TRAFFIC CRASH INJURIES AND DISABILITIES: THE BURDEN ON INDIAN SOCIETY UTTAR PRADESH This state fact sheet highlights the impact of road crashes on people belonging to different social categories in the state. The fact sheet uses data from the 2021 study titled “Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society”. The fact sheet depicts data on the average costs of road crashes, insurance compensation, disability status, and so on. Uttar is a northern state in India, which is the most populated state in the country. With 18 divisions and 75 districts, the state has a 2020 projected population of 23.78 crores, with a nominal Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2019-20 of INR 15,79,807 crores3. The nominal per capita GSDP of Uttar Pradesh was INR 57,480 in 2016-17. The urbanisation rate in Uttar Pradesh is low, and most of the state’s population resides in rural areas. 18 Divisions As of 2011, only 22.28% of Uttar Pradesh’s population resides in urban areas7. 75 Districts Uttar Pradesh recorded 2,62,65,0001 registered vehicles as of March, 2017. The state also witnessed 37,537 road crashes and 23,2852 road crash deaths in 2019 alone, making it the state with the highest road crash deaths in 2019. Based on several factors like proportion of urban population, literacy rate, poverty rate Population and per capita net state GDP, Uttar Pradesh has been categorised as a “Low Capacity 23.78 Crores State” in this study. Uttar Pradesh also has a relatively low female literacy rate. The female literacy rate in the state was 59.26%, while male literacy rate was 79.24%6. In terms of State performance on meeting the SDG goals, Uttar Pradesh scores 55 on the index.This indicates that Uttar Pradesh has met 55% of the SDG targets for 20304. Additionally, the State scores 40 on the poverty related SDG. 2017 2,62,65,000 Registered vehicles Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society 2019 37,537 2019 23,2852 Highest road crash road road crash deaths in crashes deaths 2019 GDP 2011 2011 59.26% 79.24%6 Low female male Capacity literacy literacy State rate rate 1. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, “Road NITI Aayog Website, December 20, 2019, Accessed on Transport Yearbook”, Ministry of Road Transport and October 9, 2020, https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/ Highways website, September 23, 2019, Accessed on SDG-India-Index-2.0_27-Dec.pdf October 9, 2020, https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/ 5. Unique Identification Authority of India, “State/ UT files/Road%20Transport%20Year%20Book%202016- wise AADHAR Saturation Data”, UIDAI website, May 31, 17.pdf 2020, Accessed on October 9, 2020, https://uidai.gov. 2. National Crime Records Bureau, “Accidental Deaths in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf and Suicides in India”, National Crime Records Bureau 6. Government of Uttar Pradesh, “Statistics of Uttar Website, August 28, 2020, Accessed on October 9, 2020, Pradesh”, Government of Uttar Pradesh Website, https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI_2019_ Accessed on October 9, 2020, http://up.gov.in/ FULL%20REPORT_updated.pdf upstateglance.aspx 3. PRS India, “Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2019- 7. Town and Country Planning Department, Uttar 20”, PRS India website, February, 2019, Accessed Pradesh, “Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh”, Town and on October 9, 2020, https://www.prsindia.org/sites/ Country Planning Department website, Accessed on default/files/budget_files/State%20Budget%20 October 9, 2020, http://uptownplanning.gov.in/page/ Analysis%20-%20UP%202019-20%20final.pdf en/urbanization-in-uttar-pradesh 4. NITI Aayog, “SDG India Index & Dashboard, 2019-20”, PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE IN UTTAR victims, and 8.4% were female road crash victims. As many as 161 (31.3%) of the victims were chief wage PRADESH: earners. 39.3% of the victims live(d) in urban areas. • A total of 514 respondents (victims and household • 226 of the households had a family member that members) participated in the survey for the PSIA study. died as a result of the road crash (44%). About 21.4% Among them, 101 respondents (19.6%) belonged to of these victims died at the crash scene. In addition, High Income Households (HIH), and 413 respondents 76 victims suffered from some disability (14.8%). Out (80.4%) belonged to Low Income Households (LIH). of these, 44 victims (57.9%) developed a long term The average monthly household income for HIH was disability. approximately INR 2.33 lakhs, and for LIH, the income was INR 15,224. In addition, 106 truck drivers with an • The average estimated Out of Pocket Expenses borne average income of INR 15,991 were included in the by victims/ household members across households survey. 91.6% of the respondents were male road crash was INR 78,584. Only about 48% of the respondents received some form of compensation. TABLE 1: RESPONDENT PROFILE Particulars Uttar Pradesh Participants (#, %) in HIH 101 (19.6) Average monthly household income for HIH (INR) 2,32,673 Participants (#, %) in LIH 413 (25.1) Average monthly household income for LIH (INR) 15,224 Participants (#) as truck drivers 106 Average monthly income from driving profession for truck drivers (INR) 15,991 % of female victims 8.4 #, % crash deaths (226) 44.0 #,% with major crash injury (288) 56.0 #,% recovered with some disability (76) 26.4* #,% have long term mobility disability (44) 57.9 % of victims who were chief wage earner 161 (31.3) *taken as a percentage figure of total major injuries. Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society PROFILE OF VICTIMS BASED ON THE that died was higher for LIH in both urban and rural areas, with LIH comprising 58.6% of the male victims OUTCOME OF THE CRASH: in urban areas, and 99.3% of the male victims in rural areas. 100% of the female victims that died in rural • Based on the outcome of the crash, most of the victims areas belonged to LIH. that died belonged to low income households. For urban areas, 56.4% of the victims that died belonged • Proportion of male victims that survived in both urban to LIH and in rural areas, 99.5% of the victims that died and rural areas was higher for LIH than for HIH. The belonged to LIH. proportion of female victims that survived was higher for LIH than HIH in rural areas. However, for urban • Further, it can be observed that for both LIH and HIH, areas, the proportion of female victims that survived an equal proportion of female victims died in urban was higher for HIH than LIH. areas.Whereas, for males, the proportion of victims CHART 1: HABITATION- WISE TRENDS OF ROAD CRASH OUTCOMES Chart 1a: % of victims that survived in urban areas Chart 1b: % of victims that survived in rural areas 80 100 94.4% 94.3% 95% Overall 70 66.7% Male 58.5% 80 Female 60 53.4% 50 46.6% 60 41.5% 40 33.3% 30 40 20 20 10 5.6% 5.7% 5% 0 0 LIH HIH LIH HIH Chart 1c: % of victims that died in urban areas Chart 1d: % of victims that died in rural areas 58.6% 99.5% 99.3% 100% 60 56.4% 100 50% 50% 50 80 43.6% 41.4% 40 60 30 40 20 10 20 0.5% 0.7% 0% 0 0 LIH HIH LIH HIH FINANCIAL IMPACT OF ROAD of HIH admitted to the same. Further, a larger number of cases of property sale, money borrowing, and relocation CRASHES IN UTTAR PRADESH: were observed in LIH than in HIH. Interestingly, a larger proportion of HIH reported OOPE than LIH. This can be due 83.8% of LIH admitted that there was a decline in total to the fact that HIH can afford better quality treatment than income of the household due to the road crash, while 64.4% LIH. CHART 2: FINANCIAL IMPACT ON THE VICTIM HOUSEHOLD 100 LIH 83.8% HIH 80 68.3% 64.4% 65.6% 60 47.9% 40 24.2% 18.2% 16.2% 20 10.9% 8.9% 4% 5.9% 0 Decline in Out of pocket Had to sell/ Had to Had to relocate Any household total income expenses mortgage family borrow money for treatement member had of household increased assets (from anyone) for more than to relocate 30 days permanently Out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) is the CHART 3: % OF VICTIMS/FAMILIES THAT FACED OOPE payment made directly by individuals at the 100 LIH (% yes) 89.8% point of service where the entire cost of the HIH (% yes) health good or service is not covered under 80 72.3% any financial protection scheme. The OOPE for LIH was about 5.8% higher for LIH than 60 50% for HIH. Total OOPE in Uttar Pradesh was 41.8% INR 79,433 for LIH, and INR 75,110 for HIH. 40 89.8% of the LIH where the victim survived admitted to paying OOPE, while 72.3% of 20 the of the HIH where victims had survived admitted to paying OOPE. 0 Survived Died Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society LOSSES INCURRED DUE TO 2,30,800 respectively. As HIH have significantly higher income than LIH, the loss of income was higher for HIH than ROAD CRASHES: for LIH. Loss of property and legal expenses accounted for about 8% and 5.8% of LIH losses respectively, and 12.3% The total losses faced by 413 low income households and and 1.6% of HIH losses respectively. The breakup of the 101 high income households was INR 1,64,230, and INR losses is as follows: CHART 4: LOSSES INCURRED DUE TO ROAD CRASH (INR) LIH HIH 79,433 80000 75,110 75,000 70000 60000 50000 45,699 40000 29,805 28,414 29,043 30000 20000 13,133 9,600 10000 3,634 3,216 2,943 0 Loss of Loss of property/ Out of pocket Legal/ Amount paid to Others income during vehicle etc. expenses on administrative/ other vehicle/ (hospital visits, period of due to road treatment of compensation person involved loss of belongings, treatment crash victim expenses in crash food expenses, travel, etc.) MECHANISM TO COPE WITH FINANCIAL LOSSES: Interestingly, a larger proportion of HIH (89.1%) spent from family savings to cope with the losses than LIH (71.9%). About 48.2% of LIH had to arrange for a loan as opposed This can be attributed to the fact that savings will be larger to 10.9% of HIH. Further, a larger proportion of LIH had to for HIH than for LIH. resort to selling assets, and taking on extra work than HIH. CHART 5: MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THE FINANCIAL BURDEN OF ROAD CRASHES (%YES) LIH HIH 100 89.1% 80 71.9% 60 48.2% 40 24.2% 21.8% 20 10.9% 8.7% 10.7% 8.7% 4% 3.6% 0% 2.7% 1% 2.4% 3% 1% 1% 0 Arranged Sold/ Took on extra Compensation Received Received Dependent Reveived Spent from a loan mortgage work by from the compensation compensation was provided compensation family assets household insurance under for employer job by from other savings members company schemes employer/ party involved govt. (monthly in a road income) crash COMPENSATION AVAILED AND • Only 1.7% of LIH victims and 9.9% HIH victims/family members availed medical insurance compensation. RECEIVED UNDER MOTOR VEHICLE, Among those that availed compensation , 42.9% of the MEDICAL, AND LIFE INSURANCE LIH victims, and 90% of HIH victims received the eligible compensation. In terms of time taken, LIH victims SCHEMES: received their compensation in about 3.7 months while HIH victims received it in about 4 months. • As low as 7.5% of LIH victims, and 30.7% HIH victims/family members availed motor vehicle • 5.8% of LIH, and 10.9% HIH victims/family members insurance compensation. Among those that availed availed life insurance compensation. Among those compensation, just 41.9% of the LIH victims, and 38.7% that availed compensation , 91.7% of the LIH, and of HIH victims received the eligible compensation. 72.7% HIH received the eligible compensation. In terms In terms of time taken, LIH victims received their of time taken, LIH victims received their compensation compensation in about 11.1 months while HIH victims in about 4.1 months, and HIH in 5.9 months. received it in about 10.3 months. Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society CHART 6: VICTIMS THAT AVAILED AND RECEIVED COMPENSATION FROM INSURANCE (% YES) 100 91.7% 90% 80 72.7% 60 41.9% 42.9% 38.7% 40 30.7% 20 7.5% 9.9% 10.9% 5.8% 1.7% 0 Availed (LIH) Received eligible Availed (HIH) Received eligible compensation (LIH) compensation (HIH) Motor vehicle insurance compensation Medical insurance compensation Life insurance compensation CHART 7: AVERAGE TIME TAKEN (MONTHS) TO RECEIVE COMPENSATION Motor vehicle 11.1 insurance compensation 10.3 Medical 3.7 insurance compensation 4 Average time taken (month) LIH Life insurance 4.1 compensation Average time 5.9 taken (month) HIH 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 DIFFICULTY IN AVAILING COMPENSATION: When asked about the difficulty in availing compensation, a larger proportion of LIH (18.2%) affirmatively responded than HIH (12.9%). CHART 8: RESPONSES WHETHER VICTIM/ HOUSEHOLD MEMBER FACED ANY DIFFICULTY WHILE AVAILING COMPENSATION (%) 80 72.3% LIH 70 HIH 60 56.7% 50 40 30 18.2% 20 13.1% 12.9% 12.1% 10 12.9% 2% 0 Yes No NA DK/CS A larger percentage of LIH (31.7%) also admitted to filing a case in the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal (MACT), than HIH (24.8%). CHART 9: RESPONSES WHETHER VICTIM/ FAMILY FILED A CASE IN MACT (%) 80 69.3% 70 60.8% 60 50 40 31.7% 30 24.8% 20 Yes 10 7.5% 5.9% No 0 DK/CS LIH HIH Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society TRUCK DRIVER’S AWARENESS 2019. As high as 45.3% of the truck drivers were unaware about the time limit for filing cases for compensation, LEVELS ON MOTOR THIRD PARTY which is 6 months from the crash occurrence. Further, LIABILITY INSURANCE: as high as 55.7% of the drivers were unaware about the insurance company’s liability to designate an officer to Among the 106 truck drivers surveyed in Uttar Pradesh, assist claimants in the claim settlement process. 33% 43.4% of the truck drivers were unaware that the attendant of the respondents were unaware that Motor Third Party or khalasi is also covered under the motor third party liability Liability Insurance is mandatory, and that the Police can insurance under the Motor Vehicles (Amendement) Act, charge fines for uninsured vehicles. CHART 10: AWARENESS LEVEL OF TRUCK DRIVERS ON MOTOR THIRD PARTY LIABILITY INSURANCE Not Aware Fully Aware 100 Somewhat Aware 88% 80 60 55.7% 47.2% 43.4% 45.3% 40.6% 40.6% 37.7% 43.4% 40 34.9% 34.9% 36.8% 35.8% 35.8% 31.1% 30.2% 29.2% 26.4% 28.3% 23.6% 20 19.8% 18.9% 17.9% 15.1% 0 The purchase If the vehicle Motor third Motor third If someone The Along with The time In case of motor third is uninsured, party liability party liability else is at compensation driver, limitation of road party liability you/ owner insurance insurance fault for an you are truck, for filing of crash, insurance is may be provides does not crash & eligible to attendant cases for insurance compulsary personally compensation provide you incur receive may (Khalasi) compensation company is and you may liable to pay to other compensation injuries, be reduced is also for injuries liable to be fined by the for injuries people for for injuries you may be if you covered before the designate police if caused to their injuries you incur able to claim breach a for benefits claims an officer vehicle is others if you if the if the compensation traffic law under third tribunal to help you uninsured are at fault crash is crash from the party is 6 months with the for crash your fault is your fault insurer the insurance from the process of vehicle is under MVAA, date of the settlement insured with 2019 crash of your claim TYPE OF CAREGIVER FOR VICTIM: LIH and 87.8% for HIH). Interestingly, there was a greater proportion of male caregivers from LIH (27.9%) than HIH In the case of both LIH and HIH, the majority of the victims victims (12.2%). 3.7% of the victims took care of themselves had a female family member as their caregiver (68.4% for in LIH, as opposed to 0% of the victims in HIH. CHART 11: TYPE OF FAMILY MEMBER THAT TOOK CARE OF THE ROAD CRASH VICTIM Self Male Female 87.8% 80 68.4% 70 60 50 6.8% 4.8% DK/CS 16.9% DK/CS 37% 40 No No Yes Yes 30 27.9% 20 56.2% 78.3% 12.2% 10 3.7% 0 LIH HIH HEALTH IMPACT ON HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WITH VICTIMS: As high as 55.2% of the victims from LIH admitted that their family/ household members developed health problems post crash, and 6.5% of the HIH victim household members developed health problems post crash. CHART 12: RESPONSES ON WHETHER HEALTH PROBLEMS DEVELOPED IN HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 7.4% 4.8% 6.5% Chart 12a: Chart 12b: Household 55.2% Household members of the members of the victim developed Yes victim developed health problems: No health problems: LIH HIH DK/CS 37.4% 88.7% Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society 0.8% 43.7% DK/CS 35.6% DK/CS No No Yes Yes 55.5% 64.4% FOOD CONSUMPTION STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OF THE VICTIM: As high as 54.6% of the LIH victim’s household members admitted that their food consumption has decreased post crash, while 6.5% of the HIH victim’s household members admitted that their food consumption has decreased post crash. CHART 13: RESPONSES ON WHETHER FOOD CONSUMPTION FOR HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS DECREASED 5.5% 12.9% Chart 13a: Chart 13b: Food 54.6% 6.5% Food consumption of consumption of victim’s household Yes victim’s household members has members has decreased: LIH No decreased: HIH DK/CS 39.9% 80.6% PROPORTION OF VICTIMS THAT FACED ANY DISABILITY: In Uttar Pradesh, a higher proportion of LIH victims faced disabilities than HIH victims. 76 (37.1%) of the respondents from LIH reported a disability. Among them, 32.9% of LIH reported a serious disability (*Note: No HIH reported a disability). TABLE 2: RESPONSES ON WHETHER VICTIMS FACED A DISABILITY LIH HIH Particulars N %Yes N %Yes Uttar Pradesh 205 37.10% 83 -- DK/CS 50.7% DK/CS 40.8% No No Yes Yes 58.4% 49.3% PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS, In Uttar Pradesh, 62.6% of LIH and 19.4% of HIH reported that the victim or a household member suffered from WHERE FAMILY MEMBERS FACED depression 4.8% post the crash. 2.1% DEPRESSION 52.7% DK/CS 33.7% DK/CS No No CHART 14: RESPONSES ON WHETHER THE VICTIM/ HOUSEHOLD Yes MEMBER SUFFERED FROM Yes DEPRESSION Chart 14a: 8% Chart 14b: Responses on 19.4% Responses on 62.6% whether vctim/ whether vctim/ household 45.2% 61.5% Yes household member suffered member suffered from depression: 29.4% No from depression: LIH DK/CS HIH 80.6% DIFFICULTY IN SLEEPING FOR THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS POST CRASH: In Uttar Pradesh, as high as 49.1% of the household members from LIH faced difficulty in sleeping, while 3.2% of the household members from HIH faced the same. CHART 15: RESPONSES ON WHETHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HAVE DIFFICULTY IN SLEEPING 3.2% Chart 15a: Chart 15b: Responses on 21.5% 49.1% Responses on 22.6% whether whether household household Yes members have members have difficulty in difficulty in Sometimes sleeping (HIH) sleeping (LIH) No, sleep well 29.4% 74.2% Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF VICTIMS: RESPONSES ON WHETHER AN FIR WAS FILED FOR THE ROAD CRASH THAT THE In Uttar Pradesh, LIH on an average, took 73 more days than HIH to return to their previous occupation, VICTIM WAS INVOLVED IN: with LIH taking an average of 129 days to return to their occupation and HIH taking 56 days for the same. In Uttar Pradesh, 50.6% of the LIH and 50.5% of the HIH claim Further, on an average it took LIH 105 days to find a new that no FIR was filed for the road crash case that the victim occupation. (Note: No HIH shifted to a new occupation). was involved in. CHART 16: WAS AN FIR FILED FOR THE ROAD CRASH THAT THE VICTIM WAS INVOLVED IN? 60 50.6% 50.5% 48.5% 50 44.3% 40 30 20 Yes 10 5.1% No 1% DK/CS 0 LIH HIH Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society