maintain their sustainability through regular maintenance and operation. 3- Accord the necessary assistance and support for conservation of soil and vegetative cover; control desertification and other factors that are detrimental to the environment. 4- Support and encourage public efforts in participating in management and conservation of water resources. Article (49): Subject to the approved urban and physical plans, and by a decree of the Council of Ministers, based on a proposal by the Authority, restricted areas, in which no structures are to be erected, or agricultural or industrial developments or other activities that may add to the burden on the ., inventory of water be undertaken, may be identified. The decree shall contain the geographical boundaries of each such area, the restriction period and its executive procedures, in a manner that does not violate the other provisions of this Law. After fair compensation, the decree shall entail cancellation of licenses of all works that had not been stal1ed till the time of declaration of the area as a restricted area. It may also include modification of quantities licensed for use or even stopping use completely if this would prove detrimental to the water resources in the restricted area. However, restriction shall come to an end by the elimination of the reasons that had { thereto. f Article (50): After evaluation of potential eXlstmg and prospective alternatives and options and identification of the best of them through elaborate studies (technical, social and economic), the Authority may, after approval of the Council of Ministers, license pumping specific quantities of underground or surface water from a certain basin or area and transp0l1ing it either permanently or temporarily for use in other basins or areas, once the following conditions become available: 1- That the transportation process does not prejudice the need for drinking and domestic use, provided that no future detriment be suffered by the quality and quantity of the basin from which the water is transported. 2- That the purposes for transportation of the water from the basin be drinking and domestic use. 21 it 01>~ i.a! t}-ll JI.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 3- That the stock in the basin to which the water is transported is inadequate to satisfy the needs due to scarcity of water or its being not suitable for human consumption, after stopping all other uses. 4- That consultation and coordination be made with the local authorities, basins committees and the actual beneficiaries in the basin from which water is transported. 5- That if damages are sustained by the beneficiaries as a result of transportation of water, such damages should be fairly compensated for once only. 6- That, under all circumstances, and in the event of multiplicity of sources from which water can be transported and lack of difference in economic cost of transportation, then the required quantity should be extracted from all such sources to bring about a balance in distribution of impact on the sources. 'II> Article (51): Employees commissioned by the Authority shall have the right of access to any land, real estate, farms, industrial, commercial or water facilities that fall under the provisions of this Law, to carry out measurements, studies, field researches or sampling from any water existing under these facilities, but owners should be informed in advance through available means. The Regulation shows the executive procedures of this Article and the proper compensations to beneficiaries against damages emanating therefrom. ... Article (52): Without prejudice to the provisions of the effective Laws, the Authority and other competent Governmental authorities may procure whatever lands that may be required for erection of surveillance stations and sites for measurement, testing and studies, or for protection facilities from floods or other projects and other things associated with them, such II!' campuses, after fair compensation of beneficiaries in accordance with the effecti ve Laws. Article (53): The Authority may select water wells or facilities in basins and areas for studies and surveillance, in a manner that would not prejudice the rights of the beneficiaries. In the event of sustaining any damage, the Authority should make good such damage or compensate the beneficiaries in a fair manner within a maximum period of one year. ~ __________________________--~l 22 i ~~ i.tl o}J' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R ·1S·c.-"~- YV·Y/t.Tt ~U I ~-~.JJIe;t..:Il Chapter (3) Protection of Water from Contamination/Pollution Article (54): The Authority shall have the competence to protect the water resources from contamination, preserve its quality, prohibit activities that lead to its contamination or deterioration and combat cases of contingent contamination in cooperation with the relevant and competent authorities. The following should be observed: 1- Agencies exercising activities that may lead to contamination of water resources shall observe application of the standards and specifications pertaining to disposal of solid, liquid, radioactive or thermal waste, oil ... etc, in accordance with this Law and its Executive Regulation. 2- No agency may dispose of with any waste of any source whatsoever through discarding or piling solid, liquid or dead animals into channels in wadis or areas identified by the Authority as replenishment areas for underground water, or exercise any activities in such locations, which may directly or indirectly result in contamination or deterioration of the water resources. 3- The competent agencies and individuals shall observe the water restriction or protection areas near wells and other water resources identified under the Regulation. 4- (a) The Authority, in coordination with the competent agencies and after approval of the Council of Ministers, shall close down the factories and establishments that dispose of with their waste without licenses or in contradiction with the conditions of the licenses or disobeying orders and instructions issued by the Authority or the competent agencies to eliminate and stop the violations in accordance with the provisions of this Law, together with obliging them to pay compensations against damages caused by them. (b) The Authority may identify areas protected from industries with violations that may be dangerous to water resources. The Regulation identifies protection conditions and standards that have to be observed by factories before permitting them to exercise their actIvItIes. Governmental agencies should not issue licenses for industrial investment without first coordinating with the Authority. 5- The Authority, in cooperation with the competent agencies, shall prepare regulations that organize disposal of industrial wastes, use of agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and all other items that are detrimental to water resources and the environment. It shall also select a 0:>..,..u o.al o;Jf Jf.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU 'I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. ·Ii·'[-"~- YV.YA",~UI ~-~,.jJIe;u:, I locations for solid waste dumpsites and classi fy the damages that could be caused by activities and their impact on the water resources in the Republic. Article (55): The Authority shall carry out studies and researches that pertain to protection of underground basins in the coastal areas form encroachment of sea water and shall erect water facilities, such as soil underground tanks. The Regulations shows the basic controls and the criteria that organize such protection measures. Article (56): Subject to provisions of Article (54) of this Law: a- With effect from the date of issue of this Law, no activities pertaining to transportation or disposal of contaminating wastes of all kinds or licensing erection of industrial establishments with wastes that contaminate water resources or deteriorate the qual ity of water shall be permitted without first providing the Authority with an assessment study on the environmental impact of these activities or establishments. The agencies concerned with the protection of the environment shall issue the necessary licenses for such activities and establishments in coordination with the Authority. b- Owners of industrial establishments existing before the issuance of this Law, and all those exercising any of the activities indicated in the previous item, shall, within six months as of date of issue of this Law, apply to the Authority to reconcile the status of their establishments in accordance with the provisions of this Article. Article (57): Subject to provisions of the previous Article, all natural persons and body-corporate are not allowed to dispose of with any industrial, agricultural, commercial or medical wastes into the public sewerage network without first procuring a prior pem1it form the agency concerned with the operation of the network, in which the standard of II' purification/treatment should be agreed upon in accordance with the approved standards. Article (58): The Authority may introduce any amendments to the licenses/permits issued in accordance with the provisions of this Law, if any change takes place in the conditions that have entailed issuance of those licenses. It may also suspend any such licenses, temporarily or permanently, in the event of violation of the conditions and technical specifications by 24 L -__________________________________________________----~ III a 'U!>~ i.a' 0)-1' J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A·Y.R. < · their owners, in a manner that does not conflict with any other penalties in accordance with this Law or the other effective Laws. Article (59): The Authority shall monitor the quality of water at the level of the resources to ensure their fitness and the other agencies may undertake control during the transportation, distribution and usage of water. Article (60): Holes or surface areas may be erected in rural areas for a limited number of beneficiaries in accordance with certain limitations identified by the Regulation under the supervision of basins committees or local authorities for the dispose of, or treatment, of household sewerage, provided that their owners implement, operate and maintain them by themselves. The Authority may, during the inspection operation, order their removal or modification, if they prove detrimental to the water resources or the environment, after payment of fair compensation. Part (7) Protection from Floods Article (61): The -Ministry of Agriculture and Inigation and the other relevant agencies shall have to set up controls for organization of flood areas, places of their collection, flow and disposaL They have also tp establish a plan for the waterfalls and flood drainage in a manner that would t provide protection against them and avoiding their damages in cooperation with the local authority and all water users, which shall include the r· following: 1- Protection of soil and vegetative cover and ideal exploitation of water and other land resources to secure natural environmental stability and mitigate the effect of erosion and other human detrimental factors. 2- Maintenance of valleys watercourses and protecting them from erosion; erection of facilities necessary for the protection of soil, public and private property and popUlation complexes. 3- Protection and maintenance of agricultural terraces to minimize the power of flow of floods and enhancing rainfall water harvesting methods. 4" Refraining from creation of agricultural lands, civil or industrial installations on the expense of water and flood courses and public channels, if these would in any way hamper flow of flood water into the sewers constructed for this purpose; also refraining from erection 25 a t7~ i-t' t)J' J'-t "~ ____________________________________________________________________--, RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. -.s.~ - ",I..a.lwt - YV· YAY, ~I..i I ~;..iW - ~j.J'lfJt...i, I of barriers, buildings and other structures in areas that could' be possibly flooded, or construction of any buildings between water courses and any structures erected for protection form floods, An exception to this condition are the structures erected for the protection of adjacent buildings and properties. 5- The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation may demolish barriers, licenses buildings and any other structures, if these would hamper flow of water or otherwise assist in increasing the damages of floods, after payment of fair compensation to their owners. Article (62): Beneficiaries from flood water and owners of agricultural lands or structures adjacent to flood water courses shall contribute towards protecting their properties and organization of the courses from which they benefit. However, beneficiaries may in the vicinity of water courses may erect protection barriers to secure their properties from floods, in a manner consistent with the public interest. Part (8) Control Procedures and Penalties Chapter (1) Control Procedures III Article (63): Personnel of the Authority and other relevant agencies entrusted with monitoring and inspection tasks shall acquire the a legal capacity. These personnel shall be appointed by a Decree of the Public Prosecutor, based on a proposal of their employment agencies. The Executive Regulation of this Law identifies the conditions to be available in such personneL Article (64): The inspectors referred top in the previous Article shall aiTest the violations identified in accordance with the provisions of this Law. They shall prepare arrest minutes in which shall be indicated the kind, place, date of the violation and those involved and any other information relevant to the incident in question. Article (65): The Security and Police personnel shall provide assistance to these inspectors during the time of exercising their official duties. 26 [ ---------------------------------------------------------' it O'!>~ i.a' 0)-11 JI.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANNA-Y.R. Article (66): 1- In the event of exposure of the inspectors or any other such official to assault or physical or moral injury during or in connection with performance of their duties, the Authority or agency that has seconded them in accordance with Articles (51) and (63) hereof shall undertake representing them in filing any cases before courts, bear all expenses involved and demand compensation in the event of sustaining any damage or injury. 2- In the event of exposure of the beneficiaries to assault or physical or moral injury from the side of the inspectors or other official personnel, the beneficiaries may resort to the judiciary and demand payment of fair compensation from the Authority or the other concerned agencies for the damages or injuries sustained. Chapter (2) Penalties Article (67): Without prejudice to any severer penalties indicated under other effective Laws, the penalties indicated herein shall apply to violations 1 in the Restricted Areas or Well Protection Areas: Article (68): A penalty of imprisonment for a period not exceeding 3 years ( shall be imposed on: 1- Any owner of water, industrial or service facility with violations that r' . . lead to contamination of water resources or deterioration of water quality, whether by reason of non-procurement of a prior license for disposal of waste or non-observance of the approved technical specifications, pursuant to this Law. 2- Whosoever continues disposal or transportation of those wastes after the elapse of the period indicated under Article (56), paragraph (b) hereof without remedying the situation in accordance with the provisions of that Article. 3- Whosever trespasses, in any way, upon wells, water and irrigation facilities and surveillance equipment and stations. Article (69): A penalty of imprisonment for a period not exceeding 2 years shall be imposed on: 27 a ~."..:aJ i.a' 0)-11 J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 1- Whosoever disposes of with any wastes that lead to contamination of water resources or deterioration of water quality without having a prior license. The penalty shall double in the event of repetition of the violation. 2- Whosoever fails to surrender to decisions or orders issued by the Authority to stop work at the site of violation that leads to contamination/pollution. 3- Whosoever disposes of with industrial, medical or animal wastes or materials that contain poisonous, viral or radioactive compounds or liquid materials, such as oils, solid, gaseous or any other materials with specifications inconsistent with standards pennitted by the public sewerage network. 4- Whosoever distributes water for drinking, tourism or other purposes in violation of the standards and specifications identified therefor. 5- Any beneficiary or contractor who changes a drilling site or any other water facility to another site without obtaining a license before hand. 6- Whosoever drills a water well or constructs a water facility to trap flood water or diverts it from its natural courses, for himself or for others, with or without price, without having a license from the Authority. 7- Whosoever discards or piles solid or liquid waste, including oils and dead animals, or exercises a detrimental activity in water courses in wadis/valleys or underground water replenishment areas that may lead to contamination of water resources or deterioration of water quality. . Article (70): A penalty of imprisonment for a period not exceeding 6 months, or financial fine not more than YR200.000 with stoppage of work at the site of the violation and rectification of damages, shall be imposed on: 1- Any contractor who drills a water wel1 or erects a water facility to trap flood water or diverts it from its natural courses without having a license a license to exercise that activity. 2- Any contractor who drills a water well or erects a water facility in violation of the technical specifications indicated in the license at the time of executing the work, or in the event of non-observance of the technical specifications that pertain to water wells and facilities. liln 3- Whosoever discards wastes in wadis and other water courses and leads to hampering the smooth flow of water in the courses. 4- Whosoever expands or creates agricultural lands, civil or industrial installations on the expense of water and flood courses and public 28 a O!>~ o.a' 0)-1' J'~ RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANNA-Y.R. channels or hampers the smooth flow of flood water into the sewers constructed for this purpose. 5- Whosoever carries out a study on, or explores, water resources without having a license to practice such a profession or in violation of the license grated to him/her by the Authority. 6- Any employee of the Authority or the other relevant agencies exploiting his position during performance of the tasks entrusted to himlher. Article (71): A penalty of imprisonment for a period not exceeding one month or a fine not exceeding YR30.000 shall be imposed on: 1- Whosoever uses water for purposes else than those identified. 2- Whosoever commences drawing water from drilled wells or water facilities without applying for registration. 3- Whosoever commences distribution of water for drinking purposes and household consumption without carrying out regular analysis of samples of the water and providing the Authority and the relevant agencies with the results of such analysis. 4- Whosoever presents incorrect data to the Authority or other relevant agencies concerned with application of this Law, if such an act entails violations of this Law. 5- Whosoever delays in registering the usufruct with the Authority within the period identified under this Law. 6- Whosoever delays in registering the exploited water wells within the period identified under this Law. 7- Whosoever delays presentation of completion certificates of licensed works within the period indicated in the license, in which case if such delay exceeds one year the Authority may cancel the license. 8- Any contractor who imports any water wells drilling equipment, spare parts or well casing inputs in violation of the conditions identified by the Authority. Fine shall be doubled in the event of repetition of the violation. 9- Any contractor who drills a well or erects a water facility despite expiration of the license granted for exercising the profession and remaining not renewed. 10- Any contractor who drills water wells and backfills or closes them without indicating the same to the Authority in the Work Completion Certificate, or inserting in such certificate or the Technical Data Form incorrect information. 29 .a--IIIIf!J"-.~O.a' o)J'J'.a RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU IZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. 11- Whosoever assigns to others the Drilling License or Usufruct without approval of the Authority. Part (9) General and Final Provisions Article (72): In the event of the Authority being unable to execute all its competences and tasks by itself, it may delegate some of these competences and tasks, as indicated under this Law, to any Committee, Office or Unit forming or not forming a part of it in accordance with this Law and the LocaJ Authority Law, but in a manner that would realize execution of these tasks. Article (73): The Regulation shows the rules and procedures that pertain to licenses, pennits and approvals issued in accordance with this Law, their terms, amounts of fees, securities and wages received by the Authority against all the above and the technical advice and information accorded to others. · Article (74): The Authority shall consult and coordinate the tasks that relate to the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and Ministry of Electricity and Water in this Law. Article (75): The responsibility for compensation for damages sustained by water resources and usufruct on which they are based and any other material or health damages to others lies on the party that has committed violations of provisions of this Law and led to such damages. Article (76): Based on a proposal by the Authority, in coordination with the relevant agencies and in accordance with the legal procedures, fees may be levied for the support and protection of water resources from depletion and contamination, in a manner that would realize the purposes of this Law as follows: 1- Fees for registration of water rights. 2- Fees from using water for commercial purposes. 3- Fees for protection of water resources from contamination/pollution resulting out of sewerage, commercial and industrial waste. 4- The Regulation identifies the rules, procedures and controls of t collection and disbursement of such fees. 30 ________________________________--_l J, ~a __ .-rjlV>IIiIiIII.~ O.a l J-l' Jf.a 0 RAMADA TRANSLATION BUREAU I ZUBAIRI STREET - TEL & FAX: 270283 - SANA'A-Y.R. Article (77): a) The securities collected by the Authority against licenses, permits, services accorded to others in accordance with the provisions of this Law and fines collected shall devolve to the Authority and be allocated to supporting the activity of the Authority and promoting its performance. b) Charges for services accorded to others shall devolve to the relevant agencies and be allocated for disbursement to support their activity and promote their performance. The Regulation shows the rules and procedures that organize the provisions of this Article and in a manner compatible with the Local Authority Law and other effective Laws. Article (78): The Authority shall prepare the Executive Regulation of this Law in collaboration with relevant agencies indicated under Articles 25 and 26 hereof within 6 months as of date of issue of this Law and a Decree by the Council of Ministers shall be issued in this regard. Article (80): Anything not provided for herein shall be reverted to the provisions of the Civil Code and Principles of Islamic Shari'a. Article (81): Any provisions that are in contradiction with the provisions of this Law shall be considered canceled. Article (82) This Law shall be effective as of date of issue and be published in the official Gazette. Issued in the Presidency of the Republic in Sana'a on 22 nd Jumad Thani 1423 A. H, corresponding to 31 5t August 2002 A. D. . Ali Abdulla Saleh President of the Republic 31 3.0 PRO.JECT OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION Table of Contents 3.0 Project Objectives and Description ......................................................... 3.1 3.1 Need of the Project ................................................................................. 3.1 3.2 Salient Features of the Existing Water Supply and Wastewater System3.2 3.3 Population Projection .............................................................................. 3.4 3.4 Proposed Water Sources........................................................................ 3.6 3.5 Design Criteria ........................................................................................ 3.7 3.6 Proposed Water Supply System ........................................................... 3.13 3.6.1 Alternative 1 Water Supply System ...................................................... 3.14 3.6.1.1 Alternative 1 Storage Facilities ............................................................. 3.14 3.6.1.2 Alternative 1 Distribution Network......................................................... 3.15 3.6.2 Alternative 2 Water Supply System ...................................................... 3.16 3.6.2.1 Alternative 2 Storage FacUities ............................................................. 3.16 3.6.2.2 Alternative 2 Distribution Network......................................................... 3.16 3.6.3 Alternative 3 Water Supply System ...................................................... 3.16 3.6.3.1 Alternative 3 Storage Facilities ............................................................. 3.16 3.6.3.2 Alternative 3 Distribution Network ......................................................... 3.17 3.7 Proposed Sewerage System ................................................................ 3.17 3.7.1 Alternative 1 Sewerage Treatment and Collection System ................... 3.17 3.7.2 Alternative 2 Sewerage Treatment and Collection System ................... 3.18 3.7.3 Alternative 3 Sewerage Treatment and Collection System ................... 3.18 3.8 Sewage Treatment Plant options .......................................................... 3.18 3.9 Phasing of the Project and Cost of Different Alternatives/Options ........ 3.19 3.9.1 Phasing of the Project........................................................................... 3.19 3.9.2 Estimated cost Water Supply Alternatives ............................................ 3.19 3.9.3 Sewerage System Alternatives ............................................................. 3.20 3.9.4 Sewage Treatment Plant Options ......................................................... 3.20 3.9.5 Sewage Alternatives Capital Costs ....................................................... 3.21 3.10 Evaluation of Alternatives ..................................................................... 3.21 3.11 Reutilization of Sludge and Treated Wastewater in Irrigation ............... 3.21 3.12 Land Requirement and its Availability ................................................... 3.22 3.13 Construction MateriaL ........................................................................... 3.22 3.14 Description of Preconstruction and Construction Activities ................... 3.22 List of Tables Table 3.1 :Monthly Sewage Generation and Number of Connections .................... 3.4 Table 3.2:Projected Population for the Design Horizon for different Scenarios ...... 3.5 Table 3.3: Projected Population Densities and Expansion of Ibb city by 2015 ........ 3.6 Table 3.4: Projected Population Densities and Expansion of Ibb city by 2025 ........ 36 Table 3.5: Future Water Demand Scenarios in the city .......................................... 3.7 Table 3.6: Salient features of the future Water Supply Service Zones .................. 3.14 Table 3.7: Storage Requirements Projections for the Year 2025 - Alternative 1 " 3.15 Table 3.8: Storage Requirements Projections for the Year 2025 - Alternative 3.. 3.16 Table 3.9: Estimated Wastewater Flow Discharge from Ibb city in different Years 3.18 Table 3.10: Estimated Capital Cost of Water Supply Alternatives ....................... 3.20 Table 3.11: Estimated Capital Cost of Sewerage System ................................... 3.20 Table 3.12: Capital Cost for the Sewage Treatment Options..... ...... ...... ... ........... 3.20 Table 3.13: Phase wise Cost Distribution of the Proposed Options of the STP ... 3.20 List of Figures Figure 3.1 Map Showing Existing Water Supply Network Figure 3.2 Map Showing Existing Sewerage Network Figure 3.3Map Showing Proposed Expansion Areas {2015 Figure 3.4Map Showing Proposed Expansion Areas (2025) Figure 3.5Map Showing Division of Water Supply Service Zones Figure 3.6Altemative1 for Proposed Water Supply System Figure 3.7Altemative 2 for Proposed Water Supply System Figure 3.8Altemative 3 for Proposed Water Supply System Figure 3.9 Map Showing Boundaries of proposed Sewage System Catchment Areas Figure 3.10Alternative 1for Proposed Sewage System (Low Scenario) Figure 3.11 Altemative 2 for Proposed Sewage System (Low Scenario) Figure 3.12 Altemative 3 for Proposed Sewage System (Low Scenario Figure 3. 13Proposed Location for Option 1, 2 and 3 Sewage Treatment Plants Figure 3.14 Phase wise Development of the Proposed Project List of Annexes Annex 3.1 Characteristics of the sections Annex 3.2 Components of the Alternative 1 Annex 3.3Compnents of Alternative 2 Annex 3.4 Components of Altemative 3 Annex 3.5Proposed Layout for Option 1 Sewage Treatment Plant Annex 3.6 Proposed Layout for Option 2 Sewage Treatment Plant Annex 3.7 Proposed Layout for Option 3 Sewage Treatment Plant Annex 3.8Details of the Phase wise Development for Water Sources, Water Supply, and Sewerage Components Annex3.9Breakup of Elements of Transmission line Altemative Routes and Estimated Costs Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report 3.0 PRO.JECT OB.JECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION Objective of the project is to improve the quality of life of the citizens of the city through the: · Provision of safe and adequate quantity of water · Provisions for proper disposal of wastewater. This section presents an overview of the need of the project, salient features of the existing system, and proposed scheme/plans as identified in the Preliminary Engineering Design Report (PEDR) and Draft Feasibility Report (DFR) by the Engineering consultant (Ec). 3.1 Need of the Project The existing water supply and wastewater services in Ibb are in poor condition and have become grossly inadequate and malfunctioning. The present system requires immediate attention to prevent environmental and health impacts. Some of the observations made by the consultant are as follows: · Rapid expansion of the city, particularly, after influx of the returnees · The yield from the water sources (wells) is much lower than the demand. · Small diameters of the network create problems in water distribution in some areas. · Small capacity of the existing reservoir. The capacity of this storage reservoir is equivalent to 46 percent of the project area average daily consumption. Hence it needs to be upgraded to meet the future demand. · Due to an apparent deficiency in the network capacity, the reservoir is not being used to distribute the water to the whole city1. · Level of water supply service is not adequate because less water is available and pressures are unsatisfactory. · Only one pumping station is working. · There are some reported cases of the water borne diseases2 in the city such as, Typhoid, Malaria, and gastroenteritis. · Part of the city is not connected with the existing sewerage network. · About 105,000 of the city population (43.5%) are connected with existing sewerage system. · Such areas are discharging the sewage into the Wadi. 1 Preliminary Engineering Design Report, Prepared by the Engineering Consultant, IWSLC, 2006 2 Personal Communication with Head of the Health Department, Ibb 3.0 Project ObJective and Description 3.1 ConsuItlng Engineering Sentices (india) Pvt. Limited December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic ofYemen.IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft final Report · The untreated sewage, which flows into Wadis from households (HH), is also a source of contamination. It has impacts on environment and health. · Existing STP is of the capacity of 5000m 3 /d whereas the sewage which is reaching the Plant is about 7044m 3/s. Hence, the STP is over-loaded and emits obnoxious smell due to incomplete biological process of the sewage. This smell could be noticed near it. · The sludge, which goes to the sludge drying beds, takes more time to dry completely. Currently, the moist sludge is removed from the sludge drying beds to accommodate more sludge which is generated from thickener during the process. · This emptied un-stabilized sludge from the drying beds is disposed to the vacant places available inside the premises of the STP. This may have long term environmental impacts on the groundwater quality, if not taken care of. · Equipments are old and the non availability of spare parts has also reduced the efficiency of the existing STP. Poor coverage of the population and malfunctioning of the existing water supply and sewerage system may lead to health hazards and aesthetic nuisance in the city. The existing system needs urgent renovation and augmentation. 3.2 Salient Features of the Existing Water Supply and Wastewater System The existing water supply and sewerage facilities are limited to the urban areas of city of Ibb. Only 55% of the population is currently covered from the public water supply system and around 60% of the population is served by the sewerage system. 3 Major components of the city water supply and sewerage system are as follows: 3.2.1 Water Supply System City relies on the groundwater abstraction for the supply of water. The existing water supply network is shown in Figure 3.1. Main features of the existing water supply system are as follows: · Fifteen (15) Nos. of wells for the supply of water · Static level in Salabah - Jiblah well field is 6.9 m, and drawdown is 0.3 m/year. 3 Inception Report on Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Prepared by Dar, January 2006, IWSLC 3.0 Project Objective and Descrlpllon 3.2 Consulting Engineering Services (india) Pvt. LImited ., LEGEND: .. '~ \ Wells Pumping into the Network Reservoir '0 CJ Directorate Boundary Buildings Footprints BoundanesofZones served by Direct Pumping oJ (IA.) '"'I' I _~ /" .. , .......,. '0 / I · water Network .. Other Wells Locations '! ' >- Number of zone/section [!] served by direct pumping ! .. _ . or t: ·"-'l":;~ .. 1'" · . 'I. " \ Source: Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR. July OS/AugOS, prepared by Ec(Oar AI handasa.) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 3.1 NOT TO SCALE I [ill CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR 188 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT REVISION DATE 188 WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Map Showing Exlxtlng Water Supply Network R-O DEC ,2006 December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Envirorwnental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report · Length of trunk main is about 6,835m · Total length of the Distribution network is 118,500m 3 · Storage reservoir of 4000m capacity · Water treatment is given by chlorination · Some of the areas are being served directly from the wells such as, well No. 7 (Shuaib Omaiq - wadi Maitam), NO.8 (Dar AI-sharaf), No. 12 (AI sijn al Markazi), No. 14 (Fiat), No. 15 (AI salbah), No. 16 (AI Jabbana), No. 17 (Allahj), and No. 18 (Near Statdium) · Data pertaining to the Un-accounted for water shows 19 percent and 26 percent water losses of water distributed and water sold for residential use. 3.2.1.1 Shortcoming of the Existing Network Ec has divided the whole project area in seven (7) sections for the analysis of existing water supply network. Figure 3.1 also depicts the division of the sections. The characteristics of these sections are given in Annex 3.1. Ec has assessed the following shortcomings of the existing water supply network. · Existing network is not capable of providing the required pressures of 15 m at the hydrants except in section 2 and parts of section 1. · No disinfection is provided where the water is supplied directly from pumping stations and also it increases the chances of water pollution. · It (intermittent direct pumping) fails to fulfill the needs of the customers demand. · Direct Pumping also increases the chances of breakage of pipes and leakage due to water hammering action. · The fire fighting system will require the network to be pressurized to ensure continuous water flow and adequate pressure for filling the water tankers. · During non service periods, network is subjected to prolonged periods of negative pressures and the water quality in the supply system is prone to contamination or pollution due to any seepage/leakage from the septic tanks/sewers. 3.2.2 Wastewater System The existing sewerage system of the city is shown in Figure 3.2. Salient features of the existing wastewater system are as follows: · The length of gravity sewer pipes of UPVC is 105363m. · Diameter of gravity sewers is between 100mm and 600mm. · The Ductile Iron Pipes of the length of 411 m are provided as force main. · Two pumping station are provided. But one pumping station is not working. 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.3 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Limited c::J Directorate Boundary Sewerage Network D Existing Sewage Treatment Plant : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Oar AI handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 3.2 NOT TO SCALE I [ill CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMENI MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Map Showing Exlxtlng Sewerage Network R-0 I DEC ,2006 ~ Project: Environmenlallmpact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December. 20" Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO W. . . and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-Z, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200l011IENVI Draft Final Repon · The existing STP comprises an extended activated sludge system consisting of grit chamber, aeration tank, final settling tank, sludge thickener, and sludge drying beds. · The average flow measured at the STP in 2005 is 7044m 3/d according to IWSLC records. Accordingly, the sewage generation rate per capita is 45.55 Ipcd assuming that the population served is 154, 644. · Monthly Sewage Generation and Number of connections in the city of Ibb are given in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Monthly Sewage Generation and Number of Connections Month Total Water Reaching the STP Number of Sewage Number of Residential (m3) Service Connections Sewage Connections ~anuary 207,734 11,949 11,344 February 177,870 11,982 11,381 [March 212,005 12,033 11,435 W ~une 195,447 215,519 226.863 12,070 12.101 12.147 11,474 11,504 11,554 ~uly 231,166 12,197 11,604 August 243,581 12,252 11,481 September 220,647 12,307 11,575 October 207,647 12,370 11,668 November 186.209 12,420 11,739 Average 211372 12166 11524 Source. IWSLC, monthly records for the perIod 1.1.2005 to 1.11.2005 · Basic design parameters of the existing STP are: - Inflow of the Plant 60.8 Vs Peak now 96.7 Vs - B005 load of sewage 3221 Kg/d - Dry Solids content 3.3 Kg/activated sludge - Volumetric Loading 0.5 Kg BOOs/m3.d - Total dry solids in aerator tank 3.33 Kg TS/m 3 Food to microorganism ratio 0.15 Kg BODs/Kg MLVSS.d - Recirculation of Retum sludge flow100% of inflow - Volume of final clarifier 1167 m3 · Quality of treated wastewater to be maintained: - Maximum B005 in effluent 30 mg/I - Suspended solids in effluent 30 mg/I 3.3 Population Projectlon 4 Based on the census data, Ec has studied various scenarios for projecting the population of city for the design horizon year 2025. These developed scenarios are as follows: 4 Preliminary Engineering Design Report, Engineering Consultant - Dar al Handasah - IWSLC, 2006 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.4 Consulting Englneedng Services (india) Pvt. LImited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assetsanent (EIA). Envlrormemal Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVI Draft Final Report · Scenario - 1: Governorate Growth Rate · Scenario - 2: National Growth Rate · Scenario - 3: National Growth Rate with declining in-migration · Scenario - 4: Fixed Annual Growth Rate · Scenario - 5: Combination of scenarios 4 and 5. The projected population for design horizon as worked in the POER is given in Table: 3.2. Table 3.2: Projected Population for the Design Horizon for different Scenarios )'ear 19941 21 41 20151 20101 20201 2025 Ibb Governorate :~ 2.50%1 !'i 101 2.50%1 2.50%1 2.50%1 2.50% 1 -." [1-12.1 1 (JI 2.411 ,/6212./9t5,SQ41 3.1K4 nwll 3.5"78.611 III , 'I Scenario 1 3rowtn .5' 50'! .5 5 .50% PO 103 [JO[ 2: 3: ,~ 3i9 4' a nRR Scenario2 3row:n .5 .0 .8 .6 .15% .1011 103.000 2! 3( 3~2. 4[ 4.4H .9 .5 Scenario 3 1Ci3[)0[ 4114. irowtl1 .7 Scenario 4 'nn! Iflnn 103 noc 3' Scenario 6 irowtn ,I J: 5% innl Ifinn 2! 5. f7: 31 367. 41 .914 465, :J26 Source: PreHmln,ry EngmHnng Design Report prep,,.d by Dar AI Hansd,SlIh for IWSLC Ec has recommended scenario - 5 since it takes into account different factors affecting the population growth in the Republic of Yemen. It has been considered most reliable and credible scenario by the Ec, especially for Ibb city. 3.3.1 Population Density and Urban Expansion Based on the recommended scenario - 5 by Ec, it appears that the city will grow at the rate 3.70 percent between 2004 and 2010. And after 2010, the city growth rate has been predicted to be 2.96 percent between 2011 and 2015, 2.65 percent from the year 2016 to 2020, and 2.15 percent between the years 2021 and 2025. The projected population for year 2025 as estimated by Ec will be 465,926 based on the recommended scenario - 5 for designing the various city water supply and sanitation components. The population density has been computed to be 271 persons per ha. The POER also states that the estimated population growth cannot be accommodated in the existing areas with out adverse effects on the living environments. The city is expected to expand mainly in the west and south directions, following the past years pattern of expansion. The topography and geography of the city restricts the expansion of the city in some areas. Thus, it is expected that the urban areas will expand the beyond the city boundaries to accommodate the population by the year 2025. The Ec has estimated the city population to be 367,562 by the year 2015. It is ". 3.0 Project Objectlve and Description 3.5 Consulting Engineering Services (india) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Envlrorwnental December, 20M ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS.z, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200I0111ENVI Draft Final Report also indicated in the PDER that the population could be accommodated with in the city boundaries. The expected population density of the city in the year 2015 is presented in Table 3.3 and is shown in Figure 3.3. Table 3.3: Projected Population Densities and Expansion of Ibb city by 2015 Area Year 2015 Population Population Description (ha) Density (persons per ha) in 2015 Mudiriya AI Moshanna 355 275 95,570 Ibb city : 152,516 Mudiriya AI Thahar 587 260 Total Existing Urban Areas 941 266 250,086 Vacant Areas with in AI Moshanna suitable 95 250 23,750 for Development Vacant Areas with in AI Thahar suitable for 399 235 93,726 Development Total Expansion areas within city 494 238 117,476 Grand Total 1,435 256 367,562 Source. PEDR prepared by Ee for IWSLC, 2006 The projected population of the city in 2025 is presented in Table 3.4 and expected areas of expansion in future are depicted in Figure 3.4. Table 3.4: Projected Population Densities and Expansion of Ibb city by 2025 Area Year 2025 Population Population in Description (ha) Density (persons per hal 2025 Mudiriya AI Moshanna 355 268 95,083 Ibb city IMudiriya AI Thahar 587 260 152,528 Total Existing Urban Areas 941 263 247,611 Vacant Areas with in AI Moshanna 131 250 32,693 suitable for Development Vacant Areas with in AI Thahar suitable 608 235 142,911 I for Development Total Expansion areas within city 739 238 175,604 Vacant areas outside mudiriyas for urban 194 220 42,711 expansion Grand Total 1,874 249 465,926 Source. PEDR prepared by Ee tor IWSLC, 2006 Therefore, urban areas of the city will be expanded to the surrounding vacant areas to accommodate the population in future. 3.4 Proposed Water Sources Conclusions/recommendations of the study report (Draft) on water resources prepared by the Ec are as follows: 1. This study has suggested the following water resources to supply the city water in future. · Rehabilitation/Deepening/Replacement of Existing Municipal and Private wells · Drilling new deep wells in the volcanic rocks along the fault with in Ibb city · Confirm the Safe Yield from Tawilah and Amran formations and drill deep exploratory wells 3.0 Project ObJective and DesalptlOII 3.6 LEGEND: Directorate BOllDdary Existing Urban Areas Proposed Expansion Areas (2015) : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar p.J handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. ~ MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENT AL MONITORING PLAN Figure - 3.3 REPUBLIC OF YEMEN ~ NOT TO SCAlE I FOR ISS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT ISS WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Map ShoYJIng Proposed expansion Areas (2015) R -0 I DEC ,2006 LEGEND: DiJec:torate Boundary Existing Urban Areas Proposed Expmaion Areas (lOIS) : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 3.4 ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALE I FOR ISS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT ISS WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Map Showing Proposed Expansion Areas(2026) R -0 I DEC ,2006 Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental December, 20M ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Bank Cnldlt No.: 3700 - YEM) Document 200t0181ENVI Draft Final Report · Increase the recharge zones to local aqurfers within the city territory · Construction of small size dams upstream Ibb local wadis · Construction of Mid size dams downstream local wadis · Large dams downstream on the large wadis · Rain water harvesting · Reuse of treated wastewater · Use of brackishlsea water after desalination 2. The report has indicated the following about the groundwater deficit: · There will be an overall deficit of groundwater of 3MCM in the Year 2015 and 5.35MCM in the Year 2025 with all above mentioned sources. These sources exclude the unconfirmed TawilahlAmran formation sources. · Water deficit will continue during the next 20 years causing serious depletion of Alluvial and Volicanics aqurfers. 3. Wadi Sahool groundwater development should be restricted to the existing wells. No licenses for new, replacement, or deepening should be issued. 4. A monthly groundwater monitoring program is suggested for wadi Salabat as sayyadah, Jiblah, and Sahool. Monitoring will help in assessing the expected increase in drawdown of wells during and after full development of well fields. 5. It is also recommended by the Ec to increase the existing zones of protection mainly the alluvial aqurfer areas. 6. Rain water harvesting system is indicated as one of the most effective system to conserve the groundwater resources. 3.5 Design Criteria This section presents various design criteria considered for designing the city water supply and sewerage system. 3.5.1 Future Water Service Delivery Options Table 3.5 presents the water consumption scenarios from the public network system which has been considered by the Ec. Table 3.5: Future Water Demand Scenarios in the city Oail Water demand Scenarios in Ibb city Low scenario ~ro~~'e~d~ooa-1R~e~si~dBlem~I~'all-(~D~O~m~e~m~iCo)~w~a~te~r~emwocrl~~0~~~~60 70 scenarios Pro'eded Non domemic water demand scenarios* 5 6 7 Pro' eded Water Losses Unaccountoo for Water 10 12 14 Pro'eded Total Water Demand 65 78 91 Source: Finel PEDR prepared by Ec for IWSLC, 2006 · Projected Community (non domestic) water demend considered as 10 " of domestic demand by the Ec is based on past dete collected by them. 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.7 Consulting Englneedng Services (india) Pvt. Limited ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), EnvlrolWl'lef'ltal December, 2001 Mitigation Plan and EnvirolWl'lef'ltal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, RepubHc of Yemen, iBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM, Document: 20060181ENVI Draft Final Repot1 The draft Feasibility report submitted in August 2006 by the Ec has mentioned that the low scenario daily water demand will be used for deSigning the water supply system. Hence, the total water demand would be 65lpcd. 3.5.2 Water Supply The parameters used for evaluation of the existing water supply system and the design criteria adopted for designing the new water supply schemes are discussed in the following subsections. 3.5.2.1 Storage Requirements The draft feasibility study report prepared by the Ec has taken into consideration a minimum storage requirement of water is to be 12 hours. This storage period has chosen because all households have one or more storage water tanks with an average storage capacity of 1m3 . Additional storage as reserve for fire fighting has also been provided to meet any exigency. According to the final PEDR, Ec has worked out a storage requirement for fire fighting is to be 450m 3 and 340m 3 for the city centers and urban areas respectively. 3.5.2.2 Design Peak Factors PEDR indicates that the PHD factor is not applicable in the areas where private reservoirs are installed in the premises for storing the water. These reservoirs can store the water for variation in hourly demand. Thus PHD factor has not been taken and only POD factor of 1.25 has been used by the Ec. 3.5.2.3 Distribution Networks The final PED Reporf has indicated that a) Hazen Williams's coefficient is considered 140 for new Ductile Iron (01) pipes, 150 for new UPVC pipes and PE pipes. For existing DCI and steel pipes, the value of coefficient is used 130 and 100 respectively. b) The distribution mains will be designed for minimum residual pressure of 25m. This will allow the delivery of water up to the roof reservoir of 5 storey building. c) The static pressure at all nodes will be limited to a maximum of 7 bars i.e. 70m. This residual pressure will not require the use of Class PN16 pipes and hence cost of network will be minimized. ' 5 Final PEDR, prepared by Ec for IWSLC, July 2006 3.0 Project Objectlve and Descrlptlon 3.8 Comultlng Engineering SfNVIces (India) PIIt Limited December, 20M ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigalion Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanlatlon Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No,: 3700 - YEM) Docwnent: 20060111ENVI Draft Final Report d) The distribution mains design will be checked to insure that the average water supply demand plus the fire fighting can be delivered at a residual pressure of 15m which is sufficient to fill the fire fighting tankers. e) Buildings constructed at higher elevations i.e. above 2010m above msl are envisaged by the Ec as scattered and few. Therefore, such areas will be served by water tankers instead of public networks. This will minimize the investment cost and subsequently the cost recovery factor. f) Transmission lines will be provided to convey water from the source or through other reservoirs. The size of pipes will be designed to deliver the peak day water demand from the reservoirs. The maximum allowable velocity in the pipes will not exceed 2 mls to contain the friction losses. g) The following pipe materials have been found suitable by the Ec. - Ductile Iron (01) class K9 pipes for diameters greater than or equal to 80mm. - PE class PN10 pipes for diameters less than 80mm except at wadi crossings where GMS would be used. This class of pipes does not have to exceed 10 bars and will be able to withstand the maximum pressure in the network 7 bars (70m) at temperature of approximately 27°c. h) Control valves of the following types will be provided: - Directly buried gate valves for the pipe diameters less than 1S0mm. Valves in the chambers for pipe diameters greater than or equal to 1S0mm. - These will be provided on all branches of the distribution mains and at distances not exceeding SO Om in straight runs to facilitate maintenance work. i) Air valves will be provided at the high points in the network. j) Wash out valves will be provided at the low paints between the crest of distribution mains not less than 150mm. k) Workmanship - Earth cover over pipes not less 1m will be provided except at intersections with other utilities or ground surface in undulating. - Pipes will be encased when cover is less than 1m and at wadi crossings. - The vertical distance between inverts of water lines and other utilities, especially sewer pipes, would be maintained at least 45 cm. where this separation can not be maintained both the lines would be encased with concrete for a distance of at least 3m from both sides of crossing. - The water lines would be kept away at a horizontal distance of 3m from sewer pipes. 3.0 Projeet Ob}eetlve and Description 3.9 Consulting Englneedng Services (india) Pvt. Limited December, 2001 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (Worid Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVI Draft Final Report - DI pipes would be protected with polyethylene sleeve as supplementary protection in the areas susceptible to corrosion. - The water mains would be flushed after installation to remove any dirt or debris. - The pipes would be tested before putting them in operation and also disinfected with chlorine gas or solutions of calcium or sodium hypochlorite. 3.5.2.4 Fire Fighting System The following provisions have been indicated for fighting in the final PEDR: a) The water distribution system will be designed as a combined network to cater for the requirement of the Civil Defense in the city and intemational code of practice for fighting (NEPA). b) The fire fighting tankers of civil defense will collect water for fire fighting from the fire hydrants. c) The Ec will check the distribution mains for delivering the water supply demands (Le. average water supply demand plus the fighting demand) at a residual pressure 1S.0m. d) The fire hydrants will be installed on pipe diameters not less than 150mm or 100mm, if necessary, to prevent excessive pressure losses in the water supply system. e) Post type or underground screw-down type with isolating gate valves will be considered. 3.5.2.5 Service Connections Final PED and Draft Feasibility Report have mentioned that an approved pressure regulator preceded by a strainer will be provided before every direct connection to the building water supply system where local static pressure is in excess of SSm. This will prevent the damages, if any, to the consumers plumbing installations. 3.5.3 Sewerage system The design criteria adopted in the final PEDR for designing the sewerage system for the city are briefly discussed in the following sub sections. 3.5.3.1 Peaking Factor · The minimum peaking factor is adopted as 2.0 and the maximum is 5.0. 3.5.3.2 Pipe Diameter, Velocity, Gradients, and Cover · To avoid the clogging in the pipes, minimum diameter for main sewers is adopted as 200mm and 1S0mm for service connections. 3.41 Project Objective and Description 3.10 eolJ$ultlng Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 20M ~ Project: Envlrollmentallmpac:t Assessment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation ProjeCt. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS·2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20ae0111ENVI Draft Final Report · Minimum, maximum, and design velocities which are being adopted by Ec for designing the gravity sewers, are as follows: - Minimum velocity 0.6 m/s - Maximum velocity 3.0 m/s - Design velocity 0.75 m/s · Minimum pipe gradients for maintaining the self cleansing velocity 0.75m/s are as follows: Pipe diameter in mm Minimum Gradient in mmlm 200 5.00 300 2.70 400 2.00 500 1.50 600 1.20 700 1.00 Source: Final PEDR prepared by Eo for IWSLC. July-2006 · The minimum pipe cover has been considered as 1.2m, which will - Give flexibility for house connections. - Protection to the pipes from traffic loads. - Avoid the crossing interference/conflicts with other utilities such as, water, electricity, and telephone lines. Where the bed cover will shallower than 1m or deeper than 5m, the sewer pipes would be encased in concrete. 3.5.3.3 Pipe Flow Depth and Ventilation · In order to provide good margin of safety and proper ventilation, all sewer lines would be designed for maximum ratio (75%) of flow depth to pipe diameter. · Frequent flushing has been recommended at beginning of operation of a sewerage system until minimum cleansing velocity is reached in the sewers. · The PEOR has also recommended that the existing sewers should also be flushed to clean any sludge deposition. 3.5.3.4 Pipe Material The Ec has recommended the following pipe material: · UPVC pipes would be used for diameters up to 500mm in gravity system and pressure pumping main pipelines. T~e advantages of UPVC are as follows: - resistant to hydrogen sulfide which is emitted by the sewage - easy to handle - with stand a high operating pressure reaching 16 bars, hence could be used in Pumping and Lifting stations 3.0 Project Objective and Deacrlptlon 3.11 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. LImited December, 2001 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assesanent (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20Ol019/ENVI Draft Final Report · Glass Reinforced Pipes (GRP) pipes would be used diameters above 500mm. GRP pipes have the following advantages: - resistant to hydrogen sulfide which is emitted by the sewage - easy to handle and lay in long length - with stand a high operating pressure reaching 16 bars, hence could be used in Pumping 3.5.3.5 Flow in Pipes · Manning Equation will be used for designing the gravity sewers · Hazen-William formula will be used for designing the pressure sewers 3.5.3.6 Manholes · Manholes will be provided for inspection and maintenance at junctions, drops, changes in the gradienUdirections/diameters, and at regular intervals to for cleaning the sewers. · Maximum manhole spacing is kept not to exceed 75m. · Manholes will be either pre-cast or cast in-situ for large sewers. · Inner walls and benching of manholes will be protected with tar epoxy lining. · Drop manholes will be provided for sewer diameters · Ladders will be provided. 3.5.4 Sewage Treatment Plant To consider the different options for Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), the following basic design criteria have been adopted by Ec. - Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1200 mg/l - Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2040 mg/l - Suspended Solids (55) 1440 mgll - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 360 mg/l - Total Phosphorous 36 mgll It is envisaged that the treated wastewater will meet the following the following criteria which are in compliance with the decree recently published by the Environmental Protection Council (1977). - Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 30 mg/l - Suspended solids (55) 30 mg/l - Faecal Coli form < 200 mg/l - Nitrogen Removal Not required 3.5.5 Mechanical Works Design Criteria · Safety factor of 10 percent will be added to the calculated pump head. · Pipe will be ductile iron. 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.12 Consulting Englneet1ng Setvlces (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 20M ~ Project: Environmentallmpac:t Asse.anent (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 201I018/ENVI Draft Final R8pOI't · The flow velocities will not be exceeded the following values in the pipes. Type diameter Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 1.3 2.1 1.3 2.1 1.3 3.1 1.3 3.1 ,July 2006 3.5.6 Pumping Station The following design criteria will be adopted by the Ec for pumping station: · level control in each water reservoir to control the start/stop of the pumps. · Well water pumping station will be designed for employing submersible multi stage pumps. · Where well pumps are pumping directly to the network, pressure tanks will be provided on the discharge pipe. Pressure switches will be provided to start/stop the pumps. · Sewage pumping stations will be designed for wet pit concept with submersible pump · Provision of multiple space building has been made for storing the chemical storage and chemical dosing equipments. · Provision of overhead crane is made to handle the different parts carefully. 3.6 Proposed Water Supply System Ec has divided the project area in the four zones for designing the future water supply scheme. As shown in Figure 3.5, these zones are divided as follows: · Zone 1 - high level zones with variation in contours between 2010m and 1940m above msl. This is not currently served from the water network. · Zone 2 - low level zones falling between contour levels 1940m and 1880m above msl. Part of this zone is not presently served by the public networks and partly served by the direct pumping. · Zone 3 - mainly comprises the areas which are currently by gravity from the existing reservoir. · Zone 4 - currently served by the direct pumping. Salient features of these zones are presented in Table 3.6. 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.13 ColJ$ulllng Engineering Semces (India) Pvt. LImIted LEGBND: f?77/) Zona 1 Zona 2 W/Zd Zona 3 WZ?2I Zona 4 Directorate Boundaries rca : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July 06lAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IIIVSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Figure - 3.5 NOT TO SCALE I ~ CONSULTING ENGI~EERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN FOR ISS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT ISS WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Showing Division of Water Supply Service Zones R -0 I DEC ,2006 December, 20M ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Envlrorwnental Mitigation Plan and EnvIronmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Bank Cnldil No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20010181ENVI Draft Final Repott Table 3.6: Salient features of the future Water Supply Service Zones Zone Description of the Zone Served Total Urban Area 697.3 ha AI Thahar (Existing) 163.8 ha AI Thahar (expansion) 368.4 ha 1 AI Thahar (out side Expansion) 165.1 ha Served Population 165,417 No. Daily Demand Oow scenario) 124,4115 Daily Demand (Medium Scenario) 149.3115 Served Total Urban Area 559.6 ha AI Moshana (Existing) 100.8 ha AI Moshana (Expansion) 64.5 ha AI Thahar (Existing) 158.9 ha 2 AI Thahar (expansion) 219.9 ha AI Thahar (Out side Expansion) 15.6 ha Served Population 139,900 Nos. Daily Demand Oow scenario) 105.2115 Daily Demand (Medium Scenario) 126.3115 Served Total Urban Area 432.7 ha AI Moshana (Existing) 180.4 ha AI Moshana (expanSion) 7.9 ha 3 AI Thahar (Existing) 211.6 ha AI Thahar (expansion) 32.8 ha Served Population 114,229 Nos. Daily Demand Oow scenario) 85.9115 Daily Demand (Medium Scenario) 103.1 115 Served Total Urban Area 175.2 ha AI Moshana (Existing) 90.2 ha AI Moshana (expanSion) 31.6 ha 4 AI Thahar (Existing) 52.3 ha AI Thahar (Expansion) 1.1 ha served Population 46,380 Nos. Daily Demand Oow scenario) 34.9115 Daily Demand (Medium Scenario) 41.9115 Source. final PEOR, Oar AI Handasah, Eo for IWSLC. July 2006 Based on the design parameters and salient features of the zones, the Ec has developed various altematives which are as follows: 3.6.1 Alternative 1 Water Supply System Altemative 1 consists of the following: 3.6.1.1 Alternative 1 Storage Facilities The additional storage facilities will be provided for proper distribution of water. New storage facilities in addition to the existing one of 4000m3 are as follows: · One main reservoir at high level to serve zone 1 (the High Level Zone) · One main high level reservoir to serve zone 2 (the low level Zone) · One main reservoir near the existing reservoir to provide the additional storage requirements for Zone 3 · Local reservoirs to serve Zone 4 at each Section 3 to 6. These are provided to store water from wells and feed the pumps supplying water networks. 3.0 Project Objective snd Ducdptlon 3.14 Consulting Engineering S8I'VIf:e.s (lDdIe) Pvt. Umlted ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (WofId Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008011/ENVI Draft Final Report The storage requirement projections for altemative 1 in the Year 2025 as worked out by the Ec are given in Table 3.7. Table 3.7: Storage Requirements Projections for 2025 - Alternative 1 Zone covered by the reservoir Low Scenario storage (m") Zone 1 5500 Zone 2 4500 Zone 3 1750 Zone 4 - section 3 350 Zone 4 - Section 4 400 600 Zone - Section 6 200 1 Total 13250 1 - EXIsti~ reservoir storarc capac~ (. ..., :; rr !.L ~ 8. Gl l- I- u 0:::....1 z z ... :5 :5 "'z 0 z 0 0 .~~ 0 z w w§ I- z ~o W 19 '" 0 '" ~ GI~ Cl - W C) C)IB ~z ~g W C) 19 W ..J wo "'M ..J W Z 0 ;;t w c.. Z Z .... 0 w c.. Z C ·c GI C III -u ~§ Z 0 I- Z 1-0 "'Z M :i ~ w ~ 0 0 ~ '~ ... " w ~ 0 ~ GI III cS; .0,< ~~ ~o w w 5 0.. «....I ~ ... ~III Oz zo :::> 0 Co. ~ N iii! I- III :::> 0 ~ N Q! I- VI C ... '" Will \!l C) '" ~ ~ <~ :::> z :::> z ~ wZ 1-0 ~~ N~ 0 w III III ~ 0 W III III ~ ~e. w ~E ~E t/)- 1/1 ~ ... ... :::> ~ III w ... ~ :::> III 0 cW Ci Z I: ~o ~o zI: 0 Co. \!) 0 c... l!) '" c.. ·E ..a ._ >. ~ ot/) 0 ... · · Eli _z 0 W a: C) w ..J ~ Ii:~ 01- '" : · · · · 0- I I III Gi-u ... Q) 0.. ... _III ilia. £! !.La. ff3 () :> 0:: w en C> ~ 0:: W w Z a z w C> z ~ -.I => en z o () ILl ~ ~ I- o Z December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment tElA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and EnvlrolllMntal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Projec:t. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 370G - YEM) Document: 2008018JENVI Draft Final Repott Table 3.10: Estimated Capital Cost of Water Supply Alternatives Ca ital Cost in USD Low Scenario I-------=-:------__+__~ Description t3~~~t=I1!~~~~ Ite ~~n ~ 3 Total cost 14,873,657 14,766,218 Phase 1 cost 2008-2014 9.566,119 8815410 Phase 2 cost 2014 - 2019 2,650,352 2,971,573 Phase 3 Cost 2020 - 2025 2,657,187 2,979,236 3.9.3 Sewerage System Alternatives Estimated cost of the proposed three altematives for sewerage system is given in Table 3.11. It includes 22% of the contingencies and services cost. Table 3.11: Estimated Capital Cost of Sewerage System DeSCription Capital Cost in USD Low Scenario Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Total Cost 9,760,816 10,090,184 9,459,586 Phase 1 cost 6,119,863 6,451,907 5,962,532 Phase 2 cost 1,811,788 1,810,444 1,746,276 Phase 3 cost 1,829,172 1,827,833 1,750,779 Source: DFR prepared by Ec - Dar for IWSlC Auaust 2006 3.9.4 Sewage Treatment Plant Options The cost of various options of sewage treatment plant is presented in Table 3.12. Table 3.12: Capital Cost for the Sewage Treatment Options Option 1 A Option 1 B Option 2 Option 3 Expansion of Expansion of Existing Waste Stabilization Waste Stabilization existing treatment Treatment Plant Pond at down Ponds at downstream of plant using using Trickling Filter stream of the Existing STP plus one extended aeration System existing STP compact Packaged system Treatment plant 3046500 4104000 8992840 9808621 Source. Final PEDR, July 2006 and DFR, August 2006, prepared by Ec - Dar for IWSlC, The phase wise distribution of the cost for the proposed options of the STP is given in the following Table 3.13. Table 3.13: Phase wise Cost Distribution of the Proposed Options of the STP Capital Cost for the Sewage Treatment Options Description Option 1 A Option 1 B Option 2 Option 3 Phase 1 1,358,500 1.878,000 5,322,280 5,724,757 Phase 2 844.000 1,386,000 1,835,280 2,288,932 Phase 3 844,000 840,000 1,835.280 1,794.932 DFR, August 2006, prepared by Ec - Dar for IWSlC, 3.0 Project Objectlve and Description 3.20 Consulting Engineering ServtCN (India) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Envirorwnental December. 2008 Mitigation Plan and Envirorwnental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2. (Wortd Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final Report 3.9.5 Sewage Alternatives Capital Costs The proposed locations for new STP and the routes for convey the wastewater as proposed by the Ec is shown in Figure 3.14. Two alternative routes for conveying the wastewater are shown in this Figure. Alternative 1 is running along the existing road and Alternative 2 is passing through the wadi. The cost of Alternative 1 has worked to be 2,882,500 USD and Alternative 2 is estimated to be 4,568,250 USD. The breakup of the costs and elements of transmission route alternatives are given in Annex 3.9. Based on the economic considerations the Alternative 2 has been discarded. 3.10 Evaluation of Alternatives In DFR, the Ec has evaluated the aforementioned alternatives/options based on the Average Incremental Cost. The evaluation is of the total project costs of investments covering replacement items such as, pumps, and operating annual costs over the Iffe of the project. The period of evaluation includes 18 years from the initial investment in the commencement year 2008 through 2025 the ending year of the development program. The following are also assumed by the Ec for this evaluation. · Operating Iffe of the associate investments from 10 years for pumps to 20 years for electromechanical works. · 50 years for other elements. · The profile of assets Iffe as per the depreciation schedule applied by IWSLC is 10percent for machinery and equipment, 5percent for wells, and 2percent for stone & concrete structures. The following are taken for feasibility analysis for the proposed project which is least cost also. · Water resources: Rehabilitation of wells and implementation of medium and small dams in Phase 1 and the large dams from the start of Phase 2. · Alternative 3 for Water Network · Alternative 1 for Wastewater network · Option 1 A for Sewage Treatment Plant 3.11 Reutilization of Sludge and Treated Wastewater in Irrigation It is envisaged in the DFR that the sludge drying beds and long term storage facility is required to reduce the pathogen content in it. Under local conditions and as a low cost solution to achieve the hygienic conditions, sludge is recommended to be exposed for a period of six (6) months in thin layers of about 15 cm to solar radiation. According in the PED and Draft Feasibility report expanding the drying beds and provision of additional storage facility is considered. 3.0 Project ObJective and DescrIption 3.21 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted LEG END; Phase 1 (2008·20013) Phase 2 (2014-2019) Phase 3 (202()'202S) Dlrectorato Boundaries : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportJDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IVVSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 3.14 MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALE I ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTO. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN FOR ISS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT ISS WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION IPhase wise Development of the Proposed Project R-0 I DEC ,2006 Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic 01 Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20oe018IENVI Draft Final Report 3.12 Land Requirement and its Availability The Engineering consultant has not given any detail of the land requirement for different components of the water supply and sewerage system such as, water mains, pumping stations, and storage requirements etc. Also, the transmission main water pipes are also not discussed in the report. The final PEDRlDFR has only indicated the following land requirement for the proposed STP options. Options Description of the Options Land Area Requirement Extended Aeration system with sludge thickeners Sewage Treatment - 4 ha 1 and drying beds Sludge Drying beds - 24 ha Construction of new Plant at new location downstream of existing STP having Waste 2 STP -25 ha Stabilization Ponds with sludge thickening and drying beds Construction of 2 new plants as below: - STP 1 having Waste Stabilization Ponds with For STP1 - 24ha. sludge thickening and drying beds on the For STP - 0.25 ha for Plant 3 downstream of Existing STP and 1.5 ha for sludge drying - STP 2 Package plant of 1300 m3/d having beds extended aeration system Source. PEDR prepared by Ec - Dar for IWSLC. July 2006 It is worth to mention that the IWSLC has already acquired land for storage reservoir in AI - hamami area. This land should be given priority for construction of storage reservoir which will reduce the cost. The proposed STP/Storage reservoirs, no involuntarily rehabilitation of people will be required. The IWSLC officials have informed during the study that the land will be purchased for any proposed stnJCtures by paying the prevalent prices of the selected area. 3.13 Construction Material It is presumed that the nearest quarries located near AI Daleel at a distance of 30Km from Ibb city or on the way downstream of the existing STP and Hamzah Barrack may be used for obtaining the aggregate and no new quarries are required to be opened for obtaining the construction material. 3.14 Description of Preconstruction and Construction Activities The pre-construction activities will include: · official meeting · purchasing/leasing of equipment · site selection for construction yards, workers colonies and equipment storage yards The construction activities will be cast-in-situ operation including: 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.22 Consulting Englneerlng Sfll'Vlces (India) Pvt. Umlted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Envlromtental December, 2008 [ill Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Revision:RO Document: 200I0111ENVI Draft Final Repott · Detailed survey and fIXing site layouts · drilling of wells · excavation in trenches, in foundations and in ponds · dismantling of existing sewerage system for rehabilitationlup- gradation/expansion · laying and jointing of pipes · installation, testing, and commissioning of pumping systems and other equipments · loading/unloading of construction material, and disposal of construction debris · Reinforced concreting. · construction management 3.0 Project ObJective lind Descrlptlon 3.23 Consulting Englnewlng Services (India) Pvt. Limited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment telA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2OOI0191ENVI Draft Final Report Annex 3.1: Distribution of Existing Network Supply Zones/Sections Main Network Supplied from Source of Suppty: WeH-8 (12 I Tank, which is om Ips) WeHs-lto6, 11 Served Urban Area: 29.64 ha (Idal52 lpa) Served Population: 8,044 c Served Urban Area: 411.25 ha 1ft ,· Average Daily Demand: 6.15 Ips Served Population: 111 ,620 c ... II: Average Daily Demand: 85.27 Ips 0 31 u Peak Daily Demand: Pipe Inventory: 7.68 Ips 0 Peak Daily Demand: 106.58 Ips 3::l CJ IXImm+ 2835m · · Pipe Inventory: SCinm+ 4976m 15Cmm+ 1876m 25Cmm+ 71m IOOmm+ 22620m Source d Supply: WelI-16 (10 15Cmm+ 4273m 0 iDe) 25Cmm+ 5622m Served Urban Area: 19.83 ha 300min+ 2377m Served Population: 5,383 c liD Source of Supply: Wel-14, WetJ..7, Wel-17 (rdal 30.2 Ips) · 0 II Average Daily Demand: 4.11 Ips Peak Daly Demand: 5.14 Ips Served Urban Area: 110.13 ha I N II: Served Population: Average Daily Demand: 29,891 22.83 c Ips · Pipe Inventory: 100mm+ 1942m 0 15Cmm+ 905m 1: Peak Daily Demand: 28.54 Ips · · Pipe Inventory: 25Cmm+ Source of Supply: WelI-13 (12 291m SCinm+ 2425m iPs) IXImm+ 6703m Served Urban Area: 50.44 ha 2OCmm+ 396m Served Population: 13,689 c SOI.I'Ce of Supply: Wel-15 ... Average Daily Demand: 10.46 Ips , · (1o.6ip&) Served Urban Area: .35 ha 0 II Peak Daily Demand: I 13.07 Ips u Pipe Inventory: ., Served Population: 9,051 c SCinm+ 470m I II: Average Daily Demand: 6.91 Ips 0 100mm+ 2483m 1: Peak Dally Demand: 8.64 Ips · Pipe Inventory: 8Omm+ 100mm+ 262m 1614m 15Cmm+ 25Cmm+ 157m 391m 15Cmm+ 142Cm Source of Supply: WelI-12 (8.9 IPs) Served Urban Area: 41.11 ha ... II: Served Population: 11,157 c 0 Average Daily Demand: 8.52 Ips 11 CJ Peak Dally Demand: 10.65 Ips .I Pipe Inventory: 8Omm+ 568m 100mm+ 2OO2m 3.0 Project Objective and DescrIption 3.1 Consulting Englnflf1l1ng Services (lndlll) Pvt Umlted Annex 3.2: Component wise DeIlIil. of Altemative 2 for WB'ter Supply Alternative 1 Low Scenario Medium Scenario Size of Zones Length Length Pipe of Pipe Remarks of Pipe Remarks (m) (m) Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 50mm+ 7000 7000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 80mm+ 14500 3500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 1 100mmljl 3500 14500 network network 150mm+ 9560 New pipes 9560 New Pipes 200mm+ 2670 New pipes 2670 New Pipes 25Omm+ 870 New pipes 870 New Pipes 3OOmm+ 3000 New pipes 3000 New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estinated for secondary 50mmljl 10000 10000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 80mmljl 20500 5000 network network 100mm\b 9000 New pipes + Estimated 24500 New Pipes + Estimated 2060m upgraded + 2060m Upgraded + 1790m New 2 150mmljl 3850 3850 1790m New pipes pipes 2OOmm+ 3750 New pipes 3750 New pipes 250mm+ - - - - 390m Upgraded + 3010m 390m Upgraded + 3010m New 300mmljl 3400 3400 New pipes pipes 4OOmm+ - - - - Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 50mmljl 1500 1500 ~rk for secondary ! network Estimated for secondary ated 80mmljl 1500 1000 3 network network 100mmljl 590 Upgraded 1090 Uooraded 2190m Upgraded +520m 2190m Upgraded + 520m New 150mmljl 2710 2710 New pipes Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 50mm+ 1500 1500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 80mmljl 1220 1000 network network 4 100mmq, 220 New Pipes 1610m upgraded + 1610m Upgraded + 1490m New 150mmljl 3100 3100 1490m New Pipes Pipes 20Omm+ 3700 Upgraded 3700 Upgraded Pump Dam (Medium Scenario) Section 3: Pump 41 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 80 m head for section 3 Network Section 4: Pump 43 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 75 m head for section 4 Network Section 5: Pump 49 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 88 m head for section 5 Network Section 6: Pump 37 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 77 m head for section 6 Network Source: PEDR, July 08., Ec IWSLC Annexes 3.2 Consulting Engineering SetYlces (India) Pvt. LimIted Annex 3.3: Development of Altemllfiv.. of Proposed Water Supply~L...- _ _ _ _ __ Alternative 2 Low Scenario Medium Scenario Size of Zones Length Length Pipe of Pipe Remarks of Pipe Remarks (m) (m) Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 5Omm+ 6000 6000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm+ 12200 3000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 10Omm+ 3000 12200 1 network network 15Omm+ 10020 New Pipes 10020 New Pipes 20Omm+ 2450 New Pipes 2450 New Pipes 25Omm+ 1086 New Pipes 1086 New Pipes 30Omm+ 2340 New Pipes 2340 New Pipes 40Omm+ 670 New Pipes 670 New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 5Omm+ 10000 10000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm+ 19500 5000 network network 100mm+ 11700 New Pipes + Estimated 26200 New Pipes + Estimated 2 435m Upgraded + 1115m 435m Upgraded + 1115m 15Omm+ 1550 1550 NewPiDeS NewPioes 200mm+ 2400 New Pipes 2400 New Pipes 3385m New Pipes + 1125m 3385m New Pipes + 25Omm+ 4510 4510 Upgraded 1125m Upgraded Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary i 5Omm+ 1500 1500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm+ 1500 1000 3 network network 100mm+ 590 Upgraded 1090 Upgraded 2190m Upgraded + 520m 2190m Upgraded + 520m 15Omm+ 2710 2710 New Pipes New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 5Omm+ 1500 1500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm+ 1220 1000 network network 4 New Pipes 10Omm+ 220 1610m upgraded + 1490m 1610m Upgraded + 1490m 15Omm+ 3100 3100 New Pipes New Pipes 20Omm+ 3700 Upgraded 3700 Upgraded Pump Data Section 3: Pump 41 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 80 m head for section 3 Network Section 4: Pump 43 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 75 m head for section 4 Network Section 5: Pump 49 lis Peak Discharge Capacity and 88 m head for section 5 Network Section 6: Pump 37 lis Peak Discharge Capacity andn m head for section 6 Network SOUtee: PEOR. July 06, Ec, IWSLC Annexes 3.3 Con!$Ult/ng EntIIneeting Senrlces (lndfll) Pvt Umlted Annex 3.4: Component wise Details of Allemllflve 3 for Water Supply --- Alternative 3 Low Scenario Medium Scenario Size of Zones Length Pipe Length of Remarks of Pipe Remarks Pipe (m) (m) Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 5Omm4> 7000 7000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm4> 14500 3500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 1 10Omm4> 3500 14500 network network 15Omm4> 12070 New Pipes 12070 New Pipes , 2OOmm4> 3150 New Pipes 3150 New Pipes 25Omm4> 1900 New Pipes 1900 New Pipes 3OOmm4> 1980 New Pipes 1980 New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 5Omm4> 9500 10000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm4> 18750 4500 network network 10Omm4> 9000 New Pipes + Estimated 23500 New Pipes + Estimated 2 15Omm4> 3070 New Pipes 3070 New Pipes 1130m Upgraded + 1130m Upgraded + 1450m 2OOmm4> 2580 2580 1450m New Pipes New Pipes 250mmejl 500m Upgraded + 500m Upgraded + 1DOOm 300mmejl 1500 1500 1000m New Pipes New Pipes 4OOmm, 2410 New Pipes 2410 New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 50mm4> 1500 1500 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 8Omm4> 1500 1500 3 network network 10Omm4> 590 Upgraded 590 Upgraded 2190m Upgraded + 2190m Upgraded + 520m 15Omm4> 2710 2710 520m New Pipes New Pipes Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 50mmejl 3000 3000 network network Estimated for secondary Estimated for secondary 4 8Omm4> 4500 1500 network network 100mm 4> 11000 New Pipes 14000 New Pipes 30Omm+ 1230 Upgraded 1230 Upgraded Main Pump 14: 45 lis discharge capacity and 36 m head for Tank 17 Main Pump 17: 55115 discharge capacity and 85 m head for Main Tank 2 Main Pump 15: 40 lis discharge capacity and 94 m head for Main Tank 2 Conveyor Pipes are of 150mm 4> length 30oom, 200mm ejllength 3550 Source: PEOR. July 06, Ec, IWSLC Annexes 3.4 Consulting EngIn..tng Services (lnd",) Pvt. Umlt8d I.EGEIm: _ WABn WATEa TlUlATIIINT PBOCII88 BTIDID ABUTiON TANIlIIO_X48_ CIADnEB TAlOl au_ ~ mtTIN611'11' IlUUJDT )l(JIIPIN6 STATION "KX"K :I INLET WOBII8 : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July 06/Aug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Annex - 3.5 MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALE I ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN FOR ISS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT ISS WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION IProposed Layout for Option 1 Sewage Tretment Plant R -0 I DEC ,2006 LEGElU: w.uTl! WATIIB raunonn PIIOCII88 AUIBOBH: pons I · · XU. IIACULTATIO pons "IIXX · · UTlJUTI8K POJ1fD8 II7JlX · · IlDWENT PVlIPING STAneK ".X". Z INU!'I' WOBB8 : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July 06/Aug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Annex - 3.6 MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALE I ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Iproposed Layout for option 2 Sewage Treatment Plant R-0 I DEC ,2006 LEGElVD: W&lDWATBIl TUATIIIINT PaocIS8 .tK.tDOIIIC PONDS III. sea '.taILTATIVE I'ONIS 4N.S . . . 1I.t111UTlON PONDS HI.S . . . ,.S,. PUJlPING STATION IDWINT I INUIT woau : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR,July 06lAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar /IJ handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Annex - 3.7 NOT TO SCALE I ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBUC OF YEMEN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT Proposed Layout for Option 3 Sewage Treatment Plant I . -- -._._.. I IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION DEC ,2006 Annex 3.8: Development of Alt:emstlves of Proposed Water Supply AHemative 1 Altemative2 Alternative 3 Description Slzeof Low Scenario Low Scenario Low Scenario of Phases Pipe Length of Pipe (m) Length of Pipe (m) length of Pipe (m) 11000 (Estimated for 11000 (Estimated for 10500 (Estimated for 5Omm+ secondary network) secondary network) secondary network) 22220 (Estimated for 22220 (Estimated for 20750 (Estimated for I 8Omm+ secondary network) secondary network) secondary network) 9590 (Estimated for 12290 (Estimated for 20590 (Estimated for 100mm+ secondary network) secondary network) secondary network} 150mm, 9660 7360 5780 200mm, 7450 6100 2580 250mm, - 4510 2730 300mm, 3400 - 2410 .,.. 400mm41 - - - w Section 3: Pump 41 lis Section 3: Pump 41118 Main Pump 14: 45Vs I 0- Peak Discharge Capacity and 80 m head for section 3 Network Peak Discharge Capacity and 80 m head for section 3 Network discharge capacity and 36 m head for Tank 17 Section 4: Pump 43 lis Section 4: Pump 43 lis Main Pump 17: 55 lis Peak Discharge Capacity Peak Discharge Capacity discharge capacity and 85 ~ and 75 m head for section and 75 m head for section m head for Main Tank 2 0 4 Network 4 Network i 0- E Section 5: Pump 49 lis Section 5: Pump 49 Vs ::J Main Pump 15: 40 lis a. Peak Discharge Capacity Peak Discharge Capacity discharge capacity and 94 and 88 m head for section and 88 m head for section m head for Main Tank 2 5 Network 5 Network Section 6: Pump 37 lis Section 6: Pump 37 lis Conveyor Pipes are of Peak Discharge Capacity Peak Discharge Capacity 150mm , length 3OO0m, and n m head for section and n m head for section 200mm , length 3550 6 Network 6 Network 3500 (Estimated for 3000 (Estimated for 3500 (Estimated for 5Omm+ secondary network) secondary network) secondary network) 7200 (Estimated for 6000 Estimated for 7250 Estimated for 8Omm+ secondary network) secondary network secondary network N w 100mm+ 1700 1500 1700 ~ 150mm+ 4760 5000 6000 J: 0- 200mm, 1330 1220 1550 ~ 250mm+ 430 540 950 300mm+ 1500 1170 990 4OOmm+ - 330 - 3500 Estimated for 3000 Estimated for 3500 Estimated for 50mm, secondary network secondary network secondary network I 7300 Estimated for 6200 Estimated for 7250 Estimated for 8Omm+ secondary network secondary network secondary network C") I w 100mm + 1800 1500 1800 i 0- i 150mm+ 200mm+ 4800 1340 5020 1230 6070 1600 250mm+ 440 546 950 300mm+ - 1170 990 400mm+ 1500 . 340 - Source :DFR, August 0fJ, Ee, IWSLC Annexes 3.5 ConllUltlng Enginetlll#ng SetVlces (India) Pvt Umlted Annex 3.9: BrNkup of Elements of Transmission line Alternative Routes and &timllted Coats Total Alternative Description of Elements Unit Costin USD No Quantity Rate 500mm gravity pipe (UPVC) 130 11500 1,495,000 Manholes 1500 115 172500 Alternative 1 500 mm force main (01) 250 4500 112,500 Pumping station LS 90000 Total cost of Alternative 1 2,882,500 500mm gravity pipe (UPVC) 130 15500 2.015,000 Manholes 1500 155 232000 500 mm force main (01) 250 1500 375,000 Alternative 2 Pumping station LS 75,000 Concrete encasement 65 11550 750,750 Service road 8m wide 70 16000 1,120,000 Total cost of Alternative 2 4,568,250 Source: OFR, August 2006, Ec - Dar AI handash, IWSLC Annexas Consulting EnglnfHll'lng SetVlces (India) Pvt. UmJt.ad 4.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SET - UP Table of Contents 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set Up ....................................................................... 4.1 4.1 Study Area ....................................................................................................... 4.1 4.2 Physical Resources......................................................................................... 4.1 4.2.1 Tectonic Activity in the Region ....................................................................... 4.1 4.2.2 Seismic Activity in Region ............................................................................... 4.4 4.2.3 Stratigraphy .................................................................................................... 4.5 4.2.4 Structure Geology of the city of Ibb ................................................................. 4.5 4.2.5 Surface Water Hydrology ................................................................................ 4.6 4.2.5.1 Wadi Jiblah ...................................................................................................... 4.6 4.2.5.2 Wadi Salabat as Sayyadah ............................................................................. 4.6 4.2.5.3 Wadi Sahool ................................................................................................... 4.7 4.3 Climate ..........................................................................................................4.10 4.3.1 Temperature ..................................................................................................4.10 4.3.2 Wind ..............................................................................................................4.11 4.3.3 Rainfall ...........................................................................................................4.11 4.3.4 Relative Humidity ...........................................................................................4.13 4.4 Air Quality ...................................................................................................... 4.13 4.5 Noise Quality ................................................................................................. 4.14 4.6 Soil Quality .....................................................................................................4.14 4.7 Water Quality ..................................................................................................4.15 4.8 Biological Environment ...................................................................................4.17 4.8.1 Terrestrial Ecology .........................................................................................4.17 4.8.1.1 Terrestrial Flora ..............................................................................................4.17 4.8.1.2 Terrestrial Fauna ............................................................................................4.19 4.9 Land use Pattern ............................................................................................4.20 4.9.1 Involuntary Resettlement ...............................................................................4.23 4.10 Agricultural Statistics ......................................................................................4.23 4.10.2 Livestock ........................................................................................................ 4.24 4.10.3 Marketing of Agricultural and Animal Products .............................................. .4.25 4.11 Socioeconomics .............................................................................................4.26 4.11.1 Demographic Characteristics ......................................................................... 4.26 4.11.2 Existing Household Pattern ............................................................................ 4.27 4.11.3 Educational Standards ...................................................................................4.28 4.11.4 Public Health ..................................................................................................4.29 4.11.7 Telecommunication Facilities ......................................................................... 4.33 4.11.8 Tourism .......................................................................................................... 4.33 4.11.9 Culture and Heritage ......................................................................................4.34 4.12 Existing Water Supply and Sewerage System of the city ...............................4.35 4.12.1 Existing Water Supply ....................................................................................4.35 4.12.1.1 Source of Water Supply ................................................................................. 4.35 4.12.1.2 Trunk Main .....................................................................................................4.35 4.12.1.3 Water Storage Facilities ................................................................................. 4.36 4.12.1.4 Distribution System ....................................................................................... 4.36 4.12.1.5 Data on Existing Water Supply ...................................................................... 4.36 4.12.2 Existing Sewerage System ............................................................................ 4.37 4.12.2.1 Sewerage Network .........................................................................................4.37 4 . 12.2.2 Pumping Station .............................................................................................4.38 4.12.3 Existing Sewage Treatment Plant ..................................................................4.38 4.12.3.1 Grit Chamber .................................................................................................4.38 4.12.3.2 Aeration Tank .................................................................................................4.38 4.12.3.3 Final Setting Tank or Secondary Settling Tank (SST) .................................... 4.39 4.12.3.4 Chlorination ....................................................................................................4.39 4.12.3.5 Return Sludge ................................................................................................4.39 4.12.3.6 Excess Sludge ............................................................................................... 4.39 4.12.3.7 Drying Ponds/Drying Beds .............................................................................4.40 4.13 Environmental Concerns ............................................................................... 4.40 List of Tables Table 4.1: Lithostartigraphyof Inland Basin of the Republic of Yemen .............................. 4.3 Table 4.2: Number of Registered Domestic and Regional Earthquake Events Occurred in the 2003 .......................................................................................................... 4.4 Table 4.3: Number of Registered Domestic and Regional Earthquake Events Occurred in the 2003 - Intensity wise .................................................................................. 4.4 Table 4.4: Area wise Number of Earthquake Events Occurred in the 2003........................ 4.4 Table 4.5: Hydrological Balance of Surface Water ............................................................ 4.7 Table 4.33 Inventory of Existing Wells for the City Water Supply ....................................... 4.9 Table: 4.6 Monthly Temperature Variation in Ibb city during 2002 ................................... 4.11 Table: 4.7: Monthly Average of Wind Speed and Direction for 2002 and 2003 in Ibb ....... 4.11 Table 4.8: Monthly Rainfall in the city of Ibb .................................................................... 4.12 Table 4.9: Month-wise Relative Humidity for the Year 2003 ............................................ 4.13 Table 4.10:Yearly Quantity of Substances that cause depletion of Ozone layer .............. 4.14 Table 4.11 : Details of the Land degradation ..................................................................... 4.15 Table 4. 13:0ccurrence of Plants as per Major Type of Land Forms in Yemen ................ 4.17 Table 4. 14:0ccurrence of Plants Classified by Major Types of Land forms: Trees ......... 4.18 Table 4.15:Mammal Species of Yemen ........................................................................... 4.19 Table 4. 16:Area under Crops Cultivation and Production in Ibb governorate (2000 to 2004) ...................................................................................................................... 4.24 Table 4. 19:Existing Population Density ........................................................................... 4.27 Table 4.21:Present Household Pattern in the city ............................................................ 4.28 Table 4.22:Comparison of Literacy in Yemen with Region and World Level .................... 4.28 Table 4.23: Patients Treated for Waterborne Diseases in the City during 2004 ................ 4.29 Table 4.26:Details of Asphalt and Gravel Roads in Ibb Govemorate (2002 - 2004) ........ 4.32 Table 4.27:Types of Vehicle Registration between 2002 and 2004 ................................. 4.32 Table 4.28:Registered Traffic Accidents in Ibb Governorate for the Year 2002 -2004 ...... 4.32 Table 4.30:Growth Indicators of Telecommunication in Yemen ....................................... 4.33 Table 4.31:Details of Telecommunication in Ibb Governorate from 2002 to 2004 ............ 4.33 Table 4.29: Number of Tourist Arrivals in Yemen between 2000 and 2004....................... 4.34 Table 4.32: Water Supply well fields ................................................................................ 4.35 Table 4.33:Details of Trunk Main ..................................................................................... 4.35 able 4.34: Summary of Distribution Network ................................................................... 4.36 Table 4.35:Water Supply Data between January 05 and November 05 ........................... 4.36 Table 4.36:Details of Existing Sewer Pipes ..................................................................... 4.37 Table 4.37:Details of Pumping Stations ........................................................................... 4.38 ., List of Figures Figure 4.1 Map Showing Hara Boundary of Ibb City - Study Area Figure 4.2 Map Showing Variation in Elevation Levels of Ibb City Figure 4.3 Map Showing Tectonic Model of Redsea & Gulf of Aden Figure 4.4 Geological Map of Ibb City Figure 4.5 Map Showing Groundwater Regional Flow Directions for the Year 2005 Figure 4.6 Isohytel Map of Republic of Yemen Figure 4.7 Existing Land Use Map of Ibb City Figure 4.8: Variation in Mean Rural Market Prices of Agriculture and Animal Product from 2000 to 2004 in Ibb Govemorate List of Annexes Annex 4.1: Name of Haraat and their Identification Number as per Figure 4.1 Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revl.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Vanen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report 4.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SET UP Data pertaining to the various environmental attributes have been collected, collated, and analyzed to establish the baseline conditions during the study. This section briefly describes the Physical Environment, Biological EnVironment, and Socio - culture Environment. 4.1 Study Area The study area will be composed of Land areas comprising the sites and surrounding area of any water resources well-field proposed abstraction, supply, storage, and treatment works as well as the areas to be affected by trenches and pipeline laying, pumping stations or any other ancillary works. The study area is shown in Figure 4.1. 4.2 Physical Resources Physiography, hydrology, geology of the study area are briefly described in the following sub-sections. The entire Republic of Yemen is divided into five main geographical regions depending upon variations in landscapes. Ibb city is lying in the Yemen Highlands on a spur of the rugged Mount Shamahi, at 2,050 m above msl. The variation in altitude in the city is shown in Figure 4.2. In addition to the considerable tectonic displacements, the relief of the Project Area is highly controlled by the lithologic characteristics of the different geologic layers. The varying resistances against weathering and eroSion, which depend upon the mineralogical composition of such layers, have given an accentuated relief. The relief changes abruptly from the high plateaus with steep slopes to the deep valleys with wide wadi depOSits. The amount of vertical displacement varies from one horst to another and in many cases is noted to be more than 3 km. 4.2.1 Tectonic Activity in the Region The Arabian Peninsula is a part of the Afro-Arabian massif. Their current segmented dispositions are the products of extensive rift faulting, leading to the formation of Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. These two rift faults are nearly perpendicular to one another and have contributed in each instance to the formation of a series of cross faults on the territory. These cross faults have given rise to blocks of horsts & grabbens, provided passage for extrusion of lava, differential subsidence & 4.0 Baseline EnvilOnmentlll Set-up 4.1 Consulting Engineering SelVfcu (india) Pvt. LlmIl.8d LEGEND: Directorate Boundary Q[J Hara Boundary and Unique Identification Number : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handasa,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 4.1 ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALE I FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION IIMap Showing Hara Boundary of Ibb City - Study Area R-0 I DEC ,2006 I LEGEND: D Directorate Boundary Elevation Levels In Meters < 1,800 1,800 - 1,870 1,870 - 1,940 I 1,940·2,010 2,010 - 2,080 _ >2.080 : Final Preliminary Engineering Design ReportlDFR, July 06IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handa_,) IWSLC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 4.2 NOT TO SCALE I [ill CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION IMap Showing Variation In Elevation Levels of Ibb City R-0 I DEC ,2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA). Environm.,tal December. 2006 MItigation Plan and Envlronm.,tal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.lon:RO Wa.r and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yem.,. IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report upliftment of blocks of land, and lateral sliding of these blocks in many parts of Yemen. The inland basin was not spared by these mega-tectonic forces, much of their manifestations having remained burned under recent and sub-recent lithofacies. The litho-stratigraphy of inland basin of Yemen is given in Table 4.1. The Afro-Arabian massif was subjected to erosion for long time. This led to the formation of peneplains, upon which the sediments of the Proterozoic and Mesozoic periods were depoSited. These sediments are mostly terrestrial derivatives (sandstones) and occasionally marine in the origin (limestone). These do not represent any uninterrupted sequence of sedimentation but reveal many unconformities. In the late Cretaceous and early Eocene period, this massif was affected by epirogenic movement leading to up-warping around the Sana'a Mountain and pitching down at the Hadramout end. This led to block faulting, basaltic lava flows, dykes, etc which was followed by sedimentation through the Tertiary era. During the Pliocene period, there took place a change in sea level, causing a rise of about 150 m above the present level. Volcanic activity continued leading to reactivated tectonic activity in the late Tertiary era. Volcanic activity was continued into the early Quartemary era but not inducing any tectonic activity. Clastic and argillaceous sediments were depOSited during the Quartemary period in the shape of wadi deposits, alluvial fans, alluvial flats, etc. During the pluvial stage of the Pleistocene period, mass wasting and sheet wash brought down gravels of earlier origin into the inland basin leading to the formtion of mixed layers of gravel and sand, lacustrine sediments and often marine depoSits in the coastal areas. In the Holocene period, due to climatic change, the sedimentary lithology contributed towards the formation of aeolian deposits of sandy plains and various types of sand dunes. The plate tectonic model of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden is presented in Figure 4.3. The formation of the Red Sea valley was accompanied by widespread volcanism. This covers large areas in the east of Dhamar, Yarim, and Damt, between Sana'a and Amran, as well as in the region of Sirwab with numerous cones and young lava effusions. The central part of the country I extending from Sana'a southwards to the area of Taiz, conSists mainly of the Yemen Volicanics. Yemen is moderately seismically active due to the proximity to Red Sea Rift Fault system. The USC loads has characterized the country in the high risk seismic zone and classified it in zone 3. 4.0 SUe/lne Environmental Set-up 4.2 Consulting Englneedng Services (india) Pvt. LImited ~ ~ Maskat ITTTl fault scards Arabian Peninsula If fauit lines direction of continental drift I Khartum · ~ arter BODECHTEL i ~ - GIERLOFF - EMDEN/1970 Sokoira Carlsberg ridge , § ISoun:e : Final Preliminary Englnee~ng Destgn RoportiDFR, July O6IAug06, prepared by Ec(Dar AI handesa,) IWSLC 6 '. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL Figure - 4,3 MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN NOT TO SCALEI rn CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTO. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT rn MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT REVISION DATE IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION MI!p Showing Tectonic Model of Red Sea & Gulf of Aden R-0 DEC ,2006 Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental December. 2_ ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water Revision: RO and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report Table 4.1: Lithostartigraphy of Inland Basin of the Republic of Yemen ....... - Geological Lithofacies Igneous ForrnaUon Tectonic EfI'ects Periods Q11 Active Alluvium: Sand & Gravels in the main water courses 8 Basaltic lave Q10 Older Alluvium: Conglomerates & coarse Gravels in lower reaches of I Trachytic flow & Domea major wadis Qg Gravel in areas of low reUef on stony surface 4 Basaltic Pyroclestlc Deposits ~ Qg Aeolian Deposits: Barchan Dunes II S.! fa i11 Qr Qa ~ Aeolian Deposits: liner sand dunes loess & Ancient Dunes Colluvium: Scree over diaaolution of salt dlall8r& 0 a z w Q1 lacustrine dePOSits In areas of inland drain~e u T. Shihr Group: Undifferentiated T, Rus Formation: Thin bedded dolomites, limestones, Marls, Gypsum and Anhydrite ~ TI2 Nodular & Flinty Umestones with thin beds of brown & gray shales II 1j, Inter-bedded llahtgrey_shales & marly Limestones J Tu2 Tu1 Thlnlv bedded dolomitic Umestones Scarp Forming limestones & Dolomite wlth Marls & Shales K Undifferentiated K- Alkaline to Ultramaftc Diaremes ~ C4 I i u In Bituminous limestones, dolomitic marls Je Bituminous marls & Umestones with some gypsum/marl & limestone & with intermittent Basalt conglomerates .1m Js Limestones & Marls with some sandstones J Jk Jl Sandstones calcareous sandstones & conglomerates Quartzite ~ Acid Metavoicanics cD y2 Late Syntectnonic to Post Tectonic DiorIte SyntectoniC Granite gf Graphic Schist 2 Intermidiate Metavolcanics y3 Syntectonic Syenogranite x Ultramafic Rock c Marble & Metadolomite 1 Basic Metavoicanics d2 Syntectonic Diorite .W m Schist v2 Syntectonic Gabbro :I JI Para-gnelss II Orthogneiss ! .., :I A M Amphibolites Migmatite Source: A( roDCeQ 11ll m t::.IA reDOn ror s,nr - Haaramouc RO/JC1 ProJeCt. vOlume 1. Marcn 1994 4.0 Baseline EnvironmentIJI Set-up 4.3 ConsullJ"" Engineering Services (india) Pvt. L.lmlted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report In Ibb region, the competent basaltic strata and tuff have been stressed in two main directions: NNW-SSE and WNW-ESE. These complementary fault directions correspond approximately with the lower course of the Wadis Sahoul and Maitam, which indicates the tectonic Origin of wadis. 4.2.2 Seismic Activity in Region A number of registered domestic and regional earthquake events recorded in different months during 2003 are given in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Number of Registered Domestic and Regional Earthquake Events Occurred In the 2003 ... ... ... :S c: 0 ~ tV ::;, c: ..., ~ tV 2 .c or; !:? tV 'C ~ Q) c: ..., .2- ..., - fb ::;, C) ~ E ! ~ ... fJ .c E ~ Q) Q) ~ E Q) u ~ ~ ~ CD ~ Q) ::;, ::;, :! tV u. :! :! en 0 z I- Number 83 183 100 202 90 352 124 134 120 189 1816 of Evenls 155 84 Source: Statistical Year Book - 2003, eso, ROY. The number of earthquake events of different intensity as recorded during the Year 2003 are presented in Table 4.3. Table 4.3: Number of Registered Domestic and Regional Earthquake Events Occurred in the 2003 - Intensity wise (Unit measured in Richter scale) Scale of 1< 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 <8 Total Category Number 23 230 1123 251 57 60 30 3 39 1816 of Events .. Source: StatIStical Year Book - 2003, esc, ROY. Table 4.4 presents area-wise events of earthquake recorded. Data indicate 62 times occurrence of the earthquake in Jiblah - Ibb during 2003. Table 4.4: Area wise Number of Earthquake Events Occurred in the 2003 . cc ~ >- Ji" I! Ji" .... cc~ :ej :!, - ii .c "N ·ii all ii Gliij ! . .g !~ :! jl ~J ecec is .g all .. - .. Il ~~ ..a !l .;! all .5 0'"1:11 t::. ec i . ~ c Ji!c GI ==- Gllii IL·- J~ E Ii .21 !0 III Co _GI Ji!. .5 .2 ~~ E i .1"1:11 Ii ~-g .g. ~ .os ~ ~ ~ s8 cc ;l :e 0' .., >u 'ill: ~ S cc- ec ,g ~ I 6 ~~ ..... w a l: aI:!, cc > Ii - i1 Z .... 10 ,... PI .. :8 ... '" (I) N CD 10 co ,... ,... CD 10 N N .... .... v .... .... co ~ .... ~ .... N ,... (') co .... .... CD Source. StatIStical Year Book - 2003, eso, ROY 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.4 Consulting Engineering Services (india) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revl.lon: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS.2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report 4.2.3 Stratigraphy Outcrop formations belong Quaternary deposits, Tertiary volcanic, to the Cretaceous, and Jurassic formations are found in and around the city of Ibb. The geologic map Ibb city is shown in Figure 4.4. The formation of quaternary deposits generally represents more fragile element of present time environment These deposits formed in response to different types of physical forces. These are deposits from fluvial process as lacustrine deposits, colluvial deposits as screes, gravel mixed with sand and siH, older alluvium mixed with conglomerates and new coarse gravels, and newer alluvium of silt, sand, and small gravels in wadi beds. The deposits are represented by wadi alluvium and terraces which uncomfortably overly the bedrock at the base of main wadis or on the slope terraces of the mountain ranges respectively. The thicknesses of the wadi sediments vary between 5 m and 90 m. Volcanic rocks, composed of basalts and volcanic braccias of tertiary age, are generally found in and around Ibb City. The dens/column-shaped terrain elevations in wadi Sahool area are of tholeiitic basaHs. These are high in content of silica oxide (Si02). Generally, the successions of these rocks have a gentle slope towards the east-north-east of approximately 3 degrees. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of the Porphyries only in one outcrop in south of the city on surface. Occurrences of pyroxene basalt have also been noted. 4.2.4 Structure Geology of the city of Ibb1 The basalt strata in Ibb region is predominantly alteration of tholeiitic and olivine - alkaline basalt and their tuffs. Previous studies have indicated that it has experienced stress in two directions mainly NNW - ESE and NNW - SSE The structural geology of the city of Ibb is mainly controlled by faulting. Inception report on water resources study of Engineering Consultant has further indicated that there are three fault sets in the Project Area. These are WNW-ESE, ENE-WSW and " NNW-SSE sets. The first set of fault is corresponding to the main courses of Wadi Salabat and Wadi Maitam in the south of Ibb City. 1 Inception Report- Prepared by Dar AI Handasa, January, 2006 for ISWLC 4.0 Ba.sellne Envlronmentsl Set-up 4.5 Con.sultJng Engineering Serrlces (lnd/II) Pvt. Limited LEQEND: ALLWIAI. DEPOSITS; GRAVEL, SAND, BOUlDERS , . qo ~ AS WADI FILLING. RIVER· TERRACE DEPOSITS ; LOESS WlH CALCAREOUS, r-y-J ALLUIIIAL FANS, <3RAVEL, SU. lIII J IKTRUSION OF ALIVILI · TRACHYTIC LAVA, lAMPORPHYRE, DIKES FLOONS. FRAClIIENTS OF 8ASALTIC LAVA FLOI/S AND DlKES, BRECCIAOF TUFF AND LAVA. VOLCANIC SOMBS, WILLI. POIIPHYRIC BASALT IN FLOONS AND DJ:ES DIKES OF LAVA RICH IN PYROXENE DENSE BLACK· <3IIEYISH THOLEQTIC ~T; RICH N SILICA AND Pl.A<3lOClASE. BASALno LAVA FLOONS , ....tllY ALKALI . BASALT, NCW AND 'THEN PYROClASTlCA, HIGH VESICULAR. ". I PLATEAU BASAlT;IIAINlY'THOEmC BASALTAND PIKRfTE. New AND THEN KlNIIiBRITE. SHQi'm<3 FLUIOAL STRUCTURE. NTERIlEDIAR. VOlCANICS VELODED TUFFS. FULT ·lNES FUl T. LINES SUPPOSED ~ --- : waltr Reaource Study Draft Report prepar8d by Dar AI Handa.., IWSlC, July 2006 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Figure·4.4 REPUBLIC OF YEMEN NOTTO 1m CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY Of WATER AND ENVIROMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION Geological Map of Ibb City ~ Project; Environmental Impact Aa ....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080 19IE NVI Draft Final Report The fault of second set is passing through the main wadi Jibala in the south and a tributary of wadi Sahool in the north while the main course of wadi Sahoul is corresponding to the fault belong to the third set. The fault zones of the second set are occupied by the main wadi of Jibala in the south and a tributary of wadi Sahool in the north while the main course of wadi Sahool is corresponding with a fault belong to the third set. It is worth to mention here that the Sa labat- Jiblah well-field, which is the main source of water supply for the city, was drilled in the fault zones of such wadis. Due to their fractured and permeability nature, the fault zones are normally good locations for groundwater flow. 4.2.5 Surface Water Hydrology Studies conducted in past conducted in Ibb for water supply indicate that apart from few perennial stream which are alimented from springs and merging of groundwater in the riverbeds of Wadi Salabat as sayyadah and Wadi Sahool, no river with permanent '110w exists in Ibb. However, seasonal rivers develop after rainstorm. Following three catchments basins have been identified by the study in Ibb. - Wadi Jiblah - Wadi Salabat as Sayyadah - Wadi Sahool 4.2.5.1 Wadi Jiblah The catchment basin of Wadi Jiblah drains towards NEE up to the confluence with the wadi Salabat As Sayyadah. The elevation of this catchment is varying between 3230 masl (Ta'kar Mountains) and 1858 masl. The width of the alluvium plain is limited. The report has indicated that a run-off has been measured approximately 3000m 3/d in July 1978 and merging of groundwater has not been observed during the dry season in this wadi. 4.2.5.2 Wadi Salabat as Sayyadah The drainage pattem is towards the SEE direction. The lowest point of this Wadi is at the confluence of Wadi Jiblah at an elevation of 1858 masl. The highest point of this catchment is at an elevation 3030 masl at the mountain peak Jabal Habb. Hydrological study conducted in past has indicated that the merging of groundwater in riverbed has been noted in the lower part of the catchment basin. Further 4.0 Baseline EnvtlOnmenfBi Set-up 4.6 Consulting Englneetlng SfHVIces (lndllt) Pvt. LImited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As ....m.nt (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.lon: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report indicates that it should not be treated as a base flow since the merging of groundwater infiltrate back. 4.2.6.3 Wadi Sahool The Wadi Sahool is located in the North of Ibb city. The catchment is intersected by the main Ibb - Yarim road. The highest elevation of catchment basin is to the Jabal AI Manar at 3350 masl. The general drainage is towards North. The heavy precipitation causes f1ashfloods which takes away large parts of alluvial plain of the Wadi Sahool. The hydrological report of Dorsch consult indicated that the surface water in an average year can be estimated between 5 percent and 10 percent of the total annual precipitation in the catchment basins of the three wadis. Based on an annual precipitation, Wadi-wise rough estimates as prepared by the Dorsch consult are given in Table 4.6. Table 4.6: Hydrological Balance of Surface Water Total Annual Discharge Surface Area Catchment Basin Rainfall in I Km 2 3 Mm /annum Mm 3/second Mm 3 x 10' Wadi Jiblah 52.8 52.8 2.64-5.28 0.083 - 0.167 Wadi Salabat as 47.6 47.6 2.38-4.76 0.075 - 0.151 Sayyadah WadiSahool 270.9 270.9 13.55 - 27.09 0.430 - 0.859 Source: Final HydrologICal Report, Volume 1. Dorsch consult. 1983. tNtISA 4.2.6 Groundwater Hydrology Dorsch consult hydrological investigation report has indicated that the main direction of groundwater movement in Wadi Jiblah is between SW and NE from altitude 1870 masI to 1861 masl at the confluence of Wadi Salabat as Sayyadah. The average hydrauliC gradient is 3.2 X 10-3 in Jiblah Wadi. The average gradient of Wadi Salabat as Sayyadah is about to be 1.2x10-2 from 1944 masl to 1861 masl (at the confluence of Wadi Jiblah). The general direction of groundwater in the Wadi is from NW to SE. Ec has developed a groundwater contour map for the project area which is presented in Figure 4.6. The map shows the regional flow direction of groundwater towards Wadi Salabat As saiydah and Jiblah area. Further to the past studies, the Ec has collected and compiled data pertaining to the some of the wells and aquifer properties. The observations of the Ec in this report are as follows: 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.7 ConsuJtlng Engineering Services (Indlll) Pvt. Limited Legend ,W L_dtlta [=:J A quifer GWL Hig ll 1960 Low ; 1 7B~ ... : Wear Reaaurce SllIdy Draft Report prepared by Dar AI Handa.... IWSLC. July 2006 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Figure - 4.5 REPUBLIC OF YEMEN NOT TO ~ CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDlA)PVT.LTD. FOR IBB WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT IBB WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.lon: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Doc::ument: 20060181ENVI Draft Final Repott - The average transmissivity of the alluvium aquifer is reported to be 1900 m2/d with storage coeffICient of approximately 0.02. - Total production of groundwater from 14 wells in the year 2005 was 3.4 MCM/yr (117 lis). The production rate ranged from a minimum of about 4.31/s in well # 2 to a maximum of about 13.311s in well # 14. - The average annual lowering of the groundwater level in the Year 2005 was 10m with an overall average depletion of 40m since 1998. - The design pumping rate of the wells is 151/s but the actual rate has been decreased to 81/s. An inventory of the existing wells prepared by the Ec is given in the Table 4.6. The Draft Report on Water Resources study. which was submitted in July 2006 by the Ec till the writing of this report, has indicated the following: - Average groundwater levels in wells have dropped about 5m during the last 6 months where the pumps depth in 3 of the wells was lowered. - The total production rate has also dropped from 11611s to 103.51/s. - The groundwater level in 9 of the operational 15 wells is in volcanic rocks and well life time is very short in 6 of the 15 operating wells. - There are more than 80 the private wells which are also supplying the water. About 30 of these wells belong to Government or municipal bodies. 4.0 Baseline Envlronmentsl Set-up 4.8 Consuttlng Engineering Services (india) Pvt. Limited December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aaseaament (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic ofVemen,IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3100 - VEM) Document: 2008018JENVI Draft Final Report Table 4.6 Inventory of Existing Wells for the City Water Supply -~-~~~ - Date Date Date WeIiDaIa PumpOala .~ 1$_ .. 3011012005 ... 1311112005 .... 1811212005 . .., .., · ·!!Si II .., :81- ~ jj= c i- I .... .. I~ ,&c ilia sl_ sl_ t :I 1 0 z i all! toci ! moci :I toci :I oc J! ! ocl S '..cJ a§ u. 8§ u. a§ u. c ~ E c N -§l sl_ I-j :It eJl (!) .. t oc CD -8 u. c ::I: c Pump ! 5 - e e (!) e ~1 J £i !a o (!) (!) :1- ~ II 0) en I t:L E :I t:L !iI ~ !iI ~ KW Type 1 mgbl 69.8 lis mgbl lis mbgl lis m m - mbgl m m m lis m Pleuger 1982 7.8 74 8 74.2 7 -4.2 9.9 50 7.7 66.5 304 83 15 260 55 1997 2 (1999) - 5.8 6 - 4 - - 50 9 29 200 150 15 260 55 Pleuger 3 1982 82.8 4.8 88.4 5 92.4 5 -5.8 18.2 70 10.7 81.7 193 120 15 260 55 Pleuger 4 1982 82.8 3.4 82.4 5 92.7 4 0.4 24.1 85 5.2 87.5 203 110 15 260 55 Pleuger 5 1982 n.5 8.9 78.4 9 82.7 8 -0.9 8.8 52 4.4 78.3 134 83 15 260 55 Pleuger 6 1982 78 4.1 90.7 8 91 7 -12.7 10.6 NA 35 56 207 128 15 260 55 Pleuger 1997 7 (2003) 92 13 93 14 95 10 -1 4 6 NA NA 206 120 15 260 55 Pleuger 1997 Pleuger 6 (2002) 110.5 12 111 12 109 12 -0.5 0.5 25 NA NA 200 120 15 260 55 9 1982 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.3 - NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 1982 79.5 6.8 BO.8 8 - 3 -1.3 7.2 30 4.5 75.5 183 83' 15 260 55 Pleuger 11 2004 51 12 50.7 14 51.3 11 0.3 5.1 10 NA NA 333 78 15 260 55 Pleugar 12 2005 - - 44.7 8 48 9 NA NA NA NA NA 354 90 7 220 22 Grundfos 13 2004 79 9.9 81 10 85.3 10 -2 NA NA NA NA 350 94 15 260 55 luary 14 2004 54.5 13 55 13 55.3 13 -0.5 NA NA NA NA 296 99 15 260 55 Luery 15 2004 48.2 10 49 11 50.8 11 -0.8 2.1 6.5 NA NA 288 BO.7 5 220 30 Grundlos Source: Adopted from the Inception Report for Water Resources Study prepared by Engineering COl'I8u1tant Dar AI Handasa, IWSLC. 2006 4.0 Sne/lne Enll'ilOnmentai Set-up 4.9 Consulting Englneet#ng Services (lndlllJ Pvt Umlted Project: Environmentallmpac:t Aa....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation PI., .,d Environmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revl.lon: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS·2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200601SIENVI Draft Final Report 4.3 Climate The Republic of Yemen lies within the northem stretches of the tropical climatic which is bordering with the sub-tropical climatic zone. The various elevations are largely responsible for variations in temperature and climate in Yemen. The mean annual temperature ranges from less than 15G C in the highland region to 30G C in the coastal plain region. The temperature rises to 40°C during summer in the coastal plains and over 40G C in the desert plateau region. However, the temperature in winter falls down to O°C in the highland. Relative humidity ranges between the extremely dry (4%) to very high (90 t0100%). The country has been divided into three following climatic zones: Arid Tropical Climate: Lower Mountain slopes in the west and south and the coastal plains are falling in this climate. The areas under this climate have high temperatures and less rainfall ranging between 0 and 400 mm. Arid Sub-tropical Climate: it is a transitional climate between the tropical climate of the coastal plain region and the temperate climate of the highland region. The lower and upper mountain slopes and the eastern plateau have this climate. The Mean monthly temperature ranges from 16°C to 28°C. Rainfall ranges between less than 100 mm and 600 mm. Temperate Climate: the mountains ranging in altitude from 1,800 to 3,700 masl falls in this climate. Mean temperature ranges from 10°C to 18°C precipitation various from 200 mm to more than 1200 mm. The climate of the city of Ibb falls under the tropical highland types (Temperate climate) and is characterized by the two pronounced seasons. Between the months of May and September, the climate is mainly governed by the moist air masses of the monsoon circulation system. The moist air masses flow from the south to west against the Yemen highland which causes heavy precipitation in the mountain area. The dry season is between October and April. In this season, the dry air masses which originate in the Central Asian Anticyclone System are the main reason for the rainless and cold winter. The main features of the climate pertaining to city of Ibb are briefly described in the following sections. 4.3.1 Temperature Data pertaining to the temperature shows that the maximum temperature is recorded in the month of June and July whereas the minimum temperature is observed in 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.10 Consulting Engineering Services (India) pyt Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Projed, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Repott January and February. The mean temperature is varying between 13.1 oC and 22.2oC. Monthly temperature data of year 2002 and 2003 for the city of Ibb is summarized in Table 4.7. Table: 4.7 Monthly Temperature Variation In Ibb city during 2002 ~ ~ u . .. .! .! .! . . Month ! c ! .a . .c e :e C t:a. ~ ::E ! ..., :::I ~ ..., :::I :::I c g) :::I E t CD .a ~ E I E .!! CD u. ::E tZ 0 z R Temperature Max. 27.7 29.4 312 31.4 - 34.6 - 31.5 30.3 29.5 28.7 28.0 Min. in °c in 2002 Mean 3.8 3.4 4.6 6.5 - 7.6 - 10.2 8.0 4.5 5.0 4.6 13.1 17.4 19.5 19.4 - - 21.2 1212 19.3 18 17.2 17.1 Max. 30.3 30.8 30.6 31.6 32.7 33.4 30.5 i 29.4 31.2 28.1 27.7 28.8 I Temperature in °c in 2003 Min. 0.2 6.0 5.8 10.6 10.6 11.4 11.0 110.6 6.8 4.5 4.5 1.9 ! Mean 15.9 18.9 19.8 22.2 222 21.4 2().f3 202 18.5 17.4 17.3 16.1 .. Source: Central Statistical Organization. 4.3.2 Wind Table 4.8 presents the monthly data on wind speed and direction of the year 2002 and 2003. Maximum wind speed has been observed in the month of June and July in 2003. Table: 4.8: Monthly Average of Wind Speed and Direction for 2002 and 2003 in Ibb .. ! ! . !. Month i & I J 2002 Wind Speed in 3.2 3.9 3.9 4.0 - - 5.5 7.4 6.9 6.1 62 5.9 Wind Direction W S S S - - W N S S S S Wind Speed in 5.6 6.9 7.8 7.0 6.4 8.5 9.0 7.5 7.1 5.5 7.4 7.3 Wind Directi~~ 3 200 S S S SSW WNW S S s I Source: SflltislicBl VHf' Book - 004, CentrBl StstfsticBl Orgarization(CSO}, ROY. Note: Wind .peed is expretl8ed in Knot. 4.3.3 Rainfall Isohyets showing the regional variation of the estimated mean annual rainfall in ROY are depicted in Figure 4.6. It shows that the rainfall is higher in the west and south than in the east or north. The inland basin falls in rain shadow zone of the western and the southern mountains. The following three meteorological phenomena generally cause the rainfall in Yemen. 4.0 8sseIlne Environmental Set-up 4.11 Consulting engineering Services (IndlB) Pvt. Umlted en.omod ~ · AlAbr · Mill> A A A · A A (lI) R~ LEGEND : Isohyet8 (annual rainfaN in mm) Rainfall and Meteorological stations A ~ G\l\..f II' city or Town ~ · \ Source: Irrigation Oepar1ment ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Figure - 4.6 REPUBLIC OF YEMEN NOT TO [ill CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA)PVT.LTD. SUPPLY AND SAN ITATION PROJECT MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIROMENT I8B WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION lsohytel Map of Repulic of Yemen December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment tElA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.lon: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200601&/ENVI Draft Final Report The Mediterranean Effect: In the winter months, (especially in December and January) the influx of polar air that follows the passage of a depression may trigger light rainfall. However, such events are infrequent occurring on average every 3-5 winter seasons. The Red Sea Converoence Zone (RSCZ): The RSCZ is caused by the rapid heating up of land surfaces (relative to sea warming) that gives rise to the generation of onshore winds that are then affected by the convection effects of the Western Highlands. As a consequence humid air masses are lifted and carried eastward to give rise to heavy, but short and highly localised, rainstorms. The RSCZ is at its most influential from March to May, and to less notable effect in the autumn. Monsoonal Inter-Tropical Converoence Zone (/TCZ): The Monsoonal ITCZ influences Yemen from July to September when warm dry air from the Arabian (and African) land masses to the North mixes with moist souther1ies from the Indian Ocean. The rain producing effects of the ITCZ are most keenly felt on the Western and Southern Escarpments where the triggering orographic effects are most Significant. The Eastern Escarpment receives relatively little in the way of rain from the in-nuence of the ITCZ, though as the ITCZ moves north (before retreating south again) areas as far East and north as the Sana'a plain may receive rainfall benefits. The city gets maximum mean annual rainfall in Yemen. The rainfall data for the city of Ibb for the years 2003 and 2002 are presented in Table 4.9. Total annual rainfall has been recorded 978.5 mm in the year 2003. The maximum rainfall is observed to be 255.8 in the month of June and August. Minimum rainfall ranging from O.Omm to 3.4mm has been observed between the months of December and January. Table 4.9: Monthly Rainfall in the city of Ibb Rainfall (mm) Month Year 2002 Year 2003 0.0 0.0 ~ 5.8 19.1 48.0 34.5 111.4 118.8 May - 34.8 I June - 254.8 July 101.8 126.0 August 144.6 255.1 September 129.1 100.3 October 1.4 30.7 November 3.3 1.0 December 11.4 3.4 Total .. 391.6 978.5 Source: Central Statistical Organization 4.0 BaselIne EnvllOlJmentllll Set-up 4.12 Consulting Engineering Sendces (/ndltt) Pvt. Umlted Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3100 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report 4.3.4 Relative Humidity Month wise annual relative humidity data for the year 2003 is summarized in Table 4.10. Data show that the maximum relative humidity (RH) is recorded to be 70 in the month of August whereas the minimum RH is to be 45 in the month of May. Table 4.10: Month-wise Relative Humidity for the Year 2003 ~ ~ .c 1;; J .. .. J.. J. i0 g C8 e =c ! b e J :IE c 2 .a C8 :IE c. II( i;' :IE ., ., = I .§ = = = It 0 CIt E ~ E ID u ~ ID u- II( ti) 0 z ~ Relative Humidity 53 53 49 53 45 56 63 70 60 49 49 51 Source: Statistical Year Book. 2005, Central StaluItIeaIOrgang:atlon. 4.4 Air Quality The major contributor of the air pollutant in the urban environment is the traffic movement. Air pollutants common to the urban environment are: - Sulfur Dioxide (S02) - Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), and Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). However, data pertaining to the above mentioned air pollutants are not available for Ibb. The construction activities of the project and development of the urban areas will increase traffic movement in and around the city. This would contribute the air pollutants to the urban environment. Hence, it is desirable to establish a network of monitoring stations throughout the city during pre-construction phase and construction phase. Further, the cities having sewage treatment plant (STP) have odor problem in and around the waste treatment plant especially when plants are working overloaded. Odor around the existing STP in the city has been noted during the field viSits and also informed by the residents who are living near it. Other pollutants which are emitted from STP facilities are Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3), and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S). However, data pertaining to the cons~mptions of substances depleting the ozone layer has been presented by the Central Statistical Organization. This is monitored by National Ozone Unit, EPA. These are given in Table 4.11. 4.0 Baseline Environmenllli Set-up 4.13 ConsultJng EnglnfH1l'fng Services (India) Pvt. UmIted December, 2006 ~ Project: environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI., .,d Environmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revl.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 4.11: Yearly Quantity of Substances that cause depletion of Ozone layer Yearly Consumption of Substances that Deplete Ozone layer (Tones) Substances 2000 2001 2002 2003 CFC -11 98.9 101.6 98.9 47.0 CFC-12 921.3 894.1 831.8 697.0 CFC-113 3.0 2.8 3.0 0.8 CFC-114 8.3 9.0 11.4 0.0 CFC-115 23.4 27.4 27.2 232 HCFC-22 729.1 854.6 910.0 973.6 HCFC-141b 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Halon -1211 2.5 2.7 2.4 0.5 Halon -1301 10.0 8.4 6.5 1.0 Methyl Chlorofonn 8.0 7.5 8.0 2.0 Methyl Bromide .. 100.0 109.0 100.0 83.0 Source: Statistical Year Book - 2003, CSO, ROY 4.5 Noise Quality Data pertaining to the noise quality is not available for the city. The concept of noise pollution is also not readily recognized. The potential adverse environmental health impacts of noise pollution are also not known. As per the qualitative assessment of the EPC officials, noise is not a significant concern within Yemeni Culture. However, there are not major sources of noise pollution except traffic movement in the city roads and in congested area. 4.6 Soil Quality The soils of the country is sandy to silt and loamy in coastal plains and also in the highland regions. Generally, the content of macro nutrients such as, nitrogen, phosphorous, and organic matter is low in the soils. The flashfloods in hilly areas and wind causes the soil erosion. The details of types of degradation are presented in Table 4.12. The total land area of Yemen is 45550246 ha. Of this, degradation of land is due to: · Water erosion (11.13%), · Wind erosion (1.27%), · Chemical deterioration - salinity (0.081%), · Physical deterioration - crusting (0.028%) · Non use wasteland (85.44%). · The stable land is 2.05 percent. 4.0 Baseline Envlronmentsl Set-up 4.14 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umlted December. 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 4.12: Details of the Land degradation S. No. Cause of Land degradation Area in ha. Total water erosion 5070608 · Slight water erosion 643860 1 · Moderate water erosion 1846813 · Severe water erosion 2579835 Total wind Erosion 578189 2 · Over blowing 475246 · Sheet erosion 102943 3 Chemical deterioration - salinity 37089 4 Physical deterioration - crusting 12717 Non used wasteland 38917985 · Desert 4856897 5 · Sand dunes 5815937 · Wet land 48347 · Rocks 28196804 Total stable land 9333658 6 · stabilized 272154 · stabilized by conservation .. 661504 Source. StatIStical Year Book - 2003, CSO, ROY 4.7 Water Quality The ground water is the main source of municipal water supply in the city of Ibb. The main well-field (Salabah - Jiblah) is located in the south west direction of the city. These are deep wells with a depth ranging between 200m and 300m as per information provided by the officials of IWSLC. Monthly water quality data is presented in Table: 4.13. The value of pH is varying from Well field in Wadi Maitam prescribed limit of WHO norms i.e. between 6.5 and 8.5. The electrical conductivity is also ranging from 294~mho/cm to 500~mho/cm, which is less than limit prescribed by WHO 1OOO~mho/cm. Bicarbonate concentration is reported to be between 200 mg/l and 400 mg/l. The concentration of total of chlorine and residual chlorine are reported to be nil in all water supplying well fields. The concentration of nitrate is varying between 15 mg/l and 40 mgll. The concentration of nitrite is also with in the prescribed limit of WHO standards Le. less than 0.1 mgll. The concentration E. coli is also reported to be nil. Data pertaining to the water quality shows that all of the parameters are falling with in the WHO standards. Hence, the water quality is gOOd. 4.0 Base/lne Environmental Set-up 4.15 Consulting Englneeling Servfces (India) Pvt Umited Project: Environmental Impact Aaaessmert (EIA), Envlrorvnental December, 2008 ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water Revision: RO and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2 , (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENV/ Draft Final Report Table 4.13: Water Quality Data for the Year 2005 Aver age Average Average WHO Valu Well Well Well Well Well Well Parameters Unit Value Value Well Well No 11 e No.2 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 Standards WellN03 No 10 well No1 Temperature C 23.05 25 22.37 19.4 20.1 24.1 24 23.8 22.9 23.2 25 Electrical Conductivity ~mhoslcm 693.5 452 646 632 633 700 780 711 671.33 534 1500 Total Dissolved Solids mgn 413.9 294 378.13 411.4 411.1 420 507 426.6 423.62 320.4 1000 pH 7.4 7.3 7.367 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.3333 7.6 6.5-8.5 TurbiditY mgn 0.35 0.78 1.95 0.44 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.75 0.4667 0.82 0-5 Total Chlorine mgn Nil Nil Nil NIL NIL Nil NIL Nil Nil Nil 0.2-0.5 Residual Chlorine mgn Nil Nil Nil NIL NIL Nil NIL Nil Nil Nil 0.1-0.2 Alkalinity mgn 320 170 263.33 285 330 245 300 310 311.67 235 500 Bicarbonate AlkalinitY (HC03) mgn 390.4 207 288.77 342 402.6 299 366 378.2 386.17 286.7 150-500 I Total Hardness man 330.5 115 246.67 280 290 400 380 355 270.33 300 100-500 Calcium (Ca' man 117.4 32 84 96 107.2 140 136 120 97.467 105 75-200 Maaneslum (Ma) ~n 8.88 8.4 8.8 9.6 5.28 12 9.6 13.2 6.4 8.4 30-50 Ammonia (NH3) man 0.047 0.044 0.11 0.054 0.13 0.08 0.154 0.0652 0.0528 0.108 0.05-0.5 Nitrate (N03) man 28.5 15 34 30 32 19 22.8 39.5 32.167 20 25-50 Nitrite (N02) mgn 0.029 0.045 0.05 0.016 0.031 0.03 0.044 0.045 0.0231 0.096 0.1 Fluoride (F) man 0.49 0.32 0.20 0.21 1.39 0.25 0.18 0.4 0.4067 0.5 0.5-1.5 Chloride (CI) mgn 112.5 85.2 109.6 99.4 106.5 118 120.7 99.2 105.67 71 250 Sulfate (SO.) mgn 25.7 25.1 25.43 25.1 28.3 36.5 27 28.5 29.033 16.8 25-400 Phosphate (PO.) man 1.06 0.7 0.87 1.105 1.19 0.65 0.1 0.52 0.9643 0.56 0.4-5 Sodium (Na) man Nil - Nil - - - - - - - - Potassium (K) mgn Nil 14.9 Nil - - - - - - - - SlUea Oxide (S102 ) man 10.06 29 7.36 22 27 0.08 22 0.04 11.37 0.12 10-50 Total Iron Fe ) mgn 13.94 0.04 18.75 0.163 0.054 26.5 0.08 31.5 0.129 27 0.3-1.0 Copper Cu) man 0.089 0.11 0.16 0.288 0.124 0.14 0.02 0.28 0.1413 0.2 0.5-1.0 Zinc (Z n) mgn 0.631 0.25 1.33 3.2 1.53 - 0.12 0.62 0.5747 0.58 5-15 Cyanide CN) man 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.005 - - 0.004 0.0047 0.003 0.Q1 Total Coli fORn CoY/1ooml Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Nil NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil Coli/1ooml Nil Nil Nil NIL NIL Nil NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil Fecal Coli fORn Coli/100m1 Nil Nil Nil NIL NIL Nil NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil E . Coli Source: IWSLC 4..0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4..16 Consulting Englneelfng Services (India) Pvt LImited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, ISBCS-2, (World Sank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report 4.8 Biological Environment The biological environment of Yemen is presented in the following subsections. 4.8.1 Terrestrial Ecology The World Conservation Monitoring center has estimated approximately 566 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Of these 7.2 percent are endemic and 4.1 percent are threatened. The terrestrial flora and fauna found in the country is as follows: 4.8.1.1 Terrestrial Flora Yemen has wide rage of faunal species which are a mixture of species from east Africa, the Sahara Arabia, and the Mediterranean. The vegetation covers ranging between 9 percent and 43 percent. The vegetation is dominated by grasses and dwarf shrubs. Occurrence of different species of plants as per major type of land forms in Yemen is given in Table 4.14. Table 4.14: Occurrence of Plants as per Major Type of Land Forms in Yemen Types of Landform. 51. Name of Plants Hills and Gravel Sandy Sandy Flood Inter-dune No. Foothills Plain Plain Dunes Plain Playas 1. Balefia acanthoides · 2. Cynvigab hawarcabuys · 3. Canvigab oarjeru · · 4. Cvmboo'an scheonanthus · · i 5. Cynadon deetylon · · · 6. Digitaria spp. · i 7. El'IIgotis aeaYptiaca · · 8. Eragotis termula · 9. Erypos 8pp. · I 10. Eagonla cretlca · · 11. HaIoXYdon salicormlcum · 12. HeiotroDium bacclferum · 13. Hellotroplum rariflon.m · 14. Indlootora cordlfofia · · 15. Indfgofora IInifolia · · 16. JutioPha 8DP. · i 17. Ody88e8 mueronata · 18. P....icaria wiahtlana · 19. Rhazia strlcta · 20. SaloaoIa barvosma · · · 21. Suaeda frutlcosa · · · 22. T ephorsia purpurea · · 23. Tephorsia petrosa Variety of Plants 10 · 6 4 3 · 11 3 :source: 1::11'1 :sway TOf :iSnr-Maoram IUC f«OSQ f'r0jt!lCt l Y (';I:::S High altitude slopes ranging between 1900 and 2200 masl have grasses and shrubs of species such as, Acanthus arboreus, Barteria proxima, Scabiosa columbana, and Pennisetum setacem. These are mainly found in the Jabal Saber (South Taiz), Jabal Sumaira. Acacia ongena are found on the slopes of the Jabal Sumaira, Jabal Saber, and Ibb. High altitude region produces good quality of forage for livestock. The 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.17 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Limited December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVI Draft Final Report specie of Acacia origena woodland areas provide fuel wood and fodder for livestock especially in dry season. The medium elevation mountains are rich in vegetation especially succulent species in the areas around Taiz and east of Hammam Ali. The medium altitude mountains (1350m -1450m) are covered by mainly by Acacia Spp. especially Acacia mellifera. The tree species found are Fucus vasta, F. sycomorus, F. palmata, F. cordata, Salicifolia, Trichilia emetiCS, Tamarindus indica etc. Except lower slopes and wadis, these plains almost do not have trees. These trees are found scattered or as small groups and mainly covered by Accacia origena. Occurrence of different species of the plants/trees has been summarized in Table 4.15. 'table 415. occurrence 0 fPIants CIassifidb M"or T . . e »y ,.. iypes 0 f La nd "orms: Treas T~ pes of Landforms SL Name of Plants Hills & Foothills Gravel sanely sandy Flood Infer-dune No. Plain Plain Dunes Plain Playas 1. Acacia aibida · 2. Acacia arabies · 3. Acacia commiphora · 4. Acacia ethrenbergina · 5. . hamulosa · · · 6. Acacia me.lfera · 7 Acacia monillfer · 8. Acacia oerfota · 9. Acacia 88Y81 · 10. Acacia tortolls · · · · 11. I Aerva persica · 12. us pendula 13. ArIstada furiculata · 14. ArIstada adscensionls 15. Azadiricfta indica · 16. ~~a · · 17. C onides · 18. Callgonum commoaum · 19. CaP08l1S decidua 20. Cas8ia auncuata · · ~U'YI album · ium ataUCt.rn · orbia balsamifera · 24. Eucalyptus 8DD. · · 25. HaIoXYdon ammodendron · 26. Leotademla Dvrotechnica · · · 27. lyciU'YI &hawaii · 28. OIea8 africa 29. Panlcum turgidum · I 30. Parkinsonia aculata · · · r-:lRiit~antJ~ sClnerana · - 33. jullaflora I · · ~ I 37. Ta Tamarix indca · · · · · · · ~USjuJuba · 39. hus nummeleria · 40. hus spina christi · · 41. I ZygophyllU'Yl simplex Variety of Trees 16 6 10 · 6 15 0 source: cIA sway Tor SBfIr-HtIIC1ramout Roaa Pro]eCt by CES 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.18 Consult/ng Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Envlmnmentallmpact Assesament tElA), Environmental MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Pmject, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final RepOlt 4.8.1.2 Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial faunal species of mammals and birds found in Yemen are given the following sections. a) Mammals The recorded faunal species in Yemen is 71 types. Of this one (1) is endemic and six (6) species are threatened. Some of the mammal species found in Yemen is given in Table 4.16 along with their English and Scientific names. Table 4.16: Mammal Species of Yemen English Name Scientific Name Remaries atabicus Strped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena Wolf Canis lupus Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal Arabian Leopard Pantheta pardus Endangen::l Asiatic Jackal Canis aureus Endangered Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus extinct Source~ Yemen Update 34 (1994).2Q...22t wildlife and conservation In eastem Yemen, by MIchael. C. Jennings b) Birds About 385 species of birds representing eighteen classes and sixty one families are found in the country. The richness in the avrraunal species in Yemen is due to the following reasons: · Topographical features of the country such as mountains, Tihama plains, wetlands and marshes, coastal areas, Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, and agricultural landscapes. · POSition of Yemen at transition zones of three bio-geographic regions such as Afro tropical oriental and aphaeretic has given mixture of species from all three regions. · Yemen, being located at the foot of Arabian Peninsula, acts as an important stop over in the flying path of migratory birds 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.19 Consumng Engineering Serttices (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, RepublicofYemen.IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report · Geographic isolation by sea and deserts resulting in endemic and near endemic species. Out of the 385 species, ten (10) species are endemic and fourteen (14) are threatened species. Otma protected area is located at a distance of 55 km from Dhamar. The endemic and globally threatened birds recorded in Otma are as follows: Endemic Species Globally threatened Arabian Red legged Patridge (Electoris melanocephala) Yemen Serin (Serinus menachensis) Arabian woodpecker (Dendrocopos dorae) Yemen linnet (Garduelis yemenensis) Yemen warbler (Parisoma bun) Arabian Serin (Serinus rothshildl) Arabian Accentor (Prunella fagam) Yemen Thrush (Turdus menachensis) Arabian Waxbill (Estrilda rufibarba) South Arabian Whiter (oenanthe lugentoides) 4.9 Land use Pattern The existing land use of Ibb city is mainly urban in nature and is shown in Figure 4.7. The land use pattern as identtfied by the Ec in DFR submitted in August 2006 is as follows. · Dense Urban Areas · Religious FacUities · Main Commercial Facilities and · Cultural and Historic Facilities Markets · Well Fields · Dispersed Buildings · Agricultura I Areas · Educational Facilities · Sports and Recreational · Dispersed Buildings Facilities/Parks · Government and Municipalities · Vacant or undeveloped areas · Health Centers The land use pattern around the pumping stations located in Wadi Maitam and around the existing STP is agriculture. Further downstream of the existing STP, the land use is also agriculture. For the proposed STP facilities or pumping stations for sewage, the IWSLC has to purchase land. Since land will only be purchased for construction of the proposed STP/Storage reservoirs, no involuntarily rehabilitation of people will be required. The IWSLC officials have informed during the study that the land will be purchased for any proposed structures by paying the prevalent prices in the area. It is also informed that the land will be easily available in Najd al- usar at the proposed Water storage facility whereas availability of land in Harrata area is difficult and the cost of land is also very high there. 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.20 Consulting Eng/nMl1ng Services (lnd"') Pvt. Umlted h~u: D Projeoc:t eoun- c:: II z:.11 i1. 'C .. .s! 0 .:l Q. I! t~ -liE !1!.sz l! II 1.s!" IIC::.! ~.szj -0 .HI !I: ~ ell ! S ~1~ E CIIII iii!. i:::Ie C!)c:: :::I C!) Do~t . Jl 1>0 i1· !>.5 I- J~ Do c:: :::» ~ Do J ~ :: 0 l- l- Male 394 (1.06%) 252 (0.68%) 3742 (10.09%) . 247 (0.67%) 4419 (11.91%) - 3281 (8.84%) 14555 (39.23%) 10209 (27.52%) 37099 (100%) Female 121 (3.27%) - 406 (10.98%) 129 (3.49%) - 121 (3.27%) - - 1004 (27.15"') 1917 (51.84%) 3698 (100%) Total 515 252 (1.25%) (0.62%) 4148 (10.17%) 129 247 (0.32%) (0.61%) 4540 (11.13%) 0 3281 (8.04%) 15559 (38.14%) I (;;126 .72%) 40797 (100%) Source: Statistical Year Book - 2003, CSO, ROY The data presented in above table indicates that the numbers of unemployed are more in illiterate (29.72%) or read & write (38.14%) category. It shows that the semi skilled and unskilled laborers are more. The return of laborers from gutf countries has resulted in increase in labor supply with limited employment opportunities and caused decrease in wages. 4.11.6 Roads and Transport Yemen has good road network which is a major component of socio-economic development. The road sector has been given priority which will help in 4.0 BaselIne EnvilOnmentlll Set-up 4.31 Consulting Engineering ServIces (lndlll) Pvt Umlted Project: Environmental Impact As_Ament telA). Environmental December, 2006 ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS·2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Repott development and in linking up all regions of the country. The length of asphalt roads (7.15%) has increased from 9850.8Km to 10555.2Km between the years 2003 and 2004. Similar1y the gravel road length (11.87%) has also increased from 13506.1 Km to 12073.2Km between 2003 and 2004. Data pertaining to the existing asphalt and gravel roads shows increase in road length in Ibb governorate between 2002 and 2004. Relevant data pertaining to the exiting roads in the govemorate is presented in Table 4.28. The annual average growth of asphalt roads is 17 percent in 2002, 13 percent in 2003, and 9.3 percent in 2004. Table 4.28: Details of Asphalt and Gravel Roads in Ibb Governorate (2002 - 2004) Details of Road Ie th in Km In Ibb Average Year Asphalt Road Gravel Total Growth of Road Road In pen:ent s 360.4 9852 1345.6 17.0 406.5 1 2.2 1448.7 13.0 2004 444.5 1152.2 1596.7 9.3 Source: StlItbJticsl Vear Book- 2004, CSO, ROV Table 4.29 presents the data pertaining to the registration of different type of vehicles in the governorate from 2002 to 2004. Percentage increase in private vehicles registration is 55.85%, Lorries and truck registration has are also increased by 47.37% and taxi registration has increased by 72.90% from 2003 to 2004. However, data pertaining to the vehicle registration shows a decrease in all types of vehicle in 2003. a e Tbl429T . . . u Iypes 0 fVehi c Ie R I atI on between 2002 and 2004 teglS Year Type of TRICk. Lornes Taxi Privata 2002 247 395 302 2003 190 29 268 2004 .. 361 107 607 Source. StllflSticBI Veer Book - 2004, CSO, ROV Data pertaining to the road accidents in Ibb governorate is presented in Table 4.30 for the period between 2002 and 2004. It indicates that the numbers of accidents have increased in 2004 but the causalities are reduced. . . 11a ble 4 30 . RegISte red T raffi Aeel ents' Ibb Govemorate f or the Year 2002 -2004 . Ie 'd In Year Number of Accidents by Type Number of Injuries Number of Crash Turnover Run Other Total Serious Ught Total Casualties over injuries injuries 2002 150 50 24 10 379 109 394 503 192 2003 151 71 23 9 331 118 604 722 209 2004 165 .. 85 33 12 489 302 460 762 196 Source. Statistical Vear Book - 2004, CSO, ROV 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.32 Consulting Engineering Sf1I'Vlces (Indltt) Pvt Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA), Environmental MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Cred" No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report During construction phase" necessary mitigation measure, proper traffic diversions should be provided to reduce any impact on public safety. 4.11.7 Telecommunication Facilities Telecommunication, information technology, and postal services have increasingly receiving govemment attention. Relevant data indicates that such services have been improved and expanded in the country during previous year. The increase in capacity of telephone stations, telephone operational lines, and telephone-density from 2002 to 2004 may be noted from the telecommunication indicators given in Table 4.31. Table 4.31: Growth Indicators of Telecommunication in Yemen IndICator 2002 2003 2004 Capacity of Telephone Stations 769,427 1161,041 1,243,838 Telephone Operational lines 542204 684884 542,204 Telephone Density (Telephone per 100 population) 2.8 3.4 3.8 Utilization Factor (working lineslcapacity) 70.47% 58.99% 64.17% Total Analog Mobile subscriber 412,203 675070 843,940 Total communication center and internet cafe Source: StllttsticlJl Y"" BOO#( - 2004, C;SO, ROY - 4,851 7,526 At the govemorate level, the capacity of telephone stations and operating lines in Ibb has also increased from 2002 to 2004. Relevant data is presented in Table 4.33. Table 4.32: Details of Telecommunication in Ibb Governorate from 2002 to 2004 Capacity of Telephone Year Vacant lines in 2004 Telephone stations Operational lines 2002 51984 33599 - 2003 75112 43398 - 2004 82625 55019 29587 Source; StlltfsticlJl Y".,.. Book - 2004, CSO, ROY 4.11.8 Tourism Main attraction of tourism in Yemen is its architectural heritage. The old age original skyscrapers located in the city of Sana'a and Shibam are the examples of the vernacular architecture. Other attractions include Marib dam from the fifth century, numerous mosques of the prophet's period, and mountain villages. The most important locations are found in Ibb, Taiz, Sana'a, Hajjah, AI-Mahweet, and Sa'ada. Near Ibb city the mountain tourism locations are: the mountain of Iryan and AI - Udian, Jiblah village, and Sabir Jabal in Taiz. Data pertaining to the tourism indicate that the incoming tourists are from different continents such as, Europe, North & South (N&S) America, Middle East, Africa, 4.0 BaselIne Environmental Set-up 4.33 Consulting EngIneering S8fVlcetI (lndllJ) Pvt Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA), Environmental MItigation PI......d Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVI Draft Final Report Australia, and Asia. Total number of incoming tourist registered by the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), Yemen during 2000 and 2004 is presented in Table 4.33. Table 4.33: Number of Tourist ArrIvals in Yemen between 2000 and 2004 Year Continent 2002 2003 2000 2001 2004 Europe 24825 25857 15828 13733 28608 Asia 8342 5763 10835 105284 178734 N & SAmerica 8161 3509 4429 12932 17099 Africa 5658 4867 1573 6752 n98 Australia 446 446 468 15589 40760 Middle East 25404 34704 64887 377 733 Total 74836 77147 100022 156670 275736 Source: StBlISt/ca' Yellf' Book - 2004, CSO, ROY It is apparent from the above data that the number of tourist arrivals from all continents has increased from the year 2000 to the year 2004. The proposed project will improve the city water supply and sewerage system which will help hotel industry. 4.11.9 Culture and Heritage Within the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen is very rich in its ancient Civilization, culture, and heritage. Many of the cultural assets are of international significance. The walled historic cities of Yemen such as, old cities of Sana'a, Zabid, and Shibam together with Wadi Hadramout have been listed in Wor1d's Heritage list by UNSECO. The oldest and most powerful state in ancient Southern Arabian was Saba with its capital in Marib situated in the eastern part of today's Yemen. The evidence of Queen Seba and Sabeans in trading is mentioned in Holy Bible. The ruins of the Old Marib Dam, constructed by the Sabena in 6th Century B.C are the witness of the agricultural skills and glorious past of Sabean Civilization. In this area, the astonishing remains of the temple structures and old tombs still stand as an evidence of excellence of ancient culture. In the main northern Yemen, almost all buildings of city hold a beautiful typical Yemeni architectural pattern. And still the modem buildings are being constnJcted by adopting the traditional style of architecture. The multi-storied mud houses of Shibam and Hadramout are also an evidence of architectural surprise. In the south, the civilization in Aden is little bit different from the northern part and influenced by Indian Culture. In whole part of Yemen, male generations prefer their traditional dresses with the famous Zambia belte~ at their waste. Women are always clad in "Burqa" when they are outside. Most of the tribal of Yemen wear the traditional dress. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has encouraged the creation of several unions to promote particular field of interest viz. Union of Writers, Union of Artists, Union of Musicians, 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.34 Consulting Englneer/ng Services (Indlll) Pvt Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: environmental Impact Aa....ment (EIA). environmental Mitigation PI. . . .d environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Wafer and S..itation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final RepOlt Union of Young Writers. It has also created the Fine Arts, Acrobatics, Theatre, and Ballet. The Ministry has also created the Department of Translation. 4.12 Existing Water Supply and Sewerage System of the city Different components of water supply and sewerage system of the city are given in the following subsections. 4.12.1 Existing Water Supply The existing water supply of the city was designed in the year 1987 by the German joint venture Mis Dorsch - Gitec consult. The system was implemented by the Chinese firm CRBEC (Chinese Road and Bridge Engineering Company). Salient features of the existing water supply system are briefly discussed in the following sections. 4.12.1.1 Source of Water Supply There are fifteen (15) wells for supplying the water to Ibb city. Out of this, about five (5) wells feed water directly10 into the network. Remaining eight (8) wells and two (2) standby wells of Salaba-Jibla well-field feed the water. The existing wells are listed in Table 4.34. Table 4.34 : Water Supply well fields Well NO.1: Wadi Maitam Well No.8: OarAlshraf Well No.2: Moas-sasah Jiblah Well NO.9: Wadi Maitam Well No.3: Moas-sasah Jiblah Well No.10: Well NO.4: Wadi Maitam Well NO.11: Wadi Maitam Well No 5: Wadi Maitam Well NO.12: Alseijh AI Markazi Well NO.6: Jiblah Well No.13: Wadi Maitam Well No.7: Wadi Maitam 4.12.1.2 Trunk Main The length of the main transmission line from the well field to the water storage reservoir is 6,835m. The details of trunk pipes pipe are presented in Table 4.36. Table 4.35: Details of Trunk Main Details of Trunk Main S.No Diameter of Pipe (mm) Length (01) 1 350 3884 2 300 579 3 250 231 4 200 1822 Source: TOR, IWS C 10 Inception Report Prepared by Dar - Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design, Jan 2006, IWSLC 4.0 Baellne Environmental Set-up 4.35 Consult/ng Engineering Swvlces (lndlll) PYt. Umlted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 [ill Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Revision: RO Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report 4.12.1.3 Water Storage Facilities About 74percent of the household is being supplied by the existing water supply system. A water storage reservoir is located at high level (2088m above msl) of the capacity of 4000m3 . It is reported that there is no buster station to lift the water up to the reservoir. The water is currently treated with chlorination. Two chlorination facilities (Gas chlorination and Powder chlorine - hypo chloride) are provided at the reservoir site. Powder chlorination is currently being used as disinfectant. After disinfection, water is distributed to the households. 4.12.1.4 Distribution System Total length of distribution network is 110962m. The summary existing network of pipes is given in Table 4.36. Table 436 . . . Summary of D' trib uton Netw0 rk IS Oiamelarof Length Maerial of the Pipe Olamelarof Length Malarial of the Pipe Pipe (mm) (rn) Pipe (mm) (rn) 300 365 Steel Coated 80 2593 Steel Galvanized 300 2311 Ductile Cast Iron (DCI) 80 5686 DCI 250 280 Steel Coated 50 7010 Steel Galvanized 250 5002 DCI 50 8381 Steel Coated 150 7758 DCI 40 774 Steel Galvanized 100 470 Steel Galvanized 20 4665 Steel Galvanized 100 34848 DCI 20 30819 Steel Coated Source: TOR, IWSLC 4.12.1.5 Data on Existing Water Supply About 74percent of the household is being supplied by the existing water supply system. Data pertaining to the water supply for the period between 01.01.2005 and 1.11.2005 is presented in Table 4.37. Table 4.37: Water Su pply Data between January 05 and November 05 Total ~aterSold Unaccounted Wal.er Residential Connections Persons Total Persons Water ~esidential for Water Service Water with zero serviced Month tNaterSoId !connected Distributed use Connections Connedlons Reading (m; (m; (m; (m; (No.) eNo.) (No.) eN 0.) (No.) Jan 282.393 233.949 211,303 48.444 15,090 14.409 791 129.681 122.562 Feb 268.04 211.957 193,170 56.083 15,151 14.475 956 130.275 121.671 Mar 238.779 199,719 182.462 39,060 15,225 14.552 999 130,968 121,977 Apr 258.873 210.033 191.006 48,840 15,271 14.001 1,020 131.409 122,229 May 242,834 200.811 181.928 42,023 15,317 14.645 1,170 131.8a5 121.275 Jun 258,065 205,680 187.496 52,385 15.377 14.71 1.078 132,390 122.688 Jul 262.483 215.838 198.043 46,645 15.452 14.786 1.012 133.074 123,968 Aug 265.448 201.431 181.902 64.017 15,542 14.676 1,083 132.084 122,337 Sep 283,930 214.693 196.113 49,237 15,587 14.781 1.041 132,849 123.48 Oct 263,859 201,949 184.556 61,910 15.657 14.865 1.052 133.765 124.317 Noy 278,664 238,903 219.94 39,761 15.686 14.919 1.066 134,271 124.677 Source. Adopted from the Inception Report of Ec, January 06, IWSLC. 4.0 BIIseilne Environmental Set-up 4.36 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment tElA), Environm.,tal Mitigation Plan and Environm.,tal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, RepublicofYem."IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report Based on the data given in Table 4.36, the Ec has wOrXed out the total water consumption ranging from 52.4lpcd (October) to 63.91pcd (November) with an average of 571pcd. The residential water consumption is computed between 47.91pcd (October) and 58.81pcd (November). Residential water supply is more than 90percent and the unaccounted for water is 19percent average. The inception report submitted by the Ec has also indicated that the water consumption (78.6Ipcd) based on sewage discharge data is more than the above mentioned values. It shows that the residents are purchasing more water to futfill their requirement from private sources. Data pertaining to the water quality indicate that the water is of potable nature by Government of Yemen Standard 4.12.2 Existing Sewerage System11 The sewage networX system of Ibb city was designed in the year of 1984. The sewerage system was implemented by CRBEC. The sewer system was expanded in the year of 1995 to make it compatible with the city's expansion. Since 1995 up to 2004, the city was expanded more and more, with out any extension of the system 4.12.2.1 Sewerage Network Presently 9450 numbers of houses are connected by the sewage system. The number of house connection till 2002 was 10,636. Maximum population of AI- Moshanna is covered by the existing sewage networX while some of the population from AI - Thahar is served 12 . The sewage system consists of both UPVC and DCI pipes. The details of the sewer pipe are given in Table 4.38. Table 4.38: Details of Exlstln Sewer PI s 500 400 300 150 411 2755 300S 250 200 150 100 Source: TOR, IWSLC. The un-served areas are discharging the sewage in the cesspits. The preliminary design report also indicated that the storm water also enter into the sewer pipes during the rainy season resulted in overloading at some manholes. 11 Tenns of Reference (TOR) 12 Preliminary Engineering Design Report, Engineering Consultant -- Dar -IWSLC, 2006 4.0 Boel/ne Environmental Set-up 4.37 Consulting Engineering Set'VIcet!J (lndlll) Pvt Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 19/ENVI Draft Final Report 4.12.2.2 Pumping Station There are two numbers of pumping stations (PS) in the city whose main activity is to lift the sewage to the treatment plant from the lower area. Out of this, only one pumping station (PS-2) is in operation. The details of pumping stations are presented in Table 4.39. Table 4.39: Details of Pum in iCode of Pum Station Work' PS2 2 PS4 2 SOllee: TOR, IWSLC It is reported that the other pumping station is out of order for a long time and discharging the sewage to the wadi without treatment. This is one of the major concerns to the Authorities. 4.12.3 Existing Sewage Treabnent Plant The activated sludge system was chosen for the city due to the climatic conditions and non-availability of land. The main units of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) are inlet screens (2Nos.), grit channels (3Nos.), aeration tanks (2Nos.), and circular final setting tanks (2Nos.) as well as return excess and thickened sludge pumps, circular thickener, sludge drying ponds, drying beds (16Nos.), and final chlorination. It is reported thatthe STP is in operation since 1990. 4.12.3.1 Grit Chamber The STP is fed by single 500mm diameter pipe connected to the Grit chamber. Two numbers of screens of 40mm and 20mm opening are installed to remove debris and solids depending upon the ram level of the screens. The screenings are collected in movable container for disposal. 4.12.3.2 Aeration Tank After the mechanical cleaning, the sewage is passed through the biological treatment. Three aerators in each tank are provided vigorous mixing and circulation as well as full distribution of the entrained air through out the tank contents. Baffles walls are provided to ensure proper circulation and to minimize 4.0 BaselIne environmental Set~p 4.38 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umlted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO ITm Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 19IENVI Draft Final Report surging. Variation in the immersion depth is achieved by adjusting the outlet weirs. The adjustable weirs provide floating scum removal. Each adjustable weir is manually operated. 4.12.3.3 Final Setting Tank or Secondary Settling Tank (SST) The liquid from the aeration tank flows to the Final Setting Tank via a distribution chamber to separate flakes of sludge from the liquids. As these tanks are specially designed, a separation of flakes is possible only for a respective conditions and gravity. 4.12.3.4 Chlorination The liquid is then passed from SST to Chlorination chamber for disinfection and onward disposal to the wadi. 4.12.3.5 Return Sludge Settled sludge and floating scum produced at the two settling tanks are collected and conveyed back to the return sludge pumping station by gravity to the screw pumps. The pumps are fed with biologically activated sludge, back into the treatment circuit at the inlet of the aeration tanks. Due to high content of microorganism, the return sludge will accelerate and stabilize the growth of micro fauna. 4.12.3.6 Excess Sludge In case of excessive flow of return sludge from the settling tanks, the surplus is pumped to the sludge thickener. which is located, adjacent to the return sludge purnping station. This circular tank is equipped with a central driven scrapper to divide the suspended particles by gravity. The supernatant is then passed on the inlet channel and fed again into the treatment process. 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.39 ConsultJng EnglnHrlng Services (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Report 4.12.3.7 Drying Ponds/Drying Beds The thickened sludge, which settled down inside the tank, is scraped to the center and collected inside the sludge hopper. Screw pump type pumped the thickened sludge to the ponds and/ or to the beds for dewatering and drying. The sludge is being used by the local fanners as fertilizers. 4.13 Environmental Concerns Due to rapid growth of the city, the capacity of current treatment plant has become inadequate. The capacity of sludge storage shed has been crossed its limit, resulting in dumping of excess sludge in the open air with in the premises of STP. The excess sludge produces odor and flies, which threatens the health of local people. The city's only drinking water source Salabah- Jiblah well field lies within few hundred meters of the existing STP. This may cause adverse impacts on the various environmental parameters. Chances of the groundwater contamination are more by this haphazard dumping of sludge in long run. During the site visits, it is also noticed that the workers are working in the sludge drying beds without using safety devices such as hand gloves and nose masks. Apart from the sludge problem, it is also seen that the discharge from the STP is being used by farmers as irrigation water in the vicinity of the well field that may pollute the groundwater in the long run as well as may cause health problems. The treated wastewater is being discharged into the nearby wadi at 800m dIs from the STP. During the site visit, it is also seen that the local farmers has broken the manholes at many places to use the effluent of the STP for irrigation purpose. It is reported that the people at the downstream of the wadi are affected from this contaminated water. 4.0 BBsellne Environmental Set-up 4.40 Consulting Engineering Services (lndls) Pvt Limited ANNEXES Annex 4.1: Name of Haraat and their Identification Number as per Figure 4.1(Source: Prelminery Engineering Repott, JtIy 06, IWSLC) Id. 2 Id. Hara Name Area (m2) HaraName Area (m ) No. No. AhwalAI- - .c HaratAI «I- Murur 124677.33 68 thalath al 82066.65 3 Oliya Salba AI AI Jabjab 62226.45 22 Sayyadah 233588.63 87-a AI Khilka 240729.86 30 Arwa AI Thuhub 289108.84 61 AIMazaf 56267.48 43 AI-sabt 653213.55 52 AI Jazira 74149.78 27 AI-Nuzha al Jabal Shuja 215715.4 72 22966.3 48 IblanAi Oliya 163196.24 70 AI-Waziya 211872.17 62 Jadida DaralKudsi 322913.7 65-a ShaabatAI 206499.71 91 Maain Shaab al 61555.72 89 ... m Munil Iblan 128575.86 69 ..c Assam 152719.95 63 Jabal Rabbi 236542.88 71 cu ..c AI Thahra AI AI Nuzha 274446.89 47 I- 394502.89 59-a 26794.63 38 Arwa AI aousat AI Manthar Alja~ib 385120.35 17 42321 39 AI HawjAI al asfal 4296159.28 11 AI Manthar Qabali 79086.39 37 AI Hawjal Alaala 11258696.67 12 AI Midan 356522 44 madani AI Jabana AI Nami 17403.48 46 14nee.25 19 AI sufla Bani Mafsal 7476.67 64 AI Manthar Khazama 64709.17 n AIAsfal al 19646.98 40 Daral Qabli 525984.64 66 sharaf Refer Figure 4.1 for reading the location of hara from Id. No. 2 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Table of Contents 5.0 Analysis of Altematives .................................................................................... 5.1 5.1.1 Water Supply System....................................................................................... 5.1 5.1.1.1 Well fields ........................................................................................................ 5.1 5.1.1.2 Storage Facilities ............................................................................................. 5.1 5.1.1.3 Distribution Network ......................................................................................... 5.2 5.1.2 Sewerage System ............................................................................................ 5.2 5.1.2.1 Collection Network ........................................................................................... 5.2 5.1.2.2 Treatment Facilities.......................................................................................... 5.3 5.2 Alternative Water Sources................................................................................ 5.3 5.3 Proposed Water Supply System....................................................................... 5.4 5.4 Proposed Sewerage System ............................................................................ 5.6 5.5 Proposed Technology Options ......................................................................... 5.9 5.6 Preferred Alignment ....................................................................................... 5.10 5.7 Treated Effluent and Sludge Reutilization ...................................................... 5.11 5.7.1 Standards of Treated Effluent ........................................................................ 5.12 List of Tables Table: 5.1 Summary of different Water Supply Altematives (Distribution network and Storage Facilities ............................................................................................. 5.4- Table 5.2: Summary of length of Pipes of Different sizes Proposed in Water Supply Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 5.5 Table 5.3: Different Parameter of the Proposed Alternatives ............................................ 5.6 Table 5.4: Brief Description of Alternatives ....................................................................... 5.7 Table 5.5: Components of Various Alternatives ................................................................ 5.8 Table 5.6: Recommended Microbiological Quality Guidelines for Wastewater Use in Agriculture....................................................................... '" ............................ 5.12 Table 5.7: Guidelines for Interpretation of Water Quality for Irrigation ............................. 5.13 Table 5.8: Treatment Standards of Effluent Re-use for Irrigation .................................... 5.14 List of Annexes Annex 5.1 Comments Given on Draft Preliminary Engineering DeSign Report Annex 5.2 Phasing of Water Resources Development Program Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Ph... and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Reviaion: RO Watar and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Objective of this section is to analyze the alternatives with special emphasis on environmental consideration. These alternatives have been compared including the "do nothing option". 5.1 Do Nothing Option One alternative is to do nothing scenario for water supply and sewerage system of the city. This option means that leaving the existing services with out the proposed project. This scenario is discussed for water supply and sewerage system in the following subsections. 5.1.1 Water Supply System The do nothing scenario for the various components of water supply system is as follows: 5.1.1.1 Well fields The water resources study (draft report) submitted by Ec in July 06 has indicated that: - The average groundwater has dropped up to 5m during last six months. - The total production rate of the wells has gone down. - There will be continuance of water deficit in coming 20 years which will cause serious depletion of the volcanic and alluvial aquifers. This shows that there is an urgent need to develop the existing water supply system so that the dependability of citizens on fetching the water from private wells for domestic use will be reduced. If the system will be left at present situation than the illegal shallow wells will proliferate in surrounding of the city for supplying the supplementary water. This uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater will cause serious environmental concerns. The Ec has also studied some alternative sources in the Water Resources Study Report to reduce the dependability on the groundwater. 5.1.1.2 Storage Facilities The capacity of existing reservoir is 4000 m3 which is equivalent to only around 13% and 11 % of the projected average daily water consumption in the year 2025 for the low and medium scenarios respectively. 5.0 Ane/yale of Altemetlv.. 5.1 Consulting Engineering Setvlces (IndIa) Pvt Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Envimnmentallmpact As....ment (EIA), Envlmnmental Mitigation PI., .-.d Envlmnmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and s..itation Pmject, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (Wortd Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060181ENVI Draft Final Report This shows that the existing water storage reservoir will be inadequate to cater for nonnal balancing between maximum daily consumption rate and average daily flow from the source. Further, there are possibilities that the reservoir may become empty during peak hours or during interruptions in supply from wells due to pipe bursts or regular maintenance. Hence, the "do nothing option" will further deteriorate the water supply condition resulting in poor public health and hygiene in future. 5.1.1.3 Distribution Network The existing water supply is covering an urban area of 696 ha approximately and a population of 188,860. The analytical results of the Ec in PEDR show that the urban areas will increase to 1864 ha and population would also reach to approximately 465,926 in the year 2025. Thus, if the project is not taken up than only 37% of the urban area and 40% of total population would be able to have water supply from public network. In other words major portion of the city area (63%) and the population (60%) will be left un-served in the year 2025 which is not good for the health and hygiene as well as groundwater sources. 5.1.2 Sewerage System Do nothing option for the sanitation project is discussed in the following subsections. 5.1.2.1 Collection Network Data indicates that the existing sewerage network is currently serving around 588 ha and a population of 154,650. It is projected by Ec that the urban area would expand to around 1864 ha and the population would reach to be 465,926 in the year 2025. It means that only 31.5% of urban area and 33% of the population would be covered by the sewerage system in the year 2025, if the current system is not upgraded. Major portion of the city population and urban area would not be having access to the sewerage system. In absence of the proper sanitation system, the un-served population will use the septic tanks or cesspits and will discharge the sewage to the wadis or the low-lying areas. Thus, the do nothing options will further aggravate the present problem of the public sanitation system resutting in spread diseases due to unhygienic conditions prevailing in the city in future. 5.0 Analysis of Altematlves 5.2 Consulting Englneetfng Senllcu (Indle) Pvt. Limited ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aasenment (EIA). Environmental December. 2008 Mitigation PI_ Ini Environmental Monitoring PI_ for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Salitatlon Project, Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2, (Wortd Bank Credit No.: 3700 - VEM) Document: 20010 19IENVI Draft Final Repolt 5.1.2.2 Treatment Facilities Capacity of the existing sewage treatment plant is around 5200m3/d and obnoxious smell may be noticed in the areas located in the nearby areas of its premises. This noxious smell is mainly emitted due to the incomplete treatment of the sewage reaching to the plant. Expansion of the existing STP is in progress to cope up the already increased wastewater flow. Further, data analysis in the PEDR shows that the capacity of the existing STP is equivalent to 20% and 17% of the low scenario and medium scenario project sewage discharge respectively in the year 2025. It may be concluded that: - The "Do Nothing Option" is not a feasible alternative. - It is desirable to develop the existing water supply and sewerage system to cater for the future growth of the city to avoid adverse impacts on environment, public health, and hygiene. 5.2 Alternative Water Sources The Ec has proposed the following · RehabilitationlDeepeningJReplacement of Existing Municipal and Private wells · Drilling new deep wells in the volcanic rocks along the fault with in Ibb city · Confirm the Safe Yield from Tawilah and Amran formations and drill deep exploratory wells · Increase the recharge zones to local aqutfers within the city territory · Construction of small size dams upstream Ibb local wadis · Construction of Mid size dams downstream local wadis · Large dams downstream on the large wadis · Rain water harvesting · Reuse of treated wastewater · Use of brackish/sea water after desalination The water resource study has concluded the following from the hydrological analysis. · Average rainfall in Ibb city is approximately 777 mmlyear. After assuming a runoff coefficient of 0.9 for building roofs, the average rainfall water harvested would be approximately 2.6 MCMlyear. This amount of harvested rainwater can cater for a significant part of municipal water demand during rainy season. · The analysis results further elicit that - A well deSigned and rainwater harvesting system may provide about 25% to 30% of annual needs. - This amount of supply is not uniformly distributed on the whole year; it also follows the same distribution of rainfall. 5.0 AnBlysis of AltemBtJves 5.3 Consulting Engineering Services (lndlB) Pvt. LImited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Wafer and Siwlitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final RepOlt - This makes the system to provide up to 100% of demand in July. 50% to 70% in June and August, and 25% - 35% in the month of April. May. and September. The concept of rain water harvesting is more environmental friendly and should be given priority. 5.3 Proposed Water Supply System Ec has considered several alternatives or the future water supply. Most feasible proposed alternatives for the water supply schemes have been summarized in Table 5.1. Table: 5.1 Summary of different water Supply Alternatives (Distribution network and Storage Facilities) Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Water Suppl., System - Distribution Network - Two new separate water supply systems, one to feed zone 1 -One new water supply - Two separate water scheme to feed zone 1 supply schemes, one to from a high reservoir and other and zone 2 having one supply water to zone 1 one is to feed zone 2 from a low high level reservoir. from a high level reservoir level reservoir. - Existing networks in and other to feed zone 2 - Existing networks in zone 3 and zone 3 and zone 4 will and zone 3 from a low zone 4 will be rehabilitated. be rehabilitated. level reservoir. - Existing will be upgraded. network Storage Reservoir - Main high level reservoir for - Storage facilities are - Main reservoir to serve zone 1 similar to alternative 1 the high level zone 1 - Main low level reservoir to except for combining - Main reservoir to serve serve zone 2 zone 1 and zone 2 into low level zone 2 and - Provision of main reservoir near a one high level zone 4 the existing water tanks to reservoir - Main reservoir to serve provide additional storage zone 3 in additional to requirement for zone 3 the existing reservoir. - Local reservoirs to serve sections 3, 4, 5, & 6 of zone 4. Treatment to the water: Disinfection to the water will be given using mechanically injecting Calcium hypochlOrite solution directly into water lines is recommended. The application point is suggested to be provided at the inlet of each reservoir with a minimum water chlorine contact time of 15 minutes. Note: The PEDR does not give delails on transmission lines to be laid upstream of the reservoir as it will be developed in parallel with water resources report. No data is available till the writing of this report on the transmission line routes and the land requirement for various structures as well as for the development of the well fields. Comments raised by the Environmental consultant regarding various alternatives pertaining to the land acquisition of the land and its availability are given in Annex 5.1. I Table 6.2 summarized the details of the different sizes of pipes to be laid in the suggested alternatives for the water supply. 6.0 Analysis of Alternatives 6.4 Consulting Ens7lnfMllfng Services (Ind,.) Pvt. Limited Project: Environmental Impact As ....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revlalon: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Cnadlt No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060181ENVI Draft Final RfII;IoI't Table 5.2: as of Different sizes Proposed In Water SUDDlv Alternatives I I Altematlve 2 2 3 4 1230 UDaI'aded 1230 u eel Note: Length of pipes In meter (m) Source: PEDR, prepared by Ec for IWSLC. July 2006 5.0 Analysis of AltemlltJves 6.5 Consulting Engl"""ng Services (lnda) Pvt. Umlted December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As_ment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation PI.. and Environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and .... itation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 191ENVI Draft Final Report Various parameters for the proposed alternatives of the water supply are presented in Table 6.3 for comparison. Table 5.3: Different Parameter of the Proposed Alternatives Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 t! ., .s Low Medium Low Medium Low Medium E .. I! Q. Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Up-gradation 9950 9560 11320 11320 5050 5050 of pipes New Pipes 35660 26880 37176 48976 47550 65050 Estimated for secondary 61220 45000 46420 38700 45000 42500 Network More land is required to Storage reservoirs Reservoir for each zone accommodate a reservoir capacity of 605017300m3 Land is provided separately. of 10000m3 in al subul will be provided in AI- requirement Land requirement is area as the storage has subul area as the zone 2 for reservoir distributed in all zones been combined in this and zone 3 have been proposal combined. Estimated 15,255,838 (Low 14,873,657 (Low 14,766,218 (Low Cost (USO) Scenario) Scenario) Scenario) ~ourc.: data compiled from the ffnal PEDR - July 2006 and DFR August 2006, prepared by Ec for IWSLC The comparison of alternatives (Table 5.2 through 5.3) shows the following: - Since there Is scarcity of water hence a low scenario water demand (601pcd for domestic supply) Is recommended. - Up-gradation of existing pipes will be less in alternative 3. - The cost of low and medium scenario for alternative 3 is lesser than alternative 1 and alternative 2. Land requirement will also be less than the alternatives 1 and 2. Alternative 31s better than other alternatives 1 and 2. 5.4 Proposed Sewerage System Alternatives proposed for the Sewerage system by the Ec in final PEOR submitted in July 2006 and OFR in August 2006 are given in Table 5.4. 5.0 Anlllyais of AJtematlves 5.6 Consulting Engln..nng Sel'Vlcu (India) Pvt. Limited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation PI......d Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yamen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200801t/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 5.4: Brief Description of Alternatives Altemative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Extending and upgrading New network to collect the Alternative 3 is sirnilar to the existing network to sewage frorn the areas alternative 1 except collect the sewage frorn all which are not presently providing a local cornpact projected urban area connected with the STP to treat the developments and sewerage system and wastewater generated in discharge it to the central discharge the sewage to the northwestern part of sewage treatment plant. one central STP without the city. significant changes in the existing system. Alternative 3 is not a feasible alternative since the location of the proposed STP is near the central park and will fall inside the residential areas as shown in the city expansion map (Figures 3.4 through 3.5). The Environmental Consultant has discussed the alternative 3 with various agencies and officers. Most of them were not in favor of this proposal. The Engineering consultant (Ec) has worked out the requirement of sewer pipes, pumping station, and treatment plant. Details of these have already been discussed in Section 3 of this report. Component wise summary of the sewerage system for low scenario is given in Table 5.5 and the following may be considered before finalization of the alternative. - The capital cost of alternative 3 is more than the cost of alternatives 1 and 2. The alternative 2 indicates that new sewer pipes will be laid whereas in alternative 1 the existing sewer pipes will be upgraded. Except this, alternatives 1 and 2 are more or less same. - Land has to be procured for STP in alternative 1 and 2 for new STP whereas in alternative 3 land has to be procured at two places. Also, there will be three STP in this options as first one is existing STP of 16000m3/d capacity, second one will be of 10470m3/d, third one will be of 1300m3/d for compact packaged STP. More employees will be required for operating these three STP. The proposed package treatment will be in the middle of the city in future expansion of urban area. - Cost of the land acqusition has to be included in the Total cost. 5.0 Analysis of AltwrJatives 5.7 Consulting Englne«ing Services (Indle) Pvt UmIted ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA). Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation PIM inS Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and SanHation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBSCS-2, (World Sank Cnldit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008018/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 6.6: Components of Various AHematlves Components Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (A) Gravity Sewers Length Size of lengtbof Length of Remarks Remarks of Remarks sewars Sewers Sewars Sewers Estimated for Estimated for Estimated for 200mm+ 29000m secondary 30000m 29000m secondary secondary Network Network Network 250mm+ 2179m New Pipes 2470m New Pipes 2150m New Pipes 300mm+ 1321m New Pipes 1320m New Pipes 980m New Pipes 275m 275m Upgraded + Upgraded + 4OOmm+ 1415m 1080m New Pipes 2055m 1140mNew 1780mnew Pipes Pipes 2OSOm 2OSOm Upgraded + Upgraded + 500mm+ 3090m 4230m New Pipes 2390m 1040mNew 340m New Pipes Pipes 600mm+ 900m Upgraded 750m New Pipes 900m Upgraded 700mm+ 275m Upgraded - - - - (8) Pressurized Pipes 200mmljl 460m New Pipes 460m New Pipes - - 15Omm+ 1300m New Pipes 1300m New Pipes 1300m New Pipes Pump 1 @ 45Us and head Pump 1 @ 4511s and head of (C) Pump of 35m 35m - stations Pump 2 @ 14Us and head Pump 2 @ 1411s and head of Pump 2 @ 1411s and of 150m 150m head of 150m Up-gradation of existing STP to 16,000 m3/d 1- A new STP would be (D)Sewage required or the existing Treatment A new STP would be STP would be required to A new STP would be required Plant required or the existing be expanded. or the existing STP would be STP would be required to 2- Construction of new required to be expanded. be expanded. compact packaged STP to treat the sewage from the northwestern city. CostofSTP (Lump Sum) 8,992,840 8,992,840 9,808,621 inUSD ! (E) Estimated Cost of Alternatives 9,760,816 10,090,184 9,459,586 inUSD Source: PEDR prepared by Ec, for IWSLC, JLIy 2006 5.0 Analysis of Alt.emlltlves 5.8 Comwltlng Englneetlng SetVlcu (lndlll) Pvt. UmltfJd Project: Environrnentallmpact As....ment telA), Environmaltal December, 2006 Mitigation Ph., IM1d Environmaltal Monitoring PI. . for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yernal, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report 5.5 Transmission Line for Sewage Conveyance to S"rp The following two routes have been considered for the transmission of sewage: · Alternative 1 is running along the existing road. · Alternative 2 is passing through the wadi. Based on economic consideration alternative 2 is discarded by the Ec. 5.6 Proposed Technology Options Another alternative would be to use different technologies than those incorporated in the proposed project. Ec has discussed the following processes for treating the wastewater. - Aerobic Process - Anaerobic Process Ec has proposed the following technology options for STP. Option 1: - Upgrading/expansion of the existing sewage treatment to accommodate the total wastewater flow, 22,000 m3/day, that is collected by the proposed sewerage network in Alternatives 1 and 2 for the sewage system, - The proposed expansion of the existing STP will have a capacity of 12,000 m3/day; two alternative technologies are considered, namely the extended aeration system and the trickling filter system. Option 2: It is proposed to construct a new sewage treatment plant at a new location downstream of the existing sewage treatment plant. The capacity of the new plant would be 12,000 m3/day, which is based on the existing plant first phase expansion capacity and the total wastewater flow collected by the proposed sewerage network in Alternatives 1 and 2 for the sewage system. Treatment process will employ non- mechanical systems, namely waste stabilization ponds, so as to minimize operation and maintenance requirements and costs. Option 3: Construction of two new sewage treatment plants at two new locations, the first, STP1, will be constructed downstream of the existing sewage treatment plant and the second STP2, will be construded downstream (at the lowest collection point) 5.9 CotJllUlting EnglnfHlltng Services {lnd~ Pvt Umlted December. 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA). Environm..tal MItigation PI.. Ini Environm..tal Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and s...ltation Project, Republic of Y...... IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final RepOtt from the northern developments in Ibb City. The capacity of the new plants will be based on the existing plant first phase expansion capacity and the total wastewater flow collected by the proposed sewerage network in Alternative 3 for the sewage system. In this option STP1 will have a design capacity based on an average flow of about 10,700m3/day and will utilize the waste stabilization process. The proposed second STP2 will have a design capacity based on an average flow of 1,300m3/day. Based on the merits and demerits of various technologies options, the Extended Aeration system has been recommended for the extension and/or up-gradation. However, the Ec has suggested the Waste Stabilization Ponds STP for new STP. Before finalization of any such technology, the Ec has to give due considerations to the following aspects. · Huge area requirement for waste stabilization ponds and its associated problems such as, Land availability and land acquisition · Meteorological parameters of the city such as Wind direction, temperature, Evaporation, and rainfall. · Sighting of the site for ponds should not be in the vicinity of road alignment, villages, and market places · The waste stabilization ponds have the following demerits in case of poor maintenance - Weed growth - Mosquito breeding - Overflowing in case of blockage of the effluent channel resulting in water logging in nearby low lying areas. 5.7 Preferred Options The evaluation of the preferred alignment will be done based on the following criteria. '" Construction cost '" Water Availability '" Operation Cost '" Treatment Requirements '" Financial Implications '" Perfonnance, flexibility, and reliability '" Environmental ConSiderations '" Personnel Requirements 5.0 Ana/ysls of Aitematlves 5.10 Consulting Engineering SetVtces (India) Pvt. Umlted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City ReVision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report " Sustainability " Implementation It is worth to mention that the Ec has to consider 'Environmental Considerations' as discussed in sections 5.1 through 5.5 including land availability, its acquisitions. and land cost. These aspects should be considered while finalizing the Water Supply and Sewerage system for the city of Ibb. Based on the evaluation criteria as mention Section 3 of this report, the Ec has recommended the following options for the future water supply and sewerage system of the city. · Water resources: Rehabilitation of wells and Implementation of medium and small dams in Phase 1 and the large dams from the start of Phase 2. (Phasing of this development program is given in Annex: 5.2.) · Alternative 3 for Water Network · Alternative 1 for Wastewater network · Option 1 A for Sewage Treabnent Plant 5.8 Treated Effluent and Sludge Reutilization The following recommendations have been made in the PEDR by Ec for reutilization of treated effluent and sludge. · Establishment of strategic plan in coordination with Agricultural Extension Program for the reuse of the treated wastewater and sludge. · Correlate the reuse treated wastewater to cropping pattem and irrigation methods. Consumption of raw sewage cropslvegetable should be avoided. · The dewatered sludge from the sludge drying beds containing moisture content between 50% and 70% could be used by the government agencies for forestry or greenbelt development. But it should be under strict control and monitoring. The publiC access should also be restricted. · Reuse of sludge for agriculture production should be limited to air-dried sludge. · Need to conduct public awareness campaign for reutilizing the treated wastewater for irrigation and sludge as a soil conditioner. · Monitoring of the aquifers Regular checks should be made before discharging the treated wastewater and sludge for compatibility to use in irrigation or agricultural fields. The standards for the reuse of wastewater and sludge are given follOwing subsections. 5.0 Analys/tl of Altematlves 5.11 ConilUltlng Engineering ServlCfUI (India) pw. L.lmlted Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revision: RO Water arid Sanitation Project, Republic ofYemen,IBBCS-2, (World Bank Cralit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080111ENYI Draft FIN" ~ 5.7.1 Standards of Treated Effluent The treated effluent could be used for Irrigation purpose or in the Greenbelt development program. Standards for use in agricultural are given in Table 5.6. Table 5.6: Recommended Microbiological Quality Guidelines for Wastewater Use in Agriculture (WHO 1989) a Wastewater Intestinal Faecal treatment Nematodes Co Iifonns expected to Exposed (arithmetic (geometri Category Irrigation Purpose achieve the Group mean No. c mean required micro- of eggs per no. Per biological 100 ml)b 100 ml)C quantity A series of stabilization ponds Workers, deSigned to Crops likely to be consum achieve the micro- A eaten raw, sports <1 > 1000 d ers, biological quality fields public parks d public indicated or equivalent treatment Retention in stabilization ponds Irrigation of cereal No for 8-10 days or crops, industrial standard B Workers <1 equivalent crops, fodder crops, recomme helminthes and pasture and trees· nded faecal coliform removal Pre-treatment as Localised irrigation of required by the crops in category B if irrigation Not Not C exposure of workers None technology, but applicable applicable and the public does not less than not occur primary sedimentation a In specific cases, local epidemiological, soao-cultural and environmental factors should be taken into account and the guidelines modified accordingly. b, c, Ascaris and Trichuris species and hookworms During the Irrigation period d, A more stringent (200 faecal coliforms per 100 ml) is appropriate for public lawns, such as hotel lawns, with which the public may come into direct contact. e) In the case of fruit trees, irrigation should ease two weeks before fruit is picked and no fruit should be picked off the ground. Sprinkler irrigation should not be used. 6.0 Analysis of AltematJvetJ 5.12 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted Project: Environmental Impact As....merlt (EIA). Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation PI., and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2OOI01t1ENVI Draft Final Report Guidelines for using the water quality for irrigation are given in Table 6.7. Table &.7: Guidelines for Interpretation of Water Quality for Irrigation Degree of Restriction on Use None Slight to Severe Potential Units Moderate Salinity (affects crop water availability)b ECw ds/m < 0.7 0.7 -3.0 > 3.0 TOS mgJl <450 450-2000 >2000 Information (affects infiltration rate 01 ~ater into the soil Evaluate using ECw ~nd SAR together)C SAR = 0-3 and ECw = >0.7 0.7 - 0.2 < 0.2 = 3-6 = > 1.2 1.2 - 0.3 < 0.3 = 6-12 = > 1.9 1.9 - 0.5 <0.5 = 12-20 = > 2.9 2.9 -1.3 < 1.3 = 20-40 = > 5.0 5.0 -2.9 <2.9 Specific Ion Toxicity (affects sensitive crops) Sodium (Na)Q surface irrigation SAR <3 3-9 >9 Sprinkler Irrigation mell <3 <3 ~hloride (CI) Surface Irrigation mell <4 4-10 > 10 Sprinkler Irrigation I mell ' <3 >3 IBoron (B) mg/l < 0.7 0.7-3.0 >3.0 Miscellaneous Effects (affects mgll < 0.7 0.7-3.0 >3.0 susceptible crops) Nitrogen (N~-N) mg/l <5 5-30 > 30 Bicarbonate (HCO") mell < 1.5 1.5-8.5 > 8.5 ~Over-head sprinkling only) pH Normal Range 6.5-8.4 Souree: FAO Paper No.29 The standards for reused of effluent in irrigation purpose as published in FAO are given in Table 6.8. 5.0 Analysis of Altemat/ves 5.13 Consulting Englneetlng Services (India) Pvt Limited Project: Environmentallmpct As....ment (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 ~ Mitigation PI., .,d Environm..tal Monitoring P..... for Ibb City Revl.ion: RO Water and Sa"litation Project, Republic of Yem. ., IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final Report Table 5.8: Treatment Standards of Effluent Re-use for Irrigation Constituent FAO Standard Chloride (Cl) 0-350 Sulfate (504) 0-960 Carbonate (C03) 0-900 Bicarbonate (HC03) 0-600 Sodium (Na) 0-900 Calcium (Ca) 0-400 Magnesium (Mg) 0-60 Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4-N) 0-5.0 Phosphate Phosphorous (P04-P) 0-2.0 Potassium (K) 0-2.0 Total hardness (Ca C03) - Trace Elements Aluminum (AI) 5.0 Arsenic (As) 0.10 Beryllium (Be) 0.10 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 Cobalt (Co) 0.05 Chromium (Cr) 0.10 Copper (Cu) 0.20 Fluoride (F) 1.0 Iron (Fe) 5.0 lithium (Li) 2.5 Manganese (Mn) 0.20 Molybdenum (Mo) 0.01 Nickel (Ni) 0.20 lead (Pb) 5.0 Selenium (Se) 0.02 Vanadium (V) 0.10 Zinc (Zn) 2.0 . Source. FAO Paper No. 29 40 Ane/ysla of Altemetlves 5.14 Consulting Eng/neetlng Setvlces (IndJ.) Pvt.. UmIted ANNEXES Annex 5.1 Comments on PEOR 1.0 Environmental concems related with the proposed water supply and sewerage system altematives for Ibb city. The land use pattern which has been discussed in the Preliminary Engineering Design Report is not indicating the following: Dense urban area, with differentiation of major zones (e.g. markets areas and commercial streets, schools, mosques, govemment buildings, residential zones, industrial areas, etc) Agricultural areas (grazing, crops, irrigated, main irrigation canals, small dams in Wadis, pumping stations for irrigation water, market crop/vegetable areas, greenhouses, etc) Major infrastructure (power transmission lines, pipelines, open dumps, water treatment plants, etc.) Special land uses (military lands, playgrounds, recreation parks, fish farms, etc) The above are required to assess the impacts on the existing land use pattem in and round the proposed water supply and sewerage facilities. In addition to this, the Baseline Environmental Resource Map as given in section 6 of standard conditions of contract will help in correlating the Environmental Impacts due to the proposed structures. This is required to be prepared by the Engineer consultant and to be provided to the Environmental Consultant to carry out the ground truth verification for assessing the environmental impacts. The map given in 2.2 of draft feasibility report showing the hara boundary and does not indicate the name of hara. It is also diffICult to correlate this map with name of Hara given in Table2.1. In absence of the above mentioned information, consultant (CES) has studied various environmental considerations to be taken care of while designing the water supply and sewerage system for the city of Ibb. The Engineer consultant has studied the following alternatives for the future water supply of the Ibb city. 2.0 Source of water supply Presently the source of water supply for the city of Ibb is groundwater. The well fields are located in the in the south west direction of the city. In feasibility report the EC has mentioned that the other supply sources would be recommended in the current study to meet the expected demand in Year 2025. The water will be conveyed to Ibb city through transmission lines and pumping stations. It is a good suggestion to explore an alternative source of water in order to reduce the burden on groundwater source of drinking water. The following environmental considerations shall be given for the water sources before selecting the new resources: · Fortnightly water availability in the wadifstream · Availability of land, land acquisition, and associated environmental impacts such as relocation and rehabilitation of the project affected people (PAP), submergence of the agricultural land'· etc. should be taken in to the account. · Change in land use pattem · Cost benefit analysis should be studied. · A separate and full scale Environmental Impact Assessment study is required to be conducted for dam construction proposal. · Section 4.2 of the Inception Report ( water Resource Study) 10f8 Annex 5.1 Comments on PEDR 4.1 Altemative 1. Altematives 2. and Altemative 3: Altemative 1 consists of two new separate water supply systems one to feed Zone 1 from a high level reservoir and the other to feed Zone 2 from a low level reservoir. The existing networks in Zones 3 and 4 will be rehabilitated, expanded and!or upgraded if necessary to serve the remaining area efficiently. 4.1.1 Capital cost for the proposed Alternatives Capital Cost in USD Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Low Medium Low Scenario Medium Low Scenario Medium Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario 11,516,358 11,737,044 11 ;247,294 11,467,981 11,379,724 11,578,099 4.2 Environmental considerations to be taken care of: · Land availability for construction of the new proposed! additional water reservoirs to be constructed shall be considered before finalization of the location. · Relocation and rehabilitation cost of project affected people, if any, shall also be addressed. · New networks shall be designed in such a way that it should not disturb the existing land use in the area. · Risk of mosquito breeding around the water storage reservoirs should be taken care of when deciding the location of the reservoirs especially in the residential areas. · Storage facilities of disinfectant should be property designed. · The rehabilitation, up-gradation, and expansion of the existing network are proposed. Possibilities of reutilization of old pipe should also be studied which will reduce the disposal of debris of dismantled pipes. · Cost Benefit analysis should also be studied for each altemative. · None of the alternatives include the environmental mitigation cost However, the proposed all altematives will cover the whole population of the city water demand up to the year 2025. The health and hygiene conditions in the city will be improved as the citizens will get good water easily and conveniently. 5.0 Sewage System Development Strategies 5.1 Do nothing options The do nothing option for sewage treatment plant is discussed below. 5.1.1 Treatment Facilities The existing sewage treatment plant (STP) capacity is around 5,200m3/day. This is equivalent to around 20% and 17%, respectively of the low and medium scenarios projected average daily sewage discharge in year 2025. Consequently, the STP current capacity is not adequate to cater for the projected sewage discharge. 5.1.2 Collection Network The existing network is serving an urban area of around 588 ha and a population of 154,650. It is projected that in year 2025 the urban area would reach 1875 hectares and 30f8 Amex 5.1 Comments on PEDR from all the projeded urban area developments and discharge it into one central sewage treatment plant (STP). 6.1.1 TtfJlltment FIICIlItles The STP current capacity is 5,200m3/day. The STP should be expanded to accommodate an average sewage discharge of 22,000 and 26,000m3/day for the low and medium scenarios, respectively. 6.1.2 Sewage Collection Syst;em In this altemative the existing sewage collectors will be extended and upgraded to coiled the sewage from all the projected urban area developments. The sewage generated from the delineated catchments areas would discharge to the nearest downstream manhole by gravity except for the north em catchments (i.e. catchments Nos. 2, 3 and 4) where pumping is required. Accordingly, Altemative I collection network would consist of one network discharging into one central STP. 6.2 Alternative 2 Altemative 2 comprises a new network to coiled the sewage form the areas that are not currently served by the public network and discharge it into one central STP without significant changes to the existing system. 6.2.1 Treatment Facilities In line with Altemative 1, the STP current capacity (5200 m3/day) should be expanded to accommodate an average sewage discharge of 22000 and 26000m3/day for low and medium scenarios, respectively. 6.2.2 Sewage Collection Syst;em Altemative 2 comprises a new network to coiled the sewage form the currently un-serviced areas and the projected urban development areas for year 2025. The existing network will continue to collect the sewage from the areas currently served by the public network. The sewage collected from all the Project Area will discharge into one central STP. The sewage generated from the catchments areas would discharge to the nearest downstream manhole by gravity except for the northem catchments (i.e. catchments Nos. 2, 3 and 4) where pumping is required. Accordingly, Altemative 2 collection network would consist of two networks (one new + one existing) discharging into the existing STP 6.3 Alternative 3: Altemative 3 is similar to Altemative 1 except for treating the sewage generated from the north westem part of the Project Area (i.e. catchments Nos. 2 and 3) in a local STP instead of pumping the sewage into the proposed network. 50f8 Annex 5.1 Comments on PEOR 7.0 Treated wastewater and Sludge Reuse The draft feasibility report recommends the utilization of treated wastewater and sludge. The use completely treated wastewater and digested sludge will improve the crop growth rate and reduce any negative impad which is presently having due to the use of the wastewater and sludge. The due considerations for pathogens reductions shall be given so that the reuse of sludge does not pose any potential health hazards: · to workers handling the sludge · from the spreading of helminthes eggs · from horticultural produ~ contaminated by pathogens 8.0 Conclusive Remarks (i) Overall the projed has beneficial effed. However, any adversities arising due to the project component can be mitigated/reduced by adopting the mitigation measures at the design stage. (ii) Phasing of the proposed components has not been considered in the feasibility report. (iii) No mention about the land acquisition is made for the various proposed components (iv) Relocation and reconstrudion for PAP is not discussed. (v) Environmental mitigation cost has not been considered in the proposed alternatives. (vi) Cost benefit analysis is not included in the report for the proposed of the alternatives have not been done for various alternatives. Financial analysis for each alternative is to be carried out for finalization of the alternatives. (vii) The land use pattern in and around the proposed site for STP should be studied. Data pertaining to the wind speed and direction shall be considered for selecting the STP site. (viii) Design details and program for reutilization ofthe treated wastewater and sludge shall be studied in the feasibility report. (ix) Land use pattern of the proposed sites of storage reservoirs and pumping stations is to be shown for studying the environmental impacts. (x) The inception report submitted by the EC indicate the dam as a source for city water supply but nothing has covered in Feasibility report about the submergence of the area which has severe environmental irnpacts in terms of land loss and relocation of the habitats, if any. Cost benefit analysis is must for such proposal taking in to account environmental considerations. 70t8 Annex 5.2: Development Program of Water Sources Item Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Description of Item Comments Comments Comments Total No. 2008 -2013 2013 -2019 2019 -2025 Assume 2 replacement wells and Assume 2 replacement Assume 2 rehabilitation/deepening Rehabilitation/deepe wells and replacement/dee ninglReplacement of of 2 wells and reh abilitationldeepening pening for 2 wells 1 10,797,000 4,941,000 installation of 2 5,856,000 21,594,000 wells and installation for 2 wells and and installation of of new piezometers peizometers per year installation of 2 2 piezometers plus replacement of 15 per year. piezometers pumps and coHection piping5Km. Include deep and shallow geophysical surveys, drilling 2 deep exploratory boreholes in the Tawilah formation 2 site investigations 2,238,750 and 3 inside Ibb city in 0 - 0 0 2,238,750 volcanic rocks along the faults, existing well inventory and water quality testing. Small Dams to Include 23,300 m3 of 3 increase the recharging of water within Ibb city 5,611,000 28,500m30f masonry 0 - 0 5,611,000 and transmission lines Include 23,300 moO of 28,200m30f masonry, WTP expansion and 4 water treatment plant Medium Dam 10,722,000 3,630,000 phase 2 transmission 0 14,352,000 (WTP), transmission line, Pump stations and line and pump station service roads Distant Surface Include 56,300 m3 0f WTP expansion by 5 Water Source (Large 31,057,000 28,200m 30f masonry, 5OO0m3/d and phase 2 WTP expansion 49,052,000 14,945,000 3,050,000 Storage Dam) WTP of 150oom3/d transmission line and by5000m 3/d capacity Phase 1. pump station RainWater This item may be paid by 6 people or partially Harvesting from 13,469,000 1,590,000 2,157,000 17,216,000 building roofs subsidized by the Government Total Cost 73,894,750 25,106,000 11,063,000 110,063,750 Source: DFR prepared btEc , August 2006, IWSLe, The al)()ve coats inclusive of contingencies (15%) and Servicea for deaign and supervision (7%) 80f8 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Table of Contents 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment. ..................................................................... 1 6.1 Beneficial Impacts................................................................................................ 1 6.2 Impacts due to Pre.construction Stage ................................................................2 6.3 Construction Phase Impacts ......................................................................,......... 2 6.3.1 Impacts of Construction Activities ........................................................................ 2 6.3.1.1 Public Safety........................................................................................................2 6.3.1.2 Noise Quality .......................................................................................................2 6.3.1.3 Air Quality ............................................................................................................4 6.3.1.4 Impacts from Waste Material ...............................................................................4 6.3.1.5 Impact on Soil Quality ..........................................................................................4 6.3.1.6 Impacts Due to Quarry Operations.......................................................................5 6.3.1.7 Impacts from Construction Camps .......................................................................5 6.3.1.8 Other Impacts ......................................................................................................5 6.3.2 Water Supply Project ...........................................................................................6 6.3.2.1 Impacts from ftushing and Disinfection of Pipes ...................................................6 6.3.2.2 Impacts on Biological Environment ......................................................................6 6.3.2.3 Impacts due to drilling of well fields ......................................................................7 6.3.3 Sanitation Project.................................................................................................8 6.3.3.1 Impacts due to Replacement of Existing Sewer Line............................................8 6.3.3.2 Impacts due to Up-gradation of Existing Sewer Line ............................................ 9 6.3.3.3 Impact due to Disposal of Main Sewer Pipes .......................................................9 6.3.3.4 other Impacts (Access and Traffic Disruption) ................................................... 10 6.4 Operational Phase Impacts ................................................................................ 10 6.4.1 Water Supply Project ......................................................................................... 10 6.4.1.1 Impact on Groundwater ..................................................................................... 11 6.4.1.2 other Impacts ....................................................................................................11 6.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts of Sanitation Project ............................................... 11 6.4.2.1 Impact on Soil Quality due to Solid Waste ......................................................... 11 6.4.2.2 Impact due to Leakages and Blockages............................................................. 12 6.4.2.3 Impact on Occupational Health of Workers ........................................................ 13 6.4.2.4 Impact on Aquatic Environment ......................................................................... 13 6.4.2.5 Impact due to Reuse of Treated Wastewater and Sludge .................................. 13 6.4.2.6 Other Impacts .................................................................................................... 14 6.5 Social Impact Assessment ................................................................................. 14 6.5.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 15 6.5.2 Stakeholders Analysis........................................................................................15 6.5.3 Socia-Economic Impacts ................................................................................... 16 6.5.2.1 Impacts due to Water Supply Project in Construction Phase.............................. 16 6.5.2.2 Impact on Socia-Economic Structure in Operation Phase due to Water Supply Project ................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 17 6.5.2.3 Impact due to Sanitation Project in Construction Phase ..................................... 17 6.5.2.4 Impact due to Sanitation Project in Operation Phase ......................................... 17 6.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 18 6.7 Summary of Impacts .......................................................................................... 18 List of Tables Table 6.1: International Noise Emission Standards from Construction Equipments ........ 6.3 Table 6.2: Summary of Potential Environmentallmpacts .............................................. 6.19 List of Annexes Annex 6.1 Standards pertaining to the potable water quality. wastewater and effluent re- use in irrigation Project: Environmental Impact Asseument (EIA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Walarand Sanitation Project, RepublicofYemen,IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200601t/ENVI Draft Final Report 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT This section of the report outlines the potential environmental impacts - both beneficial and adverse - as identified through comprehensive analysis of the baseline characteristics discussed in Section 4.0. The adverse impacts have been classified in three categories, viz. Preconstruction stage, Construction stage and Operational stage based upon activity deviation. Standards pertaining to the potable water quality, wastewater and effluent re-use in irrigation are given in Annex 6.1. 8.1 Beneficial Impacts Objective of implementation of any water supply and sanitation project is to ameliorate overall environment in the target project area through abetment of pollution, improvement of public health and aesthetics, improvement in quality of living and inducing economic growth. Such a project, therefore, is associated with dominant positive impacts as below: · Provision of safe and most convenient water supply will improve human health as well as savings in time, efforts, and expenses by the community. · Availability of sufficient quantity of water will improve hygienic conditions. · Improved water supply will assure citizens adequate quantity of good quality water. This will also eliminate indiSCriminate use of groundwater and thus minimize associated environmental problems to the citizens. · Public health gains such as increased output through improved health resulting in higher economic activity and productivity. · Proper collection, treatment, and disposal system of wastewater will reduce the risks of parasitic infections, inCident of hepatitis, and various gastrointestinal diseases including cholera and typhoid (through contamination of water supplies and food). · A proper wastewater handling and disposal arrangement will minimize the chances of contamination of ground and surface water, if any. · Such provisions assist to maintain ecological balance by reducing damages to flora and fauna. · Controlled re-use of wastewater supplements agricultural activities resulting in development and sustenance of environmental protection components like Greenbelt development · Improvement in the existing sewerage system will help reduce the nuisance in streets and road blockages. · Development of the project will encourage increased economic activities like commercial, industrial, etc. and will generate enhanced employment alternatives and economic growth. 6.0 Enllironmentallmpact AsseSSl'llCmt 6.1 Consulting E~ ServicflS (Intila) Pvt Umited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI......d Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revision: RO Watar and Sanitation Project., Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVlDraft Final Report · Improvement in the existing water supply and sewerage conditions will help tourism and boost the economy of the area. · Augmented water supply and sanitary facilities add to family welfare particular1y to the woman folk who can divert their attention to other fruitful and productive activities. 6.2 Impacts due to Pre-construction Stage Pre-construction activities include: · Finalization of Engineering Design and Planning works and Project Finance · Official meetings · PurchasingJleasing of equipment · Confirmation of right to access lands for survey purpose These activities will be mainly official. Thus, there will be no impact due to the pre- construction activities related to the project is envisaged. 6.3 Construction Phase Impacts Several types of negative impacts upon environment may be caused during construction phase, primarily due to negligent practices. Appropriate techniques and responsible supervision is needed to avoid/minimize/mitigate these adversities. Environmental impacts envisaged during construction activities related to water supply and sewerage project are described below. 6.3.1 Impacts of Construction Activities Impacts, which are common to both water supply and sewerage components of the project during construction phase, are discussed in the following sub-sections. 6.3.1.1 Public Safety Following combination of the activities increases the risks of accidents (especially local population) during construction phase: · Unauthorized access to a construction site · Absence of control over access to construction sites · Conflict with construction vehicles · Poor site safety measures and warning system · Inadequate site management Mitigation measures as suggested in the Environmental Management Plan shall be adopted to avoid/minimize such impacts. 6.3.1.2 Noise Quality The construction phase noise will be generated mainly from the construction Yard/drilling operations due to the operation of various equipments and machines. These are as follows: 8.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 8.2 Consulting E.ngIneering Services (India) Pvt Umled Project: Environmental Impact Aa....ment telA). Environmental December, 2008 MItigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yam." IBBCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVIDraft Final Report a) Construction Yard/Drilling Operations Various site preparation and construction activities/drilling operations will generate increased noise levels due to operation of equipment Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 - 95 dB (A). With point source of a strength of 95 dB (A) at a reference distance of 2 m, the noise produced will not exceed 45 dB (A) beyond a distance of 250 m from the boundary of construction yard (the drop off rate will be 6 dB (A) for doubling the receptor distance from a point source). In view of this, the construction equipment shall be located away at least 500 m from the inhabitanUsensitive areas. Table 6.1 presents international standards for noise from different construction eqUipment Table 6.1: International Noise Emission Standards from Construction Equlpments Equipments Noise Level dB(A) Equipments Noise Level at2m dB (A)at2 m Air Compressor 74 - 87 Front-end-Loader 72 - 84 Backhoe 72 - 93 Grader 80 - 93 Bulldozer 80 Jack Hammer 81 - 98 Concrete Mixer 74 - 88 Pavers 86 - 88 Concrete Pump 81 - 84 Roller 73 - 75 Concrete Vibrator 76 Scraper 80 - 93 Crane 75 - 77 Tamper 74 - 77 Crane with ball 75 - 87 Welding Generator 71 - 82 Dump Truck 72 - 84 b) Impact on Construction Workers The construction eqUipment such as, drilling machine, jack hammers, excavators, pay loaders, generators, and concrete mixer will have noise levels above the working environmental limits. Workers operating these machines may be affected if equivalent 8-hour exposure in more than the prescribed safety limits by ACGH (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienist). The ACGH has proposed 8-hour long limit of 85 dB (A) for exposure in the high noise levels. Exposures to impulses of impact noise should also not exceed 140 dB (A) and peak acoustic pressure. Exposure to 10,000 impulses of 120 dB (A) is permissible per day. Noise likely to be generated near the construction/drilling sites will be in the range of 90 - 105 dB (A) when all eqUipment are working together and simultaneously. This seems to be a remote possibility. Hence, workers working near the construction eqUipment are likely to be exposed to a leq between 80 dB (A) and 90 dB (A) in an B.O EnvirMJ1/flfltllllmpect AsseSlJl7lfll7t B.3 CMtWlting EngilllJflring Servfces (Ind,.) Pvt. Umltfld ProjeCt: Environmental Imp.:t Assessment (EIA), Environmental December. 2008 ffi] Mitigation PI......d Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Revision: RO Document: 20060181EW.oran Final Repott 8-hour shift. The protection devices such as ear plugs/mufflers shall be provided to the workers operating high noise generating equipment. 6.3.1.3 Air Quality The impact on air quality during construction phase could be due to material transport, operation of construction yard and fugitive emissions from the construction sites. a) Material Movement There may be fugitive emissions during loading and unloading and transport of construction materials. Mitigation measures in this respect especially in residential areas, near schools, and hospitals/clinics are very important. b) Operation of the Construction Yard The air quality impacts from the construction yard will be due to operation of equipment. The air pollution from the construction yard will be ground based and the effect will be mostly localised for the entire construction period. However, if the construction yard shall be located at a minimum distance of SOOm away from any residential areas, the impacts of air pollution arising out of the construction yards activities will be insignificant. 6.3.1.4 Impacts from Waste Material The waste material generated from construction site shall be disposed off suitably to the approved landfill sites at the earliest. Prolonged storage and surplus earth may cause dust pollution and soil transportation by rain water into low areas. During construction stage work, materials are also likely to be generated due to spillage of water (from water tightness tests) and spillage of wastewater (during replacement of sewers and making house connections) resulting in stagnant pools. These can be minimized by appropriate water and wastewater management practices at worksites. In addition, considerable amount of solid wastes out of scraps, packing materials, unused materials, etc. are also likely to be generated at construction sites. These need be disposed off at the earliest as otherwise may lead to aesthetic nuisance and obstruction to other services. 6.3.1.6 Impact on Soli Quality Digging and backfilling of trench for laying pipelines and sewers may render top soil loose. As standard practice, proper shuttering with struts and props shall be provided in the excavated deep trenches during construction. The trenches should be backfilled and compacted properly at the earliest after laying and jointing of pipes. To minimize the soil eroSion, vegetative cover of appropriate type should be 6.0 EnvirOllf'1lfJl7tllllmPllct AsselJ8ment 6.4 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Limted December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aaseument (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBSCS-2. (World Bank Cndit No.: 3700 - ¥EM) Document: 200e0191ENVJDraft Final Repolt provided over reinstated surface. The dig out pavement surfaces should be restored after finishing the work. No major impact on soil quality is anticipated. 6.3.1.6 Impacts Due to Quarry Operations No new quarries are required to be opened up for meeting the demand of borrow- material and aggregates. Nearest quany located in AI-Oaleel or on the downstream of the existing STP could be used for borrowing the material be used during construction work. Hence no impacts are anticipated. 6.3.1.7 Impacts from Construction Camps Generation of sewage and domestic waste is main source of pollution from construction camps. The waste generated at construction camp shall be properly disposed to the approved/designated landfill sites. Improper management of this waste, otherwise, may lead to health and hygiene related problems. The mitigation measures are suggested as follows: · The contractor shall provide adequate lavatories at construction camp to cater the requirement of the workers. · The construction should build on-site facilities or other appropriate arrangements for safe disposal of such wastes. · Periodic health check ups of construction workers should be undertaken and basic medical facilities should be available. 6.3.1.8 Other Impacts Some short-term impacts may happen during the construction phase. The locations and contexts of such impacts are: a) Site OffIce Temporary impacts may occur due to the construction of site offices and labor camps. These impacts are likely to be marginal and can be mitigated by sensitizing and educating the workers through regular discussion of issues and following good construction camp practices. b) Equipment Storage and Machinery Maintenance The site area should have a proper maintenance shed for the regular maintenance of the construction vehicles. The waste emanating from the maintenance shed should not be allowed to spread over the construction site. The oil and grease change of the equipment and vehicles should be carried out in the service areas designed for vehicles. Wastes should be collected and disposed of properly and expeditiously. 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.5 Consulting EI7f1neering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted Project: Environmental Impact Aa....mern (EIA). Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and SanitatJon Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200e0181ENVlDraft Final Report c) Employment Opportunities The construction activity can provide opportunities to the local population and residents of the neighboring area to earn. They may come to provide labor or to service the construction camps. It is necessary to ensure that the persons after completion of construction work remove such temporary establishment and not set up squatter colonies. 6.3.2 Water Supply Project There will be following impacts during construction of the water supply component of the proposed project: 6.3.2.1 Impacts from flushing and Disinfection of Pipes In the process of handling, storage and placing, pipes are required to be flushed and disinfected to remove any element of undesirable materials including contamination before laid. This operation includes: · Use of disinfectant · Flushing with potable water · Ensure residual concentrations after flushing Above-mentioned requirements introduce number of areas of concerns such as storage and use of hazardous material and disposal of wastewater. These are discussed in the following subsections. a) Storage of material The disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite or chlorine gas are potentially hazardous and can cause: · Severe external damage on direct contact · Death if ingested (inhaled) in overdose · Substantial damage to the physical environment such as plant life, fauna etc. b) Disposal of Wastewaters The wastewater generated during flushing and disinfecting operation of pipes will contain residual chlOrine concentration of 5 ppm after 1st flushing and not more 1 ppm on the final flush. This wastewater will not pose a significant risk to human health but consumption of this is not suitable. Thus, it should be disposed off proper1y. 6.3.2.2 Impacts on Biological Environment Highest level of care should be taken to preserve all plantations in and around work sites. No impacts to threatened or endangered plant and animal species are 6.0 Environments/Impact AsStt8SfflfK1t 6.6 Consulting Engineering Services (/ndia) Pvt Umled Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA). Environmental December, 2008 ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic or Yemen, IBBCS4. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVlDraft Final Report anticipated. The temporary impacts may be in visual appearance of the trees and shrubs as construction activity may lead to deposition of dust over leaves and shrubs. This will be limited up to only construction period and will be washed away in monsoon period. 6.3.2.3 Impacts due to drilling of well fields Likely environmental impacts from drilling operations of the wells are: - Routine Emission from the engine exhausts - Disposal of drill cutting and waste drill mud This activity is a temporary operation spanning over 15 - 20 days at a location for drilling of development of wells. The drilling rig wi" be moved to different location as per the requirement. Drilling operations shall be carried out according to standard international practices. Associated environmental impacts due to drilling operation are briefly discussed below: a) Impacts Associated with Exhaust Emissions from Drilling Rig Potential atmospheric emissions from the exhausts of the diesel generator sets on the drilling rig are NO x, S02. CO, and particulate matters. The emissions from each of the diesel generator engine will be due to the combustion of fuel. Emissions from the DG sets will be continuous during the entire drilling operation. Low sulfur «0.25%) HSD fuel should be used for carrying out drilling operations to minimize such impacts. The tube wells are generally located in remote uninhabited areas and hence such low-level emissions are not likely to cause any significant impact. b) Impacts due to noise levels In the drilling rigs Noise generation sources in the drilling rigs are mainly from the DG sets, mud pumps and other machinery. Typical noise levels encountered in the drilling rig are given below: Diesel generators: 100 - 105 dB (A) Pumps in the rig: 90 -100 dB (A) The above noise levels in the diesel generators and pumps are recorded at 1 m distance from the sources without mitigation measures. The sound pressure level decreases with increase in distance from the different noise generating equipment. It is expected that the maximum noise levels of around 55 dB(A) will be at 55 m from source, while the sound pressure level will decrease to a level of 45 dB(A) at 6.0 Environment.llmpact Assessment 6.7 Consulting Engineering SflfVicl'lS (India) Pvt Umled ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aa ....ment telA), Environmental December, 2008 MItigation Plm md Environmental Monitoring Plm for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and s..tltatlon Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVDraft Final Report 450 m from the source. No noise impact on residential areas due to drilling operations is anticipated. Operating personnel who are exposed to high noise levels are likely to be affected. Hence, from the occupational health and safety point of view, the rotary equipment on the rig will be provided with Silencers, rubber claddings and noise isolators to minimize the impact of nOise levels on the working crew. The personnel operating in the high noise level area will be given earplugs and muffs. c) Impacts due to wastes from drilling operations Though the drilling operations are temporary in nature, waste residual mud in combination of rig cuttings is generated in considerable quantity. The water based mud (Bentonite slurry) is generally generated during drilling operation which is non-toxic in nature and the cutting is inert. The drilling mud will be recycled within the rig during drilling operations, and the excess quantity mud shall be disposed to the approved landfill sites. Substantial quantity of surplus water is also likely to be generated during the process of development. Indiscriminate stagnation of such water may lead to environmental impacts. Proper disposal of such water should be ensured. No significant impact due to wastes from drilling operation is antiCipated. 6.3.3 Sanitation Project Impacts arising due to the activities related with sewer pipe laying, rehabilitation, up- gradation, expansion, construction of STP are discussed in the following sub- sections. 6.3.3.1 Impacts due to Replacement of existing Sewer Une The areas such as, AI Subul, part of Salba As Sayyadah AI Arwa, Harat AI Murur etc., which are not presently connected with the existing system as shown in Figure 3.1, are discharging the sewage in to the wadi through the seepage pits. These seepage pits at many locations are located with in the public right-of-way. The seepage pits and septic tanks are potential source of environmental hazards. With the introduction of new sewerage system in these areas, the seepage pits or cesspits will not be used further and are required to be removed. Removal of these pits will cause the following likely impacts: Public health hazards . · Seepage pits are lying within the public right-of-way. Each individual pit is required to be opened up for removing sludge before the new sewer system to be laid. Hence, these may affect the public health. 6.0 Environmentellmpact Assessment 6.8 Consulting EngirlHting ServicflS (Indie) Pvt Umled ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessmant (EIA), Environmental December. 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Wafer and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen. IBBCS-2, (World Bank Cradlt No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVJDraft Final Report · Removal and disposal of waste material · Liquid waste from the seepage pits and septic tanks should be removed and disposed of properly. As the liquid waste will be anaerobic and acidic in nature, disposal of this material should be carried out in stages and with due care to prevent spillage. Workers working in the vicinity of the site are also exposed to the risks of health hazards. By adopting the mitigation measures as suggested in the EMP, potential impacts on the existing environment can be minimized. 6.3.3.2 Impacts due to Up-gradatlon of existing Sewer Une Proposed alternatives for sewerage network is depicted in Figures 3.12 through 3.14, the existing sewerage networks in alternative 1 and 3 needs up-gradation of sewers. About 3500m (Low scenario)/6088m (Medium Scenario) length of sewers in Alternative 1 and 3225m (low scenario)16085m (Medium Scenario) length of sewers in Alternative 2 will be upgraded. The up-gradation of sewers will be laid following the same existing alignment. This will minimize: · Additional land requirement · Interference with other existing buried utilities · Growth of breeding grounds for rodents and pests in future inside discarded sewer lines if left as it is. · Disturbance to existing branch lines · Incidences of accident due to sudden collapse of sewers in future However, replacement along the existing alignment will cause following impacts: · Disruption of existing sewerage facilities · Health hazard to the construction workers · Public nuisance due to obnoxious odor 6.3.3.3 Impact due to Disposal of Main Sewer Pipes The existing sewer pipes are to be upgraded by new pipes. Dismantling of these pipes will generate debris. The old sewer pipes should be disposed with appropriate care to approved landfill site. Impact on Soil Quality due to Contamination Soils of the construction area may be contaminated by wastewaters. This contamination will be due to · through alteration of chemical make-up of the soils, increased acidity/alkalinity · pressure of pathogens and obnoxious smell in the excavated material 6.0 Environmentallmptlct Assessment 6.9 Consulting Eng/neftring Services (India) Pvt. UmlrJd December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aa....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI. . . .d Environm.,tat Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Salltation Project, Republic of Yern." IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVJDraft Final Report These impacts will be minor and limited to the construction phase only. 6.3.3.4 Other Impacts (Access and Traffic Disruption) a) Property Access Access to the building in the areas where construction activities are going on will be affected. Such disruptions of access to commercial establishment may lead to direct economic loss. These impacts will be minor and restricted to the construction phased only. However, temporary access should be provided for such premises and proper areas should be restored at the earUest. b) Circulation Impacts Various sizes (from 200mm +to 700mm +> sewer pipes are proposed to be laid. And this action may cause bottlenecks to the traffIC, if due care is not taken by the contractor. Especially in congested areas such as, old city, near Mushtashfa Nasir, Mushtashfa Thowra, Shar - e -Taiz, Shar - e - Udain etc. attention should be paid dlJring the construction phase to avoid any traffic congestion. However, these impacts will be limited to construction phase only and can be reduced by appropriate traffic diversion and traffic control arrangement&: c) Impact on Land use Pattem Most stretches of the water lines and sewers will be laid along the flanks of existing roads and within the right-of-way under government control. However, the details of the land requirement or acquisitions are not given in the PEDRIOFR submitted by the Ec for water mains, trunk sewers, storage reservoirs, etc. The water mains, which will be passed through the area across the land, controlled by private parties. Such land is under minor agricultural use and since, pipelines are buried deep, and the surfaces will be restored. The IWSLC officials have informed that there will not be any problem in acquiring the land for storage reservOirs, pumping stations, and lifting stations as the land will be purchased from the land owners at prevailing prices. This has also been discussed with the Deputy Governor of Ibb and his views are given in Section 7.0. Minor amount of land will also be required for the tube wells. No impact on land use is envisaged. 6.4 Operational Phase Impacts Likely environmental impacts during the operation of the proposed water supply and sewerage project are discussed in the following sub-sections:, 6.4.1 Water Supply Project Envisaged impacts for the water supply project are as follows: 6.0 Environmentsllmpact Assessment 6.10 Consulting Engineering Services (Indill) Pvt Limied December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Aaseum.n tElA), Environmental Mitigation PI., .,d Environmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and s.titation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVlDraft Final Repott 6.4.1.1 Impact on Groundwater The water resource study has shown serious concerns about the groundwater scarcity in next 20 years and has shown an overall deficit of groundwater of 3 MCM in the Year 2015 and 5.35MCM in the Year 2025 with all other sources. The development of wells should be carried out in phased manner to lessen the impacts due to the operation of wells. Further, the impacts can be mitigated by adopting the mitigation measures as suggested in section on Environmental Management Plan (EMP). However, local species shall be planted in and around the well fields and around the pumping stations as effective measures of water resources and soil conservation. The Final Report on Groundwater Resources [Volume IV, 1982] prepared under UNDP/DESD project has indicated that the protection of potable supplies to population centers shall be given first priority in all cases, special priority should be given to protect urban supplies. Hence, a ban on uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater for irrigation shall have to be enforced. 6.4.1.2 Other Impacts · The cost of alternative water supply sources is high. The extended periods of supply loss may impose additional costs on affected households financially, physically, and socially. Thus, water supply shall not be disconnected for longer time and people of the local city shall be informed in advance about the period of discontinuity of the water supply. · All existing consumers shall be guaranteed connection to the new network. · Up-gradation of water supply system may increase water usage, and subsequently increase the wastewater generation. As the proposed project also includes the rehabilitation and up-gradation of existing sewerage and wastewater treatment system, no impact due to development of water supply system is antiCipated. 6.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts of Sanitation Project The operational phase environmental impacts of Sanitation Project are given below: · Impact on soil quality due to solid wastes · Impact due to leakage and blockage · Impact on occupation health of workers 6.4.2.1 Impact on Soil Quality due to Solid Waste Solid waste generation in the sewerage system (Grit/screening waste and STP sludge) is the main source of pollution if not disposed proper1y and leads to depletion of soil quality_ 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.11 Consulting Engineering Sl'JIVices (India) Pvt Limited Project: Environmental Impact Aa. .sment lElA), Environmental December, 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Wa18r and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS·2, (Wor1d Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008019/ENVlDraft Final Repott a) STP Sludge The sludge generation from the Waste treatment plant (Extended Aeration System) will be thickened and sent to sludge drying beds. The sludge after completely drying can be reused as soil conditioner. The reuse of sludge will return carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and elements essential for plant growth back to the soil. Less chemical fertilizers are required and the organiC carbon helps to improve soil structure for soil aeration, water percolation, and root growth. The nitrogen and phosphorus are also released gradually for plant uptake compared to the more soluble chemical fertilizers. The potential of leaching of the nutrients to ground or surface water by rainfall run-off is much reduced. Pathogens and heavy metals can, however, limit the reuse of sludge. Pathogens should be reduced to levels that do not pose health hazards to workers handling the sludge, potential health hazards from the spreading of helminthes eggs and from horticultural produce contaminated by pathogens. Stabilized sludge which has been dewatered and dried on sludge drying beds to attain low moisture content can meet the same conditions. All options for the waste treatment have been considered with sludge drying beds. The Ec has mentioned that the sludge has to be exposed for a period of six (6) months in thin layers of about 15 em to solar radiations. Only there will be problem during wet summer season when air drying of sludge is difficult. Final or ultimate disposal of sludge, which cannot be reused, should be to the approved land fill. It is suggested that the land fills should be provided with liners (Clay or PlastiC) to prevent any further groundwater contamination in future. Hence disposal of sludge will not cause any impact. b) Water from Grit Chamber/Screens The waste from grit chamber will be predominantly inorganic matertallike sand, grits, etc. and will be non-toxic in nature. It will be collected and disposed to the approved landfill sites and hence no impacts due to disposal of waste from grit chambers. 6.4.2.2 Impact due to Leakages and Blockages Due to geo-climatic condition of project area, large amount of dust and sand particles find way into the sewerage system leading to choke in sewer lines. Such blockages, in tum lead to profuse leaking al1d occasionally overflow from manholes, and result in impacts as follows: · On soil quality by contaminating the same and disturbing the soil stability leading to the settlement 6.0 Environmentlll Impact A$sessment 6.12 Consulting El'I(1ineering Services (Indill) At Umled December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As.....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI., .-.d Environmental Monitoring PI., for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and s..itation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank CredH No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080 19IENVIDraft Final Report · On water supply through intrusion of contaminants into system · On aesthetic environment due to fly, mosquito breeding, and odor nuisance In order to avoid above public adverse impacts, following precautionary measures are already envisaged in PEDR: · Sewer pipes will be laid underneath water supply lines · Minimum vertical separation from water supply line will be 0.45m and horizontal distance of 3.0 · Earth cover over pipes not less 1m will be provided except at intersections with other utilities or ground surface in undulating. · Pipes will be encased when cover is less than 1m and at wadi crossings Leakage problem will be localised and can be avoided by practicing adequate maintenance measures like inspection detection, cleaning, and repairing. Thus, no significant environmental impact is envisaged. 8.4.2.3 Impact on Occupational Health of Workers Likely impacts on occupational health of workers during operation phase are due to accidents caused by: · In deep trenching operations · Accumulation of gas in sewers and other confined spaces · Contact with wastewater during repair/maintenance These impacts can be avoided by adopting the mitigation measures as given below: · Enforce adherence to safety procedures · Regular safety education and training for system staff · Maintenance staff shall be provided with gloves, boots, helmets, etc. · Implement effective industrial waste pre-treatment system. 8.4.2.4 Impact on Aquatic Environment No surface water body is in existence in the nearby areas of the project area. Hence, there will not be any impact on the aquatic ecology. 8.4.2.5 Impact due to Reuse of Treated Wastewater and Sludge The reuse of treated wastewater and sludge, if not treated property, has the following potential impacts. · The wastewater discharged from the treatment plant still has viruses and parasitic eggs which entail significant sanitary risks through direct contamination. The personnel working at the treatment plant, labor working agricultural fields, and of the public at large are at risk directly or indirectly through the contamination of crops and groundwater. 6.0 EnvfrOflmentallmpect AsseS$l1lfJll7t 6.13 COfIsulting Enfjneering StlH'ViCfIS (India) Pvt Umited December, 2008 ~ Project: environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Pt.1 for Ibb City Revi.ion: RO Walar and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, ISBCS..z, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060191ENVJDraft Final Repolt · The physical-chemical quality of the wastewater due to the presence of toxic matters may adversely affect to the plant life, soil quality, and groundwater. The salinity of water is a significant element. · The sewage sludge contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa along with parasitic helminthes which can give rise to potential hazards to the health of humans, animals, and plants. 6.4.2.6 Other Impacts a) Operation and Maintenance Treatment works, pumping, and sewerage conveyance system will not perform satisfactorily unless they are operated and maintained properly. Matfunctioning of this system may pose risks of health hazards. Hence, this system should be maintained properly. Following preventive measures shall be adopted: · Provision of adequate sewer deaning and evacuating machines · Provision of gen era tor sets at pumping stations · All spare parts shall be readily available in case of emergency · Provision of standby units of pumps at each station · Provision of adequate maintenance staff with accessories · Regular training of system staff, skilled technicians and craftsman · Proper operating budgets and attractive salaries b) Pyblic Health Hazards After expansion of the existing STP to cope up the increased quantity sewage, the odor emission will be reduced. Hence no public hazards are expected due to operation of STP. However, access to the wastewater treatment plant, pumping stations, and sludge disposal sites be developed properly and for restricted use. c) Odor and Noise The current problem of odor emission from STP will be reduced once the existing treatment plant would be upgraded to meet the city requirement. The pumping station which is out of order for sometime should be given urgent priority for repair or replacement so as the unwarranted flow of sewage from PS4. The STP and pumping station area should be planted with local species, to form a screen against odor, dust, and unpleasant aesthetics. It is worth mentioning here that the overall environmental impacts due to the proposed project are positive and beneficial as discussed above. The negative impacts can be minimized ~y employing appropriate mitigating measures. 6.5 Social Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment (SIA) involves a fonnal study otten carried out as a part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The main purpose of SIA is to 6.0 Envlronrnentll/lmpact A,,,,ssment 6.14 ConllUltlng ~ S«vic_ {/ndill} Pvt Liml.d December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI. . . .d Environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and SMitatlon Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVlDraft Fin.. R¥ott determine a project's impact on directly affected groups (stakeholders) and where these impacts are negative, to develop plans for minimizing and mitigating them. Social assessment (SA) is the systematic investigation of the social processes and social factors that affect development impact and results. Social assessment supports participation and it is a tool for incorporating social analysis into the operational work. Since there are many social variables, which could potentially affect project impacts and success, social assessments must be selective and strategic and focus on issues of operational relevance. They must also be tailored to specific problems and situations. There is a growing recognition that the participation of stakeholders (persons, groups or institutions with interests in a project or program) in the selection and design of projects can improve decision making, strengthen ownership and help poor and disadvantaged groups). Systematic social analysis can help ensure that operational work achieves their objectives that they are appropriately targeted· and acceptable to the people intended to benefit and that they are feasible within their social and institutional content. 6.5.1 Methodology Social assessments have been carried OlJt in order to: (a) Identify key stakeholders (those who can Significantly in11uence or are important to the success of the project) and establish an appropriate framework for their participation in the project selection, design and implementation. (b) Ensure that project objectives and incentives for change are acceptable to the range of people intended to benefit and that gender and other social differences are reflected in project design. (c) Assess the social impact of investment projects and where adverse impacts are identified to determine how they can be overcome or at best substantially mitigated. (d) Develop capacity at the appropriate level to enable participation, resolve conflict, permit service delivery and carry out mitigation measures, as required. Social assessments provide an integrated framework for deciding what issues have priority for attentio~ and how operationally useful information can be gathered and used. 6.5.2 Stakeholders Analysis Activity stages involved in stakeholder analysis are: 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.15 Consulting Engineering ServicfJS (India) Pvt. Unlited December, 2008 ~ Project: Envlronmentallmpet Assessment (EIA), Envlronm.,tal Mitigation Plan and Envlronm.,tal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO War and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yam." IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200801t1ENVl1lraft Final Report (a) Draw out the interests of stakeholders in relation to the problems, which the project is seeking to address. (b) Identify conflicts of interests between stakeholders. (c) Assess the likely impact of the project on each of the interests (positive, negative or unknown). (d) Identify relations between stakeholders which can be built upon. (e) Assess the appropriate type of participation (information sharing, consultation, collaboration, empowerment) by different stakeholders at successive stages of the project cycle (policy dialogue, project identification, preparation appraisal, implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation), and (f) To indicate the relative importance which the project should give to each stakeholder in meeting their interests (Le. unknown, little/no importance, some importance, moderate importance, very importance, extremely important, critical) Sirnply stated stakeholder analysis is a tool to determining who partiCipates, how much they participate and when they participate in the project cycle. S.S.3 Socia-Economic Impacts Envisages Socio-Economic impacts as identified are discussed in the following paragraphs. 8.5.2.1 Impacts due to Water Supply Project In Construction Phase a) Impact on Land use In order to meet the future of quantity of the increase (12000m3/d) of sewage, the Ec has proposed three alternatives. It is required to construct a new STP at some other location. The Environmental Consultant - CES - has visited downstream of the existing STP. It is observed that the land has to be acquired for new STP. The land use pattern of these locations is shown in Section 4 of this report. CES met and discussed this issue with the government officials and IWSLC representatives. The officials informed to the Environmental Consultant that the land will be acquired by paying the prevalent rates of the area and time. However, any proposal for waste stabilization ponds should carefully studied by the Ec in those areas. There will not be any impact due to the land acquisition. b) Resettlement and Rehabilitation Components As there is no major land acquisition and involuntary displacement involved in the project, no' resettlement and rehabilitation issues are anticipated in the project. 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.16 COIIlIUIting EnginHrinQ Sl!ltVlcfllS (Indie) Pvt UnIted Project: EnYironmentallmpact As....ment (EIA), Environmental December. 2008 Mitigation PI. . . .d Environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3100 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVlDraft Final Report c) Impact on Culture The project being a social up-gradation, there will be no adverse impacts on the cultural heritage. 6.5.2.2 Impact on Soclo-Economlc Structure In Operation Phase due to Water Supply Project Development of well fields in the region and the laying of underground water transmission line will produce no adverse impact in the present land use. · The proposed project will provide adequate water supply to the residents, which is not presently available to the residents. This will facilitate better water use and living environment. It will provide the users the financial benefits, as they do not have to purchase drinking water from the private sources with high prices. · The quality of the supplied water will be better and hygienic. This will substantially reduce incidences of water borne diseases, parasitic infections and develop the general health scenario. · The tariff structure is likely to be revised upward to accommodate additional expenses of the new project. Such restructuring should be finalized after ascertaining the affordability and willingness of the different socio-economic groups in the society in order to obviate any adverse socio-economic effect. 6.5.2.3 Impact due to Sanitation Project In Construction Phase At the time of construction period of the sanitation project in the city area, no major private land acquisition is involved. All the existing sewer lines will be replaced and re-Iaid along the same alignment. So no socio-economic impacts are antiCipated in the construction phase. 6.5.2.4 Impact due to Sanitation Project In Operation Phase · The completion of the sanitation project will provide an up-gradation in general health scenario of the society. The scientifIC and efficient waste disposal system will reduce the risks of health hazards created to mishandling of wastes. · The completion of sanitation project will also develop the aesthetic scenario of the city also. The above aspects have been discussed at length with the different groups of stakeholders and their opinion/suggestions have been obtained during the Public Consultation Meetings held at Ibb. 6.0 Environmental Impact Assessment 6.17 Consulting Engineering Servicf!JB (India) Pvt limited Project: Environmental Impact A........nt (EIA). Environmental December. 200e Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revislon:RO Wat.. and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen. IBBCS·2. (Wortd BlInk Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: Z0080191ENV/Draft Final Report 8.8 Conclusion (i) Overall, project has beneficial effects. However, any adversities arising from the project implementation and operation can be mitigated I reduced by adopting the mitigation measures at the design stage. The mitigation measures are suggested in Section 8 of this report. (ii) Areas have to be prioritised for the implementation of the different components of the project. (iii) Cost of land acquisition and availability of land is to be considered while studying the different alternatives for proposed components (iv) Environmental mitigation cost has to be considered in the proposed alternatives. (v) The proposal of packaged treatment plant in alternative 3 is not environmentally sound as the urban area of the city will be expanded in this direction in future. And the proposed treatment plant will pose environmental problems. (vi) The proposal for construction of dams is not environmentally feasible. Submergence of land will cause social impacts. The down stream users will also be affected. For such proposals, cost benefit aspects shall be studied taking in to account the environmental and social concerns. (vii) Rainwater harvesting system is an environmentally sound proposal and should be implemented. 8.7 Summary of Impacts Potential environmental impacts of the project implementation and operation phase have been summarized in Table 8.2. 6.0 EnvifOnmentallmpact Assessment 6.18 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umlted Pr _ Envh flt.I"..J Mit ___ .. JI1t (E;.. .... _wln:n ·... _..··l MII:··__ ..n PI....... _ DtIcan1oer, aOOtJ ~ Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City W· ., and SanltMlon Proj«t, R41publlc of Yanwt, Ravlalon: RO IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2008018/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 6.2: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts S. Activity Issues Involved Likely Impacts on Environmental Degree of Impact No. Parameters (A) Pre-Construction and Construction Phase c Finalization of Engineering Design and Planning worKs and 0 .9l I Q) g CI Q) Project Finance Official Meeting .Q .& 1 D:iga No Likely impacts == cen Purchasing/leasing of Equipment 5r 8 Confirmation of right to access lands for survey purpose z Public Safety Potential Injuries Moderate Material Movement Public Nuisance Mild Operation of Construction Yards AJr quality Mild and c::- Disposal of Waste Material Noise Quality Temporary, 2! Restricted to ~ Quarrying Operation Soil Quality, water Quality Q) construction period. ~ Construction Camps Solid Waste Disposal Mild 2 I .c: Traffic Congestion, Blocking or impairing access along the Circulation Impacts Temporary, Restricted to Q. existing street construction period. c 0 l! Site office Disposal of Solid waste Mild iS Occupational health and Safety Moderate (.) Equipment Storage and Machinery Maintenance Aquatic Ecology Nil Terrestrial Ecology Nil Land use pattern Nil Em~~entOppOrtunmes local People get Environment Beneficial Impacts 1:) Land use No change in Land use pattern Nil .!l!, Socia-Economic No R & R Issues Nil e Q.. No impact on Aquatic or terrestrial Biological Environment Nil .2:- Ecology 3 8: ::s Flushing and disinfection pipes Occupational health and Safety Mild en Soil Quality Negligible "- .sa Laying and jointing of Pipes Disruption of Services Mild ~ Drilling of weDs AJr, Noise and Soil Quality Mild and _. Tern"'pofBry 6.0 Enviro,.",.".., ImpllCt Assessment 6.19 Consult;,g Eng/neeri1g Senices (India) Pvt. LimIted PI_. _ Envi. _____ ..Intal ~..... _.l ~a.;. ........t (I........oI1vlro..... _ ...1M1ulf"'''un Pia......, DeCember, 2006 ~ Environmental Monitoring Plan fOr Ibb City W.... and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen. Revlaion: RO IBBCS-2, (Wond Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200801t1ENVI Draft Final Report S. Activity Issues Involved Likely Impacts on Environmental Degl'88 of Impact No. Parameters ts Public Health Moderate .~ e 0.. Removal of cesspits and septic tanks Public Nuisance Mild 4 e Soil Quality Negligible 0 := Laying and jointing of Sewer Pipes Access to Property Mild :II e Replacement of existing pipes Occupational health and Safety Moderate cZ Traffic congestion, blockage, and access Circulation Impacts Mild (B) Operational Phase land use Pattem, Agricultural Land will be purchased as per Change in existing Land use pattem Nil ts prevailing rates of the area .~ Moderate (Needs e 0.. Uncontrolled Abstraction of Groundwater Groundwater Table Mitigation .2:- Measures) 5 8: ::J Disruption of services Social Issues Moderate ... (J) Water Connections Social Issues Negligible J9 Nil (as STP Increased Wastewater Generation Water and soil Quality, Public Health ~ upgreded) Coping system of residents Social Issues Mild land use Pattern, Agricultural Land will be purchased as per Change in existing land use pattern Nil prevailing rates of the area Sludge Disposal Nil, treated wastewater and Water Quality ts sludge will be Wastewater disposal Soil Quality reused in irrigation .~ e 0.. purpose 6 e Mild (after 0 Operational and Maintenance Mitigation := Occupational Health and Safety :m e measures) Sewer OVerflows NUisance to Public Mild cZ Can be mitigated by applying the Reuse of Sludge and Treated wastewater Soli quality, water quality, and human mitigations beings effectively. (Refer 8.4) 6.0 Environmentallmpllct Assosament 6.20 Consulting Enrjneering Services (Indlll) Pvt. 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In order to discuss the proposed alternatives, consultant met various stakeholders to take their views so as their views may be considered while evaluating the environmental impacts. The aim of these meeting with different stakeholders is as follows: - Disseminate the information pertaining to the project proposals of the city water supply and sewerage system - Gather their views about the project - Discuss the Environmental Impacts, if they perceive any, and the same may be taken into consideration at the design stage and in EIA study. The process adopted for holding the public consultation and issues discussed in these meetings are briefly discussed in the following subsections. 7.1 Consultation Process Public consultation process helps in eliminating any apprehensions regarding the project and gives insight to the problems faced by the public. It also provides cost effective solutions by participation of the local residents during implementation and operation phase of the project. To conduct the consultation process, the following key planning tasks are taken care of: · Identifying all stakeholders/beneficiaries Direct stakeholders/beneficiaries such as, IWSLC, Governorate OffiCials, local residents, hospitals, Health Department, farmers, NWRA etc. Indirect Stakeholderslbeneficiaries such as Tourism department, Social Affair, Soil and Agricultural department Non governmental organizations (NGO), Women ASSociation, etc · Key issues such as Environmental and public health issues such as soil conservation programs, tree plantation. Existing condition of the water supply and sanitation system. 7.0 Public Consultation Meeting 7.1 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umited Project: Environmentallmp.:t As.ssment tElA), Environmental December. 2008 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Wafer and Sanitation Project, Rapublic of Vemen, IBBCS.2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - VEM) Document: 20060191ENVI Draft Final Repott Existing condition of the STP. Purpose of the proposed project. Proposed project alternatives · Social Assessment can help to detennine what interests each stakeholder group has in the projed and which groups have the best influence or control. · Areas around which consultation needed Key organizations and interested parties involved Local authorities and the line agencies involved Size of the issues or importance of the decision Urgency · To understand the decision making process i.e. how the environmental decisions are made: that is to which parties (such as Government, sponsors, institutions) make which decision. · Level of consultation For meaningful and public consultation, three different levels have been identified (a) conveying infonnation to the public, (b) listening to public opinion, and (c) involving public in decision making. The consultation meetings have been planned to ensure: - Stakeholders and affected members of the society have an overall understanding of the present water supply and sanitation conditions. - Satisfadory service levels and standards commensurate with affordability and environmental concerns. - Environmental management plan encompassing mitigation measures, monitoring plan, and institutional measures. 7.2 First Public Consultation Meeting This meeting was organized with Deputy Govemor in his office on 12th June 2006. The purpose of this meeting is to apprise him of the projed and to take his views for assessing the potential environmental impads due to various proposed structures of the water supply and sewerage system. The events of this meeting are given in Table 7.1. 7.0 Public Com/Jltlltion Meeting 7.2 Consulting Engineering Servic/!/lS (Indill) Pvt Umled December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Report Table 7.1: Issues Discussed in the First Meeting and its Outcome ATTENDEES: JI Deputy Governor of Ibb Governorate, Officials of the IWSLC CES Representative D DA MEETING 12.06.2006 and OffICe of the · The Deputy Governor expressed that the proposed altemative 3 of the proposed Deputy Govemor sewerage system showing the location of new ISSUES DISCUSSED STP near central park. is not suitable and Environmental problems associated availability of Land is also diffICult even in Sahool with current water supply and area. Also he expressed that it will affect the groundwater quality since most of the wells are sewerage system of the city such shallow well there. as nuisance of the odor due to · He expressed that the location of new STP overloading of the existing STP. should be on the downstream of the existing Altematives of the proposed water STP. supply and sewerage system. · He informed us that these proposals should also be discussed in Local council meeting. Land requirement for the proposed · He expressed that the idea of developing STP, storage reservoirs etc. greenbelt is good and it should be developed in Associated procedures of the land the well field area. This will utilize the dried acquisitions for these structures. sludge and treated wastewater. · For land acquisition, he expressed that the Green belt development ISWLC is to submit the proposal for land requirement and the cost estimates for the land which is to be acquired. This proposal will be taken care for further necessary discussion. However, he expressed that water storage site in Harata area is not suitable due to non availability of land. · At the end, he has expressed that the project is overall beneficial to the citizens of the city and, therefore to be soon. 7.3 2nd Public Consultation Meeting With Non Government Organizations (NGOs) Based on the discussion with the department of social welfare, Ibb and officials of the IWSLC, the following NGOs were selected for consultation. The events of the 2nd meeting are summarized in Table 7.2. 7.0 Public COfl$u/tlftion Meeting 7.3 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umited ~ Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060 19IENVI Draft Final RepOtt Table 7.2: Issues Discussed in the 2nd Meeting and its Outcome Representative of Environmental Protection Society Representative of Water Preservation Society Official IWSLC Environmental Consultant - CES OATE ANO VENUE OF THE OUTCOME: MEETING 13.06.2006 and OffICe Representative of Environmental Protection of the NGO's IAynr""CUl4:>ti the following: I--:'IS=-S::::,U;..::;E=S=-""=O:=:-ISc:::::-C=U=-=-S=S=E=O=------I As the city growth is expanding fast, the proposed looatlOln Environmental problems of the new STP in altemative 3 shall not be appropriate future. It will have environmental concems such as associated with current water problems, air pollution etc. in the surrounding area. supply and sewerage system Reuse of dried sludge and treated wastewater in irri;'l:lIflinl"ll of the city such as nuisance of purposes is a positive step. Presently some areas get less water once in a week the odor due to overloading of few hours as the population of city has been increased the existing STP. last few years. Hence, the present system should also Alternatives of the proposed upgraded. water supply and sewerage The construction activity such as laying pipes, sewers should be taken up in stages especially in the t"'.r.r~n"'·Clt"'l'I system. areas. Reuse of treated wastewater However, the proposed project has beneficial impacts and sludge utilization in the people. I-lAll'\rAClArUA1tIVA of Water Preservation Society expressed irrigation. following: Impact associated with There are several shallow wells in Sahool area construction phase activities proposed location of new STP in Altemative 3 is not suitable option. such as, The construction activity should be carried out with ..; Public Safety care especially in old city being congested and hA\J'lnni ..; Removal of Construction narrow lanes. debris Storage of construction material should not be allowed streets or roads etc. Separate yards are to be II'IAn~I~IAi"II ..; Storage of material in the during construction stage. congested streets Construction debris should not be left unattended at and should be disposed of immediately to inconvenience to the public. During construction phase, care shall be taken to avo any damage to the nearby buildings in congested and in old city. Overall the nrnllo::>rt is 7.0 Public Consultation Meeting 7.4 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Umited ~ Project; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December. 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3100 - YEM) Document; 2006019/ENVI Draft Final Repo#: In addition to the above NGOs, Women Association has also been contacted. This women organization is mainly involve in the development of women & child health care awareness and women skill. Various issues pertaining to the project have been discussed with them and their views have been considered while formulating the environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan. The issues discussed in the consultation meeting are presented in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Issues Discussed in the 2nd Meeting and its Outcome ATTENDEES: Representative of Family Care Association (Jamiyatul Khiriyatul Ussra) Official IWSLC Environmental Consultant - CES DATE AND VENUE OF THE MEETING OUTCOME 13.06.2006 and OffICe of the NGO's · Presently. there is always shortage of ISSUES DISCUSSED water supply in some areas. These areas are to be connected with the proposed Environmental problems associated with system to avoid women to collect the current water supply and sewerage water from distant places in future. system of the city. Environmental Problems associated with · By connecting the whole city with water supply network, the population shall be health & hygiene with particular benefited. emphasis on child and women Alternatives of the proposed water · The project will improve the health and hygiene of the citizen of the Ibb. supply and sewerage system. Impacts associated with construction · It is also learnt during the discussion that the contractor should provide safety activities. measures near the residential building to avoid the accidents. Also, access to the residences/schools should be provided. 7.0 Public ConsulUltlon Meeting 7.5 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt. Um'ed Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project. Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Report 7.4 3rd Public Consultation Meeting (PCM) with Other Stakeholders The consultant discussed with several stakeholder to discuss the issues related with implementation and operation phase of the Ibb water supply and sewerage system. These are presented briefly in Table 7.4 and discussed in the following subsections. Table 7.4: Issues Discussed in the 3Rt Meeting and its Outcome ATTENDEES: Representative of NWRA, Health, Agriculture, and Social Affair Department Official IWSLC Environmental Consultant - CES DA OUTCOME 14.06.2006 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 . Sometimes, the existing STP poses the odor ISSUES DISCUSSED problem in the nearby residential areas. Environmental problems · Everybody complains of shortage of water. associated with current water · Representative of Agriculture Department supply and sewerage system expressed has expressed that the sludge utilization or treated wastewater utilization in of the city. Agriculture purpose is a good option. But the - Alternatives of the proposed regular test to ascertain the parameters of the water supply and sewerage sludge/treated wastewater quality should be undertaken before its utilization. system. · Representative of health department informed - Reuse of treated wastewater that there are reported cases of waterborne and sludge reutilization in disease such as, Typhoid, Cholera, Irrigation Gastroenteritis etc. and water related disease such as, Malaria. Health issues pertaining to the · Health department representative also waterborne disease expressed the need for the up-gradation of the existing water supply and sewerage system. · 7.0 Public Consultation Meeting 7.6 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt limited Project: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmenta' December. 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen. IBSCS-2. (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 2006019/ENVI Draft Final R~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ _ __ 7.4.1 Consultation meeting with Villagers In addition to the above meeting the consultant also met the farmers and discussed the following: - The consultant visited Village AI-Nakeel located on the downstream side of the STP along with the representatives of IWSLC. A shallow well of 20m depth is located in this area. - Farmers of this village have informed that the water of the shallow well located there is not fit for drinking. - They use the water of this well only for irrigation purpose and sometimes to feed the animals. - Some skin disease problems have also been reported by the villagers - Residents of the nearby location of the proposed STP in Alternative 3 was also met and discussed with them about Packaged STP. They informed that this location is not suitable for such proposals. 7.4.2 Meeting with IWSLC official The consultant has organized meeting with the officials of the IWSLC and following issues have been discussed. · There is no involuntary resettlement required for the construction of the water storage reservoir and other facilities such as STP. · IWSLC has to acquire the land for the various components such as water storage reservoirs and STP for the proposed water supply and sewerage system. The consultant have discussed with various officials of the IWSLC about the land acquisition. It is informed that the IWSLC has to prepare proposal for land to be acquired for STP and storage reservoir along with the cost estimates and the same would be submitted to the Governorate and concerned Ministry. · The cost estimates of the land acquisition will be prepared based on the prevailing rates of the area to be selected. These details have to be submitted in 7.0 Public Consultation Meeting 7.7 Consulting Engineering Services (India) PYt Umited December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI.. and Environmental Monitoring PI.. for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and &..itatIon Project, Republic of Yemen, IBSCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080111ENYI Draft Final RepOlt advance for necessary action. The same will be disbursed to PAP. There will not be any problem for land acquisition. · The land has already been acquired in AI Hammami area for the water reservoir. This land should be given priority for the water reservoir to serve in Zone1 by the Engineering consultant since the IWSLC has already acquired the land. · It is leamt during the discussion that the price of land could range between YR 500,000 and YR 600,000 per qasabah. (1 qasabah=56m1 7.5 Summary of the Outcome of the Public Consultation Meetings PCM's have been conducted with the wide spectrum of stakeholders, during the study. The outcome of these PCM's are summarized below: - Stakeholders expressed need to upgrade the existing water supply and sewerage system. - Deputy Govemor of Ibb also welcomed the idea of reutilization of sludge and treated wastewater for greenbelt development. - Deputy Govemor informed that land is not available in Harrata area. - Any proposal for new STP should be on the downstream of the existing system. - Residents and NGOs showed their unwillingness to get constructed any STP as proposed by Ec in altemative 3 in that area. - Representative of the women association and NGO also have shown their concem abolJt the public safety measures, traffic diversion measures, etc. at the construction sites. Contractor has to take provide proper safety measures at site. NGO also expressed that the contractor should carry out the work with proper safety in the old city of Ibb. NGO also discussed that the construction of any sewage treatment plant is not feasible as there are so many wells are located in the wadi Sahool. - Construction debris should be disposed to the land fill sites immediately and should not be allowed dumped for longer time or unattended. Construction material shall be stored proper1y at the site and in harrow streets should not be allowed to store for longer periods. 7.0 Public ConstJtstion Meeting 7.8 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umited December, 2006 ~ Project: Environmentallmp.:tAa....ment (EIA). Environmental MItigation PI. . and Environmental Monitoring PI. . for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and 5.-.itation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080181ENVI Draft Final Report - Regular checks of the sludge should be conducted if it is proposed to be reused for agricultural purposes as suggested by the Manager of the Agricultural department, Ibb. 7.6 Agenda for Fourth Public Consultation· Meeting Fourth and final public consultation meeting should include area wise representative from the project area. The following activities should be taken up. · To record stakeholders: - Overall reaction to the project activities - Opinion regarding quality of construction - Felt needs - Lessons learnt during construction phase - Suggestions for improving implementation of future phases of the development plan · To initiate follow up activities - Area wise formation of citizen committee comprising representative of IWSLC, local council, NGO, women aSSociation, and hara member. - Public Awareness Campaign covering the issues ..J Save water ..J POSitive aspects of the rainwater harvesting ..J Serious implications of the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater ..J Timely submission of bills ..J Health and hygiene ..J To discourage illegal connections " Not to through the solid waste into the manholes or indiscriminate dumping of the solid waste " Role of community in protecting water supply and sewerage system " Regular inspection of assets and immediate reporting Of the defects by the citizen committee. 7.0 Public Consultation MeetlnQ 7.9 Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Umled 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Table of Contents 8.0 Environmental Management Plan ..................................................................8.1 8.1 Preconstruction Stage ....................................................................................8.1 8.2 Managing Impacts during Construction Phase ...............................................8.1 8.2.1 Managing Impacts of Construction Activities Common to both the Utilities ..... 8.1 8.2.1.1 Managing Public Safety .................................................................................8.1 8.2.1.2 Managing Impacts on Noise Quality ...............................................................8.2 8.2.1.3 Managing Air Quality......................................................................................8.3 8.2.1.4 Managing Storage of Fill Material... ................................................................8.4 8.2.1.5 Managing Impacts from Construction Worker's Colony .................................. 8.4 8.2.1.6 Access Management .....................................................................................8.4 8.2.1.7 Managing Workers Health and Safety ............................................................ 8.5 8.2.1.8 Managing Impacts due to off-site Facilities ....................................................8.6 8.2.2 Water Supply Scheme ...................................................................................8.8 8.2.2.1 Flushing and Disinfecting ...............................................................................8.8 8.2.2.2 Drilling of Wells ..............................................................................................8.9 8.2.3.2 Managing Public Health ............................................................................... 8.10 8.2.3.3 Managing Impacts from Collection, Storage, and Disposal of Household Wastewater..................................................................................................8.11 8.2.3.4 Managing Removal and Disposal of liquid wastes ....................................... 8.11 8.2.3.5 Managing Disposal of Existing Sewer Pipes ................................................ 8.12 8.2.3.6 TraffIC Management .....................................................................................8.12 8.3 Managing Impacts during Operation Phase ................................................. 8.13 8.3.1 Managing Impacts from Water Supply Project Operation ............................. 8.13 8.3.1.1 Customer Satisfaction Survey ...................................................................... 8.13 8.3.1.2 Citizens' Committee .....................................................................................8.14 8.3.1.3 Conservation of Groundwater Resources .................................................... 8.14 8.3.1.4 Equipment Maintenance .............................................................................. 8.14 8.3.1.5 Preventive Maintenance .............................................................................. 8.15 8.3.1.6 Operation and Maintenance of Pumps ......................................................... 8.15 8.3.2.1 Occupational Health and Safety ................................................................... 8.16 8.3.2.2 Sewer Overflows ..........................................................................................8.17 8.3.2.3 Pumping Station .......................................................................................... 8.17 8.3.2.4 Manholes .....................................................................................................8.17 8.3.2.5 Treatment Plant ...........................................................................................8.18 8.4 Reutilization of Sludge and Treated Effluent ................................................ 8.18 8.5 Greenbelt Development/Forestry Plan ......................................................... 8.20 8.6 Summary of Management Plan .................................................................... 8.20 List of Tables Table 8.1: Suggested Noise Standards for Construction Equipment .............................. 8.2 Table 8.2: Typical Noise Standards: Motor Vehicle Noise.............................................. 8.3 Table 8.3: Environmental Action Plan for Occupational Health and Workers Safety during Construction Phase....................................................................................... 8.6 Table 8.4: Summary of EMP (Project Implementation and Operation Phase) .............. 8.21 List of Figures Figure 8.1 Potential Areas Identified for Reutilization of Treated Wastewater in Irrigation Project: Environmental Impact Aaseument (EIA). Environmental December, 2006 Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision:RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yanen. IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20080191ENVI Draft Final Repott 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Prediction of likely environmental impacts and recommending the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to offset/reduce/eliminate the adversities arising from the proposed project are main purpose of this study. Suggested EMP outlines: · Mitigation measures to be taken during the construction and operation phase of the project · MonitOring plan · Institutional measures and budgetary cost estimates This Section is focused on the mitigation measures to be taken during project construction and operation to reduce the environmental impacts as identified in Section 6.0. Other elements of EMP such as monitoring plan, institutional measures, and budgetary cost estimates are discussed in the next Section (9.0). 8.1 Preconstruction Stage Since the pre-constriction stage activities are only limited to offICial work comprising design, planning, and tendering procedure, it does not need any mitigation planning except strictly following the crucial items of design criteria for the most effective and efficient network system. 8.2 Managing Impacts during Construction Phase EMP for construction phase has been developed for. · Managing impacts of construction activities common to both the utilities · Managing impacts of construction activities related to sanitation project; and · Managing impacts of construction activities related to water supply project. 8.2.1 Managing Impacts of Construction Activities Common to both the Utilities Various activities such as, vehicular movement, operation of equipment, setting up of construction yard, and workers colony will affect the existing environmental conditions during the construction phases of water supply and sanitation project. Mitigation measures to reduce the environmental impacts are as follows: 8.2.1.1 Managing Public Safety At the time of construction, the safety of public is one of the most important issues. To minimize the risk-involving public, the following measures are suggested: 8.0 Environmentsl M.nagemenl PlfIIJ 8.1 ConsultinQ EngIneering Services (Ind;.) Pvt. Umled December, 2008 ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Environmental Mitigation PI... Md Environmental Monitoring PI... for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200801t1ENVI Draft FInal RepOlt · Trenches for laying the pipeline shall be opened for minimum possible time period. · To permit safe crossing of trenches and to have access to private properties appropriate trench crossing facilities shall be provided in sufficient numbers. · To separate the pedestrian from road traffic alternative appropriate pedestrian route/crossing shall be provided. Where roadway is restricted, the risk of pedestrian and vehicle conflict is significantly high. In such cases, temporary closure of the access may be considered. · Temporary fences shall be used to isolate the deeper trenches. · Trenches shall be strictly fenced in the vicinity of schools, mosques and locations of public concentration. · Precaution notice will be provided in required locations. · The use of all heavy and mobile equipment shall be strictly controlled with all drivers and operators required to be licensed and all heavy equipment operated in strict accordance with manufacturer's guidelines or Yemeni guidelines. 8.2.1.2 Managing Impacts on Noise Quality Movement of heavy vehicles and operation of construction equipment will generate high noise levels and impact the existing environmental conditions. These impacts will be, however, limited to the construction period only and can be mitigated by adopting the following measures: · The equipment to be utilized in the construction of the project shall be fitted with vibration isolators. This equipment shall conform to the sound level emissions as stipulated in Table 8.1 or other appropriate standards. Table 8.1: Suggesied Noise Standards for Construction Equipment Activity Source Limitation Limitati (Day) on (Night) Trenching Impact Drill 75 55 Structure Concrete 70 55 Surfacing Mixer/Concrete 70 55 Pump Roller Source: MalaYSian EnVironmental Quality Ad 1974 and Guidelnes · Vehicles producing noise levels exceeding the limits as given in Table 8.2 due to poor engine adjustments, damage to noise amelioration equipment or other ineffICient operating conditions shall not be used. 8.0 EnWonrnt!lfltsJ Management Plan B.2 COl1$uIting E.ngineering Services (India) Pvt Umiled Project: Environmental Impact As_nment tElA), Environmental December, 2008 ~ Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and Sanitation Project, Republic of Yemen, IBBCS-2, (Wortd Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 20060181ENVI Draft Final Report Table 8.2: Typical Noise standards: Motor Vehicle Noise category of Vehicle Maximum Sound Level Pennitted dB(Al Used for the carriage of goods. Pennitted maximum weight does not exceed 3.5 tons. II 81 Engine is less than 200 hp DIN Used for the carriage of goods. Pennitted maximum weight exceeds 3.5 tons. Engine is 86 less than 200 hp DIN Used for the carriage of goods. Pennitted maximum weight does not exceed 3.5 tons. 88 Engine is 200 hp DIN or more Source: MalaYSian Environmental Qually Ad. 1974 and GUldelnes · Protective devices such as earplugs, muff, etc. will be provided to the workers working in the noisy areas. · Construction activities will be strictly prohibited between 10.00PM to 06.ooAM in the residential areas. · Near sensitive areas like mosques, schools, hospitalsJhealth centers and important public buildings due care shall be taken. 8.2.1.3 Managing Air Quality Moderate air quality impacts during the construction phase of the project can be anticipated due to fugitive dust generation in and around the working site from the movement of vehicles, operation of the construction machinery and handling (loading/unloading) of materials. Following mitigation measures shaH be taken for reducing the impacts on air quality: · The method of handling cement and pozzoJoid shall include means of eliminating atmosphere discharge of dust. · Equipment and vehicles producing excessive emissions of exhaust gases due to any mechanical fault shall not be allowed for operation. · Asphalt and hot mix plant should be located at least 500 m away from inhabited settlement, if required. · Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment should be carried out. · Weakly inspection of construction sites shall be carried out to ensure the disposal of the construction debris to the approved landfill sites. · Low emission eqUipment sh~1I be used. · Vehicles carrying construction material shall be covered with tarpaulin or canvas sheet to avoid spilling. Additionally. any of these materials which may collect on the horizontal surfaces shall be removed before transportation. 8.0 Environmental Msmrgement Plan 8.3 Consulting Engineering SfllVices (India) Pvt. Umled ~ Project: Environmental Impact As....ment (EIA), Envlronm.,tal December, 2008 Mitigation Plan ..d Envlronm.,tal Monitoring Plan for Ibb City Revision: RO Water and s..i1ation Project, Republic of Yam." IBBCS--2, (World Bank Credit No.: 3700 - YEM) Document: 200601.IENVI Draft Final RepOft · Regulations with respect to restriction of speed for all the vehicles operating within the construction site or on access roads shall be promulgated. · Sprinkling of water at construction sites. 8.2.1.4 Managing Storage of Fill Material For laying the pipes in trenches, fill material will be required for preparing the bed of pipes and back-filling the trenches. Considering the urban nature of construction site and to minimize the inconvenience, storage of material near the site shall not be pennitted. Contractors should transport and use material preferably without any temporary storage on site. If necessary. temporary storage may be pennitted with the following conditions: · Minimum period of temporary storage will not be allowed more than fIVe (5) days; · No existing access shall be disturbed; · No residual material will be allowed to be left at site; · Heaps shall be located only in that area, which is temporarily acquired for construction purposes with proper approval. 8.2.1.5 Managing Impacts from Construction Worker's Colony Sewage and domestic solid waste generated at labor camps, if not disposed of properly, could create unsanitary conditions at construction site. Following mitigation measures shall be adopted: · Provision of proper drainage system shall be made in wort