82709 Building and Operating Multi-compartment VIP latrines by Peter W. 5. Lochery and Seth T. Adu-Asah A joint contribution of the Government of Nigeria, The United Nations, {~\t · )pment Programme, and The World Bank to the International ~~~ Loc.;2. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. UNITED NATIONS 1981 1990 MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES i FOREWORD This manual provides administrators, building engineers, and technicians with construction, operation, and maintenance procedures for multi-compartment alternating VIP latrines. It was developed by the Federal Ministry of Health through a UNDP project of assistance (NIR/85/070) executed by the World Bank. The design of the multi-compartment VIP latrine was introduced into Nigeria in 1983 by the World Bank and promoted by UNICEF in Lagos, Cross River, and Imo States. It has now been accepted by many government agencies and non-governmental organizations as an institutional or public latrine for locations where there is no dependable supply of piped water. Any comments and suggestions on this manual and, in particular, recommended improvements in design and information on costs of construction and operation should be sent to the Chief Consultant, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Federal Ministry of Health, 8 Harvey Road, Yaba, Lagos. Professor Olikoye Ransome-Kuti Minister, Federal Ministry of Health MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES ii The authors wish to thank UNICEF for the use of their word processor and David Beckleys for his production of the sketches and figures. This manual was originally prepared by the authors as an aid to trainers in latrine construction. Its wider distribution does not imply endorsement by Federal and State Governments or by the international agencies that have assisted in its production. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 1 The multi-compartment ventilated improved pit. latrine has been used successfully in Nigeria as a public latrine at markets, motor parks, and in urban areas and also in schools, colleges, and health clinics where there is no dependable supply of piped water. Part 1 of the manual explains how a multi-compartment alternating VIP latrine works, where it is appropriate to build, its approximate cost, and its operation and maintenance. Part 2 gives detailed instructions on how to build the latrine, followed by a set of working drawings. Construction of a multi-compartment VIP latrine requires a sound knowledge of building techniques: decisionmakers and administrators need to have people with this expertise available before planning and starting construction. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 2 - \ Compttrfrn#nf (dl!lf«::fion room) -+--il......,._ --- -- -- -- Gf'OIInd ~I -- Five compartment alternating VIP latrine (rear view) MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 3 P.AltT 1 1.1 VBAT IS A VIP LATRDE! Traditional pit latrines have two main disadvantages: they usually smell bad, and they attract flies and other disease carrying insects that breed in the pits. In addition, they are often poorly built and dangerous to use. A much improved type of latrine called the ventilated improved pit latrine (or VIP latrine) has been developed, which has none of these problems. The VIP latrine has three important features that distinguish it from traditional types of pit latrines: it has a tall vertical vent pipe or rent stack with a flyscreen over its top it is designed to be safe for the user it has a superstructure that is slightly offset from the pit MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 4 ------------------------·------------------------------------ There are two main types of VIP latrines: 1. Single pit VIP latrines, designed for use in rural areas where there is space to relocate the latrine when the pit is full. 2. Alternating pit VIP latrines, which are permanent structures with two or more pits that are used alternately. 1•2 HOW DOES THE ALTDNATING VIP WORK? Each compartment of the superstructure is built over two pits, but only one pit is used at a time. When this pit is full, its drop-hole is closed and the second pit is put into service. When the second pit is full, the contEmts of the first pit are removed to enable it to be used again. ThE! following sketch shows the arrangement of the compartments and pits in a five-compartment latrine. I I 0 I I I I (L_· __ Pit walls INlow ground level Multi- compartment alternating VIP latrine with five compartments 8 six pits (Pion view with drop- holes 8 pits in use morlr«f with cross) MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 5 1.3 ~CHOOSE VIP LATRINES? In public places and institutions such as schools~ colleges, and health clinics VIP latrines are popular with users because: they are convenient and afford privacy they do not smell or attract flies they are easy to keep clean they are safe They are popular with local governments and the managers of institutions because: they are relatively inexpensive to build they require only a small quantity of water for cleaning and hand washing they cannot be blocked by anal cleansing materials they are easy to maintain they are permanent VIP latrines do not smell because they have a low-cost but effective system of ventilation. The wind blowing across the top of the vent pipe causes a flow of air that carries the foul-smelling gases from the pit up the vent pipe and away from the latrinee MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 6 1•5 HOW ABE FLIES CONTROLLEJD? Flies are attracted by the faecal odours coming out of the vent :pipe and not to the interior of the latrine compartment, which does n1:>t smell if kept clean. They cannot get in through the vent becausil~ of the flyscreen. As a result, fly infestation of the pit is kept to very low levels. The few flies that do f:ind their way in through the squat hole a1rtd lay their eggs in the pit are prevented from leaving by the fly- screen. Flies are attracted toward the light, and, provided that the inside of the latrine c1ompartment is kept shaded, they will fly illp the vent pipe, which will be the brightest source of light enter:Lng the pit. They cannot escape, however, because of the flyscreen, and they eventually fall ba,ck and die in the pit. 1•6 IS REMOVAL OF THE PIT CONTENTS A SMELLY Mm DANGEROUS TASK? The latrines are design1ed so that the pits are emptied when the contents are at least t 1wo years old. Fresh excreta is transform1ed in two years to harmless humus, which does not smell and presents no health risks. The humu:s can be removed manually or by specially designed vacuum tankers and spread safely on agricultural land o:r gardens or tipped with refuse. MULTI-COMPARTMENT,VIP LATRINES 7 1.7 HOV MANY PEOPLE CAN USE A VIP? Most people think that a pit latrine fills very quickly when used by a large family or a group of people. In fact, excreta only accumulates in the pit at the rate of about 1.1 cu.ft. (0.03 cu.m.) per person per year, which is less than four bucket-fulls per person per year. If each pit takes at least two years to fill, the maximum number of people who can use a latrine is: number of pits in use x capacity of each pit 1.1 cu.ft x 2 years The maximum number* of people has been calculated for two-, three-, and five-compartment latrines below: Number of Number of Capacitl of Maximum number compartments Pits pits in use of people (cu.ft.) 2 3 88 40 3 4 165 75 5 6 254 115 *For schools and out-patient health clinics, etc., where people return home each day, it can be assumed that only 75 percent use the latrine. For example, a day school with 100 pupils would require a latrine for (100 x 0.75) = 75 people. A further reduction can be made for school holidayse For example, if the pupils attend for 42 weeks per year, the effective number of people using the latrine = 42 X 75 = 61 E MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES Do construct a latrine ~,rhere it is convenient for the use1rs e VIP latrines do not smell or attract flies so they can be built close to houses and roads. Do site a latrine at least 50 ft. and preferably downhill from shallow well::h (This rule applies where there is at least 6 ft. of sand or silt between the base of the pits and the groundwater table. If not, seek specialist advice.) Do check that the site is clear of underground cables and pipes. Do ensure that there is adequate access for removing material from the pits. Don w t site the latrine where the tops of the vent pipes a~re sheltered. The wind blowing across the tops of the pipes. draws foul air out of the pits. Don't build a latrine where the pits cannot be constructE!d above the groundwater table. If necessary the pits can be built partly above ground level and the ground around the latrtne raised by filling. Don 9 t build a latrine where it will be engulfed by flood,!fater during a storm~ MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES Three typical arrangements for public latrines are shown on the following page. The dimensions given are the minimum recommended for one five~compartment block for men and one five-compartment block for women: the dimensions allow for each block to have two utility rooms. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 10 , •'-._o" ___ -,- _.:____ 1., ArranQement I I Typical arrangements of public VIP latrines _j 53'- o" MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 11 1. 9 HOW MUCH WILL CONSTRUCTION COST? This will vary from place to place as material and labour costs and site conditions vary. Where in-house supervision and daily paid labour are used together with direct purchase of materials, a rule of thumb is Naira 1200 per compartment plus Naira 600 per utility room at 1986 prices. This does not include the cost of land. (Utility rooms are provided for attendants and/or the storage of cleaning materials.) This rule is designed to give you an idea of cost, but wherever possible check material and labour costs in your area and use the quantities given in Part 2 and the labour required to estimate the cost of the proposed latrines. If construction is let to a contractor, its cost will be higher and supervision will still be required. 1 .10 HOW LONG WILL CONSTRUCTION TAKE? A typical latrine construction team is made up of: 1 leading artisan 2 masons 1 carpenter 4 labourers MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 12 With this team the following schedules for construcing two- 9 three-, or five-compartment latrines are normal: Schedule 1 Number of compartments 2 3 5 Set out and excavate pits, pour slabs 3 days 4 days 6 days Construct foundations 1 day 1 day 2 days Build pit linings and compartment footings 3 days 4 days 6 days Build compartments 5 days 6 days 10 days Total 12 days 15 days 24 days loll 'WHAT BOUT OPERATION MID MAII!fTI:NAMCK'l VIP latrines are very easy to maintain and, apart from daily clE!aning and occasional painting and repairs, need little attention until the pits are nearly full. Bleach, disinfectant, or other chemicals should not be put directly into the pits because they interfere with the important biologic:al digestion of the excreta; they also cause the pits to fill up mc~re quickly. The doors have bolts on the inside and outside: i t is important to check regularly that the doors can be closed and the bolts oper~ated. The flyscreen at the top of the vent should be examined periodic:ally and replaced quickly if it has any holes in it. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 13 When the waste in the pits in use reaches 1.5 ft. below the cover slab~, the squat slabs in the compartments should be interchanged with the seal slabs so that the full pits are closed and the empty set of pits is opened. When the second set of pits becomes full, the first set should be emptied and returned to use. When the first set becomes full again, the second set should be emptied and returned to use. This way the two pits are used alternately and indefinitely. The full pits must be rested for two years for the waste to be stabilized and free from health risks. It can then be safely removed by hand and spread on agricultural land or gardens as a soil conditioner or tipped with refuse. Public latrines should have a fulltime attendant to keep the latrines clean and to ensure that they are not vandalised. In Lagos a charge of 10 kobo per use has been accepted by the users and is sufficient to recover the costs of the attendant, toilet paper, soap and water for hand washing, and cleaning materials. Operation and maintenance of latrines by contractors has been tried but has not proved to be very successful. MULTI-COr~ARTMENT VIP LATRINES 14 PART 2 2 •1 WHAT l'..ATERIALS ARE REQUIRED? The following materials are required for two-, three-, and fiv'e- compartment alternating VIP latrines: Schedule II Materials Unit Quantity 2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp. 9 in. X 9.1n, X 18 in. blocks no. 270 320 520 6 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 140 170 260 4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 190 240 350 Cement bags 35 50 85 Sand - sharp and smooth cu. yd. 10 15 20 Aggregate (3/8 x 3/4 in.) cu. yd. 2 3 5 Steel reinforcing bars (30 ft. x 3/8 in. dia.) no. 12 17 25 Formwork 3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft, softwood for precast slabs no. 15 20 23 6 in. x l in. X 1'2 ft, softwood for foundation and in-situ slab no. 7 8 12 Roof timbers 4 in. x 2. in. X 12 ft, softwood for rafters no. 2 2 3 3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft • softwood for purlins no. 3 3 6 6 in. x I in. x 12 ft. planed softwood for fascia board no. 2 Nails (assorted, including roofing) lb. wt, 10 13 20 Aluminum or stainless steel mosquito-proof netting sq • ft. 3 4 6 MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 15 (Schedule II cont.) Materials Unit Quantity 2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp. Corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets (6 ft. X 2 ft. 3 in.) no. 5 7 12 Hinges with screws pairs 2 3 5 Padlock staples with screws no. 2 3 5 Barrel bolts with screws no. 4 6 10 Doors complete with frames no. 2 3 5 Emulsion paint gal. 3 4 6 Gloss paint gal. 1 1 .5 2 So lignum-type wood preservative gal. 0.5 1 1 Turpentine gal. 0.25 0.5 1 Allow 10 percent additional costs for water, binding wire, steel strips for securing rafters, and timber for pegs, profiles, scaffolding, etc. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 16 (Schedule II cont.) If a utility room is required for housing an attendant Gf storing cleaning equipment and materials, the following additional materials will be needed for each utility room: Materials Unit Quantity 6 in. X 9 in. x 18 in. blocks no. 24 4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 61 Cement bags 7 Sand-sharp and smooth cu. yd. 1 Roof timbers 4 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for rafters no. o.s 3 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for purl ins no. 1 6 in. x 1 in. X 12. ft planed softwood for fascia board no. 1 Nails (assorted, including roofing nails) lb. wt. 3 Corregated roofing sheets no. 3 Hinges with screws pair 1 Padlock staple with screws no. 1 Door complete with frame no. 1 Emulsion paint gal. 1 Gloss paint gal. o.s MULTI~COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 17 A. The building team Successful results have been obtained using labour employed on a daily basis, supervised by a higher technical officer or leading artisan. It is best to agree on a price for the excavation with the labourers so that there is an incentive to complete this stage as quickly as possible. The performance of contractors in latrine construction has been poor. If it is necessary to use contractors, ensure that: the contract includes a brief but adequate specification of materials and workmanship the contractor does not underestimate the job the work is supervised by an engineer or technician, who will understand the drawings. B. Getting started Setting out should be as simple as possible. Begin by using ordinary wooden pegs set back from the sides of the excavation and then string lines to demarcate the excavation. Excavated material should be thrown as far as possible from the pit to create a good working space around the pit. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 18 When the excavation is complete, the setting out can be transfE!rred to the base of the excavation. Six-inch deep trenches are then cut in the base of the excavation for the concrete foundations, and pegs are set in the trenches using a spirit or water level to ensure that the tops of the foundations are level. The foundations are constructed using concrete with l : 3 : 6 ntix (one part by volume of cement : three parts sand : six parts aggregate) and just enough water to make the concrete workablee The aggregate (stones, gravel) should be clean and free from stones larger than 1.5 in. diameter. Do not throw the concrete from ground level into the pit. Labourers should be in the pit to receive and pour the concrete, which should be well rammed into position. c. Precasting the slabs The slabs should be cast while the excavation is in progress, or earlier, so that they have at least seven days to gain strength before they are built into the latrine structure. The area used for casting should be level and preferably screeded with 2 to 3 in. of concrete. Never cast slabs on bare earth or concrete and alway:; lay the formwork on plastic sheeting or used cement bags. The formwork should be carefully fabricated so that it can be easily dismantled to release the slabs and be reused. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 19 Good precast concrete slabs require clean aggregates and a 1 2 4 mix. The following procedure should be used for casting: (a) Clear the casting area of all debris. (b) Spread plastic or paper sheeting on the area. (c) Place the formwork on the sheeted area and oil or grease the inside faces of the formwork. (d) Fix the reinforcing steel in position ensuring that there is at least 1/2 in. between the base of the slab and the steel. (e) Mix the concrete to the correct proportions, place in the formwork, and compact and level with a wooden float. Ensure that the steel reinforcement is not dislodged from its correct position. (f) When the concrete begins to set, use a steel float to achieve a smooth finish. (g) For squatting, sitting, and vent slabs make sure that the formwork around the holes is carefully finished before the concrete sets. (h) Leave the concrete covered and preferably kept damp for twenty- four hours before carefully removing the formwork. (i) Keep the slabs covered and damp for six more days before installing them. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 20 D. The pit lining Two sizes of blocks are used for the pit lining, 9 in. and 6 in0 thick, and their arrangement should conform to the drawings at the back of this manual. All partition walls in the pit are solidly built with all joints sealed. In the outside walls some of the joints in the second, third, fourth, and fifth courses should be left open to allow for seepage of liquid waste into the surrounding soilg The top of the pit lining should have a fall of about 2 in. from the front to the rear wall of the pits. This slope should be formed with a 1 4 cement sand mortar. This allows for rainwater to run off the pit cover slabs. Before the last two courses of the pit lining are complete, the foundation to the latrine compartments is excavated and the concrete foundation placed to the top level of the fifth course of the pit lining. This facilitates a good joint between the top two courses of the pit lining and the first two courses of the footings to the latrine compartments§ E. Install in~ the vent slabs The vent slabs are fixed using 1 : 4 cement sand mortar, taking care that the slope on the top of the pit lining is maintained. The vent slabs become permanent features of the structure because they support the rear wall of the latrine compartments. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 21 F0 The floor slab After the vent slabs are installed, the footings to the latrine compartments are completed by laying one further course and back- filling with selected excavated material (that is, material which is readily compacted) to the underside of the floor slab. Formwork for the 3 in. thick floor slab is then fixed and the slab poured, using l ~ 3 : 6 mix concrete. G. The latrine compartments The compartments should be set out carefully on the floor slab to ensure that they are uniform and the dimensions adequate to accommodate the squatting and sealing slabs. The 4 in. or 4.5 in. blockwork should be laid flush with the outside edge of the floor slab to form the exterior walls and the 9 in. blocks forming the vent pipes should be keyed into the rear wall. These 9 in. blocks should be laid with the opening in each block tapering downwards and the internal joints carefully pointed and clear of loose mortar. Door frames should be made up from 2 in. x 4 in. planed softwood and primed before they are fixed. Where possible the door frames should be positioned first and the blockwork built up around them. The compartments are built with eight courses of blockwork in the front wall and nine in the rear. The roof falls to the front and this prevents rainwater being discharged onto the pit covers. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 22 The doors are made from 1 ins thick planed softwood boards, preferably tongued and grooved or rebated, and battened with 4 in. x 1 in. softwood. The battens should take account of which way the! door is to be hung: an incorrectly battened door will distort and sag. Hinges should be fixed using screws and not nails. Gaps of 6 in. above and 4 in. below the doors are provided for ventilation. H. The roof The materials normally used for roof construction are: 4 in. x 3 in. rafters 3 in. x 2 in. purlins 6 in. x 1 in. fascia boards corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets The roof construction should be as simple as possible. The rafters are partially built into the front and back walls and strapped to each cross wall with steel strips nailed to the wall. The purlinu are nailed to the rafters and the roof sheets to the rafters ensuring that there is at least a 6 in. overlap between sheets. The fascia board should be fixed tight against the side and rear walls but 3 in. clear of the front wall to keep rainwater draining from the roof off the front wall. MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 23 I. Fixing the squattins and seal slabs Inside the compartments the concrete floor screed is laid first, using 4 in. thick blocks to form a rebate to receive the squatting and seal slabs. The gaps between the slabs and the walls, between the two slabs and a gap of 2 in. width at the front of the slabs, should be packed with sand and finished off with 1/2 in. depth of 1 : 4 cement sand mortar. This is to facilitate the interchange of the squatting and seal slabs when a pit is full. Some institutions may prefer a seat to a squatting slab. This can be arranged by replacing the squatting and seal slabs by a single sitting slab resting on a 15.5 in. high lockwork upstand. The sitting slab has two holes in it: one is closed with a wooden cover and the other is equipped with a wooden seat. The pit cover slabs are laid on a bed of 1 : 10 cement sand mortar and the joints between them carefully sealed with the same weak mortar to facilitate removal of the slabs for emptying the pits. It is important that these joints are sealed, otherwise flies will use the joints to enter and leave the pits. J. Ventilated pipes and screens Vent pipes can be made from plastic or asbestos pipe or from 9 in. x 9 in. x 18 in. blocks. The blocks are preferred because they are cheaper and less likely to be damaged after installation. If plastic MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 24 or asbestos pipes are used, the vent pipe at each end is 4 in$ diameter while the pipes in between are 6 in. diameter. The pipes should be fixed with concrete at the base and strapped to either the wall or fascia at the top. Aluminum or stainless steel mesh is recommended for the flyscreens since plastic screens deteriorate rapidly in strong sunlight and galvanized mesh quickly loses its protective zinc coating and corrodes. The holes in the mesh should not be larger than 1.5 ·m. If the holes are too small ventilation will be obstructed. On blockwork vent pipes the flyscreen is fixed in position using a hardwood frame that simply fits over the top of the vent pipe. This arrangement keeps the area of mesh to a minimum and facilitates replacement of the mesh. On PVC or asbestos vent pipes the mesltl. is held in position by a wire tied around the pipe. K. Finishes A well-finished latrine advertises the skill of the builders and may encourage people to maintain it. The internal and external walls of the latrine compartments and the exposed tops of the pit walls and footings to the compartments l~re normally rendered with a 1/2 in. thick coat of 1 : 4 cement sand plaster, although at least one local government has tiled the internal walls of its latrines. The rendering is. painted inside and MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 25 outside with two coats of emulsion paint. The roof timbers are simply treated with solignum wood preservative while the fascia board, doors, and frames are primed and painted with two coats of gloss paint. Colour schemes vary, but external and internal walls are typically painted grey, the fascia board and the exposed tops of the pit walls black, and the doors grey or cream. In one case light pink paint was used to good effect on the external walls. 1.2/04/87 L.t'-i' 1, ... - g• Ll'-f." L z'- t" ~ , Sf .., ., I " I. t'- g" I.e z' - z" 1.. t'- g"- "' 2' - z" 1... t' - g" ~,: 2' - z" 1.. t' - 1" 1, z' - z" L. 1'- g" ~ < , '( '( '( .. '( , '( 'I .... I I I -~ --1 I I '\... .... I I -.. ~ I I 3 compartments - 4 pits I I I I L z'- t" .. z'- I'' L '( , , I I ,.,, - $" 5 compartmenll- 6 pits I . .. ,,, - .. NOTE I The foundatioN of the pits llloulcl be ..... I built allow Qround water level. If this "' .... results in the top of the pits blli119 mDrl than 6" allow ground level, the ground I I I ..... level around the latrines mutt be raiMcl I mounded) usinQ excavated material or imported fill. ~imif Df UctWflfion .... .... ............._ I 6'' thick cone,.,. foundation I ~ "'~uf infD untlisturiiOII groutttl I I at ~ • • • tJI •xt:t~llafion ~ ~~ I' 1./ndisturli«J gNHJnd at bose of fiXt:orMtion .... I 2 compartments- 3 pits .... I I I I I I i I l MULTl - COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINE ~ ~2'-t"• 1,._ ,. ,' Figurtt I Plan of Foundations for 3, 4 8 5 l _[l fll 1 Compartment Blocks ~~ ro' - ,. Dote : April 1986 ScoiG: NTS --------------- Morlor !JIWI (opprox. t"thick Df front tHid . J.s>" L, :~'- 2" t,.so"~, .i- 2" L..9"L. _it hie~ at f@Dr) for cDrl!l' sklbo ... i~ ! ENisling Ground L"""l /~)ffd§;~ l I I I I I I I l ! I I I I I I I l l I ..., -., 5 .. ~~= ~~: ~II ~ :. ~ l :-::II :r: ll f~ :11:~ :11 ~ "t I - 1- 1- I m- I I- I I I - I --I I-I _I J I J.-t::·.~--~~ firn~j,;! tt--~1;r; l::·•.:;::t~ fi9j!::;:;J ..... ;?(1: ~ z'- z" b ,:_ s• ~ .vv "! arw 'f I ' • , " '1 ~fhid C08cr•f• foM-flon Section A- A II" I. ,-,-- H' - J" - - - !I"J. - - - .....,.---.r ..... r_~ ~~~ -.... 9"111/t:k blockrHrll 11"1.1'- -~ .. ~.. •• ~,, ~ ,. r·L ,._-~· 1. "r1 'fi i(, 20'- t" MULTI - COMPARTMENT Plan of Blockwork for Pit Lining VIP LATRINE Figu,. 2 Ellockwork for Pit Lining (5 Compartment Block) Da1e: AINil I!IIJtl Scala: 11 rs J., 7' - o" ~ 2'- t" .., 2'- 5" J.t ,.. .. -------:.1 -~ ..., 1 Pr•cool VtNIIIklb -f4- 4 ---.J..!:.j._ l/llorltN blltl· ~ 1 ll: l._ l Slopo l Jl_ Exi8fing Gn:und L•v•l r I Exillillf Ground La""/ $Aiff/4)f/~ i ,~~ t--i--'--,-.....l.--,---L---,--.L-,-....J.--,--++--L-..,..1._;._.. ·t'FOt/lillf for /11frin• t:lllrlpllrflflenfl '· ..., ;::-.:';a~t,;'r"!!~:::.~~:,n:, .,.,h ftJ lorRitlflon lo I» tiPfiH'O•Imllletly 1'-g• bM>w •• ilflttg fFOuntl mr•l 1 c;:;,s;:.l!,l l'!:~}·,;.·;t::;r*i-!!1 Section B- B Showing Pit Lining a Footings for Latrine Comportments F + ... I Pit lill/trf F-l"f• fiN-- ulllily or /Ioiii . , . of lt~lr/M ctJIIIptJrl- ,,.-,, . '<::. ---- -\ \ I ..... rgj 41 I I "'""'' - · • 181 ~ ~ ~ 131 -i- _,_ ,....- "... I ~ ~ '<::. -.,, ~ t- ~ II -! -+- ;· -5" z'- 5" 3'-5" 4 1 W~o6"a..6"~e ~ 1 '( '( 3: _ II" : , ~A:f.-""tf 0, r~"' ~ 1 tll'- 1" ...,;; C<1'fflPO wilt! ~Jf~Mint• to /Ji~ !J" ..,(.1( j I Well "'""-IN fill Existing ground lew/ ~~~ $~~ Section C- C ~ 3'' Midl COIICrote ,,_,. sltM for ltJfritttl etllllt- ,.,.,,_nts fl!ifh- for ... .,.rltlfltllllfilify- ., I lfhil Mil ... ~ ~ 181 r2l ~~~~~~~ -... ll•... t'- 4" ,. ; ' ut'- 4" r,,S"'~,t'- 4" 1.. !l'.., MULTI- COMPARTMENT I J' - ,, ft '( 'f >r'f t ~ zo' - t" ' t VIP LATRINE Figure 4 Floor Slab for Latrine Compartments ( 5 Compartment Block l Plan Showing Floor Slab ~ Date: April 1986 Scale: NTS Sfoinlns shlel or aluminium ,.sh as NOTE flynrHtt at lop o1 ..n1 pip• ( ••• Flf!IIIY 6 for tlt>lail•) Roof timbers •xt:lfPf foscia board to btl tr110twl with solignum wood Pf""!lllrVofivtl 7 No. 4~ 2• "'""" BlrGp~d Ia eDt:h ""''' l!lflll and bfl/11 Into fronl tllld /YfJr 1111161 I 2" Purli111 Stlttd- ..",., Ooor " - • ~\ l I ~ llflld- '\... ! -pi~----+---~ ~ Sqlltll-bflllf ,.,,, , _ , _ tlomil) "' Floor Detail (Showin9 Squat slob built into floor) l'lf ,.,., ,,,.,, Jainlbtll- - to be ••led ,;Ht _,,, Section (with D VIMt pi~ """ ,.,,.,. di-n•i•n• tJI IIHI'OK"""""¥ S"K 8'~ INJilf from g"K g•K W' hoi,., llltJckl fllilh jo/1116 «1/YfuHy poitlled 1o •""""' • .,, pi~ nat ~rfltllly 11/Dt:kH rNM mtHIIIr ~ ... _, ... ... - ,.., ., . ~ULT!- C~PART~ENT ~I ~ v •• VIP LATRINE -If- I k'.k' ... ... &(Jl ~-,. ~ 1ijJt' ~ "1 ~ .. • >r>< ~· J. o· " Ji [.., v .., !.·i""' 'F. "' , Figure !J ~tail of Comportments Plan of Latrine Compartments 8 Optional Utility ( 5 Com P<~rtroont Block l Date: A11ril 1$11111 Seal®: NT$ Stainle• stetll Dr aluminium flyscrrJen Mid in positifJII by rei'IJfWOII/IJ fi'D!I'IfiBn frt~Mtl. llltt/6 llf IMSf 2 ~ 0" t (NJrf of rt»f - -\ r- \ ,__ I= I= <= I= 9./ 1HlllliTIJIILi1 .., . II U11 ITTUIJ U ILillliU U.IJ Llll IL lliirlmJ.HfUJl iTr!lULili!IJ..JJIJ.JI IWililUnm, · Ill 1-o· ~ 14<1..,_1, • for -filllfion .. t------ : ! I T r ' : i I o-n,_,._, /"';1,_ ,_,._,._ 1 /~Mow lofritre t1< - willll•ciM$11f.- •--... t--.-_ t---L ; ,.1-- k. I . I • . 1 111 1 ~- ---r" : : r- r---r- r J-- l-::::J:, ' I 'r-- : ,I : r-- ~ i ; 1 Ufilify "" ' ' . 1 ~ ' ~- ___ BtodiiiOrt , ·~ wilh ltllld-C.Ifftllfl 1110rfor ~~ TyroMon rene •mul•ifln HI t1IHI 1110 c•ls •' •muiBIIHI paint 'flfl eon btl 11- in.r.11t1 of tlllftlrlltl/rttllf• I i ,•- __ I ;' ::::::- l .r-'::> ' : ' . 'I !. .· ' , ii '- n ' II "'~ -y-- ' {-:: ! I I~ Ii ! 1J JI ur ~T ~ '- ~· . 1'illi.,.. •lltlle,.l • • II I. ,,.,,.,. Front Elevation ,...,.,., ,,_, tll-•i-., ,._ .-,,~~ ,~. Fty•-.r loltl on fop of •toet•rlt - ... ,. ..,,., .,.d_t ..,., _,pi,. olltllltlltl ;, plot:o t , - fro- for ooq rep _ _,, of,,.,.., I "'--.H I..J--..L~ Vi I .~ 0~··..· - ® ~ ~ ~f.- - -fpi(NJ ... ... 1/1" "'"- • 7. _ , , , , ,,,, 6 ~~"'""- '"'"* ~ ~ ULTI- COMPARTMENT ~ @ IP LATRINE ® •'gure 6 Front Elevation ... I'- ON 1. ,." ,; ,.• 'r'( ., 'I ---.rr· !JIIif ,_-.!' - Batten Doors 8 Frame'r " . (5 Comportment Block l Wooden Frame for Flyscreen Date: April 19116 IScale : Nrs LiM M g• bltJCir8 bUilt up fo 15 ~.. abOWI /Qtrinfl fltJOr till 8uptJJOrt tor slob Form 'n"# lto/fls for bolts (to 1111111 down - ltltlt •• . •• •• •• __,, .... .... "-. I I SITTING SLAB VENT SLAB ,, ... -... (Alternative to squat .... i ~ .t: 3" thick r ..., LinfJ «I(' b/01:111 /Wilt up fo t5 lf11" and seal slabs ) tvi' rhict o110oe lelriM ,_. •• • - r t for_. -L ,._.,. t '-';:. - COVER SLAB SLAIII No. OF CUT LENGTH AND No. OF liARS !No· OF !0'-d' 1 m 1,. TYPE SLAIIS DIAMETER OF liARS IN SLAB BARS 3" thick d~ ~ I I ~ . . ~ I II" I. I. - } SITTING 1 !I'- 4" .,~.·..... 3 .4 L. .. I, '( I 'I 1"- IO"·x~.~ 5 .4 t _L r I. 6" I. SQUAT SLAB '- ~ ,-- '! 3" thick SEAL SLAB 3"thick " ~ ·~ I LAlli No. OF. CUT LEIIGTH AND No. O F - ~AL No. OF tto.and-r:l' ~ IIEI\IAFIKS TYP'E SLAII DIAIIIETEII 0/F !lAM IN SLAII AEQUIIOIED BAI'IS s'- II" x ~II" If 4 14 s VENT II 1 . .1 t/wlltiti•# ,,_, a"' for t No. fioe t'- 10" x~•· If II .111 I IXJIIII/flr-111 VIP lfllrilltl. TtJfoiiHIIfllllr Df !10'-0" X !J/11"; Hr# ffltlllirtltl .1'- , . r,..· , .1 $() ff.:J kl5. COVElli .J() fit' X ~II" .II 5 150 >#.1 I .....____. I Sl•• fflqllirtNI frlr !I--~- ltllfriiNI 11!9: 4 Nil ,.,, 20 '*· L ,w,.· ~ L ,/,.• 1. t'-10" X~6" If 4 10 I .!I J MIL _ lltllffblr , _ .1 NtJ. 111111; _ , t:flfRN, '( '1 -· Bf !10'- 0" It !J/11"; blr$ ffltlllifVIII iB 17. 'f 1 1'-!1" X~ If I 10 .II WOODEN SEAT WOODEN COVER SQUAT 5 -- s• ~~If I 10 .I $1- ffltlllirtltl lllr I - - f - n l For pit in u• For $1110111d pit lwfrilftll ••: 3 No. WIM, 15 114. ctwWr, ,.. x:J/II"Jf I 10 .I ~~~w:~:r!JO~ ~~ ~; ;r::. ,..__,......., ;,. '" MULTI -COMPARTMENT ' SEAL L'5.~.= x'lll: If t s =l 1!1 ±' J -.--~- -- I VIP LATRINE I __ j t' -~-x~ll" If_ .1 _ t!l .7 Figure 7 NOTES (!I) Sle!J11 - H fiiWCtJ6f flf IN/II r tltiy8 _ , _ Reinforced Concrete Slab!! (1) A rtJi- liffi"' •le!J l l l i f l l - - - - «11t1 itrsfollafiiNI in 1M ltlfri"" llfrut:llfn~. ~"',.., (I J Tllll - . ~' .,.,,_, - - 11fiiiN .,._ !I"Hiit:k- -~- - m r