PARTICIPATORY TRACKING FOR VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING A collaboration between the State planning Commission, Madras Institute of Development Studies and The World Bank Date: 1st September 2018 By Kripa Ananthpur (MIDS), Vijayendra Rao (The World Bank), Smriti Sakhamuri (The World Bank) Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Tamil Nadu Planning and Development department for initiating this intervention. Grateful thanks to Mr. Krishnan, Principal Secretary, Housing & Urban Development (Former Secretary Planning and Development and Special Initiatives) for giving us this opportunity to pilot and test this intervention and Dr. Somanathan and Mr.Ashish Vachhani for their support in completing this pilot initiative. At the State Planning Commission, we are indebted to Mr. Anil Meshram, Member Secretary and Dr. Sugato Dutt, HOD, Land Use for their continued support. We are indebted to Mrs. Namagiri and Dr. G.N. Krupa for all the help and logistic support extended to help complete this project. We are also grateful to the Directorate of Rural Development and the Women and Child Development Corporation for their support. We are indebted to the District Collectors of Dharmapuri and Theni and their teams for giving us the opportunity and supporting our team in piloting this initiative in their districts. We are grateful to all the Village Panchayat officials, CSTS and Book Keepers of TNSRLM for their contribution to this project. This study would not have been possible without the hard work of our research team. We would like to acknowledge with gratitude the contributions of G. Manivannan, Hemalatha, Jayachitra, Ranjith and Manikandan. Prof. Shashanka Bhide, Director, Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai has been a constant source of support and encouragement. The research team is responsible for any errors. CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................4 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................6 Area of Study ..............................................................................................................................9 Design ...........................................................................................................................................10 Surveys .....................................................................................................................................10 Technology ...............................................................................................................................10 Tablet Application.................................................................................................................11 Website ................................................................................................................................11 Visualizations ............................................................................................................................11 Human Resources .....................................................................................................................12 Planning Process .......................................................................................................................12 Development and Implementation ..............................................................................................12 Survey .......................................................................................................................................13 Mobile Application ...................................................................................................................14 Training .....................................................................................................................................14 Data collection ..........................................................................................................................15 Prioritization .............................................................................................................................16 Visualizations ............................................................................................................................17 Study .........................................................................................................................................19 Outcome and Results ...................................................................................................................20 Challenges and Opportunities ......................................................................................................22 Issues faced ..............................................................................................................................22 Institutional ..........................................................................................................................22 Geographical.........................................................................................................................22 Technical ...............................................................................................................................23 Data ......................................................................................................................................23 Human Resources .................................................................................................................23 Visualizations ........................................................................................................................24 Way Forward ............................................................................................................................24 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................25 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................26 Appendix 1: P-Tracking for VPDP Sample .................................................................................26 Appendix 2: P-Tracking for VPDP Mapping survey ...................................................................27 Appendix 3: P-Tracking for VPDP Mapping survey ...................................................................27 Appendix 4: Roles and Responsibilities ....................................................................................27 Appendix 5: Flex charts visualizations in English and Tamil .....................................................29 Appendix 6: Computer-based visualizations in English and Tamil............................................30 Appendix 7: Resource envelope (Source: 5th SFC Tamil Nadu) .................................................40 Appendix 8: P-Tracking for VPDP Treatment and Control ........................................................42 Introduction The Participatory Tracking (P-Tracking) program was a collaboration between the Pudhu Vaazhvu Project (PVP) and the Social Observatory at the World Bank’s Development Research Group. Over the period 2014-2016, PVP implemented a pilot of this P-Tracking survey and collected data from 32,636 households in 80 Village Panchayats (VPs) in Theni District in Tamil Nadu. A baseline survey was completed between January-March 2015, and one follow up survey was implemented in early 2016. This pilot also included a feedback experiment, where the effect of participatory data feedback to communities on local government accountability and service delivery is being tested through a Randomized Control Trial. The data collection and management for this pilot was also participatory. The survey was tablet-based and was administered by 210 Community SHG Trainers (CSTs). 82 Village Poverty Reduction Committee (VPRC) bookkeepers worked as data managers who monitored the survey’s implementation progress and quality on a weekly basis. PVP staff at the district level facilitated this data collection and data management process. The P-tracking survey measured a range of socio-economic indicators of household well-being and tracked outcome measures of health, education, livelihoods and correlates of income and poverty. The survey had the ability to reach a large number of households and facilitate grassroots participation on an annual basis and was developed as a tool to inform both the data collection and monitoring functions of the PVP program. The ability of P-Tracking survey to capture a wide range of issues for a large sample size led the Planning and Development Department (P&D), to explore the extent to which it could be scaled up as this complemented their policy shift towards evidence-based policy making. The Government of Tamil Nadu (GOTN) has made a strong commitment to this policy by funding new, innovative programs and interventions built on strong systems of monitoring and evaluation that are aimed at improving the ability of different tiers of government officials to generate and use validated data. In order to facilitate this, the Planning and Development department has also moved towards digitization and digital data collection. Between 2015-2016, the 14th Union Finance Commission brought in a shift in its devolution policy for rural local bodies by mandating the creation of a Village Panchayat Development Plan (VPDP) that developed in a participatory manner for every VP, in order to receive fund. The program is being implemented through the Rural Development department in all VPs in Tamil Nadu. This model planning process deployed by the Rural Development (RD) department uses conventional participatory tools and techniques such as transect walks, social mapping, resource mapping etc. to form VPDPs. These policies and conditions created a conducive environment to pilot an adapted model of the P-tracking program for Village Panchayat Development Planning in Tamil Nadu. An adapted model of the P-tracking program was designed to collect and disseminate data related to core operational areas of the Village Panchayat Development Planning process. This pilot program (P-tracking for Village Panchayat Development Planning) is a collaboration between the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission (SPC), Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) and the Social Observatory at the World Bank. The prototype tool has been designed to complement situational analysis and administrative data; and is uniquely positioned to serve as both baseline data for the VP Development Planning process and as a concurrent monitoring tool. The P-tracking for Village Panchayat Development Planning pilot is a major step forward from existing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods, while building on the core PRA philosophy of giving clients and citizens the ability to analyze their own lives. PRAs use basic diagrammatic tools in a focus group setting to help citizens achieve a consensus on the problems that affect their village or neighborhood. But, the data generated from a PRA has several limitations: a) PRA data is not generalizable since it depends crucially on the composition of the focus group participants, and how representative they are of the population. Our tool covered a census of the village and therefore covers all stakeholders and beneficiaries. b) PRAs do not generate data at the individual level. As our tool collected household level data, we can aggregate and disaggregate data at different levels. c) PRA data is generally, not comparable – so one village cannot really compare its findings to the next. As we implemented the same survey across villages, the data collected is comparable. d) PRAs do not, generally, yield data analytics that can be used for any purpose other than village planning. The data collected can be used to track village planning, as well as feed data to various line departments regarding the programs tracked through household surveys. e) PRAs have been shown to have a lot of problems when done at scale. Participatory tracking is easily scalable as we have shown during our program with PVP. Since the advent of participatory methods in the ‘80s, great advances have taken place in Information and Communication Technology. We therefore wanted to develop a system that took advantage of these digital developments to improve the quality of participation. We know that social media platforms, in recent times, have changed the nature of discourse and participation for various causes and issues across the globe. So the question that guided us what whether conventional participatory tools could be made more efficient, accessible and scalable using digital data collection processes? Does capturing GPS coordinates for resource mapping and data visualization tools make data more easily understandable, accessible and most importantly actionable? What impact do these processes have on the way citizens participate and engage in local governance in rural areas? The P-tracking for Village Panchayat Development Planning pilot program attempts to modernize the process of VP development planning by replacing the conventional transect walks and resource mapping with digital tools. The survey instruments for this pilot were developed through focus group discussions with different stakeholder groups to get diverse perspectives on problems of service delivery and governance. The data collection process is designed to be non-intrusive as local community members are trained to collect data. This pilot primarily aims to make the data collected easily accessible and usable to government and citizens alike. The objective is to ensure that the planning process is participatory in nature, and decisions made are data driven using citizen-based data collection and validation tools. Methodology The Village Panchayat (VP) Development Planning process has multiple goals. It aims to be a participatory process that, (i) assesses village level infrastructure needs, and identifies gaps; (ii) captures shortfalls in service delivery based on a needs assessment; (iii) prioritizes needs across a range of public goods and services; (iv) matches them with the available resource pool; and (v) targets key poverty reduction goals, employment generation and social security programs to the identified target poor. The Rural Development department implemented and rolled out VPDP throughout the state in 2017. Since the VPDP process as per the 14th UFC requirements had already been implemented, we decided to keep the process as similar as possible to the existing process. However, given that P-Tracking uses digital data collection processes to empower communities by giving them access to their own data, some of the steps of the VPDP process got compressed to a single step in P Tracking for VPDP. The table below demonstrates the differences between the two approaches: VPDP P-Tracking for VPDP Stage 1: Creating a conducive environment to prepare the village development plan by creating awareness through cultural programs, hand bills, and habitation level meetings. Discussing village development plan at the village committee meetings and mapping them to resource availability. Involving women’s self-help groups and youth in these meetings. Regional development officers to apprise panchayat president, vice president, members of the panchayat board, engineer, supervisor, panchayat secretary and community resource persons about the modalities of preparing and implementing the village development plan. Stage 2: Village Panchayat level Committees Stage 2: Digital data collection is conducted (Education, Drinking Water and Sanitation, at two levels: the village through a mapping Executive, Development Agricultural and survey, and at the household level. This step Forest) to collect household data through combines the data collection, transect walk women's networks and community mapping stages of the VPDP plan and helps in conducting panchayat level situation analysis. This stage will be implemented by Community SHG trainers, Community Professionals, and field level staff VPDP P-Tracking for VPDP from the RD department, BDOs and zonal BDOs. CPs, CSTs will collect data, while district level staff (RD department, BDOs and zonal BDOs) will monitor all field-based activities. Bookkeepers will be responsible for syncing data and ensuring that data collection is happening on time. Stage 3: Compile basic details on the village Stage 3: The collected data is visualized in panchayat by collecting HH level data, poster and list-based formats. Visualizations schemes, panchayat basic details, and are printed in the form of posters and others information from other officials and visual aids by habitation and by village for departments meetings and discussions at respective levels. Stage 4: Informing people about the locations (at the habitation level), dates and times at which village development planning will take place. Panchayat secretaries and village committee members will disseminate this information. Stage 5: Transect walk conducted by the Stage 5: Village level meetings to take place Village Development Committee to identify in a common location if the village has more resources available in the village than 6 habitations – so that each habitation level group can discuss their prioritization list with the village and various other village planning committees. A village level visualization as well as habitation level visualizations will be used to discuss the habitation level prioritization. The Panchayat Secretary will facilitate the meeting. Stage 6: Draw a community map – habitation Stage 6: Annual plans will be created from wise. Map resources identified during the the prioritization sheets developed at the transect walk, employment and education village level by the village development status, housing (HH details) on the committee. community map. Stage 7: Prepare a resource map for each Stage 7: On the May 1st Gram Sabha: Plans Village Panchayat and map pathways, bus will be proposed and approved and recorded routes and infrastructure formally by the village committee and recorded formally through a face sheet and uploaded online. Stage 8: Create a seasonal calendar through focus group discussions Stage 9: Generate Venn diagrams to assess the quality of services rendered by the government and whether the benefits reach target populations VPDP P-Tracking for VPDP Stage 10: Create a 5-year Village Development plan by discussing it with various village committees and reviewing annually. Stage 11: VPDP plan should be displayed in a public place for the public to view for three days before the VDP committee approves Stage 12: Proposed plan should be submitted to the Village Development Committee for approval The pilot for P-tracking for Village Panchayat Development Planning is based on three elements: 1. Digital data collection on a range of indicators to create a baseline for the VP and to provide a status report; 2. Implementation of a series of activities related to participatory planning (displaying visualizations in multiple formats, discussions at the habitation and village level Gram Sabhas); and 3. Preparation of annual plans through a prioritization process for each VP through data- driven decisions taken on a needs-based assessment at the Gram Sabha. Digital data collection is implemented through a custom-made application installed on a tablet. Community SHG Trainers (CSTs) and Community Professionals (CPs), part of the PVP network, collect data. Leaning on these women’s networks, as the primary enumerators, was successfully completed earlier during the PVP program and it was therefore agreed that the P-tracking VPDP pilot would also use these networks as local resources. The aim is to improve the efficiency of the data collection process as well as enhance the quality of data by using enumerators’ local knowledge of the area. The data collected is displayed through visualizations at village level meetings where the community comes together to prioritize the needs of the VP and individual habitations. Information about the habitation and VP is displayed in multiple ways: 1. Poster based visualizations of issues, infrastructure and household level indicators, scheme-wise gaps and basic details displayed at habitation level meetings 2. Computer based visualizations of the same with additional data pertaining to diet and assets A resource envelope where the funds and resources available, where, how much and what a VP can spend on is also displayed. To record the habitation level prioritization the Panchayat Secretary facilitates the meetings and is provided with a simple face sheet that will help identify and record issues, gaps in schemes and actions to be taken. The discussions aim to prioritize the top service related issues of a specific habitation based on the visualization provided. For example, if the issue is water logging, then the discussion facilitated would aim to prioritize works on water logging that need to be taken up among several competing claims for other issues. The next part of the discussion helps the community match the actions or works to be taken up to an appropriate resource available to the VP which they can identify in the resource envelop displayed. Each habitation has the opportunity to discuss their prioritization list with the VPDP committee as well as in the Gram Sabha. A simple template is provided to the secretaries to document the prioritization of works to be undertaken in all habitations and the VP. Area of Study The P-Tracking for VPDP pilot was tested in two districts in Tamil Nadu – Theni district where the PVP program had been implemented, and Dharmapuri district, which is classified as backward and geographically challenging. Two blocks in Theni (Aundipatti and K. Myladumparai) and three blocks in Dharmapuri (Pennagaram, Palacode and Pappireddipatti) were chosen to pilot P-tracking for VPDP, as these blocks came under the State Planning Commission’s State Balance Growth Fund program. These five blocks also came under the PVP program, which meant we could leverage community based organizational structures that already existed. A total of 10 VPs were randomly selected per block, and of the 50 VPs selected two were dropped for being too large to complete the survey in the allotted time and too difficult to access. The program was finally piloted in 48 VPs, see Appendix 1 for more details. The pilot was implemented in collaboration with the State Planning Commission, Rural Development and Tamil Nadu Rural Livelihoods Mission. Each aspect of the pilot was tested and iterated multiple times to build a prototype. The system requires further testing and experimentation to perfect and to take to scale. A small experiment was designed to assess the added value of participatory-tracking based village planning through a feedback experiment. The experiment aimed to divide the pilot VPs into two groups – a treatment group and a control group. Village Panchayats were randomly allocated into treatment and control units by block i.e. half the VPs being covered in one block receive “treatment” while the other half constitute as the control. However, given that the VPDP program had already been rolled out in every VP in the state using conventional participatory methods stipulated by the RD department, it was decided that the experiment would be designed to see the additional value of participatory based village planning that used data visualizations as a tool for decision making. Treatment entailed of the following elements: 1. A visualization based on the VP’s data to be presented in poster formats in a location of high footfall; 2. Presentation of computer-based visualizations and village level data in the Gram Sabha; 3. Development and implementation of a village planning process and format that uses participatory tracking data to generate annual plans. Control VPs would carry on with the Village Development Planning process as they have been doing so as VPDP had been rolled out in the entire state. Design Surveys The pilot program deployed two surveys, a mapping survey to collect data on village level infrastructure and services and a household level survey that collected data from a census of households on socio-economics parameters. Mapping survey: The mapping tool tagged all the available infrastructure in the VP. While Census data can be used to inform data needs on village population parameters, the latter does not cover important input and outcome data that the VP Development Plan requires. Our instrument covers variables collected in THAI (Tamil Nadu Village Habitation Improvement Scheme), Village Panchayat Registers, and block and district level reports. Household survey: The format for VP Development Plans requires detailed household data -on population parameters and other household level information on a range of indicators- which current government data bases do not capture. This instrument covers: (i) household level priorities for public goods and services; and (ii) some key indicators on health and education (employment, potential for poverty reduction based on sectors of economic activity, and correlates of income poverty are already covered in the survey). This survey covers a household census of the Village Panchayat. The core idea that underlies census coverage is that the collective act of participation in the survey can help build community ownership of the data, and promote its use. This survey was developed using the P-Tracking survey from the PVP pilot and complemented with focus-group discussions conducted with various stakeholders. These stakeholders involved Block Development Officers, Panchayat Secretaries, and most importantly community members. Both these instruments inform a mapping of village-level needs into available resources through two processes: (i) a planning process for convergence with available resources and central and state sponsored schemes; and (ii) the establishment of new processes and interventions that improve own revenue sources and expenditure management in Village Panchayats. Technology A technology suite was designed to collect, monitor and validate data. It consisted of three parts. Tablet Application A tablet application was developed to collect mapping and household level data. The application is installed on a tablet after the survey has been created. The application to collect data syncs to the tablet through the website. Surveyor codes allowed us to distinguish between enumerators that were collecting household data and those that were recording mapping data. Once data is collected, syncing the tablet to the computer uploads the data to a cloud-based database. Community SHG trainers were trained to administer the household or mapping surveys respectively. Training takes 5 days and includes classroom work, theoretical exercises and field-based practice work. Website A website to launch new surveys, track enumerators, monitor data collection, validate data, view visualizations and upload VP plans. New surveys can be generated through excel and uploaded onto the website. They need to follow certain rules and parameters of survey design. The website allows the user to track and monitor data collected. Each enumerator can be tracked based on the GPS spread of data collected as well as the time taken to record answers. A back-end data base has been designed to be used as the back end of the data collection and management system. It includes an interface to download data in formats that can be analyzed in analytics programs as well as in visualization formats. Visualizations Two types of visualizations were developed to display the data collected. A computer-based visualization covering data on issues in the village, satisfaction levels, details of every road, streetlights, water sources, household diets, household assets etc. These visualizations can be accessed through the website and are aggregated at the district, block, village and habitation levels. The visualizations are developed by keeping in mind low literacy and numeracy abilities of community members. Icons are designed to represent images in rural communities and traffic light systems give a sense of values through color. We wanted to present the data in a revealing way, while still remaining accessible to even the least literate and numerate communities. The second type of visualization was a flex-based poster. These posters were designed as print outs to be placed in high footfall areas of the VP. These posters covered data on issues in the village, satisfaction levels, details of every road, infrastructure available in the village, water sources, and household eligibility and access to schemes. Both visualizations follow certain design paradigms. Our goal was to display information graphically to reveal relationships in the data. For example, visualizations pertaining to schools represents each school, the facilities available, how satisfied people in the village are with the school and its cleanliness. To make a visualization that would serve this diverse audience, we needed to use “redundant” methods for communicating the same data. In our visualizations, we attempted to send messages through different channels such as cartoon images, colors, numerical scales, and when necessary text. For our visualizations, we attempted to remove the dependence on text entirely. It should be noted that even for the visualizations that use text such as the histogram visualization, a viewer who is both illiterate and innumerate should still be able to obtain information from images, colors, and discussions occurring around them. We also wanted these visualizations to be actionable and comparable which we achieved by creating basic indices. Human Resources As this project was a collaboration between multiple government departments, MIDS and the Social Observatory at the World Bank, multiple teams were involved in both districts at various levels. The project was headed by a High-Level Committee comprising of the Planning and Development Secretary and the State Planning Commission at the State level and the District Collector at the District level. Each block was headed by a Research Assistant from MIDs who liaised between Block Development Officers and officers of the State Planning Commission at the District level. Each Village Panchayat had one Community Professional to administer the mapping survey. Community SHG trainers administered the household survey. One CST was allocated for every 1000 households. Each VP was monitored by the Panchayat Secretary and the MIDS Research Assistants. One MIDS RA was allocated to each block to monitor data collection and troubleshoot any technical issues. Planning Process The planning process was initiated after the data was collected, validated, visualized and shared with the community. Depending on the size of the VP, the prioritization of issues and works to be taken up in the VP happened the day before or on the day of the Gram Sabha. Larger VPs – of 6 habitations or more – had their prioritization and habitation level discussions the day before. The VP secretary and concerned CSTs and Book Keepers facilitate the meeting and ensure participation from all habitations. Panchayat Secretaries were trained to go through the flex-based visualizations and discuss issues pertaining to each habitation. These issues were written down in a list and then prioritized for the entire village after each habitation was done. Prioritization is an important part of participatory planning and ensures that the needs and problems at the habitation level do not become a wish list with everyone fighting for resources. Instead the process of prioritization engages citizens to have informed debate based on a set of validated, locally sourced data in the form of visualization about the various needs and problems arising from different habitations and to arrive at a consensus on what should be prioritized first and which problems could be addressed later. The final list was deemed as the modified prioritized list to be added to the existing Village panchayat Development Plan. Development and Implementation This pilot interfaced with the Rural Development (RD) department as the purview of Village Panchayat Development Planning (VPDP) falls under the Panchayat Raj department. Survey The first step to this pilot was to develop survey instruments that covered the requirements of all the departments and stakeholders involved. An initial draft of the mapping survey was created using the Tamil Nadu Habitation Infrastructure (THAI) survey as a base. Components from the 31 registers that each Village Panchayat maintain were incorporated into the survey framework. Our mapping survey also drew from reports submitted by the Block Development Officers (BDOs) and District Planning Officers. The household survey was developed by using the PVP P-Tracking survey and the PVP impact evaluation survey as a base. Both surveys have been repeatedly tested in Tamil Nadu. The household survey also included elements of registers maintained in Village Panchayats – for e.g. a household’s eligibility and access to schemes. Focus Group Discussions were also conducted in 3 VPs to get an idea of issues that the community wanted to track. Once drafts of both surveys were created they were tested in 3 Village Panchayats outside our sample. Feedback from the field testing for both surveys was incorporated and submitted to P&D, SPC and RD departments for comments. These comments included changes to translations, input on water sources, and valuable information on the various stages of road construction. A District Level workshop was conducted in both Theni and Dharmapuri. The District Collector, SPC officials, RD officials, BDOs, and Panchayat Secretaries participated in the workshop. District level discussion on survey instruments in Theni The workshop allowed us to contextualize the survey to incorporate concerns that were unique to each district, e.g. Dharmapuri has a special development fund. Both surveys went through another round of field testing to ensure that comments from Panchayat Secretaries and BDOs were incorporated into the final instrument (See Appendix 2 and Appendix 3). We tried multiple methodologies to collect information on the quality of services provided in a VP in order to assess what would be the most easily scalable model as well as provide the most accurate answers. We settled on collecting service quality data through households and validating them at habitation and village level meetings given our time restrictions. However, the drawback of this methodology is that every household will answer questions regarding public goods leading to a large volume of data that will require analysis. Discerning the average value of the quality of services will need to be done through a carefully constructed formula, which we implemented in our visualizations. Questions related to quality of roads and drains, particularly in terms of blockages and water logging might be collected by the household instrument whereas the state of the roads and drains can be captured by the enumerator through observation. Mobile Application The pre-testing of the survey instruments was partly done on paper and partly on the tablet used for data collection. The multiple rounds of testing allowed us to ensure that translations, skip patterns and tablet functions were in sync. One of the mandates of the mapping survey was to geo-tag various infrastructural units in a VP. This involved the collection of GPS data for multiple points in a VP. Theni and Dharmapuri pose various issues for collecting GPS data, both are hilly and have poor connectivity. Our tablets were also 2-3 years old and had limited accuracy with respect to GPS coordinates. We did test 3 GPS tracking applications to ensure that the table could collect GPS data without internet access and in rural areas, however during data collection process we realized that enumerators needed to stay in a spot for a few seconds to record the GPS to within a 5-meter accuracy range. Pre-testing the mapping survey in Dharmapuri Training Once the application was ready we conducted two training workshops. One at the district level for Block Development Officers and Panchayat Secretaries and one at the block level for Community SHG Trainers, Book Keepers (BKs) and Panchayat Secretaries. CSTs collected household data, BKs collected mapping data and the Panchayat Secretaries facilitated the process in their respective villages. We chose to use CSTs and BKs from the Tamil Nadu Rural Livelihood Mission program (similar to PVP in mission and structure) as this was tested during the PVP pilot and worked successfully. The women were locals and knew their VPs well. Trainings at the district levels were held over a day and included briefing the various departments on their roles and responsibilities (See Appendix 4). The block level training consisted of a 4-day workshop, in each of the 5 blocks, with classroom and field-based exercises. Enumerators received paper copies of the surveys, a set of protocols on how to use the tablet, how to sync data and were briefed on how they would be monitored and checked. Coordinating the block level trainings were difficult as enumerators still had to travel a significant distance to reach the Block Office. We also had a significant portion of enumerators who dropped out or did not show up which slowed down training and eventually delayed data collection as new enumerators had to be trained from scratch. One block also had limited access to funds which made coordinating field visits and other logistics cumbersome, making our team extend training for an additional day. The training days also allowed us to get more detailed feedback on the surveys from our enumerators. It was also the time where we tested downloading surveys from the server to the tablet, for a large number of tablets. Data collection After training, tablets were distributed to CSTs and BKs. Field activities were monitored by MIDS RAs, the SO, Panchayat Secretaries and BDOs. A weekly report was generated to monitor the quality of data collected and the speed at which data was being collected. Household data collection in Theni Data collection faced some issues. The tablet application would crash during the mapping survey. Long roads required the tablet to run the application for extended periods of time, depleting the battery and crashing the tablet. This was due to the age of the tablets and the GPS component that had to run continuously. Collecting mapping data in Theni This issue was fixed with an update to the application, but it did delay the collection of mapping data. Multiple enumerators dropped out of the data collection phase for various reasons. We therefore, had to train multiple surveyors from the beginning resulting in a loss of time in collecting data. Enumerators were also paid late which led to problems in accessing remote areas as they needed travel allowances to be released on time. Given all these issues, data collection took 3 months to complete. Data was collected in 48 VPs; 12 VPs were selected for visualizations and 5 VPs each as control and treatment. We only selected 12 VPs to continue with the prioritizations and visualization steps as they completed data collected by the April 10th deadline that we had set. We set this deadline as the data for these 12 VPs needed additional cleaning as we had noticed that the road names in the mapping and household datasets did not match perfectly. This was an issue that we had flagged earlier during the collection process, however even with reminders and added coordination between MIDS RAs and surveyors conducting the mapping survey and those collecting household data, there were inconsistencies in the road names. Prioritization Like all elements of this pilot our prioritization process went through a round of testing. Prioritization is an important part of participatory planning, as it ensures that the needs and problems at the habitation level do not become a wish list but a set of actions that are achievable given the funds a VP has access to. Our prioritization process aimed to engage citizens to have an informed debate based on a set of validated, locally sourced data presented in the form of visualizations. We conducted a field test of the prioritization process based on data in one VP in Dharmapuri. We did not have visualizations ready but communicated the information verbally. Pre-testing the prioritization process in Dharmapuri This did allow the representatives of each habitation to discuss in greater detail about issues that affected the majority of inhabitants. When the community was presented with the top three problems of each habitation and asked to discuss which ones to prioritize, the subsequent discussions and decision making were coherent and based on consensus rather than arguments. This test allowed us to see that the Panchayat Secretary would need someone to assist him with filling out data into the prioritization lists. This process allowed us to test out a prioritization format that we had developed. Visualizations Prior to the prioritization and Gram Sabha meetings, district level training was held for Panchayat Secretaries, members of the Village Development Committees and Book Keepers. Panchayat Secretaries were trained on data that was going to be presented in their village. We developed a set of flex charts (See Appendix 5) in addition to the computer-based visualizations (See Appendix 6). We also put up a resource envelope, so communities can see what resources they have access to (See Appendix 7). Book Keepers were trained on how to fill in the prioritization sheets and Gram Sabha face sheets. Book Keeper training in Dharmapuri to fill out face sheets These face sheets tracked issues that were being raised, who raised them and whether any response was provided. It allows us to read about the proceedings of Gram Sabhas in VPs that did not receive visualizations. The Village Development Committee comprises of members from each habitation of a VP and were briefed on the process of prioritization that would take place before the Gram Sabha. The training was a day long and conducted by MIDS RAs and the World Bank. As some VPs had a large number of habitations we decided to conduct the prioritization process the day before the Gram Sabha (Myladumaprai in Theni and Guddalanahalli in Dharmapuri). The prioritization based on visualizations through flex charts was held the previous day in these two VPs. The VP secretary and the concerned BKs facilitated the meeting and ensured participation from all habitations. The process of prioritization of issues for the Village development plan was carried out on 30th April 2018 - a day prior to the Gram Sabha on May 1st. Study Due to delays in data collection our universe for the experiment reduced from 48 VPs to 12 VPs where data collection had finished on time. The design of the experiment was designed as follows: 1. Out of the 48 VPs - 12 received visualizations in a poster-based format. 2. Out of the 12 VPs – 5 were selected to receive computer-based visualizations along with the posters. These five VPs were our treatment VPs. Out of the 36 VPs that continued to collect data, 5 matching VPs were selected to act as a control set i.e. received no visualizations and continued with their planning process as usual. The VPs were matched using Propensity Scoring methodology on literacy, female/male population, SC and ST population metrics. See Appendix 8 for more details. All 12 VPs that received the flex charts displayed them in the location where the Gram Sabha was held prior to May 1st Gram Sabha. In VPs where the computer-based visualization was provided a screen and projector were set up. These 5 VPs prioritization process was facilitated by the panchayat Secretary with assistance from the MIDS RAs and the World Bank. Book Keepers recorded the Gram Sabha proceedings in a face sheet and noted down the action items for each habitation in a VP. The final VPD plan was compiled after discussing common issues between habitation lists and identifying issues that came under the purview of the VP. Issues were ranked habitation wise and finally village wise to create the final VPD plan. Gram Sabha in Kathirnarasingapuram VP in Theni with computer and flex visualizations Outcome and Results Our pilot saw different responses in different VPs. Data collection facilitated interest in most VPs and almost all our CSTs and BKs were questioned on the purpose of the data and the planning process by respondents. Gram Sabha face sheets were collected from both control and treatment villages. These face sheets showed us that the Gram Sabhas where visualizations were tested had better participation and higher community attendance than those that didn’t (i.e. control VPs). Women participation was also greater in treatment VPs throughout the Gram Sabha. A minority of control Gram Sabhas had good participation. One village had only ten people attend from a single habitation. The agenda for control VPs was driven by the standard agenda distributed to all VPs. Issues raised in control VPs were based on people’s opinions and not facts or data. These VPs also lacked a prioritization component and decision making was driven from the top down. Many respondents and communities wanted to know their current status in VPs where data was collected visualizations were withheld. In treatment VPs, women who participated felt that the flex-based visualization enabled them to understand and participate more effectively in the Gram Sabha. Youth and children were receptive to both forms (computer and flex charts) of visualization as they seemed more technically savvy compared to the older community members. Several elderly people participated and read the flex chart in detail, they were particularly interested in issues such as OAP and other pensions and felt that the visualizations were a good way to create awareness about these schemes. Panchayat secretaries, BDOs and some line department officials also attended the meetings and felt that this was a good initiative. Community members were curious to see what ‘film’ was going to be shown during the Gram Sabha when showed the computer-based visualizations. When the visualizations were being presented and explained, although the people watched with interest, they were unable to clearly follow the visualizations for several reasons. The visualizations were more sophisticated and needed to be explained and discussed. The computer visualizations work best with a homogenous group like PVP, as recipients were better able to understand the images as it related directly to them. A VPD plan may not be suited for computer visualizations as the purpose of the Gram Sabha is varied and caters to the entire VP. The nature of the crowd also made meaningful discussion based on visualization difficult. Hiring projectors, ensuring the visualizations were clearly displayed, and dealing with power outages are additional issues that we faced which broke the flow of discussion. We realized that habitation level meetings would be more suited for computer-based visualizations. We found that the prioritization process in VPs with visual aids was much more focused and purposeful and resulted in a list of prioritized issues at the inter-habitation level that were mutually agreed upon between various stakeholders. The general feeling in VPs with visualizations was that in the absence of such data the prioritization exercise would have been followed with arguments and fights ending inevitably in a wish list rather than a realistic plan. In Myladumaprai, a VP in Theni district, several habitations had issues related to roads. When discussions ensued, it became apparent that this was not a problem unique to each habitation but a common issue in the VP and required a collective solution. Communities also realized that transportation issues faced by some of the habitations was linked to the quality of roads and required comprehensive planning. This process of having the prioritization on the previous day worked efficiently as it provided a space and scope for focused and comprehensive discussion on various issues. In Guddalanahalli VP in Dharmapuri most habitations looked at actions to be taken in a short- term time period and actions were not spaced out over 5-years. However, habitations did prioritize issues common to all habitations before individual habitations. Overall across all VPs with visualizations, habitations worked together on issues common to some of them deciding which habitation would be given priority in year 1 and which ones would follow in subsequent years. One of the issues that came up frequently across VPs was the problem of water. Given that the Gram Sabha happened during the height of summer, water problems superseded all other issues even though some of these habitations had not listed water as one of the problems during earlier period of data collection. In one VP the visualizations showed us most of the key respondents had been women who identified liquor as one of the major issues plaguing that VP/region. However, during prioritization, many men claimed that problems like liquor that were highlighted by women were biased. This led to a heated debate, but the process provided space for articulation of different views and finally it was decided that VP would take certain measures to tackle drunken and disorderly behavior in public places. The visualizations allowed data to be validated easily. People were able to identify with the flex charts more than the computer-based visualization. But some felt that both were important and felt that this Gram Sabha was very different from previous ones as it allowed them to participate in the discussion. It is important to note that these observations are based on only one iteration. Any such intervention requires repeated rounds of testing to modify the process and visualization so that it fulfills the needs of the forum for which it has been designed. A number of BDOs and VP Secretaries that were part of the pilot and had participated in the original VPDP process felt that this program was completely different from the original VPDP process. They felt that the P-Tracking VPDP pilot involved the use of technology such as tablets and visualizations which the RD model didn’t have. BDOs were of the opinion that the mapping survey was a valuable source of data as it maps all the infrastructure available within a VP. Given the heavy work load of the BDOs and VP Secretaries, it was difficult for them to monitor the process closely. But they realized that such processes need constant monitoring and supervision. BDOs and VP Secretaries also felt that the Gram Sabha participation was not only higher but more focused and streamlined as it was framed within the context of data. This helped guide the discussions more coherently and systematically. Though there were the usual clamoring for services or benefits from some community members, it was much less vocal than compared to previous Gram Sabhas due to the presence of the visualizations. VP Secretaries were also able to handle claims or allegations with factual data presented in the visualizations. Challenges and Opportunities Issues faced During the course of this pilot we faced many issues and setbacks. Institutional This pilot was done in the absence of Elected Representatives, as Local Government elections are currently still pending in Tamil Nadu. However, as this pilot was a directive from the SPC and RD departments, there was adequate support from the district and block officials. Block level participation of officials was good. There was support for various activities but monitoring of data collection process was not carried out by the block level officials. Such interventions work best when there is support from both higher tiers and lower level functionaries reinforcing the need for ‘sandwich’ approach. However, we are unclear as to how the same pilot would work with Elected Representatives since such political institutions have their own political dynamics. For any such program to be effective and successful, it requires good institutional anchoring at the state level. If P-Tracking is to be used for VPDPs in the future, then it needs to be anchored in the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj department as it has the legitimate mandate under the 14th UFC to implement and draft village development plans. Other departments such as SPC can use it for programs that are under their direct purview. We also faced the challenge of coordinating with multiple departments which was bound by procedures and took time to process requests. Ideally such a pilot works best when there is a single institution/organization that has both decision making and implementing authority. Our enumerators were under the ambit of TNSRLM. Therefore, apart from their regular work they were given additional responsibilities of collecting data for the pilot. This led to a slower pace of data collection than anticipated. Enumerators who collected mapping data faced challenges such as canvassing difficult terrain and covering large distances to map various infrastructures spread across the VP. Geographical These geographical issues are important to highlight. Dharmapuri VPs are large and spread out, whereas Theni VPs are situated in hilly areas that are heavily forested. Enumerators also had to collect data in areas with wild animals thereby limiting the time within the day that the survey could be administrated. Technical During the process we also faced numerous technical issues. Collecting GPS data on the tablets at hand and in the geographic areas was difficult. As the tablets were 2-3 years old the level of accuracy we could capture with GPS was limited. This coupled with areas where GPS satellite signals are weak showed us that high-quality GPS devices are required to collect the level of detail and precision we were looking for. GPS data quality differs from village to village, it also improved towards the end of the data collection as we were able to test out various modifications to our survey applications. This lack of good GPS data resulted in us not being able to create the VP maps we had intended for data visualizations. We also faced issues with syncing data and data monitoring. Data collected was sometimes lost in transmission to the server. This can be fixed with more rigorous testing of the application and server connections. We can also have more stringent monitoring checks to ensure data for habitations are collected in both the mapping and household surveys. Data Habitation level roads data does not exist at the VP level. Therefore, our pilot was creating a baseline of digitized data on sub-VP level roads. Ideally, we should have finished the mapping survey and used the road data as an input to the household. Our time constraint to complete the survey in two months (March – April 2018), meant that we could not sequence the household and mapping surveys with regards to deployment. Even though we flagged in training that road names should be coordinated between the two surveys, initial data shows large mismatches in spellings and names. This led to an added exercise of matching and cleaning road names so that the mapping and household datasets match. As data cleaning takes time we chose to create visualizations for the 12 VPs that finished the earliest so that we could have data that matched across both surveys. We found data discrepancies in a few VPs with regards to eligibility and access to schemes. Either the VP secretary did not agree with the data or the community didn’t. A process to resolve these discrepancies is important. An added validation module to check applications issued at the VP office can bridge these variations. Human Resources This pilot also gave us a sense of the human resources that we require to implement successfully. Although validations are done through the website, supervisors on the ground, who are knowledgeable of the area, need to provide daily feedback and conduct routine checks. One of the issues we faced was in identifying the Village Development Committee (VDC) members set up by RD department to follow up on the process of prioritization and Gram Sabha. Although women enumerators (the CSTs and BKs) were successful in the PVP pilot they did face some challenges during data collection in this pilot. Some areas posed as safety threats and for a scale-up a combination of women and men enumerators would serve the pilot better. Visualizations These delays had a cascading effect leading to a reduced sample size for data visualizations. In our previous experience, visualizations are iterated upon for a 6-month period. This gives us enough time to refine and hone visualizations for communities with their feedback. Displaying computer-based visualizations for the first time in Gram Sabhas was challenging as it was not tailored to the process of Village Development Planning. We have used the Gram Sabha as a point of feedback to iterate on the visualizations. The computer visualizations also require a projector to display on a screen and look dull in comparison to posters. As mentioned earlier, data visualizations in the form of flex charts was shared with 5 VPs prior to the May 1st Gram Sabha. Ideally, these flex charts should have been displayed in the VPs in places with highest footfalls in order to generate interest and discussion among the villagers. However, the delays in completing data collection had a cascading effect on the production of data-based flex charts with visuals and it was not possible to share the flex charts prior to the Gram Sabha. As mentioned earlier, only in two large VPs, the prioritization was based on flex charts and it was effective in focusing the discussion around key issues. However, even in those 3 VPs, where flex charts were displayed on Gram Sabha day, the interest generated by these flex charts was remarkable. Subsequent iterations will allow us to incorporate the heterogenous nature of village planning into the visualizations. Way Forward The issues section highlights all the problems we faced. There were multiple elements that could have been improved with time. New tablets or GPS devices can fix technical issues related to GPS coordinates, and tablets crashing. The data collection for the mapping survey however required more coordination and participation from various departments regarding facilitation. Collecting these many points for mapping was ambitious and the process needs to be tested before it can be scaled. Data collection should be rolled out in phases with the mapping first and the household second so as to ensure data cleaning is kept to a minimal. Habitation level road names should be discussed with the Panchayat Secretaries prior to data collection so that names are familiar to the entire VP. VP Secretaries had suggestions for implementation like providing more preparatory time for mapping survey, rolling out both surveys simultaneously so that that the data collection process itself is better coordinated. The visualizations are currently a prototype and have incorporated one round of feedback. Moving forward they should be shown to multiple communities across the state and the feedback incorporated as we had done in the PVP pilot. This process can take between 6 months and a year depending on resources available. The prioritization process could have also been more effective had the data been available in VP prior to the Gram Sabha. Ideally, we would recommend having habitation level discussions even in smaller VPs prior to the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha should be used as a forum to ratify the VPD plan rather than develop it. Conclusion This pilot was designed to be an iterative process where the applications, survey instruments and planning process designed were developed and tested repeatedly to be modified and refined over time. We have highlighted the added value of participatory planning and the shortfalls of this system throughout this report. As initially designed, the entire system requires a 3 – year period where it can be tested and modified, so that it can be scaled-up. For this we require feedback from various stakeholders on the various components of the system. For example, successful visualizations need to be refined through constant feedback from communities who use them. During this pilot we were able to successfully develop a customized application to collect and validate data. We were also able to get one round of feedback on the visualized data through the Gram Sabha. There were some things that worked effectively as seen above and others that need more testing. While the relevance of data-based visualizations for planning purpose is unquestionable, the level at which this needs to be used needs more experimentation. Computer based visualization seems to work best if used at the habitation level than at the Gram Sabha level. Furthermore, one of the lessons learnt was that visualization in the form of flex-charts was equally effective in focusing discussions, prioritizing problems and creating a data driven village development plan with people’s participation. To clearly understand the various nuances of how this system functions under various conditions, and how it can be used not only to plan but to track and monitor VPDPs, a testing period of at least 3 years is required. However, due to paucity of funds and time, we have been unable to take this into its next iterative cycle. But even these prototypes can be of use in developing truly participatory village development plans. Appendices Appendix 1: P-Tracking for VPDP Sample District Code District Name Block Code Block Name VP Code VP Name 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 5 Kadamalaikundu 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 18 Varusanadu 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 16 Thummakundu 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 17 Thangammalpuram 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 8 Megamalai 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 10 Myladumparai 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 9 Muthalamparai 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 14 Ponnanpadugai 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 4 Gandamanur 21 THENI 2 K MYLADUMPARAI 6 Kumananthozhu 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 21 Ramakrishnapuram 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 23 Shunmugasundarapuram 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 20 Rajadhani 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 4 Ethakoil 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 14 Palacombai 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 13 Okkaraipatti 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 12 Mottanuthu 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 16 Pitchampatti 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 26 Thekkampatti 21 THENI 1 ANDIPATTI 5 Kathirnarasingapuram 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 3 Biranatham 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 14 Pattukonampatty 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 13 Pappampadi 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 10 Mookareddipatti 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 5 Bothakadu 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 15 Pudhupatti 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 19 Irulapatti 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 6 Goundampatti 9 DHARMAPURI 6 PAPPIREDDIPATTI 8 Menasi 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 21 Modugulahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 24 P. Chettihalli 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 19 Kattampatti 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 5 Bevuhalli 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 12 Gummanur 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 13 Guddalanahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 9 Golasanahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 32 Kammapalapatti 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 26 Padi 9 DHARMAPURI 8 PALACODE 31 Chikkathoranampettam 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 22 Paruvathanahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 24 Pikkili 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 19 Onnappagoundanahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 5 Banthrahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 15 Mangarai District Code District Name Block Code Block Name VP Code VP Name 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 14 Madhehalli 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 12 Koothapadi 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 17 Manjinaikanahalli 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 26 Sathiyanathapuram 9 DHARMAPURI 3 PENNAGARAM 8 Donnakuttahalli Appendix 2: P-Tracking for VPDP Mapping survey Attached Appendix 3: P-Tracking for VPDP Mapping survey Attached Appendix 4: Roles and Responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities Project Director (DRDA) • Facilitating the implementation of the VDP P-tracking process • Facilitating inter-department and inter-agency coordination • Responsible for the tablet count and ensure tablets are returned in the same condition as received in Project Director (TNSRLM) • Mobilize CP/CSTs and Book keepers • Ensure the same CP/CSTs and Book Keepers are available for all days of training and conduct and complete the survey • Ensure funds for remuneration are accessed through the RD department as per GO 67, GO 78, GO 34. • Ensure APO offers support and facilitation in their respective blocks District Planning Officer • Coordinate activities between SPC and other departments in coordination with the PD (DRDA) BDO • Facilitate the usage of a block office computer with MIDS staff to sync data • Share progress of data collection with PD (DRDA) and AD Panchayat Zonal BDO • Conduct random back checks in coordination with MIDS and WB staff • Share the status of progress to the BDO • Attend enumerator training and facilitate field level data collection Panchayat secretary • Conduct spot checks in the field • Facilitate the data collection process at the village level • Support the Book Keeper with the Mapping survey (identifying road codes, habitation and village boundaries etc.) • Collect and share the status of the progress to the Zonal BDO • Facilitate the Village Level and Habitation Level prioritization meetings CST / CPs • Conduct the household survey • Keep tablet safely and charged • Be available at the Block office with the tablet to sync data at pre-scheduled times and dates • Follow protocols provided Book Keeper • Conduct the mapping survey • Keep tablet safely and charged • Be available at the Block office with the tablet to sync data at pre-scheduled times and dates • Follow protocols provided MIDS/WB staff • Conduct training • Overall monitoring of survey implementation through regular filed visits and spot checks • Support Data syncing activities at the Block level • Status report every week • Overall support for the implementation of the visualizations and habitation level, village level and Gram Sabha meetings Appendix 5: Flex charts visualizations in English and Tamil Appendix 6: Computer-based visualizations in English and Tamil Appendix 7: Resource envelope (Source: 5th SFC Tamil Nadu) Resource Envelope வள#க% ப(றிய ப,வ- Sl. No. Total Receipts ரசீ$கள'( வைகக, 1 Tax வ- A House/Property Tax . வ//ெசா45 வ6 B Professional Tax. ெதாழி9 வ6 C Advertisement Tax வ:ள-பர வ6 2 Non-Tax வ- தவ/ர ப/ற வ2மான6 A Licensing fee for building plan and layout approval க<டட- க-, தளவைமAB ஒABதDE>- உ6ம- வழ#>- க<டண- B Fees and charges on Dangerous and Offensive trades அபாயகரமான ம(J- ஆப4தான வL4தக#கMEகான க<டண- C Market fee சNைத க<டண- D Water charges >,ந.L க<டண- E Fee on cart stand வP, நிJ45மிட- க<டண- F Social Forestry auctions சQக வனவ:ய9 ஏல- G Fishery rentals மT Uப:, வாடைக H 2-C patta fee 2-C ப<டா க<டண- I Income from markets and fairs சNைதக% ம(J- கPகா<சிகளV9 வWமான- J Fee from ferries ெபL6களVலிWN5 க<டண- K Fines and penalties அபராத#க% L Seigniorage fees on mines and minerals Xர#க#க% ம(J- தா5Eக% மT 5 உ6ைம வ6 - க<டண- 3 State Finance Commission மாநில நிதி: ;< A Capital Grant Fund =லதன நிதி B Pooled fund for Deficit RLBs ப(றாE>ைற RLB Eகாக ெபறAப<ட நிதி 4 CFC/UFC: ம>திய நிதி: ;< / ஒ(றிய நிதி: ;ழ A 14th Finance Commission Basic Grant 14 வ5 நிதி கமிஷU அ,Aபைட கிராP< B 14th Finance Commission Performance Grant 14 வ5 நிதி கமிஷU ெசய9திறU கிராP< 5 Assigned/Pooled Assigned Revenue: நியமிEகAப<ட / நிரAபAப<ட வWவா] வWவா]: A Scheme Component of Pooled Assigned Revenue பல அ/Eகி9 ஒ5EகAப<ட வWவாய:U தி<டE _J 6 Others மBறைவ Details of Schemes (RLBs) தி<ட#களVU வ:வர#க% (RLBs) Sl. No. Panchayat Raj Schemes Source of Funds வ.எE ப`சாய45 ராa தி<ட#க% நிதிகளVU ஆதார- THAI II State government 1 தாF II மாநில அரX CM Solar Power Green House State government 2 bதலைமcசL d6ய சEதி பXைம இ9ல- மாநில அரX MLA constituency development State government 3 ச<டமUற உJA ப:னL ெதா>தி வளLcசி நிதி மாநில அரX 5th State Finance Commission Amma Gym 5 வ5 மாநில நிதி 4 அ-மா உட(பய:(சி _ட- ஆைணய- 5th State Finance Commission Amma Park 5 வ5 மாநில நிதி 5 அ6மா HIகா ஆைணய- NABARD - RIDF State government 6 நபாL/ - RIDF மாநில அரX Central government and State PM Gram Sadak Yojna 7 government ப:ரதம மNதி6 கிராம சாைல தி<ட- ம4திய / மாநில அரX Renovation of IWSC and IMSC State government 8 IWSC ம(J- IMSC B5Aப:4த9 மாநில அரX Swacch Bharat Mission Central government 9 g]ைம இNதியா ம4திய / மாநில அரX Socio Development Programme (Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri) சQக அப:வ:W4தி தி<ட- (கிWiணகி6 ம(J- State government 10 மாநில அரX தLமB6) Comprehensive School Infrastructure Development ப%ளV உ%க<டைமAB வ:6வாEக- ம(J- State government 11 மாநில அரX ேம-பா/ MGNREGS Central government 12 ேதசிய ஊரக ேவைல உJதியளVAB தி<ட- ம4திய அரX Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna Central government 13 ப:ரதமL வ/ . வசதி தி<ட- ம4திய அரX Rural Infrastructure – Roads / Tamil Nadu Rural Roads Improvement Schemes (TNRRIS) State government 14 கிராமBற உ%க<டைமAB – சாைலக% / கிராமBற மாநில அரX சாைலக% ேம-பா