Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Activity Completion Report No. 030/85 Country: THE GAMBIA Activity: SOLAR WATER HEATING RETROFI" PROJECT FEBRUARY 1985 Report of the joint UNDP/Worid Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program This document has a restricted distribution. Its contents may not be disclosed without authorization from the Government, the UNDP or the \AWorld Bank. W___R__=~~~~~~~~Ra EM 1 *001 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEK"NT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management AssisLance Program (ESMAP), started in April 1983, assists countries in implementing the main investment and policy recommendations of the Energy Sector Assessment Reports produced under another Joint UNDP/World Bank Program. ESMAP provides staff and consultant assistance in formulating and justifying priority pre-investment and investment projects and in providing management, institutional and policy support. The reports produced under this Program provide governments, donors and potential investors with the information needed to speed up project preparation and implementation. ESMAP activities can be classified broadly into three groups: - Energy Assessment Status Reports: these evaluate achieve- ments in the year following issuance of the original assessment report and point out where urgent action is still needed; = Project Formulation and Justification: work designed to accelerate the preparation and implementation of investment projects; and - institutional and Policy Support: this work also frequently leads to the identification of technical assistance packages. The Program aims to supplement, advance and strengthen the impacL of bilateral and multilateral resources already available for technical assistance in the energy sector. Funding of the Program The Program is a major international effort and, while the core finance has been provided by the UNDP and the World Bank, important financial contributions Lo the Program have also been made by a number of bilateral agencies. Countries which have now made or pledged iritial contributions to the programs through the UNUP Energy Account, or through other cost-sharing arrangements with UNDP, are the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Switzerland, Finland, United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, and New Zealand. Further Information For further information on the Program or to obtain copies of completed ESMAP reports, which are listed at the end of this document, please contact: Division for Global and OR Energy Assessments Division Interregional Projects Energy Department United Nations Development World Bank Program 1818 H Street, N.W. 'ne United NaLions Plaza Washington, D.C. 20433 New York, N.Y. 10017 THE GAMBIA SOLAR WATER HEATING RETROFIT PROJECT PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT FEBRUARY 1985 ABBRBEVIATIMOS AND ACRONIS AfDB - African Development Bank Btu - British thermal unit °C - degrees Centigrade Cal - calorie cm - centimeter OF - degrees Fahrenheit ft - feet gal - gallon GCDB - Gambia Commercial and Development Bank GOTG - Government of The Gambia gpm - gallons per minute GUC - Gambia Utilities Corporation hr - hour kt - knot kWh - kilowatt-hour L - liter mph - miles per hour m/sec - meters per second NEC - National Energy Council NIB National Investment Board PIG - Project Implementation Committee SWH - Solar Water Heating UNSO - United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office cURECY EQUIVALNT Dalasis 3.60 = US$1.00 (April 1984) CONVERSIOM FACTORS 1 kWh = 3,413 Btu 1 liter diesel = 37,323.94 Btu 2 Langley/day = 3.69 Btu/ft'/day - 4.19 Joules/day TABLIE OF CONTEN Page SUMMARY*O.Oo o@o00000000000 000000*00**000**00000e000*00 00 i Io INTRODUCTION .o..o.o......o...oooo...o........o......o.............I Background to the Study...................................... Objectives of the Study...............................**..o 2 II. METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS ........... ...... 3 Design Assumptions.o . ....00000000.000000000000 .000000000 3 Existing Water Heating Systemo........................ 3 Criteria for Selecting Hotels for Solar Retrofits..... 4 Hotel Occupancy Levels. ...............................o 4 Daily Patterns of Hot Water Use........................ 4 Derivation of Hot Water Requirements.................. 5 Solar Islto ......................... 5 Collector Efficiency . ...*******.....o...*.o..oo 5 SWH System Configuratioro...................... .....* o 6 Hot Water Storage. ......................... *........ 6 Financial and Economic Analysis Assumptions ............. 7 III. APPLICATION OF SWH SYSTEMS TO HOTELS.... .................. 10 Senegambiao................ o.oo.o... ................o o 10 Fajaranti .....................................o.....oooo 11 Kombo Bah.... ,12 Atlantic ......... ~~~~~~~13 sunwing .........ooe0#00*60000000000 14 IV. PROPOSED PROJECT ..... .......o ........., 16 Project Description.... ........................*o..ooo 16 Project Financing Re;.irements oooo..................o.oo 16 Project Financial and Economic Analysis................. 17 Project Implementatio: .........................ooo .o.ooooo 20 Contractor's Responsibilities. *e........e.o..ooeoooo.o* 20 Project Supervisor's Responsibilitieso..........o...... 21 Market Survey Consultant's Responsibilitieso.....o.oee 21 ANEES 1: Detailed Tables: Financial/Economic Analysis................ 24 2: Technical Details of SWH Systems ....o.....o.o..oo.................. . 34 3: Terms of Reference: for a Prefeasibility Study on the Retrofit of Smal'ler Hotels and Selected Public Institutions.... ....... ... ,o.o...o..oo ....o.oo....... 40 4: Terms of Reference for Promotion of Solar Water Heater Use in the Residential Sector................. 43 5: Meteorological Data for the Gambia ............................0 47 6: Building Layouts for Kombo Beach, Sunwing and Senegambia Hotels............................. 100 Page TABLES IN TEXT Investment for SWH System Retrofito..............,...,....... ii 2,1: Heating Systems in Tourist Hotelso......... ...............oo 3 2.2: Collector-Related Data for Individual Hotels... .... ..0..... 7 3.1: Financial Analysis by Hotel ............e.. o.o... . ......o.o. 10 3.2: SWH Application at Senegambia ..........e ....e.o.oeoo......o 11 3.3: SWH Application at Fajara.............o....................o 12 3.4: SWH Application at Kombo Beach* 13 3.5: SWi Application at Atlantic.............................. 14 3.6: SWH Application at Sunwingu n w i n g ......oo...ooo.o.. .. ... o 15 4.1: System Cost for SWH by Hotel..-..............o.o.........o 16 4.2: Rate of Return and Payback on Retrofit Investment*********** 18 4.3: Costs and Benefits at all Five Hotels (Financial)0.......0.. 19 TABLES IN ANNEXES Annex 1 1: Fuel Consumption by Hotel........ .0...... ...........e......0 25 2: Storage Tank Sizing........0...ooo....o..... oo.. a..... o. 26 3: Capital Costs......... ...... . 27 4: Monthly Fuel Bill Savingais.... . o...oo...........o.. ..s.... 28 5: Fuel Bill Savings Beyond Payback ...... 29 6: Payback for all Hotl.. 30 7: Financial Analysis (All Hote l s ) 31 8: Economic Analysis: Fuel Consumption.......,,,***,****n.... 32 9: Economic Analysis (All Hotels)............................... 33 FIGURES World Bank 26478: Sunwing Hotel World Bank 26477: Kombo Beach Hotel World Bank 26476: Sengambia Hotel MAPS IBRD 18437: The Gambia: Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project Smany I/ 1. The potential for tapping The Gambia's abundant indigenous energy resource, solar energy, was pointed out in the energy assessment report of November, 1983. 2/ Wi.i the country's excellent solar regime, this available energy can be utilized effectively in a number of sectors at low cost and with considerable savings in existing fuel consumption. After reviewing the assessment report, the Government of The Gambia requested assistance from the UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) to investigate the feasibility of solar proj- ects in a number of areas. This report examines, as its primary objec- tive, the viability of retrofitting diesel and electric hot water heating systems with solar water heating (SWH) at 5 major tourist hotels. Tech- nical annexes include terms of reference for the application of similar SUH systems to smaller hotels and the residential, commercial, and insti- tutional sectors. 2. The study confirms that there are considerable benefits to adopting SWH at 5 tourist hotels. The introduction of SWH in these hotels at a cost of US$0.5 million will reduce fuel consumpcion signif- icantly (up to 350,000 liters annually) and, in the case of one of the hotels, also reduce the electricity load on the Banjul grid. The hotel owners should find the project financially attractive. The simple payback period varies between 8 months and 45 months across hotels and averages just over 2 years. Economically, the country will benefit from reduced fuel imports which give the project an economic rate of return of about 33%. Also, the proposed creation of an Energy Fund from returns on loans to hotels will mobilize finance for other worthwhile energy proj- ects. There is the expectation that SWH applications will be extended to other sectors. 3. The preliminary design of the SWH systems in this report is based on the primary assumption that the SWH system will replace 801 of diesel fuel consumption at 80% occupancy during the ppik season, a maxi- mum occupancy level that appears realistic. At lower occupancy levels, the SWH system is expected to save 1001 of diesel fuel consumption. While this assumption applies to all the 5 major tourist hotels to be retrofitted, the Atlantic requires additional investment estimated at US$10,000 to reduce heat losses to acceptable levels. 1/ This report is based on the findings of a mission comprising Messrs. Amarquaye Armar and Robert Chronowski (Consultant), which visited The Gambia in April 1984. Financial and economic analyses have been prepared by Mr. Albab Akanda. Mr. Anwer Malik provided technical advice. 2/ The Gambia: Issues and Options in the Energy Sector, Joint UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sec. .t Assessment Program, Report No. 4743-GM. - ii - 4. The total investment for the project is US$493,460. This includes technical assistance estimated at US$95,000, of which US$50,000 will be used for the services of expaLriate consultant experienced in SWH systems who would assist in the implementation of the project and train hotel personnel in SWH system operaticn and maintenance. The remaining US$45,000 will be used for the prefeasibility and the market studies of the smaller hotels, public institutions, and residential sectors. 5. Terms of reference have been prepared to extend the SWH experi- ence of this project to: (a) the remaining tourist hotels and certain public institutions; and (b) the residential sector. Because of the similarity of application, the first study will be undertaken by the firm responsible for the major hotel retrofit. The second will be initiated by an independent consultant. The cost of the prefeasibility study of SWH retrofits at the smaller tourist hotels and public institutions is estimated to be US$30,000, that for the SWH market survey covering the residential sector US$15,000. 6. The breakdown of project costs is as follows: INVESTMENT FOR SWH SYSTEMS RETROFIT ('000 us$) Capital Costs Hardware 334.67 Structural Modifications 28.38 System Modification (Atlantic Hotel) 10.00 Spare Parts 7.26 Contingency 18.15 Total Direct Investment 398.46 Technical Assistance PIU Project Consultant 50.00 Smaller Hotel and Public Institutions Prefeasibility Studies 30.00 Residential Market Survey 15.00 Project Total 493.46 7. The projected benefits from the SWH retrofit project are primarily derived from diesel fuel savings. Two scenarios for such fuel savings are presented in this analysis. The first, referred to as the "high occupancy" scenario, envisages 80% fuwl savings at 801 occupancy during the peak season and 100% savings at 25% occupancy during the off- peak. The second, refe:red to as the "low occupancy" scenario, envisages 100% fuel savings at 50Z rccupancy during the peak season and the same at - iii - 25Z occupancy during off-peak. Based on these scenarios and assumptions, the yearly fuel savings are estimated at US$197,340 (high) and US$176,760 (low). The financial rates of return, based on an expected 15-year SWH system life, are impressive at 49% (high) and 44Z (low). The economic rates of return are 37Z (high) and 33% (low). 8. The technical analyses in this report provide preliminary esti- mates based on seasonal and yearly figures on solar insolation. Computer analyses will determine exact array, storage and other subsystem sizes in relation to the equipment being proposed by individual suppliers when they bid on the project. Such detailed analyses are beyond the scope of this study. To allow for any variationj resulting from the detailed design work and from the unit price quotations obtained from different suppliers, the cost estimates presented in this report are deliberately conservative and include a built-in contingency factor. In the subse- quent detailed design and implementation phase it is quite likely that the actual costs increased will be lower than estimated here. A reduc- tion of 25% in the costs would result in finan-ial rates of return on the project of 66% (high) and 59% (low). 9. The overall supervision of the solar retrofit program could be carried out by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) currently attached to the Ministry of Education, which has sufficient experience to carry out the contract and procurement activities of the program. The PIU would be responsible to a committee comprising representatives from relevant government ministries and non-governmental groups. The PIU would be assir ed by a Project Consultant who would be independent of the contracting firm and accountable to the PIU for regular feedback. The Project Consultant would remain with the PIU for about 5 man-months, including time for training hotel personnel. 10. The project will be implemented in 2 phases. The final engin- eering design for the SWH retrofits at the five major hotels and the pre- feasibility study for the smaller hotels and public institutions will be both completed as Phase One and will take about 2 months. The actual installation, start-up and testing of the SWH systems -- Phase Two -- will take a maximum of 9 months. Thus, the project should be completed in about a year. The market study of SWH application in the residential sector can be conducted at any time during the retrofit project arid should be completed in 1 month. tL.. .;7. -9":='. -t<+n Ast.v- C ,6F_Dh2s mrc,,tr': a ,. $;~~ XF: - -W;- 2 :- -r-- ,s.R-.- '>.eiro.--ra-Swi8e-37 e .S rsi't#g7;g'.tliit<=-,=t, , n *p r } - t _ - _ -' - 6 - SWH the inlet water temperature will vary between 5°-15°F above ambient. The operating range with respect to determining collector efficiency is derived on the basis of the loss factor which would fall in the range 0.1-0.2. An average collector (glazed) efficiency of 0.6 is therefore used for calculating the collector areas for the respective hotel SWH systems. SWH System Configuration 2.9 Each SWH system will be designed to operate as a pre-heater to the existing water heating systam. Under normal conditions (low to aver- age occupancy levels' the operation of the SWH alone would be sufficient to meet demand for hot water at a supply temperature of between 120°- 140°F. During periods of high occupancy or unusually high peak demands, the existing diesel-oil fired boiler would be used as an auxilliary heater which would provide the trimming heat necessary to raise water outlet temperature (to guest rooms) to the required 120o-140*F. At a minimum, the SWH system should be able to handle a temperature increase of about 45°F. 2.10 The SWH collectors would be mounted on the roof and linked to an insulated non-pressurized hot water storage tank by a recirculating pumping system. The system would have an isolated control mechanism which would be activated to shut down and drain the collector in the event of: (a) total power outage; (b) lack of sunshine, i.e., after sundown when temperature difference between the collector outlet and the storage tank falls to zero or becomes negative; (c) disruption in GUC mains water supply. Hot Water Storage 2.11 The hot water storage capacity for each SWH system has been sized on the basis of 0.9 gallons per square foot of collector area (Table 2.2). This should provide adequate storage equivalent to one half of the total daily demand for hot water based on the 15 gals./guest re- quirement (para 2.6). Since all the hotels presently have some storage vessels as part of existing diesel-oil fired or electric boiler systems, only the additional storage capacity required is included in the investment cost and project analysis. - 7 - Table 2.2: COLLECTOR-RELATED DATA FOR INDIVIDUAL HOTELS Maximum Hot Water Solar b Collector Total Hotel Beds Demand a/ Rep lacement X Area Storage lbs/day (million Btu/day) (ft') (gals) Senegambla 610 88,715 5.22 5,223 4,701 Fajara 544 81,540 4.54 4,539 4,085 Kombo Beach 512 77,540 4.42 4,424 3,982 Atlantic 470 69,230 3.78 3,784 3,406 Sunwing 400 56,920 3.19 3,198 2,878 a/ Hot water demand at 100% occupancy. b/ Based on replacement for 80% of diesel oil heat equivalent. Source: Mission estimates. Financial and Economic Analysis Assumptions 2.12 The following assumptions were made for the financial and eco- nomic analysis. (a) Life of the SWH System: The systems proposed are expected to have a physical life of fifteen years and will be capable of yielding the same level of services throughout that period. The economic life was taken to be 15 years, too, because (i) the level of efficiency will remain much the same through- out the life of the system; (ii) because of their simplicity, the systems are unlikely to become obsolete; and (iii) main- tenance costs are expected to remain more or less constant throughout. (b) Discount Rate: The discount rate used in the analysis is 10% which represents the current cost of capital. This rate is applied to both individual hotels and the project as a whole. (c) Foreign Exchange Premium: The foreign exchange premium stands at 20%, and so a conversion factor of 1.2 is applied to the financial cost of fuel to derive the economic, or country, costs and calculate the net project benefits. A foreign exchange rate of D 3.6 US$1.00 has been taken for conversions. (d) Depreciation: The hotels are currently tax exempt and the proposed project will enjoy the same status. Hence, no assump- tions have been made in the financial analysis about deprecia- tion since it is simply an accounting transaction which is useful for reducing tax liability. The other rationale for depreciation is that it ensures that some revenues are retained to replace capital equipment as it wears out. As new equipment is considered a cash outflow at the time it is purchased, here, too, depreciation is not counted. (e) Salvage Value: The SWH system is assumed to have a salvage value of zero after 15 years. (f) Operating and Maintenance Costs: Since the SWH system is a fairly easy one to operate, there will be no maintenance costs other than those which the hotels already incur on their exist- ing systems. The collectors themselves will require only occa- sional washing to remove grime and dust which may otherwise impair their efficiency. (g) Capital Costs: Capital costs of the project are estimated assuming all items to b2e imported. The unit costs for each item are: (i) US$11.50/ft for the collectors; (ii) US$2.09 per gallon capacity for the storage tanks; (iii) US$2.50/ft for pumps, piping, etc.; and (iv) US$2.00/ft2 for structural modifications needed to accomodate the collectors. Sunwing hotel has higher costs because, of its dispersed system. The unit costs here are: (i) US$15.00/ft4 for collectors; (ii) US$3.50/ft4 for pumps and piping; and (iii) US$2.80 per gallon capacity for storage tanks. These unit cost estimates are deliberately conservative. Actual bids from suppliers are expected to result in lower costs. (h) Contingency: A price contingency of 5% of base costs (collec- tors, pumps, tanks, piping, and structural) is taken to allow for price escalation. This appears to be adequate as there are no recurring costs during the life of the SWH system. Physical contingency has been allowed for in the installed cost. (i) Spare Parts: 2% of capital costs for each hotel are reserved for spare parts. (j) Structural Costs: There are structural costs to accommodate collectors for all hotels except Atlantic and Sunwing, which have concrete roofs. Unlike the other hotels, which have a single collector, Sunwing will have eleven SWH systems because of its existing dispersed system. Thus, the unit costs will be somewhat higher at Sunwing. (k) Taxes and Duties: Taxes and duties are excluded from the eco- nomic analysis because they are transfer payments but they are included in the financial analybis for the hoteliers. (1) Fuel Costs: The retail cost per liter of diesel is US$0.56, including taxes, handling and distribution. The GUC pays US$0.33 c.i.f. Banjul and this is the price taken in the economic analysis as the import parity price. Handling and distribution costs are negligible enough to exclude from the - 9 - import parity price since Banjul is the port of entry and the hotels are all located in greater Banjul. Another conversion factor has been applied to Sunwing, which is electrically- powered, to derive diesel oil consumption and costs. Electri- city costs US$0.12/kWh but the fuel consumption costs for Sunwing are greatly increased because generation at the main grid by diesel oii is only 25% efficient. (m) Modification Costs: Energy losses at the Atlantic Hotel are tremendous and the mission recommends that system modifications be included in the SWH system package to maximize benefits. The cost of modification is estimated at US$10,000, including contingency and spare parts. (n) Occupancy Rate: Fuel requirements for each hotel are estimated at various occupancy rates, reflecting the demands of the season. An occupancy rate of 80% during the peak season (November to April) is considered a realistic upper limit for all hotels. This is a conservative estimate of long-term occupancy rates, particularly as some of the hotels have been in operatior, only a short while. The analysis also takes into account a 50% peak-season occupancy rate to reflect within- season variation. An average off-peak (May to October) occu- pancy rate of 25% is considered reasonably accurate. The measures used in the financial and economic analyses are high occupancy (average of 80% occupancy in tourist season and 25% occupancy during off-peak) and low occupancy (average of 50% in tourist se-ason and 25% during off-peak). (o) Benefits: The benefits are the fuel savings by each hotel after installation of the SWH systems. The systems are sized to provide 85% of useful energy needs at 80% occupancy and nearly 100% at lower occupancy levels. The savings of the system, then, are 80% of the diesel fuel required at 80% occu- pancy, and 100% of fuel at lower occupancy rates. This differ- ence allows for the provision of diesel heating back-up on cloudy days when the collector array will not function at intended levels. (p) Payback Periods: For the financial analysis, payback periods are calculated based on average monthly fuel savings applied toward the cost of investment. Simple payback, the minimum amount of time required for positive cash flows to surpass the initial investment, without regard to the time value of money, assumes an interest rate of 0%. Since the hotels are expected to receive investment loans at current interest rates, the financial analysis calculates how long it will take for each hotel to recover its outlay from the fuel savings at a 10% interest rate. For the economic analysis a life of 15 years is taken and net project benefits calculated for a 10% discount rate. 9'wK ,W 9.w ih+. - 10 - III. APPLICATION OF SUB SYSTES TO HOTELS 3.1 Tnis section reviews the cost recovery period of the project for the hotel owners. It assumes two scenarios for the provision of SiH investment funds to the hoteliers by the government: (a) an interest- free loan; and (b) a loan at lOZ interest. The capital recovery or repayment amounts for each case are based on the savings in diesel oil/electricity consumption at each hotel. Repayment/cost-recovery periods at the interest rates given and for the high and low occupancy rates are calculated on the basis of the entire fuel savings at each hotel being applied, each month, toward the grant/loan. The internal rates of return presented assume benefits to be the fuel savings. Table 3.1 summarizes the findings. Table 3.1: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS BY HOTEL Simple Internal Rate Payback Fuel Savings of Return High Low High Low High Low Investment Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy '000 USS (months) (yearly)/'OOD USS (%) Senegambia 96.99 40 43 29.40 26.76 30 27 Fajara 85.35 40 45 25,32 22.92 29 26 Kombo Beach 83.55 40 44 29.96 22.80 29 26 Atlantic 69.23 8 9 98,52 88.56 142 128 Sunwing 63.34 20 24 19.14 15e72 30 24 Source: Annex 1, Table 4. Senegambia 3.2 Senegambia is the largest of the hotels And has the highest in- vestment of US$96,990. The solar collector will occupy 5,223 square feet and cost US$60,060. The storage volume required for this collector will be 4,701 gallons, which will require building a storage tank to meet the additional need of 3,539 gallons. The cost of the additional storage will be US$7,078. Structural modification will cost US$10,450. The benefits at high occupancy will be monthly fuel savings of US$2,450. At low occupancy the benefits will be savings of US$2,230. Based on these fuel savings, the simple paybacks will be 40 months (high occupancy) and 43 months (low). If the fuel savings were applied toward repayment of a full investment loan at 10% this loan would be paid off in 49 months (high) or 55 months (low). - 11 - Table 3.2: SWH APPLICATION AT SENEGANBIA Costs: ('000 US$) Collector 60.06 Pumps, Piping, etc. 13.06 Storage Tank 7.08 Structural 10045 Spare Parts 1.81 Contingency 4.53 Total 96.99 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 2.45 Low Occupancy 2.23 Cost Recovery: (Months) Simple Payback (0%) High Occupancy 40 Low Occupancy 43 Loan Repayment @ 10% High Occupancy 49 Low Occupancy 55 IRR High Occupancy 30% Low Occupancy 27% Source: Mission estimates. Fajara 3.3 Fajara requires US$9,080 for normal structural modifications needed to acqymodate the collector. The collector itself,, with an area of 4,539 ft , will cost US$52,200, and the 3,565 gallon additional storage tank will cost US$7,130. With spare parts at US$1,600 and piping at US$11,350,, the total investment will be US$85,350. The hotel will save US$2,110 per month in fuel bills at high occupancy and US$1,910 at low occupancy. The simple payback based on the savings on these fuel bills will be 40 months (high) and 45 months (low). Ueing the fuel sav- ings to repay an investment loan at 10% would clear the loan in 50 months (high) or 57 months (low). - 12 - Table 3.3: SWH APPLICATION AT FAJARA costs: ('000 US$) Col lector 52020 Pumps, Piping, etc. 11.35 Storage Tank 7.*13 Structural 9008 Spare Parts 1.60 Contingency 3.*99 Total 85.35 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 2.11 Low Occupancy 1.*91 Cost Recovery: (Months) Simple Payback (0%) High Occupancy 40 Low Occupancy 45 Loan Repayment ~ 10% High Occupancy 50 Low Occupancy 57 inR High Occupancy 29% Low Occupancy 26% Source: Mission estimates. Kombo Beach 3.4 Kombo, the newest of the hotels, will have an investment bill of US$83,550. In this, the s ructural component will be US$8,850. The collector is sized at 4,424 ft and will require that a 3,652 gallon tank be built, The cost of the collector will be US$50,880 and that of the storage tank US$7,300. Pipes and pumps will cost US$11,060 and spare parts US$1,560. The simple payback on the investment will be 40 months (high) and 44 months (low). With an investment loan at 10% and using monthly fuel savings of US$2,080 (high) and US$1,900 (low) as monthly loan payments, it will take 50 months (high) or 55 months (low) to pay back. - 13 - Table 3.4: SWH APPLICATION AT KOMBO BEACH Costs: ('000 US$) Collector 50.88 Pumps, Piping, etc. 11.60 Storage Tank 7.30 Structural 8.85 Spare Parts 1.56 Contingency 3.90 Total 83.55 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 2.08 Low Occupancy 1.90 Cost Recovery: (Months) Simple Payback (0%) High Occupancy 40 Low Occupancy 44 Loan Repayment @ 10% High Occupancy 50 Low Occupancy 55 IRR High Occupancy 29% Low Occupancy 26% Source: Mission estimates. Atlantic 3.5 The Atlantic Hotel has an extremely high fuel consumption because of great heat losses in the recirculating system and actual losses of hot water by overflow from the storage well. The diesel fuel consumption is about four times greater than in the other hotels. Thus, system. modification is recommended as an essential complement to the solar heating system to achieve optimal fuel savings. The cost of modi- fication -- bypass pipes, valves, etc. -- will be US$10,000. There are no structural modifications needed at Atlantic because the hotel already hal adequate concrete roofing. The collector will cover an area of 3,784 ft at a cost of US$43,520. The additional storage required will be 2,131 gallons at a cost of US$4,262. Spares will cost US$1,110 and con- tingency adds US$2,770. The total cost will be US$69,230. The returns on the investment are very good at 142% (high) and 128% (low). Payback periods for both occupancy rates are less than a year. - 14 - Table 3.5: SWH APPLICATION AT ATLANTIC Costs: ('000 US$) Collector 43.52 Pumps, Piping, etc. 7.57 Storage Tank 4.26 Structural 0.00 Spare Parts 1.11 Contingency 2.77 Total 69.23 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 8.21 Low Occupancy 7.38 Cost Recovery: (Months) Simple Payback (0%) High Occupancy 8 Low Occupancy 9 Loan Repayment @ 10% High Occupancy 9 Low Occupancy 10 IRR High Occupancy 142% Low Occupany 128% Source: Mission estimates. Sunwing 3.6 Sunwing has a dispersed heating system because of its eleven guest blocks, which results in somewhat higher costs. Eleven collictor arrays will hare to be installed, covering a total area of 3,198 ft and at US$15.00/ft will collectively cost US$47,970. The eleven additional storage tanks will collectively hold 1,153 gallons and will cost US$3,228. There will be no structural costs because of the concrete roofs. Pumps and piping will cost US$8,000 at US$3.50 ft . Spare parts will cost US$1,180. The total investment will come to US$63,340. Cur- rently, the hotel pays electricity bills of US$3,990 a month at high occupancy and US$2,620 at low occupancy. Financially, then, the hotel stands to save as much as US$3,190 (high) or US$2,620 (low) every month. The simple payback is between 3 and 4 years. If the fuel savings were applied toward the investment loan of US$63,340 at 10%, the payback would be 3.7 years at high occupancy, or 4.7 at low. The financial rates of return are 30% (high) and 24% (low). - 15 - Table 3.6: SWH APPLICATION AT SUNWING Costs: ('000 US$) Collector 47.97 Pumps, Piping, etc. 8.00 Storage Tank 3.23 Structural 0.00 Spare Parts 1.18 Contingency 2.96 Total 63.34 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 3.19 Low Occupancy 2.62 Cost Recovery: (Months) al Simple Payback (OZ) High Occupancy 20 (3.3 years) Low Occupancy 24 (4.0 years) Loan Repayment @ 10% High Occupancy 22 (3.7 years) Low Occupancy 28 (4.7 years) IRR High Occupancy 30% Low Occupancy 24% a/ As Sunwing is closed during hne off-peak season, the figures shown are effective months; they have been divided by 6 to derive repayment in years. Source: Mission estimates. - 16 - IV. PROPOSED PROJECT Project Description 4.1 The project consists of six elements: (a) tne design of appro- priate SWH systems for five large tourist hotels -- Senegambia, Pajara, Kombo Beach, Atlantic, and Sunwing; (b) the procurement and installation of the SWH systems; (c) start-up and testing of SWH systems; (d) training of selected hotel personnel to operate and maintain the SWH systems; (e) preparation of prefeasibility studies of selected public institutions -- Royal Victoria Hospital, Bansang Hospital, Gambia College etc. -- and the six smaller tourist hotels -- Bungalow Beach, Bakotu, Kotu Strand, African Village, Tropic Bungalows and Wadner Beach; and (f) survey of the residential sector to determine the potential for introducing SWH systems. Project Financing Requirements 4.2 Financing is required in foreign exchange for each of the five parts of the retrofit program mentioned above. The required system cost for retrofitting with SWH at each hotel is shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: SYSTEM COST FOR SWH BY HOTEL ('OOO US$) Senegambia 96.99 Fajara 85.35 Kombo Beach 83.55 Atlantic 69.23 Sunwing 63.34 Total 398.46 Source: Mission estimates. These costs include hardware, structural modifications, and spare parts inventory. It is expected that, although financing for total project costs may be obtained as one consolidated package (interest-free loan, line of credit or grant outright) through GOTG for on-lending to the hotels, dalasis-equivalent costs will be assigned to each of the hotels for actual costs of their respective installed SWH systems. These will be denominated in the form of regular domestic lcans which the hotels would then repay to the GOTG on appropriate terms. - 17 - 4.3 Should financing for the retrofit program be provided in the form of an outright grant, it is recommended that a recycling fund be set up to achieve long-term national benefits. In this situation, the Gambia Commercial and Development Bank (GCDB) could be given the sole authority to collect on loan repayments and set aside the monthly payments from the hotels into an escrow account which would be known as the "Energy Fund". While the appropriate use of the Energy Fund will be determined by GOTG, it could be used to provide local counterpart financing for specific energy conservation projects sanctioned by the National Energy Commission (NEC) and the National Investment Board (NIB). 7/ 4.4 The prefeasibility study of the smaller hotels is expected to require 2 man-months at an estimated cost of US$30,000. These expenses will be provided out of the separate technical assistance component. 4.5 It is expected that the market survey will take 1 man-month. The cost is estimated at US$15,000, inclusive of travel expenses, to be covered by technical assistance. 4.6 The services of the expatriate consultant who would assist the implementing agency PIU (para. 4.13) in supervising bidding, procurement, installation and start-up of SWH systems will cost about US$50,000 for 5 man-months. This also includes time for training hotel personnel in SWH system operation and maintenance. Project Financial and Economic Analysis 4.7 The five hotels in the retrofit project were chosen because of their adaptability to conversion from existing systems and the signifi- cant fuel savings that would result from introducing the new techno- logy. Although all components will have to be imported and installed by foreign contractors, the profitability of using SWH systems is clearly established by this report, both financially and economically. The analysis applies the same logic as that applied to individual hotel profitability calculations (para. 3.1). The same two scenarios are assumed for the Government, where it will be on-lending to the hotels: (a) an interest-free loan for project costs; and (b) a loan at 10%. The capital recovery or repayment amounts for each case are based on the total savings in diesel oil or electricity at all hotels. Repayment/ cost-recovery periods at the interest rates given, and for the high and low occupancy rates, are calculated on the basis of the entire fuel savings being applied, each month, toward the grant/loan. Table 4.2 shows that the returns on the project are good at varying occupancy. 7/ The Government suggests that the Energy Fund be used to finance energy saving projects at the institutions where solar retrofit would be undertaken. - 18 - Table 4,2: RATES OF RETURN AND PAYBACK ON RETROFIT INVESTMENT Internal Rate Simple Net Present Values of Return Payback (Years) High Low High Low High Low Occupancy Occupancy Occu- Occu- Occu- Occu- Total Cost lo0 10% pancy pancy pancy pancy USS USS USS % % Years Years Financial 398.46 1,102.52 945.99 49 44 2.0 2.3 Economic 398.46 726,94 604,17 37 33 - - Source: Annex 1, Tables 6, 8, 11, 4.8 The rates of return have been derived by assuming a 15 year cash flow, which corresponds to the life of the SWH system. The costs are initial investment costs, with no incremental recurring expenses. The benefits are the fuel savings over the 15 years. A discount rate of 10% was taken to represent the current rate. With a total financial cost to the hotels of US$398,460, all net present values are significantly positive and the rates of return higher than the current rates of interest. 4.9 The simple payback periods are 2.0 years and 2.3 years, after which significant fuel savings accumulate over the remaining life of the system. At high occupancy, this is US$2.57 million, and at low occu- pancy, US$2.26 million, both undiscounted. 4.10 In the economic analysis, the benefits were multiplied by a conversion factor of 1.2, representing the premium on foreign exchange used to buy fuel. The benefits are fuel savings at the import parity price, plus handling and distribution. The import parity price is US$0.33/liter and with the conversion factor being 1.2, the price of diesel fuel becomes US$0.39/liter. Handling and distribution costs are small enough to be excluded (para. 2.12), as are all taxes and mark-ups. 4.11 The economic fuel savings at one particular hotel, Sunwing, are high because the heating system runs on electricity provided by the main grid which operates at only 25% efficiency. The implied fuel savings, then, are higher than financial estimates, even though the import parity price is some 40% lower than the retail price. The total annual savings for all hotels are US$23,400 (high) and US$19,260 (low). 4.12 With a fifteen year economic life, the SWH system investment produces internal rates of return of 37% (high) and 33% (low). 7 ' 7 .' e, . _ l9 i -.''-.;' - 1----7i 0- - 19 - Table 4.3: FINANCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS AT ALL FIVE HOTELS Costs: ('000 USS$) Collector Arrays 254.63 Pumps, Piping, etc. 51.04 Storage Tanks 29.00 Structural 23.38 System Modification (Atlantic) 10.00 Spare Parts 7.26 Contingency 18.15 Total 398.46 Benefits: ('000 US$) Monthly Fuel Savings: High Occupancy 16.45 Low Occupancy 14.73 Cost Recovery: (Months) Simple Payback (0%) High Occupancy 24 Low Occupancy 27 Loan Repayment @ 10% High Occupancy 28 Low Occupancy 31 IRR High Occupancy 49Z Low Occupancy 44% Source: Mission estimates. Project I_ plementation 4.13 The entire SWH retrofit program could be carried out by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) currently attached to the Ministry of Education. This unit was originally established in the Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Development (MEPID) to handle contracts and procurement relating to building construction under the World Bank Education Project I. It has since been assigned to the Education Ministry where it is responsible for implementing the building construc- tion component in the World Bank Education Project II and an African Development Bank (AfDB) Education Project. Its current staff consists of a Project Manager, a Project Accountant, a Procurement Officer, a Prn;ect - 20 - Architect, and support staff. As such, the unit has sufficient experi- ence to handle contracts and procurement for the solar retrofit program* The PIU will be responsible to a committee comprising representatives of the funding agency, an authorized representative of the Tourist Hotels Association, a representative of the GCDB and a representative of MEPID. The PIU will be assisted for about 5 man-months by a Project Consultant experienced in SWH systems who will be independent of the contracting firm and paid out of the technical assistance component. 4.14 The contract for the entire assignment, including detailed engineering design, installation, start-up, and testing of the SWH sys- tems at all five hotels will be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding to one of several pre-qualified firms. 8/ Contractor's Responsibilities 4.15 Once the contract has been awarded, it is envisaged that project implementation will proceed as follows: 4.16 Phase One: During this phase the contractor will establish details of the final engineering design and of specifications in each of the five hotels. Particular attention would be paid to incorporating energy conservation measures into plans, especially for the SWH system to be installed at the Atlantic Hotel. The contractor will be required to spend approximately 1-2 months on-site in the Gambia to: (a) prepare a final work plan and schedule for the project, taking into account the logistics of procuring the required hardware (imported or locally purchased), and of installing, starting up and testing each SWH at the designated hotels; (b) prepare a workplan for prefeasibility studies at the other smaller tourist hotels (Terms of Reference in Annex 3); and (c) make all the necessary arrangements to begin the training program for selected personnel who would later be responsible for operating and maintaining the SWH systems. These plans will be submitted to the PIU for its review and approval before the contractor is authorized to proceed with Phase Two of the project. 4.17 Phase Two: would involve the installation, start-up and test- ing of SWH systems at each of the five hotels according to the workplan 8/ Pre-qualification will be done on the basis of previous experience and other factors indicated in a draft bidding document to be pro- vided to the GOTG by ESMAP. - 21 - and schedule approved at the end of Phase One. The contractor would also be required to begin the training program for personnel. After the SWH systems have been successfully tested in all five hotels, the contractor would beSin the pre-feasibility studies on the smaller tourist hotels and at the selected public institutions. Phase Two should be completed in six to nine months. Responsibilities of the Project Implementation Unit 4.18 The specific tasks of the PIU and the PIU Project Consultant are to: (a) review the workplan and schedule for installing SWH systems in each of the 5 hotels; (b) inspect samples of the hardware to be used in the retrofits to ensure that they meet specifications listed in Annex 2; (c) supervise the preparation of each hotel site by the Contractor prior to installing the SWH systems; (d) monitor the installation of units, and supervise the start-up and testing of the SWH system at each of the 5 hotels; and (e) supervise the preparation and implementation of the in-country training program for personnel who would be responsible for operating and maintaining the SWH systems. rhis training could be done in conjunction with the Hotel Training School in Banjul which already has a solar hot water system operating on its premises. Market Survey 4.19 Another independent consultant, who will be well experienced in market survey techniques, will conduct a market study to determine the potential demand for SWH in the residential sector according to the Terms of Reference in Annex 4. The assignment should take about 1 man-month to complete and can be undertaken at any time during the SWH retrofit project. Implementation Schedule 4.21 The proposed implementation schedule for the SWH retrofit is as follows: (a) Approval by the Government of the ',ambia. Project will be presented to the Government for review and approval. (b) Identification of Donors. the Government will identify prospective donor(s) to finance the project. FSMAP may be asked to assist in this task -- March 1985. - 22 - (c) Establishment of Financing Arrangements. Terms and con- ditions for project financing will be finalized between the Government and donor(s) -- April 1985. (d) Mobilization of Project Implementation Unit. There is sufficient experience in the present governmental struc- ture (MEPID, Ministry of Education) to carry out the contract and procurement aspects of this project. The expatriate Project Supervisor who will assist the PIU will also be selected at this time -- April 1985. (e) Invitation of Tenders. Tender documents will be finalized and circulated to potential equipment suppliers with assistance from ESMAP if requested -- May 1985. (f) Evaluation of Tenders. Tenders will be received in Banjul within two months and reviewed by the appropriate govern- ment department(s) to select the Contractor -- July 1985. (g) Engineering Designs for Hotels. The final engineering designs will be prepared in 2 months -- September 1985. (h) Review and Approval of Engineering Designs. The designs will be reviewed and approved by the appropriate govern- ment department(s) -- October 1985. (i) Placement of Order. Orders will be placed through the normal procurement channels of the government -- October 1985. (j) Delivery and Acceptance. Equipment should begin to arrive in Banjul within three months. The Project Supervisor will ensure that the equipment corresponds to specifica- tions -- January 1986. (k) Installation and Start-up/Testing of Equipment. This phase will continue for 6 months -- January - July 1986. (1) Training for Gambian Nationals. Training will begin when one or two units have been installed and are in operation -- May 1986. (m) Completion. The project completion date is July 31, 1986. (n) Prefeasibility Studies of Smaller Hotels and Selected Pub- lic Institutions. This will take approximately 2 months -- November - December 1985. (o) Residential Market Survey. This will take about 1 month -- December 1985. - 23 - (p) Project Review and Report. As some of the installations will have been working for a few months, the Project Supervisor will prepare a report evaluating ths;r perfor- mance as well as a final review of project experience for future reference in similar programs -- August 1986. . . w i ., ......., t .m M ... . .l ,. .D ,.L _._t ......... . .......-. . . . -. L . k-. *24 - Annex I Page I of 1 0 PARAMETERS FOR FINANCIAL/ECMOI4IC ANALYSIS A, Collector area-dependent costs Collectors - USS 11 50/ft2 (SIS.OO/fl Sunwing) Pumps, piping, controls - US$ 2:50/ft2 ($2.50/ft Sunwing) Structural modifications - US$ 2.00/ft2 B. Coillector area-independent costs Storage tanks Y- US$ 2,,00/gal (S 2.80/gallon capacity for Sunwing) Energy conseg>t ion - n.a. Spare parts - - na,a C, Diesel-oil savings due to SWHl retrofit Tourist season (80% occupancy) - 80% of projected fuel use Tourist season (50% occupancy) - 100% of projected fuel use Off-peak season (25% occupancy) - 100% of projected fuel use 0. Energy costs Diesel oil price (retail) - USS 0,56/liter CD 2.01 per liter) G,U,C. c.l,f. price - US$ 0.33/liter (D 1.17 per liter) Electricity price - USS 0.12/kWh (0 0.42 per kWh) E, Other factors Economic life of SWHl 15 years Market discount rate 10% Foreign exchange premium 20% Salvage value 0 F, Hotel Operating Periods Peak Season (Nov, - April) Senegambia Fajara Atlantic Kombo Beach Sunwing Of f-Peak Season (May-Oct) Senegamb ia Fajara Atlantic Kombo Beach *IStorage volume estimated on the basis of 0.9 gal/ft2 collector area, b/ Estimated at 2% of the cost of collectors, pumps, etc, and storage tanks combined, ClFor electric water heater, savings In diesel oil equivalent estimates based on 0,25 diesel-to-electric conversion factor, d/ The tourist season extends to mid-May but for analytical purposes, a six-month period was taken. Annex I Page 2 of 10 GAMBIA SOLAR WATER HEATING (SWH) PROGRAM: HOTEL RETROFIT PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT Table 5: FUEL CONSUMPTION AT 808 AND 50% (TOURIST SEASON), AND 25% (OFF-PEAK) OCCUPANCY RATES Occupancy Tourist Off-Peak Rate NOV DEC JAN FEB M4AR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT Senegamnbia 610 Guests 80% 7,056 7,291 7,291 6,586 7,291 7,056 300 Employees 3,137 3,036 3,137 3,137 3,036 3,137 (Liters/Mionth) 50% 4,860 5,022 5,022 4,536 5,022 4,860 Fajara 544 Guests 80% 6,132 6,336 6,336 5,723 6,336 6,132 228 Employees 2,628 2,544 2,628 2,628 2,592 2,678 (LitersA4onth) 50% 4,176 4,315 4,315 3,898 4,315 4,176 Kombo Beach 512 Guests 80% 5,976 6,175 6,175 5,578 6,175 5,976 264 Employees 2,678 2,592 2,678 2,678 2,592 2,678 (Liters/Month) 50% 4,140 4,278 4,278 3,864 4,278 4,140 Atlantic 470 Guests 80% 24,576 25,395 25,395 22,936 25,395 24,576 150 Employees 10,015 9,692 10,015 10,015 9,692 10,015 (Liters/Month) 50% 16,440 16,988 16,988 15,344 16,988 16,440 Sunwing 400 Guests 80% 34,020 35,154 35,154 31,752 35,154 34,020 90 Employees ---------- -- CLOSED - (kWh/Month) 50% 22,350 23,095 23,095 20,860 23,095 22,350 Source: Mission estimates, -26_ Annex 1 Page 3 of 10 Table 2: STORAGE TANK SIZING AND COSTS Cost of Collector Storage Existing Additional Additional Area Volume Storage Storage Storage b/ (FT2) (GALS) a/ (GALS) (GALS) (US$) Senegambia 5,223 4,701 1,162 3,539 7,070 Fajara 4,539 4,085 520 3,565 7,130 Kombo Beach 4,424 3,982 330 3,652 7,304 Atlantic 3,784 3,406 1,275 2,131 4,262 Sunwing 3,198 2,878 1,725 1,153 3,228 Total 21,168 19,052 5,012 14,040 29,002 S/ Taking 0.9 gallons of storage per sq. ft. of collector area. b/ US$ 2.00 per gallon capacity; Sunwing will cost US$ 2.80 per gallon capacity. Source: Mission estimates. ____~~~~ ~ s , w-Yr r.ir- X '<^ k.t-54'W3 . X .F A¶W -27 - Annex 1 Page 4 of 10 Table 3: CAPITAL COSTS (THOUSANDS OF USS) Senegambia FaJara Kombo Beach Atlantic Sunwing All Hotels 1, Collectors USS 11.50/Ft2 60.06 52.20 50.88 43.52 47,97 254.63 2. Pumps, Pi ;n etc. US$ 2.50/Ft 13.06 11.35 11.06 7.57 8.00 51,04 3. Storage Tanks USS 2,00/gallon capacity 7.08 7.13 7,30 4,26 3,23 29,00 4. Structural Costs USS 2.00/Ft2 10.45 9.08 8.85 -- -- 23,38 5. System Modification Costs -- -- -- 10,00 -- 10.00 6. Spare Parts b/ 1.81 1.60 1.56 1.11 1.18 7.26 7. Contingency, 5% Base 4.53 3.99 3.90 2.77 2.96 18,15 8. Total 96.99 85.35 83.55 69.23 63.34 398.46 a/ Higher cost of dispersed systems are: USS 15.00/ft2 for collectors; USS 3.50/ft2 pumps and piping; USS 2.80 /gallon capacity for storage tanks. b/ 2% of (1+2+3). Source: Mission estimates, o _e v;2 L>,., .. ; s .;._'5,A .............> s O , 2 e . , = - . 7 . 7- ~~wt Annex 1 Page 5 of 10 Table 4: MONTHLY FUEL BILL SAVINGS (THOUSANDS OF USS) AND PAYBACK (MONTHS) Average Monthly SH System Investment Existing System Monthly Payments Fuel Bill Savings a/ Simple Payback (Months) Collector Non-collector 80% 50% 25% High Low High Low Cost Cost Total Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupency Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Senegambia 60,06 36.93 96.99 3,96 2.73 1,73 2.45 2,33 40 43 Fajara 52.20 33.15 85.35 3.59 2.34 1.47 2.11 1.91 40 45 - Kombo Beach 50.88 32.67 83.55 3.36 2.32 1.48 2.08 1.90 40 44 Atlantic 43.52 25.71 69.23 13.61 9.23 5.53 8.21 7.38 8 9 Sunwing 47.97 15.37 63.34 3.99 2.62 3.19 2.62 20 b/ 24 b/ a/ SWHS Benefits is fuel savings = 80% monthly bill at 80% occupancy during tourist season and 100% fuel bill at 50% and 25% occupancy rates, High occupancy refers to average of 80% and 25% occupancies, low occupancy to average of 50% and 25% occupancies, bl Effective months, because Sunwing open only during tourist season (6 months), so payments extend over twice as many years, e.g. 33/6 5.5 years. Source: Annex 1, p.1; Annex 1, Tables 1,3, Annex 1 Page 6 of 10 Table 5: FUEL BILL SAVINGS BEYOND PAYBACK fOR LIFE OF SWH SYSTEM (15 YEARS) Fuel Bill Savings Simple Paybacl Remaining System Life Remaining Life High Low High Low High Low Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy (Months) (Months) ('000 USS) S^negambia 40 43 140 137 343.00 305,50 FaJara 40 45 140 135 295,40 257.85 Kombo Beach 40 44 140 136 291,20 258.40 Atlantic 8 9 172 171 1,412.12 1,261.98 Sunwing a/ 20 24 70 66 223.30 172.92 Total 2,565.02 2,256.65 a/ Effective months remaining (see Table 4, Footnote b), Source: Annex 1, Table 4, ~- -_ -_~~f~W~4~iW - 30- Annex 1 Page 7 of 10 Table 6: PAYBACK FOR ALL HOTELS, YEARLY BASIS ('000 Us$) Investment 398.46 Fuel Bill Savings b/ High Occupancy 197.34 Low Occupancy 176.76 Fuel Bill System Life Savings Simple Payback (Years). Yrs Remaining After Payback High Occupancy 2.0 13.0 2,565.02 Low Occupancy 2.3 12.7 2,256.65 aI Adjusted for Sunwing closure during off-peak season (6 months). Source: Annex 1, Tables 3,4. Annex 1 - 31 - Page 8 of lO Table 7: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: ALL HOTELS ('000 us$) Years 0 1 2-14 15 Costs Investment 398.46 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benefits Fuel Savings _/ @ High Occupancy 197.34 2,565.42 197.34 @ Low Occupancy 176.76 2,297.88 176.76 Salvage Value 0.0 Net Cash Flow R High Occupancy -398.46 197.34 2,565.42 197.34 * Low Occupancy -398.46 176.76 2,297.88 176.76 Net Present Value High Occupancy * 101 Discount 1t102.52 Low Occupancy * 10% Discount 945.99 IRR High Occupancy 49% Low Occupancy 44% at Yearly average from Table 6. Annex 1 Page 9 of 10 Table 8: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: FUEL CONSUMPTION (LITERS/MONTH) AND AVERAGE FUEL SAVINGS ('000 US$) a/ Average Monthly Average Monthly Average Yearly Existing Monthly Fuel Consumption Fuel Savings Fuel Bill Savings d/ Cost Savings 80% 50% 25% High Low High Low High Low Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy (Liters) (Liters) ('000 USS) ('000 USS) Senegambia 7,095 4,887 3,103 4,390 3,995 1.71 1.56 20.52 18.72 Fajara 6,166 4,199 2,633 3,783 3,416 1.48 1.33 17.76 15.96 Kombo Beach 6,009 4,163 2,600 3,704 3,382 1.45 1.33 17.40 15.96 Atlantic 24,379 16,531 9,907 14,705 13,219 5.74 5.16 68*88 61.92 Sunwing 12,513 8,220 -- 10,010 8,220 3.90 3.21 23.40 19.26 Total 147.96 131.82 a/ GUC C.I.F. price of diesel = D 1.17/liter; Foreign Exchange Prcmium 1.2; Conversion Factor = 1.2 x ;.17 = 1.404; Exchange rate D 3.6 = USS 1,00. b/ Derived by assuming 25% diesel (main grid) efficiency and equivalents: 1 kWh a 3,413 STU; 37,323.94 STU - 1 liter diesel. c/ 6 month tourist period opening only. d/ See Table 4, Mote a/ for derivation. Annex 1 - 33 - Page 10 of 10 Table 9: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: ALL HOTELS ('000 US$) Years 0 1 2-14 15 Costs 398.46 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benefits Fuel Savings - e High Occupancy 147.96 1,923.48 147.96 @ Low Occupancy 131.82 1,713.66 131.82 Salvage Value 0.0 Net Cash Flow Q High Occupancy -398.46 147.96 19923.48 147.96 Q Low Occupancy -398.46 131.82 1,713.66 131.82 Net Present Value High Occupancy * 10% Discount 726.94 Low Occupancy * 10Z Discount 604.17 IRR High Occupancy 37% Low Occupancy 33% a/ Yearly average from Table 10 (Adjusted for Sunwing's 6-month closures and higher fuel costs (economic) for main grid inefficiency). -34- Annex 2 Page 1 of 6 TECHNICAL NOTES A. DERIVATION OF AVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION PER GUEST FOR PRODUCING HOT WATER Senegambia Hotel 1. A 4-month average was used to establish the constant. 1/ The diesel oil consumption average for making hot water was 5825 liters/ month. 2/ The average occupancy during the 4-month period was 387 guests. 3/ Therefore: 5825 liters/month u 194.167 liters/day 30 days/month 194.167 liters/day .3987 liters diesel oil/guest-day (387 guest + 100 employee equivalent) To confirm this, a 3-month period was examined for the Fajara Hotel: 4/ Average diesel oil consumption for boiler = 5,607 liters/month 5607 liters/month = 186.9 liters/day 30 days/month 2. The average occupancy (daily) for the 3 months was 380 guests plus 76 employee equivalent or 456 total Therefore: 186.9 liters/day - .409 liters/guest day 456 guest Senegambia = .3987 liters/guest day say .4 liters/guest day Fajara = .409 liters/guest day. 1/ Longer times were not possible as accurate records were only avail- able for the current tourist season because of a change in engineer- ing staff and management. 2/ The actual readings were 5400, 6300, 5900 and 5700 liters per month based on meter readings. 3/ The actual occupancy varied from 375 to 400 guest with a daily average of 387 estimated for the 4-month period. 4/ Records did not go back any further because the management had changed and the hotel had been without a staff engineer. - 35 - Annex 2 Page 2of 6 .4 liters.quart-day 487 guests x .4 liter/guest x .7 efficiency z 37512 Btu/liter = 4.06 million Btu/day 4.06 million Btu/day …~~~- 62,461 lb/day 65 Btu/lb 51 62,461 lb/day …----=128 lb/guest-day 487 guest 128 lb/guest-day ------------- =15.36 gallon/guest-day 8.33 lb/gallon Assume 15 gallon/day for design basis. 5/ Assume water is heated from 733F to 140'F. - 36 - Annex 2 Page 3 of 6 B. PARAMETERS FOR SIZING SWH SYSTEMS Location - Banjul, The Gambia Latitude - 14' North Hot Water Demand Average daily demand - 15 US gals/guest day Average mains water supply temp. Tm = 75'F (24'C) Hot water supply temp. T. = 140*F (60*C) Collector Data Design tilt angle (approximately equal to latitude) 3 15' Collector efficiency = 0.6 Collector reference temperatures Tin = = 80°-90°F (27-32°C) Tout = Ts = 140°F (60°C) Tamb (average) = 75°F (24°C) Insolation (average) = 1800 Btu/ft2/day Collector Fluid (Water) Specifications Specific heat, co 1.0 Btu/lb F Specific density = 8.33 lb/gal (US gal) Hot water storage Volume per unit collector area = 0.9 gal/ft2 -37 - Annex 2 Page 4 of 6 C. GENEtAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXISTING HOT WATER SYSTEMS A. Senegambia Hotel Type of Boiler: Omnical (W. Germany) design with diesel-oil fired burners. System Configuration: Indirect heating of water by heat exchangers. Heat exchanger working fluid is water at 5.5 bars and 110°C. Hot Water Storage: In 2 tanks each 2,200 liters capacity and fitted with one heat exchanger. Hot water temperature settings at 60-65C. B. Pajara Hotel Type of Boiler: VEA (Sweden) design with diesel-oil fired Monarch burners. System Configuration: Indirect heating of water by heat exchangers. Heat exchanger working fluid is steam. Hot Water Storage: In one tank (520 gallon capacity). C. Kombo Beach Hotel Type of Boiler: Loos (Austria) design with diesel-oil fired Sundstrand burners. System Configuration: Centralized with indirect heating of water by 3 heat exchangers. Heat exchsnger working fluid is steam. Hot Water Storage: In three tanks; 1 x 250 liters capacity tank for laundry; and 2 x 500 liters capacity for general uses. Hot water temperature settings at 70°C for laundry and 60-65C for general uses. D. Altantic Hotel Type of Boiler: Allen Ygnis (U.K.) design with diesel-oil fired burners. System Configuration: Centralized indirect with 2 heat exchangers. Heat exchanger working fluid is steam at 105 psi. Hot Water Storage: In open hot well and linked to continuous recirculating system. Hot water temperature setting at 70° for laundry and 65C for general uses. - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' i=:- - ='- - '-. '' .' .Q>4':'' S 4.&-: "s;"i"< >'-Slu2 S e -38 - Annex 2 Page 5 of 6 K. Sunwing Hotel Type of Boiler: Electric design with heating elements each rated at 6 kW. System Configuration: Two units for each guest block and two additional units for main building complex which houses laundry and catering facilities. Hot Water Storage: Each unit has storage capacity of 400 liters. Hot water temperature settings currently between 70-80'C but recommendations made to reduce settings to 60C for general. uses and 70'C for laundry. - 39 - Annex 2 Page 6 of 6 D. SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPOSED SWH SYSTEMS The specifications accompanying the bid documents will follow these gaidelines: (a) Collector units shall be large format flat plate type liquid solar energy collectors. Units may be housed in a water tight casing constructed of not less than 0.080 inch extruded alumi- num frames type 6063T-5/6 alloy with aluminum backing sheet having a minimum thickness of .OiS inches. (b) The transparent cover, if used, shall be one glazing of 1/8 inch thick tempered low iron glass or other approved material. The low iron glass or other approved material shall have a solar energy transmission factor of 90.1X when measured in accordance with ASTM-E424-71 testing procedure. The glass, when used, shall be separated from all metal compounds by .% approved non-outgassing glazing tape and shall be held in place by a silicone sealant of the RTV high modulus type. All exposed aluminum surfaces shall have a finish of thermosetting acrylic paint. (c) The absorber plate shall be made of copper, aluminum, synthetic rubber, or other approved materials, and shall withstand a test pressure of at least 45 psi and have a rated working pressure of at least 30 psi. The absorber plate may be coated with an approved coating to increase absorption and/or reduce emission. (d) Headers will be made of approved compatible materials such as Type Mor I. Copper or Synthetic rubber. (e) Insulation shall be one-half to one inch of fiber-glass, poly- isocyan'srate foam, or other approved material with an R value of 4 to 8. (fW The installation of the SWH system to the roof shall be made with mounting clamps and channels, or direct bonding where feasible. Specifications will also be issued for all tanks, pumps, and controls to be included in the installations. Normal engineering stan- dards for application in sub-tropical climates will be utilized. Performance specifications will also be issued regarding total energy to be transferred to the water each day for each site. This will be given in Btu's/day at an outlet temperature of at least 120°F and not to exceed 140°F. - 40 - Annex 3 Page 1 of 3 THE GAMBIA TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR A PREFEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE RETROFIT OF SMALLER HOTELS AND SELECTED PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS I. Objectives The principal objectives of this study are: (a) to make schematic engineering designs of Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems appropriate for each hotel and institution; (b) to establish the financial and economic viability of introduc- ing SWH systems at each hotel and institution; and (c) to develop financing and implementation plans, including any technical assistance required, for the next stage of the SWH retrofit project if it is judged to be technically and economically viable. II. Background 1. The Gambia relies entireiy on petroleum imports to meet all requirements for commercial energy. This includes energy used for heat- ing water in hotels, public institutions such as the Royal Victoria Hospital, and various other commercial/industrial concerns. The hot water systems are usually one of two types: either diesel oil-fired or electric boilers. 1/ In recent years, the Government has had difficulty in servicing the oil import bill and, therefore, has intensified its efforts to reduce the country's dependency on such imports. The Govern- ment's basic energy policy guidelines aim to: (a) secure adequate energy supplies to meet future requirements of the economy; and, in parallel; (b) to minimize the cost of energy to the economy by improving the effi- ciency of energy use. One of the more promising options for achieving the above in the Gambian context is solar energy. Significant progress has been made during the past year in defining practical applications of solar energy technologies in specific sectors of the economy. 2/ Appli- cations under active consideration and development at the pre-investment level include the use of solar water heaters to retrofit existing systems at the major tourist hotels, and the use of solar photovoltaic power 1/ Electricity generation is based entirely on diesel oil. 2/ The Gambia: Issues and Options in the Energy Sector, Report No. 4763-GM; UNDP/World Bank Energy Assessment Program, November, 1983. -; > ' -' - Annex 3 - 41 - , Page 2 of 3 units to replace diesel-oil and/or kerosene-fueled appliances in rural health centers and radio-telephone stations. 2. The Gambia is endowed with a good solar regime, as confirmed by meteorological records which show th1t daily radiation levels in most parts of the country exceed 480 cal/cm,, and that cloud cover is minimal, especially in the long dry 'harmattan' season. Therefore, commercially proven SUH technology could be utilized to great advantage in the residential, commercial, and institutional markets for low grade hot water. There are several potential benefits from utilizing SWH but the most important is the reduction in diesel oil use which could lower the fuel import bill. A secondary benefit relevant to application of SWH to the smaller hotels is load reduction on the Banjul grid. 3. As mentioned above, the retrofit of major tourist hotels is under active consideration. The hotels were chosen because their cen- tralized systems made them amenable to conversion. Sunwing Hotel was an exception in that it had dispersed systems, but its size and high occu- pancy rates made it worthwhile to include. There are six smaller tourist hotels which could benefit from the retrofit with SWH systems, all located in the Banjul area: Bungalow Beach Hotel Bakotu Hotel Kotu Strand Hotel African Village Hotel Tropic Bungalows Hotel Wadner Beach Hotel The African Village Hotel and Wadner Beach are not in service during the 1983/84 tourist season but are expected to be operational soon. 4. None of the smaller hotels utilize centralized water heating systems but, given the excellent solar regime of the Gambia, SUH systems could profitably replace the existing small electric water heaters. The hotel owners would stand to gain from lower fuel bills, and the country would gain by not having to import diesel oil with scare foreign exchange to feed inefficient main grid generators. 5. In addition to the hotels, certain major public institutions -- Royal Victoria Hospital, Gambia College, Bansang Hospital -- could benefit from the introduction of SWH to meet their hot water needs. III. Scope of Work 6. The consultant's assignments will include the following: -42- Annex 3 Page 3of 3 (a) Verification and documentation of the amount of electricity used to heat water in each hotel and institution as well as the water consumption and daily use patterns; (b) Preparation of conceptual designs for SWH retrofit at each hotel and institution and also preparation of preliminary cost estimates; (c) Financial and economic analysis for each hotel and institution to determine payback potential and rates of return on invest- ment; and (d) Preparation of individual project briefs for each hotel and institution based on items (a), (b), and (c). IV. Estimated Cost and Schedule 7. The consultant is expected to take about 2 man-months to com- plete the analysis and report writing, at an estimated cost of US$30,000. Mw .....MM-....,-, - 43 - Annex 4 Page I of 4 THE GAMBIA TERMS-OF-REFERENCE FOR PROMOTION OF SOLAR WATER HEATER USE IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR I. Objectives 1. The principal objectives of the study are: (a) to identify which segments of the residential sector will find it cost effective to convert to the use of solar water heaters; (b) to establish the economic viability or value to the Gambia of actively promoting a sizeable solar water heating (SVH) program in this sector; and (c) to define the role and potential responsibilities of government agencies and the private sector in the SWH effort. 2. The overall objective is to formulate a strategy for implement- ing a residential SWH program in the Gambia. The initial output of this assignment should provide the Government of the Gambia with technical guidelines and an indication of the type of policy instruments (tax incentives, legislation, etc.) which may be necessary to alleviate any constraints on the residential utilization of SWH. II. Background 3. The Gambia relies entirely on petroleum imports to meet all requirements for commercial energy. This includes energy used for heat- ing water in hotels, public institutions such as the Royal Victoria Hospital, and various other commercial/industrial concerns. The hot water systems are usually one of two types: either diesel-oil fired or electric boilers. I/ The Government in recent years, has had difficulty in servicing the oil import bill and has therefore intensified its efforts to reduce the country's dependency on such imports. The Govern- ment's basic energy policy guidelines aim to (a) secure adequate energy supplies to meet future requirements of the economy; and, in parallel, (b) minimize the cost of energy to the economy by improving the effi- ciency of energy use. One of the more promising options for achieving the above in the Gambian context is solar energy. Significant progress has been made durinp the past year in defining practical applications of I/ Electricity generation is based entirely on diesel-oil. @,9J.: -X9 ....... i.s<_^.n~....................................... , +_t4 H,t,- -b . 4 ,$$_,_. - 1--'w -;^'^ S.^'t'! ..'. i.,jJ_,*_, f t -44- Annex 4 Page 2 of 4 solar energy technologies in specific sectors of the economy. 2/ Applications under active consideration and development at the pre- investment level include the use of solar water heaters to retrofit existing systems at the major tourist hotels, and the use of solar photovoltaic power units to replace diesel-oil and/or kerosene fueled appliances in rural health centers and radio-telephone stations. 4. The Gambia is endowed with a good solar gegime, as confirmed by meteorological records which show that daily radiation levels in most parts of the country exceed 480 cal/cm , and cloud cover is minimal especially in the long dry 'harmattan' season. Therefore, commercially proven SWH technology could be utilized to great advantage in the residential, commercial, and institutional market for low grade hot water, There are several potential benefits from extending the utilization of SWH to the residential sector but the more obvious may include: reduction of load on the Banjul electricity systemsv reduction in the cost of heating water and, assuming some degree of local involvement in assembly and installation of SWH units, increase in local job creation and other multiplier effects. III. Scope of Work 5. The Consultant's assignments will include the following: (a) Market Survey: the potential market for SWH in the Gambia is expected to be small in comparison to the market in neighboring countries such as Senegal. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to do surveys of residential areas of the Banjul-Kombo-St. Mary metropolitan area to establish patterns of hot water use and types of heaters currently in use in relation to discernible social habits, income levels, family size, and living standards, particulary access to the GUC water distribution system. 3/ It also may be necessary to investigate if there is a coincidence of hot water demand with peak power demand in the Banjul grid. (b) Specification of SWH Parameters: In addition to verifying solar insolation data on the Gambia, guidelines should be established for use by interested parties within Government or the private sector in: 2/ The Gambia: Issues and Options in the Energy Sector, Report No. 4763-6M; UNDP/World Bank Energy Assessment Program, November 1983e 3/ Initial emphasis will be placed on a survey covering residences in the Pajara, Pipe'ine, and Cape Point areas. -03 7 MznEi ksf¢ik Ce3:.;r .................................... ;_ai ........:4dibSi'4..;................Xi/...... X ''.Jl._@i..... :A - 45 - Annex 4 Page 3 of 4 Mi) assessing the average daily efficiency and performance of different types of solar collectors on a year-round basis; (ii) estimating the working like of solar collectors for finan- cial/economic analysis; (iii) estimating operating and maintenance costs for different types and sizes of solar collectors; and (iv) establishing quality control procedures for prospective mar- keters of solar collectors. These parameters will be used as a basis for evaluating the financial and economic viability of using SWH as compared to electric water heaters for each of the different parties (consumers, marketing enterprises, national). (c) Financial and Economic Analyses: the results of the market sur';ey will be used to determine which of the potential users of SWH in the residential sector will find it attractive to use one of several sizes ar'd types of SWH. The analyses also should be extended to the national level -- assessing the economic value to the Gambia of SWH use in those sectors (in terms of net savings in fuel imports, net power generation capacity deferral in Banjul from projected decline in power demand, etc.)o The relative economic costs of procuring/importing SWH technology either in 'knock-down' form or wholly assembled should also be evaluated and used as an indicator of profitability for local public and private sector involvement in marketing SWH. (d) Institutional Framework: Since it is envisaged that the Government's role in promoting SWH will be limited to a supervisory one, it is essential to identify what types of legistative and financial instruments may be necessary for promoting private sector involvement in marketing SWH for potential residential use. The main institutions that should be consulted include: (i) National Investment Board (NIB); (ii) Planning Directorate of Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Development (MEPID); (iii) Gambia Utilities Corporation (GUC); (iv) Gambia Commercial and Development Bank (GCDB); and the (v) Ministry of Works and Communications. 7-'r..W , W - 46 - Annex 4 Page 4 of 4 IV. Estimated Cost and Schedule 6. The assignment should require about 1 man-month to complete and will require input from a person with experience in SH. The total cost of this assignment is estimated at US$15,000. 7. The detailed schedule and work program should be determined in consultation with the Director of Planning of MEPID. All reports pre- pared during this assignment should be promptly submitted to MEPID and an assigned representative of the sponsoring agency. -47 - Annex 5 Page 1 of 51 CLIMATIC DATA FOR THE GAMBIA 1. The climatic data which is relevant to the sizing of the solar energy systems includes solar radiation, rainfall, ambient air tempera- tures, wind speeds and relative humidity. Except for solar radiation, the climatic data in the Gambia are available in a comprehensive form and suitable for accurate sizing of solar energy systems. The data on solar radiation is somewhat fragmented, but still better than what is available in many developing countries. With some subjective judgments, however, the solar radiation data too can be interpreted to yield meaningful information. All told, the climatic data in the Gambia can be used to develop fairly accurate sizing of solar energy systems. The data are discussed in the following sections. Solar Radiation 2. The data on solar radiation is the most important parameter which affects the sizing of solar energy systems. Ideally speaking, one should have access to hourly values of direct and diffuse components of solar. radiation for the whole year, which in turn should represent the average of many years of observations, collected with instruments of acceptable accuracy (e.g., Eppley, Kipp and Zonen) which are re-cali- brated at proper intervals. However, the Gambia, like nearly all other developing countries, does not possess such data. 3. The only solar radiation data currently available in the Gambia includes: (a) 30-year (1950-79) monthly averages of sunshine hours/day at Yundum airport measured with Campbell Stokes Sunshine recorders; (b) 30-year (1950-79) monthly averages of cloud cover for Yundum airport; (c) 10-year (1970-79) monthly averages of daily solar radiation at Yundun airport measured with relatively inaccurate bimetallic actinographs; and (d) daily values of solar radiation for 3 locations (Yundum airport, Sapu and Basse), each roughly for over a year, measured in more recent years with newly installed and accurate Kipp and Zonen pyranometers. Whereas individually none of the above data conveys a fully reliable picture of solar radiation in the Gambia, collectively they project a reasonably acceptable view of the situation. Needless to say that owing to the inaccuracies inherent in some of the data, a certain degree of subjective judgment would be needed in its evaluation. 4. Various data as listed above are shown in Tables 1.1 - 1.6. Ambient Air Temperatures 5. Owing to the proximity to the equator and the sea coast, the diurnal and seasonal variations in ambient air temperatures in the Gambia are limited. This is all the more true of Banjul which is located on the sea coast where the average winter (November-March) temperature is about 240C and that for the summer (April-October) is around 27°C; similarly the year-round differential between daily maximum and minimfum temperatures is 40 ;411' - - - - - I -48 - Annex 5 Page 2 of 51 about 120C. The diurnal and seasonal variations become slightly more pronounced--but not much, as one moves inland in the easterly direc- tion. For sizing of the solar energy systems for different locations in the Gambia, it should, therefore, be accurate enough to use the ambient air temperature data from Banjul (recorded at the Yundum airport). These data are listed in this annex. 6. The annex records for Yundum airport, three sets of data, viz., (a) 10-year (1970-1979) monthly averages of the mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, plus extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperatures; (b) 30- year (1950-1979) averages of some parameters as in (a); and (c) for the year 1983 (considered to be a typical year), 3-hourly values of ambient air temperatures for each day of the year. Whereas the former set of data provides an overview of the temperatures for initial sizing of the solar energy systems, the latter furnishes detailed information for their 'dynamic', more accurate sizing. The three sets of data (a), (b) and (c) are shown in Tables 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9, respectively. Wind Speed and Direction 7. The diurnal and seasonal variations in wind speeds and direc- tion as one would expect are more pronounced. For instance, wind speeds vary from about 3 knots (1.5 m/s) in November to around 7 knots (3.5 m/s) in April; also on a daily basis they can vary by a factor of 2-3. How- ever, on countrywide basis the variations again are not significant. Consequently, for sizing of solar energy systems, the wind speed and direction data for Ban3ul (i.e., Yundum airport) can adequately represent the whole of Gambia. 8. This annex records two sets of wind data, viz., (a) 30-year (1950-79) data for wind speed, direction and force; and (b) for the year 1983 (considered to be a typical year), 3 hourly values of wind speed and direction for each day of the year. Whereas the first set of data would assist in preliminary sizing of the solar energy systems the latter would lead to their more accurate sizing. These two sets of data are presented in Tables '.4, and 1.5, respectively. Relative Humidity 9. The seasonal as well as diurnal variations in relative humidity in the Gambia are quite pronounced. While the winters are relatively dry, the summers are characterized by high humidity; also the diurnal variations are more significant in the winter. In Banjul (i.e., Yundum airport), for instance, the average relative humidity in January is about 54% while in August it rises to nearly 87%. Also the diurnal variation ranges in January from 23-81% while in August it narrows down to a range of 71-96%. Inlands the seasonal and diurnal variations in relative humidity are even more marked. However, given the second order effect of relative ht'midity on the sizing of solar energy systems, the data at Yundum airport are considered adequate to be representative of the whole country. 49 - Annex 5 Page 3 of 51 10. Tis annex, consequently, lists for the Yundum airport, three sets of data on relative humidity viz., (a) 10-year (1970-79) averages of monthly mean, maximum and minimum relative humidity; (b) 30-year (1950- 79) averages of mean, maximum and minimum relative humidity; and (c) 3 hourly values of relative humidity for the year 1983 (which was con- sidered to be a typical year). As before, the 10 and 30 year average would assist in preliminary sizing of the systems, while the 3 hourly values are useful in more accurate sizing of the system. The data are listed in Tables 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14. Rainfall 11. The rainy season in the Gambia is limited mainly to 3 summer months (July-September) wherein some 85% of the rainfall occurs. Nearly all of the remaining (about 15Z) rainfall is experienced in the months of June and October. The rainfall is highest near the coast and decreases somewhat as one proceeds inland. The data on rainfall (except how it influences the incidence of solar radiation) is not directly used in determining the size of solar energy systems. And, since the data on solar radiation for 3 locations in the country are listed separately, rainfall data for only one location (Yundum airport) is presented in Table 1.15 in this annex. 1i - 50- Annex 5 Page 4 of 51 Table 1.1: TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE (langley/day*) Year: 1983/84 Location: Yundum Airport Oct '83 Nov '83 Dec '83 Jan '84 'Feb '84 Mar '84 Apr 84 01 1590 1821 1520 1630 - 2508 02 1963 1422 1520 1795 2133 2492 03 2010 1274 3699 1712 2014 2417 04 1866 1279 1438 1976 1842 2264 05 2008 1786 1152 2017 - 2140 06 1968 1703 1778 1986 - 2263 07 1930 0601 1740 1689 - 2214 08 1969 1443 1878 2644 - 2188 09 1716 1557 9957 1992 - 2589 10 1679 1429 1657 1855 2295 2511 11 2085 1904 1912 2158 2350 3110 12 1947 1659 1702 2024 2432 2509 13 1680 1607 1280 2142 2478 2577 14 1899 2100 1453 2121 2119 2588 15 1767 1437 1566 2015 2333 2580 16 1815 1485 0170 2124 2272 2463 17 1368 1626 1520 2368 2519 2424 18 2031 1689 1520 1785 0360 8478 19 1858 1738 1520 2409 1520 2094 20 1730 1763 3736 2377 1520 2327 21 1987 1895 1582 2279 1496 7585 22 2088 1546 1736 2142 1520 4856 23 2152 1878 1909 2177 1198 4892 24 1272 1957 1608 2277 1520 5110 25 - 2780 1350 2325 1520 - 26 - 1936 1719 2299 3281 - 27 1714 2078 1845 2293 2209 - 28 1813 1520 1972 1914 6224 - 29 1521 1520 - 2045 1403 - 30 1885 1553 - 2015 - 0907 - 31 1590 - 1520 1983 - 5564 - *1 Langley/Day - 3.69 Btu/Ft2 day = 4.19 Joules/Day - . - -w- - ;--:-.: : -_.,=.=.-.---- --- -' - 51 - Annex 5 Page 5 of 51 Table 1.2: MONTHLY AVERAGE OF CLOUD COVER (OKTAS) AND NUMBER OF SUNSHINE HOURS 10-YEAR (1965-1975) AVERAGED Month Mean Cloud Maximum Minimum Possible Mean as Cover (Recorded) (Recorded) Mean Sunshine Hours o Of Total (Oktas) (13* N) January 2.8 10.4 3,5 8.8 11.4 77 February 2.2 10,5 4.7 9.4 11.7 80 March 2,0 10.5 3,8 9.0 12.1 74 April 1.5 11.2 5.4 9.6 12.5 77 May 2.2 11,3 2.9 8.5 12.8 66 June 3.9 11,0 1.2 7.8 12.9 60 July 5.3 11,0 0.1 6.5 12.9 50 August 5.8 10.7 0,3 5.4 12.6 43 September 5,2 10,5 0.3 6.5 12.2 53 October 3.7 10,3 0,4 7.7 11i8 65 November 2.9 10,2 1.4 8.1 11.5 70 December 3.5 10,4 1.2 7.8 11.3 Overall Average 3.4 10,7 2.1 7.9 12.1 65.3 _ _ =- - -7: .-r V . r- '. - 52- Annex 5 Page 6 of 51 Table 1.3: SOLAR RADIATION IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE - DAILY VALUES (langley/day) Year: 1980 Location: Yundum airport Month Date January February March 1 - 397 471 2 391 431 3 - 408 433 4 - 372 451 5 201 421 6 - 172 435 7 - 276 454 8 497 513 9 - 473 469 10 - 468 475 11 490 469 471 12 439 416 514 13 429 278 447 14 423 332 423 15 406 421 411 16 287 434 512 17 414 459 18 381 481 428 19 386 451 430 20 378 407 419 21 379 280 22 432 228 - 23 437 454 24 435 25 ,. 407 26 353 27 394 28 390 294 29 414 273 30 508 xxx 31 xxx Total 6594 10921 8608 Monthly Mean ly/day 412 376 453 - 53 - Annex 5 Page 7 of 51 Table 1.4: SOLAR RADIATION IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE - DAILY VALUES (langley/day) Location: Sapu Year 1980 Date Jan, Febo Mar, Apr. May Jun, Jul, Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov, Dec. 1 418 482 521 563 320 536 528 526 362 412 484 308 2 404 476 522 571 336 554 575 505 274 452 471 410 3 355 471 517 516 402 559 541 471 297 459 369 388 4 80 339 520 583 601 569 534 535 377 460 383 377 5 364 135 502 578 601 496 488 499 229 455 242 252 6 225 64 516 571 585 401 574 403 314 511 473 548 7 243 209 550 519 595 425 481 425 565 498 407 389 8 158 521 533 451 576 199 382 449 364 406 285 419 9 293 530 565 533 579 553 336 502 386 533 410 440 10 487 523 561 307 581 438 577 491 425 441 394 449 11 446 537 561 583 599 250 547 537 564 344 408 428 12 413 533 560 585 583 420 576 440 503 488 437 281 13 424 272 579 596 575 424 564 525 512 50 471 180 14 402 243 514 563 758 383 540 431 503 511 470 99 15 371 571 515 557 462 527 493 559 453 467 SI 16 352 165 467 583 523 380 440 611 533 468 426 214 17 418 551 441 571 474 224 354 452 503 516 457 395 18 409 528 467 588 437 570 236 431 494 478 467 389 99 436 481 555 457 413 535 360 575 429 500 468 438 20 430 384 542 516 258 543 533 511 501 456 444 473 21 430 330 544 473 570 564 548 652 518 438 404 450 22 465 245 565 430 600 511 495 506 571 406 400 352 23 493 489 569 400 504 580 451 423 548 537 411 375 24 480 503 586 405 456 535 486 156 425 520 204 413 25 474 487 562 409 579 392 566 595 542 517 195 339 26 388 477 591 408 552 531 245 471 491 492 387 402 27 421 457 565 430 559 440 553 183 536 471 423 447 28 493 458 521 428 495 450 437 507 421 470 417 449 29 486 341 603 429 499 512 263 557 367 502 398 256 30 486 xxx 510 430 493 548 566 516 429 500 265 223 31 487 xxx 559 xxx 516 xxx 209 345 xxx 498 xxx 259 Total 12231 1802 16683 14476 16156 13984 14512 47624 13542 14693 11936 10903 Monthly Averge ly/day 395 407 538 499 521 466 468 475 451 474 398 252 ;, ; . w - rwcffl ............~~~~~.. f l'., [. tN--X-wTaAALrer-t2Y'-P+i; 4*89S2 *wt*4v -54 - Annex S Page 8 of 51 Table 1,5: SOLAR RADIATION IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE -- DAILY VALUES (langley/4ay) Vear: 1981 Location: Sapu Date Jan. Fob, Mar, Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 426 444 706 450 460 326 453 225 2 384 205 491 506 418 375 270 234 3 423 205 503 511 527 602 269 431 4 380 308 461 526 549 474 466 343 5 377 316 425 539 550 597 519 335 6 365 317 430 583 526 514 455 348 7 251 331 474 436 249 512 443 412 8 332 357 502 436 465 567 339 412 9 421 461 521 170 434 567 541 387 10 397 453 511 479 459 560 234 342 11 467 419 540 493 506 527 560 330 12 432 407 508 473 517 571 415 410 13 256 350 491 435 510 486 415 416 14 259 421 485 269 510 391 429 415 15 213 333 514 270 520 579 509 329 16 295 482 494 506 393 526 468 362 17 335 476 531 519 542 549 334 317 18 302 512 491 475 579 464 529 390 19 395 511 483 506 601 557 546 339 20 353 509 510 549 496 304 521 337 21 418 518 526 567 557 609 452 312 22 431 523 350 543 569 465 519 394 23 455 521 443 515 547 336 251 400 24 336 268 566 514 239 506 526 328 25 341 506 521 548 621 496 521 422 26 232 511 557 528 574 519 566 343 27 295 481 561 531 541 582 483 363 28 467 481 565 510 580 555 431 419 29 459 561 455 582 528 543 443 30 476 514 517 585 544 551 455 31 499 325 381 Total 11472 11626 15560 14359 16459 15088 13898 10967 Mean 370 413 502 479 531 S03 463 366 . ~ ~ ~ ~ - 55 - Annex 5 Page 9 of 51 Table 1,6: METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE Year - 1980 Location - Basse Date Jan. Feb, Mar, Apr, May JuQ. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 435 454 546 596 442 218 554 498 282 486 505 297 2 412 478 561 583 541 574 584 433 335 475 477 380 3 369 459 525 467 562 595 580 299 401 469 316 357 4 221 281 535 602 577 613 545 453 353 495 400 387 5 267 98 552 608 563 555 428 511 337 526 343 392 6 421 44 562 562 578 310 606 587 527 530 468 95 7 278 233 563 562 514 300 544 254 585 514 411 - a 167 410 574 517 355 427 447 491 474 511 346 - 9 268 556 - 578 580 565 379 499 417 545 407 - 10 485 556 - 581 582 483 580 553 540 449 420 239 11 440 565 - 588 580 586 508 432 590 407 428 399 12 422 568 582 595 590 581 643 355 527 459 418 407 13 439 268 582 590 555 487 533 582 552 558 452 219 14 393 152 550 599 623 546 563 454 575 524 438 150 i5 349 541 526 582 551 552 578 466 575 460 418 98 16 297 548 514 581 618 671 546 584 413 440 388 164 17 399 571 511 588 625 227 419 514 479 532 410 423 i8 406 570 523 572 583 559 194 496 485 491 448 421 19 436 495 571 555 563 577 420 588 414 483 450 406 20 432 419 591 485 557 567 534 478 494 528 413 482 21 430 408 609 581 615 550 418 606 557 480 382 457 22 462 304 603 493 618 509 473 407 604 482 367 378 23 485 205 585 419 616 577 - 415 513 527 362 357 24 491 534 612 473 625 549 - 270 415 586 212 449 25 488 456 629 508 575 521 556 522 587 603 324 421 26 354 541 593 382 629 539 301 425 490 335 388 440 27 426 542 587 522 536 375 501 221 578 486 410 461 28 483 479 641 468 483 531 454 439 457 376 468 29 472 314 558 494 392 538 204 467 402 510 369 366 30 481 xxx 564 511 524 431 598 478 489 485 212 250 .x1 495 xxx 583 xxx 548 xAx 314 442 xxx 495 xxx 205 Total 12,403 12,049 15,932 16,242 17,10015,051 14,081 14,236 14,429 15,328 11,758 9,557 Monthly Mean 1 yr/day 400 415 569 541 551 502 485 459 481 494 392 341 a/ PRecord of rainfall measured at 09 G.M.T. (9 a,m, in Gambia and Sierra Leone, 10 a,m, In Nigeria) and entered against day preceding that on which read, in accordance with the Instructions on Nigerian Form 508. Y^.AW,9 wE>gF', -.ffiS, .''4 aW-t:M,2.s fii,44.7A . . ,- - - -56 - Annex 5 Page 10 of 51 Table 1.7: AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE - 10-YEAR AVERAGES (1970-1979) (Degree 'C) Locations Yundum Airport Mean Mean Extreme Month Mean Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum January 23.3 32.0 16.0 35.9 11.3 February 24.0 33.7 16.2 37.9 12.2 March 25.1 33.7 17.6 39.2 13.6 April 24.8 33.0 19.3 28.9 16.0 May 25.0 31.6 19.8 27.1 17.0 June 27.1 31.9 22.9 35.5 19.9 July 26.7 30.2 23.4 32.8 20.0 August 26.7 30.0 23.0 31.8 19.9 September 26.5 30.6 22.7 32.8 20.4 October 26.7 31.7 22.2 34.3 19.0 November 25.4 32.5 18.9 35.7 14.7 December 24.0 31.7 17.1 35.2 13.1 Overall Average 25.4 31.9 19.9 35.6 16e4 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. 57 - Annex 5 Page 11 of 51 Table 1.8: AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE - 30-YEAR AVERAGES (1950-1979) (Degree °C) Location: Yundum Airport Mean Mean Extreme Month Mean Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum January 23.4 31.8 15.2 35.5 10.7 February 24.5 32.9 15.2 37.9 12.0 March 25.5 33.9 17.2 39.4 13.4 April 25.6 32.7 18.5 38.9 15.5 may 25.9 31.7 20.0 37.5 17.2 June 27.2 31.7 22.7 35.4 19.8 July 26.7 30.2 23.3 32.7 20.5 August 26.3 29.7 22.9 31.6 20.7 September 26.5 30.4 22.6 32.6 20.3 October 26.8 31.5 22.1 34.1 19.3 November 23.5 32.3 18.8 35.2 14.6 December 23.7 31.2 16.1 24.7 11.5 Overall averages 25.6 31.8 19.6 35.5 16.3 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. TAt~~-.TZ-a4 J. e=;w.+i.,-7 7eazsT _rt) ;*4AIw,c %AvtX4.fi X#{{ 4 -58 - Annex 5 Page 12 of 51 Table 1.9: THREE HOURLY VALUES OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE (Degree °C) Location: Yundum Airport Yeart 1983 Month: January Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 17.2 15.8 14.9 18.4 25.2 31.1 26.8 20.2 2 19.8 16.3 16.1 21.5 28.0 30.5 28.5 20.4 3 20.3 18.5 19.4 20.0 25.0 28.8 26.5 22.9 4 20,4 21.5 19.4 20.5 26.8 30.5 28.1 23.8 5 20.9 18.8 17.3 19.9 27.4 32.1 29.5 21.7 6 19.3 17.9 17.8 19.8 25.7 29.5 27.5 18.1 7 20.0 19.0 18.2 19.0 24.5 28.4 27.5 16.6 8 18.7 16.8 18.5 19.5 25.6 30.3 29.6 19.0 9 15.7 13.5 12.8 16.3 27.2 31,3 29.4 16.4 10 18.0 12.7 10.9 17.7 28.8 33,0 30.5 20.5 11 19.2 18.6 17.1 20.9 27.5 32.6 29.5 21.3 12 21.2 19.0 16.5 20.6 28.0 32.7 31.0 17.7 13 20.3 17.0 19.0 20.5 27.7 31.2 29.6 21.9 14 19.5 19.4 18.5 20.0 26.4 30.5 27.6 20.5 15 19.7 19.0 18.4 20.2 26.9 28.1 27.8 18.3 16 17.0 17.5 16.0 19.5 26.9 31.6 30.0 21.7 17 20.0 21.0 21.8 20.4 29.0 33.6 32.1 23.2 18 22.0 21.9 20,0 21.4 30.4 34.5 33.1 19.3 19 19.8 18.9 19.7 23.0 31.5 35.2 33.8 21.5 20 18.3 16.0 17.0 21,8 31.0 35.1 31.7 21.7 21 19.5 19.8 18.0 20.0 30.1 35.0 26.8 20.2 22 18.2 16.1 13.3 19.8 28.4 35.0 29.5 20.8 23 19.6 18.5 17.3 19.5 31.0 35.9 34.5 20.5 24 18.2 19.5 13.5 21.0 31.8 36.3 31.8 21.9 25 16.9 19.8 20.0 21.1 30.6 35.6 33,6 19.9 26 21,6 16.7 17.5 21.0 29.5 34.5 32.5 23.1 27 25.5 20.8 19.5 21.1 28.4 32.0 31.1 19.4 28 23.0 22.6 21.5 21.2 27.5 30.9 29.4 21.0 29 21.8 21.6 20.9 21.7 23.9 27.3 26.8 19.7 30 20.0 20.5 19.5 20.3 26.5 30.6 29.5 18.3 31 20.7 19.3 18.4 20.3 28.2 31.9 30.4 21.2 - 59 - Annex 5 Page 13 of S1 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: Febrs'ary Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 18.6 14.4 13.3 17.6 28.7 33.5 31.0 22.8 2 21.7 21.8 17.8 20.0 30.0 34.9 32.9 22.1 3 19.8 20.5 17.6 19.2 30.3 35.6 32.4 22.5 4 19.4 21.0 17.3 20.0 31.5 35.3 31.1 22.0 5 20.3 20.5 18.0 21.7 31.7 35.5 31.9 23.2 6 20.4 18.0 20.8 21.4 26.5 33.0 30.4 22.1 7 20.8 17.5 15.7 19.0 30.6 33.0 29.2 21.7 a 18.9 14.8 14.5 19.1 25.9 30.3 25.4 21.2 9 20.9 20.4 18.5 21.2 25.0 27.9 24.3 21.6 10 19.7 18.0 16.3 18.4 24.1 28.5 24.5 21.2 11 19.6 18.9 16.9 19.3 24.9 27.7 24.4 20.9 12 21.3 21.0 19.7 19.7 25.1 29.4 25.5 21.5 13 21.3 19.5 18.0 19.5 25.0 28.3 24.8 21.3 14 20.0 19.2 17.0 19.3 26.0 28.2 24.6 21.5 15 20.5 19.7 19.4 21.1 26.5 20.9 27.5 21.2 16 21.2 19.8 19.5 21.2 28.5 31.7 27.0 22.9 17 23.3 21.5 20.4 21.5 29.6 33.9 29.0 23.5 18 24.4 22.0 20.6 23.4 33.3 37.0 30.0 23.4 19 25.0 23.8 22.6 24.2 33.1 39.0 31.3 25.6 20 21.5 20.9 17.5 24.9 35.3 40.0 30.8 23.7 21 19.3 19.1 18.6 22.4 33.4 36.5 29.5 23.2 22 21.5 19.0 17.1 25.2 35.8 39.6 34.3 25.9 23 22.0 21.8 21.0 24.0 33.0 38.5 32.7 24.5 24 21.6 19.8 20.3 23.7 34.5 39.7 38.1 24.7 25 22.4 21.3 15.5 23.5 35.4 38.5 35.5 25.0 26 22.0 19.6 19.1 22.0 32.8 39.5 30.4 23.3 27 21.6 19.8 20.5 21.7 32.5 33.8 30.4 23.5 28 22.4 21.0 21.0 21.7 37.3 37.0 36.0 26.4 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FF o z~~~~~~~~ - = e- -;-+r- 4 e4>gaNr g +gSfiW6i#eM - 60- Annex 5 Page 14 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: March Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 24e4 23.5 22.4 23.1 32.0 36.0 32.9 24.2 2 22,7 19.6 18.3 22.8 33.2 35.5 29.5 22.8 3 20,2 19.4 19.0 21.1 29.7 32.5 30.4 23.0 4 21.8 21.4 21.2 23.6 28.5 35.0 34.3 24.5 5 24.5 22.4 21.7 26.0 29.6 35.7 27.8 24.0 6 24.7 21.8 21.4 23.6 30.4 36.4 27.0 23.6 7 22.6 21.2 19.0 23.1 31.0 34.6 31.4 24.1 8 24.8 22.7 24.0 25.6 35.6 39.0 38.5 27.6 9 21.5 18.9 17.2 25.4 36.2 40.1 38.6 25.9 10 27.3 27.8 27.9 28,8 34.5 38.0 35.5 26.2 11 25.0 25.8 27.5 28.6 33.5 35.0 35.0 26.2 12 23.8 25.2 26.4 26.0 28.0 30.0 28.8 24.5 13 22,5 21.4 21.1 23.6 28.7 32.5 26.2 22.0 14 21.2 21,0 19.8 22.0 27.0 26.7 24.3 21.0 15 20.6 19.8 20.3 21.5 26.5 30,5 25.0 21.8 16 20.7 19.6 19.6 21.6 28.1 30.0 25.7 21.5 17 20.7 19.6 19.0 22.8 30.4 34.3 20.2 21.9 18 20.7 19.6 19.3 23.8 31.9 30.7 25.4 21.9 19 21.2 20.1 19.2 21.6 30.4 29.5 26.4 21.7 20 20.7 20.1 20.1 21.1 32.7 34.0 33.3 23.2 21 21.8 21.0 20.0 21.6 35.2 39.1 29.5 24.3 22 24.0 22.2 20.8 22.9 32.5 33.0 29.5 23.0 23 21,6 21.6 21.0 22.0 31.7 33.6 29.5 23.3 24 22.9 22.5 22.0 23.4 29.0 32.0 26.7 23.1 25 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.7 27.1 30.0 27.6 24.2 26 23.2 22.4 22.3 26.6 38.0 41.2 40.0 31.0 27 30.0 27,0 27.8 30.5 37.5 40.0 30.7 27.1 28 26.2 23.3 23.9 26.5 33.0 35.5 27.2 23,0 29 21.8 21.5 20.4 22.7 28.2 30.2 26.0 20.9 30 20.2 18.9 19.7 22.0 27.0 29.5 25.2 21.6 - 61 - Annex 5 Page 15 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Months April Hours Data 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 19.4 18.5 18.0 21.8 27.4 30.0 25.0 20.0 2 19.1 19.0 19.3 21.2 24.6 25.8 23.4 20.5 3 19.9 19.1 18.8 21.1 24.6 24.8 23.0 20.6 4 20.2 19.0 18.2 21.5 25.5 28.5 25.5 21.7 5 21.4 20,5 20.5 22.4 25.5 32.2 26.8 25.1 6 24.7 23.7 23.4 25.7 34.8 38.0 29.1 24.6 7 25.9 24.0 22.6 26.1 35.2 40.6 31.4 24.8 8 25.6 24.0 24.7 28.5 36.0 41.1 31.4 24.8 9 22.9 20.8 20.2 26.9 33.8 36.2 29.4 24.7 10 20.0 17.5 17,5 25.4 31.1 36.2 26.6 21.1 11 20.1 19.1 19.3 21.0 27.9 26.8 24.2 21.2 12 20.5 20.1 20.0 22.0 31.7 28.8 25.1 21.5 13 20.9 20.0 18.8 21.4 28.5 30.0 26.6 21.6 14 20.9 20.7 19.5 21.0 29.6 30.0 26.2 22.0 15 21.3 21.0 20.5 23.3 29.5 32.0 26.6 22.4 16 21.9 20.9 20.7 23.0 28.7 29.5 24.9 22.0 17 20.7 20.2 19.6 22.0 26.8 29.7 27.0 21.9 18 20.5 19.7 19.0 22.5 27.5 30.0 25.4 21.2 19 20.2 19.5 19.0 22.4 26.6 30.2 24.2 21.2 20 20.7 20.2 20.2 22.4 25.9 27.5 24.9 22.0 21 21.3 21.1 20.5 23.7 28.0 30.7 26.5 22.0 22 20.6 20.1 20.3 24.3 27.6 26.8 25.7 22.4 23 21.9 21.5 21.3 22.5 25.8 30.1 24.5 21.5 24 20.9 19.8 19.6 22.4 29.5 28.7 23.9 21.0 25 20.4 19.6 19.2 22.0 26.4 26.9 24.3 20.6 26 20.1 19.8 19.6 21.7 25.7 25.8 23.4 21.0 27 20.4 20.0 19.5 22.8 28.0 27.8 24.1 21.8 28 20.9 20.1 20.0 23.8 28.1 30.8 25.4 22.2 29 21.5 20.6 20.2 24.3 31.4 33.8 28.8 24.5 30 24.4 23.8 24.0 26.1 31.3 36.6 31.5 25.2 iEfg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. - 62- Annex S Page 16 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: May Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 25.0 24.5 23.5 28.1 32.3 33.2 30.5 29.3 2 29.5 29.9 30.3 32e1 37.2 36.0 27.9 24.2 3 22.5 21.4 21.5 24.3 29.8 28.5 25.0 23.8 4 25.4 25.1 26.0 27.1 30.9 35.1 29.8 29.0 5 28.2 27.4 25.8 27.0 29.8 31.0 25.5 23.0 6 23.0 22.3 21.6 24.5 28.4 28.0 24.0 21.e 7 21.5 20.9 20,9 23.3 28.6 28.8 24,2 21.8 8 21.3 21.0 20.5 23.4 27.7 30.7 25.3 23.1 9 22.4 21.5 21.3 23.2 30.0 29.0 26.1 23.7 10 21.7 20.7 20.8 23.7 28.9 33.3 26.1 22.5 11 21.9 21,1 21.2 23.3 26.3 27.6 24.9 22.5 12 22.1 21.5 21.1 22.9 27.0 27.3 25.2 22.0 13 21.4 21.5 21.4 23.3 28.0 28.0 25e6 22.3 14 21.8 21.6 21.4 23.5 27.0 29.0 25.5 23.5 15 23.8 21.8 21.6 23,5 30.9 29.5 27.8 24.0 16 22.5 21.6 21.4 24.5 30.8 37.8 29.0 23.2 17 22.8 21.6 21.1 24.3 29.6 30.7 26.4 23.1 18 23.0 21.8 20.7 26.8 36.0 37.0 28.4 24.2 19 23.2 21.7 19.4 25.4 30.5 31.8 28.8 24.0 20 23.8 23.0 22.0 25.0 29.5 29.9 27.3 23.0 21 22.5 21.7 21.1 23.6 27.7 25.3 24.6 22.3 22 22.6 21.8 20.9 25.4 27.0 28.5 26.1 23.2 23 23.2 22.0 22.5 25.5 29.2 30.2 26.3 23.0 24 22.7 23.0 21.5 25.0 28.6 32.3 26.8 24.0 25 23.3 22.5 22.3 24.9 28.2 29.4 27.0 23.3 26 22.4 21.5 21.0 24.8 31.3 28.7 27.6 25.5 27 25.0 24.5 24.5 25.5 30.4 33.0 29.2 25.2 28 24.5 24.0 23.4 27.2 31.7 34.0 30.0 25.5 29 26.0 25.6 24.3 26.0 28.5 30.5 29.0 25.5 30 24.5 23.2 22.8 26.0 33e0 37.5 30.0 25.2 31 23.0 23.0 22.1 27.1 32.6 32.5 29.0 25.2 -G;;;3 n e4 XE3 ~S - 3- Annex 5 Page 17 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: June Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 24.4 23.3 23.8 26.7 31.5 31.4 28.0 25.5 2 25.1 24.8 24.8 26.8 31.5 32.5 29.0 26.5 3 25.9 24.3 23.9 28.0 31.6 31.0 29.0 27.0 4 26.5 26.3 26.0 27.8 32.0 31.7 28.9 26.8 5 25.6 25.0 24.6 27.7 32.0 32.0 29.6 26.5 6 25.5 25.2 25.0 27.4 31.7 32.3 30.0 26.3 7 26.0 25.0 23.4 26.6 31.0 31.0 28.5 26.4 8 26.0 25.3 24.6 27.0 31.5 32.8 30.6 27.8 9 26.9 26.4 25.4 27.6 32.0 33.9 30.0 27.0 10 26.0 26.8 25.2 28.9 33.9 33.0 29.4 27.1 11 26.2 25.5 25.0 28.0 31.5 31.9 29.1 26.0 12 25.5 24.8 23.8 26.6 30.0 30.2 27.4 26.0 13 24.8 24.3 24.2 25.5 27.9 31.2 28.4 26.5 14 26.0 25.0 25.1 26.8 32.5 24.0 29.4 27.4 15 27.0 26.5 26.3 27.8 30.0 31.5 29.1 26.9 16 26.5 26.3 26.2 28.3 31.6 32.9 30.0 27.3 17 26.6 25.8 25.5 28.6 33.3 33.8 30.0 27.5 18 27.0 26.8 25.7 28.5 31.4 31.5 29.2 27.0 19 26.5 26.0 25.5 25.0 30.4 26.0 31.0 27.8 20 27.5 26.0 25.8 27.8 30.9 31.1 28.6 23.8 21 24.0 23.8 23.1 26.5 30.1 32.1 30.5 27.8 22 27.2 22.9 23.2 25.5 29.9 31.2 29.8 27.2 23 26.7 26.C 25.5 28.0 31.0 31.5 29.8 26.9 24 26.0 26.0 25.4 27.4 30.2 32.1 29.3 26.6 25 25.7 23.8 22.7 27.4 31.0 32.0 29.5 26.5 26 26.2 24.5 25.3 29.0 32.5 32.9 29.6 27.7 27 26.3 25.3 25.2 28.4 30.1 28.8 26.5 24.9 28 25.6 25.4 24.8 26.4 29.2 31.3 29.7 27.4 29 27.4 26.8 26.4 28.7 31.8 32.0 29.5 27.5 30 27.0 26.2 24.7 27.8 31.0 30.5 28.8 26.6 s*0;Be;49&S;>-vvYws-~ ~ ~ is^1>4Xe-w7--ra-- (.q tw---^Y..a -64- Anen" 5 Page 18 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: July Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 25.0 24.6 22.5 27.8 31.5 33.0 30.7 27.7 2 27.1 26.6 25.0 26.0 27.0 31.0 29.3 27.0 3 26.5 26.8 26.2 28.2 30.8 31.8 29.5 27.6 4 26.6 26.1 26.4 28.6 31.4 32.0 23.4 23.7 5 24.2 24.3 23.8 27.7 29.9 31.2 30.1 27.0 6 26.5 25.3 25.7 28.3 29.4 22.8 23.S 23.0 7 22.5 22.3 22.7 26.7 30.7 33.0 23.5 24*1 8 23.3 23.0 22.5 26.6 30.0 29.9 28.3 27.2 9 27.0 26.3 24.2 27.8 30.1 25.5 24.6 24.6 10 24.3 23.5 22.7 28.2 30.8 33.1 31.1 28.2 11 27.2 26.9 26.7 29.0 30.8 22.9 26.0 26.O 12 24.5 26.5 25.0 28.0 31.4 32.0 30.0 27.8 13 26.8 25.7 24.7 28.1 31.0 32,0 29.7 27.6 14 23.0 23.2 23.4 24.8 29.0 30.5 30.0 27.0 15 25.7 25.6 25.7 28.2 30.8 31.7 30.5 27.3 16 27.1 26.4 24o3 28.0 31.0 31.9 30.3 27.3 17 26.3 25.6 25.1 28.4 30.4 31.8 30.0 27.5 18 27.2 26.3 26.6 28.5 30.6 31.2 29.6 26.5 19 25.8 26.0 24.8 26.2 30.8 31.6 29.8 27.7 20 26.0 21.7 22.5 25.4 29.6 30.5 29e5 26.9 21 26.5 26.6 26.0 24.5 27.0 30.0 28.4 27.2 22 26.7 25.9 25.3 28.0 30.1 30.8 29.7 26.7 23 25.6 23.9 23.7 27.5 30.8 31.6 30.0 27.8 24 26.6 26.0 25.0 28.2 30.6 31o1 28.9 27.2 2') 26.6 26.3 27.0 28.4 30.2 30.2 29.0 27.0 26 26.9 25.3 24.9 27.4 29.3 30.2 28.4 25.7 27 25.2 25.2 25.0 27.5 30.0 30.7 28.9 26.0 28 25.3 24.7 24.6 28.0 29.8 30.0 30.0 27.3 29 26.8 26.1 26.1 28.0 30.5 31.0 29.8 27.1 30 24.7 23.5 22.6 28.5 30.4 32.7 30.5 27.4 31 26.7 26.6 25.7 27.8 31.0 31.3 29.6 27.2 - 65 - Annex 5 Page 19 of 51 Table 1.9t Cont'd Month: August Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 26.4 24.8 25.0 28.5 31.5 28.0 28.6 26.5 2 26.0 25.3 25.5 28.0 30.5 30.5 27.1 26.6 3 25.0 25.5 25.4 27.4 29.3 30.4 29.0 27.1 4 27.0 26.4 26.1 28.2 30.7 31.6 30.0 27.5 5 26.3 25.8 25.1 28.6 31.5 31.3 29.6 26.9 6 27.2 26.9 26.8 27.8 29.2 30.0 28.0 26.4 7 25.0 23.9 22.0 27.3 30.3 30.4 29.2 26.5 8 25.4 24.4 23.6 26.7 30.4 23.0 24.5 24.4 9 23.6 23.8 24.0 25.5 29.0 30.5 24.5 24.5 10 24.7 23.9 23.6 25.4 26.2 25.8 25.9 25.3 11 24.9 24.6 24.5 26.5 28.9 30.8 29.0 26.3 12 25.5 24.6 25.3 27.8 29.8 30.0 29.5 27.3 13 26.6 25.6 25.3 28.1 30.2 31.1 29.4 26.7 14 26.4 25.3 24.0 25.0 30.2 27.5 27.8 25.3 15 24.5 23.1 22.5 26.7 30.5 30.5 29.6 27.0 16 26.4 26.3 25.5 28.5 31.0 31.0 29.5 27.1 17 25.5 25.7 24.3 27.5 30.7 30.0 29.6 26.7 18 26.0 25.0 23.6 28.2 31.2 31.2 29.7 27.5 19 27.2 27.1 26.5 27.6 29.7 31.2 27.9 25.4 20 24.6 23.4 22.8 26.0 30.5 31.5 29.2 26.3 21 25.0 24.0 24.0 27.7 26.3 23.9 24.5 23.0 22 22.2 22.8 23.5 26.5 29.5 30.7 29.6 27.0 23 25.8 25.3 24.5 27.7 29.7 30.3 28.1 23.5 24 24.7 23.2 22.4 26.1 30.2 31.6 24.2 24.3 25 23.3 23.5 24.5 26.8 29.3 30.5 28.7 27.0 26 27.1 26.7 26.1 28.4 30.0 30.4 29.1 26.8 27 26.5 25.6 24.7 27.0 30.1 31.0 29.4 26.8 28 25.5 24.8 24.3 27.1 31.2 29.5 30.0 26.5 29 25.2 23.0 22.8 26.8 30.5 27.4 23.0 22.8 30 23.0 22.9 23.7 27.5 30.5 30.6 26.5 23.0 31 23.3 23.0 22.5 26.8 31.0 31.9 30.3 26.5 '.' ' -. . - 4.. .. ......,_-,.........x4."'-...,i,'-,Y p -: . ~ -. M M.**,<4,t- ... S -66- Annex 5 Page 20 of 51 Table 1.93 Cont'd Month: September Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 1S 18 21 1 25.2 23.0 23.4 24.9 29.7 28.1 27.4 25.3 2 24.5 23.9 23.9 27.1 30.3 31.4 30.2 27.3 3 25.7 25.7 26.1 28.3 30.5 31.0 29.5 27.0 4 26.6 26.2 25.2 27.2 28.0 28.4 27.7 24.6 5 23.7 22.7 22.4 25.6 30.5 32.0 30.0 26.4 6 23.8 23.3 23.3 21.5 30e3 30.9 28.9 26.9 7 25.5 25.2 25.0 27.9 30.4 31.5 29.6 27,0 8 24.9 24.4 24.3 28.2 31.5 33.2 30.0 26.7 9 24.8 21.8 23.0 26.7 30.0 30.6 29.8 26.6 10 26.3 26.3 25.6 28.5 30.1 30.0 27.2 25.5 11 24.8 24.5 23.4 23.6 27.3 30.1 25.5 24.4 12 24.0 23.4 24.3 22.2 26.0 28.9 27.0 25.0 13 25.0 23.8 23.6 28.3 31.0 31.0 29.4 27.4 14 26.7 25.0 24.5 27.5 30.3 31.3 28.9 26.6 15 25.6 24.2 24.5 28.0 28.7 24.3 26.6 22.6 16 22.2 22.5 22.6 27.4 30.4 30.5 28.9 26.0 17 26.0 25.4 24.9 27.4 30.0 30.5 28.8 26.2 18 25.8 24.5 23.6 27.7 31.8 29.6 28.5 26.5 19 24.6 24.5 23.6 28.3 31.1 31.5 29.0 22.6 20 22.9 23.0 22.5 25.8 30.1 31.4 30.8 26.5 21 25.7 24.4 23.3 27.1 30.8 31.7 29.2 27.0 22 26.0 25.7 25.1 23.1 28.9 29.5 28.6 25.5 23 25.7 22.9 22.3 25.2 30.5 30.2 29.0 26.0 24 25.0 24.6 21.7 24.6 30.7 32.2 29.3 25.6 25 22.8 23.2 23.0 36.3 31.3 31.6 30.0 23.5 26 25.4 24.0 23.4 27.7 31.0 31.3 30.0 26.4 27 25.0 25.4 25.1 27.9 31.5 32.0 29.0 26.0 28 24.5 23.9 23.7 27.2 28.5 30.0 26.0 23.2 29 22.8 22.2 21.8 25.6 30.0 32.2 30.4 24.3 30 24.3 22.7 22.6 27.8 31.8 33.5 29.8 26.9 - 67 - Annex 5 Page 21 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: October Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 26.7 27.2 22.2 23.5 28.6 31.0 29.5 27.0 2 25.1 25.6 26.0 28.5 30.5 31.3 29.2 27.0 3 25.3 24.6 23.7 28.0 31.2 32.3 29.5 26.5 4 25.5 25.5 26.0 28.3 31.0 31.6 29.5 25.7 5 25.2 24.7 23.6 26.9 30.0 31.6 30.5 25.0 6 25.1 25.0 23.6 25.7 29.0 31.4 30.4 25.0 7 25.0 23.5 24.3 27.8 27.0 31.3 28.3 24.5 8 25.5 24.2 25.5 28.5 32.0 25.0 30.9 26.9 9 25.0 24.5 24.0 28.0 32.4 33.5 30.0 27.0 10 25.9 25.7 25.7 28.8 31.4 32.4 25.6 24.5 11 24.5 24.0 23.4 27.5 31.4 32.2 30.0 26.6 12 25.5 24.8 24.8 27.8 31.6 31.9 29.6 25e8 13 24.8 25.0 24.8 28.0 31,4 31.5 29.7 26.0 14 25.6 23.8 24.0 28.1 31.0 32.4 30.4 25.7 15 24.4 23.1 22.9 27.2 31.6 32.4 30.1 25.5 16 25.4 24.5 23.6 27.0 32.3 32.5 30.0 26.3 17 25.3 24.4 23.2 28.0 31,3 31.5 28.9 24.6 18 24.9 23.1 23.6 28.2 31.8 32.2 29.9 26.5 19 26.0 25.5 25.6 28.3 32.0 32.9 30.0 26.2 20 26.2 25.4 23.0 27.6 31.7 31.5 29.4 25.1 21 24.7 23.8 21.6 27.5 31.6 33.0 30.0 26.2 22 24.9 24.7 23.0 28.0 31.6 32.7 30.3 26.0 23 24.8 24.0 22.5 26.6 33.2 32.0 29.2 26.0 24 24.6 25.3 24.8 28.0 32.4 30.4 29.1 26.0 25 25.4 25.3 23.2 27.7 31.5 32.0 29.5 26.2 26 25.4 23.1 22.3 27.0 32.7 33.2 31.0 24.5 27 23.4 24.0 21.7 26.8 33.9 34.0 30.9 26.1 28 25.5 24.0 24.2 28.0 32.1 33.9 29.5 26.8 29 26.3 24.8 24.5 27.7 30.9 32.3 29.0 23.5 30 23.0 21.4 21.0 26.9 31.5 32.5 29.5 25.8 31 24.0 22.4 22.4 25.8 32.0 33.6 30.2 26.6 i0m5itK.iM - i|=2WU ild.t--.w,Xi....... A._L -68 - Annex 5 Page 22 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Month: November Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 23.4 22.8 22.6 27.9 31.8 32.5 30.0 26.5 2 24.8 23.5 22.8 27.8 33.0 24.0 30.5 26.5 3 24.7 23.5 24.3 27.6 32.3 33.5 29.9 26.0 4 24.8 23.1 21.6 27.3 31.7 32.3 29.5 26.7 5 24.0 21.6 23.1 26.3 30.6 33.2 30.0 27.1 6 25.5 23.5 22.0 25.5 30.5 33.5 29.1 26.5 7 26.5 25.1 21.5 25S3 29.1 31.7 29.2 26.6 8 24.8 23.9 22.0 25.6 29.8 31.9 28.4 25.9 9 25.5 23.2 18.5 24.8 29.5 32.0 27.3 25.7 10 22.7 19.0 18.2 25.5 29.5 34.0 30.2 24.6 11 22.2 20.6 17.2 24.2 36.5 40.0 30.6 24.5 12 23.2 22.8 19.5 24.2 33.8 35.0 29.1 25.3 13 24.3 24.1 23.5 26,0 31.0 31.8 28.0 23.0 14 21.5 22.2 22.1 25.4 31.4 32.7 29.0 25.4 15 24.3 23.0 20.0 23.8 31.0 34.8 27.4 22.6 16 20.5 21.0 21.5 25.3 31.8 33.0 27.9 24.1 17 23.6 20.6 20.6 25.5 27.1 31.4 30.9 24.2 18 23.0 22.5 19.9 24.0 33.5 39.5 31.7 24.5 19 22.8 22.7 22.4 24.5 32.0 34.7 28.3 25.2 20 24.0 23.0 21.3 25.9 31.0 33.0 29.8 24.5 21 23.0 22.5 21.5 26.4 31.8 34.6 31.0 24.3 22 22.5 20.0 18.7 24.0 36.6 39.1 34.6 24.1 23 20.8 19.6 18.9 25.5 35.0 37.1 34.4 23.5 24 21.4 22.7 18.3 23.2 31.4 32.5 27.4 25.0 25 23.0 20.5 19.3 24.1 32.0 37.0 31.4 23.5 26 20.8 21.4 19.4 24.0 33.7 38.0 32.1 24.0 27 22.0 23.2 20.9 25.1 32.5 36.2 31.1 25.0 28 21.6 20.7 19.7 22.8 33.8 35.5 30.4 21.5 29 26.0 22.4 17.5 24.6 32.2 34.4 31e0 24.0 30 21.0 18.8 20.4 23.0 31.3 35.0 29.4 25.0 - 69 - Annex 5 Page 23 of 51 Table 1.9: Cont'd Montht December Hours Date 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 23.8 22.2 20.9 25.7 32.2 36.0 30.2 24.8 2 23.1 22.6 21.1 22.7 29.5 33.4 32.1 24.8 3 22.3 24.3 22.2 23.8 29.0 33.4 30.2 23.7 4 23.7 23.7 33.3 25.5 27.4 32.8 30.3 25.2 5 22.7 19.0 21.7 24.5 31.8 26.1 29.6 23.8 6 19.5 19.5 19.5 24.2 32.8 34.5 30.4 24.2 7 24.4 22.8 23.2 24.4 27.3 29.4 27.0 23.8 8 22.9 21.6 21.5 24.0 33.0 34.7 32.4 26.9 9 26.7 24.6 23.1 25.3 31.7 34.2 31.7 24.8 10 24.5 24.1 23.2 23.9 27.9 32.5 30.5 24.6 11 22.4 22.1 20.9 22.5 28.6 31.7 29.3 23.1 12 22.2 21.5 19.6 21.0 27.0 30.3 27.5 22.5 13 16.6 18.5 19.1 20.8 26.5 29.5 26.3 20.4 14 17.6 17.5 16.6 20.4 28.6 32.2 26.3 21.4 15 20.8 17.6 19.3 21.9 29.0 33.5 30.0 22.7 16 20.4 16.7 18.0 21.2 29.0 32.2 28.7 21.0 17 20.6 19.1 19.5 21.5 29.6 33.2 26.3 21.3 18 21.0 19.4 18.5 22.2 29.1 33.0 29.5 19.2 19 16.3 18.9 19.1 23.0 29.2 33.6 30.5 21.6 20 19.7 23.0 19.6 22.7 30.3 33.6 30.4 21.7 21 23.0 17.9 17.9 22.2 29.0 33.1 31.0 21.1 22 21.2 20.0 18.4 21.7 28.9 30.8 28.3 20.2 23 20.0 17.5 13.0 18.8 30.0 33.9 29.5 21.2 24 19.5 18.4 17.8 21.8 28.3 33.3 26.2 21.9 25 20.7 19.9 19.9 21.4 28.5 31.8 27.3 21.5 26 21.0 19.0 18.0 20.2 27.4 31.5 26.0 20.6 27 18.5 17.0 16.0 18.0 26.3 31.0 25.4 21.2 28 19.8 17.8 18.0 19.6 29.9 24.0 30.5 21.7 29 21.1 14.3 17.0 20.6 29.7 33.6 30.0 20.7 30 16.8 17.4 20.5 21.5 29.5 33.0 31.7 22.0 31 20.5 20.7 19.5 19.8 24.4 30.4 29.2 20.7 E& Z a Annex 5 Page 24 of 51 Table 1.10: WIND, SPEED AND DIRECTION - 30-YEAR AVERAGES (1950-1979) Location: Yundum Airport Mean Maximum month Speed Calm NE E SE S SW W NW N Force 0 1-3 4-5 6-7 8 (kts) Beaufort January 5.3 21 21 15 3 0 0 2 16 22 5 21 71 8 0 0 February 6.1 17 16 9 2 0 1 5 24 26 5 17 72 11 0 0 March 6.8 13 11 6 2 0 2 10 31 25 5 13 71 16 0 0 April 7.0 10 6 3 1 1 3 13 41 22 5 10 72 18 0 0 May 6e4 12 3 1 1 1 6 24 41 11 5 10 72 18 0 0 June 4.9 29 2 2 3 8 10 23 19 4 6 29 61 10 0 0 July 4.9 29 2 2 3 8 10 23 19 4 6 29 61 10 0 0 August 4.6 33 2 2 4 9 14 20 12 3 5 22 59 8 0 0 September 3.7 40 3 4 7 7 8 13 13 5 6 40 55 5 0 0 October 2.9 47 5 5 3 3 4 11 14 8 5 47 51 2 0 0 November 2.7 47 10 7 2 0 2 6 12 14 4 47 52 1 0 0 December 4.5 28 23 15 3 0 0 2 11 19 4 28 65 7 0 0 Overall averages 5.0 27.2 8,7 5,9 2,8 3,1 5.0 12.7 21.1 13.6 5.1 26.6 63.9 9.5 0 0 .- -71 - Annex S Page 25 of 51 Table 1.11: THREE HOURLY VALUES OF WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED (Knots) Location: Yundum Airport Yeart 1987 Month: January, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 NW/02 NW/03 NW/04 NW/OS NE/07 NE/05 NW/06 W/03 2 NW/04 W/03 NE/08 NE/06 NE/10 NE/04 N/04 NW1/05 3 N/06 N/06 N/07 N/09 N/16 N/ll N/10 N/07 4 N/08 N/12 N/10 NE/10 N1/10 NE1/10 NE/05 N/10 5 N/07 N/08 N/05 N/10 N/18 NE/09 NE/06 NW1/04 6 N/06 NE/09 N/07 NE/10 NE/18 N/10 N/04 N/04 7 N/08 N/06 NE/06 NW/10 E/15 NE/10 N/08 N/05 8 N/04 N/08 N/08 N/10 3/18 NE/ll E/03 SE/05 9 NW/08 CALM CALM NE/03 E/07 E/07 CALM NW/03 10 N/08 CALM N/03 N/06 E/10 N/06 N/04 N/08 11 N/07 NE/05 E/06 NE/10 N1/10 W/10 W/08 W/06 12 W/06 NW1/07 N/02 NE/06 NE/10 NE/09 NE/03 CALM 13 NE/08 NE/03 NE/18 NE/15 NE/15 E/09 N/05 N/03 14 N/06 N/05 NR/07 NE1/10 NE/10 NE1/08 NW/05 N/07 15 N/06 NW1/07 N/06 N/10 E/08 N/08 CALM NW/02 16 CALM N/OS NE/07 N/OS NE/12 E/08 N/02 N/08 17 NW/05 N/10 NE1/10 NE1/08 NE1/12 E/07 NE/04 NW/07 18 NW/08 NE/05 NE/09 N/10 NE/12 NE/15 E/04 NE/06 19 N1/07 NE/OS E/09 NE/08 NE/08 NE1/10 CALM NW/02 20 NW/05 N1/08 N/04 NE/10 E/12 E/06 NW/05 11/09 21 CALM NW/07 N/02 N/06 NE/12 NE/04 NW/09 NW/08 22 W/05 CALM N/05 N/10 N/10 NE/07 NWO/O 1W/05 23 NW/07 NW/05 N/06 N/03 NE/10 E/09 N/02 1W/08 24 W/04 NW/02 N/02 N/08 E/08 E/08 NW/06 NW/02 25 CALM N/02 N/09 N/06 NE/12 E/10 N/05 CALM 26 E/03 N/03 NE/08 N/05 E/14 NE/10 NE/06 N/07 27 NE1/11 NE/08 N/06 N/10 NE/16 N/10 NE/08 N/07 28 N/08 NE/10 NE1/13 NE1/08 E/18 E/09 E/02 N/08 29 N/10 NE/06 NE/05 E/10 N/18 NE/09 NE/05 N/06 30 N/07 NE/07 N/08 E/12 NE/ll E/13 NE/05 N/05 31 NE1/05 NE/07 NE/OS NE/OS E/12 E/08 N1/09 NW/05 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. _, -W _ Annex 5 - 72 - Page 26 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: February, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 NW/03 CALM CALM NE/02 NE/08 NE/05 NW/06 CAIM 2 NW/05 NE/OS N/05 NE/04 E/12 E/10 N/04 W/05 3 N/06 NW/08 N/08 N/06 NE/08 E/07 NW/05 W/OS 4 N1/04 NW/06 N/06 N/08 E/07 NE1/08 N/05 N/05 5 SE/04 S/07 SE/04 S/09 SW/05 S /07 SE/08 N1/10 6 E/02 CALM N/07 E/05 E/08 SW/09 NE/08 1/03 7 NW/03 CALM CALM CALM E/05 SE/05 E/07 NE/06 a NW/02 SE/04 NW/03 N/06 1/08 NE/07 NW/08 MW/07 9 NW/05 N/07 N/05 N/08 NE/08 E/09 NW/10 1/07 10 l/05 N1/10 N/10 NE/09 N/09 NiW/09 W/14 N1/09 11 NW/09 N1/10 N/8 N/10 N/10 N/15 NE/15 W/08 12 NW/06 N/08 N/10 N/10 NE1/10 N/08 NW/10 WIho 13 SW/05 NW/04 N/04 N/10 1/10 NE/09 NW/09 N1/10 14 NI/05 N/10 N/05 NW/ll E/10 N/06 N/10 NW/03 15 NW/06 N/04 N/10 N/08 N/ll N/OS NW/08 NW/06 16 NW/06 N/05 N/12 N/10 N/10 NW/10 NW/10 1W/05 17 NW/09 N/ll NW/08 NE/08 E/10 NW/06 NW/13 Nw/08 18 NW/09 N/08 N/08 NE/06 NE/05 N/12 W/10 NW/o 19 NE1/10 N/09 N/10 N/10 N/10 NW/15 W/10 1/08 20 N/04 N/05 N/03 N/02 N/15 SE/10 W/15 W/07 21 S/08 S/05 N1/02 S/05 N/07 N/04 SW/10 S/09 22 S/os CALM CALM NE/08 NE/15 N/15 W/06 1W/08 23 W/02 1/02 N1/03 NE/09 N/09 NW/14 W/10 /105 24 S/05 W/05 NW/08 NE/07 E/15 E/10 E/12 S/04 25 SW/04 W/05 CALM NE/10 E/09 NE/06 W/09 S/06 26 W/05 CALM NW/05 N/03 E/04 E/08 SW/1O S/09 27 SW/03 S/02 CALM S/02 NW/03 W/11 W/11 W/09 28 CALM NW/03 CALM NW/05 N/ll NE/10 E/05 SW/10 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul. Gambia. ~~~ W -5 - - S ; -; ,r<, , -73 - Annex 5 Page 27 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: March, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 S/10 S/05 S/04 W/05 NE/08 CALM NW/10 NW/07 2 NW/07 CALM CALM CALM S/05 S/08 S/10 W/02 3 CALM W/03 CALM W/05 NW/08 NW/05 NW/12 W/06 4 W/03 W/02 SE/08 NW/08 NS/1O N/09 N/09 W/05 5 NW/10 W/09 N/06 NE/06 Nl12 N/10 NW/13 Nw/07 6 N/10 N/06 N/08 N/10 NI10 E/06 NW/12 N/10 7 NW/08 NW/05 NE/06 N/08 N/12 NW/07 W/10 W/08 a N/I0 N/12 N/07 N/12 N/ll NE/10 E/19 E/09 9 S/04 CALM CALM N/09 SE/18 NE/10 N/10 N/06 10 NE/08 N/06 N/08 NI/1O NE/14 N/13 N/10 CALM 11 NW/02 N/05 N/10 N/08 NE/18 E/11 CALM u/04 12 CALM NW/05 N/12 NW/08 NW/05 NW/05 N/10 W/10 13 CALM SW/06 CALM CALM SW/12 NW/10 Nw/o0 W/09 14 W/09 W/12 NW/03 NW/08 N/08 W/10 W/12 N1/10 15 NW/10 Nw/10 NW/10 N/08 N/06 NW/08 NW/16 W/08 16 W/07 W/08 NW/02 NW/10 NW/05 w/16 W/12 W/09 17 NW/06 NW/06 CALM N/12 NE/09 NW/05 W/12 W/12 18 W/09 NW/06 N/04 NW/08 NW/06 W/15 W/12 u/10 19 W/10 W/05 NE/03 W/04 E/06 W/10 W/15 W/08 20 W/03 W/03 W/08 W/10 N/04 W/09 SW/12 SW/O 21 SW/05 SW/06 CALM CALM NE/12 SW/10 Sw/18 S/10 22 W/08 SW/08 S/06 SW/09 W/10 SW/O SW/bO S/02 23 W/02 W/08 SW/06 SW/04 NW/05 1/09 E/11 E/10 24 NE/10 N/09 NE/10 NE/li E/06 NE/08 E/15 E/06 25 NE/05 N/08 E/04 E/10 E/02 E/09 E/08 E/08 26 E/03 W/03 CALM NE/07 SW/18 SW/iO S/13 S/08 27 S/i0 CALM NE/08 S/10 E/12 S/10 E/15 NE/08 28 NW/07 NE/02 NE/06 E/09 E/12 SE/12 SE/13 NW/07 29 W/06 N/07 N/10 E/12 SE/12 E/12 /10 E/12 30 SE/06 E/05 SE/10 S/18 NE/10 N/10 NW/12 NW/10 31 NW/10 S/10 NW/06 NE/10 N/13 NW/il u/15 NW/08 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. - 74 - Annex 5 -age 28 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: April, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 W/08 NW/07 N/OS N/14 E/05 W/09 W/16 8/10 2 W/08 W/09 N1/07 W/14 N1/07 NI/15 W/18 W/10 3 W/08 NW/10 W/06 NW/06 NW/09 W/15 N/1S NW/08 4 NW/10 N/08 N/04 NE/09 NE/05 N/09 W/14 NW/10 5 NW/05 N/05 E/08 NE/l1 E/10 W/12 NW/10 N/10 6 N/10 NE/09 N/09 E/09 E/12 N/10 N1/10 N/06 7 N1/10 N/09 E/07 NE/10 E/12 E/12 NW/14 N/09 8 calm calm NE/06 N/07 E/08 E/11 W/11 W/08 9 W/08 W/08 N1/07 NE/10 NE/10 W/10 W/10 W/09 10 W/04 calm calm N/10 N/12 N/10 N/12 NW/15 11 NW/10 W/05 NW/08 NW/09 W/06 W/15 N1/10 1/10 12 W/10 N/09 N/10 calm N/02 W/12 W/1S W/10 13 W/10 W/10 SW/1 W/04 SW/1S W/12 W/10 S'/07 14 W/08 NW/07 calm NW/01 W/08 NH/10 NW/12 W/08 15 W/12 W/10 NW/08 NE/10 NE/10 NW/11 W/15 N1/10 16 N/10 N/10 W/06 N/10 N/10 N1/15 W/10 N/13 17 N/08 N/08 N/10 NE/05 N/13 NW/15 W/14 W/10 18 N/10 NE/10 NE/05 W/il NE/08 N/10 NW/12 W/10 19 N/08 N/05 NW/OS N/04 E/10 NW1/10 N1/12 N/10 20 N/10 N/08 N/10 N/13 NE/il W/ll W/15 NW/10 21 N/08 N/12 N/10 NE/il N/10 NW/ll N1/13 1/14 22 NW/10 N/10 NE/05 NE/08 N/10 N/18 N/18 N/10 23 N/10 N/05 NW/07 NW/05 NE/06 N1/08 NW/12 N1/10 24 N/10 N1/06 NW/05 N1/08 N/04 W/11 W/16 N1/12 25 NW/08 W/05 calm W/09 W/14 W/13 W/15 W/14 26 W/13 1/08 N/OS N/08 W/il NW/18 NW/18 W/15 27 NW/10 /07 W/05 N1/10 NE/OS N1/10 1/12 NW/10 28 N1/08 N/02 N/05 NW/10 N/08 W/14 W/13 W/10 29 N1/12 N1/06 N1/06 NW/07 E/09 W!10 S/15 W/05 30 W/10 W/04 W/02 calm E/02 SE/OS N1/10 sW/O0 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. Annex 5 Page 29 of 51 Table : Cont'd Month: May, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 S/04 CALM CALM SW/02 NE/12 NW/12 N11/0 N/12 2 N/10 NE/OS E/06 E/10 E/10 W/14 NW/ill W/09 3 W/08 NW/10 NW/02 CALM N/13 N/08 NW/ll N1/10 4 NE/20 NE/05 NE/li N/10 NE/15 NE/10 N1/12 N/10 5 N/10 N/07 N/05 NE/09 NW/10 NW1/10 N/12 NW/07 6 NW/02 NW/08 NW/04 N1/05 NE/07 NW/06 NI/ll W1/10 7 W/08 N/10 NW/06 N1/08 N1/04 NW/12 NW/15 NW/il 8 NW/04 1W/10 NW/06 NW1/09 N1/07 1/09 NW/12 W/19 9 NW/12 W/10 W/09 N1/09 W/05 W/12 W/10 Nw/OS 10 W/04 W/02 W/05 W/08 W/10 W/15 W/13 W/08 11 NW/06 NW/05 NW1/10 NW/14 NW/12 W/12 W/10 W/06 12 W/07 W/07 W/08 W/10 W/03 N1/15 N/10 N1/10 13 N/07 N/05 W/04 W/06 1/09 N1/10 NW/15 N1/09 14 N1/10 W/12 W/10 N1/10 NW/10 1W/07 W/10 NW/10 15 NW/06 N/08 W/06 CALM CALM W/13 W/13 W/04 16 W/04 W/03 W/06 NW/06 NW/03 E/10 NW/12 W/09 17 W/07 NW/08 NW/05 NW/10 NW/02 W/10 W/15 W/08 18 NW/06 W/06 W/06 N/10 NE/10 W1/10 W/14 W/10 19 W/09 W/06 CALM W/06 W/08 NW1ll W/09 W/08 20 NW/06 N1/06 NW/05 NW/07 W/11 W/15 W/10 W/07 21 NW/05 NW/06 N/05 W/12 NW/12 N1/10 N1/12 NW/10 22 11/08 NW/04 NW/06 NW/10 N1/15 W/14 W/13 NW/10 23 W/05 NW/02 CALM NW/04 N/08 W/ll NW/17 1/09 24 SW/04 L/06 CALM NW1/05 W/10 W/13 W/15 W/10 25 W/08 1W/06 W/07 W/09 W/08 NW/15 W/12 W/11 26 N1/06 SW/04 CALM SE/10 CALM W/10 W/10 W/12 27 W/08 E/06 SW/06 CAiM E/10 W/18 W/18 W/12 28 W/06 W/06 W/07 N/10 W/08 W/11 W/17 W/08 29 NW/10 NW/09 N/06 N/10 W/07 N1/10 W/11 W/05 30 W/08 W/02 CALM W/05 S/05 SW/18 SW/19 W/11 31 CALM CALM CALM W/08 N/OS NW/ll NW/13 N1/10 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. - 76 - Annex 5 Page 30 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: June, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 1S 18 21 1 NW/07 S/05 NW/08 W/07 NW/08 N/15 NW/15 W/10 2 NW/07 NW/05 W/14 W/10 SW/08 W/10 W/10 SW/12 3 W/05 CALM CALM W/10 NW/10 W/15 W/12 SW/;1 4 W/08 NW/09 N/05 CALM W/ll W/22 NW/18 W/12 S NW/05 W/09 W/05 W/09 W/08 SW/14 SW/15 NW/05 6 W/05 NW/07 NW/06 CALM SW/09 W/15 W/10 NW/07 7 NW/04 NW/07 CALM V/05 W/05 W/15 W/14 W/06 8 W/05 W/05 W/02 W/06 W/02 W/10 W/10 W/10 9 W/05 W/08 V/04 NW/06 V/04 W/12 W/10 W/10 10 W/07 W/07 W/06 N/12 S/20 W/il W/l1 W/10 h W/10 V/09 V/05 V/12 W/13 W/ll W/15 W/12 12 W/09 NI/07 W/06 W/08 W/05 W/12 NV/10 W/7 13 CALM CALM NW/03 NE/09 S/03 V/06 NW/10 NW103 14 N/03 CALM N/04 W/07 NW/09 NW/06 W/18 NW/12 15 NW/09 NWill NW/05 W/12 SW/1 W/10 W/13 W/10 16 W/08 W/08 W/08 E/15 W/10 W/20 W/12 SW/1O 17 NV/08 W/05 W/08 SW/1 W/12 W/15 W/18 /10 18 W/11 W/08 CALM WIIO W/10 W/12 W/15 W/08 19 W/02 W/03 CALM SE/10 CALM NE/05 W/08 W/10 20 W/08 W/04 CALM N/06 V/11 N/10 S/28 N/08 21 CAIL NE/09 CALM N/07 S/04 E/08 NW/09 N/05 22 N/04 S/09 W/05 CALM NW/06 W/10 NW/09 W/07 23 W/07 W/06 NW/02 W/11 W/14 W/18 NW/15 NW/li 24 NW/13 W/10 W/07 W/07 SW/1 W/13 W/12 W/06 25 W/04 CALM CALM W/08 W/12 V/09 W/l1 NW/07 26 W/04 CALM N/ll CALM W/02 W/15 NW/09 W/07 27 CALM CALM CALX E/04 E/05 W/15 SW/06 CALM 28 CALM W/05 CALM W/09 NW/10 NW/12 N/15 W/10 29 NW/10 NW/06 W/06 W/06 NW/10 W/20 W/12 NW/10 30 W/10 CALM W/07 W/18 W/20 NW/10 NV/10 NW/10 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjult Gambia. - 77 - Annex 5 Page 31 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: July, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 NW/06 V/04 calm W/09 W/10 W/ll W/12 W/08 2 W/06 W/02 calm N/05 N/02 W/07 W/ll W/08 3 W/08 W/09 W/07 N/02 W/05 NW120 1/10 W/05 4 4/06 N1/02 calm W/03 5/05 NW/09 5/07 calm 5 W/05 calm calm calm NW/03 W/13 W/10 W/03 6 W/08 NW/06 calm NK,'11 NW/02 W/05 SE/05 calm 7 calm calm S/02 S/06 calm W/07 /10 W/ll 8 calm S/02 calm calm 1W/10 S/10 W/12 W/09 9 W/08 W/05 calm calm W/10 S/14 calm calm 10 W/03 SW/05 calm E/05 SE/05 E/10 NW/13 W/06 11 W/04 NW/05 NW/02 NW/10 NE/06 calm W/09 calm 12 W/03 NW/07 W/04 W/06 W/10 W/18 W/18 W/08 13 W/06 W/08 W/02 W/10 W/18 W/13 1/12 NE/22 14 E/06 calm calm E/07 E/04 W/07 W/08 1/04 15 W/05 N1/05 calm NW/08 NW/12 W/05 W/10 W/08 16 W/10 W/03 calm calm W/05 W/08 W/15 W/05 17 W/06 W/04 W/02 NW/12 NW/14 W/13 W/15 W/08 18 W/05 W/07 NW/08 W/15 W/16 W/13 W/15 W/05 19 W/02 W/04 calm S/08 SW/08 W/08 W/10 W/03 20 W/05 calm calm calm W/05 W/09 W/ll W/03 21 W/06 calm NE/08 W/06 W/10 W/10 N1/10 N1/09 22 W/10 W/06 NW/05 W/10 W/08 W/11 V/10 W/04 23 calm calm calm calm W/08 N1/08 W/10 W/08 24 S/05 calm calm W/08 W/10 NW/10 N1/12 W/09 25 NW/06 W/02 W/08 NW;08 NW/12 W/16 N1/12 NW/05 26 NW/09 N1/04 W/04 1W/06 NW/10 N1/10 NW/10 calm 27 W/04 W/03 NW/02 N/09 NW/10 NW/08 N/12 NW/09 28 NW/09 N/03 N/06 N/10 W/12 W/10 W/12 W/10 29 NW1/10 W/05 W/05 W/05 NW/10 W/11 W/10 W/07 30 calm calm calm W/08 W/10 W/13 W/13 W/04 31 W/05 W/08 W/04 SW/04 SW/O 1/16 W/10 W/10 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Baniul, Gambia. - 78 - Annex 5 Page 32 of 51 Table 1,11: Cont'd Month: August, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 W/05 calm S/02 S/05 W/09 NW/08 W/08 NW/08 2 SW/03 S/02 calm W/08 W/OS W/06 W/10 W/08 3 calm W/04 N/02 NE/06 E/04 N/12 NW/10 NW/09 4 NW/04 NW/06 NW/08 E/06 W/05 NW/08 W/15 W/10 5 W/06 NW/06 W/05 W/10 1/10 W/15 W/18 W/12 6 W/12 W/15 W/10 W/09 NW/13 NW/10 N/13 NWi10 7 NW/03 NW/02 calm calm W/09 NW/09 NW/10 W/08 8 NW/04 calm calm calm NE/05 SE/03 calm calm 9 calm SE/OS calm N/04 SE/02 W/10 W/04 calm 10 calm S/03 S/02 W/06 calm W/08 W/15 W/09 11 W/05 W/03 W/05 W1/10 W/10 W/12 W/ll W/05 12 W/04 W/06 W110 W/10 W/18 NW/15 W/12 W/08 13 W/05 W/09 W/07 W/06 W/18 W/12 W/12 calm 14 SW/05 S/05 SE/05 S/02 S/OS W/10 W/ll W/06 15 S/04 calm S/02 W/09 W/09 W/15 W/13 NW/07 16 Nw/05 NW/05 ca.m w/10 NW/12 NW/04 NW/04 W/05 17 W/04 W/02 W/02 W/04 W/03 W/05 W/03 W/03 18 W/04 W/02 calm W/04 W/02 W/04 W/04 W/03 19 W/03 W/0S W/05 W/05 W/07 W/12 W/05 S/04 20 S/05 S/03 SE/02 SW/05 W/03 SW/05 W/10 NW/05 21 W/05 W/02 W/02 W/05 NW/33 W/02 calm calm 22 calm calm NE/05 N/05 NE/08 N/03 W/07 W/02 23 NE/03 SW/04 W/04 S/03 W/10 W/12 S/12 calm 24 SilO S/03 S/03 S/05 W/07 NW/10 W/06 1/04 25 SW/02 calm calm N/04 N/05 W/08 W/14 Nw/08 26 NW/06 NW/03 N/03 NW/06 W/10 NW/10 NW/08 W/05 27 calm W/04 S/03 S/07 SW/08 WI/tO W/08 N/02 28 calm S/02 S/02 S/02 S/05 SW/18 SW/03 calm 29 W/10 calm S/02 W/05 NW/03 SE/25 calm calm 30 calm calm calm SE/05 N/03 NW/08 NW/03 W/02 31. calm calm calm calm calm N/05 NW/05 calm Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. - 79 - Annex 5 Page 33 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: September, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 SW/15 W/03 calm NW/02 SE/02 S/10 SE/04 W/06 2 calm calm calm calm W/08 W/05 W/03 NW/05 3 W/03 W/06 W/04 NW/03 W/08 W/ll NW/09 W/03 4 W/05 W/07 calm calm S/04 S/04 SW/02 SW/02 5 calm calm S/02 calm calm W/02 W/05 W/02 6 NW/02 W/05 W/04 calm NW/03 NE/03 NW/05 calm 7 calm W/05 calm W/05 NW/05 W/10 W/07 calm 8 3/05 calm calm calm S/05 W/08 W/08 W/03 9 S/03 NE/04 S/06 calm NW/06 N/06 NW/05 calm 10 calm N/05 N/05 N/1O N/09 NW/04 SW/O5 W/05 11 W/03 calm S/05 NE/02 NE/05 E!04 W/05 calm 12 S/05 S/03 E/06 E/07 W/I W/15 W/06 calm 13 calm calm NW/05 W/08 NW/06 NW/08 NW/10 calm 14 W/05 calm calm W/03 W/05 SW/14 W/05 W/03 15 W/05 calm calm W/05 E/20 NW/03 S/03 NW/05 16 calm calm calm W/08 NW/12 NWill NW/10 W/02 17 NW/08 NW/07 NW/05 N/04 N/08 N/08 NW/10 NW/02 18 calm calm calm W/05 calm W/06 W/11 W/06 19 W/03 calm N/02 NW/05 NW/09 NW/10 SW/07 SW/O0 20 SE/05 calm SW/02 calm N/05 E/06 S/03 SW/08 21 SW/05 calm S/03 SE/06 W/06 W/10 W/08 W/05 22 W/04 calm calm W/05 NW/08 W/05 W/05 calm 23 SE/08 SW/03 calm W/02 W/04 NW/07 W/05 W/04 24 calm calm calm calm SE/03 calm W/07 W/05 25 N/04 calm calm calm N/05 W/10 NW/10 W/06 26 NW/09 calm calm SW/05 W/12 NW/10 NW/05 W/04 27 W/03 V/05 W/04 S/02 W/05 W/10 W10 W/02 28 calm V/04 SE/03 SE/13 W/05 W/06 S/02 S/02 29 S/08 calm SE/03 E/05 NE/05 W/03 W/10 calm 30 W/02 calm calm calm E/03 S/06 W/05 NW/05 Source: Department of Water Resources, Department of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. - 80 - Annex 5 Pa~geR3 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: October, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 SE/08 NE1/10 SW/03 W/02 NE/02 N/06 N/08 W/03 2 W/02 N1/03 W/05 N1110 W/10 W/12 WJ/10 k/03 3 S/02 W/02 S/04 W/05 I/08 1/12 1/12 1/06 4 W/05 W/05 NW/03 N/04 W/04 1/10 V/04 W/06 5 W/03 E/05 W/03 S/04 E/06 E/06 NW/03 N1/03 6 CALM CALM NE/02 E/04 E/02 E/02 NW/03 1/02 7 SW/05 CALM CALM CALM NE/02 NE/04 NW/03 N1/02 a 1/02 1/03 CALM N/06 1E/03 W/04 1/04 W/03 9 1/03 CALM CALM SW/05 W/05 SW/05 W/09 1/08 10 W/06 W/04 N/03 1W/06 W/10 N/08 V/07 SV/08 11 W/03 S1/02 CALM N/02 SW/04 N1/08 1/06 CALM 12 1/04 W/03 N/05 N/04 W/10 SW/04 N/05 1/04 13 N/05 NW/04 1/02 N/03 W/06 N1/10 W/07 1/06 14 W/06 CALM SW/05 NW/03 11W/07 N/03 N/05 W/06 15 CALM CALM CALM W/05 W/08 N/04 1/06 SI/05 16 S1/06 CALM W/03 SW/05 1/06 N/08 N/06 1/02 17 1/03 W/03 1/02 N/05 NE/03 NW/10 1W/08 N/05 18 N/04 N/04 CALM N/05 N/10 1/05 NE/12 S1/08 19 W/08 W/08 N/10 N/05 NW/05 1/05 W/05 V/06 20 1/05 W/05 CALM W/04 W/10 N/10 1/08 1/02 21 1/06 CALM CALM CALM 1/05 1/05 1/10 W/05 22 1/03 N/-3 N/02 N/04 W/06 N1/06 W/10 W/05 23 11/06 Sw/03 1/02 S/04 1/10 SW/O I/11 SW/05 24 CALM NE/02 W/03 N/05 N1/06 N/12 W/06 W/02 25 CALM CALM CALM CALM NE/06 N1/09 N1/06 W/04 26 N/02 CALM CALM N/06 W/06 W/08 1/10 CALM 27 V/05 W/08 CALM CALM CALM 1/04 1/04 8W/04 28 1/06 CALM v/05 W/03 N/09 W/07 W/14 W/08 29 W/13 W/03 W/04 N/05 W/12 O/10 1/10 /08 30 CALM CALM CALM NW/05 N1/05 N1/06 V/05 1/05 31 N/05 CALM CALM CALM N/06 N1/10 W/05 1/07 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. -81- Annex 5 Page 35 of 51 Table 1.11: Cont'd Month: November, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 W/02 CALM CALM W/02 N/14 NW/05 W/03 W/05 2 V/03 CALM W/02 NW/03 NW/05 NW/09 /10 W/10 3 CALM CALM W/04 W/08 NV/08 1/02 W/10 W/08 4 W/05 W/04 CALM W/OS NW/08 N/05 NW/06 W/06 S W/05 N/02 N/06 NV/05 NE/06 NE/05 W/10 N/06 6 N/12 N/06 CALM N/02 E/06 N/03 NV/08 NW/04 7 W/OS NW/04 W/02 V/08 SE/05 NW/08 NW/10 NW/08 8 W/05 N/10 N/06 N/12 W/08 N/09 NW/06 NW/06 9 N/10 N/10 CALN N/04 NE/06 NE/04 NW/08 NW/06 10 N/02 CALM N/02 './07 NE/06 NW/03 NV/03 W/04 11 CALM N/04 CALM 8/03 E/10 E/06 W/10 W/05 12 W/05 W/05 CALM CALM CALM W/13 W/15 1/10 13 W/05 CALM CALM N/OS NW/08 W/07 NW/05 W/06 14 N/05 N/03 N/04 NE/05 NE/08 N/10 W/10 W/04 15 W/04 NW/04 CALM NW/04 NW/01 W/08 NW/05 W/02 16 NW/04 N/06 N/08 N/10 NE/05 N/08 NW/07 W/05 17 NW/05 CALM N/02 NE1/10 NE/05 CALM NW/06 W/05 18 N/05 N/02 CALM NE/05 E/05 E/08 /08 W/05 19 SV/03 W/03 W/03 W/03 W/08 V/05 V/10 W/10 20 S O/10 V/05 W/02 NW/OS W/09 W/05 NV/08 W`3 21 W/06 W/02 W/03 W/08 NV/05 NV/08 W/06 1/06 22 W/04 NV/05 CALM E/03 E/10 SE/10 N/04 CALM 23 W/03 SE/02 W/03 NE/05 E/05 E/10 NV/05 W/05 24 SV/06 W/08 NW/08 CALM CALM W/06 /10 V/05 25 W/05 CALM CALM W/04 N/03 NE/04 W/06 V/08 26 W/03 CALM W/03 CALM NE/04 E/08 V/10 V/02 27 W/02 W/03 CALM CALM NE/02 S/06 W/10 1/07 28 NW/05 N/04 N/08 E/10 SE/08 E/06 NV/08 V/05 29 N/05 N/04 CALM NE/10 E/o8 NE/04 NW/05 /10 30 V/05 SW/04 S/06 S/02 E/02 S/06 W/10 W/04 Source: Department of Water Resources, Governzent of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. Annex 5 - 82 - Page 36 of 51 Table 111: Cont'd Month: December, 1984 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 W/02 N/02 CALM N/02 NE/08 S/05 W/08 W/07 2 CALM W/06 NW/05 N/06 NE1/07 SE/06 CALM CALM 3 CALM N/08 N/06 E/13 E/08 E/03 zn/02 W/07 4 NW/05 N/OS N/02 E/02 CALM E/07 NW/03 CALM 5 CALM CALM CALM E/02 E/10 E/07 N/06 N/03 6 N/03 N/04 NE/07 NE/10 E/11 E/08 N1/O., N/02 7 N/05 N/05 NE/04 NE/08 NE/06 N/03 CALM N/OS 8 NE/03 NE/04 N/02 NE/05 E/08 E/08 NE/10 E/03 9 NE/08 NE/10 NE/08 E/12 E/10 E/08 E/06 NE/08 10 NE/08 E/08 NE1/15 E/13 NE/12 E/10 NE/09 NE/06 11 NE/08 E/06 E/06 NE/10 E/15 E/1S NE/08 NE/OS 12 N/08 NE/15 NE/15 E/11 E/12 NE/03 N/04 N/03 13 CALM N/03 NE/10 NE/08 NE/08 NE/08 N/05 N/02 14 N/08 N/OS N/OS NE/03 NE/02 E/05 N/05 NiW/08 15 Nw/06 N/OS NE/08 NE/08 8/08 E/05 CALX N/OS 16 CALM N/04 CALM E/06 NE/06 NE/05 N/05 E/07 17 CALM N/05 NE/04 E/07 E/08 N/07 NW/05 NW/06 18 N/09 NE/06 NE/10 E/10 E/12 E/08 Mi/07 NW/07 19 N/03 N/OS NE/09 NE/10 E/07 9/07 N/02 NW/02 20 N/02 E/12 NE/08 E/08 E/12 E/07 N/05 N/04 21 N/05 CALM NE/03 NE/08 NE/08 E/08 NW/04 N/03 22 NE/06 NE1/06 E/07 NE/08 NE/07 E/02 N/06 NW/08 23 N/02 N/03 CALM N/03 NE/05 NE/03 NW/04 W/09 24 N/04 N/OS N/05 N/05 NE/05 N/06 NW/06 NW/06 25 N/05 N/10 N/10 NE/08 NE/il N/06 N/06 N/04 26 N/08 N/08 N/10 E/05 E/07 N/10 Ni/08 NW/08 27 N/07 N/07 NE/04 NE/03 E/05 E/02 N1/06 W/06 28 NW/02 N/02 N/03 CALM E/12 SE/05 N/04 N/02 29 N/04 CALM CALM 2/05 E/10 N/12 N/05 N/04 30 N/05 NE/10 NE/13 E/08 E/10 N8/11 NE/05 NE/08 31 N8/07 NE/li E/08 E/15 E/14 E/12 E/08 E/07 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. -83 - Annex 5 Page 37 of 51 Table 1.12: RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) 10-YEAR (1970-79) MONTHLY AVERAGES Location: Yundum Airport Maximum Minimum Mean January 81 23 54 February 80 21 54 March 80 25 57 April 85 33 64 May 90 44 71 June 91 54 76 July 92 66 83 August 96 71 87 September 94 70 87 October 95 62 83 November 93 40 74 December 87 28 61 Overall Averages: 88.5 44.8 78.0 - 84 - Annex 5 Page 38 of 51 Table 1.13: RELATIVE HUMIDITY - 30-YEAR (1950-19t9) MONTHLY AVERAGES (z_ Month Maximum Minimum Mean January 80 23 54 February 80 25 54 March 84 26 57 April 87 34 64 May 91 45 71 June 91 56 76 July 93 68 83 August 96 73 87 September 95 70 87 October 96 63 83 November 91 41 73 December 88 29 61 Overall Averages 89.3 46.1 70.8 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia -85- Annex 5 Page 39 of 51 Table 1.14: THREE HOURLY RATES OF RELATrVE HUMIDITY (Z) YEAR: 1983 LOCATION: YUNDUM AIRPORT Months January, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 96 92 88 70 37 29 54 73 2 87 98 71 34 29 25 44 73 3 66 55 41 38 20 17 28 33 4 42 29 32 30 23 22 30 35 5 41 48 48 35 23 22 31 55 6 61 44 40 33 26 21 32 63 7 41 42 39 33 25 21 41 73 8 44 49 34 29 23 17 33 63 9 80 94 97 75 23 19 29 76 10 76 90 82 56 23 18 34 54 11 74 51 48 36 23 17 35 58 12 62 72 81 41 18 20 23 69 13 47 60 40 31 21 20 32 45 14 55 45 41 32 21 23 30 61 15 78 76 65 47 23 31 36 68 16 75 71 69 49 22 22 29 66 17 84 36 31 39 20 18 33 59 18 59 39 41 33 16 15 26 57 19 78 64 37 23 15 11 30 71 20 85 82 67 29 16 11 20 62 21 74 56 58 44 13 12 40 83 22 88 84 87 53 21 16 35 83 23 92 97 77 68 23 13 20 56 24 80 72 89 45 18 11 24 71 25 90 59 49 41 19 16 26 66 26 70 85 73 5 15 14 20 34 27 18 35 35 26 19 16 18 56 28 31 28 25 26 20 22 27 48 29 43 37 30 25 20 20 24 48 30 50 35 39 30 20 19 27 57 31 44 41 42 33 25 21 32 69 Annex S -86 - Page 40 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: February, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 83 95 99 65 26 19 34 51 2 72 49 65 52 30 22 28 85 3 79 65 76 62 32 19 21 62 4 77 74 72 58 26 20 32 81 5 75 65 72 58 26 20 32 81 6 82 90 59 65 49 25 48 87 7 91 100 98 79 48 49 54 82 8 97 96 89 67 39 34 56 87 9 86 71 76 61 33 31 54 72 10 68 63 77 74 43 28 55 70 11 58 59 76 67 41 37 62 77 12 71 55 64 64 37 26 41 72 13 67 64 69 62 43 29 49 75 14 79 74 80 63 33 30 53 74 15 81 73 59 55 37 27 42 77 16 76 73 63 54 28 27 47 64 17 58 50 51 45 24 22 39 68 18 56 57 55 43 23 21 42 70 19 53 50 54 48 26 18 41 61 20 75 67 81 47 23 22 43 63 21 88 88 96 80 35 30 47 72 22 92 100 97 48 22 20 34 66 23 74 68 66 53 28 23 33 66 24 82 96 84 55 30 20 21 78- 25 84 87 97 74 22 17 23 66 26 78 87 85 85 30 19 50 72 27 90 96 95 97 35 34 44 88 28 92 98 98 98 35 18 22 66 Annex 5 Page 41 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: March, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 76 83 88 85 28 18 17 63 2 62 63 7v 60 27 24 43 82 3 93 98 86 84 33 27 31 78 4 87 75 82 84 33 27 31 78 5 62 88 73 53 36 20 62 75 6 56 70 65 52 37 25 59 77 7 70 64 76 59 33 36 40 72 8 53 57 45 40 20 15 18 55 9 81 89 96 56 16 14 16 56 10 53 44 28 27 15 22 22 59 11 39 48 30 20 26 3n 23 50 12 54 39 22 31 39 3.' 40 67 13 79 78 90 79 56 32 62 89 14 95 92 90 85 56 61 68 86 15 88 92 91 82 63 42 61 73 16 81 90 93 90 47 49 61 79 17 84 93 85 60 34 28 40 80 18 85 86 82 59 32 41 62 78 19 81 87 83 85 47 53 62 88 20 93 96 99 95 35 42 39 85 21 93 98 97 96 17 25 48 89 22 94 95 99 86 24 26 45 84 23 93 98 100 92 30 37 50 84 24 88 93 95 90 58 45 64 86 25 91 91 91 81 60 59 61 78 26 85 88 90 62 14 13 11 31 27 29 49 31 22 17 13 44 54 28 48 64 56 42 19 26 50 69 i9 76 68 70 67 40 44 56 77 30 79 89 69 63 57 44 60 75 31 77 59 70 60 49 42 55 80 Annex 5 -88- Page 42 of 51 Tabla 71 Cont'd Month: April, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 87 90 77 64 48 37 63 89 2 94 96 93 78 67 53 71 86 3 87 91 91 77 59 59 66 80 4 87 79 84 68 51 45 55 71 5 73 73 69 59 50 33 49 49 6 52 58 60 49 22 21 46 63 7 59 61 66 51 27 17 41 64 8 66 59 46 37 23 20 36 59 9 73 82 86 44 26 26 43 63 10 80 91 87 47 32 27 55 84 11 93 94 97 86 53 61 77 89 12 93 97 96 86 87 57 72 90 13 90 90 95 86 48 41 85 90 14 94 97 96 90 34 S0 67 90 15 95 97 94 80 42 39 58 77 16 82 92 94 82 54 52 69 82 17 89 80 85 74 56 47 56 75 18 82 81 87 71 52 49 60 78 19 89 95 96 83 57 41 70 87 20 93 93 94 R4 64 57 62 76 21 81 76 74 64 48 43 54 44 22 84 92 92 63 54 60 59 76 23 81 82 84 75 56 38 67 80 24 83 90 91 76 48 55 71 85 25 89 91 95 82 60 64 71 87 26 90 92 94 85 64 66 76 89 27 90 90 95 72 49 54 67 80 28 90 94 95 75 55 50 66 84 29 90 93 95 71 43 44 51 72 30 67 69 71 67 46 35 48 68 Annex 5 - 89 - Page 43 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: Mays 1983 Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 70 75 80 58 37 37 44 52 2 40 37 35 29 22 36 56 71 3 78 83 83 75 51 53 69 69 4 50 52 46 44 31 22 41 41 5 48 50 55 57 46 46 61 71 6 73 79 82 66 52 54 71 83 7 86 89 90 75 57 55 69 80 8 80 80 83 67 51 43 57 71 9 78 86 84 76 50 48 57 67 10 81 87 88 74 52 37 58 77 11 80 85 87 76 64 59 75 79 12 81 82 87 80 59 60 71 85 13 86 86 89 81 57 58 64 81 14 84 86 87 75 6t) 54 66 72 15 70 79 83 86 49 54 55 71 16 76 80 82 70 42 19 45 74 17 74 79 83 67 48 47 57 76 18 77 80 84 49 21 28 55 72 19 80 85 92 62 38 38 47 69 20 74 80 85 64 48 46 54 83 21 86 91 93 82 64 68 75 86 22 86 88 94 69 58 55 65 76 23 77 82 83 65 56 53 66 83 24 86 90 95 76 59 42 67 85 25 86 86 91 79 56 57 63 82 26 85 90 94 84 49 60 61 74 27 83 87 38 82 61 49 63 86 28 92 91 94 72 48 43 58 86 29 80 86 88 73 60 53 55 81 30 89 94 95 76 47 49 59 83 31 91 96 95 69 44 42 64 87 - 90- Annex 5 Page 44 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: June, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 87 92 88 73 47 52 70 84 2 87 89 88 78 60 48 64 80 3 85 95 94 74 65 66 72 84 4 90 88 86 77 50 57 70 82 5 75 85 87 69 50 55 63 77 6 84 87 89 78 59 56 62 88 7 82 85 94 80 57 57 74 83 8 84 85 89 81 61 57 62 76 9 83 88 93 80 58 49 62 76 10 80 86 88 72 43 50 65 80 11 83 85 87 75 57 55 67 80 12 84 85 88 75 59 58 67 76 13 83 86 88 83 73 59 74 81 14 85 91 89 73 43 45 65 71 15 78 84 84 76 65 63 74 85 16 87 87 86 75 60 55 65 78 17 84 83 85 71 49 50 62 76 18 81 87 88 74 63 60 65 76 19 80 84 88 90 65 80 63 78 20 86 90 89 78 63 60 78 97 21 96 94 96 88 64 60 68 79 22 73 88 97 92 75 66 75 92 23 92 93 92 80 71 62 65 84 24 91 88 92 85 75 72 80 91 25 94 99 98 78 65 68 68 87 26 85 94 91 78 61 65 85 88 27 93 95 98 82 80 92 96 95 28 99 98 98 94 83 76 82 93 29 92 81 95 85 73 76 85 89 30 89 92 99 85 72 76 79 88 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Annex 5 Page 45 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: July, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 ' 94 95 100 79 69 68 78 89 2 92 94 98 99 92 82 87 96 3 98 94 96 88 83 80 76 86 4 91 92 92 79 66 70 98 98 5 96 99 98 88 76 76 81 100 6 96 97 99 88 85 100 97 100 7 100 100 100 81 70 71 96 97 8 98 99 99 93 79 78 87 90 9 90 92 98 86 73 92 98 98 10 98 99 100 80 73 66 81 90 11 95 96 94 85 80 98 92 97 12 100 96 98 87 62 70 77 86 13 89 94 96 82 75 73 83 90 14 97 96 97 93 72 67 68 85 15 92 91 91 80 69 61 65 78 16 83 88 95 85 70 70 73 87 17 93 95 96 83 76 73 78 88 18 89 93 88 83 77 76 82 92 19 92 92 99 98 76 69 76 86 20 96 99 97 91 73 72 78 85 21 90 87 92 96 98 78 86 88 22 89 90 91 81 78 75 78 90 23 94 100 100 83 72 73 74 84 24 92 92 98 86 73 71 80 87 25 91 91 88 82 78 77 81 86 26 85 99 92 80 74 73 78 89 27 90 91 92 83 77 67 75 85 28 87 90 91 78 67 71 75 82 29 85 91 90 81 74 75 81 90 30 98 99 99 80 70 66 75 85 31 90 90 93 88 79 72 80 91 Annex 5 - 92- Page 46 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: August, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 93 98 100 87 69 92 85 94 2 96 98 99 88 76 80 94 91 3 97 94 96 85 76 71 76 87 4 88 90 91 87 77 74 78 86 5 90 95 98 83 71 70 79 96 6 92 94 89 86 81 72 78 84 7 89 91 98 77 66 74 78 88 8 93 95 99 90 79 99 95 95 9 98 98 98 95 78 71 98 98 10 99 98 98 94 91 96 90 93 11 96 °6 92 86 80 70 72 87 12 92 .4 83 80 76 77 75 85 13 87 96 95 86 70 68 76 88 14 91 95 96 90 72 87 80 96 15 96 97 98 90 68 69 73 85 16 88 85 90 81 68 72 73 87 17 94 91 94 82 70 68 69 85 18 89 96 97 83 68 65 70 81 19 82 82 89 75 67 o2 82 90 20 91 95 98 87 68 68 74 87 21 91 95 95 84 94 91 89 93 22 97 97 91 90 73 72 78 86 23 96 93 94 87 73 73 80 95 24 97 97 98 90 72 75 98 97 25 98 99 95 91 77 72 81 86 26 88 88 96 83 82 76 74 87 27 91 94 97 81 75 71 75 91 28 96 98 96 88 70 75 71 84 29 94 98 97 89 76 86 99 97 30 97 97 98 90 75 75 82 96 31 97 97 97 91 65 69 67 95 Annex 5 - 93 ~ Page 47 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: September, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 85 98 98 91 74 69 72 85 2 95 96 96 90 76 75 74 88 3 96 96 95 86 75 72 79 90 4 91 90 96 90 79 78 79 94 5 95 99 99 93 66 62 71 84 6 85 96 98 85 70 68 81 93 7 93 96 95 85 73 68 74 87 8 97 97 98 87 69 64 72 90 9 95 98 95 71 65 66 69 83 10 87 94 92 82 71 71 84 94 11 96 98 96 98 86 71 92 98 12 98 98 98 96 89 75 87 96 13 98 99 99 77 74 73 79 88 14 92 97 98 90 77 65 76 92 15 94 98 99 88 70 82 80 98 16 97 97 98 86 76 75 78 89 17 88 88 90 80 67 66 76 88 18 92 96 97 84 63 73 78 88 19 94 96 96 85 72 72 78 99 20 97 98 97 92 76 71 67 91 21 94 96 96 88 70 68 74 87 22 93 93 95 96 66 78 84 96 23 97 92 95 91 72 75 79 96 24 98 98 98 94 72 67 76 87 25 95 98 99 93 61 69 76 85 26 77 93 26 84 71 69 72 89 27 96 96 95 89 70 65 75 92 28 96 96 95 89 70 65 75 92 29 98 98 98 91 68 56 67 97 30 94 98 97 88 67 59 81 91 Annex 5 - 94 Page 48 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: October, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 94 90 98 92 8' 69 78 87 2 94 93 94 85 73 72 80 92 3 96 97 98 86 71 65 75 90 4 94 95 94 85 66 67 74 91 5 94 97 95 80 69 57 66 91 6 91 90 93 80 67 61 64 89 7 88 93 °1 81 77 64 75 91 8 91 90 91 81 57 5^< 74 90 9 96 96 96 89 67 65 75 86 10 93 93 94 86 70 67 91 91 11 93 96 98 89 70 68 76 92 12 96 97 97 91 69 71 78 94 13 97 96 97 87 66 66 71 91 14 91 95 96 85 67 62 72 92 15 92 96 97 90 71 64 71 93 16 92 89 87 87 63 60 70 87 17 89 96 97 82 65 63 73 93 18 92 96 97 86 63 62 70 89 19 90 92 92 84 66 61 70 90 20 88 89 90 84 63 63 73 92 21 93 97 96 84 61 59 64 86 22 92 92 96 85 63 60 62 87 23 93 06 98 90 57 62 77 90 24 95 93 92 80 59 66 74 88 25 92 92 96 83 62 59 71 86 26 86 95 97 84 45 37 44 79 27 90 88 96 92 60 58 69 91 28 92 93 95 87 62 56 73 88 29 90 93 92 83 65 58 71 92 30 96 96 97 87 61 57 66 85 31 91 96 95 93 41 36 55 73 - 95 - Annex 5 Page 49 of 51 Table 1.14: Cont'd Month: November, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 1 93 97 99 84 56 58 68 86 2 93 97 98 85 57 53 63 92 3 97 98 98 90 56 57 58 85 4 89 94 98 84 58 60 72 87 5 92 93 84 71 52 41 58 80 6 88 81 87 61 54 37 61 80 7 77 71 87 71 53 43 62 81 8 82 77 77 64 51 43 70 84 9 76 77 92 59 43 44 66 80 10 81 94 95 59 43 35 54 90 11 93 96 97 74 21 13 57 88 12 96 99 97 97 44 39 70 93 13 95 97 98 96 48 44 65 89 14 95 95 85 71 45 44 65 84 15 85 90 97 88 45 36 67 90 16 95 99 83 69 39 37 66 84 17 93 87 87 62 57 38 50 89 18 95 96 99 78 29 17 48 87 19 97 99 98 96 49 35 73 94 20 98 96 97 94 62 45 60 82 21 93 98 97 90 52 30 58 92 22 23 98 98 99 83 23 29 28 81 24 92 98 98 94 18 17 17 76 25 96 94 96 98 52 38 75 90 26 97 97 97 84 42 29 46 80 27 94 97 97 93 34 21 43 83 28 94 96 97 98 59 30 57 87 29 96 98 78 54 17 16 38 79 30 46 67 87 60 21 25 33 87 r96- Annex 5 Page 50 of 51 Table 7: Cont'd Month: December, 1983 Hours Day 00 03 06 09 12 1S 18 21 1 95 97 97 94 50 28 56 88 2 94 96 93 66 27 20 29 74 3 81 70 72 67 33 17 32 74 4 79 88 80 48 40 17 35 69 5 88 93 46 43 19 20 36 77 6 92 78 61 38 17 14 30 71 7 73 63 56 36 24 19 47 59 8 65 61 49 58 19 15 25 48 9 41 37 45 21 22 23 27 40 10 34 26 25 2? 17 15 22 34 11 32 25 27 24 14 14 14 42 12 34 27 29 30 48 16 22 42 13 86 57 39 35 21 19 42 78 14 88 75 81 53 20 15 43 74 15 81 72 60 35 15 16 30 57 16 74 72 44 30 21 12 25 69 17 80 62 36 32 18 15 36 73 18 57 50 37 18 11 12 27 78 19 90 59 32 19 16 13 27 64 20 53 23 38 29 19 13 24 67 21 42 59 52 29 19 17 26 68 22 48 39 40 37 21 16 29 74 23 80 88 94 77 26 15 28 77 24 84 82 82 63 34 26 52 75 25 83 80 56 50 24 27 46 77 26 '-3 75 77 63 30 25 42 95 27 90 84 90 78 36 30 44 71 28 87 95 81 83 19 14 24 62 29 57 83 54 40 21 14 23 62 30 87 55 30 28 24 13 18 41 31 42 32 30 27 20 16 17 52 -97 - Annex 5 Page 51 of 51 Table 1.15: RAINFALL - 30-YEAR (1950-79) MONTHLY AVERAGES Location: Yundum Airport Monthly Most in Number of Days Month Total a day >0.3 >1.0 >10.0 January 1.1 0.9 0 0 0 February 0.8 0.6 0 0 0 March TR TR 0 0 0 April TR TR 0 0 0 Maw 4.7 4.1 0 0 0 June 73.0 28.4 6 5 3 July 269.4 69.9 16 15 8 August 439.5 92.0 22 19 12 September 295.6 68.0 18 16 9 October 97.4 40.0 8 7 3 November 7.2 5.2 1 0 0 December 0.8 0.5 0 0 0 Yearly total 1189.5 69 62 35 Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. p'e 1 of 3 BuDdig LaVOut bfo b ,~~~~~~~~o To 8eoOt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Tr& I*&fl~S Ib buidnos (i.e. 750) wo = 0ppcre ff2 of S sukc soab 1:5a0m CMg. 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