Phase 3 - Production of Validated Small Hydro Atlas
SMALL HYDRO MAPPING REPORT
Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Small Hydro - Tanzania [P145271]
June 2018
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
FINAL OUTPUT
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
SHER Ingénieurs-conseils s.a.
Rue J. Matagne, 15
5020 Namur – Belgium
Phone : +32 81 32 79 80
Fax : +32 81 32 79 89
www.sher.be
Project Manager: Rebecca DOTET
Reference SHER : TNZ01
Phone : +32 (0) 81 327 982
Fax : +32 (0) 81 327 989
E-mail : dotet@sher.be
Rev.n° Date Content Drafted Verified
0 02/2015 Small Hydro Mapping report - Interim Pierre SMITS Quentin GOOR
1 04/2015 Small Hydro Mapping report Pierre SMITS Quentin GOOR
Final Phase 1
2 12/2017 Small Hydro Mapping report Quentin GOOR Pierre SMITS
update Phase 3 - Draft
3 01/2018 Small Hydro Mapping report Damien DUBOIS Quentin GOOR
update Phase 3 - Final
4 06/2018 Small Hydro Mapping report Damien DUBOIS Quentin GOOR
update Phase 3 - Final (following
comments from The World Bank)
SHER INGÉNIEURS-CONSEILS S.A.
IS ISO 9001 CERTIFIED
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report – June 2018 Page 2 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AfDB African Development Bank
ASTER GDEM Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation
Model
CIF Climate Investment Funds
CSOs Civil Society Organisations
DfID Department for International Development
EAPP East African Power Pool
ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
EUEI European Union Energy Initiative
EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
FAO Food and agricultural organization
FGDs Focused Group Discussions
GoT Government of Tanzania
GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
GW Gigawatt
GWh Gigawatt hour
ICEIDA Icelandic International Development Agency
IDA/GEF International Development Agency / Global Environment Fund
IFC International Finance Corporation
IPP Independent Power Producers
JICA Japan International cooperation Agency
Kfw/BGR Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt hour
MDBs Multi-lateral Development Banks
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals
MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
MW Megawatt
MW Mega Watt
MWh Megawatt hour
PPP Public-Private Partnership
PS Permanent Secretary
REA Rural Energy Agency
REF Rural Energy Fund
SPPA Small Power Purchase Agreements
SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company
TEDAP Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project
ToRs Terms of Reference
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
WB The World Bank
WBO Water Basin Office
ZECO Zanzibar Electricity Company Limited
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ESMAP PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................. 11
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 SCOPE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
1.4 OVERALL APPROACH AND CHALLENGES ................................................................................................................................. 13
2 ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN TANZANIA ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.1 Actors ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
2.1.2 Specificities of the Institutional and Legal Framework in Tanzania ............................................................................... 17
2.1.3 Electric Sector Reform Strategy and Roadmap ............................................................................................................ 18
2.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ACCESS RATE ............................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.1 Electricity Demand and access rate .............................................................................................................................. 20
2.2.2 Demand Forecast .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 POWER GENERATION - CURRENT AND PROJECTED SITUATION .................................................................................................. 21
2.4 FINANCIAL SITUATION AND FINANCING REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................................... 22
2.5 RENEWABLE AND RURAL ENERGY .......................................................................................................................................... 23
2.6 OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES .................................................................................................................................. 23
2.6.1 Geothermal Energy ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.6.2 Wind .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.6.3 Solar .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.6.4 Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaics .......................................................................................................................................... 24
2.6.5 Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaics ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.6.6 Solar Thermal ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
2.6.7 Biomass......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
3 SCALING UP THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER IN TANZANIA ................................................................... 26
3.1 CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO IN TANZANIA ..................................................................................... 26
3.1.1 Interconnected main grid (Tanesco) .............................................................................................................................. 26
3.1.2 Mini-grids (Tanesco/Private) ......................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.3 Stand-alone off-grid systems powered by a unique source of production ..................................................................... 27
3.2 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................. 27
3.3 SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR TANZANIA ................................................................................... 30
3.4 PROGRAMS SUPPORTING THE SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................... 33
3.4.1 Tanzania Energy Development and Access Expansion project (TEDAP) .................................................................... 33
3.4.2 Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP) .......................................................................................................... 33
3.4.3 Integrated Rural Electrification Planning (IREP) ........................................................................................................... 33
3.4.4 Mini-grids based on small hydropower sources to augment rural electrification in Tanzania - UNIDO ......................... 34
3.4.5 ESME - Supporting Energy SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa - GVEP ................................................................................ 34
3.4.6 Rural Electrification Master Plan and Investment Prospectus - NORAD ...................................................................... 35
3.4.7 Possible future funding for rural electrification and small hydropower .......................................................................... 35
3.5 LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE CONSULTANT IN SMALL HYDRO PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ...................................................... 35
4 SPATIAL DATABASE ON HYDROPOWER .............................................................................................................................. 38
4.1 COMPILATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION AND DATA TO ASSESS THE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL................................................... 38
4.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.2 Data management: Geographical Information System ................................................................................................. 38
4.2 CONTEXTUAL DATA AND INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................... 39
4.3 EXISTING POWER SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
4.3.1 Current status of the power system............................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.2 Thermal power system .................................................................................................................................................. 42
4.3.3 Hydropower system ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
4.3.4 Transmission and distribution networks ........................................................................................................................ 46
4.4 POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER RESOURCE.................................................................................................................................... 46
4.4.1 Overview of the methodological approach for hydropower resource assessment ........................................................ 46
4.4.2 Contribution from the available literature review ........................................................................................................... 47
4.4.3 Contribution of SiteFinder .............................................................................................................................................. 48
4.4.4 Consolidated spatial database of small hydropower resource ...................................................................................... 48
4.5 SMALL HYDROPOWER RESOURCE ATLAS OF TANZANIA .......................................................................................................... 48
5 70+ PROMISING SITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO ............................................................................... 54
5.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54
5.2 SELECTION PROCESS OF THE 70+ PROMISING SITES ............................................................................................................... 54
5.2.1 Power capacity .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
5.2.2 Environmental criteria .................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.3 Uncertainties concerning topographical criteria ............................................................................................................ 55
5.2.4 36 sites studied at an advanced stage .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.5 Economic criteria ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
5.2.6 Results of the 70+ promising sites selection ................................................................................................................. 57
5.3 SITE VISITS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 67
5.3.1 Site visits of the 70+ promising sites ............................................................................................................................. 67
5.3.2 Sites visits of the existing hydroelectric projects ........................................................................................................... 69
5.4 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY FOR THE 70+ PROMISING SITES........................................................................................................... 70
5.4.1 Objectives and limitations of the hydrological study ...................................................................................................... 70
5.4.2 Hydro-meteorological database .................................................................................................................................... 70
5.4.3 Flow duration curves modeling ...................................................................................................................................... 82
5.5 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE 70+ PROMISING SITES ..................................................................................... 92
5.5.1 Objectives...................................................................................................................................................................... 92
5.5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 92
5.5.3 Assumptions .................................................................................................................................................................. 93
5.5.4 Economic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 93
6 TOP 20 PRIORITIZED SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ................................................................................................... 94
6.1 SELECTION PROCESS AND MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 94
6.1.1 Group of projects that compete to supply the same load center or grid ........................................................................ 94
6.1.2 Estimate power capacity between ~ 300 kW and ~10 MW ........................................................................................... 94
6.1.3 Exclusion of projects located on seasonal rivers ........................................................................................................... 94
6.1.4 Economically attractive with a competitive LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy); ............................................................. 95
6.1.5 No evidence of major environmental constraint including sediment transport .............................................................. 95
6.2 PRIORITIZATION PROCESS AND RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 95
6.3 TARGETED HYDROLOGICAL STUDY FOR THE TOP 20 MOST PROMISING POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ............................ 100
6.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 100
6.3.2 Objectives and limits ................................................................................................................................................... 100
6.3.3 Sources of data ........................................................................................................................................................... 100
6.3.4 Hydrological Modelling ................................................................................................................................................ 103
6.3.5 Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitations ..................................................................................... 108
6.3.6 Results ........................................................................................................................................................................ 116
6.4 ADDITIONAL SITE INVESTIGATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 118
6.4.1 Site visits by the Consultant’s Team of Experts .......................................................................................................... 118
6.4.2 Topographic surveys ................................................................................................................................................... 118
6.4.3 Characterization of the surface geology ...................................................................................................................... 119
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Contract n°7169139
6.4.4 Identification of socio-economic and environmental context ....................................................................................... 119
6.4.5 Dedicated hydrological study. ..................................................................................................................................... 119
7 PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES OF FOUR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS ............................................................................... 121
7.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 121
7.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SELECTION CRITERIA ......................................................................................................................... 123
7.2.1 Criterion 1 - Installed capacity between 300 kW and 10 MW ...................................................................................... 123
7.2.2 Criterion 2 - Favorable hydrological conditions: Q90% > 0.2m³/s ............................................................................... 123
7.2.3 Criterion 3 - Competitive economic performance: Levelized Cost of Energy thresholds ............................................ 123
7.2.4 Criterion 4 - No evidence of major social and environmental constraints, including solid transport ............................ 124
7.2.5 Criterion 5 - No evidence of major geological constraints ........................................................................................... 124
7.3 MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................... 124
7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 125
7.5 KEY OUTCOMES OF THE PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES ................................................................................................................. 126
7.5.1 Muyovosi hydroelectric project (SF187) ...................................................................................................................... 126
7.5.2 Muhuwesi hydroelectric project (SF266) ..................................................................................................................... 128
7.5.3 Luegere hydroelectric project (SF022) ........................................................................................................................ 130
7.5.4 Samvya hydroelectric project (SF217) ........................................................................................................................ 132
8 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................................................................................................... 135
9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 136
10 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................................................... 138
10.1 APPENDIX 1 : SITEFINDER TOOL .......................................................................................................................................... 138
10.2 APPENDIX 2 : BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 139
10.3 APPENDIX 3 : CONTENT OF THE 455 POTENTIAL SITES DATABASE .......................................................................................... 143
10.4 APPENDIX 4 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE KICK-OFF MEETING (NOVEMBER 7, 2013) ........................................................... 159
10.5 APPENDIX 5 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO PRESENTATION OF PROGRESS REPORT (NOVEMBER 20, 2014).................................. 160
10.6 APPENDIX 6 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE WORKING SESSION ON SMALL SCALE HYDRO RESOURCE MAPPING - PHASE 1
WORKSHOP (MARCH 17, 2015).......................................................................................................................................................... 161
10.7 APPENDIX 7 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE TRAINING SESSION ON SMALL SCALE HYDRO RESOURCE MAPPING (MARCH 18-19,
2015) 162
10.8 APPENDIX 8 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE FINAL WORKSHOP (DECEMBER 14, 2017) ........................................................... 163
10.9 APPENDIX 9 : SITE VISITS REPORT ...................................................................................................................................... 166
10.10 APPENDIX 10 : SITE INVESTIGATIONS REPORT................................................................................................................. 167
10.11 APPENDIX 11 : ATLAS OF THE HYDROPOWER RESOURCE OF TANZANIA............................................................................. 168
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Contract n°7169139
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Overview of the delivery approach ..................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2 Generation and Transmission Plan – Year 2040 ................................................................................................. 22
Figure 3. Illustration of the Spatial Database on Hydropower in the Quantum GIS software. ........................................... 39
Figure 4. Electricity generation mix in Tanzania. [Source: EWURA, Annual Report, 2016]............................................... 42
Figure 5. Existing power system. ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 6. Illustration of SiteFinder results (SF022 and SF178) near the Mahale Mountain National Park......................... 46
Figure 7. Confirmed small hydropower potential: breakdown by region (0.3-10MW) 16 ..................................................... 50
Figure 8. Confirmed small hydropower potential: breakdown by water basin (0.3-10MW) 16............................................. 50
Figure 9. Confirmed small hydropower potential by region (0.3-10MW)............................................................................ 51
Figure 10. Confirmed small hydropower potential by water basin (0.3-10MW) ................................................................. 52
Figure 11. Medium-term contribution of small hydro to the energy mix in Tanzania. ........................................................ 53
Figure 12 Prioritization in the study process ...................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 13 Selection criteria ............................................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 14. Distribution of gross head amongst the 70+ promising sites. ........................................................................... 60
Figure 15. Distribution of the installed capacity amongst the 70+ promising sites............................................................. 60
Figure 16. Distribution of the firm energy amongst the 70+ promising sites. ..................................................................... 61
Figure 17. Location map of the 70+ promising sites .......................................................................................................... 62
Figure 18. Dataset selection process: flow chart ............................................................................................................... 72
Figure 19. Spatial distribution of the hydrological and rainfall stations in Tanzania............................................................................ 73
Figure 20. Hydrological network calculated from the DEM ................................................................................................ 75
Figure 21 Location of the internal drainage basins of Tanzania ....................................................................................... 75
Figure 22. Lake Rukwa and Lake Eyasi ........................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 23 Lake Jipe, unknown lake and Bahi Swamp ...................................................................................................... 77
Figure 24 Lake Ambussel, a sink without lake on North-West of Ngorongoro Crater Area, and another south of Mbeya 77
Figure 25 Lake Manyara and lake Burungi (2 on the same picture), lake Natron, and Lake Madagi in Ngorongoro Crater
.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 26. Determination of the country's hydrographic network : Lake Balangida and neighboring lakes (3), south of
Ngorongoro........................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Figure 27. Calculated watersheds associated with the flow gauging stations ................................................................... 78
Figure 28. Period of activity of the hydrological stations.................................................................................................... 80
Figure 29. Number of "exploitable" years in relation with the streamflow time series length ............................................. 80
Figure 30. Period of activity of the rainfall stations with daily data .................................................................................... 81
Figure 31. Period of activity of the rainfall stations with monthly data ............................................................................... 82
Figure 32. Examples of flow duration curves modeled by the Weibull and lognormal laws ............................................... 83
Figure 33. Impact of the shape factor of the Weibull law ................................................................................................... 84
Figure 34. Impact of the scale factor on the Weibull law ................................................................................................... 84
Figure 35. Weibull law: scale factor versus mean flow ...................................................................................................... 85
Figure 36. Relationship between the average annual rainfall and the average flow.......................................................... 86
Figure 37. Average annual rainfall (spatial extrapolation) ................................................................................................. 88
Figure 38. Ungauged sites classification ........................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 39 Selection process of the 20 prioritized sites ...................................................................................................... 95
Figure 40. Flow monitoring system on the Samvya River at Yunga, Sumbawanga, Tanzania........................................ 101
Figure 41. CLIMWAT stations in Tanzania and surroundings .................................................................. 102
Figure 42. Monthly statistics of observed streamflow data .............................................................................................. 104
Figure 43. Flow chart for selecting the appropriate hydrological analysis methodology. ................................................. 105
Figure 44. Flow duration curve constructed from observed streamflow data. ................................................................. 106
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Contract n°7169139
Figure 45. Flood frequency analysis ................................................................................................................................ 107
Figure 46. Spatial and temporal distribution of the monthly long-term average precipitations......................................... 108
Figure 47. Spatial distribution of areas with extended periods with less than 10 mm per month..................................... 113
Figure 48. Monthly precipitations over the catchments of the top 20 prioritized potential hydroelectric projects. ............ 114
Figure 49. eBee Plus drone equipped with a camera for the topographical survey. ........................................................ 118
Figure 50. Digital Surface Model (DSM) and orthophotography from drone survey at M070 site.................................... 119
Figure 51. Location of the top 20 prioritized potential hydropower projects..................................................................... 120
Figure 52. Proposed layout for the Muyovosi hydroelectric project ................................................................................. 128
Figure 53. Proposed layout for the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project ................................................................................ 130
Figure 54. Proposed layout for the Luegere hydroelectric project ................................................................................... 132
Figure 55. Proposed layout for the Samvya hydroelectric project ................................................................................... 134
Figure 56. Training session on GIS ................................................................................................................................. 135
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Overview of the 11 deliverables of the Study ...................................................................................................... 12
Table 2 Future generation plan ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 3 Key Financial Indicators of TANESCO (million USD) .......................................................................................... 22
Table 4. Comparative advantages and complementarities of Small Hydro towards other sources of energy .................. 30
Table 5. Portfolio of medium and large hydro projects. Source: Power System Master Plan, update 2016 - Ministry of
Energy and Minerals.......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 6. Key features of the spatial data and information collected .................................................................................. 40
Table 7 Existing thermal power plants: key characteristics (source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral, 2013) .................... 43
Table 8. Main existing hydropower plants [Source: Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power System Master Plan – 2016
Update, December 2016]. ................................................................................................................................................. 44
Table 9. Confirmed small hydropower ............................................................................................................................... 49
Table 10. Confirmed small hydropower ............................................................................................................................. 49
Table 11 EWURA standardized small power projects tariffs for years 2011 and 2012..................................................... 56
Table 12. Regional breakdown of the installed capacity and energy produced by the 70+ potential sites ........................ 58
Table 13. Water basin breakdown of the installed capacity and energy produced by the 70+ potential sites ................... 59
Table 14. Key features of the 70+ promising hydropower sites ......................................................................................... 63
Table 15. Key features of the existing sites visited ........................................................................................................... 69
Table 16. Collected data and their key characteristics ..................................................................................................... 71
Table 17. Breakdown of the hydrological and rainfall stations within the nine water basins. ............................................. 74
Table 18 Internal drainage basins and associated lakes of Tanzania .............................................................................. 76
Table 19 Estimated key features of the flow duration curve at the ungauged sites ........................................................... 89
Table 20. Economic modelling assumptions ..................................................................................................................... 93
Table 21. Selection of the top 20 prioritized projects (key: = priority site ; = no-priority site ; - = site without interest) .. 96
Table 22. List of the flow monitoring stations with exploitable datasets........................................................................... 102
Table 23. List of CLIMWAT stations used for estimation of the evapotranspiration data................................................. 103
Table 24. List of the 20 prioritized sites with the method selected to estimate the hydrological parameters and criteria of
selection. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 116
Table 25. Key features of the top 20 prioritized small potential hydropower sites ........................................................... 122
Table 26. Results of the multicriteria analysis for the selection of the four sites eligible for the prefeasibility studies. .... 125
Table 27. Key features of the Muyovosi hydroelectric project. ........................................................................................ 127
Table 28. Key features of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project. ....................................................................................... 129
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Contract n°7169139
Table 29. Key features of the Luegere hydroelectric project. .......................................................................................... 131
Table 30. Key features of the Samvya hydroelectric project............................................................................................ 133
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ESMAP PROGRAM
The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a global knowledge and technical assistance program
administered by the World Bank and supported by 11 bilateral donors, has launched, in January 2013, an initiative that
will support country-driven efforts to improve RE resource awareness, put in place appropriate policy frameworks for
RE development, and provide ‘open access’ to resource and geospatial mapping data. It will also support the IRENA
Solar and Wind Atlas by improving the data availability and quality that can be accessed through the atlas on a modular
basis.
This "Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania" study, is part of a technical assistance project, ESMAP
funded, being implemented by Africa Energy Practice 1 (AFTG1) of the World Bank in Tanzania (the ‘Client’) which
aims at supporting resource mapping and geospatial planning for small hydro. It is being undertaken in close
coordination with the Rural Energy Agency (REA) of Tanzania, the World Bank’s primary Client country counterpart for
this study.
The "Provision of Small Hydropower Resource Data and Mapping Services" IDA 8004801 Framework contract was
signed 29th May 2013, while the specific contract " Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania", n. 7169139,
is dated 4th November 2013.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are:
To improve the quality and availability of information on Tanzania’s small hydropower resources. The project
will provide the GoT (Client) and commercial developers with ground-validated maps (at least 70+ sites up to
10 MW) that show the varying levels of hydro potential throughout the country, and highlight several sites most
suited for small hydropower projects.
To contribute to a detailed comprehensive assessment and to a geospatial planning framework of small-hydro
resources in Tanzania; (ii) to verify the potential for the most promising sites and prioritized sites (~ 20 prioritized
sites) to facilitate new small hydropower projects and ideally to guide private investments into the sector; and
(iii) to increase the awareness and knowledge of the Client on RE potential.
The study is delivered in three phases:
PHASE 1: Preliminary resource mapping based on satellite and site visits.
PHASE 2: Ground-based data collection.
PHASE 3: Production of validated resource atlas that combines satellite and ground-based data.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The first version of the Small Hydro Mapping Report was delivered at the end of Phase 1 (April 2015). It presented
the preliminary prioritization process and recommendations for data gap mitigation (hydrology, geology, socio-
environment, topography). The first version of that report included maps created from GIS layers, a training and
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Contract n°7169139
capacity building program and a revised Technical, Financial Proposals for Phase 2 and 3 alongside an Delivery Plan
for ground-based hydrological monitoring and site investigations during Phase 2.
The final version of the Small Hydro Mapping Report is delivered in the context of Phase 3 (December 2017). It
presents the methodological approach, describes the activities undertaken and the key results achieved. The Small
Hydro Mapping Report was written in close interaction with the Small Hydropower Resource Atlas of Tanzania, also
delivered at the end of Phase 3.
All the activities, results and deliverables from the Study were presented and debated during the final workshop that
was held in Dar Es Salaam on December 14, 2018. The list of participants is presented in Appendix 8.
Table 1 presents an overview of the 11 deliverables produced during the three phases of the Study, summarized in the
final version of the Small Hydro Mapping Report.
Table 1. Overview of the 11 deliverables of the Study
N° TITLE OF THE DELIVERABLE DESCRIPTION
PHASE 1 : Initial scoping and mapping
This report presents the preliminary prioritization process and
recommendations for data gap mitigation (hydrology, geology, socio-
environment, topography). The first version of that report included maps
1 Small Hydro Mapping Report – Interim Output created from GIS layers, a training and capacity building program and a
revised Technical, Financial Proposals for Phase 2 and 3 alongside an
Delivery Plan for ground-based hydrological monitoring and site
investigations during Phase 2.
This report gives detailed information on the 11 existing sites visited by
2 Site Visits Report – Existing Sites
SHER.
This report gives detailed information on the 85 potential sites visited by
3 Site Visits Report – Potential Sites
SHER.
PHASE 2 : Ground-based data collection
This report aims at providing an overview, at reconnaissance level, of
4 Site Investigations Report
the top 20 prioritized potential small hydropower sites in Tanzania.
Prefeasibility Study of the Muyovosi hydroelectric project
5 Detailed prefeasibility report.
(SF187)
Prefeasibility Study of the Luegere hydroelectric project
6 Detailed prefeasibility report.
(SF022)
Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project
7 Detailed prefeasibility report.
(SF266)
Prefeasibility Study of the Samvya hydroelectric project
8 Detailed prefeasibility report.
(SF217)
PHASE 3 : Production of a validated Atlas of the hydropower resource combining spatial data and field measurements
The final version of the Small Hydro Mapping Report was delivered in
9 Small Hydro Mapping Report – Final Output the context of Phase 3 (December 2017). It presents the methodological
approach, describes the activities undertaken and the results achieved.
This report is a document that contains all the information directly or
indirectly related to hydropower and collected during Phase 1 and
10 Atlas of the Hydropower Resource of Tanzania Phase 2 of this Study. The information has been compiled and
processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and is presented
as thematic maps, tables, graphs and various illustrations.
The GIS has been designed to meet the compatibility and
standardization requirements defined in the terms of reference. It
11 Geographical Information System (GIS)
contains all the data presented in the Atlas of the Hydropower Resource,
including the spatial database of potential hydropower sites.
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
1.4 OVERALL APPROACH AND CHALLENGES
Our approach considers that the knowledge of SHPP potential in Tanzania will be elevated using two sources of
information:
(i) The existing literature consisting of existing studies, lists of georeferenced sites, maps, etc. and
(ii) Additional information from our in-house potential hydropower site identification tool (SiteFinder) that relies
on a digital elevation model (DEM) and a hydrological model. This tool has the objective to screen the area
of interest (catchment, country, region, etc.) to identify potential river stretches that are likely to be relevant
for hydropower development.
Hence, the Consultant has adopted the following approach to achieve the objectives of the study:
Figure 1. Overview of the delivery approach
General Deep and
understanding of comprehensive GIS analysis Sites selection
data and Computation and criteria definition
the context of vs
document analysis of data
Small hydro Review of maps and
collection and documents
development in and documents Sites selection
Tanzania (baseline)
The following chapters of this report present a comprehensive description of the various steps of the Study.
Note: Following the Inception Phase (corresponding to the first step in the above chart) and based on a request from
REA, it was decided to add 20 potential sites to the list of 50+ promising sites to be visited during the field campaign
(Site Visits - Phase 2). The World Bank has also extended to scope of work of the Consultant by adding four
prefeasibility studies of potential hydropower projects. The Addendum to the Contract was signed on September 16,
2014 and the 20 additional field visits were undertaken between October 2014 and January 2015. The four pre-
feasibility studies were carried out during phase 2 between October and December 2017.
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2 ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN TANZANIA
2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 Actors
The main Government stakeholders in the Tanzanian Electricity Sector are the following: The Ministry responsible for
“electricity matters” (as it is designated in the Electricity Act, 2008), the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
established under EWURA Act, Chapter 414, the Rural Energy Agency established under Part IV of the Rural Energy
Act, 2005, and the utility TANESCO. Other Ministries also have a role in the energy sector activities such as the Ministry
of Environment.
Ministry responsible of the energy sector
According to the Electricity Act, 2008, the Minister of Energy and Minerals is responsible for (i) “the development
and review of the Government policies in the electricity supply industry;” (ii) the elaboration of “policies, plans and
strategies for development of the electricity subsector”, (iii) the reorganization and restructuring of the electricity supply
industry with a view to attracting private sector and other participation ; (iv) through the Rural Energy Agency (as
created by this Act), the preparation of the Rural Electrification Plan and Strategy and the promotion of rural
electrification; (v) the establishment of import and export of electricity.
Regulation
The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (commonly designated as EWURA), as created by the
Electricity Act, 2008: (i) awards licenses to entities undertaking a licensed activity; (ii) approves and enforces tariffs
and fees charged by licensees; (iii) approves licensees' terms and conditions of electricity supply; and (iv) approves
initiation of the procurement of new electricity supply installations.
Under the 2008 Act, the following activities require a license as stated in section 8 (1) of the Electricity Act No. 10 of
2008 which shall be issued by EWURA: a) Generation;
b) Transmission;
c) Distribution;
d) Supply;
e) System
operation;
f) Cross border trade in electricity; g) Physical and financial electricity trade; and h) Electricity installations.
EWURA is charged to (i) protect customer's interests through the promotion of competition; (ii) promote access to, and
affordability of, electricity services particularly in rural areas; (iii) promote least-cost investment and the security of
supply for the benefit of customers;
The principles of tariff regulation are set out in the Electricity Act, notably as follows (i) tariffs should reflect the total
cost of efficient business operations, without subsidies or grant; (ii) tariffs should be sufficient for the licensees to have
a fair return on their investments; and (iii) tariffs should contain incentives to a more effective electricity consumption
and should encourage adequate supply to satisfy demand. The approved tariffs may include automatic adjustments
for changes in costs of fuel, power purchases and fluctuations in exchange rates.
It is worth noting that EWURA in the exercise of its functions has to consult the relevant Ministries on matters of (i)
security; (ii) compulsory acquisition of land; (iii) preservation of the environment;(iv) cross-border trade in electricity;
and (v) development of other sources of energy in the electricity supply.
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Rural Electrification
The Rural Energy Act, adopted in June 2005, established the Rural Energy Agency (REA), the Rural Energy Fund
and the Rural Energy Board. REA was in fact created in October 2007, with the objective of “promoting rural socio-
economic development by facilitating extended access to modern energy services” in rural areas of Mainland Tanzania”
(thus excluding the island of Zanzibar). REA is governed by the Rural Energy Board, and its activities are financed by
the Rural Energy Fund.
The principles of Rural Electrification, as set out in the Act, are that:
“(i) sustainable development shall be achieved when modem energy services in rural areas are promote d, facilitated
and supported through private and community initiative and involvement;
(ii) the role of Government in rural energy service provision is that of a facilitator of activities and investments made by
private and community entities;
(iii) the fulfilment of Government's role shall be best managed through an institution that is independent.”
Rural Electrification Fund (REF) has the mission to provide grants to qualified rural electrification project developers.
REF is funded by the Government annual budgetary allocation, international development partners and levies (up to
five per cent on commercial generation of electricity to the national grid and on the generation of electricity in specified
isolated systems, including systems for private consumption).
The resources of the Fund can be used for:
(i) grants to qualified developers, for example to co-finance (a) training and other forms of capacity building; (b) the
provision of technical assistance related to the planning and preparation of a project prior to an application for a grant,
including pre-investment studies for projects; (c) the capital costs of a project implemented; and (d) investments in
innovative pilot and demonstration projects and applications for renewable energy when development partners make
funds available for that purpose.
(ii) payment or discharge of the expenses or obligations incurred in connection with the performance of the functions
of the Agency and the Board; and
(iii) payment of any remuneration or allowances to the members of the Board and employees of the Agency.
The Fund may not make grants towards the operating or debt service costs of any project or developer.
A Trust Agent is selected by REF after a public tender to manage the disbursement of grants. The Trust Agent is a
commercial bank (currently Tanzania Investment Bank – TIB), which is responsible for the administration of grant
payments, including financial disbursement, verification and monitoring activities from the contract signing to
commissioning.
Until now, notwithstanding its role, functions and financial resources through REF and various donors programs, it has
to be noted that the bulk of activity of REA has been to manage turn-key rural electrification programs that are built by
private contractors, then transferred to TANESCO and connected to its grid.
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The Public Utility1
TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (TANESCO Ltd) is a limited company fully owned by the
Government of Tanzania under the Ministry of Energy and Minerals and hence was duly registered under the
Companies Act Cap 12 [R. E. 2002] as amended, under the Registrar of Companies under the Business Registration
and Licensing Authority (BRELA). The New Electricity Act No. 10 of 2008 (see above) as amended which repeals the
Electricity Act Cap 131[R. E. 2002] is the law that facilitates and regulates generation, transmission, distribution, supply
and use of electric energy and hence is the main act that governs TANESCO Ltd works as being the current sole
licensee.
TANESCO Ltd, the historic monopoly company, currently carries out most of the distribution, transmission and
generation activities within the Country, with the exception of some small generation and distribution companies
delivering small quantity of electricity in rural areas.
Environmental issues, licenses and permits
Most SPPs will progress through the following steps;
Project identification;
Securing rights to the resource;
Acquiring necessary permits and licenses;
Financing;
Construction;
Testing and Commissioning; and
Operation and reporting,
Consents (permits, licenses, and clearances) required by various authorities for a grid-connected SPP are briefly
presented below. While many of these steps may be completed contemporaneously, some steps require prior
permissions.
1 Extracted mostly from Tanesco’s Web Site (www.tanesco.co.tz)
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These steps have been developed in the Guidelines for Developers of Small Power Projects in Tanzania from EWURA
(2009).
The right to renewable energy resources that can be used to make electricity is sometimes contested. To avoid
competing claims on the same resource, it is important that the SPP developer is able to demonstrate that he is the
legal holder of rights of sufficient resources to make the project viable. For a hydropower project, required documents
include water rights permission issued by the appropriate River/Lake Basin Water Office. Contact information depends
on which basin the project is in. The water basins include: Pangani Basin, Rufiji Basin, Lake Victoria, Wami-Ruvu, Lake
Nyasa, Lake Rukwa, Internal Drainage Basin to Lake Eyasi, Manyara and Bubu Depression, Lake Tanganyika,
Ruvuma and Southern Coast. The Division of Water Resources within the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI)
coordinates activities of the Water Basins.
In addition to permission from the River/Lake Basin Water Office, the project developer must also obtain written consent
from the respective village government where the project will be executed.
2.1.2 Specificities of the Institutional and Legal Framework in Tanzania
During the last 10 years, various important reforms were implemented in the electricity sector: the new Electricity Act
in 2008, creating the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA), the Rural Energy Agency (REA) and
the related Rural Energy Fund (REF). In 2010, the National PPP Law was adopted in 2010.
Relating to rural electrification and access to electricity, a comprehensive regulatory framework was developed and
adopted by EWURA which included standardized power purchase agreements (SPPA) and tariffs (SPPT) for small
power projects (SPPs either connected to the main grid or operating on isolated grids), simplified regulatory rules for
small power projects and comprehensive guidelines for the project developers.
Now the regulatory framework, in theory, reaches international standards but still suffers from insufficient application,
which might negatively alter the perceived level of risks for private investors considering investments in the Tanzanian
electricity sector.
The principles of the reform set out in the Act, are suitable for the introduction of a competitive market, a Third Party
Access (T.P.A.) regime and the relinquishment of any previous “Single Buyer” regime. For example, the Act mandates
the Minister to define the “eligible customers” who cannot exist in the present ‘single buyer regime’.
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The 2008 Act can be considered as the basis of a reform towards the liberalization of the market. For example, it is
written that the Minister has to define “the part of the electricity market that shall be subject to competition” but the
words “electricity market” nor “electricity sector” are not used, which makes the concept a bit vague. Moreover, it is
written that the Minister will have to define “the form of competition that shall be introduced in each relevant part of the
electricity market”.
Some statements are even more disturbing, such as paragraph 41.6 stating, “Notwithstanding the preceding provisions
of this section, the Tanzania Electric Supply Company shall have a right to first refusal to the supply of electrical energy
to all intensive electrical energy consumers”. This means that, in practice, the future eligible consumers will not be free
to contract with any supplier of their choice. This can be very detrimental for investors and IPPs.
Some other key points should also be underlined:
To date, the legal framework for a fair competition and for attracting the private sector is still not in place,
although some principles are already encrusted in the Act: no unbundling, no eligible consumers, Single
Buyer system still in place, no Independent System Operator, TANESCO right of first refusal for
supplying intensive consumers, etc.
The legal framework does not seem to offer the sufficient security and stability that would be perceived
as incentives for a more significant commitment of the private sector: For example, in Chapter 41.3:“The
Minister may, in consultation with the Authority, the Fair Competition Commission, consumers and
players in the electricity supply industry, amend the policy at any time.” Or in Chapter 10.2:“The
Authority may change terms and conditions of any license issued under this Act, provided that (a) the
licensee has been informed of the change or (b) the modification is in the public interest, where the
benefits to the public significantly exceed any disadvantages to the licensee.” But, there is no mention
whatsoever of any compensation to the licensee for loss of revenues, etc.
Considering the Rural Electrification, part. VIII of the Electricity Act practically prevents any private investor in entering
the distribution activity as they will not be allowed to supply any “intensive energy consumer”. It looks as if the private
sector had to be limited to the non-profitable consumers. New initiatives are now taken by EWURA, to develop a
regulatory framework for distribution licensees in rural areas. These licensees should be granted the right to supply
“intensive energy consumer”.
2.1.3 Electric Sector Reform Strategy and Roadmap
In June 2014, considering the supply and financial crisis known by the country in recent years, the Government adopted
the long awaited Report “Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014 – 2025”, defining how and
according to which calendar the electric sector will be reformed until complete unbundling of the state-owned electricity
utility, and liberalization of the electricity trade.
The reform initiatives and key actions cover the period from 2014 to 2025, with the objective to meet the current and
future demand for electricity; reduce public expenditure on ESI for operational activities; attract private capital; and
increase electricity connection and access levels. It has to be noted that it is fully coherent with “Big Results Now
(BRN)” as described below. It should increase transparency and competition and lead to abolition of subsidies in the
electricity sub-sector.
At present, Tanzania electric sector operates on the single buyer model. The reforms envision moving gradually from
the single buyer model to retail competition market.
During the reform process, REA shall continue to play an instrumental role in promoting access to modern energy
services.
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The strategy proposes a four stage process that will result in a fully competitive electricity market structure by 2025:
Immediate Term (July 2014 – June 2015)
Short Term (July 2015 – June 2018)
Medium Term (July 2018 – June 2021)
Long Term (July 2021 – June 2025)
During the process, an Independent System Operator (ISO) shall be established in line with Section 20(1) of the
Electricity Act, 2008 and will coordinate power supply system, dispatch power to transmission facilities and monitor
cross-border electricity trading. The operator will operate the power system based on the Grid Codes developed by the
Regulator. An Independent Market Operator (IMO) as well, in accordance with Section 20(2) of the Electricity Act, 2008
shall be established and regulated. The IMO shall administer operations of the wholesale electricity market trading.
a) Immediate term (July 2014- June 2015)
Amongst others, tasks to be undertaken during that phase include:
Review the Electricity Act, 2008 particularly Section 41(6) of, to allow private generators to supply power
directly to bulk off takers;
Developing technology based Standard Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) model;
TANESCO will remain vertically integrated with ring fenced business units.
b) Short Term (July 2015 – June 2018)
The short term will involve the following tasks:
Unbundling of generation segment from transmission and distribution segments by December 2017;
Designating an Independent Market Operator (IMO) to manage wholesale and retail electricity trading.
The existing TANESCO will continue to be responsible for transmission and distribution until June 2021 when
distribution is unbundled. Based on tariff and wheeling charges approved by the regulator, bulk off takers would be
able to buy power directly from generators by paying wheeling charges to the transmission company. However,
monopoly characteristics will still exist in the transmission and distribution.
Wholesale prices of electricity are fixed by respective Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) signed by buyer and
respective private generation companies. IPPs, SPPs and PPPs will be procured competitively.
c) Medium Term (July 2018 – June 2021)
After following tasks, amongst others:
Unbundling of distribution from transmission segment;
Setting up a mechanism and rules for the operation of a retail market for electricity by the Regulator;
the market structure envisaged in the medium term comprises a competitive power generation segment.
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At the end of the period, the electric sector is vertically unbundled into three segments: generation, transmission and
distribution. A wholesale market exists and generation companies are competing for bulk supply of electricity. A
regulated monopoly transmission company undertakes the transmission role. The distribution and retailing of electricity
to the final consumer is done by a Government owned Distribution Company.
d) Long Term (July 2021 – June 2025)
In the long term, commercially viable zonal offices will be established as independent distribution companies; the task
thus will be to unbundle gradually distribution segment gradually into several Zonal distribution companies.
The electric sector is vertically unbundled into four segments: generation, transmission, distribution and retailing. The
generation segment is comprised of a number of companies competing for wholesale supply of electricity to retailers.
The Transmission Company undertakes the transmission role. The independent system operator (ISO) and
independent market operator (IMO) undertake system and market operation. Distribution is horizontally unbundled.
Transmission will be fully owned by the Government, with Third Party Access: Transmission infrastructure will be
guaranteed by relevant rules issued by the Regulator.
The price of electricity is determined by market forces with many buyers and sellers. Wholesale prices of electricity will
be fixed in bilateral PPA between generators and distribution companies and/or retail companies. The retail market will
also be competitive with prices determined by market forces. The Regulator will only set the tariff for transmission and
distribution companies.
Customers will be free to choose electricity supply from a large number of retailers operating in the region.
2.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ACCESS RATE
2.2.1 Electricity Demand and access rate
For many years, the Tanzanian Electric system has not been able to satisfy the growing demand for electricity. Load
shedding and power outages have become almost normality. The consequence is that naturally demand is supply
driven, and thus it is very difficult to estimate what it could be if supply were sufficient. Government estimates are that
demand for electricity is on average growing between 10 % and 15 % per annum.
The peak demand2 reached 1026MW in 2016 with the average figure being around 950 MW. The total energy
generated for the year ending June 2016 distributed to TANESCO customers was 6,449GWh. The Government of
Tanzania declares that the per capital consumption is around 137 kW/year. According to the Energy Access Situation
Report published in 2016, the electrification rate is much higher in urban (65.3%) than in rural areas (16.9%).
The transmission system is currently composed of 647km of 400kV lines, 2,745km of 220kV lines, 1,626km of 132kV
lines and 580km of 66kV lines. However, the distribution and transmission losses are at 16.4%.
2.2.2 Demand Forecast
The 2016 Power System Master Plan expects an increase of electricity demand3 by 11.1% going from 6,310GWh in
2015 to 87,890GWh by 2040. The Government of Tanzania plans to accelerate industrial development and has the
purpose of expanding the power generation capacity up to 4,915MW by year 2020.
2
Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA), Annual Report for the year ended 30th June, 2016
3The 2016 Power System Master Plan (PSMP), Ministry of Energy and Minerals, December 2016
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The power demand forecast as defined in the Power System Master Plan is shown in the table below.
YEAR 2020 2030 2040
Energy demand4
13 440 36 000 87 890
[GWh]
Peak demand
3,916 7,590 16,050
[MW]5
To meet the growing demand, TANESCO and Regional demand data survey evaluate that the total installed capacity
should reach 5,091MW by 2020, 9,867MW by 2030 and 20,865MW by 2040 (base scenario).
2.3 POWER GENERATION - CURRENT AND PROJECTED SITUATION
As of June 2016, Tanzania’s total installed generation capacity was 1,442 MW composed of 31% hydro generation,
56% natural gas, 13% liquid fuel generation. An installed capacity of 1,358 MW supply the Main Grid and 84 MW the
Isolated Grids. The 2016 Power System Master Plan recommends for the future years an increase of the total installed
generation capacity in accordance with the table presented below. To improve the growing demand and the security
of supply, the GoT intends to diversify the sources of electricity generation to include natural gas, coal, hydro and
renewable energies.
Table 2 Future generation plan6
CAPACITY
SOURCE OF ENERGY
BY 2040 [MW]
Hydro 5,011
Gas-fired 10,253
Coal 6,000
Renewable 850
Import 400
TOTAL 22,595
In order to achieve this goal, the generation plan7 has to reach a total installed generation capacity of 5,011 MW
(renewable and import no-included) by 2020 and 22,595 MW by 2040. The best scenario selected plans an energy
generation mix of 40% gas, 35% coal, 20% hydro and 5 % renewable. The current government aims to reach an overall
electrification rate of 75% by 2033.
These results lead to develop a new global grid network to support this project covering a large part of the territory as
shown on the figure below. Reinforce distribution network is vital to meet electrification targets. Most of projects
proposed under the Power System Master Plan 2012 Update has not been completed due to a lack of sufficient
financing. Find financing resources and attract investment will be decisive to the success of such projects.
4 Base scenario
5 Base scenario (source : Analysis by the Task Force Team)
6 Optimal generation plan (scenario-2)
7 The 2016 Power System Master Plan (PSMP), Ministry of Energy and Minerals, December 2016
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Figure 2 Generation and Transmission Plan – Year 20408
2.4 FINANCIAL SITUATION AND FINANCING REQUIREMENTS
TANESCO’s financial situation is rather precarious worrying for quite a long period already. It is one of the reasons for
the urgent reform and restructuring plan recently put in place by the Government (under pressure from the international
financial community).Table below show some financial indicators: over the nine-year period (2003 – 2011), there was
only a single year where TANESCO had made a profit before tax. Even worse, there was only a single year where the
operation had not been a loss-making exercise.
Table 3 Key Financial Indicators of TANESCO (million USD)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Electricity Sales 159 173 196 185 234 310 313 324 344
Power purchase cost 68 114 156 187 195 162 141 147 228
Total cost of sales 183 244 250 290 308 307 326 342 485
Operating profit (loss) (63) (33) (22) (125) (51) 2 (2) (0) (22)
Profit (loss) before tax (214) (104) 43 (125) (54) (18) (36) (31) (48)
Average tariff
6.83 7.02 7.47 6.69 7.35 9.18 9.00 7.76 10.49
(US cent/kWh)
8
The 2016 Power System Master Plan (PSMP), Ministry of Energy and Minerals, December 2016
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Sources:
2003 – 2009: Power Sector Reform and Regulation in Africa, p.30
2010 – 2011: Audited Financial Statements 2011, p.23 and p.51. Exchange rate: 2010 – 1440 TSH/USD, 2011 – 1585 TSH/USD
(consultant’s estimates). Average tariff (= average price paid) calculated from statistics obtained from TANESCO.
In 2011, TANESCO’s financial situation has suffered from the very high costs of its emergency generation program
(rental of generators to private operators), caused by a severe shortage of hydropower generation.
According to figures given in the World Bank Program Document on the First Power and Gas Sector Development
Policy Operation, dated January 26, 2013, and data from Tanesco Corporate Business Plan of 2013, the Government
projections forecast an accumulated deficit of TANESCO, without government subsidies, to be at around US$1 billion
between 2012 and 2014, depending on the scenarios relating to hydrology and the investment plans (at constant tariff).
The Government had committed to closing the residual financial deficit in the sector through budget subsidies during
the transition period. The authorities have engaged to do so within the limit of the macroeconomic and fiscal framework
agreed upon with the IMF.
On another hand, the scope of investment required to implement plans and meet Government policy objectives as
explained above, is significant. The Power System Master Plan (Update 2013) identifies short term financing
requirements (2012 to 2017) as USD 11.4 billion, or about USD 1.9 billion per year of which 73.5 % would be needed
for generation. The generation additions to reach 7900 MW peak in 2035 (around 46000 GWh) may require total capital
investment costs of 17.5 billion USD (without inflation and IDC) until 2035.
2.5 RENEWABLE AND RURAL ENERGY
The table, inserted in section 2.3 above, as extracted from the “Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and
Roadmap 2014 – 2025”, shows that on an additional capacity projected to be 9,300 MW between 2015 and 2025, the
new and renewable energies (excluding hydro) represents only 500 MW, or 5,4 %. This table does not specify what is
the portion of the small hydro in the foreseen 1,500 MW of new hydro capacity.
The Reform Strategy Study has been thought as a national strategy for the Tanzanian Electric Sector as a whole, not
distinguishing urban and rural energies. The investments needed to reach the access objectives, notably in rural areas,
are not specified. But the document indicates clearly the willingness to create in the short term 7 “zonal distribution
business units”, which of course shall include rural areas not very well served until now.
This strategic Document sates explicitly that: “During the reform process, REA shall continue to play an instrumental
role in promoting access to modern energy services. In this context, rural electrification activities will continue to be
funded by the GoT and Development Partners through the Rural Energy Fund. To increase connection and access
levels, REA will facilitate support installation and maintenance of rural distribution systems.”
2.6 OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
The following data are largely issued from the SREP-Investment Plan for Tanzania (2013).
2.6.1 Geothermal Energy
Tanzania has significant geothermal potential that is not yet fully quantified. Estimations using analogue methods
indicate a potential exceeding 650 MW, with most prospects located in the East African Rift System. Most geothermal
prospects have been identified by their on-surface manifestation, mainly hot springs. Surface assessments started in
1976 and, to date, more than 50 sites have been identified. These are grouped into three main prospect zones:
northeastern (Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Mara regions), southwestern (Rukwa and Mbeya regions), and eastern coastal
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belt, which is associated with rifting and magmatic intrusions (Rufiji Basin). Only the southwestern zone has undergone
detailed surface exploration studies. In 2006 and 2010, the MEM, in collaboration with the Geological Survey of
Tanzania (GST), the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), and TANESCO, carried
out surface exploration and conducted detailed studies in the Ngozi-Songwe prospect in the Mbeya region.
2.6.2 Wind
Several areas of Tanzania are known to have promising wind resources. In areas where assessments have been
conducted to date, only Kititimo (Singida) and Makambako (Iringa) have been identified as having adequate wind
speeds for grid-scale electricity generation. At Kititimo, wind speeds average 9.9 miles per second and 8.9 miles per
second at Makambako, at a height of 30 m. The MEM, in collaboration with TANESCO, is conducting wind resource
assessments in Mkumbara (Tanga), Karatu (Manyara), Gomvu (Dar es Salaam), Litembe (Mtwara), Makambako
(Iringa), Mgagao (Kilimanjaro), and Kititimo (Singida). The REA is supporting wind measurements at Mafia Island
(Coast region). MEM and TANESCO will be conducting wind resource assessments in Usevya (Mpanda). To date, four
companies have expressed interest in investing in wind energy, namely Geo-Wind Tanzania, Ltd. and Wind East Africa
in Singida and Sino Tan Renewable Energy, Ltd. and Wind Energy Tanzania, Ltd. at Makambako in Iringa. These
companies are considering investments in wind farms in the 50–100 MW range.
2.6.3 Solar
Tanzania has high levels of solar energy, ranging between 2,800 and 3,500 hours of sunshine per year, and a global
radiation of 4–7 kWh per m2 per day. Solar resources are especially good in the central region of the country. Thus,
solar energy as a viable alternative to conventional energy sources is a natural fit for Tanzania if efficiently harnessed
and utilized. Both solar PV and solar thermal technologies are under development in the country.
2.6.4 Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaics
To date, about 6 MWp (megawatt peak) of solar PV electricity has been installed countrywide for various applications
in schools, hospitals, health centers, police posts, small telecommunications enterprises, and households, as well as
for street lighting. More than half of this capacity is utilized by households in periurban and rural areas. The government
is implementing awareness-raising and demonstration campaigns on the use of solar systems for domestic and
industrial use, as well as supporting direct installation in institutions. To make solar PV more attractive, the government
has removed the value added tax (VAT) and import tax for main solar components (panels, batteries, inverters, and
regulators), which has allowed endusers to get PV systems at a more affordable price.
2.6.5 Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaics
In central Tanzania, a MWp of solar PV generates about 1,800 MWh per year (net of losses), and will require about 1
hectare of land. Theoretically, the total estimated 2025 electricity demand of 27,000 GWh could be met by solar PV
fields of about 15,000 hectares or about 0.02 percent of Tanzania’s land mass. That is, the theoretical potential of solar
is unlimited. However, for purposes of system stability, solar is usually restricted to less than 20–30 percent of daytime
peak demand. On the basis of a 20 percent constraint, the potential for grid-tied solar in 2025 could be about 800 MW.
Given that large-scale, grid-tied solar PV installations are being undertaken in some countries for under US$ 1,750 per
kWp, its prospects in Tanzania should be excellent. The Power System Master Plan (PSMP) envisages 120 MWp of
solar in the power expansion plan by 2016. Several private firms have expressed interest in investing in 50–100 MWp
of solar PV. NextGen Solawazi has signed a SPPA with TANESCO to supply electricity from 2 MWp of PV to an isolated
grid. TANESCO has also signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) for a 1 MWp isolated grid-tied PV project. There is also a
potential value in using solar and hydro in combination by adding capacity value to a power source considered
intermittent.
2.6.6 Solar Thermal
Solar thermal energy has been used for generations in Tanzania for drying crops, wood, and salt. Currently, solar
dryers are used in the agricultural sector to dry cereals and other farm products, including coffee, pyrethrum, and
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mangos. The Sokoine University of Agriculture, University of Dar es Salaam and TaTEDO have been at the forefront
of promoting solar dryers. These institutions are also promoting solar thermal for cooking in parallel with solar drying.
Solar water heating systems in Tanzania are used mainly by households and various types of institutions (e.g., hotels,
hospitals, health centers, and dispensaries). Despite the potential of solar thermal and the demand for low-temperature
water for both domestic and commercial applications, the uptake level is low. Lack of awareness, inability to mobilize
financing, relatively lower priority given to such investments are some of reasons attributed to the little use of solar hot
water heating.
2.6.7 Biomass
Biomass is Tanzania’s single largest energy source. According to REA estimates, agricultural, livestock, and forestry
residues amount to about 15 million tons per year (MTPY). A portion of that amount may be available for use in power
generation. This includes sugar bagasse (1.5 million MTPY), sisal (0.2 MTPY), coffee husk (0.1 MTPY), rice husk (0.2
MTPY), municipal solid waste (4.7 MTPY), and forest residue (1.1 MTPY), with the balance from other crop waste and
livestock. Further supplies can be obtained through sustainably harvested fuelwood from fast-growing tree plantations.
For example, a 50 MW biomass power plant could obtain all its fuelwood needs from a 10,000 hectare plantation.
2.6.7.1 Heat Applications
Much of the biomass is used for heat applications. These include cooking in the residential sector and process heating
for agriculture and industry.
2.6.7.2 Power Production
Tanzanian industry using wood or agricultural feedstock (e.g., sugar, tannin, and sisal) has been generating its own
power from waste biomass materials. It is estimated that about 58 MW of such generation is taking place.
Under the SPPA program, two biomass power projects are supplying power to TANESCO: TPC, a major sugar
producer with an SPPA for 9 MW of power, and TANWATT, a tannin producer with an SPPA for 1.5 MW. In June 2013,
a third SPPA for 1 MW, the Ngombeni project, is expected to be commissioned to supply power to TANESCO’s isolated
grid on Mafia Island. TANESCO has signed SPPAs for three additional biomass projects with a total capacity of 9.6
MW.
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3 SCALING UP THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER IN
TANZANIA
3.1 CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO IN TANZANIA
Tanzania is emerging as one of the few Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries with a viable mini-grid program where
mini-grids are operated by private companies that could be scaled up. In 2015, TANESCO had signed Small Power
Purchase Agreements (SPPA) with 11 developers for 46.1 MW. Three are already selling power to TANESCO. It has
also signed 7 Letters of Intent, a precursor to signing the SPPA, with 30.9 MW of projects.
Availability of renewable energy resources, increasing electricity demand, the supportive Government vision and the
readiness among private sector players create viable opportunities for expanding renewable-based on grid or off-grid
electrification solutions. There was consensus that Tanzania should support development of renewable energy
technologies for rural electrification.
Three types of connection exist in Tanzania: main grid (Tanesco), mini-grid (Tanesco) and stand-alone off-grid system
powered by a unique source of production (Tanesco/Private). These three types have the following characteristics:
3.1.1 Interconnected main grid (Tanesco)
Small hydro projects given their size and their relatively high costs of production (and with a marginal production on
the network) are generally difficult to justify economically in a least cost expansion plan. This justification is mainly done
by comparison with an equivalent thermal plant running on heavy fuel oil (HFO); this involves making the largest
possible unity (close to 10 MW in the case of this study) to be competitive and if possible close to the HV network to
minimize connection costs.
Production shortfalls during low flow periods, particularly for run-of-the river hydropower plants are relatively not
disadvantageous given the limited impact that can be easily compensated by thermal power plants.
These projects must meet the standards set by Tanesco to be connected to the main grid. Projects that have a possible
regulation (downstream of a reservoir) have the advantage of delivering slightly more base or peak power to the
network.
The new hydroelectric options considered in the PSMP (Power System Master Plan - 2012 Update, May 2013) does
not include any small hydropower projects.
3.1.2 Mini-grids (Tanesco/Private)
Hydropower projects of intermediate size can easily supply mini-grids operated by Tanesco or by a private distribution
and production company that often have other expensive source of production (diesel), intermittent (solar and wind) or
from local biomass. Deficits during periods of low flow require more from the thermal power plants to address the
production shortages in the dry season.
For each of the mini-grids, a specific and dedicated development plan has to be produced by the Ministry of Energy
and Mines/EWURA and all operators based on competing sources of production (hydro, solar, etc.).
The intermittent feature of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, makes challenging the power grid
operation and the scheduling of hydro and thermal power plants.
Finally, the distance between some small hydropower projects and their load centers can in some cases double the
construction costs of the project which is hence less economically and financially attractive.
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3.1.3 Stand-alone off-grid systems powered by a unique source of production
These power grids are supplied by small power plants (less than 1MW) that are located near the load centers. They
are usually planned with the Government in the context of bilateral programs of rural or decentralized electrification.
Such small hydropower projects can only be economically justified by the comparison with costly diesel-fired power
generators.
To meet the daily energy demand, the design flow of these small run-of-the-river hydropower plants should be as close
as possible to the guaranteed low flow in order to consistently produce and dispose, if technically feasible, with a
sufficient modulation capacity to supply the (daily) power peaks.
3.2 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
The table below summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the small hydro sector in Tanzania. It also presents
recommendations to accelerate the development of small hydropower projects in Tanzania.
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CONNECTION TYPOLOGY STRENGTHS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER (1-10MW) WEAKNESSES OF SMALL HYDROPOWER (1-10MW) RECOMMENDATIONS
- Opportunity for projects located at a short distance from the
existing HV grid: Reduced cost of the transmission line to
strengthen the main grid.
- Positive impact on GHG emissions: Participation in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the long-term country
objectives.
- Potentially eligible for CDM credits: Improved profitability of
projects if they have access to CDM credits from the World
Bank.
- Low investment costs and reduced barriers to funding: - Large hydro is generally preferred in national master
plans: large hydro projects are often favored in national master - Promote short-term development projects with a capacity
Small hydro projects that have competitive production costs with
plans over smaller projects. In Tanzania, however, even projects up to 10MW: particularly projects that feature (i) short distance
larger projects require a much lower investment cost. Financial
of 5-10 MW can make a significant contribution to the country’s to main grid (ii) existing access roads, (iii) economically attractive
closure is therefore facilitated.
energy mix. with low production costs compared to other alternatives
- Shorter development process: Duration of development and (thermal), (iv) reasonable hydrological and socio-environmental
Main Grid construction (including financial closure) is shorter than for large risks.
(TANESCO) hydro. Hence, projects smaller than 10MW are faster online to - Potential saturation of the grid: smaller projects are less able
supply electricity in the shorter-term. to justify HV lines once the grid is saturated.
- Master Plan Study: master planning should include planning
- Competitive production costs compared to thermal:
scenarios analysis, taking into account the economic benefits of
Opportunity to replace thermal-fired production by cheaper and - Firm power: small hydro projects usually have limited storage
gradually increase the number of small hydro projects versus a
cleaner energy from hydropower. capacity (reservoir) for peak production.
single large project.
- Energy independence: partial replacement of energy from
thermal-fired stations by small hydro reduces the need to import
petroleum products, which are expensive and vulnerable to
international market price fluctuations.
- Reduced environmental and social impacts compared to
large hydro projects.
- Flexibility in maintenance: The impact of maintenance will
overall have a lesser impact to national electricity output
compared with for large hydropower projects. In addition, proper
planning of this maintenance allows for greater flexibility.
- Complex master planning of mini-grids due to the large
- Supply and demand balance: The size of small hydropower - Development of an investment plan for the development of
Mini-grids number of candidate projects and energy mix alternatives.
projects often match better the local electricity demand. small remote load centers which consider the various sources of
energy (wind, solar, biomass, thermal).
(TANESCO/Private) - Complex operation of grids with a significant share of
- Energy supply to remote load centers that would not benefit - Prioritize small hydropower projects close to remote
intermittent sources of renewable energy: small hydropower centers based on their cost compared to thermal units.
from the development of the energy produced by large
(without regulation capacity (reservoir)) cannot adequately
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CONNECTION TYPOLOGY STRENGTHS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER (1-10MW) WEAKNESSES OF SMALL HYDROPOWER (1-10MW) RECOMMENDATIONS
hydropower and thermal projects since transmission and manage intermittent production of other RE sources such as - Where possible, provide for a phased development of
distribution lines would not reach those remote areas. solar and wind. small hydropower projects following to increasing energy
- Ability to obtain financial aids (Concessionary finance, demand (e.g. number of penstocks and turbines/generators).
subsidies at low interest rates) given the capital-intensive nature - Invest in the development and rehabilitation of roads and
of hydroelectric projects. rural tracks that would reduce the investment costs for the
development of small hydro projects and thereby strengthen
their competitiveness against large hydro.
- Ability to reduce development costs: The design may be - Promote the development of projects in areas that feature
simplified to reduce production costs. - Not suitable in areas with significant periods of low flows: favorable hydrological conditions.
Supply and demand balance: The size of small hydropower The development of hydroelectric project on rivers that feature
Stand-alone off-grid projects often match better the local electricity demand. dry periods (zero streamflow) during a given period of the year is - Plan for ultimate grid integration of projects: when possible,
systems - Energy supply to remote load centers that would not benefit usually not appropriate for multiple reasons amongst which: (i) in the development of projects plan to allow future connection to
from the development of the energy produced by large no energy generation during several months of the year; (ii) the network, so that these projects are not abandoned after
(supplied by a single hydropower and thermal projects since transmission and production difficult to predict; (iii) high maintenance costs and (iv) connection to the main grid occurs.
production source) distribution lines would not reach those remote areas. operation and maintenance constraints.
- Ability to obtain financial aids (Concessionary finance, - Investing in the development and rehabilitation of roads
grants, subsidies at low interest rates) given the capital-intensive - Complex planning: Complexity to undertake the necessary and rural tracks that would reduce the investment costs for the
nature of hydroelectric projects. studies across the entire country. development of small hydro projects and thereby strengthen
their competitiveness against large hydro.
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3.3 SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR TANZANIA
In the light of the strengths and weaknesses of small hydro presented in the previous section, the size of projects
considered in this study (0.3-10 MW) offers interesting opportunities to support energy development in Tanzania.
Small hydropower, compared to other sources of energy, has the following comparative advantages and
complementarities:
Table 4. Comparative advantages and complementarities of Small Hydro towards other
sources of energy
OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY SMALL HYDRO COMPARATIVE
COMPLEMENTARITY
(1~10MW) ADVANTAGE
Small hydropower is a very interesting alternative to thermal
energy and particularly diesel-fired generators, especially in
remote areas where the fuel costs are high due to the
transportation costs.
Considering that small hydropower reduces the need for fuel
imports, it has a direct beneficial effect on the balance of
payments of Tanzania.
Given an estimated marginal production cost between
Thermal 146 US$/MWh on the main grid for the current hydro-thermal
mix (2013-2020)9 and 590 US$/MWh10 for isolated diesel
generators, many small hydropower projects are an
attractive alternative source of supply (direct competition
with thermal production).
However, there is a strong complementarity of small hydro
and thermal power plants that can compensate the power
production during the low flow periods and/or for (daily) peak
power.
Large hydropower projects usually have a lower marginal
production cost. Small hydropower projects are however
often:
Faster online due to faster development and
construction ;
Faster and easier financial closure ;
The size of small hydropower projects often
match better the increasing local electricity
demand.
Large Run-of-the
-
hydro river Lower socio-environmental impacts
Reduced impact of shut-down (inspection,
maintenance, failures): large hydro has a severe
impact on the whole system whereas small
projects will have a limited impact.
Given that large projects usually have a low production cost,
any new major project will challenge the relevance of smaller
projects, especially those operated by private companies.
Small and large projects are therefore rather in competition
than complementing each other.
9 Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power System Master Plan 2012 - Update (may 2013)
10 SREP - Investment plan for Tanzania (2013)
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OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY SMALL HYDRO COMPARATIVE
COMPLEMENTARITY
(1~10MW) ADVANTAGE
Small hydro projects with a reservoir can be expensive with
high marginal production costs if analyzed as an individual
projects.
Small hydro shall directly benefit from existing reservoir
Reservoir hydropower projects that will regulate the low flow periods -
and allow for peak power production.
Cascade development is recommended.
Where small hydropower potential exists, it is usually
economically competitive compared to windpower (from
US$ 96 to 130/MWh)11.
Energy generation from small hydro has the advantage of
being more predictable with steady production. Wind energy
must be compensated by other sources of non-intermittent
energy which result in additional costs.
Wind However, in region where the conditions are not favorable
for the development of small hydro projects (West center
and North center of the country), wind power does not
compete with small hydro.
Some complementarity could exist in the future with the
development of small grids combining hydro-wind-thermal or
medium capacity pumped-storage projects associated with
wind projects.
Where small hydropower potential exists, it is usually
competitive compared to solar PV (460 US$/MWh).
Energy generation from small hydro has the advantage of
being more predictable with steady production. Solar PV
must be compensated by other sources of non-intermittent
energy which result in additional costs.
Solar PV However, in region where the conditions are not favorable
for the development of small hydro projects (West, the
central area and in the South of the country), the solar power
does not compete with small hydro.
Some complementarity could exist in the future with the
development of small grids combining hydro-solar-thermal
or medium capacity pumped-storage projects associated
with solar power plants.
Some Biomass projects could potentially be competitive.
The examples of Sao Hill and Mufindi feature generation
costs at 73 and 76 US$/MWh.
Biomass
Some complementarity could exist in the future with the
development of small grids combining hydro-Biomass (and
possibly thermal).
The above analysis shows that the development of small hydro is relevant for the development of the energy mix in
Tanzania.
Regarding the economic competitiveness of small hydro connected to the main grid, several new hydropower projects
between 29MW and 1,048MW were considered in previous studies:
11 SREP - Investment plan for Tanzania (2013) and Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power System Master Plan 2012 - Update (May 2013)
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Table 5. Portfolio of medium and large hydro projects. Source: Power System Master Plan,
update 2016 - Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
PORTFOLIO OF MEDIUM AND LARGE INSTALLED AVERAGE ENERGY UNIT COST FOR AVERAGE ENERGY
HYDRO PROJECTS 12 CAPACITY [MW] [$/KWH] [US$/MWH]
Songwe Bipugu (Upper) 29 $ 0.22 $ 223.60
Iringa - Ibosa 36 $ 0.07 $ 72.70
Malagarasi Stage III 45 $ 0.11 $ 107.40
Upper Kihansi 47 $ 0.25 $ 252.60
Iringa - Nginayo 52 $ 0.05 $ 54.30
Mnyera - Ruaha 60 $ 0.09 $ 94.90
Mnyera - Taveta 84 $ 0.06 $ 57.90
Kakono 87 $ 0.07 $ 72.30
Rusumo 90 $ 0.04 $ 39.40
Masigira 118 $ 0.05 $ 50.20
Mnyera - Kisingo 120 $ 0.06 $ 61.30
Lower Kihansi Expansion 120 $ 0.42 $ 418.80
Mnyera - Pumbwe 123 $ 0.04 $ 43.80
Mnyera - Mnyera 137 $ 0.05 $ 48.20
Mnyera - Kwanini 144 $ 0.03 $ 30.30
Songwe Sofre (Middle) 159 $ 0.10 $ 98.80
Mpanga 160 $ 0.06 $ 59.50
Songwe Manolo (Lower) 178 $ 0.09 $ 85.60
Rumakali 222 $ 0.05 $ 53.40
Kikonge 300 $ 0.07 $ 67.50
Ruhudji 358 $ 0.04 $ 43.50
Steiglers Gorge Phase 1 1,048 $ 0.06 $ 61.50
Unit Cost for average Energy (all projects) $ 95.34
Amongst those hydropower projects, two projects features challenging barriers for their development:
Songwe Project is a multipurpose project located on the border between Tanzania and Malawi, its
development shall involve trade-offs between two countries and various competing uses of water
resource. It is necessary to initiate joint discussions on the best way to develop the project.
Stiegler’s Gorge Project is located within the Selous Game Reserve; its development is constrained
by the Algiers Conventions which defines the developments possibilities within national parks and game
reserves. It is therefore important to redefine the game reserve borders.
Very few of these identified medium and large hydro options have recent (pre-)feasibility study reports. There is an
urgent need to verify and update these studies, considering the increasing sediment transport, the socio-environmental
constraints and the other competitive use of water.
Thermal generation alternatives for Tanzania vary between 38 to 56 US$/MWh (including CAPEX amortization),
including Coal and Gaz. But investigations of the gas and coal reserves need to be pursued to ensure that as much of
the gas and coal reserves as possible are proven.
The small hydro projects that would be connected to the main grid should be economically competitive with the best
projects.
12 Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power System Master Plan 2012 - Update (May 2013)
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3.4 PROGRAMS SUPPORTING THE SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
3.4.1 Tanzania Energy Development and Access Expansion project (TEDAP)
TEDAP provides support to the Rural Energy Agency (REA) for the development of small renewable energy projects
and off-grid electrification. With the assistance of the TEDAP project, the Government established a comprehensive
support package for small renewable energy projects (up to 10MW). This project allows/facilitates selling power to
Tanesco grid(s) or directly to communities. The package consists of:
a simplified regulatory framework, including standardized power purchase agreements and tariffs;
grants for connections from REA (US$ 500 / connection) ;
credit line channeled through Tanzanian commercial Bank (~US$ 23 millions) and ;
technical assistance and pre-investment support provided by REA.
As a result of this support, the SPPA7 framework and Letter of Intents have been signed for about 77 MW of renewable
energy (mostly small hydro and biomass).
3.4.2 Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP)
The Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP) is part of the Climate Investment Funds and aims at demonstrating
the economic, social, and environmental viability of a low-carbon development pathway by creating new economic
opportunities and increasing energy access through the production and use of renewable energy.
SREP and other co-financing will support, through the Renewable Energy for Off Grid Electrification Project, the
provision of transaction advisory services, investments in mini-grid, micro-grid and stand-alone renewable energy-
based rural electrification, risk mitigation to cover delayed payments by power purchasers, and knowledge
management and capacity building. Total estimated cost is US$ 160 million, of which US$ 25 million is sought from
SREP with about $ 50 million to be sought from the World Bank Group. Private sector, other development partners and
commercial banks provide the balance. The project is expected to result in investments of about 47 MW of renewable
energy plants, to benefit over 100,000 households and rural enterprises directly with electricity connection, and over
300,000 indirectly through the development of investment pipeline.
The SREP RERE project is expected to finance:
setting up of a transaction advisory facility;
expansion of the credit line for small renewable energy projects;
performance grants for mini-grid connections, and sustainable solar market packages for stand-alone
systems;
establishment of a risk mitigation mechanism; and
capacity building, knowledge management and project management.
3.4.3 Integrated Rural Electrification Planning (IREP)
The program “Integrated Rural Electrification Planning” (IREP) is primarily financed by the European Commission in
partnership with REA. IREP ended in June/July 2013 and produced rural electrification investment plans in six pilot
regions, namely Morogoro, Lindi, Pwani/Coast, Tanga, Iringa and Dodoma as well as providing Capacity-Building
activities. The rural electrification investment plans include spatial analysis (classification of villages to be electrified
based on socio-economic criteria), produced load forecasts and describe network options (grid extension, off grid
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systems, production connected to the grid). The project included biomass, small-hydro, geothermal, PV/Diesel hybrids.
However, the project does not collect long-term ground-based (stream gauge) data.
3.4.4 Mini-grids based on small hydropower sources to augment rural electrification in Tanzania - UNIDO
This project will develop micro / mini hydropower based mini-grids in Tanzania to supplement the country’s effort to
increase access to rural electrification. Micro / mini hydro power will substitute the GHG intensive diesel generators in
areas where there is no electricity.
This project therefore aims at addressing most of these barriers by establishing a platform for the development of small
scale hydro power in the country. The activities include:
detailed feasibility studies for the demonstration sites;
building of capacity for the stakeholders in developing micro / mini hydropower based mini-grids;
developing viable business model for micro / mini hydropower based mini-grid
demonstration of micro / mini hydropower plants for a cumulative capacity of at least 3.2 MW.
The project is expected to strengthen the policy, regulatory and institutional framework supporting the micro / mini
hydropower based mini-grid systems in Tanzania.
The project is expected to build necessary human and institutional capacities at all levels in order to achieve the
scientific, engineering and technical skills and also the infrastructure necessary for the design, development,
fabrication, installation and maintenance of micro / mini hydropower plants.
The proposed micro / mini hydropower based mini-grids to be setup under the project are expected to bring global
benefits by reducing around 335,658 t CO2e directly and around 2,685,185 t CO2e indirectly, which otherwise would
have resulted from the use of diesel generators, as it is the most common electricity source in Tanzania.
3.4.5 ESME - Supporting Energy SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa - GVEP
The Supporting Energy SMEs Project is a $30 million program funded by the Russian government, managed through
the World Bank, and covering Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Senegal. The activities include: assisting developers of
mini-grids and small hydro systems to finance and deliver their projects, supporting the development of the solar PV
market, and providing capacity building and technical assistance to government agencies.
GVEP has undertaken 6 SHPP feasibility studies in 2013 including:
• Establish technical and economic feasibility of 6 mini hydro projects;
• Assess the cost of implementing each of the 6 projects;
• Prepare detailed design of the projects;
• Prepare an implementation schedule.
ITEM PROJECT LOCATION EASTING NORTHING
1 Luswisi Ileje district, Mbeya Region 553.94E 771.29N
2 Ihalula Njombe district, Njombe Region 776.00E 987.04N
3 Macheke Ludewa district, Njombe Region 492.32E 695.75N
4 Lingatunda Madaba district, Songea Region 697.21E 758.67N
5 Mwoga Kasulu district, Kigoma region 494.41E 818.73N
6 Darakuta Babati district, Arusha Region 767.93E 550.72N
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3.4.6 Rural Electrification Master Plan and Investment Prospectus - NORAD
The Rural Electrification Master Plan and Investment Prospectus is the overall guiding framework which is currently
being prepared nation-wide by REA and financed by NORAD.
The Prospectus exercise aims at identifying a least cost rural electrification strategy that together with the continued
electrification development in urban areas will contribute to attain the national objective for electrification ratio: 30% by
2015 and 50% by 2020.
Therefore a twofold approach has been carried out, one forecasting the development of the urban demand and the
second developing least cost approaches for rural areas for the following three markets segments, the on-grid
electrification options, the off-grid supply options and the disseminated energy services options for scattered
populations in remote areas.
3.4.7 Possible future funding for rural electrification and small hydropower
Regarding expected future donor contributions:
NORAD will finance 122MUS$ during the period 2013-2016;
SIDA will finance the 220-kV Southern Highland Transmission Project and will continue in at least 2013 to
provide funds for the REF;
KfW is said to have committed to the financing of an electrification project in the Northwest;
The Chinese Government is expected to support RE directly or indirectly;
The World Bank and the African Development Bank are expected to continue financing RE projects.
3.5 LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE CONSULTANT IN SMALL HYDRO PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
The following section describes lessons learnt by the Consultant from the planning and development of small
hydropower projects in developing countries:
The development of small hydropower projects (1-10MW) requires high quality engineering services
understood by both local and international markets, to avoid prices rocketing of equipment, material and
services.
Selecting the electromechanical equipment manufacturer at the beginning of the development process of
the project should be avoided. It will otherwise results in underperformance of power capacity and energy
production, and inadequate services compared to the client needs (automation, flexibility, security, etc.).
Technical specifications are defined during the study process based on the local environment (existing
power system and grid load), access constraints, hydrological conditions, engineering constraints and
power and energy demand.
Solutions without sufficient studies and control procedure should be avoided. Multidisciplinary independent
engineering services are strongly advised for: identification, feasibility study, detailed studies, writing tender
documents, tender assessment, supervise electromechanical equipment manufacturing (from the factory)
and works, commissioning the electromechanical equipment both at the factory and at the site, supervision
of implementation of operations and maintenance.
To avoid construction and delivery delays, construction planning requires good knowledge of the project
environment and the contractors’ mobilization.
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During the study phase of small hydro projects, it is challenging to provide reliable estimates of bill of
quantities especially for access roads, the dam/weir and the waterway. Indeed, geotechnical investigations
carried out during the studies are often simplified for small hydro. It is in fact hardly justifiable to provide
major budgets for geotechnics during the study stage. Consequently, these aspects are often shifted to
construction when more funds are available with the risk/consequence of higher costs for specific budget
lines (excavation, extra construction material, etc.).
The development of small hydropower projects should be part of IWRM process (Integrated Water
Resource Management). Small hydro may interfere with the environment and should therefore be planned
and designed taking into account all the aspects related to the river, from conservation measures of the
catchment to other water uses along the watercourse and the socio-economic environment of the proposed
development.
Hydrological data are critical for hydropower projects not only to assess the energy performance of the
scheme, but also to appropriately design the key structures, including the spillway, to ensure a safe and
reliable operation of the proposed project. Streamflow data are however often not available or of poor
quality. Quality assessment of the available data (data and rating curves) must be carefully done to ensure
an appropriate design of the scheme. It is strongly recommended that the Government of Tanzania set up
a hydrological monitoring network for its rivers with high hydropower potential in order to better understand
the available water resources and thus promote the development of hydroelectric projects across the
country. It is only in a context of reduced uncertainties through reliable, recent and long-term records (more
than 20 years) that technical parameters and economic and financial analyzes of hydroelectric
developments can be defined accurately, enabling optimization of their design and their flood control
infrastructure (temporary and permanent).
Given the general degradation tends of catchments in tropical countries (deforestation, unsustainable
agricultural activities, erosion and soil losses, development of mining activities along or within rivers, etc.),
appropriate measures must be taken to manage or prevent erosion and soil losses that will eventually lead
to high concentration of suspended sediments in the rivers. The cost of infrastructure to remove suspended
sediments in rivers and associated loss of energy production must be taken into account in the economic
and financial studies. Future studies of hydropower projects in Tanzania must consider suspended
sediments in the light of the current context of soil deterioration in some parts of Tanzania. Beside mitigation
measures through the development of appropriate infrastructure, it is necessary that national protection and
conservation programs of catchments be developed while educating people on impacts of current activities
on soil deterioration (reduced fertility of agricultural land, increased risk of landslides, increase of sediment
transport in rivers, etc.).
The training of staff in charge of small hydropower plants operation should start after the completion of civil
works and during the commissioning of both civil works and equipment. This shall enable staff to familiarize
with engineering, manipulation and awareness of the electromechanical equipment. The training shall
benefit from the presence and experience of the engineering consultant and the supplier.
Local contractors are often not competent for the constraints associated with the construction of small
hydropower projects. On the other hand, opportunities to acquire new skills exist through larger companies
outsourcing contracts and their ability to manage such projects. These local companies could then use the
acquired skills in the smaller projects (pico and micro hydropower plants).
In some cases, Governments may require compliance with national (should they exist) or widely accepted
international (Eurocodes, ASTM, IEEE, IEC, ISO, FIDIC, etc.) standards for infrastructure and equipment.
Multiplicity of standards tends to hamper the development of projects and to reduce the interest of capable
companies or financials to work in the country. It is also by adopting widely accepted standards that staff
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from the Ministry and associated bodies shall have an expert knowledge of the adopted standards. Hence,
the engineering company, contractor or supplier is not advised to impose its own standards.
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4 SPATIAL DATABASE ON HYDROPOWER
4.1 COMPILATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION AND DATA TO ASSESS THE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
4.1.1 Introduction
The information and data collection is of strategic importance to the entire project. The project has considerable data
and information needs and some of the required information had to be collected on site during site visits. The following
sections present the information and data collected throughout the duration of the project and the way it is organized
for an efficient use.
4.1.2 Data management: Geographical Information System
All the information related to hydropower in Tanzania having a spatial reference are stored in a Geographical
Information System (GIS) whose Geographic Coordinates System (GCS) is WGS1984 (Datum: D_WGS_1984; Prime
Meridian: Greenwich; Angular Unit: Degree).
The Geographical Information System was made to meet the compatibility and standards requirements defined in the
terms of reference so that data can be easily retrieved, used and published by the wider audience. The Consultant
used the open-source GIS software QuantumGIS, to process, analyze and publish the spatial data. The use of an
open-source software facilitates the dissemination of the database, the organization of the training sessions and
guarantee its free transfer to the Department of Energy at the end of the Study.
There are two types of spatial data:
Raster Data consist of a matrix of uniform pixels (or cells) where a value is assigned to each pixel
representing the information. The information is therefore assumed homogeneous within each pixel.
Vector Data are graphical data given as points, lines, or polygons to which attributes are assigned.
All geographic data are delivered as ESRI shapefiles or geoTIFF rasters. A QuantumGIS project has been created to
group all spatial data in a GIS whose symbology is explicit and similar to the maps presented in this report. An Excel
file containing all the metadata associated with the layers (shapefiles and rasters) presented in the GIS is part of the
spatial database. The metadata standards are based on ISO 19115:2003 (Geographic Metadata Standards).
Finally, the main elements are also available in KML format (Keyhole Markup Language) usable in Google Earth13 to
facilitate the use and dissemination of information to a wider audience.
An illustration of the Spatial Database on Hydropower in the GIS software is given in Figure 3 below.
13 https://www.google.com/earth/
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Figure 3. Illustration of the Spatial Database on Hydropower in the Quantum GIS software.
4.2 CONTEXTUAL DATA AND INFORMATION
Spatial data collected during this study, their key features and their sources are summarized in the table below:
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Table 6. Key features of the spatial data and information collected
THEMATIC FORMAT MAIN CHARACTERISTICS SOURCE ROLE IN THE ANALYSIS
Global Administrative Areas (GADM
Administrative boundaries: Country ESRI Shapefile - Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
database), v. 2.8, November 2015
31 regions (with Songwe in Global Administrative Areas (GADM Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Administrative boundaries: Regions ESRI Shapefile
2016) database), v. 2.8, November 2015 Analytical synthesis by region
Global Administrative Areas (GADM
Administrative boundaries: Districts ESRI Shapefile 169 districts Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
database), v. 2.8, November 2015
3643 wards Global Administrative Areas (GADM
Administrative boundaries: Wards ESRI Shapefile Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
1 islands archipel database), v. 2.8, November 2015
1 capital city (Dodoma) Open Street Map (OSM), 2013; Google
Capital cities ESRI Shapefile Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
30 region capital cities Maps, 2017
Rivers of Africa (Derived from
Main rivers of Africa ESRI Shapefile - Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
HydroSHEDS), FAO, 2014
Main waters bodies (lakes) of Africa ESRI Shapefile - Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
9 Water Management Ministry of Water and Irrigation of The Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Water Management Basins ESRI Shapefile
Basins (WMB) United Republic of Tanzania Analytical synthesis by basin
831 protected areas World Database on Protected Areas Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Protected Areas ESRI Shapefile
classified into 15 categories (WDPA), IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, 2017 Site identification/selection process (exclusion criterion)
Enhanced
Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Compression
Satellite Imagery - Google Earth, October 2013 Site identification process (Stage 2 - desk-based
Wavelet (ECW)
analysis/confirmation of SiteFinder results)
Raster file
27 classes of land cover
Raster ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Land Cover (cropland, forest, shrubland,
GeoTIFF file cover Project 2015 Hydrological study of potential hydropower projects
urban areas,…)
Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Raster
Average annual precipitation - WorldClim v.2, 30 arc-seconds, 2017 Site identification process (SiteFinder input data)
GeoTIFF file
Hydrological study of potential hydropower projects
Global Faults layer by ArcAtlas (ESRI), Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Main faults ESRI Shapefile -
2014 Site identification process (assessment of the geological risks)
15 classes of geological Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Geological map ESRI Shapefile U.S. Geological Survey, 2002
layers Site identification process (assessment of the geological risks)
Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Raster Digital Surface Model (DSM) - SRTM 1
Elevation - Site identification process (SiteFinder input data)
GeoTIFF file arc-second, NASA 2014
Hydrological study of potential hydropower projects
Raster Calculated from Digital Surface Model Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Slopes -
GeoTIFF file (DSM) - SRTM 1 arc-second, NASA 2014 Hydrological study of potential hydropower projects
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Major ports ESRI Shapefile Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Major airports ESRI Shapefile Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
World Bank, Africa Infrastructure Country Site identification/selection process (assessment of the
Main roads (national and regional) ESRI Shapefile -
Diagnostic (AICD), 2009 requirements for access roads (rehabilitation or creation))
Economic analysis of projects (access roads length and type)
World Bank, Africa Infrastructure Country
Main railways ESRI Shapefile - Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Diagnostic (AICD), 2009
Density of population by square Raster AfriPop v2b (adjusted to match UN national
- Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
kilometer GeoTIFF file estimates), 2015
Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
6 different voltages: 33kV, Compilation of data from The World Bank
Main existing and planned transmission Site identification/selection process (assessment of the
ESRI Shapefile 66kV, 132kV, 220kV, 330kV Group (IBRD 42944), May 2017 and
lines (schematic) requirements for transmission lines and type of connexion)
and 400kV TANESCO, 2016
Economic analysis of projects
Compilation of data from TANESCO, 2016,
52 existing hydropower
Main existing hydropower plants ESRI Shapefile The World Bank Group, 2017 and SHER, Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
plants
2015
Compilation of data from TANESCO, 2016, Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
41 existing thermal power
Main existing thermal power plants ESRI Shapefile The World Bank Group, 2017 and SHER, Site selection process (assessment of the opportunity to
plants
2015 substitute existing thermal generation by clean hydropower)
Electricity distribution by region of the
ESRI Shapefile 26 regions Rural Energy Agency (REA), 2017 Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
Mainland
Potential hydropower sites identified by 383 potential hydropower Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
ESRI Shapefile SHER, 2017
SHER sites (not visited) Study output
82 promising hydropower
sites (visited) with 55
promising small hydropower
sites (0.3-10 MW) studied
Promising hydropower sites selected by by SHER at different levels: Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
ESRI Shapefile SHER, 2017
SHER - Site Visit 2015 (82 sites) Study output
- Reconnaissance 2015 (20
sites)
- Prefeasibility Study (4
sites)
Small Hydropower potential (0.3-10 Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
ESRI Shapefile 31 regions SHER, 2017
MW) by region Study output
Small Hydropower potential (0.3-10 9 Water Management Mapping / Small Hydro Atlas
ESRI Shapefile SHER, 2017
MW) by Water Management Basin Basins (WMB) Study output
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4.3 EXISTING POWER SYSTEM
4.3.1 Current status of the power system
According to the EWURA’s annual report (2016), Tanzania has an installed electricity production capacity of 1,442
MW, of which 1,358 MW supplying the Main Grid and 84 MW in Isolated Grids. During the reporting period, the
electricity generation mix consisted of hydropower 31% and thermal 69% (natural gas 56% and liquid fuel 13%) as
shown Figure 4. In total, 6,449 GWh were available for sale. These units were received from TANESCO plants (61%),
Independent Power Producers (IPPs, 37%), Small Power Producers (SPPs, 0.8%) and imports from neighboring
countries (1.3%).
Due to traditional dependence on hydropower, the droughts that occurred in 2010 resulted in power supply shortages
in the country. To bridge the electricity supply gap in the country, in 2011, TANESCO contracted Emergency Power
Producers (EPP) at a relatively high cost.
Figure 4. Electricity generation mix in Tanzania. [Source: EWURA, Annual Report, 2016].
4.3.2 Thermal power system
Tanzania has a thermal installed capacity of 908.7MW (2013) distributed as follow: 574MW gas-fired (63.2%), 208MW
HFO-fired (22.9%), 100MW GO-fired (11%), 19.7 biomass-fired (2.2%) and 7MW IDO-fired (0.7%)14. The spatial
distribution of the major plants is presented in Figure 5 and shows that most of the thermal power is installed around
Dar Es Salaam with a total of 757MW representing 83.3% of the total thermal installed capacity of the country. The
key characteristics of the existing thermal power plants are presented in Table 7 below.
14 Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power System Master Plan, 2013.
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Table 7 Existing thermal power plants: key characteristics (source: Ministry of Energy and
Mineral, 2013)
INSTALLED CAPACITY AVAILABLE ENERGY YEAR
POWER PLANT NAME FUEL TYPE
(MW) (GWH) INSTALLED
IPP Units
Songas 1 Gas 42 251 2004
Songas 2 Gas 120 721 2005
Songas 3 Gas 40 242 2006
Tegeta IPTL HFO 103 595 2002
TPC Biomass 17 70 2011
TANWAT Biomass 2.7 10 2010
Sub total 324.7 1889
TANESCO
Ubungo 1 Gas 102 655 2007
Tegeta GT Gas 45 282 2009
Ubungo 2 Gas 105 655 2012
Zuzu D IDO 7 31 2014
Sub total 259 1623
RENTAL UNITS (IPP's)
Symbion Gas/Jet 120 746 2011
Aggreko (Ubungo) GO 50 674 2011
Aggreko (Tegeta) GO 50
Symbion Dodoma HFO 55 371 2012
Symbion Arusha HFO 50 337 2012
Sub total 325 2128
TOTAL 908.7 5640
4.3.3 Hydropower system
Large hydropower as a share of total capacity declined by nearly two-thirds between 2002 and 2006 (from 98% to
40%), and now stands at 31% of available capacity, with output declining due to extended droughts. This situation has
necessitated extensive load shedding and the running of expensive thermal power plants as base load. [Source: African
Development Bank Group, Renewable Energy in Africa, 2015].
According to TANESCO, Tanzania has seven major hydropower plants (with an installed capacity greater than 1MW)
connected to the national power grid, totalizing 562MW. The largest facility is Kitadu and features an installed capacity
of 204MW followed by Kihansi (180MW), Mtera (80MW) and New Pangani Falls (68MW). These hydropower stations
are located in the areas characterized by steep slopes and abundant rainfall i.e. along the two branches of the East
Africa Rift. The key characteristics of these hydropower plants are presented in Table 8 and their location is illustrated
in Figure 5.
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Table 8. Main existing hydropower plants [Source: Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Power
System Master Plan – 2016 Update, December 2016].
I NSTALLED A NNUAL E NERGY
N UMBER I NSTALLATION
N AME (L OCATION ) T YPE C APACITY G ENERATION
OF UNITS Y EAR
[MW] [GW H ]
Owned by TANESCO
Hale (Korogwe) Run-of-the-river 2 21 36 1964
Nyumba Ya Mungu (Mwanga) Reservoir 2 8 22 1968
New Pangani (Muheza) Run-of-the-river 2 68 137 1995
1975 (2 units)
Kidatu (Kilombero-Morogoro) Reservoir 4 204 558
1980 (2 units)
Mtera (Kilolo) Reservoir 2 80 167 1988
Uwemba (Njombe) Run-of-the-river 3 0.8 2 1991
1999 (1 unit)
Kihansi (Kilombero-Iringa) Run-of-the-river 3 180 793
2000 (2 units)
Owned by Small Power Producers (SPPs)
Mwenga (Mufindi) Run-of-the-river 1 4 17 2012
Darakuta (Magugu) Run-of-the-river N/A 0.5 N/A 2015
Yovi (Kisanga) Run-of-the-river 1 1 N/A 2016
Tulila (Songea) Run-of-the-river 2 5 N/A 2015
Ikondo (N/A) Run-of-the-river 3 0.6 N/A 2015
Mbangamao (Mbinga) Run-of-the-river 1 0.5 N/A 2014
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Figure 5. Existing power system.
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4.3.4 Transmission and distribution networks
The transmission and distribution network of Tanzania are owned and operated by TANESCO. The transmission
system consists of 647km of 400kV lines, 2,745km of 220kV lines, 1,626km of 132kV lines and 580km of 66kV lines15.
On the top of that, transboundary transmission lines exist between Tanzania and Uganda (132kV) and between
Tanzania and Zambia (66kV) to import power to Tanzania. Beside the national grid exists a series of isolated grid
supplied by an aggregate power capacity of 81.5 MW.
4.4 POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER RESOURCE
4.4.1 Overview of the methodological approach for hydropower resource assessment
The identification of new potential hydropower sites at the country or regional scale relies on the following three-stage
approach:
1. Screening phase: SiteFinder is a screening tool that calculates hydropower potential along a network of
rivers (more information in Appendix 1). For that purpose, the river system is rasterized (decomposed into a
matrix of pixels of equal size). A that stage, the hydropower potential assessment relies on the calculation of
the difference in elevation between two adjacent cells (from upstream to downstream) and an estimated
average annual streamflow at each cell (based on the spatial distribution of average annual rainfall).
Hence, the result of SiteFinder is a set of river stretches that appear to be relevant for the development of
small hydropower scheme i.e. river stretches that features the combination of a high gradient of the river
slope and favorable hydrological conditions.
Figure 6. Illustration of SiteFinder results (SF022 and SF178) near the Mahale
Mountain National Park
Those results feed the second stage of the identification process describe below.
15 Source: Power System Master Plan, 2016 update
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It is worth mentioning that the quality of the input data (elevation and hydrological data) will affect the quality
of the results of the model and hence the time spent on the subsequent stages of the identification process.
2. Desk-based analysis phase: Hydropower Planning Experts then further analyze the river stretches that
were identified at the screening stage. This stage is based on the analysis of satellite imageries and
topographic maps. It aims at identifying the actual location of potential hydropower site along the river stretch
and carrying out a first estimate of the site key features i.e. indicative scheme layout, available gross head,
presence of major constraints that may jeopardize the development of the site, etc. This stage is time-
consuming and requires strong experience in potential hydropower site identification.
3. Field-based validation phase: Site visits are integral part of the potential site identification process. Site
visits are critical for the validation of the key features assessed at the previous stage and to confirm, at the
reconnaissance study level, the technical and economic feasibility of the project.
The database of potential hydropower sites is complemented by the sites that have been already studied. The key
features of the latter provides from a literature review as describe below.
4.4.2 Contribution from the available literature review
More than 100 documents were collected and reviewed during the Study. Those documents embrace a large scope of
fields related to the electricity sector in Tanzania and from all kinds of authors ranging from government officials to
international consultants and agencies. The type of documents reviewed includes:
Environmental reports
Official mails
Policy reports/recommendations
Laws
Hydrological studies
Technical hydropower studies
Regional/worldwide fact sheets
Data sheets
Documents from the Ministry, REA, TANESCO
Etc.
Given the number of institutions involved directly or indirectly in the hydropower sector, data collection was particularly
complex. The main institutions are REA and TANESCO but contacts were made with the Tanzanian Meteorological
Agency, Water Basin Offices, Survey and Mapping, Donors, NGO, Private owners, all requiring huge efforts for data
access and/or authorization.
It is important to note that the existing lists of potential sites are mostly summaries of several documents. Most of the
time, the latter are not or are no longer available. Very often, there are significant errors in the location or the technical
parameters, and it is impossible to find the source of the data neither to correct them. There is also a large incertitude
on the technical parameters, when they are mentioned, because we generally do not have information on the
hypotheses that helped in determining them.
All the data and information was consolidated into a single GIS. If a potential hydropower project is mentioned by
various studies, its key features are retrieved from the most up-to-date document. The database was then manually
cleaned up by removing duplicates and sites with inconsistent data and constitutes the database of the “potential
hydropower projects already studied” that contains 278 potential hydroelectric projects. The list of collected and
reviewed documents is given in Appendix 2.
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4.4.3 Contribution of SiteFinder
The results of SiteFinder were analyzed based on satellite imagery, topographic and geological maps and regional
hydrological studies in order to assess whether the site is favorable or not for hydropower development.
This analysis assessed the indicative available gross head, the size of the watershed drained by the river at the
proposed intake location and identified the obvious development constraints due to the presence of villages, protected
areas, etc.
The geological maps gave a first indication on the nature of the rocks, the possible tectonic events and the presence
of geological faults which could make the implementation of a hydropower project more complex.
As mentioned earlier, the result of SiteFinder is a set of river stretches that appear to be relevant for the development
of small hydropower scheme i.e. river stretches that features the combination of a high gradient of the river slope and
favorable hydrological conditions.
351 sites were detected by SiteFinder, amongst which :
44 sites are located in the middle of protected areas and have therefore been discarded;
6 sites are existing hydropower stations;
36 sites have already been studied and are therefore not repeated in the database;
91 sites have been discarded after it appears that they did not feature any actual hydropower potential based
on the analysis/confirmation on satellite imagery and 1:50,000 topographic maps.
Considering the existing hydropower stations and the sites that have already been studied, 42 sites identified with
SiteFinder coincide with the sites obtained from the literature review.
Finally, SiteFinder contributes to add 174 potential sites to the final spatial database of hydropower. It is worth
mentioning that potential stretches that have not been visited may eventually not be favorable for hydropower
development.
The potential river stretches identified by SiteFinder are presented in the GIS. In the database, the source of information
for those sites is referred as “SiteFinder 2017”.
4.4.4 Consolidated spatial database of small hydropower resource
Each of the 455 potential hydroelectric projects identified from the various sources described above were analyzed
using satellite imagery, topographical and geological maps and a regional hydrological study in order to assess whether
each site is potentially favorable for hydropower development. The technical feasibility these sites must be confirmed
by site visits since a desk-based analysis cannot guarantee that the sites that were identified are suitable for
hydropower development.
The result is a consolidated database containing 455 potential hydropower sites, distributed over the country.
The content of this database is presented in Appendix 3.
4.5 SMALL HYDROPOWER RESOURCE ATLAS OF TANZANIA
The Small Hydropower Resource Atlas of Tanzania is a separate document that contains all the information directly
or indirectly related to hydropower and collected during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of this study. The information has been
compiled and processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and is presented as thematic maps, tables,
graphs and various illustrations.
The information of this Atlas presents the hydropower potential of Tanzania including the new potential sites identified
by the Consulting and Engineering firm SHER within the framework of this study, using the SiteFinder tool as well
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as the existing hydropower sites. The creation of the Atlas started with Phase 1 of the study. The Atlas has been finally
updated at the end of Phase 3, by including new information collected on the field and updating the contextual
information.
The Geographic Information System has been designed to meet the compatibility and standardization requirements
defined in the terms of reference so that geographic data can be easily published on the World Bank GIS platform. In
addition, the consultant used the free of charge GIS software QuantumGIS for processing and publishing the
geographic data, which makes it possible to disseminate and transfer the data free of charge during the training
sessions carried out under Phase 1.
The Small Hydropower Resource Atlas of Tanzania focuses exclusively on potential sites in the range of capacities
between 0.3 and 10 MW and contains the spatial data presented in the below.
The hydropower potential of Tanzania is important and still largely underexploited. Opportunities exist in all power
capacity ranges. The analysis shows that Tanzania has a great small hydro potential for private or government
investments.
Without technical or economic considerations, the small hydro potential in Tanzania consists of more than
400 potential sites from 0.3 to 10 MW. Eighty-two (82) potential projects were visited with a cumulated capacity
of approximately 162 MW (confirmed small hydropower potential).
The spatial distribution of the small hydropower potential is showed in Figure 7 below while its breakdown by region
and by water basin is presented in Table 9 and Table 10.
Table 9. Confirmed small hydropower Table 10. Confirmed small hydropower
potential (0.3-10MW) by region16 potential (0.3-10MW) by water basin16
Small Hydropower Potential Small Hydropower Potential
Region Water Basin
[MW] [%] [MW] [%]
Iringa 40.6 25.1% Rufiji 43.6 27.0%
Rukwa 29.2 18.1% Lake Tanganyika 25.6 15.8%
Singida 16.6 10.3% Internal Drainage 22.5 13.9%
Tanga 14.1 8.7% Ruvuma & Southern Rivers 17.2 10.7%
Lindi 11.9 7.3% Lake Rukwa 14.5 9.0%
Ruvuma 11.6 7.2% Pangani 14.1 8.7%
Kigoma 10.2 6.3% Lake Victoria 11.8 7.3%
Mara 9.6 6.0% Lake Nyasa 10.4 6.4%
Dodoma 8.9 5.5% Wami/Ruvu and Coast
2.0 1.3%
Rivers
Mtwara 3.5 2.2%
TOTAL 162 100.0%
Kagera 2.2 1.3%
Morogoro 2.0 1.3%
Katavi 0.8 0.5%
Njombe 0.7 0.4%
TOTAL 162 100.0%
16 The potential hydropower resource is estimated without considering environmental flows that must be evaluated during the development process
of the each project.
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Figure 7. Confirmed small hydropower potential: breakdown by region (0.3-10MW) 16
Figure 8. Confirmed small hydropower potential: breakdown by water basin (0.3-10MW) 16
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Figure 9. Confirmed small hydropower potential by region (0.3-10MW)
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Figure 10. Confirmed small hydropower potential by water basin (0.3-10MW)
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As presented in the previous chapters, Tanzania’s potential for small hydro development is important. Small
hydropower has the advantage of a faster project development process (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in
meeting the growing electricity demand and an easier financial closure compared to large hydro. The latter requires a
longer development process (6 to 10 years), significant funding and may encounter severe socio-environmental
constraints. Given the opportunity of thermal substitution and the future increase in energy demand on the main grid
and mini-grids, small hydro projects remain appealing even when a larger project is developed.
Figure 11 highlights the contribution of small hydropower in the energy mix of Tanzania. This figure compares the
energy mix in 2016 (source: EWURA’s Annual Report 2016), as detailed in Chapter 3, and a medium term projection
with the implementation of the top 20 priority hydropower projects identified and selected for this study. This figure
considers that the sources of thermal generation remain identical. The data on other renewable energies are not
available.
The contribution of these top 20 priority projects is 162MW, which represents an increase of 36.2% (from 447 MW to
609 MW) of the available hydropower power capacity.
These figures show the importance of small hydro development to achieve the country's objectives in terms of energy
security and economic development.
Figure 11. Medium-term contribution of small hydro to the energy mix in Tanzania.
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5 70+ PROMISING SITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Figure 12 presents the overall process for the selection of the most promising sites to develop hydropower projects:
creation of the consolidated spatial database of potential hydropower sites, selection of 70+ promising SHPP sites and
the selection of top 20 prioritized SHPP. The diagram shows that the uncertainties decrease as the Study progresses
and more information and data become available.
Figure 12 Prioritization in the study process
Consequently, the selection process is dynamic and iterative. Hence, the technical features of potential hydropower
projects may evolve as the Study progresses and more information and data becomes available (reduced
uncertainties).
5.2 SELECTION PROCESS OF THE 70+ PROMISING SITES
The selection process of the 70+ promising potential sites was carried out during PHASE 1 and the results have been
validated during the workshop held in Dar Es Salaam in March 2015 at The Rural Energy Agency (REA) premises.
The selection has been slightly reviewed in October 2016 with REA during additional site visits that were commissioned
by REA.
The selection process was applied on the spatial database of 455 potential sites and relies on the following criteria:
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Figure 13 Selection criteria
Sites already
studied at an
advanced stage
Environmental were discarded Sites with
criteria : uncertainties
concerning
out of protected topography were
areas discarded
Economical criteria
Generation 70+ The sites with a
capacity between promising economical
300 kW and 10 MW advantage were
sites prefered
5.2.1 Power capacity
The terms of reference of this study indicate that ‘small hydro’ shall be defined as having a generation capacity of
between 1 to 10 MW. Nevertheless, REA expressed its wish to include potential sites under 1 MW in the selected
potential sites list for which a site visit is foreseen.
It has consequently been decided to set a minimum of 300 kW under which sites are not included in the selection,
which corresponds to a minimal size in terms of investment and technical barrier for electro-mechanical equipment
under which a private developer will face problems to recover its investment and/or find quality equipment for a
reasonable price (transport cost amongst price of equipment). The database includes 122 sites with a potential lower
than 300 kW.
5.2.2 Environmental criteria
Tanzania has a tremendous natural and environmental potential. All the potential sites located in protected areas were
discarded (National Parks, Nature Reserves, Forest Reserves, Game Reserves, Wildlife Management Areas, Village
Forest Reserves World Heritage Sites) to avoid any future environmental barriers in the development of the potential
sites.
5.2.3 Uncertainties concerning topographical criteria
37 sites, with a power potential above 300 kW and under 10 MW, were discarded after a visual check of the 1:50,000
topographic maps. The main findings are lack (or absence) of head or watershed much smaller than expected or
described in the previous studies and/or lists of sites.
5.2.4 36 sites studied at an advanced stage
An advanced stage of study is considered here as a study giving at least a basic layout for the site, referenced by
drawings or a sketch on a map, with accurate head and hydrological information, and visited on the field.
Because we already possess all the sub-mentioned information, a single site visit would not be of any use. Those sites
are thus not considered for phase 1 - step 2 (single site visit). They will however be considered again for phase 2:
hydrological monitoring, since some of them are considered as very interesting but suffer from lack of consistent
hydrological data.
The concerned studies and sites are:
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SECSD (Malagarasi (Kigoma), Muhuwesi (Ruvuma-Tunduru), Kikuletwa (Kilimanjaro)
Norconsult:
Pinyinyi (see Tanzania Rural Electrification Study, Hydropower Sub-Project 1.5 Lower Pinyinyi
Hydropower Plant, Sweco, 2005a),
Nzowve (see Tanzania Rural Electrification Study, Hydropower Sub-Project 4.2 Nzowve
Hydropower Plant, Sweco, 2005c),
Mtambo (see the unfounded Pre-investment report on mini hydropower development. Case
study on the Mtambo River, SECSD, 2000).,
Kwitanda (see Pre-investment report on mini hydropower development. Case study onthe
Muhuwesi River, SECSD, 1999. Tanzania Rural Electrification Study, Hydropower Sub-
Project 7.2 Sunda Falls Hydropower Plant.)
Sweco ( Nzovwe - Malagarasi - Lower Pininyi - Upper Pininyi - Nakatuta - Sunda Falls)
Intec Entec Skat (Darakuta - Ihalula - Lingatunda - Luswisi - Mlangali - Mwoga)
Enco (Zigi - Nkole)
IED (only those that were visited on site)
SNC Lavalin (Rusumo Falls)
36 sites have been previously studied at an advanced stage and are therefore discarded from the list of promising
sites.
5.2.5 Economic criteria
The selection process was carried out in 2014, based on the economic considerations valid at that time, as detailed
below.
For hydropower, two tariffs applies depending if the electricity is sold to the main grid or to a mini-grid-grid where
hydropower generation replace costly generation from thermal power plants. The standardized small power projects
tariffs for years 2011 and 2012 are:
Table 11 EWURA standardized small power projects tariffs for years 2011 and 2012
2011 TARIFF 2012 TARIFF
DESCRIPTION INCREASE
TZS/kWh US$/kWh17 TZS/kWh US$/kWh18
Main grid connection tariff
Standardized SPP Tariff 121.13 0.08 152.54 0.10 26 %
Dry season
Seasonally 145.36 0.09 183.05 0.12 26 %
(August to November)
adjusted SPPT
Wet season
Payable in 109.02 0.07 137.29 0.09 26 %
(December to July)
Mini grid connection tariff
Standardized SPP Tariff 380.22 0.24 480.50 0.31 27 %
It appears that the tariff is approximately 3 times better for the mini-grid/micro-grid connection. As private investment
and generally attractive investment are promoted throughout this Study, sites selection will focus on mini-grid
developments, which are better remunerated.
As outlined in the SREP-Investment Plan for Tanzania, 20 townships in other regions served by TANESCO depend on
isolated diesel (18) and natural gas (2) generators and imports. In addition, there is an estimated 300 MW of private
17 Average exchange rate for 2011 : 1US$ = 1562 TZS (source : OANDA)
18 Average exchange rate for 2012: 1US$ = 1561 TZS (source : OANDA)
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diesel generation not connected to the TANESCO grid whose fuel cost is expected to exceed 0.35 US$/kWh, to be
compared to the levelized cost of energy from small hydropower at 0.23 US$/kWh19.
Moreover, new TANESCO tariffs were approved for 2014 and 2015 with the following increases:
EXISTING TARIFF APPROVED TARIFF INCREASE
CUSTOMERS CATEGORY COMPONENT UNIT
2013 2014 2015 2013-2014
Service Charge [TZS/month] - - - -
Low usage tariff for Domestic
Energy charge (0-75 kWh) [TZS/kWh] 60 100 100 67%
customers
Above 75 kWh [TZS/kWh] 273 350 350 28%
Service Charge [TZS/month] 3841 5520 5520 44%
General usage tariff
Energy charge [TZS/kWh] 221 306 306 38%
Customers with average Service Charge [TZS/month] 14233 14233 14233 0%
consumption above 7,500
kWh per year Energy charge [TZS/kWh] 132 205 205 55%
Service Charge [TZS/month] 14233 16769 16769 18%
Connected to MV
Energy charge [TZS/kWh] 118 163 163 38%
Service Charge [TZS/month] 14233 - - -100%
Connected to HV
Energy charge [TZS/kWh] 106 159 159 50%
It has been therefore decided with REA to target potential projects located close to a mini-grid or in a pure off-grid
location to supply isolated load centers. The potential hydropower sites located outside a buffer of 15 km of the planned
MV grid were discarded. Some exceptions exist when their potential is interesting only to supply a large demand or
when located just beyond the 15 km.
5.2.6 Results of the 70+ promising sites selection
The selection process of the 70+ potential sites was carried out during PHASE 1 and the results have been validated
during the workshop held in Dar Es Salaam in March 2015 at The Rural Energy Agency (REA) premises.
As shown in the table below, the portfolio of the 75 promising small hydropower sites features a total firm power capacity
of 41.4MW with a secured (95% of the time) expected annual energy generation of 365.3GWh (firm energy). The total
installed capacity of the 75 sites sums up to 394.8MW should the sites be equipped with a design flow corresponding
to the long-term annual average (Q50%). With the latter scenario, the expected annual generation would reach up to
2358.2 GWh. The breakdown per region and per water basin of the number of sites, firm power and energy and installed
capacity are presented in the tables below.
19 Source : SREP - Investment plan for Tanzania
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Table 12. Regional breakdown of the installed capacity and energy produced by the 70+
potential sites
ENERGY
NUMBER POWER @Q50% FIRM ENERGY
REGION FIRM POWER (MW) @Q50%
OF SITES (MW) (GWH/Y)
(GWH/Y)
Arusha 1 1.2 15.6 10.1 99.2
Dar Es Salaam 0 - - - -
Dodoma 5 2.2 46.5 20.5 226.1
Geita 0 - - - -
Iringa 8 4.3 34.7 37.5 275.9
Kagera 5 0.1 2.6 1.3 7.1
Kaskazini-
0 - - - -
Pemba
Kaskazini-Uguja 0 - - - -
Katavi 1 0.0 0.8 0.0 4.4
Kigoma 4 11.4 27.6 99.8 205.8
Kilimanjaro 0 - - - -
Kusini-
0 - - - -
Pemba
Lindi 3 2.6 4.3 22.5 36.0
Manyara 0 - - - -
Mara 2 2.0 27.0 17.5 171.9
Mbeya 2 1.2 38.1 10.6 286.8
Morogoro 0 - - - -
Mtwara 1 0.0 3.5 0.4 20.8
Mwanza 0 - - - -
Njombe 4 7.9 41.8 69.5 285.7
Pwani 1 0.8 11.2 7.3 87.1
Rukwa 16 1.5 73.7 12.9 282.8
Ruvuma 16 4.2 25.4 36.5 170.9
Shinyanga 0 - - - -
Simiyu 0 - - - -
Singida 4 1.6 40.2 14.6 166.8
Tabora
Tanga 2 0.5 2.1 4.3 30.9
Zanzibar South
0 - - - -
and Central
Zanzibar West 0 - - - -
Grand Total 75 41.4 394.8 365.3 2358.2
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Table 13. Water basin breakdown of the installed capacity and energy produced by the
70+ potential sites
ENERGY
NUMBER POWER @Q50% FIRM ENERGY
WATER BASIN FIRM POWER (MW) @Q50%
OF SITES (MW) (GWH/Y)
(GWH/Y)
Kagera and Lake Victoria 7 2.1 29.6 18.8 178.9
Lake Nyasa 16 11.9 63.9 103.8 436.1
Lake Rukwa 13 2.2 98.2 19.0 486.3
Malagarasi and Lake
10 11.9 41.9 104.3 293.5
Tanganyika
Northern Lakes 8 4.5 99.2 42.2 468.0
Pangani and Northern Indian
2 0.5 2.1 4.3 30.9
Ocean Coast
Rufiji 10 4.6 37.8 40.6 300.0
Ruvuma and Southern Indian
8 2.9 11.1 25.1 77.3
Ocean Coast
Wami, Ruvu and Central Indian
1 0.8 11.2 7.3 87.1
Ocean Coast
Grand Total 75 41.4 394.8 365.3 2358.2
Not surprisingly, it appears that 42% of the sites are located in the Rukwa and Ruvuma regions (both regions having
16 promising hydropower sites), characterized by steep slopes and interesting rainfall throughout the year. Ten (10)
regions does not feature any potential hydropower sites responding to the scope of this study due to their less attractive
hydropower potential due to the combination of the following parameters: unfavorable topography (lack of head), low
flow season characterized long zero flow periods, extreme solid transport in the river (sedimentation issues),
inadequate power supply/demand balance, high production costs.
In terms of water basins, the Northern Lakes basins counts 8 sites featuring a total installed capacity of 99.2MW,
followed by the Lake Rukwa basin and Lake Rukwa basin featuring 98.2MW and 63.9MW respectively.
The 75 potential hydropower sites cover a wide range of scheme types with gross head varying from a few meters up
to 800m for the SF-206 site located on the Chulu River in the Rukwa region. The statistical distribution of gross head
amongst the 75 sites is illustrated in Figure 14. It shows that 19% of the sites have a gross head greater than 200m,
43% greater than 100m and 36% lower than 50m.
Figure 16 shows that 23% of the sites (17 sites) features an installed capacity greater than 10MW with a maximum of
26MW for the site SF-029 on the Ruhuhu River. 29% of the sites (22 sites) have an installed capacity above 5MW and
35% (26 sites) have an installed capacity below 1MW.
In terms of firm energy generation, 23% of the sites (17 sites) have an expected firm annual generation above 5GWh,
as illustrated in Figure 16.
The location of the 75 promising potential hydropower sites is presented in Figure 17.
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Figure 14. Distribution of gross head amongst the 70+ promising sites.
Figure 15. Distribution of the installed capacity amongst the 70+ promising sites.
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Figure 16. Distribution of the firm energy amongst the 70+ promising sites.
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Figure 17. Location map of the 70+ promising sites
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Table 14. Key features of the 70+ promising hydropower sites
COORDINATES GROSS FIRM @ Q50%
SITE REGION WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
LAT LON HEAD POWER ENERGY POWER ENERGY
CODE NAME (DD) (DD) MAJOR WATER BASIN RIVER AREA (km²) (m) (kW) (GWh/y) (kW) (GWh/y)
M-070 Momba II 32.376 -8.792 Mbeya Lake Rukwa Momba 4978 355 441 3.9 21700 161.8
M-110 Kitewaka 34.837 -10.352 Njombe Lake Nyasa Kitewaka 2461 54 3958 34.7 14960 106.0
M-113 Kyamato 31.809 -1.222 Kagera Kagera and Lake Victoria Kyamato 11 50 4 0.0 30 0.2
M-118 Achesherero 31.159 -1.663 Kagera Kagera and Lake Victoria Achesherero 55 90 27 0.2 200 1.3
M-119 Lubare 31.167 -1.739 Kagera Kagera and Lake Victoria Lubare 18 125 12 0.1 20 0.2
M-121A Kitogota I 31.601 -1.693 Kagera Kagera and Lake Victoria Kitogota 104 100 74 0.7 2180 4.3
M-121B Kitogota Falls 31.621 -1.671 Kagera Kagera and Lake Victoria Kitogota 118 25 23 0.2 160 1.1
M-127 Ruhuhu 34.805 -10.448 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Ruhuhu 14582 15 1905 16.7 13120 87.7
Ruvuma and Southern
M-221 Mambi 39.573 -10.409 Lindi Mambi 1481 152 2348 20.6 3560 30.4
Indian Ocean Coast
M-267A Ngongi I 34.932 -11.191 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Ngongi 52 110 55 0.5 310 2.1
M-267B Ngongi II 34.919 -11.217 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Ngongi 84 290 232 2.0 1310 8.9
M-268A Luwika I 34.820 -11.095 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Luwika/lualala 72 75 50 0.4 290 2.0
M-268B Luwika II 34.809 -11.104 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Luwika/lualala 78 750 535 4.7 3030 20.6
M-277 Luika 34.553 -10.066 Njombe Lake Nyasa Luika 63 58 54 0.5 200 1.4
M-288 Kelolilo 34.708 -10.102 Njombe Lake Nyasa Kelolilo 104 69 109 1.0 400 2.9
M-295 Myombezi 35.383 -9.806 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Myombezi 36 111 73 0.6 100 0.9
M-297 Lipumba 35.012 -10.825 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Mngaka 350 4 13 0.1 70 0.5
Litembo
M-298B 34.830 -10.975 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Ndumbi 34 25 8 0.1 50 0.1
Extension
M-299 Luaita 34.979 -10.963 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Luaita 54 70 35 0.3 200 1.4
Ruvuma and Southern
M-301 Lukarasi shp 35.097 -10.782 Ruvuma Mkurusi 30 27 7 0.1 40 0.3
Indian Ocean Coast
M-355A Mgaka I 35.031 -10.712 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Mgaka 520 30 299 2.6 1300 9.1
M-355B Mgaka II 35.019 -10.652 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Mgaka 651 35 436 3.8 1900 13.3
Malagarasi and Lake
N-002 Kawa 31.211 -8.489 Rukwa Kawa 170 260 48 0.4 130 1.1
Tanganyika
Ruvuma and Southern
N-010 Kitandazi II 35.079 -11.019 Ruvuma Mbinga 180 35 58 0.5 330 2.3
Indian Ocean Coast
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Contract n°7169139
COORDINATES GROSS FIRM @ Q50%
SITE REGION WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
LAT LON HEAD POWER ENERGY POWER ENERGY
CODE NAME (DD) (DD) MAJOR WATER BASIN RIVER AREA (km²) (m) (kW) (GWh/y) (kW) (GWh/y)
Ruvuma and Southern
N-011 Kingilikiti 34.971 -11.179 Ruvuma Lumeme 115 28 30 0.3 170 1.2
Indian Ocean Coast
SF-017 Momba I 31.954 -8.759 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Momba 2683 64 182 1.6 5860 35.7
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-018 Kalambo Falls 31.240 -8.596 Rukwa Kalambo 3193 200 315 2.8 10360 63.1
Tanganyika
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-019 Lwazi 31.073 -8.278 Rukwa Lwazi 505 120 65 0.6 2100 12.8
Tanganyika
SF-020 Mfizi II 31.110 -7.187 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Mfizi 2505 150 21 0.2 3040 17.6
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-022 Luegere 30.029 -5.895 Kigoma Luegere 1320 159 9037 79.2 19010 145.4
Tanganyika
SF-029 Lupapilo 34.759 -10.489 Njombe Lake Nyasa Ruhuhu 14618 30 3810 33.4 26230 175.5
Pangani and Northern
SF-041 Kivumilo 38.869 -4.512 Tanga Umba 5490 9 289 2.5 1640 13.3
Indian Ocean Coast
SF-052A Mara I 34.659 -1.560 Mara Kagera and Lake Victoria Mara 10076 25 712 6.2 9630 61.4
SF-052B Mara II 34.642 -1.588 Mara Kagera and Lake Victoria Mara 10076 45 1283 11.2 17340 110.5
SF-056 Manique 35.819 -2.535 Arusha Northern Lakes Manique 1289 350 1153 10.1 15570 99.2
SF-067 Mponde II 35.230 -5.535 Dodoma Northern Lakes Mponde 1913 95 301 2.6 4060 31.6
SF-068 Luwila 35.023 -5.616 Singida Northern Lakes Luwila 2176 120 328 3.5 21750 34.7
SF-069 Maparengi 35.038 -5.743 Singida Northern Lakes Maparengi 3111 150 781 6.8 10560 82.1
SF-080A Sasimo I 36.505 -7.218 Dodoma Rufiji Sasimo 514 60 123 1.1 1070 8.5
SF-080B Sasimo II 36.508 -7.230 Dodoma Rufiji Sasimo 514 110 225 2.0 1970 15.6
SF-082 Lukosi 36.192 -7.728 Iringa Rufiji Lukosi 1521 176 1976 17.3 11210 91.1
SF-083 Mlowa 36.172 -7.665 Iringa Rufiji Mlowa 694 117 477 4.2 2710 22.0
SF-091 Bubu II 35.490 -5.387 Dodoma Northern Lakes Bubu 7601 90 1290 11.3 17430 135.5
SF-092 Bubu I 35.497 -5.372 Dodoma Northern Lakes Bubu 7566 35 214 3.6 21970 35.0
SF-107 Ndembela I 34.980 -8.232 Iringa Rufiji Ndembela 1641 100 609 5.3 6740 52.8
SF-108 Ndembela II 34.913 -8.245 Iringa Rufiji Ndembela 1794 105 698 6.1 7720 60.5
SF-109 Lyandembela I 35.108 -8.292 Iringa Rufiji Lyandembela 1375 33 169 1.5 1860 14.6
Ruvuma and Southern
SF-123 Mchakama 39.265 -9.106 Lindi Mavuji 3002 5 118 1.0 190 1.6
Indian Ocean Coast
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COORDINATES GROSS FIRM @ Q50%
SITE REGION WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
LAT LON HEAD POWER ENERGY POWER ENERGY
CODE NAME (DD) (DD) MAJOR WATER BASIN RIVER AREA (km²) (m) (kW) (GWh/y) (kW) (GWh/y)
Wami, Ruvu and Central
SF-143 Wami 38.377 -6.241 Pwani Wami 39982 8 829 7.3 11210 87.1
Indian Ocean Coast
Pangani and Northern
SF-145 Mkalamo 38.642 -5.790 Tanga Msangazi 3827 20 204 1.8 420 17.6
Indian Ocean Coast
SF-153 Ndurumo 34.633 -4.383 Singida Northern Lakes Ndurumo 2524 85 449 3.9 6080 47.2
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-172 Ruchugi 30.421 -5.022 Kigoma Ruchugi 2816 13 295 2.6 1680 11.4
Tanganyika
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-178 Mgambazi 29.994 -5.828 Kigoma Mgambazi 618 90 1363 11.9 2870 21.9
Tanganyika
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-187 Muyovozi 30.993 -3.196 Kigoma Muyovozi 2484 40 702 6.2 3990 27.1
Tanganyika
SF-189 Lupa 33.214 -8.655 Mbeya Lake Rukwa Lupa 5886 82 764 6.7 16360 125.0
SF-206 Chulu 31.449 -7.596 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Chulu 91 800 84 0.7 2240 13.8
SF-207 Kilida 31.348 -7.447 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Kilida 98 500 61 0.5 1530 9.4
SF-208 Mfizi I 31.075 -7.235 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Mfizi 2382 40 5 0.0 770 4.5
SF-211 Lwiche 31.576 -7.765 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Lwiche 832 519 241 2.2 24240 44.8
SF-212 Muze 31.515 -7.723 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Muze 305 420 158 1.4 4060 25.0
SF-213 Nyembe 32.014 -8.326 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Nyembe 178 684 114 1.0 14760 27.2
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-214A Kalambo I 31.430 -8.291 Rukwa Kalambo 1305 20 26 0.2 840 5.1
Tanganyika
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-214B Kalambo II 31.423 -8.298 Rukwa Kalambo 1318 20 26 0.2 850 5.2
Tanganyika
SF-217 Samvya 31.820 -8.434 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Samvya 565 85 49 0.4 1570 9.6
SF-219 Kianda 32.136 -8.526 Rukwa Lake Rukwa Kianda 60 700 39 0.3 1270 7.7
Ruvuma and Southern
SF-266 Muhuwezi 36.945 -10.702 Ruvuma Muhuwezi 630 105 149 1.3 2680 16.8
Indian Ocean Coast
Ruvuma and Southern
SF-271 Mihima 39.157 -10.278 Lindi Mihima/namangale 129 104 104 0.9 590 4.0
Indian Ocean Coast
Ruvuma and Southern
SF-277 Mbagala 38.715 -11.049 Mtwara Mbagala 3323 40 46 0.4 3530 20.8
Indian Ocean Coast
SF-278 Mfizi III 31.124 -7.154 Katavi Lake Rukwa Mfizi 3108 30 5 0.0 760 4.4
SF-289 Lyandembela II 35.163 -8.265 Iringa Rufiji Lyandembela 1214 33 149 1.3 1650 12.9
SF-294 Kigogo 35.243 -8.682 Iringa Rufiji Kigogo 56 562 141 1.2 1930 15.0
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COORDINATES GROSS FIRM @ Q50%
SITE REGION WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
LAT LON HEAD POWER ENERGY POWER ENERGY
CODE NAME (DD) (DD) MAJOR WATER BASIN RIVER AREA (km²) (m) (kW) (GWh/y) (kW) (GWh/y)
SF-296 Vambanungwi 35.054 -8.763 Iringa Rufiji Vambanungwi 160 110 66 0.6 890 6.9
SF-305 Mponde I 35.137 -5.404 Singida Northern Lakes Mponde 1547 16 15 0.3 1780 2.8
Malagarasi and Lake
SF-343 Samba 30.836 -7.457 Rukwa Samba 336 92 24 0.2 60 0.5
Tanganyika
SF-UN Mbawa 34.757 -11.025 Ruvuma Lake Nyasa Mbawa 90 350 281 2.5 450 3.9
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5.3 SITE VISITS
5.3.1 Site visits of the 70+ promising sites
As mentioned earlier in this report, site visits are integral part of the identification process. Site visits are critical for the
validation of the key features assessed during the desk-based study, define a preliminary layout for the hydropower
scheme and to confirm at identification stage the technical and economic feasibility of the project.
The visits took place between March 2014 and May 2014, a period of 3 months for the first set of 50+ sites and between
October 2014 and January 2015 for the second set of 20 site visits.
During the Phase 1 workshop held in Dar es Salaam in March 2015, it was agreed upon with REA and the World Bank
that the Consultant will undertake (during Phase 2) the review of the 36 potential sites that were previously studied at
an advanced stage ((pre)feasibility study, design) to select a subset of 7 sites matching the selection criteria detailed
in section 5.2.
The results of the site visits are consolidated in the Site Visit Report. In total, the report presents the project sheets of
85 potential hydropower sites that were visited by the Consultant’s team of Experts. The Site Visits Report is
presented in Appendix 9 of this report.
The class of data and information related to one potential hydropower site are either primary data (measured on site)
or secondary data (derived from the primary data).
Six (6) categories of data and information can be collected during the site visits:
Administrative data to validate (or fill voids) the site name, river and nearest villages;
Points data obtained using a GPS/altimeter (three-dimensional coordinates: longitude, latitude,
altitude);
Vector data derived from point data type, allowing to obtain the length of the different linear structures
(canal, penstock, access road, transmission line, etc.);
Judgment of Expert to describe particular elements at the site;
Photos, giving a better perception of the site. The photos are georeferenced and oriented.
The table below summarizes the different data collected by categories. The tools used to collect the data and the class
to which they belong is also specified.
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CLASS
CATEGORY COLLECTED DATA MATERIAL OR TOOL
1ST 2ND
Administrative River name Questioning the locals
Name of the nearest villages to the site Questioning the locals
Point along the river GPS / altimeter
at the intake location GPS / altimeter
at the forebay / surge chamber location GPS / altimeter
At the powerhouse location GPS / altimeter
At any remarkable point identified on the site (head, GPS / altimeter
tributary, bridge, ford ...)
Vector Field visit tracking (access) GPS / altimeter
Canal or tunnel GIS software
Penstock GIS software
Power line to create IS software
Access roads to create GIS software
Access road section to be rehabilitated GPS / altimeter
Measurement Width of the river Laser rangefinder
Estimated width of the dam/weir Laser rangefinder
Estimated height of the dam/weir Topographic map
Turbidity of water Turbidity estimation
Slopes of the valley Topographic map
Channel geometry for streamflow calculation (width, Laser rangefinder
depth, length and slope)
Streamflow Spreadsheet software
Judgment General description of the scheme layout Observation
of Expert Shape of the valley Observation
Type of the envisaged dam/weir Observation
Type of the envisaged project Observation
Type of the envisaged connection Observation/planning
Network to which the project will be connected GIS data
General geology of the site Observation/geological maps
Sediment transport Observation
Potential impact of the project Observation and discussion with the
locals
Accessibility to the site Observation
Annual and exceptional flood levels Observation
Photos
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5.3.2 Sites visits of the existing hydroelectric projects
In addition to the potential sites visit, the team of experts have also visited 11 existing sites. The information about
these sites has been synthesized in a "Site Visit Report - Existing sites".
Table 15. Key features of the existing sites visited
E
Code Name River Region Type Connection H [m] Q [m³/s] P [kW] BV [km²]
[GWh/y)
Luhira and Connected to
E-001 Peramiho - Likingo Ruvuma Run of the river 43,3 2,6 940 6,4 422,22
Mkingazi a mini-grid
E-002 Lupilo Ruvuma Ruvuma Daily reservoir Off-grid 8 11,4 620 1,31 1662,6
E-003 Kitai Likoyu Ruvuma Run of the river Off-grid 9,5 0,1 8 0,07 60,47
Connected to
E-004 Kitandazi I Mbinga Ruvuma Run of the river 36 1,1 330 2,28 176,24
a mini-grid
E-005 Maguu Unknown Ruvuma Daily reservoir Off-grid 7,5 0,072 4 0,01 9,99
M-266 Lumeme Lumeme Ruvuma Run of the river Off-grid 26 0,2 40 0,35 105,62
M-298A Litembo Existing Ndumbi Ruvuma Run of the river Off-grid 12 0,062 6 0,05 33,82
Connected to
M-348 Ndanda Ndanda Mtwara Daily reservoir 170 0,2 310 0,5 12,84
the main grid
N-001 Lundomato Mission Mhusi Ruvuma Run of the river Off-grid 10 0,016 1 0,01 18,81
N-003 Kindimba Existing Mangaka Ruvuma Run of the river Off-grid 25 0,039 8 0,07 21,4
SF-030 Masigira Ruhuhu Iringa Run of the river Off-grid 30 15,8 3.920 33,57 1997,03
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5.4 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY FOR THE 70+ PROMISING SITES
5.4.1 Objectives and limitations of the hydrological study
The main objective of the hydrological study is to assess the key statistical characteristics of the hydrological time
series at the selected potential hydropower sites locations.
These statistical characteristics have a major role for the estimation of the technical and economic parameters of the
potential hydropower schemes as well as for their development planning and connection type.
For the vast majority of the potential hydropower sites of interest in the context of this study, only little reliable
hydrological information exists at the sites location. Hence, we have developed and applied a specific methodology to
estimate the key statistical characteristics of the hydrological time series at ungauged locations. This methodology
relies on the information (flow gauging stations and rainfall gauges) available within the watersheds or located in
watersheds that can be considered as similar from a hydrology point of view. This methodology, the available data and
the key results are described in the following sections.
The spatial and temporal resolution of the information available for the rivers of interest in the context of this study and
the related methodology applied constraints the accuracy of the results. Indeed, the estimated statistical characteristics
of the hydrological time series at the sites of interests are indicative only and cannot be used for detailed design
purposes without further hydrological measurements and analysis.
5.4.2 Hydro-meteorological database
5.4.2.1 Data sources
The data collection process has started with the information available at the Water Basins level. Tanzania is divided
into nine water basins as follow: Wami/Ruvu, Internal Drainage Basin, Lake Victoria Basin, Lake Tanaganyika Basin,
Lake Rukwa Basin, Rufiji Basin, Ruvuma & Southern Rivers, Lake Nyasa Basin and Pangani Basin.
Information has been collected from three of those nine water basins: (i) Pangani Water Basin, (ii) Rufiji Water Basin
and (iii) Lake Nyasa Water Basin.
In addition to the data collected in the Water Basin Agencies, data from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) have
been received. The GRDC is an international database (with data up to 200 years old) that fosters multinational and
global long-term hydrological studies (www.bafg.de). The data archived by the GRDC come from official monitoring
networks. As a consequence, for the Pangani, Rufiji and Lake Nyasa water basins, most of the data received from the
GRDC were the same that those received from the water basins agencies. GRDC database also covers the six other
water basins for which we have not received information from the national level focal point. Unfortunately, the data
archived by the GRDC are often quite old.
Regarding the rainfall data, the SIEREM (Système d’Information Environnementale sur les Ressources en Eau et leur
Modélisation) website (www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/) gives a good and comprehensive overview of the existing rainfall
gauges for the whole country. The website gives an inventory of the existing rainfall gauges but not the measured data
themselves. For Tanzania, the SIEREM indicates the existence of 2,156 rainfall gauges across the country.
Finally, we completed our data collection with information available in the literature amongst which regional studies like
the Ruhudji Hydropower Project Design Hydrology Report.
The data collected during the inception phase, as well as its key characteristics are summarized in Table 16 below.
These data were received in various formats such as Microsoft Excel files, Microsoft Access database, text files, etc.
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Table 16. Collected data and their key characteristics
STREAMFLOW DATA RAINFALL DATA
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF CONCERNED
Date source TIMESTEP IDENTIFIED STATION TIMESTEP IDENTIFIED STATION AREA
STATIONS WITH DATA STATIONS WITH DATA
Pangani Pangani
Daily 47 8 - 27 0
water basin Water Basin
Rufiji Water Rufiji Water
Daily 19 19 Daily 11 11
Basin Basin
Lake Nyasa Lake Nyasa
Daily 24 11 Daily 12 12
Water Basin Water Basin
GRDC Daily 97 89 - - - Tanzania
SIEREM - - - - - Tanzania
Tanzanie Kagera
Daily 36 9 Daily 176 176
Kagera basin
Ruhudji Ruhudki
Daily 4 4 Monthly 18 18
hydrology Basin
5.4.2.2 Database consolidation
5.4.2.2.1 Data compilation
There are obviously numbers of duplicates among the information coming from the various sources. There are also
many stations without available data. And finally, there are a numbers of stations for which the accurate location
(geographical coordinates) is unknown or unclear.
A considerable effort has been made to constitute a collection of unique and properly located hydrological and
meteorological stations with their associated data. This work was carried out using the following steps (for both the
hydrological and meteorological stations):
1. Identification and deletion of the stations without data;
2. Identification and merging of the duplicated stations (and associated data) coming from the various
sources of information;
3. Validation of the stations location:
o If the station has geographical coordinates, validation on maps and satellite imagery;
o If the station does not have any geographical coordinates, we tried to locate it by using the
metadata associated with the station (name of the river, name of the city in the neighborhood
of the station). This thorough effort was carried out using the topographical maps of Tanzania,
the DEM and Google Earth imagery. If the location process was unsuccessful, the station was
excluded from the database.
The aforementioned process is illustrated in the flow chart below (Figure 18).
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Figure 18. Dataset selection process: flow chart
The compilation process resulted in two datasets:
The hydrological dataset with 664,470 daily streamflow data from 100 different flow gauging stations.
This figure of 100 is lower than the 203 stations previously mentioned in the inception report because
of the large number of duplicates and the number of stations without enough data to be considered.
The meteorological dataset with 965,598 daily rainfall measurements and 23,426 monthly rainfall data
coming from 243 different stations.
The table below (Table 17) shows the breakdown of rainfall and hydrological stations for which data are available within
the nine water basins. Figure 19 illustrates the spatial distribution of the hydrological stations and rainfall gauges in
Tanzania.
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Figure 19. Spatial distribution of the hydrological and rainfall stations in Tanzania
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Table 17. Breakdown of the hydrological and rainfall stations within the nine water basins.
HYDROLOGICAL STATION METEOROLOGICAL STATION
AREA NUMBER OF STATIONS NUMBER OF STATIONS
WATER BASIN AVERAGE DENSITY AVERAGE DENSITY
WITH DATA WITH DATA
[KM²] [-] [KM²/STATION] [-] [KM²/STATION]
Internal Drainage Basin 146 289 4 36 572 15 9 753
Lake Nyasa Basin 27 654 14 1 975 25 1 106
Lake Rukwa Basin 77 707 9 8 634 1 77 707
Lake Tanganyika Basin 161 203 4 40 301 17 9 483
Lake Victoria Basin 119 968 9 13 330 144 833
Pangani Basin 54 748 12 4 562 0 /
Rufiji Basin 179 745 29 6 198 32 5 617
Ruvuma & Southern Rivers 106 153 5 21 231 8 13 269
Wami/Ruvu and associated
67 138 14 4 796 1 67 138
Coast Rivers
Total 940 605 100 9 406 243 3 871
To facilitate the processing of this large amount of data, the data were stored in a geodatabase (standard database
with geographical capabilities).
The geodatabase not only stores the rainfall and flow measurements, but also the hydrological and rainfall stations,
their characteristics, their location and other geographical information useful for hydrological analysis (river networks,
natural catchments and catchments associated to the hydrological stations, etc.). This approach provides the flexibility
to query data with spatial criteria using any GIS software or other criteria in MS Access (or other database management
packages).
5.4.2.2.2 Watersheds delineation
Given the size of the country and the large number of hydrological stations and potential hydropower sites, the
watersheds delineation process has been done using ArcHydro from the ESRI’s ArcGIS software. The process involves
the following steps:
The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is modified, where necessary, by interpolation in order to fill any
areas that contain no value and to eliminate possible imperfections in the DEM (pour points);
Calculation of the flow direction for each cells of the DEM corresponding to the direction of the strongest
gradient between adjacent cells;
Calculation of the flow accumulation grid (the value associated to each cell of the grid corresponds to
the number of cells located upstream of this cell);
Stream definition based on the flow accumulation layer;
Watersheds delineation.
The results of this spatial analysis are GIS layers (shapefiles and rasters) with the hydrographic network and the
corresponding catchments.
The surface hydrological network determined by the aforementioned process is illustrated in the Figure 20 below.
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Figure 20. Hydrological network calculated from the DEM
Tanzania’s topography features a series of internal drainage basins (endorheic basins) which outlets are the series of
endorheic lakes in the Northern part of the country, along the Eastern Rift Valley. Internal drainage basins must be
processed semi-manually because they are not properly managed by the watershed delineation algorithm and could
otherwise lead to errors in the delineation of the other watersheds. The position of the internal drainage basins is shown
in Figure 21 below.
Figure 21 Location of the internal drainage basins of Tanzania
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Table 18 Internal drainage basins and associated lakes of Tanzania
Number Name
1 Lake Jipe
2 Lake Ambussel
3 Lake Balangida
4 Lake Mikuya
5 Lake Mikuya
6 Lake near Endesh
7 Lake Balangida Lehu
8 Lake Natron
9 Sink with no lake
10 Lake Manyara
11 Lake Eyasi
12 Lake Burungi
13 Bahi Swamp
14 Lake Rukwa
15 Unknown
16 Lake Madagi (Ngorongoro Crater)
17 Masai Steppe
The figures below present some of the lakes associated with an internal drainage basin. Blue and light colors show
low elevation values while dark colors show higher elevation value. Hence, lakes and depressions are represented by
blue or light shapes.
Figure 22. Lake Rukwa and Lake Eyasi
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Figure 23 Lake Jipe, unknown lake and Bahi Swamp
Figure 24 Lake Ambussel, a sink without lake on North-West of Ngorongoro Crater Area,
and another south of Mbeya
Figure 25 Lake Manyara and lake Burungi (2 on the same picture), lake Natron, and Lake
Madagi in Ngorongoro Crater
Figure 26. Determination of the country's hydrographic network : Lake Balangida and
neighboring lakes (3), south of Ngorongoro
The last step of the delineation process consists in a visual check of the calculated watershed using topographical
maps.
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The watersheds associated to the flow gauging stations are illustrated in Figure 27 below. The area covered by the
verified, available and usable gauged catchments represents 37% (344,779 km²) of the total country area. Also, 28 of
the 53 potential hydropower sites are located in a gauged catchment.
Finally, it should be noted that some of the hydrological stations have approximate locations (we did not receive their
exact location). As a consequence, the delineation of their associated catchment is also approximate. An update will
be required should we get the exact location of these hydrological stations.
It is important to note that the accuracy of the river network identification depends on the elevation contrasts and the
DEM’s cells size. The delineation process will be less accurate in flat areas than in mountainous regions. Also, a DEM
featuring large cells could artificially hide some steep-sided valleys.
Figure 27. Calculated watersheds associated with the flow gauging stations
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5.4.2.2.3 Data quality assessment
Quality data are necessary to produce meaningful and reliable information on the hydrological regime (historical and
future) of rivers at a specific location. Exploitable time series of hydrological data have the following important
characteristics:
it covers a long period;
it covers a recent period. This is very important for assessing the potential existence of trends, especially
in a context of possible climate change;
it has a high degree of completeness (few missing data).
Figure 28 shows the lengths of the daily streamflow time series associated with the hydrological gauging stations. Just
over 50% of the hydrological stations have at least 20 years of recorded data and only 23 stations have measured data
for the years after 1990 and 13 until 2010.
The hydrological stations are characterized by various degree of completeness. Hence, we suggest keeping for each
station the daily data for the years that have no more than 5% of missing data. Beyond this threshold, we can consider
that the results of the statistical analysis will be influenced by the missing data. Figure 29 shows the number of
“exploitable” years (years with less than 5 % of missing data) compared to the total length of the time series for each
hydrological station.
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Figure 28. Period of activity of the hydrological stations
Figure 29. Number of "exploitable" years in relation with the streamflow time series
length
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Figure 30 shows the length of the available daily rainfall time series. The rainfall dataset has 186 rainfall stations for
which daily rainfall are available. However, as it can be seen on this figure, most of the stations feature relatively old
data: only 12 stations have recent measurements. Regarding the length of the time series, 56 % of the rainfall stations
have at least 20 years of data.
Figure 30. Period of activity of the rainfall stations with daily data
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Figure 31. Period of activity of the rainfall stations with monthly data
Figure 28, Figure 30 and Figure 31 illustrate strongly how collection of hydromet data have drastically fallen over the
last two decades. It is strongly recommended that the Government of Tanzania set up a hydrological monitoring
network for its rivers with high hydropower potential in order to better understand the available water resources and
thus promote the development of hydroelectric projects across the country. It is only in a context of reduced
uncertainties through reliable, recent and long-term records (more than 20 years) that technical parameters and
economic and financial analyzes of hydroelectric developments can be defined accurately, enabling optimization of
their design and their flood control infrastructure (temporary and permanent).
5.4.3 Flow duration curves modeling
5.4.3.1 Introduction
As mentioned previously, there is little information on the hydrological regime of the rivers at the location of the potential
hydropower sites identified in the context of this study. Hence, we propose the following two-stage approach to estimate
the key hydrological statistics at the sites of interest:
Stage 1: Models selection and parameterization at gauged sites;
Stage 2: Actual modeling by extrapolation at ungauged sites.
5.4.3.2 Model selection and parameterization
5.4.3.2.1 Statistical model selection
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The model selection and parameterization is carried out using the hydrological and rainfall datasets described in the
previous sections. The objective of this first step is to fit a statistical model for the flow duration curves at the 90 gauged
sites using the key features of their watersheds.
Two statistical models widely used in hydrology are compared: Weibull and Lognormal laws, both characterized by two
parameters. By fitting these two models to the observed data, it appeared that both models are relevant; however the
Weibull law performed usually slightly better as illustrated in the Figure 32 below. As a consequence, the 2 parameters-
Weibull law will be used to model the flow duration curves in the subsequent analysis.
Figure 32. Examples of flow duration curves modeled by the Weibull and lognormal laws
The selected Weibull law is characterized by two parameters:
- The shape factor determines the shape of the curve. As illustrated in Figure 33, the Weibull law is flatter
as the shape factor increases;
- The scale factor determines the area below the curve. As illustrated in Figure 34, the area below Weibull
law is larger as the scale factor increases.
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Figure 33. Impact of the shape factor of the Weibull law
Figure 34. Impact of the scale factor on the Weibull law
5.4.3.2.2 Model parameterization
The objective of the model parameterization is to build a relationship between the aforementioned two parameters of
the selected Weibull law and the key features of the related gauged sites. These key features include the average
annual rainfall, the watershed area, watershed average slope, altitude, etc.). This analysis is carried out using the 90
flow gauged sites sample.
Scale factor (λ) analysis - For each gauged site, the scale factor of the Weibull law is equal to the average flow of
that site, as illustrated in Figure 35.
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Figure 35. Weibull law: scale factor versus mean flow
The analysis revealed that the average flow of the river is the most correlated to the average annual volume of rainfall
in the watershed. The advantage of the latter is that it takes into account the size of the watershed and other climatic
characteristics of the watershed). The relationship obtained by statistical regression is as follow (based on the 90
gauged sites sample):
Scale factor = Qmean (m³/s) = 0.0065 x Average annual rainfall in the watershed (m³)
The relationship is illustrated in Figure 36 and shows a R² of 75%.
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Figure 36. Relationship between the average annual rainfall and the average flow.
Shape factor (γ) analysis - This parameter is more difficult to adjust because it implicitly includes considerations that
affect the shape of the flow duration such as: presence of temporary runoff storage zones, physiographic characteristics
of the watershed (distribution of slopes, shape of the river network), hydrogeology characteristics, etc. The variance-
covariance analysis did not to identify satisfactory relationships between those variables and the value of the shape
factor.
5.4.3.2.3 Extrapolation to ungauged sites
Given the lack of good quality data and their non uniform spatial distribution across the country characterized by a
variety of different hydro-climatic context, we consider hazardous to use the above statistical relationships for all the
ungauged sites. Hence we classified the ungauged watersheds into three categories depending on their locations
relative to the existing gauging stations. The three categories are as follow:
- Group 1: the ungauged site is located upstream or downstream an existing gauging station and their
watersheds ratio is between 0.5 and 2. In this case, we consider that the hydrological conditions of the
gauged site are representative for the ungauged site. Therefore, we assume the shape factor of the
ungauged site remains identical to the one of the gauged site but the scale factor is adjusted based on
the watersheds ratio. Hence we have:
ungauged site = gauging station
ungauged site = gauging station * A ungauged site / A gauging station
Where ungauged site and gauging station are the shape factors of the Weibull laws at the ungauged and gauged sites
respectively, A ungauged site and A gauging station are the area of the watersheds at the ungauged and gauged sites
respectively.
We make the assumption that estimations of the flow duration curves of the ungauged sites within this category are
relatively accurate (high confidence).
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- Group 2: the ungauged site is located upstream or downstream an existing gauging station and their
watersheds ratio is either below 0.5 or above 2. In this case, we consider that the hydrological conditions
of the gauged site are representative for the ungauged site. Therefore, we assume the shape factor of
the ungauged site remains identical to the one of the gauged site but the scale factor is calculated using
the statistical relationship between the scale factor and the average annual volume of rainfall as
explained in the previous section. Hence we have:
ungauged site = gauging station
ungauged site = 0.0065 x Pungauged site x A ungauged site
Where ungauged site and gauging station are the shape factors of the Weibull laws at the ungauged and gauged sites
respectively, A ungauged site and Pungauged site are the area and the average annual precipitation in the ungauged
watershed respectively.
We make the assumption that estimations of the flow duration curves of the ungauged sites within this category are
less accurate than those from group 1 (medium confidence).
- Group 3: the ungauged site is located within an ungauged watershed and there is no gauged watershed
in the immediate neighborhood. In this case, we assume that the scale factor is calculated using the
statistical relationship between the scale factor and the average annual volume of rainfall as for group
2. The estimation of the shape factor remains a challenge as no statistical relationship with other
variables was found, as previously explained. Hence, the shape factor of the ungauged sites was
estimated based on similarities with other watersheds that could be considered as being similar i.e. with
similar range of altitudes, slopes, climatic zones and sizes.
We make the assumption that estimations of the flow duration curves of the ungauged sites within this category are
less accurate than those from group 2 (low confidence).
It is important to bear in mind that the proposed method is flexible: ungauged sites can be moved from one group to
another if more gauging stations becomes available during the course of the study. Indeed, the initial inventory of the
existing flow gauging stations is probably not exhaustive but is based on the information collected up to this stage of
the study.
5.4.3.3 Results
Figure 37 presents the average annual rainfall map of Tanzania. This map was produced by the spatial analysis of the
rainfall dataset presented in the previous section. The purpose of this map is to allow the calculation of the average
annual rainfall which is the key variable used for the estimation of the scale factor of the Weibull model for group 2 and
3.
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Figure 37. Average annual rainfall (spatial extrapolation)
Each ungauged sites were classified in one of the aforementioned groups based on their location relative to an existing
gauging station as illustrated in Figure 38 and distributed among those groups as follow:
NUMBER OF SITES
Group 1 18
Group 2 35
Group 3 43
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Figure 38. Ungauged sites classification
Finally, the flow duration curves of the ungauged sites were estimated using the methodologies specifics to each group.
The key results are presented in Table 19.
Table 19 Estimated key features of the flow duration curve at the ungauged sites
FLOW (M³/S)
SCALE SHAPE PERCENTILES
SITE CODE
FACTOR FACTOR 50 /
Q MEAN 2.5 30 MEDIAN 65 90 95 96 97 98
E-001a 0.52 1.50 0.51 1.28 0.59 0.41 0.30 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04
E-001b 2.84 1.50 2.78 7.04 3.21 2.22 1.62 0.63 0.39 0.34 0.28 0.21
E-002 12.82 1.50 12.59 31.83 14.51 10.04 7.31 2.86 1.77 1.52 1.25 0.95
E-003 0.45 1.50 0.44 1.12 0.51 0.35 0.26 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03
E-004 1.44 1.50 1.41 3.58 1.63 1.13 0.82 0.32 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11
E-005 0.08 1.50 0.08 0.20 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
M-070 12.86 0.67 12.85 98.88 16.97 7.43 3.65 0.44 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.04
M-110 40.39 1.96 39.07 81.05 44.40 33.49 26.27 12.80 8.86 7.89 6.79 5.51
M-113 0.09 1.30 0.09 0.26 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
M-118 0.36 1.30 0.36 1.04 0.42 0.27 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02
M-119 0.11 1.30 0.11 0.33 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
M-120 0.01 1.30 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
M-121A 0.90 1.35 0.89 2.47 1.03 0.69 0.48 0.17 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.05
M-121B 1.03 1.35 1.02 2.83 1.18 0.79 0.55 0.20 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.06
M-127 138.05 1.35 136.14 379.32 158.40 105.22 73.96 26.05 15.28 12.90 10.39 7.66
M-221 10.49 1.73 10.22 23.08 11.68 8.49 6.45 2.86 1.88 1.65 1.39 1.10
M-266 0.88 1.50 0.86 2.17 0.99 0.69 0.50 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.07
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FLOW (M³/S)
SCALE SHAPE PERCENTILES
SITE CODE
FACTOR FACTOR 50 /
Q MEAN 2.5 30 MEDIAN 65 90 95 96 97 98
M-267a 0.44 1.50 0.43 1.10 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03
M-267b 0.71 1.50 0.70 1.77 0.81 0.56 0.41 0.16 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05
M-268a 0.60 1.50 0.59 1.48 0.68 0.47 0.34 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.04
M-268b 0.64 1.50 0.63 1.59 0.73 0.50 0.37 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05
M-277 0.50 2.00 0.48 0.98 0.55 0.41 0.33 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.07
M-288 0.85 2.00 0.82 1.68 0.93 0.71 0.56 0.28 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.12
M-295 0.36 2.00 0.35 0.71 0.39 0.30 0.24 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05
M-297 2.80 1.50 2.75 6.95 3.17 2.19 1.60 0.63 0.39 0.33 0.27 0.21
M-298 0.28 1.50 0.27 0.69 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02
M-299 0.44 1.50 0.43 1.10 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03
M-301 0.24 1.50 0.23 0.58 0.27 0.18 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02
M-348 0.08 1.00 0.08 0.33 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
M-355A 6.47 1.77 6.29 13.98 7.18 5.26 4.02 1.81 1.21 1.06 0.90 0.71
M-355B 8.09 1.77 7.88 17.50 8.99 6.58 5.03 2.27 1.51 1.33 1.12 0.89
N-001 0.15 1.00 0.15 0.58 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
N-002 1.20 0.75 1.20 7.38 1.53 0.73 0.39 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
N-003 0.18 1.50 0.17 0.44 0.20 0.14 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
N-010 1.47 1.50 1.45 3.66 1.67 1.15 0.84 0.33 0.20 0.18 0.14 0.11
N-011 0.95 1.50 0.93 2.36 1.07 0.74 0.54 0.21 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07
N-020 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SF-017 18.14 0.75 18.12 111.83 23.24 11.13 5.90 0.90 0.35 0.26 0.17 0.10
SF-018 10.26 0.75 10.25 63.95 13.16 6.27 3.31 0.50 0.19 0.14 0.10 0.06
SF-019 3.46 0.75 3.45 21.31 4.43 2.12 1.13 0.17 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02
SF-020 4.99 0.52 4.99 68.53 7.12 2.47 0.99 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
SF-022 16.11 3.50 529.47 23.78 16.99 14.51 12.66 8.47 6.90 6.46 5.94 5.28
SF-024 29.33 3.50 27.30 43.30 30.92 26.41 23.05 15.42 12.55 11.76 10.82 9.62
SF-029 138.39 1.35 14.99 380.26 158.80 105.48 74.15 26.12 15.32 12.94 10.41 7.68
SF-030 46.89 2.07 45.21 90.75 51.29 39.26 31.19 15.77 11.13 9.97 8.65 7.09
SF-041 28.18 1.50 27.66 69.96 31.89 22.07 16.07 6.29 3.89 3.34 2.75 2.09
SF-052 67.27 1.00 66.96 263.17 80.99 46.63 28.98 7.09 3.45 2.75 2.05 1.36
SF-056 7.85 1.00 7.81 30.71 9.45 5.44 3.38 0.83 0.40 0.32 0.24 0.16
SF-067 7.48 1.00 7.45 29.28 9.01 5.19 3.22 0.79 0.38 0.31 0.23 0.15
SF-068 8.67 1.00 8.63 33.93 10.44 6.01 3.74 0.91 0.45 0.35 0.26 0.18
SF-069 12.33 1.00 12.27 48.23 14.84 8.55 5.31 1.30 0.63 0.50 0.38 0.25
SF-080 2.95 1.20 2.92 9.18 3.44 2.17 1.46 0.45 0.25 0.21 0.16 0.11
SF-082 9.86 1.50 9.68 24.48 11.16 7.72 5.62 2.20 1.36 1.17 0.96 0.73
SF-083 3.59 1.50 3.53 8.92 4.07 2.81 2.05 0.80 0.50 0.43 0.35 0.27
SF-091 33.85 1.00 33.69 132.41 40.75 23.46 14.58 3.57 1.74 1.38 1.03 0.68
SF-092 33.72 1.00 33.57 131.93 40.60 23.38 14.53 3.55 1.73 1.38 1.03 0.68
SF-107 11.44 1.08 11.36 40.29 13.58 8.16 5.26 1.43 0.74 0.60 0.46 0.31
SF-108 12.50 1.08 12.42 44.05 14.84 8.92 5.75 1.57 0.81 0.65 0.50 0.34
SF-109 9.59 1.08 9.52 33.76 11.38 6.83 4.41 1.20 0.62 0.50 0.38 0.26
SF-123 20.71 1.50 20.32 51.41 23.43 16.22 11.81 4.62 2.86 2.46 2.02 1.54
SF-143 243.46 1.00 242.32 952.40 293.11 168.75 104.88 25.65 12.49 9.94 7.42 4.92
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 90 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
FLOW (M³/S)
SCALE SHAPE PERCENTILES
SITE CODE
FACTOR FACTOR 50 /
Q MEAN 2.5 30 MEDIAN 65 90 95 96 97 98
SF-144 18.09 1.00 18.00 70.75 21.77 12.54 7.79 1.91 0.93 0.74 0.55 0.37
SF-145 24.02 1.00 23.91 93.96 28.92 16.65 10.35 2.53 1.23 0.98 0.73 0.49
SF-147 10.34 0.90 10.31 47.08 12.71 6.88 4.06 0.85 0.38 0.30 0.21 0.14
SF-153 12.51 1.00 12.45 48.92 15.06 8.67 5.39 1.32 0.64 0.51 0.38 0.25
SF-164 17.33 1.30 17.12 49.50 20.00 13.08 9.07 3.07 1.77 1.48 1.18 0.86
SF-172 19.98 1.50 19.61 49.61 22.61 15.65 11.40 4.46 2.76 2.37 1.95 1.48
SF-178 4.29 3.50 3.99 6.33 4.52 3.86 3.37 2.26 1.84 1.72 1.58 1.41
SF-185a 0.32 1.00 0.32 1.24 0.38 0.22 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
SF-185b 4.51 1.00 4.49 17.63 5.43 3.12 1.94 0.48 0.23 0.18 0.14 0.09
SF-185c 10.20 1.00 10.15 39.90 12.28 7.07 4.39 1.08 0.52 0.42 0.31 0.21
SF-187 15.37 1.50 15.09 38.17 17.40 12.04 8.77 3.43 2.12 1.82 1.50 1.14
SF-189 37.08 0.85 37.00 184.53 46.13 24.09 13.77 2.63 1.13 0.86 0.61 0.38
SF-189 37.08 0.85 37.00 184.53 46.13 24.09 13.77 2.63 1.13 0.86 0.61 0.38
SF-206 0.55 0.80 0.55 3.04 0.70 0.35 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
SF-207 0.60 0.80 0.60 3.29 0.75 0.38 0.21 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
SF-208 4.74 0.52 4.74 65.18 6.78 2.35 0.94 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
SF-211 2.26 0.82 2.26 12.06 2.84 1.44 0.81 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02
SF-212 1.87 0.80 1.87 10.29 2.36 1.18 0.65 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
SF-213 1.09 0.75 1.09 6.70 1.39 0.67 0.35 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
SF-214A 8.31 0.75 8.30 51.22 10.64 5.10 2.70 0.41 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.05
SF-214B 8.40 0.75 8.39 51.75 10.75 5.15 2.73 0.42 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.05
SF-217 3.65 0.75 3.65 22.52 4.68 2.24 1.19 0.18 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02
SF-219 0.37 0.75 0.37 2.26 0.47 0.23 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
SF-260 0.57 1.00 0.57 2.23 0.69 0.40 0.25 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01
SF-266 4.66 0.90 4.65 21.24 5.73 3.10 1.83 0.38 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.06
SF-267 0.80 1.50 0.78 1.98 0.90 0.62 0.45 0.18 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.06
SF-271 0.88 1.50 0.87 2.19 1.00 0.69 0.50 0.20 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07
SF-277 19.68 0.60 19.68 191.14 26.82 10.68 4.84 0.46 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.03
SF-278 6.19 0.52 6.19 85.02 8.84 3.06 1.23 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
SF-289 8.46 1.08 8.41 29.81 10.04 6.03 3.89 1.06 0.55 0.44 0.34 0.23
SF-294 0.61 1.00 0.61 2.39 0.74 0.42 0.26 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01
SF-296 1.42 1.00 1.41 5.54 1.71 0.98 0.61 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03
SF-305 6.13 1.00 6.10 23.97 7.38 4.25 2.64 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.12
SF-343 1.03 0.86 1.02 5.03 1.28 0.67 0.39 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01
SF-UN 0.73 1.50 0.71 1.81 0.82 0.57 0.42 0.16 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 91 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
5.5 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE 70+ PROMISING SITES
5.5.1 Objectives
The objective of the economic analysis is to compare the relative economic performance of energy generation from
the 70+ promising potential hydropower sites.
5.5.2 Methodology
The potential hydropower sites will be compared based on their costs per kWh produced, expressed in terms of
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) which is a stream of equal payments, normalized over expected energy production
periods that would allow a project owner to recover all costs, an assumed return on investment, over a predetermined
life span.
The LCOE is defined from investment costs (CAPEX - Capital Expenditure), operating costs (OPEX - Operational
Expenditure) and the expected production of energy.
The investment costs (CAPEX) are calculated based on a preliminary design of the proposed hydroelectric schemes
(based on the site visits, the hydrological study and the local environment) including an estimate of the quantities and
the construction costs of the project. The CAPEX include:
Study and work supervision costs, hereafter called “Studies and engineering costs” which include:
o Civil works study and supervision costs
o Electromechanical works study and supervision costs
o Owner’s development costs
Civil works and equipment costs, hereafter called “HPP costs”
Resettlement and environmental impact costs, hereafter called “ESIA costs”
The annual operating costs (OPEX) include:
Operation and maintenance costs, hereafter called “O&M costs” which include:
o Fixed operation and maintenance costs (annual scheduled maintenance)
o Costs related to interim replacement and refurbishments of major items in the course of the project’s
life
o Insurance costs
The expected energy generation is calculated based on the preliminary design of the potential hydroelectric scheme
(based on the site visits, the hydrological study and the local environment).
Eventually, the LCOE is then calculated based on expected production and costs from the following formula:
������������������(������������������������������ + ������������������������)
������������������������ =
������������������(������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������)
������������������������������������������
Where NPV is the net present value obtained by: ������������������(������������������������������) = ∑������ (1+������)������
where n is the discount rate.
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 92 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
The preliminary design of the potential hydropower schemes, their energy performance analysis and eventually the
economic modelling is carried out using our internally developed tool EconEval customized for the specific context of
Tanzania.
5.5.3 Assumptions
The main economic assumptions for the economic modeling of the LCOE calculation for the 85 potential promising
hydroelectric projects are presented in Table 20 below.
Table 20. Economic modelling assumptions
Economic lifespan of the project 30 years
Decommissioning cost at the end of the economic life 10% of civils works and equipment costs
Engineering (incl. ESIA) and works supervision 10% of civils works and equipment costs
Owner’s development costs 2% of civils works and equipment costs
Environmental and social impact mitigation costs 10% of civils works and equipment costs
O&M costs
Interim replacement 0,25%/year of civils works and equipment costs
Fixed operation costs 50 USD/kW/year
Insurance costs 0,10% of civils works and equipment costs per year
Distribution of costs over the project implementation
process
Year -2 = 40%
Year -1 = 60%
Year 0 = Commissioning
Reference date for economic analysis 2015
Costs are expressed in constants (2015) USD
Escalation costs (inflation) No escalation costs were applied to capital costs or
operating costs.
Financing costs etc. Financing costs, tax, duties or other Government levees are
ignored at this stage but shall be included in the financial
analysis that will be done during the detailed studies.
Discount rate 10%
The economic analysis is carried out by considering that the electricity grid absorbs all the energy produced. In other
words, the analysis assumes that there is a demand for all the energy generated by the hydroelectric schemes.
5.5.4 Economic Analysis
The results of the economic modelling of the 85 potential hydropower sites is presented in Table 21 in the following
chapter.
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 93 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
6 TOP 20 PRIORITIZED SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
6.1 SELECTION PROCESS AND MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS
The selection of the top 20 prioritized sites relied on groups of potential hydroelectric projects located in the same
geographical area that can supply an existing network (main grid or mini-grid currently supplied by a thermal generator)
or supply a pure off-grid load center. This is required since all the sites that are located close to each other will directly
compete to supply the same load centers.
The selection process relied on the following criteria:
1. Projects that compete to supply the same load center or grid (projects in the same group);
2. Estimated power capacity between ~300 kW and 10 MW;
3. Exclusion of projects located on seasonal rivers (zero flow during the dry season);
4. Economically attractive with a competitive LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy);
5. No evidence of major environmental constraint, including solid transport.
The selection process of the top 20 prioritized small hydropower projects was carried out during PHASE 1 and the
results have been validated during the workshop held in Dar Es Salaam in March 2015 at The Rural Energy Agency
(REA) premises.
6.1.1 Group of projects that compete to supply the same load center or grid
The potential hydroelectric projects are grouped based on their capacity to supply the nearest load center, either to the
main grid or to a mini-grid or off-grid.
6.1.2 Estimate power capacity between ~ 300 kW and ~10 MW
The Terms of Reference of this study indicate that “small hydro” shall refer as having a generation capacity between 1
to 10 MW. Nevertheless, REA expressed its wish to include potential sites under 1 MW. The minimum of 300 kW has
been agreed upon. That value corresponds to a minimal project size in terms of investment and technical barriers for
electro-mechanical equipment under which a private developer will face problems to recover its investment and/or find
quality equipment for a reasonable price. Note however that some sites are located in areas where the uncertainty of
hydrological data is still rather high, which can have a positive or negative influence on the final installed capacity or
production.
6.1.3 Exclusion of projects located on seasonal rivers
Field visits and interviews with locals have highlighted rivers that have zero flow during the dry season even if the
hydrological model predicted a minimum flow.
The development of hydroelectric project on rivers that feature dry periods (zero streamflow) during a given period of
the year is usually not appropriate for multiple reasons amongst which: (i) no energy generation during several months
of the year; (ii) production difficult to predict; (iii) high maintenance costs and (iv) operation and maintenance
constraints. This problem is particularly disadvantageous for Mini-Grid as the available thermal capacity must be high
enough to balance the production deficit to supply the demand. The problem is even more critical for off-grid systems
where there will not be any power supply during the dry season.
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 94 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
6.1.4 Economically attractive with a competitive LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy);
The proposed projects must be economically attractive compared to other alternatives for the production of electricity.
In accordance with the economic constraints of small hydropower development in Tanzania (see Chapter 3) and the
competitiveness of the future sites, the Consultant has set a maximum threshold for the Levelized Cost of Energy
(LCOE) at:
< 50 US$/MWh for main Grid connection;
< ~100 US$/MWh for Mini-Grid connection;
< 200 US$/MWh for pure off-grid operation (no other source of power).
Those threshold values were discussed and agreed upon with REA and the World Bank during the presentation of the
Hydro Mapping Report Phase 1 (approved in April 2015). More information is provided in section 5.2.5.
The potential hydropower projects were compared based on their costs per kWh produced, expressed in terms of
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) which is a stream of equal payments, normalized over expected energy production
periods that would allow a project owner to recover all costs, an assumed return on investment, over a predetermined
life span.
The LCOE has been calculated excluding the cost for the access roads and the transmission lines (which makes a
good project or not) which is comparable to the figures collected in the Power System Master Plan (Update 2013) and
in the SREP-Investment Plan for Tanzania (2013).
6.1.5 No evidence of major environmental constraint including sediment transport
The first site visits (Site Visit Report 2015 and update 2016) identified obvious constraints that would jeopardize the
development of promising potential hydroelectric projects. Those constraints were notably the presence of a protected
area or game reserve, the presence of soil instability or even a high solid transport (suspended sediments) even during
the dry season.
6.2 PRIORITIZATION PROCESS AND RESULTS
The following figure illustrates the prioritization process to select the top 20 priority small hydropower projects and the
results are presented in table below. The selection process was carried out during PHASE 1 and results have been
validated during the workshop held in Dar Es Salaam in March 2015 at The Rural Energy Agency (REA) premises.
The selection has been slightly reviewed in October 2016 with REA during additional site visits that were commissioned
by REA.
Figure 39 Selection process of the 20 prioritized sites
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 95 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Table 21. Selection of the top 20 prioritized projects (key: = priority site ; = no-priority site ; - = site without interest)
H Q_EQ P E LCOE
CODE NOM_SITE RIVER CONNECTION GROUP FLOW CONSTRAINT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT SELECTION
[M] [M³/S] [KW] [GWH/Y) [USD/KWH]
M-070 Momba II Momba Main grid Group H 355 7,4 21700 161,8 0,030 OK low
M-110 Kitewaka Kitewaka Ludewa minigrid Group G 54 33,5 14960 106 0,043 OK sediment transport -
M-113 Kyamato Kyamato Bukoba minigrid Group A 50 0,07 30 0,19 0,524 OK low -
M-118 Achesherero Achesherero Bukoba minigrid Group A 90 0,3 200 1,34 0,166 OK low -
M-119 Lubare Lubare Off-grid 125 0,02 20 0,17 1,168 OK low -
M-121A Kitogota I Kitogota Bukoba minigrid Group A 100 2,7 2180 4,28 0,532 OK low
M-121B Kitogota Falls Kitogota Bukoba minigrid Group A 25 0,8 160 1,08 0,096 OK low
M-127 Ruhuhu Ruhuhu Mbinga minigrid Group J 15 105,2 13120 87,73 0,028 OK sediment transport -
very low flow
M-221 Mambi Mambi Off-grid 152 2,9 3560 30,39 0,043 Upstream irrigation projects -
during dry season
M-267A Ngongi I Ngongi Mbinga minigrid Group J 110 0,3 310 2,12 0,225 OK sediment transport -
M-267B Ngongi II Ngongi Mbinga minigrid Group J 290 0,6 1310 8,91 0,111 OK sediment transport -
M-268A Luwika I Luwika/Lualala Mbinga minigrid Group J 75 0,5 290 1,96 0,154 OK sediment transport -
M-268B Luwika II Luwika/Lualala Mbinga minigrid Group J 750 0,5 3030 20,58 0,146 OK sediment transport -
M-277 Luika Luika Ludewa minigrid Group G 58 0,4 200 1,4 0,184 OK low
M-288 Kelolilo Kelolilo Ludewa minigrid Group G 69 0,7 400 2,85 0,141 OK low
M-295 Myombezi Myombezi Off-grid 111 0,1 100 0,89 0,192 OK low
M-297 Lipumba Mngaka Mbinga minigrid Group J 4 2,2 70 0,49 0,161 OK sediment transport -
Litembo
M-298B Ndumbi Off-grid 25 0,2 50 0,11 1,002 OK low -
Extension
M-299 Luaita Luaita Mbinga minigrid Group J 70 0,3 200 1,35 0,219 OK low
very low flow
M-301 Lukarasi shp Mkurusi Mbinga minigrid Group J 27 0,2 40 0,28 0,925 sediment transport -
during dry season
M-355A Mgaka I Mgaka Mbinga minigrid Group J 30 5,3 1300 9,09 0,097 OK sediment transport -
M-355B Mgaka II Mgaka Mbinga minigrid Group J 35 6,6 1900 13,28 0,077 OK sediment transport
N-002 Kawa Kawa Off-grid 260 0,06 130 1,05 0,887 OK low -
N-010 Kitandazi II Mbinga Mbinga minigrid Group J 35 1,2 330 2,26 0,148 OK low
N-011 Kingilikiti Lumeme Mbinga minigrid Group J 28 0,7 170 1,16 0,156 OK low -
Sumbawanga
SF-017 Momba I Momba Group L 64 11,1 5860 35,69 0,111 OK low
minigrid
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 96 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
H Q_EQ P E LCOE
CODE NOM_SITE RIVER CONNECTION GROUP FLOW CONSTRAINT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT SELECTION
[M] [M³/S] [KW] [GWH/Y) [USD/KWH]
Sumbawanga
SF-018 Kalambo Falls Kalambo Group L 200 6,3 10360 63,06 0,026 OK Tourism and transboundary site
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-019 Lwazi Lwazi Group L 120 2,1 2100 12,78 0,042 OK low
minigrid
SF-020 Mfizi II Mfizi Mpanda minigrid Group K 150 2,5 3040 17,55 0,045 OK moderate sediment transport
SF-022 Luegere LUEGERE Kigoma minigrid Group D 159 14,5 19010 145,35 0,028 OK low
SF-029 Lupapilo Ruhuhu Mbinga minigrid Group J 30 105,5 26230 175,49 0,040 OK sediment transport -
SF-041 Kivumilo UMBA Main grid Group H 9 22,1 1640 13,34 0,068 OK low
sediment transport / Bordering of the
SF-052A Mara I MARA Main grid Group H 25 46,6 9630 61,36 0,089 OK -
Serengeti Park
sediment transport / Bordering of the
SF-052B Mara II MARA Main grid Group H 45 46,6 17340 110,52 0,061 OK -
Serengeti Park
zero flow during dry
SF-056 Manique MANIQUE Loliondo Minigrid Group F 350 5,4 15570 99,23 0,067 sediment transport -
season
zero flow during dry
SF-067 Mponde II MPONDE Main grid Group H 95 5,2 4060 31,55 0,070 sediment transport -
season
zero flow during dry
SF-068 Luwila LUWILA Main grid Group H 120 24 21750 34,66 4,096 sediment transport -
season
zero flow during dry
SF-069 Maparengi MAPARENGI Main grid Group H 150 8,5 10560 82,07 0,038 sediment transport -
season
very low flow
SF-080A Sasimo I SASIMO Main grid Group H 60 2,2 1070 8,52 0,067 low -
during dry season
very low flow
SF-080B Sasimo II SASIMO Main grid Group H 110 2,2 1970 15,59 0,045 low -
during dry season
SF-082 Lukosi Lukosi Main grid Group H 176 7,7 11210 91,1 0,031 OK low
SF-083 Mlowa Mlowa Main grid Group H 117 2,8 2710 22 0,040 OK sediment transport -
zero flow during dry
SF-091 Bubu II BUBU Main grid Group H 90 23,5 17430 135,47 0,039 sediment transport -
season
zero flow during dry
SF-092 Bubu I BUBU Main grid Group H 35 93,5 21970 35,01 1,862 sediment transport -
season
SF-107 Ndembela I NDEMBELA Main grid Group H 100 8,2 6740 52,84 0,043 OK Low / On going project
SF-108 Ndembela II NDEMBELA Main grid Group H 105 8,9 7720 60,52 0,047 OK Low / On going project
SF-109 Lyandembela I Lyandembela Main grid Group H 33 6,8 1860 14,61 0,051 OK Low / On going project
SF-123 Mchakama Mavuji Off-grid 5 4,6 190 1,63 0,273 OK sediment transport -
High flow out of
SF-143 Wami Wami Main grid Group H 8 168,8 11210 87,1 0,029 low exept for fishing
range
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 97 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
H Q_EQ P E LCOE
CODE NOM_SITE RIVER CONNECTION GROUP FLOW CONSTRAINT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT SELECTION
[M] [M³/S] [KW] [GWH/Y) [USD/KWH]
very low flow
SF-145 Mkalamo MSANGAZI Off-grid 20 16,6 420 17,58 0,081 sediment transport -
during dry season
zero flow during dry
SF-153 Ndurumo NDURUMO Main grid Group H 85 8,7 6080 47,22 0,055 sediment transport -
season
SF-172 Ruchugi Ruchugi Kasulu minigrid Group B 13 15,6 1680 11,4 0,319 OK sediment transport -
SF-178 Mgambazi MGAMBAZI Kigoma Minigrid Group D 90 3,9 2870 21,93 0,037 OK low
SF-187 Muyovozi Muyovozi Kibundo minigrid Group C 40 12 3990 27,11 0,051 OK low
SF-189 Lupa Lupa Main grid Group H 82 24,1 16360 124,98 0,024 OK sediment transport
Sumbawanga
SF-206 Chulu Chulu Group L 800 0,3 2240 13,81 0,105 OK low
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-207 Kilida Kilida Group L 500 0,4 1530 9,4 0,102 OK sediment transport -
minigrid
SF-208 Mfizi I Mfizi Mpanda minigrid Group K 40 2,3 770 4,47 0,074 OK sediment transport
Sumbawanga
SF-211 Lwiche Lwiche Group L 519 5,8 24240 44,78 0,310 OK sediment transport -
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-212 Muze Muze Group L 420 1,2 4060 24,96 0,065 OK sediment transport
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-213 Nyembe Nyembe Group L 684 2,7 14760 27,16 0,556 OK low -
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-214A Kalambo I Kalambo Group L 20 5,1 840 5,14 0,056 OK low
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-214B Kalambo II Kalambo Group L 20 5,2 850 5,19 0,073 OK low
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-217 Samvya Samvya Group L 85 2,2 1570 9,58 0,074 OK low
minigrid
Sumbawanga
SF-219 Kianda Kianda Group L 700 0,2 1270 7,71 0,112 OK sediment transport -
minigrid
SF-266 Muhuwezi Muhuwezi Tunduru minigrid Group M 105 3,1 2680 16,81 0,094 OK moderate sediment transport
Mihima very low flow
SF-271 Mihima Masasi minigrid Group I 104 0,7 590 3,99 0,066 low
Namangale during dry season
SF-277 Mbagala Mbagala Masasi minigrid Group I 40 10,7 3530 20,8 0,077 OK moderate sediment transport
SF-278 Mfizi III Mfizi Mpanda minigrid Group K 30 3,1 760 4,39 0,15 OK sediment transport
SF-289 Lyandembela II Lyandembela Main grid Group H 33 6 1650 12,92 0,047 OK Low / On going project
SF-294 Kigogo Kigogo Main grid Group H 562 0,4 1930 15,01 0,036 OK low
SF-296 Vambanungwi Vambanungwi Main grid Group H 110 1 890 6,89 0,045 OK sediment transport -
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 98 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
H Q_EQ P E LCOE
CODE NOM_SITE RIVER CONNECTION GROUP FLOW CONSTRAINT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINT SELECTION
[M] [M³/S] [KW] [GWH/Y) [USD/KWH]
zero flow during dry
SF-305 Mponde I MPONDE Main grid Group H 16 17 1780 2,83 3,851 sediment transport -
season
SF-343 Samba Samba Off-grid 92 0,075 60 0,47 1,255 OK low -
SF-UN Mbawa Mbawa Off-grid 350 0,2 450 3,87 0,526 OK sediment transport -
* Key:
: priority site
: no-priority site
- : site without interest
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6.3 TARGETED HYDROLOGICAL STUDY FOR THE TOP 20 MOST PROMISING POTENTIAL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
6.3.1 Introduction
During the Phase 1 workshop held in Dar Es Salaam on the 17th of March 2015, it was decided with REA and the World
Bank to not proceed with the installation of hydrological monitoring stations, as it was originally envisaged at the
inception of the Study. It was decided instead that the Consultant would improve the hydrological information by
carrying out a more detailed hydrological analysis on the 20 prioritized sites in order to further reduce the uncertainties
associated with their preliminary design (installed capacity, firm energy generation, economic performance). This
chapter presents the dedicated hydrological study that was carried out, including the data collection within the Water
Basin Offices across Tanzania.
6.3.2 Objectives and limits
The objective of the preliminary hydrological study is to establish and quantify the meteorological and hydrological
characteristics of the top 20 prioritized small hydropower sites in order to estimate the hydrological parameters for the
design of the hydroelectric projects as well as for the economic analysis.
The results of the hydrological study presented in this Chapter must be validated by dedicated hydrological monitoring
campaigns. Indeed, the results of the preliminary hydrological study are indicative only and are not intended to be used
for design purposes.
Estimates of the hydrological parameters relies on the data available for each hydroelectric site. Given the variability
of the data availability and quality, three approaches were developed.
Furthermore, a rainfall analysis has been performed at the country scale to highlight the spatial and temporal variation
of precipitations across the country. Results are also presented for the catchments of the top 20 prioritized site.
6.3.3 Sources of data
6.3.3.1 Rainfall data
Historical daily rainfall data were obtained from three sources of information: (i) satellite imagery from Climate Hazards
Group InfradRed Precipitation (CHIRPS), (ii) the WorldClim database and (iii) rain gauges from “Système
d’Informations Environnementales sur les Ressources en Eau et leur Modélisation” (SIEREM).
Climate Hazards Group InfradRed Precipitation (CHIRPS) - Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with
Station data (CHIRPS, http://chg.geog.ucsb.edu/data/chirps/) is a 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset. Spanning
50°S-50°N (and all longitudes), starting in 1981 to near-present, CHIRPS incorporates 0.05° resolution satellite
imagery with in-situ station data to create gridded rainfall time series for trend analysis and seasonal drought
monitoring. Daily time-series have been extracted for each prioritized site and flow monitoring station catchments. The
daily value extracted is the mean of the precipitation that falls on the entire catchment.
WorldClim - WorldClim gridded dataset (version 2.0) were generated through interpolation of average monthly climate
data from major climate databases. These data is available for Tanzania on a monthly time step, a spatial resolution
of about 30 arc-second (approx. 1km²) and are representatives for the period from approximately 1970 to 2000.
Système d’Informations Environnementales sur les Ressources en Eau et leur Modélisation (SIEREM) - The
HydroSciences Montpellier laboratory (HSM) has developed an information system (SIEREM) on the whole of Africa
continent which contains several types of environmental variables. This is the largest environmental information system
on the African continent with 13,000 measurement stations, 33,000 time-series, or more than 117 million records, for
the period 1837 to 2015. The hydro climatological data are coupled with spatial data: 201 contours of watersheds,
2,962 rivers and rivers. The recovery of the hydrological archives has made it possible to enrich SIEREM. More than
1,342 photos have been collected in 391 georeferenced albums. The SIEREM site allows free access to all this
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information except for the raw measurement data that is the property of the African national services. Unfortunately,
no data from the rain gauge stations located in the study area was available.
6.3.3.2 Hydrological data
Historical daily hydrological data were obtained from two sources of information: (i) data collection in the Tanzanian
Water Basin Offices and (ii) the Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC).
Figure 40. Flow monitoring system on the Samvya River at Yunga, Sumbawanga,
Tanzania.
Data collection in the Tanzanian Water Basin Offices - The Consultant has undertaken collection of hydrological
and meteorological data within the nine Water Basin Offices across Tanzania between January and March 2017.
During that mission, the Consultant met with hydrologists from the various Water Basin Offices and collected
hydrological data and information relevant for the top 20 prioritized hydroelectric projects.
Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) - Data from the GRDC were used where information was not available from the
Water Basin Offices. The GRDC is an international archive of data up to 200 years old, and fosters multinational and
global long-term hydrological studies. The Global Runoff Database at GRDC is a unique collection of river discharge
data collected at daily or monthly intervals from more than 9,300 stations in 160 countries. This adds up to around
400,000 station-years with an average record length of 43 years. Some of the flow monitoring stations identified in the
data collection from Water Basin Offices are included in the GRDC database, but the datasets collected are generally
more complete and accurate.
Summary of the hydrological data acquisition - Table 22 presents the 10 flow monitoring stations with exploitable
datasets from the data collection. This list considers the proximity of prioritized sites, the accuracy of the station
location, and the period covered by measurements and completeness of the datasets. Others flow monitoring stations
datasets have been collected and are stored in a database but they cannot be exploited for this part of the study due
to poor quality of the data or important data gaps.
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Table 22. List of the flow monitoring stations with exploitable datasets.
STATION NAME DAILY
MAJOR STATION CATCHMENT ALTITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE
(RIVER + FIRST DATE LAST DATE DATA
BASIN CODE AREA (SRTM) (WGS84) (WGS84)
LOCATION) GAP
[KM²] [%] [M] [°] [°]
Lake Ngono at
5A3 1,211 01/01/1980 30/06/2016 28.2 1152 -1.471 31.675
Victoria Kalebe Bridge
Mtembwa at
3B15A 6,289 15/12/1974 31/12/1977 1.6 1374 -8.809 32.332
Chipoma
Mfwizi at
3CC3 2,384 9/09/1975 28/03/1980 6.0 1462 -7.283 31.072
Lake Paramawe
Rukwa Samvya at
3B16A 576 18/09/1975 31/03/1979 1.2 1576 -8.418 31.828
Yunga
Msaidia at
3CB2 3,207 16/08/1975 19/09/1979 19.9 957 -7.109 31.170
Usevya
Lake Kitewaka at
1RB4A 2,121 20/10/1971 30/11/2016 41.3 817 -10.258 34.798
Nyasa Muhumbi D/S
Ruvuma at
Ruvumu 1Q7 5,486 12/02/1972 30/04/1994 7.7 680 -11.313 35.354
Mahiga
Kalambo at
4H1 3,242 21/07/1975 24/12/1997 53.2 1178 -8.594 31.241
Kapozwa
Lake Luegele at
4D1 1,341 18/06/1975 31/12/1988 11.5 876 -5.891 30.016
Tanganyika Lubalisi
Moyowosi at
4AD2 3,509 1/04/1988 20/05/2014 81.7 1161 -3.190 31.034
Kanyoni
6.3.3.3 Evapotranspiration data
CLIMWAT 2.0 for CROPWAT is a joint publication of the Water Development and Management Unit and the Climate
Change and Bioenergy Unit of FAO. It offers observed agro-climatic data of over 5,000 stations worldwide distributed
as shown below. CLIMWAT provides long-term monthly mean values of seven climatic parameters, namely:
Figure 41. CLIMWAT stations
- Mean daily maximum temperature in °C in Tanzania and surroundings
- Mean daily minimum temperature in °C
- Mean relative humidity in %
- Mean wind speed in km/day
- Mean sunshine hours per day
- Mean solar radiation in MJ/m²/day
- Monthly rainfall in mm/month
- Monthly effective rainfall in mm/month
- Reference evapotranspiration calculated with
the Penman-Monteith method in mm/day.
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Table 23. List of CLIMWAT stations used for estimation of the evapotranspiration data
STATION NAME
ELEVATION [M] LATITUDE (WGS84) [°] LONGITUDE (WGS84) [°] PRIORITIZED SITE CODE
(LOCATION)
Biharamulo 1480 -2.63 31.31 SF187
Bukoba 1137 -1.33 31.81 M121B
Igeri 2250 -9.66 34.66 M288
Kigoma 885 -4.88 29.63 SF178
M070
SF017
SF022
Mbala (Zambia) 1673 -8.85 31.33
SF214A
SF214B
SF217
Moshi 831 -3.35 37.33 M245
Songea 1067 -10.68 35.58 N010
Sumbawanga 1710 -7.95 31.6 SF020
Iringa 1428 -7.66 35.75 SF082
6.3.4 Hydrological Modelling
6.3.4.1 Methodologies
The methodology used for the estimation of the parameters varies for each site and depends on the availability and
the quality of streamflow datasets. Three methodologies have been developed:
(i) the frequency analysis of observed streamflow data,
(ii) the frequency analysis of synthetic streamflows generated on the basis of precipitation data through
hydrological modelling,
(iii) and the regionalization method based on the extrapolation of existing hydrological information from similar
river catchments.
Observed streamflow data - If the observed streamflow data cover a sufficient period and is of good quality, a
frequency analysis can be performed on the streamflow dataset.
The pre-processing was completed in two steps:
(i) Data gaps were filled by linear interpolation (< 15 days missing) or average interannual data (> 15 days
missing).
(ii) Spatial extrapolation of the observed streamflows at the hydrological monitoring station to the site of interest
was made based on the ratio of the catchments area.
The frequency analysis consists in different statistics including the monthly and annual averages, the flow duration
curve, and the flood estimation and their probability of occurrence.
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Figure 42. Monthly statistics of observed streamflow data
Hydrological modelling - The frequency analysis of synthetic streamflows is the same than the frequency analysis of
observed streamflows except that the flows are generated through a hydrological modelling in order to extent the time-
series period.
Given the characteristics of the data available (daily datasets with gaps), the hydrological model selected was a daily
lumped rainfall-runoff model called GR4J (in French: modèle du Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier,
https://webgr.irstea.fr/en/modeles/journalier-gr4j-2/).
The inputs of the model are:
daily precipitation (obtained from CHIRPS satellite imagery or SIEREM rain gauge stations)
daily evapotranspiration (obtained from CLIMWAT agroclimatic stations)
daily observed streamflow (obtained from data collection in the Tanzanian Water Basin Offices or GRDC flow
monitoring stations)
The rainfall-runoff relation is established by four parameters based on the aforementioned inputs. The model
parameters model are adjusted to fit observed streamflow data (model calibration).
Once the model is calibrated, the synthetic streamflows can be generated from the daily precipitation and
evapotranspiration data. As these data are available for the period of 1981-2017, the synthetic streamflows can be
simulated for the same period.
The hydrological modelling is only applicable if the time-series of observed streamflow period covers at least three
consecutive high-quality hydrological years(20) after 1981 (first year of the CHIRPS data).
20A hydrological year is defined as the 12-month period beginning after the dry season. In Tanzania, the hydrological year begins on November 1 and ends on October
31.
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Regionalization - The regionalization is detailed in section 5.4 of this report.
Method selection - For each site, the method has been determined using the following process (Figure 43):
Figure 43. Flow chart for selecting the appropriate hydrological analysis methodology.
(i) The first step consists to analyze the exploitability of the observed streamflow data collected depending on
the quality of the time-series dataset (TS(Q)). If the time-series dataset is too poor or is missing, the
regionalization method is selected.
(ii) If the time-series dataset is exploitable, the second criterion is the period covered. If this period is greater
than 10 consecutive high-quality dataset years, it is considered sufficient to perform a frequency analysis
directly on the observed streamflow data.
(iii) If the period covered by the time-series is less than ten years, the criterion necessary to generate synthetic
streamflow based on precipitation data is analyzed: the time-series dataset period must cover at least 3
consecutive high-quality hydrological years(20) after 1981, first year of satellite daily rainfall dataset used for
the hydrological modelling (CHIRPS rainfall data). In this case, a frequency analysis is performed on the
synthetic streamflow data.
(iv) If the hydrological modelling cannot be carried out, the last criterion to determine if the regionalization method
should be used is the time-series dataset period again. In this case, it is considered that at least 5consecutive
high-quality hydrological years is a criterion acceptable to perform a frequency analysis directly on the
observed streamflow data.
6.3.4.2 Key outputs
Flow duration curve - Among the hydrological parameters, the determination of the flow duration curve is essential
to know the availability of the flows in the stream for the hydroelectric project. Indeed, this curve shows the percentage
of time that flow in a stream is likely to equal or exceed some specified value of interest.
For the observed streamflow data and hydrological modelling methods, the flow duration curve is made directly
applying a probability function P(X>x) on the time-series of observed or synthetic streamflow data. This function
determines the probability of exceedance of each flow reaching the hydroelectric project.
For the regionalization method, the flow duration curve results directly from the extrapolation of the two Weibull law
parameters. This extrapolation depends on the location of the hydroelectric site relative to the existing gauging stations.
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Figure 44. Flow duration curve constructed from observed streamflow data.
Floods - The flood study is equally important for design calculations of structures and equipment such as spillways or
floodgates but also for temporary infrastructure such as cofferdams and temporary diversions during the construction
period. The flood study will focus on 10 years and 100 years return period. These floods will be used respectively for
the construction and exploitation phases.
For the observed streamflow data and hydrological modelling methods, the flood estimation was carried out by a
statistical extrapolation of the observed or synthetic maximum flows. Three frequency analysis methods commonly
used in hydrology have been applied:
Log-normal law(21): this law is advocated by some hydrologists who justify it by arguing that the appearance
of a hydrological event results from the combined action of a large number of factors that multiply.
Consequently, the random variable follows a log-normal distribution. Indeed, the product of variables is
reduced to the sum of the logarithms of these variables and the central-limit theorem makes it possible to
assert the log-normality of the random variable.
Gumbel law or exponential double law(21): this law is the limit form of the distribution of the maximum value of
a sample of values. Since the annual maximum of a variable is considered to be the maximum of 365 daily
values, this law must be able to describe the series of annual maxima.
Law of Weibull(22): this law of probability, associated with the laws of the extreme values, lends itself well to
the study of events such as the floods, the maximum or minimum precipitations, the low flows,...
21Translated from Musy A. (2005). Hydrologie générale.
22Translated form Perreault, L., & Bobée, B. (1992). Loi Weibull à deux paramètres : Propriétés mathématiques et statistiques : Estimation des paramètres et des
quantiles Xt de période de retour T (No. R351). INRS-Eau. http://espace.inrs.ca/1158/1/R000351.pdf
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Figure 45. Flood frequency analysis
For the regionalization method, the estimation of the flood was not possible due to the lack of relevant data.
6.3.4.3 Remarks
The following remarks are worth noting regarding the hydrological modelling that have been performed:
The rainfall data used to generate the synthetic streamflows come from CHIRPS satellite imagery. First, the
method used to estimate the rainfall from satellite imagery contains unquantifiable uncertainties. Moreover,
the value used as input in the hydrological modelling is the spatial average of the precipitation that falls on
the entire catchment. This value does not represent the spatial variability of the precipitation within the
catchment.
The daily time step implies some uncertainties in the parameters estimation. For example in the flood
analysis, the most important flows observed during the floods occur only during a few hours and does not
appear in average values.
Uncertainties come directly from the observed data. First, the streamflows are defined from an interpolated
rating curve established by the relation between the water level measured at the flow monitoring station and
often only few streamflow measurements. Moreover, the time-series include some gaps that must be filled
for the frequency analysis by linear interpolation (< 15 days missing) or average interannual data (> 15 days
missing).
Due to the lack of data, flood analysis sometimes relies on short time-series (minimum 5 hydrological years)
while it is based on the frequency of maximum flows.
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The location of the flow monitoring stations is not always well known. That may result in uncertainties in the
calculation of the catchment and does affect directly the parameters estimates that relies on catchment ratio.
The times-series period used for the parameters estimation sometimes dates from long time ago (60’-80’).
Since, the hydromorphological characteristics of the catchments may have changed (land use, reservoir…)
what has a direct impact on the hydrological parameters estimation. This remark remains valid for the climatic
conditions that have likely evolved over time.
6.3.5 Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitations
This analysis aims at highlighting the spatiotemporal variability of precipitations across Tanzania. It relies on the
monthly precipitations data available from the WorldClim dataset.
Figure 46 below presents the spatial and temporal distribution of the monthly long-term average precipitations. For
each month of the year, the map shows the spatial variability of the monthly precipitations while the bar chart highlights
the monthly precipitations by water management basin. The analysis reveals that the country features high spatial and
temporal variability of the precipitations:
Central and Western areas have monthly precipitations ranging from 0 mm (dry season) to 200 mm (wet
season) with a long-term annual average between 500 and 1,000 mm (up to 1,500 mm in the mountainous
areas);
Northern and Eastern coastal areas record monthly precipitations from 25 mm (dry season) to 400 mm (wet
season) with a long-term annual average between 800 and 1,700 mm (Lake Victoria);
The Southern region experience an extreme variability of monthly precipitations varying from less than 5 mm
(dry season) to 400 mm (wet season).
Figure 46. Spatial and temporal distribution of the monthly long-term average precipitations
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Figure 47 shows the duration of the dry periods across the country with the number of month with monthly precipitations
below 10 mm/month (on average). It reveals that abundant annual precipitations across the country are unevenly
distributed during the year: some regions feature high precipitations during the wet season and an extended dry period
with very small amount of rain. Sixty percent (60%) of the country (548,290 km²) experience at least four months with
precipitations below 10 mm/month every year (on average). Forty percent (40%) of the country (380,000 km²)
experience at least four months with precipitations below 5 mm/month every year (on average).
Most of the areas with extended dry periods are mainly in the center (Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Sumbawanga, Tabora)
and in the south (Songea, Tunduru) of the country. The situation is less severe in the Northern (around Lake Victoria)
and Eastern oceanic zones.
Those regions are more likely to feature seasonal rivers and streams that are less favorable for hydropower
development.
Figure 47. Spatial distribution of areas with extended periods with less than 10 mm per month.
The analysis has been also applied to the river catchments of the top 20 prioritized small hydropower projects. Most of
the sites (17/20) are located in regions with at least three months with precipitations below 10 mm/month. The ratio
becomes 13 catchments over 17 considering at least 4 months with precipitations below 10mm/month.
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Figure 48 below presents the bar charts of the average monthly precipitations over the catchments of the top 20
prioritized potential hydropower projects.
Figure 48. Monthly precipitations over the catchments of the top 20 prioritized potential
hydroelectric projects.
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6.3.6 Results
The methodologies used to estimate the hydrological features at the top 20 prioritized potential hydropower projects
are presented in Table 24 below:
Table 24. List of the 20 prioritized sites with the method selected to estimate the
hydrological parameters and criteria of selection.
FLOW
SITE CATCHMEN DISTANCE
MONITORING METHOD CRITERIA AND REMARKS
CODE T RATIO [KM]
STATION
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1974 to 1977
+/- 10
Mtembwa at < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
M070 102% (downstream REG
Chipoma No SIEREM gauging station data available
)
< 5 high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1978 to 2016 (30% of daily data
+/- 30
M121B Ngono at Kalebe 10% HM gap)
(upstream)
< 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
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> 1981: CHIPRS satellite images available
Water basin: no data collected
Pangani at GRDC: time-series period from 1959 to 1977 (<1% of daily data gap)
M245 OBS
Korogwe > 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir constructed upstream in 1967
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1971 to 2016 (41% of daily data
Kitewaka at +/- 30 gap)
M288 5% HM
Muhumbi (upstream) < 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
> 1981: CHIPRS satellite images available
Basin Offices: no data collected
GRDC: time-series period from 1976 to 2002
Rutikira at New
M295 REG Catchment ratio <1%: impossible to use observed data from this
R.Bridge
station
No other streamflow data available
Basin Offices: no data collected
M299 ? REG
No streamflow data available
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1972 to 1994 (8% of daily data
Ruvuma at +/- 60
N010 3% OBS gap)
Mahinga (upstream)
> 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1974 to 1977 (2% of daily data
gap)
Mtembwa at
SF017 29% REG < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
Chipoma
No SIEREM gauging station data available
< 5 high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: no data collected
SF019 ? REG
No streamflow data available
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1975 to 1980 (8% of daily data
+/- 15 gap)
Mfwizi at
SF020 107% (downstream OBS < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
Paramawe
) No SIEREM gauging station data available
> 5 high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1975 to 1988 (12% of daily data
Luegele at 2 gap)
SF022 99% HM
Lubalisi (upstream) < 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
> 1981: CHIPRS satellite images available
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1959 to 1987 (3% of daily data
Lukosi at
SF082 46% OBS gap)
Mtandika
> 10 consecutive high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: no data collected
Luegele at No streamflow data available
SF178 44% HM
Lubalisi Catchment similar and nearby to SF022 catchment: hydrological
modelling with SF178 inputs andSF022 optimization parameters
Muyovozi at 8.5 Basin Offices: data collected unexploitable
SF187 78% REG
Kanyoni (upstream) No other streamflow data available
Basin Offices: no data collected
SF206 ? REG
No streamflow data available
Basin Offices: waterlevel data collected (unexploitable)
GRDC: time-series period from 1975 to 1980 (<1% of daily data gap)
Kalambo at +/- 80
SF214A 41% OBS < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
Kapozwa (upstream)
No SIEREM gauging station data available
> 5 high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: waterlevel data collected (unexploitable)
GRDC: time-series period from 1975 to 1980 (<1% of daily data gap)
Kalambo at +/- 80
SF214B 42% OBS < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
Kapozwa (upstream)
No SIEREM gauging station data available
> 5 high-quality hydrological years
Basin Offices: time-series period from 1975 to 1979 (1% of daily data
gap)
Samvya at 2.5
SF217 99% REG < 1981: no CHIRPS satellite images
Yunga (upstream)
No SIEREM gauging station data available
< 5 high-quality hydrological years
SF266 ? REG Basin Offices: no data collected
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No streamflow data available
Kigogo Ruaha at
Basin Offices: data collected unexploitable
SF294 Lugema REG
No other streamflow data available
(Mshongo)
In total: 10 sites use the regionalization method, 6 sites uses the observed streamflow data method and 4 sites use
the hydrological modelling method.
6.4 ADDITIONAL SITE INVESTIGATIONS
The Site Investigation Report is delivered in the frame of PHASE 2 (Ground-based data collection) and aims at
providing an overview, at reconnaissance level, of the top 20 prioritized potential small hydropower sites in Tanzania.
The data and information collected during the site investigations of the 20 potential hydroelectric projects were used to
prepare a preliminary layout for each site including a preliminary bill of quantities and investment costs. The preliminary
design of the potential hydropower schemes, their energy performance analysis and eventually the economic modelling
are detailed in dedicated project fiches consolidated in the Site Investigation Report. It contains detailed project sheets
for the top 20 prioritized sites.
The findings presented in the Site Investigation Report are based on high-level technical site investigations described
in the following sections.
6.4.1 Site visits by the Consultant’s Team of Experts
Reconnaissance were undertaken by hydropower experts.
6.4.2 Topographic surveys
The objective of the topographic survey on the 20 prioritized sites is to confirm the available gross head and identify
the best feasible option for the waterway.
The topographic survey was carried out by remote sensing. An
eBee Plus drone equipped with a specific camera designed for
photogrammetric mapping was used.
Outputs from drone survey are (1) a high resolution
orthophotography (0.1m resolution) and (2) a Digital Surface
Model (DSM). The DSM includes the vegetation cover, but it
gives an excellent overview of the topographical features of the
site of interest. Contour lines are calculated from the DSM.
Figure 49. eBee Plus drone
equipped with a camera for the
topographical survey.
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Figure 50. Digital Surface Model (DSM) and orthophotography from drone survey at M070 site.
6.4.3 Characterization of the surface geology
The Consultant carried out the additional site visits of the 20 prioritized sites with a geologist. The objective was to
assess the geological conditions and the types of materials existing in the region, as well as to give an initial overview
of the geotechnical properties of these materials. Recommendations are also formulated regarding the need for further
studies and investigations if necessary.
6.4.4 Identification of socio-economic and environmental context
The Consultant carried out the additional site visits of the 20 prioritized sites with a socio-environmental Expert who
gave an overview of the socio-environmental context of the project area. The Expert also determined the potential
impacts of the proposed scheme on the project area. Where appropriate, the analysis highlights the elements that
should be taken into account in future studies to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are taken. The expert
paid a special attention to the World Bank safeguard policies that could be triggered during the planning process.
The World Bank has developed a series of operational policies (OP), or safeguards, to help identify, avoid, and
minimize social and environmental impacts. These operational polices and safeguards are prerequisites to accessing
the World Bank funding assistance to address certain environmental and social risks for specific development projects.
6.4.5 Dedicated hydrological study.
The targeted hydrological study based on data collection within the Water Basin Offices and hydrological modelling is
described in section 8.3.
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Contract n°7169139
Figure 51. Location of the top 20 prioritized potential hydropower projects
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Contract n°7169139
7 PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES OF FOUR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
A Technical Memo was delivered to REA and the World Bank in the frame of PHASE 2 (Ground-based data collection),
in September 2017. It aims at providing advices to the Rural Energy Agency and the World Bank for the selection of
the four (4) potential hydroelectric projects to be studied at prefeasibility level by the Consultant, SHER Ingénieurs-
Conseils.
As per the Terms of References of the Study (Revised Terms of References for the Phase II and III of the Project,
September 24, 2014), the prefeasibility studies covered the following aspects:
Review of the existing data and GIS information;
Additional site visit to the four sites and main load centers/national grid connection by relevant sector
experts;
Additional topographic and geotechnical surveys, update of the hydrology, and assessments of
environmental and social impact to reach study results at pre-feasibility level;
Preparation of a conceptual design and drawings at pre-feasibility level; Schematic Layout of Hydro
Powerhouse, weir or dam (when applicable), waterways and Transmission Lines to the main load centers
/ national grid connection;
Preparation of a Budgetary Cost Estimate, including costs for environmental and social costs, and Electricity
Generation Estimate for a range of installed capacities;
Preliminary economic analysis.
In compliance with our Terms of References, the selection of the four sites was be made amongst the list of the top 20
prioritized hydroelectric projects presented in the Site Investigation Report. The location of the 20 potential hydroelectric
projects is shown in Figure 51 below and their key technical features and economic performances are presented in
Table 25.
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Table 25. Key features of the top 20 prioritized small potential hydropower sites
Hydrology Project features at firm design flow (Q90%) Project features at median design flow (Q50%)
CAPEX LCOE CAPEX CAPEX LCOE
Gross CAPEX LCOE LCOE
Atlas Firm flow Median (without (without (incl. (without (without
Site Name Catchment head Power Energy (incl. lines (incl. lines Power Energy (incl. lines &
Code River Q90% flow Q50% lines & lines & lines & lines & lines &
[km²] [m] [MW] [GWh/y] & access) & access) [MW] [GWh/y] access)
[m³/s] [m³/s] access) access) access) access) access)
[M$] [$/kWh] [$/kWh]
[M$] [$/kWh] [M$] [M$] [$/kWh]
M-070 Momba II Momba 6418 0.44 7.43 358 1.28 10.40 47.13 0.49 18.29 0.19 21.67 125.20 123.50 0.11 94.66 0.08
M-121B Kitogota Falls Kitogota 121 0.37 0.77 30 0.09 0.73 1.66 0.25 1.00 0.15 0.18 1.31 1.91 0.16 1.25 0.11
Mandera's
M245 Pangani 44928 12.82 21.97 43 4.38 36.84 17.19 0.05 16.23 0.05 7.59 56.50 24.52 0.05 23.45 0.05
Waterfall
SF-020 Mfizi II Mfizi 2544 0.00 1.21 153 0.00 0.00 20.47 - 2.82 - 1.49 8.28 26.38 0.35 8.73 0.12
SF-022 Luegere Luegere 1332 1.59 4.56 114 1.40 11.86 24.70 0.23 8.24 0.08 4.15 27.65 51.33 0.20 17.99 0.07
SF-178 Mgambazi Mgambazi 592 0.75 2.08 57 0.34 2.90 19.66 0.73 4.95 0.19 0.92 6.19 20.70 0.36 5.99 0.11
SF-187 Muyovozi Muyovozi 2720 3.43 12.04 30 0.71 5.92 13.98 0.26 4.55 0.08 2.73 18.19 20.82 0.12 11.39 0.07
SF-214A Kalambo I Kalambo 1335 0.36 1.88 17 0.05 0.42 5.13 1.33 1.91 0.50 0.25 1.53 5.87 0.41 2.64 0.19
SF-214B Kalambo II Kalambo 1348 0.36 1.90 20 0.05 0.44 5.84 1.44 1.78 0.44 0.30 1.83 6.82 0.40 2.75 0.16
SF-217 Samvya Samvya 1849 0.18 2.24 126 0.18 1.47 17.12 1.26 3.05 0.23 2.22 13.11 25.25 0.21 11.18 0.09
M-288 Kelolilo Mganbanyayu 105 0.47 1.09 79 0.29 2.43 4.34 0.19 1.99 0.09 0.68 4.71 6.63 0.15 4.27 0.10
M-295 Myombezi Myombezi 35 0.12 0.30 94 0.09 0.76 7.51 1.07 1.23 0.18 0.23 1.58 8.21 0.56 1.93 0.13
M-299 Luaita Luaita 55 0.10 0.35 30 0.02 0.20 0.54 0.29 0.34 0.18 0.09 0.57 0.73 0.14 0.53 0.10
N-010 Kitandazi II Mbinga 183 0.18 0.64 26 0.04 0.31 1.87 0.65 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.85 2.20 0.28 1.08 0.14
SF-017 Momba I Momba 1849 0.90 11.13 4 0.02 0.18 4.72 2.76 0.98 0.57 0.29 1.79 5.73 0.35 1.99 0.12
SF-019 Lwazi Lwazi 515 0.17 2.12 167 0.23 1.86 10.42 0.60 3.45 0.20 2.77 16.32 21.06 0.14 14.10 0.09
SF-082 Lukosi Lukosi 1535 5.78 9.10 103 4.76 40.30 20.85 0.06 16.38 0.05 7.59 57.33 28.32 0.05 23.63 0.05
SF-206 Chulu Chulu 99 0.03 0.35 829 0.20 1.64 16.36 1.08 6.30 0.42 2.39 14.14 55.54 0.43 45.48 0.35
SF-266 Muhuwesi Muhuwesi 640 0.38 3.10 83 0.25 2.01 10.95 0.59 4.31 0.23 1.91 11.69 17.50 0.16 10.86 0.10
SF-294 Kigogo Kigogo 52 0.06 0.42 539 0.25 2.08 11.45 0.60 7.76 0.40 1.86 11.44 23.02 0.22 19.33 0.18
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7.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SELECTION CRITERIA
This section presents the criteria for the selection of the projects that will be studied at prefeasibility level. These criteria
are based on the additional information and data available following the field investigations (Phase 2), notably the
results of the topographic survey, surface geology, socio-environmental aspects and hydrological studies based of the
data collected in the Water Basin Offices of Tanzania.
Important note: It is important to note that the uncertainties on the baseline data for assessing the actual potential of
a site are variable. The main source of uncertainty relates to the hydrology of the rivers of interest. Indeed, for many of
the potential hydroelectric sites studied in this study, there is little or no accurate information on their hydrological
regime. These hydrological characteristics play a major role in the calculation of the technical and economic parameters
of the hydroelectric schemes as well as their development planning and type of connection for the evacuation of the
energy produced.
7.2.1 Criterion 1 - Installed capacity between 300 kW and 10 MW
The Terms of Reference of this study indicate that “small hydro” shall refer as having a generation capacity between 1
to 10 MW. Nevertheless, REA expressed its wish to include potential sites under 1 MW. The minimum of 300 kW has
been agreed upon. That value corresponds to a minimal project size in terms of investment and technical barriers for
electro-mechanical equipment under which a private developer will face problems to recover its investment and/or find
quality equipment for a reasonable price. Note however that some sites are located in areas where the uncertainty of
hydrological data is still rather high, which can have a positive or negative influence on the final installed capacity or
production.
7.2.2 Criterion 2 - Favorable hydrological conditions: Q90% > 0.2m³/s
The development of hydroelectric project on rivers that feature dry periods (zero streamflow) during a given period of
the year is usually not appropriate for multiple reasons amongst which: (i) no energy generation during several months
of the year; (ii) production difficult to predict; (iii) high maintenance costs and (iv) operation and maintenance
constraints. This problem is particularly disadvantageous for Mini-Grid as the available thermal capacity must be high
enough to balance the production deficit to supply the demand. The problem is even more critical for off-grid systems
where there will not be any power supply during the dry season.
Given the hydrological uncertainties and based on our similar experience in other countries across the world, the
minimum threshold of 200 L/s at Q90% is proposed. This means that the river at the site of interest must have a minimum
of 200 L/s at least 90% of the time over a year. Given the uncertainties, this criterion ensures that the river is not dry
during a period longer than one month a year.
7.2.3 Criterion 3 - Competitive economic performance: Levelized Cost of Energy thresholds
The proposed projects must be economically attractive compared to other alternatives for the production of electricity.
In accordance with the economic constraints of small hydropower development and the competitiveness of the future
sites, the Consultant has set a maximum threshold for the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) at:
< 50 US$/MWh for main Grid connection;
< ~100 US$/MWh for Mini-Grid connection;
< 200 US$/MWh for pure off-grid operation (no other source of power).
Those threshold values were discussed and agreed upon with REA and the World Bank during the presentation of the
Hydro Mapping Report (approved in April 2015).
The potential hydropower projects were compared based on their costs per kWh produced, expressed in terms of
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) which is a stream of equal payments, normalized over expected energy production
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periods that would allow a project owner to recover all costs, an assumed return on investment, over a predetermined
life span.
The LCOE has been calculated excluding the cost for the access roads and the transmission lines (which makes a
good project or not) which is comparable to the figures collected in the Power System Master Plan (Update 2013) and
in the SREP-Investment Plan for Tanzania (2013).
7.2.4 Criterion 4 - No evidence of major social and environmental constraints, including solid transport
The first site visits (Site Visit Report 2015 and update 2016) identified obvious constraints that would jeopardize the
development of promising potential hydroelectric projects. Those constraints were notably the presence of a protected
area or game reserve, the presence of soil instability or even a high solid transport even during the dry season.
Secondly, the additional investigations carried out by the Team of Experts in environmental and social impact
assessment identified the operational policies (OPs) of the World Bank that could be triggered for the development of
the top 20 prioritized hydroelectric projects.
Environmental and social constraints have been classified into three categories:
"Low": few environmental and / or social constraints identified at this stage of the study;
"Medium": mitigation measures exist for identified environmental and / or social constraints;
"High": the identified environmental and / or social constraints could jeopardize the development of the
project.
The "High" category is considered as an exclusion criterion in the multicriteria analysis.
7.2.5 Criterion 5 - No evidence of major geological constraints
The additional field investigations carried out by the Team of Geologists provided additional information for the
description of the surface geology of the various sites and thus to identify if there were major geological constraints for
the development of these sites. These constraints have been classified into two categories:
- "Low": No evidence of major geological constraints or easily manageable, identified at this stage of study;
- "High": the identified geological constraints could prevent the development of the project or may result in significantly
increase of the project costs.
The "High" category is considered an exclusion criterion in the multicriteria analysis.
7.3 MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS
The aforementioned criteria were applied to the set of the top 20 prioritized hydroelectric projects. The results of the
multicriteria are presented in Table 26 below.
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Table 26. Results of the multicriteria analysis for the selection of the four sites eligible for the
prefeasibility studies.
CRITERION CRITERION 2 CRITERION 3 CRITERION 4 CRITERION 5
SITE IDENTIFICATION
1 Low flow LCOE Environmental and/or Social Geology
ELIGIBLE SITES
Solid Social /
FOR
Power LCOE (without National Grid / Transport Environmental Geological Risk
Code Firm flow PREFEASIBILITY
Site Name River Region @Q50% lines and Mini-grid / [Low / constraint [Low / Medium
Atlas (Q90%) [m³/s] STUDIES
[MW] access) [$/MWh] Off-grid Medium / [Low / Medium / / High]
High] High]
M-070 Momba II Momba Mbeya 21.67 0.44 83.3 National Grid Low Low High -
M-121B Kitogota Falls Kitogota Kagera 0.18 0.37 105.1 Bukoba Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
M245 Mandera's Pangani Tanga 7.59 12.82 46.1 National Grid Low Low Low ✓
SF-020 Mfizi II Mfizi Rukwa 1.49 0.00 115.4 Mpanda Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
SF-022 Luegere Luegere Kigoma 4.15 1.59 71.7 Kigoma Mini-Grid Low Low Low ✓
SF-178 Mgambazi Mgambazi Kigoma 0.92 0.75 105.9 Kigoma Mini-Grid Low Medium Low -
SF-187 Muyovozi Muyovozi Kigoma 2.73 3.43 69.0 Kibundo Mini-Grid Low Low Low ✓
SF-214A Kalambo I Kalambo Rukwa 0.25 0.36 187.6 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
SF-214B Kalambo II Kalambo Rukwa 0.30 0.36 163.4 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
SF-217 Samvya Samvya Rukwa 2.22 0.18 93.7 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Low Low Low ✓
M-288 Kelolilo Mganban Iringa 0.68 0.47 99.2 Ludewa Mini-Grid Low Low Low ✓
M-295 Myombezi Myombez Ruvuma 0.23 0.12 132.9 Off-grid Low Low Low -
M-299 Luaita Luaita Ruvuma 0.09 0.10 102.6 Mbinga Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
N-010 Kitandazi II Mbinga Ruvuma 0.13 0.18 137.6 Mbinga Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
SF-017 Momba I Momba Rukwa 0.29 0.90 121.6 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Low Low Low -
SF-019 Lwazi Lwazi Rukwa 2.77 0.17 94.9 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Medium Low Low -
SF-082 Lukosi Lukosi Iringa 7.59 5.78 45.8 National Grid Low Low Low ✓
SF-206 Chulu Chulu Rukwa 2.39 0.03 348.6 Sumbawanga Mini-Grid Medium Low Low -
SF-266 Muhuwesi Muhuwesi Ruvuma 1.91 0.38 101.8 Tunduru Mini-Grid Low Low Low ✓
SF-294 Kigogo Kigogo Iringa 1.86 0.06 184.0 National Grid Low High Low -
7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The multicriteria analysis reveals that seven (7) potential hydropower projects are eligible to be studied at prefeasibility
level in the context of this study: M-245 (Mandera's Waterfall), SF-022 (Luegere), SF-187 (Muyovozi), SF-217
(Samvya), M-288 (Kelolilo), SF-082 (Lukosi) and SF-266 (Muhuwesi).
Following meetings held in Dar Es Salaam on the 26th and 27th of September 2017 with the Rural Energy Agency, the
Ministry of Energy and Minerals, the World Bank and the Consultant, it appears that (i) feasibility studies have been
performed recently for M-245 (Mandera's Waterfall) and SF-082 (Lukosi) and (ii) water uses for irrigation purposes
might be problematic for the development of the M-245 (Mandera's Waterfall) hydroelectric project. As a consequence,
it has been jointly decided to exclude those two (2) sites from the list of eligible candidates for the prefeasibility studies.
Hence, it was agreed that five (5) potential hydroelectric projects are eligible for the prefeasibility studies:
SF-022 (Luegere), SF-187 (Muyovozi), SF-217 (Samvya), M-288 (Kelolilo), and SF-266 (Muhuwesi).
Those five candidates hydroelectric projects are expected to supply energy to five different Mini-Grids, as highlighted
in Table 26.
Details on those five sites, including pictures, are available in the Site Investigation Report.
Based on the recommendations presented in this Technical Memo and the discussions held in Dar Es Salaam on the
26th and 27th of September 2017 with the Rural Energy Agency, the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, the World Bank
and the Consultant, the Tanzanian stakeholders of the Study have finalized the selection process internally.
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On the 4th of October 2017, it was decided by REA to proceed with the prefeasibility studies of the following four sites:
SF 217 - Samvya
SF 022 - Luegere
SF 187 - Muyowozi
SF 266 - Muhuwesi
7.5 KEY OUTCOMES OF THE PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES
The following sections present the key conclusions of the prefeasibility studies.
It is important to note that the conclusions of the four economic analyses are conditioned to the validation of the flow
duration curves estimated in the hydrological studies. This validation can only be achieved by hydrological monitoring
of the various rivers. This hydrological monitoring should include not only the continuous water level monitoring but
also the gauging operations of the rivers for the establishment of validated rating curves.
Beyond the development of the four hydroelectric projects, it is strongly recommended that the Government of
Tanzania further develop the existing hydrological monitoring network for its rivers with high hydropower potential in
order to better understand the available water resources and thus promote the development of hydroelectric projects
across the country. It is only in a context of reduced uncertainties through reliable, recent and long-term records (more
than 20 years) that technical parameters and economic and financial analyzes of hydroelectric developments can be
defined accurately, enabling optimization of their design and their flood control infrastructure (temporary and
permanent).
7.5.1 Muyovosi hydroelectric project (SF187)
The hydrological study revealed that the Muyovozi River is characterized by a good guaranteed low-flow which should
be confirmed by hydrological monitoring of the River.
The preliminary investigation of the surface geology concludes that the site is favorable for the construction of the
project as long as appropriate mitigation measures are put in place. The site has no major problems of stability and
leakages. Further investigations will however have to be undertaken in further studies.
Preliminary socio-environmental studies show that the development of the Muyovozi project has no major impacts that
cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures.
The economic analysis reveals that the construction costs of the 33kV transmission line to Kibondo (or Lusahunga)
mini-grid are high. However, those costs will be significantly reduced in the near future with the construction of the
400kV transmission line between Nyakanazi and Kigoma at horizon 2020, as proposed in the Power Supply Master
Plan (2016). The Muyovozi hydroelectric project is an economically attractive scheme with a LCOE of 0.0897 US$/kWh
if the costs of the costs of the transmission line and access roads are excluded. The Muyovozi Project features a
production costs significantly lower than the standardized small power projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 2MW
and 3MW, as approved by EWURA in 2016 (0.108 US$/kWh).
Table 27 below summarizes the key features of the proposed layout of the Muyovozi hydroelectric scheme.
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Table 27. Key features of the Muyovosi hydroelectric project.
FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS
Location Region Kigoma -
River Muyovozi -
Hydrology Catchment area 2 720.00 km²
Median streamflow (Q50%) 12.04 m³/s
Firm streamflow (Q95%) 2.12 m³/s
Design flow 11.44 m³/s
Design flood (100 years) 624 m³/s
Gravity weir (Overflowing
Diverting structure Structure type -
section : Trapezoidal)
Material used Concrete -
Overflowing section crest length 40 m
Total structure length 85 m
Overflowing section height 3.00 m
Non-overflowing section height 8.80 m
Crest elevation 1 192.00 masl
Slab elevation 1 189.00 masl
Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 1 189.00 masl
Number of bays 2.00 pce
Gate section 1.6 x 2 mxm
Intake Number of bays 4 pce
Invert elevation 1 189.50 masl
Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) -
Desilting structure Yes
Number of basins 3.00 pce
Water level 1 192.00 masl
Waterway Headrace canal length 1 147 m
Canal Headrace canal section 2.8 x 3.2 mxm
Average slope 0.001 m/m
Forebay Yes - -
Water level 1 190.85 masl
Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce
Length 226 m
Diameter 1.70 m
Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 1 165.00 masl
electromechanical
equipments Gross head 27.00 m
Number of units 2 pce
Turbine type Kaplan -
Operating discharge per unit 5.72 m³/s
Total installed capacity 2 270 kW
Average annual energy generation 15.00 GWh/year
Access road Length of road to build 2 200 m
Length of road to rehabilitate 3 700 m
60 (Kibondo) or
Transmission lines Length km
50 (Lusahunga)
Voltage 33 kV
CAPEX - without access road and
Economic data 9.78 M$
transmission lines
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LCOE - without access road and
0.09 $/kWh
transmission lines
CAPEX - access road and 17.38 (Kibondo) or
M$
transmission lines included 16.41 (Lusahunga)
LCOE - access road and 0.16 (Kibondo) or
$/kWh
transmission lines included 0.15 (Lusahunga)
Figure 52. Proposed layout for the Muyovosi hydroelectric project
7.5.2 Muhuwesi hydroelectric project (SF266)
The hydrological study (based on regional data) revealed that the Muhuwesi River is characterized by a reasonable
guaranteed low-flow that shall be confirmed by hydrological monitoring of the River. Indeed, the dry season in the study
area features five months with precipitations below 5 mm per month (on average).
The preliminary investigation of the surface geology concludes that the site is favorable for the construction of the
project as long as appropriate mitigation measures are put in place. The site has no major problems of stability and
leakages. Further investigations will however have to be undertaken in further studies.
Preliminary socio-environmental studies show that the development of the Muhuwesi project has no major impacts that
cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures.
The economic analysis reveals that the construction costs of the 33kV transmission line to Tunduru mini-grid are
reasonable (8km). However, the transmission system evolves continuously with the planning and construction of new
electrification projects. Moreover, the Power Supply Master Plan (2016) propose the construction of a 400 kV
transmission line between Songea and Tunduru at horizon 2030 which would ensure the electricity production stability
supplied by the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme. The costs of building new access to the site are significant in the total
budget.
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The Muhuwesi hydroelectric project is an economically attractive scheme with a LCOE of 0.11 US$/kWh if the costs of
the costs of the transmission line and access roads are excluded. The Muhuwesi Project features a production costs
significantly lower than the standardized small power projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 1MW and 2MW, as
approved by EWURA in 2016 (0.115 US$/kWh).
Table 28 below summarizes the key features of the proposed layout of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme.
Table 28. Key features of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project.
FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS
Location Region Ruvuma -
River Muhuwesi -
Hydrology Catchment area 640 km²
Median streamflow (Q50%) 3.10 m³/s
Firm streamflow (Q95%) 0.17 m³/s
Design flow 2.94 m³/s
Design flood (100 years) 376 m³/s
Gravity weir (Overflowing
Diverting structure Structure type -
section : Creager)
Material used Concrete -
Overflowing section crest length 130 m
Total structure length 140 m
Overflowing section height 3.00 m
Non-overflowing section height 5.25 m
Crest elevation 642.00 masl
Slab elevation 639.00 masl
Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 639.00 masl
Number of bays 2.00 pce
Gate section 1 x 1.5 mxm
Intake Number of bays 2 pce
Invert elevation 639.50 masl
Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) -
Desilting structure Yes - -
Number of basins 2.00 pce
Water level 642.00 masl
Waterway Headrace canal length 2 280 m
Canal Headrace canal section 1.8 x 2.1 mxm
Average slope 0.001 m/m
Forebay Yes - -
Water level 639.72 masl
Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce
Length 170 m
Diameter 0.80 m
Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 561.00 masl
mechanical works Gross head 81.00 m
Number of units 2 pce
Turbine type Pelton -
Operating discharge per unit 1.47 m³/s
Total installed capacity 1 820 kW
Average annual energy generation 10.90 GWh/year
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Access road Length of road to build 10 900 m
Length of road to renovate 0 m
Transmission lines Length 8 km
Voltage 33 kV
CAPEX - without access road and
Economic data 8.62 M$
transmission lines
LCOE - without access road and
0.11 $/kWh
transmission lines
CAPEX - access road and
14.58 M$
transmission lines included
LCOE - access road and
0.18 $/kWh
transmission lines included
Figure 53. Proposed layout for the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project
7.5.3 Luegere hydroelectric project (SF022)
The hydrological study revealed that the Luegere River is characterized by a good guaranteed low-flow that should be
confirmed by hydrological monitoring of the River.
The preliminary investigation of the surface geology concludes that from a geological point of view the site is favorable
for the construction of the project as long as the appropriate mitigation measures are put in place. The site has no
major problems of stability and leakages. Further studies will however have to be undertaken in further studies.
Preliminary socio-environmental studies show that the development of the Luegere project has no major impacts that
cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures.
The economic analysis reveals that the construction costs of the 33kV transmission line to the Kigoma mini-grid are
high. However, those costs will be significantly reduced in the near future with the construction of the 400kV
transmission line between Kigoma and Mpanda at horizon 2020, as proposed in the Power Supply Master Plan (2016).
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The Luegere hydroelectric project is an economically attractive scheme with a LCOE of 0.05 US$/kWh if the costs of
the transmission line costs and access roads are excluded. The Luegere Project features a production costs
significantly lower than the standardized small power projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 5MW and 6MW, as
approved by EWURA in 2016 (0.095 US$/kWh).
Table 29. Key features of the Luegere hydroelectric project.
FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS
Location Region Kigoma -
River Luegere -
Hydrology Catchment area 1,317 km²
Median streamflow (Q50%) 4.56 m³/s
Firm streamflow (Q95%) 1.41 m³/s
Design flow 4.33 m³/s
Design flood (100 years) 220 m³/s
Gravity weir
Diverting structure Structure type -
(Overflowing section : Creager)
Material used Concrete -
Overflowing section crest length 50 m
Total structure length 70 m
Overflowing section height 4.50 m
Non-overflowing section height 7.15 m
Crest elevation 943.00 masl
Slab elevation 938.50 masl
Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 938.50 masl
Number of bays 2.00 pce
Gate section 1.4 x 1.5 mxm
Intake Number of bays 2 pce
Invert elevation 941.00 masl
Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) -
Desilting structure Yes
Number of basins 2.00 pce
Water level 943.00 masl
Waterway Headrace canal length 1 420 m
Canal Headrace canal section 2 x 2.3 mxm
Average slope 0.001 m/m
Forebay Yes - -
Water level 941.58 masl
Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce
Length 1 110 m
Diameter 1.20 m
Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 786.00 masl
electromechanical equipment Gross head 157.00 m
Number of units 3 pce
Turbine type Pelton -
Operating discharge per unit 1.44 m³/s
Total installed capacity 5 340 kW
Average annual energy generation 34.40 GWh/year
Access road Length of road to build 9,000 m
Length of road to rehabilitate 0 m
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Contract n°7169139
Transmission lines Length 85 km
Voltage 33 kV
CAPEX - without access road and
Economic data 13.14 M$
transmission lines
LCOE - without access road and
0.05 $/kWh
transmission lines
CAPEX - access road and
24.97 M$
transmission lines included
LCOE - access road and
0.10 $/kWh
transmission lines included
Figure 54. Proposed layout for the Luegere hydroelectric project
7.5.4 Samvya hydroelectric project (SF217)
The hydrological study (based on regional data) revealed that the Samvya River is characterized by a severe low-flow
period. Hydrological monitoring of the river shall confirm that the river is not seasonal. Indeed, the dry season in the
study area features four months with precipitations below 5 mm per month (on average).
The preliminary investigation of the surface geology concludes that the site is favorable for the construction of the
project as long as appropriate mitigation measures are put in place. The site has no major problems of stability and
leakages. Further investigations will however have to be undertaken in further studies.
Preliminary socio-environmental studies show that the development of the Samvya project has no major impacts that
cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures.
The economic analysis reveals that the construction costs of the 33kV transmission line to Mpui are reasonable (9km).
However, the cost associated with the access roads remain high. The Samvya hydroelectric project is an economically
attractive scheme with a LCOE of 0.09 US$/kWh if the costs of the costs of the transmission line and access roads are
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Contract n°7169139
excluded. The Samvya Project features a production costs significantly lower than the standardized small power
projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 1MW and 2MW, as approved by EWURA in 2016 (0.115 US$/kWh).
Table 30 below summarizes the key features of the proposed layout of the Samvya hydroelectric scheme.
Table 30. Key features of the Samvya hydroelectric project.
FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS
Location Region Rukwa -
River Samvya -
Hydrology Catchment area 565 km²
Median streamflow (Q50%) 2.24 m³/s
Firm streamflow (Q95%) 0.07 m³/s
Design flow 2.13 m³/s
Design flood (100 years) 114 m³/s
Gravity weir (Overflowing
Diverting structure Structure type -
section : Creager)
Material used Concrete -
Overflowing section crest length 30 m
Total structure length 75 m
Overflowing section height 3.00 m
Non-overflowing section height 5.50 m
Crest elevation 1 673.00 masl
Slab elevation 1 670.00 masl
Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 1 670.00 masl
Number of bays 2.00 pce
Gate section 1 x 1.2 mxm
Intake Number of bays 2 pce
Invert elevation 1 671.50 masl
Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) -
Desilting structure Yes - -
Number of basins 2.00 pce
Water level 1 673.00 masl
Waterway Headrace canal length 1 955 m
Canal Headrace canal section 1.7 x 1.9 mxm
Average slope 0.001 m/m
Forebay Yes - -
Water level 1 671.05 masl
Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce
Length 500 m
Diameter 0.80 m
Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 1 555.00 masl
electromechanical equipment Gross head 118.00 m
Number of units 2 pce
Turbine type Pelton -
Operating discharge per unit 1.06 m³/s
Total installed capacity 1 940 kW
Average annual energy generation 11.10 GWh/an
Access road Length of road to build 7000 m
Length of road to renovate 3000 m
Transmission lines Length 9 km
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Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Voltage 33 kV
CAPEX - without access road and
Economic data 7.49 M$
transmission lines
LCOE - without access road and
0.09 $/kWh
transmission lines
CAPEX - access road and
11.45 M$
transmission lines included
LCOE - access road and
0.14 $/kWh
transmission lines included
Figure 55. Proposed layout for the Samvya hydroelectric project
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Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
8 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
A key output of the Small Hydro Mapping Study is the delivery of the GIS and associated spatial database of potential
hydropower projects. Training sessions (2 days) dedicated to the concepts of spatial information and geographical
information system was held in Dar Es Salaam in April 2015.
Every session started with a theoretical introduction and a demonstration followed by practical exercises. The sessions
focused on the following aspects:
The first session target a non-technical audience including decision-makers and managers:
General presentation of the Google Earth small hydropower database for managers and technical staff -
presentation of the capabilities of the GIS database.
The following sessions target engineers and technical staff:
Software installation, introduction to GIS, introduction to the main layers and shapefiles,
Consult and update (editing) of the database,
Updating the database from Google Earth data, from GPS data,
According to the participants level, the last session might be focused on
o more exercises on layers, consulting and editing the database
o creating maps
o possibilities of GIS for hydropower studies (presentation)
Twelve persons from the Ministry of Energy and Figure 56. Training session on GIS
Minerals, REA, SHP Centre Tanzania, EWURA and
TANESCO have attended the training session. The list
of attendees is presented in Appendix 7.
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9 CONCLUSIONS
The Study focuses exclusively on potential sites in the range of capacities between 0.3 and 10 MW. All the information
related to the hydropower sector in Tanzania having geographical coordinates has been compiled into a Geographic
Information System (GIS). The spatial database of potential hydropower sites is the result of the consolidation of
information from various sources: it contains a total of 455 potential hydropower sites amongst which 278 coming from
the literature and 177 newly identified by SiteFinder, a spatial analysis tool that identify river stretches featuring a high
hydropower potential based on rainfall and topography data (tool developed by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils).
In collaboration with The Rural Energy Agency (REA) and the associated entities, a portfolio of 85 hydropower projects
meeting the criteria of the study has been identified. The multicriteria analysis considered the following parameters:
the power capacity range corresponding to the terms of reference of the study (up to 10 MW), hydrological constraints,
economic performance of the projects (based on their levelized cost of energy) and finally the potential environmental
and social impacts.
In total, 85 promising sites have been visited between March 2014 and January 2015, from which 82 have a confirmed
potential for hydropower development. The data acquired during the sites visits are included in dedicated reports: “Sites
Visits Report - Potential Sites” and “Sites Visits Report - Existing sites”.
Amongst those 82 promising projects a subset of 20 was selected and constitutes the list of the top 20 prioritized
hydroelectric projects for short-term development in Tanzania. Additional field investigations (surface geology,
topography, hydrology and socio-environment) were carried out on the top 20 prioritized projects: (i) Additional site
visits by experts in hydropower design; (ii) Topographic surveys based on the processing of ortho-photogrammetric
images acquired by drone; (iii) Characterization of the surface geology; (iv) Description of the socio-economic and
environmental context; (v) Visit of the nine Water Basins Offices for hydrological data collection in order to perform
additional hydrological modelling. The reconnaissance and field investigations took place between September 2016
and July 2017. The data and information collected during the site investigations of the top 20 prioritized potential
hydroelectric projects were used to prepare a preliminary layout for each site including a preliminary bill of quantities
and investment costs. The preliminary design of the potential hydropower schemes, their energy performance analysis
and eventually the economic modelling are detailed in dedicated project fiches consolidated in the “Site Investigations
Report”.
Alongside to the potential hydropower sites selection process, the hydrological study revealed that, in general, available
hydrological data in Tanzania are sparse and / or non-existent for some catchments. For the vast majority of the
potential hydropower projects in this study, there is no or little accurate information on their hydrological regime.
Therefore, the Consultant developed and applied a methodology to estimate the statistical characteristics of river flows
at sites of interest, based on data available at other gauging stations in Tanzania. A confidence index to the hydrological
estimates was also attributed to each site.
The Study reveals that the small hydropower potential of Tanzania is good and largely untapped. Opportunities exist
in all power capacity ranges. The development of this potential is however hampered by the size of the country and
the poor state of the road network and tracks in remote areas. Soil degradation and erosion is worrying and may
question the feasibility of some hydraulic projects. This context of catchment degradation and suspended sediments
management must be considered in every future development of hydropower projects, whether large or small. Any
new infrastructure development must be part of an Integrated Watershed Resources Management (IWRM) process in
order to preserve the natural water resources of Tanzania in a sustainable way.
Without technical or economic considerations, the small hydro potential in Tanzania consists of more than
400 potential sites from 0.3 to 10 MW. Eighty-two (82) potential projects were visited with a cumulated capacity
of approximately 162 MW (confirmed small hydropower potential).
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 136 of 168
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Contract n°7169139
Small hydro projects have the advantage of a faster development process (~2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in
meeting the increasing electricity demand and a more easily available funding compared to the large hydro. The latter
requires a longer development process, complex financial closure and may encounter severe socio-environmental
constraints. Given the opportunity to replace expensive and polluting production from thermal power plants and the
future increase in energy demand on the main grid and mini-grids, small hydro projects remain appealing even when
a larger project is developed.
Expansion of the existing power grids should continue, as planned in the Power System Master Plan 2016. The
development should rely on accurate and transparent mapping highlighting the priorities and timeframes for their
development. Consequently, the economic attractiveness of remote hydropower projects could strongly increase due
to the expected reduced costs associated with the transmission lines and access roads. Those remote projects could
hence become competitive compared to thermal production.
In the light of a growing energy demand, the future development plans will have to integrate all the known and studied
hydropower sites distributed across the country, the most promising hydropower projects selected in this study and the
other renewable energy sources (solar, wind, ...) which will constitute a complete portfolio of renewable energy projects.
In a context of climate change and high seasonal variabilities of streamflow in the rivers, development of reservoir
projects should be further analyzed to provide more flexibility of the power system. Also, cascade development of
hydropower projects (including an upstream reservoir for daily or seasonal regulation) are particularly relevant in
Tanzania. Economy of scale, particularly in terms of access roads and transmission lines, are possible for such
projects.
It is important to note that the results are conditioned to the validation of the flow duration curves estimated in the
hydrological studies. This validation can only be achieved by hydrological monitoring of the various rivers. This
hydrological monitoring should include not only the continuous water level monitoring but also the gauging operations
of the rivers for the establishment of validated rating curves. It is strongly recommended that the Government of
Tanzania further develop the existing hydrological monitoring network for its rivers with high hydropower potential in
order to better understand the available water resources and thus promote the development of hydroelectric projects
across the country. It is only in a context of reduced uncertainties through reliable, recent and long-term records (more
than 20 years) that technical parameters and economic and financial analyzes of hydroelectric developments can be
defined accurately, enabling optimization of their design and their flood control infrastructure (temporary and
permanent).
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Contract n°7169139
10 APPENDICES
10.1 APPENDIX 1 : SITEFINDER TOOL
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10.2 APPENDIX 2 : BIBLIOGRAPHY
TITLE OF THE DOCUMENT AUTHOR DATE
Tanzania Rural Electrification Study Sweco 2005
Africa Renewable Future IRENA -
Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy_abstact IRENA -
Global Solar and Wind Atlas IRENA -
Implementation Strategy For a Global Solar and Wind Atlas IRENA -
Mini-grids based on Mini Hydro Power(MHP) sources to augment rural electrification in UNIDO -
River basin planning and management EJ.Manongi -
Rural Energy Agency and Innovation in Delivery of Modern Energy Services to Rural Areas REA -
Tanzania_Overview of The Electricity Sector Unknown -
Tanzania_Power Sector Situation Unknown -
Master Pan and Programme Report decon 2005
The Rural Energy Act 2005 REA 2005
Electricity Act 2008 TANESCO 2008
Power system Master Plan-Apendix C-Extended Steamflow Seres TANESCO 2008
Guidelines for Developers of Small Power Projects in Tanzania Draft 2009
Power system Master Plan 2009 Update SNC LAVALIN 2009
Rural Electrification Plan-Tanzania_V5 Suma SHP 2009
Target Market Analysis_Tanzania's Small-Hydro Energy Market Hankins_GTZ 2009
Joint Energy Sector Reviw_Final Report MEM 2011
REP_Financing Windows For Rural or Renewable Energy Development in Tanzania REA 2011
The organization Struction of the Ministry of Water Minister 2011
Power Report Master Plan_Interim Executive Summary Report MEM 2012
Visions, Scenarios and Action Plans Twards Next Generation Tanzania Power System Kihwete et al 2012
IRENA_Stecher et
Biomass Potential in Africa al_DBFZ 2013
Capacity Development Framework-Renewables_V1.1 Met Office 2013
Energy Lab Report Executive Summary TdV25 2013
Mini-Hydro for Rural Electrification in Tanzania DIT 2013
Power System Master Plan 2012 - update May 2013 MEM 2013
Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment-Fnal Inception Report SWECO 2013
Existing Studies Hydro Iventory.V2 Unknown -
List of GVEP-supported Small Hydropower sites in Tanzania Unknown -
List of Selected Projects for Feasibility Study Unknown -
List of Various Studies TANESCO -
Summary of Identified Small and Medium Hydropower Potential in Tanzania and their level Study Unknown -
Inventory of Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites TANESCO 2005
Inventory of Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites TANESCO 2005
List of Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites in Tanzania TANESCO 2009
List of Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites in Tanzania-Update TANESCO 2010
List of Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites in Tanzania-Update TANESCO 2010
List of Mini-Hydropower potential sites in tanzania TANESCO 2012
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TITLE OF THE DOCUMENT AUTHOR DATE
Projectpipleinelist_v2 REA 2012
Small and mini-hydropower potential sites in tanzania TANESCO 2012
Summary of SPP Developers Unknown 2013
Iringa Phase II_Summary of the reconnaissance study findings Unknown -
Project Records updated REA -
Reconnaissance study findings_Kagera,Iriringa,Ruvuma Region Unknown -
Surverys and Investigations SwedPower 1998
Small Hydro INVENTORY TANESCO 2002
Micro-Hydropower for Rural Electrification in Tanzania and Identification of suitable Local
Facilities UNIDO-TaTEDO 2005
Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains TaTEDO 2005
Reconnaissance Study_Mini hydropower Potential Sites-Rukwa Region TANESCO 2006
Reconnaissance Study_Mini-Hdropower Potential in Kagera Region_Draft Report TANESCO 2006
Reconnaissance Study_Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region TANESCO 2007
Reconnaissance Study_Minihydropower potential Sites-Iringa Region PhaseII TANESCO 2007
Reconnaissance Study_Minihydropower Potential Sites-Iringa Region PhaseIII TANESCO 2009
Annex 10_Reconnaissance Study_Mini-Hydropower Potential Sites_Morogoro Region_Draft TANESCO 2012
Identification of biomass potential in Tanga region_Tanzania IED 2012
Identification of Potential Hydropower Sites in Morogoro Region_Report of Field Mission IREP 2012
Reconnaissance Mission_Development of the Pangani and Kiwira Hydropower schemes Vala Associates 2012
Annex 10_Pre-faisability study of sites visited by Tanesco team in the south Morogoro region TANESCO -
Electrification of Muze village TANESCO -
Feasibility Study _Micro-Hydro Plant on Yongoma River Unknown -
Potential hydropowersites in the Pare Mountains TaTEDO -
Pre-Feasibility Study of Upper Ijangala Small Hydropower Plant ELCT -
Pre-Feasibility Study _Kitewaka Hydropower project_6p Unknown -
Tanzania Zeco Hydropower Reference List Unknown -
The Potential for Job Creation and Productivity Gains Trough Expanded Electrification Unknown -
Feasibility Studies_Ruhudji Hydropower Project_Final Report_Executive Summary SwedPower 1998
UNP_ESMAP_Pre-Investment Report on Mini-Hydropower Development-Rukwa region_Case
Mtambo River SECSD(P) 2000
UNP_ESMAP_Pre-Investment Report on Mini-Hydropower Development-Ruvuma region_Case
Muhuwesi River_185p Unknown 2000
Limkerenge Feasibility Study NINHAM SHAND 2002
Tanzania -Mini Hydropower Development-Case Studies on Malagarasi, Muhuwesi, and Kikuletwa
Rivers-VolI-The Malagarasi River ESMAP 2002
Tanzania -Mini Hydropower Development-Case Studies on Malagarasi, Muhuwesi, and Kikuletwa
Rivers-VolII-The Muhuwesi River ESMAP 2002
Tanzania -Mini Hydropower Development-Case Studies on Malagarasi, Muhuwesi, and Kikuletwa
Rivers-VolIII-The Kikuletwe River ESMAP 2002
Wino Development
A proposal for a rural transformation project in wino and mahanje Association 2004
Norwegia, Support to Implementation for SHP_Assessement and Prioritization Study NORPLAN 2009
Ruhudji Hydropower Porject_Complementary Hydrologicaly Studies_Interim Report SWECO 2009
Hydropower Prefeasibility Project Potential Along Kiwira River in Tanzania MeS 2010
Ruhudji Hydropower Project_Design Hydrology Report SWECO 2010
The Report on Pre-Feasibility Study of SHP Schemes in Morogoro, Iringa, Ruvuma and Mbeya
Regions-Tanzania Y Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology(1) 2010
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TITLE OF THE DOCUMENT AUTHOR DATE
The Report on Pre-Feasibility Study of SHP Schemes in Morogoro, Iringa, Ruvuma and Mbeya
Regions-TanzaniaY Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology(2) 2010
Dar Es Salaam Institute
The Report on Pre-Feasibility Study of SHP Schemes in Ruvuma and Iringa Regions-Tanzania of Technology(1) 2010
Dar Es Salaam Institute
The Report on Pre- Feasibility Study of SHP Schemes in Ruvuma and Iringa Regions Tanzania of Technology(2) 2010
Dar Es Salaam Institute
The Report on Pre-Feasibility Study of SHP Schemes in Ruvuma and Iringa Regions-Tanzania of Technology(3) 2010
Annex2_Prefeasibility study report for the potential demo sites UNIDO 2011
Kiwira River 10 MW Small Hydropower Project_Draft Feasibility Study EA Power 2011
Pre-Feasibility Studies for SHP project-Draft Final Report_PartII_Nkole SHPP ENCO 2012
Pre-Feasibility Studies for SHP project-Final Report_PartI_Zigi SHPP ENCO 2012
Feasibility Assessment for the Innstallation Of Hydroelectricity in Momba District SKY Energy 2013
Inception report_feasibility study of six mini hydropower project in Tanzania_Intec 2013
Modelling the Mtera_Kidatu Reservoir System to Improve IWRM Yawson_et_al 2003
NationalWater_Sector Development Strategy 2006
Water Ressources Assistance Strategy-Improving Water Security for Sustaining Liverlihoods and
Growth WB 2006
Rufiji Basin IWRMD Plan_Draft Interim ReportII-Volume2 Water Management Options based on
National Development Policies and Sectoral Plans WREM International Inc. 2007
Rufiji IWRMD Plan_Draft Interim Report VolumeI-Water Resources Availability Assessment WREM International Inc. 2007
Water Sector Status Report WREM International Inc. 2010
Rufiji Basin IWRMD Plan_Draft Interim ReportII-Volume1 Climate and Hydrologic Modeling and
Assessments WREM International Inc. 2013
Rufiji Basin IWRMD Plan_Draft Interim ReportII_Volume3 Stakeholder Participation, Capacity
Building, and Communication Plan WREM International Inc. 2013
Climat Change Adaptation in the Pangani River Basin IUCN -
Climate Projections for United Republic of Tanzania Jack_UCT -
Pangani River Basin-Tanzanie WANI Case Study IUCN -
The Economics of Climate Change in Tanzania-Water Resources Noel(SEI) -
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles C.McSweeney et al. -
Population and Assets Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Dar es Salaam(Tanzania)-Vulnerability to
Climate Extremes Kebede and Nicholls(UK) 2001
National Adaptation Programme of Action(NAPA) URT 2007
Climate Volatility and Poverty Vurnerability Ahmed et al. 2009
Climate Volatility deepens poverty vulnerability in developing countries Ahmed et al. 2009
Agriculture and Trade Opportunities for Tanzania-Past Volatility and Future Climate Change Ahmed et al. 2010
An assessment of future emissions growth and low carbon reduction potential SEI 2010
Climate change modelling for the Pangani Basin to Support The IWRM Planning Porcess UCT 2010
Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Kenya CAMCO 2010
Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Tanzania CAMCO 2010
Climate Change Agriculture and Poverty Hertel et al. 2010
Synthesis Report-The Implications of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise in Tanzania-The
Coastal Zones Kebede et al(UK) 2010
Agriculture and Trade Opportunities for Tanzania-Past Volatility and Future Climate Change-
Ahmed et al WIDER 2011
Climate Change, Agiculture, and Food Security in Tanzania-Arndt et al WIDER 2011
Climate Variability and crop production in Tanzania Rowhani et al 2011
National Claimate Change Strategy and Action Plan URT 2011
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-Hydropower potential in Muheza,
Korogwe and Lushoto Districts-Technical Report CAMCO 2011
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TITLE OF THE DOCUMENT AUTHOR DATE
Climate Impact and Crop Agriculture ine Tanzania- DECAR Project "Climate Volatility and Poverty
in Southern and Eastern Africa" Ahmed 2012
REMP_Technical Report Upstream Upstream Downstream Workshop IUCN 2001
SAGCOT_Strategic Regional Environmental and Social Assessment Draft Report ERM 2012
Analyse_population_villages Fact sheet -
Briefing_DP_Mapping Fact sheet -
Links to national statistics Fact sheet -
Min i-Grids_Tanzania Fact sheet -
NBCBN_Hydropower Development Research Cluster Kassana et al 2005
Tanzania National Panel_Survey Report 2008-2009_Round 1 NBS 2009
National Sample Census of Agriculture_preliminary Report NBS 2010
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of PovertyII MFEA 2010
PPP BILL JULY 2010 Fact sheet 2010
REA Annual Report REA 2010
REA Annual Report For The_Financial Year Ended June 30th2010 REA 2010
African Country Factsheets_Africa Modelling KTH 2012
African Country Factsheets_Renewable Potential KTH 2012
Renewable Energy Projects available for Investment in Tanzania REA 2012
Tanzania National Panel_Survey Report 2010-2011_Wave 2 NBS 2012
Annual Review of Government of Sweden and Norway Financing Support to Capacity
Development Project and Rural Energy Fund 2012-2013 REA 2013
Email from stakeholder in Ruha e-mail 2013
PAD_Capacity Build WB 2013
Permission letter for data request TANESCO 2013
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10.3 APPENDIX 3 : CONTENT OF THE 455 POTENTIAL SITES DATABASE
383 potential sites
Latitude
Hydro-Atlas Longitude Gross head Design flow Installed power
Site name Region Disctrict Ward [Decimal River Source Author of the site reference Reference
code [Decimal degrees] estimated [m] estimated [m³/s] estimated [MW]
degrees]
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-001 Ninga Njombe Njombe Ninga -9.033 35.049 Lifufuma 60 1.2 0.9 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-002 Utalingoro Njombe Njombe Urban Utalingolo -9.397 34.7 Ruhuji 68 0.55 0.3 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-003 Chala Rukwa Nkasi Chala -7.588 31.279 Ntangayika 160 0.1 0.13 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-004 Boimanda Njombe Njombe Urban Luponde -9.65 34.754 Lupali 20 2 0.325 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-005 Uliwa Njombe Njombe Urban Iwungilo -9.591 34.898 50 1 0.7 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-006 Ludilu Njombe Makete Lupila -9.532 34.357 Salala 82 0.15 0.098 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-007 Tandala Njombe Makete Ukwama -9.447 34.274 Ijangala 20 2.5 0.407 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-008 Tandala Njombe Makete Tandala -9.392 34.261 Ijangala 40 2 0.687 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Pre-Feasibility Assessment for Potential Mini-hydropower Demonstration sites under GEF4
M-009 Tulila - Chipole Ruvuma Songea Rural Muhuruku -11.096 35.279 Ruvuma 20 20 3.25 Bibliography Emmanuel Michael
Project in Tanzania
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-015 Zigi Tanga Muheza Amani -5.105 38.641 84 0.35 0.167 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-016 Dodwe Tanga Muheza Amani -5.101 38.646 25 0.366 0.036 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-017 Mkusu Tanga Lushoto Vuga -4.905 38.328 56 0.11 0.042 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-018 Kidabwa Tanga Korogwe Dindira -4.966 38.418 101 0.23 0.149 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-019 Kwamdimu Tanga Korogwe Vugiri -5.105 38.427 15 0.1 0.01 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-020 Kwesasa Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.924 38.406 33 0.057 0.013 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-021 Mkolo Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.843 38.524 20 0.3 0.031 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-022 Kwabululu Tanga Korogwe Mpale -5.044 38.445 100 0.45 0.249 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-023 Kwenyashi Tanga Lushoto Vuga -4.925 38.388 13 0.1 0.009 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Technical Assessment for Potential Community-based Micro-hydropower potential in Muheza,
M-025 Lupalalu Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.93 38.469 100 0.03 0.021 Bibliography CAMCO
Korogwe & Lushoto Districts
Msanda DECON‚ SWECO and Inter-
M-026 Nzovwe Rukwa Sumbawanga Rural -8.008 31.812 1060 0.9 8 Bibliography Feasibility Study of the Rural Electrification (Area Supply)
Muungano Consult
DECON‚ SWECO and Inter-
M-028 Lower Pininyi Arusha Ngorongoro Pinyinyi -2.291 35.916 Bibliography Feasibility Study of the Rural Electrification (Area Supply)
Consult
DECON‚ SWECO and Inter-
M-029 Upper Pininyi Arusha Ngorongoro Pinyinyi -2.208 35.863 Bibliography Feasibility Study of the Rural Electrification (Area Supply)
Consult
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 143 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
DECON‚ SWECO and Inter-
M-030 Nakatuta Ruvuma Songea Rural Muhuruku -11.335 35.367 Bibliography Feasibility Study of the Rural Electrification (Area Supply)
Consult
DECON‚ SWECO and Inter-
M-031 Sunda Falls Ruvuma Tunduru Misechela -11.369 37.824 Ruvuma 14 52 6 Bibliography Feasibility Study of the Rural Electrification (Area Supply)
Consult
M-032 Darakuta Manyara Mbulu Nambisi -3.967 35.62 Nambis (or Kou) 352 0.75 0.68 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
M-033 Ihalula Njombe Njombe Urban Utalingolo -9.418 34.614 25 0.5 0.3 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
M-034 Lingatunda Ruvuma Songea Rural Mahanje -9.925 35.282 183 0.8 3 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
M-035 Luswisi Songwe Ileje Lubanda -9.336 33.481 200 3 4 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
M-036 Mlangali Njombe Ludewa Mlangali -9.708 34.523 Macheke 42 1.4 0.7 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
Kasulu Township
M-037 Mwoga Kigoma Muhunga -4.542 30.002 200 0.4 0.3 Bibliography Intec - Entec - Skat Feasibility Study of Six Mini-Hydropower Projects (MHP) in Tanzania -Inception Report
Authority
M-038 Mkoyo Kilimanjaro Same Myamba -4.437 38.023 Mkoyo 255 0.34 0.63 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-039 Saseni I Kilimanjaro Same Mpinji -4.407 37.97 Saseni 200 0.214 0.31 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-040 Saseni II Kilimanjaro Same Kirangare -4.431 37.999 Saseni 80 0.248 0.15 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-041 Saseni III Kilimanjaro Same Kirangare -4.443 38.018 Saseni 105 0.512 0.4 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-044 Yongoma I Kilimanjaro Same Lugulu -4.339 38.008 Yongoma 150 0.31 0.15 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-045 Yongoma II Kilimanjaro Same Lugulu -4.364 38.032 Yongoma 460 0.21 0.7 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-047 Higililu I Kilimanjaro Same Vuje -4.269 38.017 Higililu 140 0.29 0.17 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-048 Higililu II Kilimanjaro Same Bombo -4.277 38.025 Higililu 460 0.94 0.66 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-049 Nakombo I Kilimanjaro Same Mshewa -4.18 37.921 Nakombo 310 0.07 0.15 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-050 Nakombo II Kilimanjaro Same Mshewa -4.168 37.931 Nakombo 610 0.25 1.13 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
M-053 Chome Kilimanjaro Same Chome -4.283 37.882 Chome 320 0.045 0.11 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Pare Mountains
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-054 Namtumbo Ruvuma Namtumbo Rwinga -10.457 36.175 Mtonya 3 1.5 0.038 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-055 Malindindo Ruvuma Mbinga Kambarage -11.11 34.838 Wogawoga 38 0.5 0.158 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-057 Macheke Njombe Ludewa Mlangali -9.706 34.524 23 1.5 0.288 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-058 Isigula Njombe Ludewa Mlangali -9.741 34.613 200 1.2 2 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-059 Mpando Njombe Wanging'ombe Makoga -9.264 34.608 13 2.5 0.271 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-060 Mugali Iringa Mufindi Isalavanu -8.29 35.204 20 2 0.333 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-061 Little Ruaha Iringa Iringa Rural Itunundu -7.364 35.482 77 2 1.28 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN RUVUMA AND IRINGA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-062 Mtombozi Morogoro Morogoro Rural Mtombozi -7.104 37.748 Mbozi 57 0.8 0.456 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-063 Ruaha South Iringa Mufindi Kiyowela -9.037 35.22 8 3.5 0.28 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 144 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-064 Igologolo Iringa Mufindi Kiyowela -8.948 35.204 9 0.5 0.045 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-065 Nyalawa Iringa Mufindi Makungu -8.702 35.229 100 1 1 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-066 Ilondo Iringa Mufindi Luhanga -8.633 35.586 79 6 4.74 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-067 Ruhaha North Iringa Mufindi Kiyowela -8.753 35.146 8 2.5 0.2 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
Dar Es Salaam Institute of THE REPORT ON PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMAL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
M-068 Mhangazi Ruvuma Namtumbo Kitanda -10.118 35.859 Muhangazi 21 1.2 0.252 Bibliography
Technology SCHEMES IN MOROGORO, IRINGA, RUVUMA AND MBEYA REGIONS-TANZANIA
M-071 Funta Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.909 38.437 110 0.01 0.008 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-072 Mkolo II Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.843 38.524 20 0.12 0.018 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-073 Sine Tanga Lushoto Kwekanga -4.689 38.326 20 0.15 0.02 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-075 Mpalato I Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.93 38.469 100 0.03 0.02 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-076 Lwengera II Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.883 38.547 20 0.14 0.02 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-077 Lwengera III Tanga Lushoto Maheza ngulu -4.876 38.557 20 0.14 0.02 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-079 Shokoi Tanga Lushoto Mgwashi -4.767 38.463 180 0.02 0.023 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-080 Vuruni Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.929 38.403 130 0.03 0.03 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-081 Indii I Tanga Lushoto Mtae -4.459 38.296 120 0.03 0.03 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-082 Mkumbi Tanga Lushoto Nkongoi -4.709 38.492 76 0.05 0.03 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-083 Indii I Tanga Lushoto Mtae -4.471 38.294 160 0.33 0.04 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-084 Kidabwa I Tanga Korogwe Dindira -4.968 38.415 150 0.06 0.07 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-085 Kimazi I Tanga Lushoto Ngulwi -4.824 38.303 120 0.25 0.07 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-086 Mkolo I Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.839 38.523 80 0.13 0.074 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-087 Mkusu II Tanga Lushoto Mbuzii -4.871 38.345 80 0.13 0.075 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-089 Mglumi Tanga Lushoto Makanya -4.701 38.487 107 0.1 0.08 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-090 Mkwuma Tanga Lushoto Makanya -4.698 38.524 100 0.13 0.09 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-091 Bumbuli III Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.899 38.499 70 0.18 0.09 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-092 Umba I Tanga Lushoto Dule "M" -4.58 38.293 168 0.08 0.1 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-093 Mpalato II Tanga Lushoto Tamota -4.907 38.496 370 0.04 0.11 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-094 Lwengera I Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.893 38.522 65 0.26 0.12 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-095 Kimazi II Tanga Lushoto Ubiri -4.856 38.322 286 0.08 0.16 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-096 Kimazi III Tanga Lushoto Ubiri -4.866 38.318 140 0.15 0.16 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-097 Kidabwa II Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.962 38.402 440 0.06 0.19 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-098 Kosoi Tanga Korogwe Mombo -4.897 38.288 720 0.04 0.21 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-101 Mkusu I Tanga Lushoto Soni -4.812 38.394 140 0.35 0.36 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-104 Bumbuli I Tanga Lushoto Bumbuli -4.888 38.473 100 0.54 0.45 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-106 Zinui I Tanga Lushoto Mbuzii -4.887 38.321 260 0.34 0.65 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-107 Umba III Tanga Lushoto Mlalo -4.537 38.368 717 0.12 0.655 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-108 Mkolo III Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.874 38.512 420 0.2 0.66 Bibliography TATEDO Potential hydropower sites in the Usambara Mountains
M-111 Kyamigege Kagera Bukoba Urban Kagondo -1.312 31.772 Kanoni Stream 10 0.084 0.009 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-112 Gera Kagera Bukoba Rural Katoma -1.244 31.764 Kiirila river 29 0.213 0.06 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-114 Kemondo Bay Kagera Bukoba Rural Kemondo -1.479 31.742 Kishala Stream 38 0.135 0.05 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-115 Bulinda Kagera Bukoba Rural Maruku -1.424 31.788 Kyolelo Stream 15 0.414 0.066 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 145 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
M-117 Rwamailu Kagera Karagwe Ihembe -1.748 31.133 Rusumo Stream 26 0.105 0.03 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-120 Katanda Kagera Karagwe Kihanga -1.399 31.159 Katanda stream 0.004 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-122 Kihumulo Kagera Muleba Nshamba -1.821 31.573 Rwanjelu river at Muguugu 20 0.219 0.059 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-123 Kihumulo Kagera Muleba Biirabo -1.831 31.574 Igabiro stream at Muguugu 120 0.093 0.104 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
M-124 Kihumulo Kagera Muleba Biirabo -1.831 31.574 Rwanjelu-Igabiro Combined 120 0.312 0.349 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study Mini Hydropower Potential in Kagera Region Draft Report
CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO CARRY OUT PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR SMALL
M-125 Zigi Tanga Muheza Amani -5.105 38.634 160 0.432 0.9 Bibliography ENCO
HYDROPOWER PROJECTS - Final Report Part One: Zigi SHPP
CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO CARRY OUT PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR SMALL
M-126 Nkole Tanga Korogwe Dindira -5.04 38.441 315 0.812 2 Bibliography ENCO
HYDROPOWER PROJECTS - Final Report Part Two: NKOLE SHPP
M-128 Kifanya Njombe Njombe Urban Kifanya -9.546 35.048 12 0.806 0.082 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase II October 2007
M-130 Madope Njombe Ludewa Lugarawa -9.767 34.673 360 0.154 0.473 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase II October 2007
M-134 Idonja Falls Njombe Njombe Matembwe -9.339 35.154 35 27.905 8.065 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase II October 2007
M-135 Fwagi Iringa Mufindi Kasanga -8.699 35.173 300 0.394 1.019 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase II October 2007
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-136 Mhanga Iringa Kilolo Kimala -8.203 36.054 520 6.002 26.637 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-137 Ndembela Iringa Mufindi Sadani -8.233 34.967 50 13.837 5.904 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-140 Hagafiro Njombe Njombe Urban Yakobi -9.37 34.836 20 5.868 1.001 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-141 Hagafiro Njombe Njombe Urban Yakobi -9.421 34.813 16 5.868 0.801 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-142 Itidza Njombe Njombe Urban Yakobi -9.386 34.865 5 0.052 0.002 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-143 Ruhudji Njombe Njombe Urban Ihanga -9.356 34.999 360 0.154 0.473 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-144 Barali Njombe Wanging'ombe Luduga -9.1 34.5 25 17.453 3.724 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-145 Kimani Falls Mbeya Mbarali Mapogoro -8.929 34.214 82 55.043 38.522 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-146 Great Ruaha Njombe Makete Mfumbi -8.884 34.096 8 106.187 7.25 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
Reconnaissance Study for Minihydropower Potential Sites Iringa Region Phase III December
M-147 Mbaral Mbeya Mbarali Lugelele -8.819 34.391 5 18.465 0.788 Bibliography Tanesco
2009
M-149 Yongoma Kilimanjaro Same Lugulu -4.352 38.034 80 0.14 0.075 Bibliography Tanesco (Project Description) NO NAME
M-150 Suma Mbeya Rungwe Suma -9.259 33.707 0 1.54 Bibliography IED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PLAN SUMA SHP, TANZANIA
M-151 Idunda Songwe Ileje Bupigu -9.488 33.253 Songwe 75 1.5 0.6 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-152 Salala Mbeya Mbeya Rural Isuto -9.069 33.236 Songwe 230 0.02 0.025 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-153 Katela Mbeya Rungwe Kiwira -9.105 33.571 Kiwira 20 4 0.55 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-154 Katela Mbeya Rungwe Kiwira -9.111 33.561 Kiwira 20 4 0.55 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-155 Kibumbe Mbeya Rungwe Kiwira -9.139 33.538 Kiwira 30 5 1 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-156 Kiwira Mbeya Rungwe Nkunga -9.175 33.533 Kiwira 10 8 0.55 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-157 Ibililo Mbeya Rungwe Nkunga -9.202 33.534 Kiwira 20 10 1.35 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 146 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
M-159 Natural Bridge Mbeya Rungwe Nkunga -9.277 33.547 Kiwira 40 12 2 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-160 Igogwe Mbeya Rungwe Kinyala -9.153 33.52 Kiwira 13 1.2 0.13 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
Kaporogwe
M-161 Mbeya Rungwe Kisondela -9.393 33.613 Kiwira 65 0.26 0.09 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
Falls
M-162 Mosiya Falls Mbeya Rungwe Kisondela -9.359 33.594 Kiwira 100 0.9 0.6 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-164 Mbosi Mbeya Rungwe Malindo -9.34 33.609 Kiwira 120 0.25 0.2 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-165 Isuba Songwe Rungwe Ikuti -9.371 33.588 Kiwira 40 0.4 0.1 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-167 Lusalala Songwe Ileje Sange -9.397 33.521 Kiwira 250 3 5 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites in Mbeya Region
M-174 Kantete Falls Rukwa Sumbawanga Rural Mfinga -7.59 31.475 145 0.03 0.037 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites Rukwa Region
M-175 Mumba Rukwa Sumbawanga Rural Ilemba -8.213 31.958 122 0.06 0.063 Bibliography Tanesco Reconnaissance Study for Mini hydropower Potential Sites Rukwa Region
KIGOMA REGION PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT ON MINI HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
M-177 Malagarasi Kigoma Uvinza Ilagala -5.191 30.083 Malagarasi 25 40 8 Bibliography SECSD (P) Ltd.
CASE STUDY ON THE MALAGARASI RIVER
Lower KIGOMA REGION PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT ON MINI HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
M-177-B Kigoma Uvinza Ilagala -5.202 29.909 Malagarasi Bibliography SECSD (P) Ltd.
Malagarasi CASE STUDY ON THE MALAGARASI RIVER
KIGOMA REGION PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT ON MINI HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
M-177-C Uvinza Kigoma Uvinza Uvinza -5.184 30.558 Malagarasi Bibliography SECSD (P) Ltd.
CASE STUDY ON THE MALAGARASI RIVER
RUVUMA REGION PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT ON MINI HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT
M-178 Muhuwesi Ruvuma Tunduru Muhuwesi -10.861 37.474 Muhuwesi 17 13.5 2 Bibliography SECSD (P) Ltd.
CASE STUDY ON THE MUHUWESI RIVER
KILIMANJARO REGION PRE-INVESTMENT REPORT ON MINI HYDROPOWER
M-179 Kikuletwa Manyara Simanjiro Naisinyai -3.484 37.225 Kikuletwa 64 20 11 Bibliography SECSD (P) Ltd.
DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY ON THE KIKULETWA RIVER
Eng. Dr. Henry K. Ntale Vala RECONNAISSANCE MISSION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PANGANI AND KIWIRA
M-182 Kiwira Mbeya Rungwe Nkunga -9.234 33.521 Kiwira 40 24 6.4 Bibliography
Associates Limited HYDROPOWER SCHEMES
M-186 Mvuha Morogoro Morogoro Rural Mtombozi -7.133 37.75 River Mvuha 120 0.76 0.68 Bibliography IED IREP
M-187 Lumba Morogoro Morogoro Rural Singisa -7.225 37.633 River Lumba 400 0.57 1.71 Bibliography IED IREP
M-188 Mngazi Morogoro Morogoro Rural Singisa -7.261 37.666 River Mngazi 150 2.07 2.3 Bibliography IED IREP
M-189 Lugonga Morogoro Morogoro Rural Singisa -7.217 37.6 River Lugonga 280 0.55 1.125 Bibliography IED IREP
M-190 Mbakana Morogoro Mvomero Kikeo -7.175 37.55 River Mbakana 60 1.7 0.755 Bibliography IED IREP
River Mbakana and river
M-191 Mbakana Morogoro Mvomero Kikeo -7.258 37.567 60 3.6 1.62 Bibliography IED IREP
Lugonga
M-192 Mbezi Morogoro Morogoro Rural Tegetero -6.924 37.733 River Mbezi or Ruvu 100 1.19 0.875 Bibliography IED IREP
M-193 Ruvu Morogoro Morogoro Rural Kinole -6.929 37.784 River Ruvu 100 3.33 2.6 Bibliography IED IREP
M-194 Mkindo Morogoro Mvomero Hembeti -6.219 37.52 River Mkindo 180 2.34 3.26 Bibliography IED IREP
M-195 Chombohi Morogoro Kilosa Ulaya -7.099 36.738 River Chombohi 200 0.59 0.89 Bibliography IED IREP
M-197 Kikalo Morogoro Kilosa Uleling'ombe -7.209 36.554 River Kikalo 260 0.69 1.35 Bibliography IED IREP
M-199 Mwega Morogoro Kilosa Malolo -7.283 36.681 River Mwega 335 1.88 4.85 Bibliography IED IREP
M-200 Mgonya Morogoro Kilombero Mchombe -8.417 35.983 River Mgonya 310 0.88 2.08 Bibliography IED IREP
M-202 Mfumbu Iringa Kilolo Kimala -8.089 36.251 River Mfumbu 140 2.23 2.365 Bibliography IED IREP
M-203 Sonjo Morogoro Kilombero Sanje -7.808 36.905 Rivers Sonjo and Mkula 220 0.69 1.155 Bibliography IED IREP
M-205 Kimbi Iringa Kilolo Kimala -8.276 36.036 River Kimbi 485 1.86 7.691 Bibliography IED IREP
M-206 Mlimba Morogoro Kilombero Mlimba -8.793 35.763 River Mlimba 130 0.07 0.074 Bibliography IED IREP
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 147 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
M-207 Yovi Morogoro Kilosa Kisanga -7.183 36.709 River Yovi 361 0.36 0.995 Bibliography IED IREP
M-208 Yovi Morogoro Kilosa Kisanga -7.183 36.709 River Yovi 361 0.52 1.45 Bibliography IED IREP
M-209 Mloo Dodoma Mpwapwa Galigali -7.096 36.537 River Mloo 30 0.75 0.16 Bibliography IED IREP
M-210 Mloo Dodoma Mpwapwa Galigali -7.096 36.537 River Mloo and Sasima 30 1.15 0.245 Bibliography IED IREP
M-214 Mgeta Morogoro Mvomero Bunduki -7.05 37.644 River Mgeta 270 0.7 1.36 Bibliography IED IREP
M-214B Lumbamwa Morogoro Morogoro Rural Kibungo Juu -7.024 37.717 LUMBAMWA 35 1.2 0.23 Bibliography IED IREP
M-214-C Dimamba Morogoro Mvomero Hembeti -6.242 37.505 Dimamba 110 0.5 0.4 Bibliography IED IREP
M-215 Diwale Morogoro Mvomero Mhonda -6.077 37.561 River Diwale 45 3.15 0.88 Bibliography IED IREP
M-216 Diwale Morogoro Mvomero Mhonda -6.077 37.561 River Diwale 45 3.15 0.95 Bibliography IED IREP
M-217 Diwale Morogoro Mvomero Mhonda -6.066 37.556 River Diwale 130 3.15 2.92 Bibliography IED IREP
M-218 Diwale Morogoro Mvomero Mhonda -6.066 37.556 River Diwale 130 3.15 3.18 Bibliography IED IREP
M-219 Divue Morogoro Mvomero Sungaji -6.17 37.576 River Divue 80 1.6 0.955 Bibliography IED IREP
M-220 Lubata Morogoro Mvomero Maskati -6.103 37.425 River Lubata 260 0.27 0.485 Bibliography IED IREP
M-223 Nhgunguma Dodoma Mpwapwa Mima -6.659 36.152 Nhgunguma la river Bibliography IED IREP
M-224 Chilemelem Dodoma Mpwapwa Chitemo -6.628 36.148 Chilemelem bwi Bibliography IED IREP
M-225 Nyekwa Dodoma Mpwapwa Massa -6.885 36.435 Nyekwa Bibliography IED IREP
M-226 Mkundi Dodoma Mpwapwa Wotta -6.833 36.318 Mkundi Bibliography IED IREP
M-227 Chiwa Iringa Kilolo Ukwega -8.022 36.273 Chiwa-chiwa 100 0.379 Bibliography IED IREP
M-229 Mwatasi Iringa Kilolo Mahenge -7.682 36.199 Mwatasi Bibliography IED IREP
M-231 Lukosi Iringa Kilolo Mahenge -7.634 36.285 Lukosi Bibliography IED IREP
M-233 Mkwuma Tanga Lushoto Makanya -4.697 38.523 Mkwuma 100 0.29 0.22 Bibliography IED IREP
M-234 Mdando Tanga Lushoto Makanya -4.64 38.473 Mdando 550 0.23 Bibliography IED IREP
M-235 Lwengera Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.897 38.499 Lwengera 60 0.63 0.26 Bibliography IED IREP
M-236 Sigi Tanga Tanga Kiomoni -5.048 38.997 Sigi 25 4.53 Bibliography IED IREP
M-237 Sigi Tanga Tanga Kiomoni -5.029 38.92 Sigi 20 4.53 0.6 Bibliography IED IREP
M-238 Mkongore Tanga Handeni Mgambo -5.472 38.653 Mkongore 60 0.21 0.32 Bibliography IED IREP
M-240 Kimazi Tanga Lushoto Ubiri -4.849 38.322 Kimazi 230 0.02 0.032 Bibliography IED IREP
M-241 Zimui Tanga Lushoto Vuga -4.877 38.302 Zimui 40 0.97 0.27 Bibliography IED IREP
M-242 Lwengera Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.879 38.484 Lwengera 70 0.7 0.35 Bibliography IED IREP
M-243 Mkuzi Tanga Lushoto Vuga -4.885 38.333 Mkuzi 250 0.02 0.035 Bibliography IED IREP
M-244 Mkuzu Tanga Lushoto Soni -4.847 38.367 Mkuzu or Soni 40 0.69 0.19 Bibliography IED IREP
M-246 Mkolo Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.84 38.523 Mkolo 20 0.3 0.025 Bibliography IED IREP
M-247 Kosoi Tanga Lushoto Vuga -4.902 38.327 Kosoi (tributary of Mkusu) 56 0.11 0.035 Bibliography IED IREP
M-248 Kidabwa Tanga Korogwe Dindira -4.963 38.417 Kidabwa 101 0.23 0.12 Bibliography IED IREP
M-249 Kwenyashi Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.922 38.387 Kwenyashi (or Ndeme) 13 0.1 0.007 Bibliography IED IREP
M-250 Lwengera Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.881 38.55 Lwengera 20 0.22 0.02 Bibliography IED IREP
M-251 Kwesasa Tanga Lushoto Mponde -4.921 38.405 Kwesasa 33 0.057 0.011 Bibliography IED IREP
M-252 Dodwe Tanga Muheza Amani -5.098 38.645 Dodwe 25 0.366 0.03 Bibliography IED IREP
M-253 Sigi Tanga Muheza Amani -5.105 38.64 Sigi 84 0.35 0.135 Bibliography IED IREP
M-254 Kwandimu Tanga Korogwe Vugiri -5.103 38.427 Kwandimu 15 0.1 0.01 Bibliography IED IREP
M-255 Kwabululu Tanga Korogwe Mpale -5.042 38.444 Kwabululu 100 0.45 0.2 Bibliography IED IREP
M-256 Lupalalu Tanga Lushoto Funta -4.927 38.468 Lupalalu (tributary of Mpalato) 100 0.03 0.017 Bibliography IED IREP
M-260 Lupilo Ruvuma Songea Rural Magagura -10.862 35.201 Ruvuma 14 16.9 1.5 Bibliography REA List for Feasibility
M-262 Nakatuta Ruvuma Nyasa Liparamba -11.311 35.35 Ruvuma 68 50.3 15 Bibliography REA List for Feasibility
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M-266 Lumeme Ruvuma Mbinga Mpapa -11.147 34.953 301 1.31 4.2 Bibliography REA List for Feasibility
M-276 Luganga Iringa Iringa Rural Mlowa -7.57 35.507 Little Ruaha 70 1.65 1.2 Bibliography REA List for Feasibility
M-279 Balali Njombe Wanging'ombe Luduga -9.04 34.485 BALALI RIVER 25 17.453 3.7 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-281 Filongo Katavi Mlele Litapunga -6.358 31.416 150 0.04 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Ilundo hydropower project
M-285 Ilundo Mbeya Rungwe Kiwira -9.163 33.559 30 0.2 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
(Rungwe)
M-286 Isigula Njombe Ludewa Makonde -9.856 34.413 ISIGULA 180 2 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-287 Itidza Njombe Njombe Urban Yakobi -9.354 34.864 HAGAFIRO RIVER 5 0.052 2.2 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-289 Kikuletwa Arusha Meru Mbuguni -3.538 36.917 40 8 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Kinko mini hydroplant
M-291 Kinko Tanga Lushoto Malindi -4.657 38.328 18 0.01 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
(Korogwe)
M-292 Kipengere Njombe Wanging'ombe Kipengere -9.291 34.439 0.006 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-293 Kisinga Iringa Kilolo Irole -7.833 36 0 0.006 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-303 Lusala Njombe Ludewa Lupanga -9.69 34.5 MNYERELI RIVER 15 1.225 0.156 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Lwega Small Hydropower
M-305 Lwega Katavi Mpanda Mwese -6.273 30.398 120 2 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Project (Mpanda)
Mamba hydropower Project
M-307 Mamba Katavi Mlele Mamba -7.32 31.366 120 0.155 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
(Rukwa)
M-309 Matitima Ruvuma Tunduru Mchoteka -11.51 36.853 LITUNGURU RIVER 20 0.787 0.247 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-310 Mbangamao Ruvuma Mbinga Mbangamao -11.016 35.07 MTANDASI 34 2.212 1 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-312 Mgombezi Ruvuma Namtumbo Mgombasi -10.221 36.058 0.2 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-313 Mhangasi Njombe Ludewa Ludewa -10.099 34.712 MHANGAZI RIVER 80 0.247 0.168 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Mpete hydropower Project
M-317 Mpete Rukwa Sumbawanga Rural Mfinga -7.543 31.479 200 0.055 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
(Rukwa)
M-320 Mtigalala Iringa Kilolo Udekwa -7.718 36.193 LUKOSI RIVER 70 9.04 5.401 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-322 Muze Rukwa Sumbawanga Rural Muze -7.683 31.55 MUZE 80 0.075 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-323 Mwoga Kigoma Uvinza Mganza -5.057 30.817 KASULU 120 0.3 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-324 Nainyomu Njombe Ludewa Mundindi -10.015 35.07 MHANGAZI RIVER 60 0.127 0.12 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-326 Ngengedu I Njombe Njombe Urban Ramadhani -9.322 34.767 HAGAFIRO RIVER 40 1.817 0.62 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-329 Rwanda Kagera Biharamulo Kalenge -3.328 31.168 MATO STREAM 18 0.048 0.037 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-334 Lugenge Njombe Njombe Urban Lugenge -9.499 34.563 Ng’hongwa 17 0.06 0.009 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-335 Ikondo Njombe Njombe Ikondo -9.101 35.268 0 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
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M-342 Songwe Njombe Makete Kitulo -8.917 33.833 SONGWE RIVER 230 0.02 0.03 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-345 Kiwira Mbeya Kyela Makwale -9.449 33.927 KIWIRA RIVER 40 0.4 0.1 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-348 Mwena Mtwara Masasi Mwena -10.511 39.03 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-350 Kawa Rukwa Kalambo Kisumba -8.499 31.196 KAWA 40 210 0.075 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-352 Msinjewe Ruvuma Tunduru Misechela -11.283 37.617 MSINJEWE RIVER 4 1.618 0.051 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-353 Mhangazi Njombe Ludewa Mundindi -10.016 35.07 MHANGAZI RIVER 60 0.254 0.12 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-356 Yungu Ruvuma Namtumbo Ligera -10.941 36 YUNGU RIVER 20 0.5 0.09 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-358 Zigi Tanga Lushoto Mng'aro -4.559 38.64 zigi 0.135 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-359 Kidabwa Tanga Lushoto Mnazi -4.38 38.29 kidabwa 0.12 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-360 Lwengara Tanga Lushoto Mlola -4.632 38.426 Lwengara 0.02 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
M-362 Tamota Tanga Lushoto Tamota -4.941 38.467 0.6 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - base list (SHP Total.shp)
Kilosa kwa
M-364 Itete Morogoro Ulanga -9.216 36.123 River Itete Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
Mpepo
M-365 Mnegeta Iringa Kilolo Kimala -8.155 36.115 River Mnegeta Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
M-367 Luwegu Ruvuma Namtumbo Likuyuseka -9.751 36.348 River Luwegu Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
M-368 Mgeta Morogoro Mvomero Bunduki -7.033 37.633 River Mgeta 270 0.75 1.36 Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
Kilosa kwa
M-370 Luwegu Morogoro Ulanga -9.741 36.302 River Luwegu Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
Mpepo
Kilosa kwa
M-372 Kisima Morogoro Ulanga -9.227 36.022 River Kisima Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
Mpepo
Kilosa kwa
M-374 Matisi Morogoro Ulanga -9.226 36.075 River Matisi Bibliography IED IREP - GIS - own list (SHP Total.shp)
Mpepo
Norwegian support to implementation of small hydropower projects in tanzania assessment and
M-375 Mtambo Katavi Mlele Ugala -5.976 31.174 Mtambo Sanda 17 13.5 2.4 Bibliography Norplan
prioritization study
MH-01 Kakono Kagera Kyerwa Murongo -1.006 30.731 Songwe 58 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
MH-02 Masigira Njombe Ludewa Mavanga -9.865 35.173 Ruhuhu 118 Bibliography SwedPower - Norconsult Ruhudji hydropower project
MH-03 Kihanzi II Morogoro Kilombero Chita -8.585 35.852 120 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
MH-04 Mpanga Morogoro Kilombero Masagati -8.854 35.645 Mpanga 144 Bibliography SwedPower - Norconsult Ruhudji hydropower project
MH-05 Taveta Morogoro Kilombero Uchindile -8.966 35.503 Mnyera 145 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
Songwe
MH-06 Songwe Ileje Kafule -9.608 33.538 Songwe 149 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
Manolo
MH-07 Songwe Sofre Songwe Ileje Ikinga -9.607 33.659 Songwe 157 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
MH-08 Ruhudji Njombe Njombe Idamba -9.499 35.306 Ruhudji 750 358 Bibliography Swedpower - Norconsult Ruhudji hydropower project
Zanziberi
MH-08-B Njombe Njombe Urban Ihanga -9.448 35.275 Ruhudji 750 Bibliography SwedPower - Norconsult Ruhudji hydropower project
Reservoir
MH-09 Rumakali Mbeya Rungwe Kisegese -9.318 33.969 520 Bibliography SwedPower - Norconsult Ruhudji hydropower project
MH-10 Stiegler Gorge Pwani Rufiji Mwaseni -7.795 37.864 Rufiji 1200 Bibliography Sweco Tanzania Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
MH-11 Rusumo Falls Kagera Ngara Rusumo -2.383 30.783 Kagera 90 Bibliography SNC Lavalin Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project
SF-004 Chunya Mbeya Chunya Matundasi -8.557 33.285 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-005 Mbeya Rural Mbeya Mbeya Rural Lwanjiro -8.681 33.349 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-006 Mbeya Rural Mbeya Mbeya Rural Mshewe -8.864 33.248 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-007 Mbeya Rural Songwe Mbeya Rural Bonde la Songwe -8.905 33.22 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-008 Mbozi Songwe Mbozi Isansa -8.77 33.061 160 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
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SF-014 Chunya Songwe Chunya Mbangala -8.31 32.976 10 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-015 Mbozi Songwe Mbozi Msia -9.006 32.664 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-025 Ileje Songwe Ileje Ikinga -9.604 33.659 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-026 Ileje Mbeya Ileje Kafule -9.608 33.538 140 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-027 Makete Njombe Ludewa Lumbila -9.563 34.169 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-028 Ludewa Njombe Makete Lupila -9.684 34.37 400 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-030 Songea Rural Ruvuma Songea Rural Mahanje -9.959 35.199 220 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-033 Namtumbo Ruvuma Namtumbo Magazini -11.721 36.614 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-044 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Liborsoit -4.095 37.438 170 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-045 Simanjiro Kilimanjaro Same Mabilioni -4.595 37.81 30 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-055 Ngorongoro Arusha Ngorongoro Malambo -2.799 35.601 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-057 Monduli Arusha Longido Gelai Meirugoi -2.755 35.982 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-058 Monduli Arusha Longido Gelai lumbwa -2.377 36.15 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-060 Monduli Arusha Monduli Selela -3.21 36.023 70 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-065 Hanang Manyara Hanang Balagidalalu -4.578 35.325 50 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-066 Singida Rural Singida Singida Rural Mgori -4.801 35.011 50 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-076 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Malenga Makali -7.14 36.115 90 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-077 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Malenga Makali -7.212 36.167 70 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-079 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Kihorogota -7.49 35.905 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-099 Njombe Njombe Njombe Mfriga -9.523 35.444 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Kilosa kwa
SF-100 Ulanga Morogoro Ulanga -9.577 35.866 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Mpepo
SF-101 Kilombero Morogoro Kilombero Masagati -9.135 35.765 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-106 Mufindi Iringa Mufindi Mpanga -8.626 35.689 220 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-110 Iringa Rural Iringa Kilolo Irole -7.868 35.819 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-112 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Kiwere -7.635 35.555 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-113 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Mlowa -7.565 35.5 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-116 Njombe Njombe Wanging'ombe Kidugala -9.096 34.501 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-117 Njombe Njombe Wanging'ombe Luduga -8.999 34.454 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-118 Njombe Njombe Wanging'ombe Luduga -8.878 34.414 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-119 Njombe Njombe Wanging'ombe Luduga -8.833 34.538 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-128 Kiteto Manyara Kiteto Makame -4.715 36.694 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-129 Kiteto Manyara Kiteto Partimbo -5.291 36.776 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-130 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Kitwai -4.652 36.982 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-131 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Kitwai -4.905 37.261 30 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-132 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Kitwai -4.9 37.545 30 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-133 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Ruvu Remiti -4.987 37.758 110 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-134 Kongwa Dodoma Kongwa Sagara -6.192 36.515 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-135 Mpwapwa Dodoma Mpwapwa Kimagai -6.491 36.502 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-136 Kilosa Morogoro Kilosa Kidete -6.655 36.732 30 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-137 Kilosa Morogoro Mvomero Mvomero -6.306 37.348 90 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-139 Kilindi Tanga Kilindi Negero -5.844 37.803 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-142 Bagamoyo Pwani Bagamoyo Msata -6.256 38.182 70 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-144 Handeni Tanga Handeni Mkata -5.759 38.605 30 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
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SF-147 Morogoro Rural Morogoro Morogoro Rural Gwata -6.733 38.074 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-150 Singida Urban Singida Singida Urban Mtamaa -4.904 34.59 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-151 Iramba Singida Iramba Ndago -4.738 34.269 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-152 Iramba Singida Mkalama Iguguno -4.521 34.669 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-154 Iramba Singida Mkalama Gumanga -4.256 34.533 12 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-155 Nzega Tabora Nzega Miguwa -4.209 33.354 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-156 Karatu Arusha Karatu Baray -3.855 34.967 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-174 Kigoma Rural Kigoma Uvinza Kazuramimba -5.217 30.225 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-179 Mpanda Katavi Mpanda Mishamo -5.739 30.365 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-188 Kongwa Dodoma Kongwa Kongwa -6.186 36.365 170 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-191 Rungwe Songwe Rungwe Kisondela -9.425 33.616 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-192 Rungwe Mbeya Rungwe Malindo -9.344 33.574 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-194 Makete Njombe Makete Luwumbu -9.436 34.166 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-195 Makete Njombe Makete Ipepo -9.518 34.222 400 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-197 Ludewa Njombe Ludewa Ludewa -10.167 34.771 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-198 Ludewa Njombe Ludewa Mundindi -9.825 34.926 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-199 Njombe Njombe Njombe Urban Makowo -9.577 34.417 140 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-204 Makete Njombe Makete Mlondwe -8.904 34.011 400 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-205 Makete Njombe Makete Mfumbi -9.002 34.203 140 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-209 Chunya Songwe Chunya Mbangala -8.39 32.916 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-215 Mbozi Songwe Momba Chiwezi -9.144 32.635 180 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-216 Mbozi Songwe Mbozi Itaka -8.944 32.716 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-220 Kigoma Rural Katavi Mpanda Mishamo -5.266 30.305 50 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-221 Mpanda Katavi Mpanda Mpanda Ndogo -5.98 30.826 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-222 Mpanda Katavi Mpanda Mpanda Ndogo -5.849 30.862 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-225 Kilindi Tanga Kilindi Kilwa -5.573 37.526 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-226 Kilindi Morogoro Mvomero Kibati -5.908 37.621 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-227 Muheza Tanga Muheza Songa -5.359 38.699 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Marangu
SF-228 Moshi Rural Kilimanjaro Moshi Rural -3.248 37.477 1000 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Magharibi
SF-229 Hai Kilimanjaro Hai Machame Kusini -3.352 37.231 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-230 Lushoto Tanga Lushoto Mayo -4.883 38.545 70 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-237 Lushoto Tanga Lushoto Gare -4.797 38.38 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-238 Muheza Tanga Muheza Amani -5.096 38.645 350 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-239 Mwanga Kilimanjaro Mwanga Jipe -3.678 37.682 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-243 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Endonyongijape -4.281 37.376 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-244 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Liborsoit -4.235 37.394 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-246 Simanjiro Manyara Simanjiro Liborsoit -4.443 37.469 270 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-247 Korogwe Tanga Korogwe Mkomazi -4.711 38.043 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-250 Same Kilimanjaro Same Vumari -4.016 37.783 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-253 Mpwapwa Dodoma Mpwapwa Luhundwa -6.881 36.342 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-254 Mpwapwa Dodoma Mpwapwa Luhundwa -6.798 36.344 400 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-256 Mvomero Morogoro Mvomero Hembeti -6.198 37.497 300 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-260 Morogoro Rural Morogoro Morogoro Rural Konde -7.07 37.705 300 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-262 Bagamoyo Pwani Bagamoyo Mandera -6.193 38.465 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-264 Mvomero Morogoro Mvomero Mlali -7.095 37.482 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 152 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
SF-267 Tandahimba Mtwara Tandahimba Michenjele -10.809 39.844 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-279 Singida Rural Singida Ikungi Iyumbu -5.214 34.174 10 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-280 Iramba Singida Iramba Ulemo -4.361 34.28 180 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-281 Iramba Singida Iramba Kiomboi -4.264 34.291 180 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-283 Singida Rural Singida Singida Rural Makuro -4.521 34.92 10 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-287 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Mlowa -7.701 35.412 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-288 Iringa Rural Iringa Iringa Rural Mahuninga -7.896 35.131 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-290 Mufindi Iringa Mufindi Ihanu -8.641 35.589 400 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-291 Mufindi Iringa Mufindi Mpanga -8.653 35.678 45 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-292 Kilombero Morogoro Kilombero Masagati -8.989 35.56 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-293 Kilombero Iringa Mufindi Kiyowela -8.949 35.385 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-297 Babati Manyara Hanang Simbay -4.484 35.652 20 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-298 Babati Manyara Babati Urban Maisaka -4.11 35.767 10 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-299 Babati Manyara Babati Kiru -4.084 35.595 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-300 Babati Manyara Babati Kiru -4.081 35.571 300 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-301 Kondoa Dodoma Kondoa Kalamba -4.919 35.989 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-302 Kondoa Dodoma Kondoa Changaa -4.847 35.624 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-303 Singida Rural Singida Singida Rural Itaja -4.711 35.12 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-304 Hanang Manyara Hanang Balagidalalu -4.571 35.304 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-306 Dodoma Rural Dodoma Chamwino Chiboli -6.875 35.785 50 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-307 Manyoni Singida Manyoni Manyoni -5.741 34.909 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-308 Manyoni Singida Manyoni Sasajila -5.928 34.921 170 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-314 Karatu Arusha Karatu Daa -3.471 35.564 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-315 Monduli Arusha Monduli Selela -3.233 35.909 300 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-316 Karatu Arusha Monduli Majengo -3.337 35.835 160 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-318 Mbulu Manyara Babati Magara -3.799 35.683 150 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-320 Kilolo Iringa Kilolo Mahenge -7.378 36.263 140 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-321 Mpwapwa Dodoma Mpwapwa Ipera -7.172 36.372 350 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Kilosa kwa
SF-333 Ulanga Morogoro Ulanga -9.312 36.154 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
Mpepo
SF-339 Ulanga Morogoro Ulanga Itete -8.708 36.482 120 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-340 Ulanga Morogoro Ulanga Ilonga -9.053 36.457 60 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-341 Uyui Tabora Uyui Miswaki -4.993 33.767 40 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-342 Meatu Simiyu Meatu Mwanjolo -3.615 34.782 200 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-344 Nkasi Rukwa Nkasi Wampembe -7.887 30.851 280 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-346 Mpanda Katavi Mpanda Mwese -6.077 30.44 80 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-347 Mpanda Katavi Mpanda Katuma -6.158 30.69 100 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SF-350 Kigoma Rural Kigoma Uvinza Kalya -6.564 30.253 150 SiteFinder SHER Renewable Energy Mapping : Small Hydro Tanzania
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 153 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
82 promising sites
100 90% 50%
Confidence 90% 50%
Hydro- Latitude Longitude Site 95% 90% 50% 30% year Type of Gross guaranteed guaranteed Author of
in guaranteed guaranteed Study level of
Atlas Site name Region District Ward [Decimal [Decimal River Basin catchment guaranteed guaranteed guaranteed guaranteed flood hydropower head annual annual the site Reference
hydrological power power the site
code degrees] degrees] area [km²] flow [m³/s] flow [m³/s] flow [m³/s] flow [m³/s] flow scheme [m] energy energy reference
data [MW] [MW]
[m³/s] [GWh] [GWh]
Renewable
SF- Internal Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Ndurumo Singida Mkalama Msingi -4.383 34.633 NDURUMO 2524.3 0.6 1.3 8.7 15.1 Low 85 0.92 7.73 6.08 47.22 SHER
153 Drainage river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Manique Arusha Ngorongoro Pinyinyi -2.535 35.819 MANIQUE 1289 0.4 0.8 5.4 9.5 Low 350 2.34 19.7 15.57 99.23 SHER
056 Drainage river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
M- Lake Run-of-the- List for Site Visit 2015
Ngongi II Ruvuma Mbinga Mpapa -11.217 34.919 Ngongi 84.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.8 Medium 290 0.37 3.13 1.31 8.91 REA
267B Nyasa river Feasibility Study (SHER)
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Lupa Mbeya Chunya Ifumbo -8.655 33.214 Lupa 5885.6 1.1 2.6 24.1 46.1 Medium 82 1.78 14.92 16.36 124.98 SHER
189 Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mfizi III Katavi Mlele Kibaoni -7.154 31.124 Mfizi 3107.7 0 0.1 3.1 8.8 Medium 30 0.02 0.17 0.76 4.39 SHER
278 Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Sumbawanga Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Muze Rukwa Muze -7.723 31.515 Muze 305.5 0 0.1 1.2 2.4 Low 420 0.38 3.16 4.06 24.96 SHER
212 Rural Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Prefeasibility
Samvya Rukwa Kalambo Katazi -8.434 31.82 Samvya 565.5 0.1 0.2 2.2 4.7 114 Low 118 0.06 0.2 1.936 11.1 SHER
217 Rukwa river : Small Hydro Study (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
N-002 Kawa Rukwa Kalambo Kisumba -8.489 31.211 Kawa 169.8 0 0.1 0.7 1.5 Low 260 0.13 1.05 1.56 11.76 SHER
Tanganyika river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Ruvuma &
Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Site Visit 2015
M-301 Lukarasi shp Ruvuma Mbinga Kigonsera -10.782 35.097 Mkurusi Southern 30 0 0.1 0.3 Medium 27 0.01 0.1 0.04 0.28 IED
river base list (SHER)
Rivers
Mandera's Run-of-the- Reconnaissance
M-245 Tanga Korogwe Mswaha -5.151 38.328 Pangani Pangani 44928 10.1 12.8 22 25.7 226 High 43 4.4 36.8 7.6 56.5 IED IREP
Waterfalls river 2015 (SHER)
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-239 Umba Tanga Lushoto Mlalo -4.57 38.347 Umba Pangani 127 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 Low 820 0.431 3.4 2.054 14.71 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-228 Mgugwe Morogoro Kilombero Chisano -8.675 35.825 Mgugwe Rufiji 200.9 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.4 Low 7 0.016 0.12 0.059 0.42 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Wami/Ruvu
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-222 Mkombola Morogoro Gairo Chanjale -6.497 36.85 Mkombola and Coast 229 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.8 Low 160 0.276 2.17 1.503 10.53 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Rivers
Wami/Ruvu
Morogoro Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-211 Mfisigo Morogoro Kibungo Juu -7.088 37.685 Mfisigo and Coast 43 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 Low 250 0.043 0.34 0.537 3.61 IED IREP
Rural river (SHER)
Rivers
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-230 Mulawi Iringa Kilolo Udekwa -7.697 36.314 Mulawi Rufiji 215 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.7 Low 340 0.71 5.6 3.245 23.22 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-232 Mlowa Iringa Kilolo Ilula -7.65 36.145 Mlowa Rufiji 696 0.7 1.1 2.9 4 Low 270 1.5 11.83 6.323 45.27 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Renewable
SF- Sumbawanga Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Kianda Rukwa Miangalua -8.526 32.136 Kianda 59.7 0 0 0.2 0.5 Low 700 0.1 0.82 1.27 7.71 SHER
219 Rural Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Sumbawanga Lake Daily Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Nyembe Rukwa Kalambanzite -8.326 32.014 Nyembe 177.5 0 0.1 0.7 1.4 Low 684 1.17 2.45 14.76 27.16 SHER
213 Rural Rukwa reservoir : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 154 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Renewable
SF- Sumbawanga Lake Daily Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Lwiche Rukwa Muze -7.765 31.576 Lwiche 832.1 0.1 0.1 1.4 2.8 Medium 519 2.37 4.96 24.24 44.78 SHER
211 Rural Rukwa reservoir : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Samba Rukwa Nkasi Nkomolo -7.457 30.836 Samba 336.4 0 0.1 0.7 1.3 Medium 92 0.06 0.47 0.5 3.86 SHER
343 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lyandembela Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Iringa Mufindi Igombavanu -8.265 35.163 Lyandembela Rufiji 1214.2 0.5 1.1 6 10 Medium 33 0.29 2.44 1.65 12.92 SHER
289 II river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lyandembela Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Iringa Mufindi Igombavanu -8.292 35.108 Lyandembela Rufiji 1375.3 0.6 1.2 6.8 11.4 Medium 33 0.33 2.75 1.86 14.61 SHER
109 I river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Kigogo Iringa Mufindi Mninga -8.682 35.243 Kigogo Rufiji 52 0 0.1 0.4 0.7 Low 539 0.25 2.08 1.86 11.44 SHER
294 river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Vambanungwi Iringa Mufindi Kiyowela -8.763 35.054 Vambanungwi Rufiji 160.4 0.1 0.1 1 1.7 Low 110 0.13 1.12 0.89 6.89 SHER
296 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mlowa Iringa Kilolo Mahenge -7.665 36.172 Mlowa Rufiji 694.1 0.5 0.8 2.8 4.1 Medium 117 0.77 6.53 2.71 22 SHER
083 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Prefeasibility
Muhuwezi Ruvuma Tunduru Kalulu -10.702 36.945 Muhuwezi Southern 640 0.2 0.4 3.1 5.7 376 Low 81 0.14 0.3 1.824 10.9 SHER
266 river : Small Hydro Study (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mbagala Mtwara Nanyumbu Nandete -11.046 38.714 Mbagala Southern 3322.7 0.1 0.5 10.7 26.8 Low 40 0.15 1.26 3.53 20.8 SHER
277 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mihima Lindi Lindi Rural Namupa -10.278 39.157 Mihima/Namangale Southern 128.9 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 Low 104 0.17 1.41 0.59 3.99 SHER
271 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Ruvuma &
Run-of-the- Site Visit 2015
M-221 Mambi Lindi Lindi Rural Mandwanga -10.409 39.573 Mambi Southern 1480.7 1.9 2.9 8.5 11.7 Low 152 3.56 30.39 10.62 87.61 IED IREP
river (SHER)
Rivers
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Ruchugi Kigoma Uvinza Uvinza -5.022 30.421 Ruchugi 2816.3 2.8 4.5 15.6 22.6 Low 13 0.48 4.06 1.68 11.4 SHER
172 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Legeza Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Momba I Rukwa Kalambo -8.76 31.954 Momba 1849 0.4 0.9 11.1 23.2 Low 4 0.02 0.18 0.29 1.79 SHER
017 Mwendo Rukwa river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
The report on
pre-feasibility
study of small
hydropower
Dar Es
potential
Lake Run-of-the- Salaam Reconnaissance
M-070 Momba II Songwe Momba Ndalembo -8.792 32.376 Momba 6418 0.2 0.4 7.4 17 Medium 358 1.28 10.4 21.67 125.2 schemes in
Rukwa river Institute of 2015 (SHER)
Morogoro,
Technology
Iringa, Ruvuma
and Mbeya
regions -
Tanzania
M- Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Site Visit 2015
Mgaka II Ruvuma Mbinga Kitumbalomo -10.652 35.02 Mgaka 650.6 1.5 2.3 6.6 9 Medium 35 0.65 5.58 1.9 13.28 IED
355B Nyasa river base list (SHER)
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Prefeasibility
Muyovozi Kigoma Kakonko Kakonko -3.196 30.993 Muyovozi 2719.7 2.1 3.4 12 17.4 624 Low 27 0.7 0.97 2.2 15 SHER
187 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro Study (SHER)
Tanzania
Reconnaissance
Study Mini
Lake Run-of-the- Hydropower Site Visit 2015
M-119 Lubare Kagera Karagwe Ihembe -1.737 31.168 Lubare 17.9 0 0 0.1 0.1 Low 125 0.02 0.17 0.09 0.71 Tanesco
Victoria river Potential in (SHER)
Kagera Region
Draft Report
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 155 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Reconnaissance
Study Mini
Lake Run-of-the- Hydropower Site Visit 2015
M-118 Achesherero Kagera Karagwe Nyakahanga -1.663 31.159 Achesherero 54.9 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 Low 90 0.05 0.4 0.2 1.34 Tanesco
Victoria river Potential in (SHER)
Kagera Region
Draft Report
Reconnaissance
Study Mini
Lake Run-of-the- Hydropower Site Visit 2015
M-113 Kyamato Kagera Bukoba Rural Buhendangabo -1.221 31.808 Kyamato 11.3 0 0 0.1 0.1 Low 50 0.006 0.05 0.03 0.19 Tanesco
Victoria river Potential in (SHER)
Kagera Region
Draft Report
Reconnaissance
Study Mini
M- Lake Run-of-the- Hydropower Reconnaissance
Kitogota Falls Kagera Muleba Ibuga -1.67 31.621 Kitogota 121 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.3 18 Medium 30 0.09 0.73 0.18 1.31 Tanesco
121B Victoria river Potential in 2015 (SHER)
Kagera Region
Draft Report
Reconnaissance
Study Mini
M- Lake Daily Hydropower Site Visit 2015
Kitogota I Kagera Muleba Buganguzi -1.693 31.602 Kitogota 104.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 Low 100 0.54 1.57 2.18 4.28 Tanesco
121A Victoria reservoir Potential in (SHER)
Kagera Region
Draft Report
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Lukosi Iringa Kilolo Udekwa -7.728 36.192 Lukosi Rufiji 1535 5.2 5.8 9.1 11.9 113 Medium 103 4.76 40.3 7.59 57.33 SHER
082 river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Daily Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Bubu I Dodoma Chemba Farkwa -5.372 35.497 BUBU 7565.5 1.7 3.6 23.4 40.6 Low 35 3.34 7.03 21.97 35.01 SHER
092 Drainage reservoir : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Bubu II Dodoma Chemba Farkwa -5.387 35.49 BUBU 7600.9 1.7 3.6 23.5 40.8 Low 90 2.64 22.27 17.43 135.47 SHER
091 Drainage river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Daily Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mponde I Dodoma Chemba Sanzawa -5.404 35.137 MPONDE 1546.6 0.3 0.6 4.2 7.4 Low 16 0.27 0.57 1.78 2.83 SHER
305 Drainage reservoir : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mponde II Dodoma Chemba Mpendo -5.535 35.23 MPONDE 1913.5 0.4 0.8 5.2 9 Low 95 0.61 5.16 4.06 31.55 SHER
067 Drainage river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Daily Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Luwila Singida Manyoni Makuru -5.616 35.023 LUWILA 2176.3 0.4 0.9 6 10.4 Medium 120 3.3 6.94 21.75 34.66 SHER
068 Drainage reservoir : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Internal Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Maparengi Singida Manyoni Saranda -5.743 35.038 MAPARENGI 3110.7 0.6 1.3 8.5 14.8 Medium 150 1.59 13.43 10.56 82.07 SHER
069 Drainage river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Ndembela I Iringa Mufindi Sadani -8.232 34.98 NDEMBELA Rufiji 1641.1 0.7 1.4 8.2 13.6 Medium 100 1.18 9.95 6.74 52.84 SHER
107 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Ndembela II Iringa Mufindi Sadani -8.245 34.913 NDEMBELA Rufiji 1794.2 0.8 1.6 8.9 14.8 Medium 105 1.35 11.38 7.72 60.52 SHER
108 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
Wami/Ruvu
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Wami Pwani Bagamoyo Msata -6.241 38.377 Wami and Coast 39981 12.5 25.7 168.8 293.1 Low 8 1.7 14.35 11.21 87.1 SHER
143 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mkalamo Tanga Handeni Kwamsisi -5.79 38.642 MSANGAZI Pangani 3827.1 1.2 2.5 16.6 28.9 Medium 20 0.42 3.52 2.76 17.58 SHER
145 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mara I Mara Tarime Nyarokoba -1.56 34.659 MARA 10076 3.5 7.1 46.6 81 Low 25 1.46 12.32 9.63 61.36 SHER
052A Victoria river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mara II Mara Serengeti Nyansurura -1.588 34.642 MARA 10076 3.5 7.1 46.6 81 Low 45 2.63 22.19 17.34 110.52 SHER
052B Victoria river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 156 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Sasimo II Dodoma Mpwapwa Ipera -7.23 36.508 SASIMO Rufiji 513.8 0.2 0.5 2.2 3.4 Low 110 0.41 3.45 1.97 15.59 SHER
080B river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Sasimo I Dodoma Mpwapwa Ipera -7.218 36.505 SASIMO Rufiji 513.8 0.2 0.5 2.2 3.4 Low 60 0.22 1.89 1.07 8.52 SHER
080A river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Prefeasibility
Luegere Kigoma Uvinza Igalula -5.895 30.029 LUEGERE 1317 1.4 1.6 4.6 7.8 213 High 157 1.69 2.7 5.355 34.4 SHER
022 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro Study (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Mgambazi Kigoma Uvinza Igalula -5.828 29.994 MGAMBAZI 592 0.7 0.8 2.1 3.5 34 Medium 57 0.34 2.9 0.92 6.19 SHER
178 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Kivumilo Tanga Mkinga Mwakijembe -4.512 38.869 UMBA Pangani 5489.9 3.9 6.3 22.1 31.9 Medium 9 0.47 3.98 1.64 13.34 SHER
041 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
SF- Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mchakama Lindi Kilwa Mandawa -9.106 39.265 Mavuji Southern 3002 2.9 4.6 16.2 23.4 Low 5 0.19 1.63 0.67 5.47 SHER
123 river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Reconnaissance
Study for
Lake Run-of-the- Minihydropower Site Visit 2015
M-127 Ruhuhu Ruvuma Nyasa Lituhi -10.448 34.805 Ruhuhu 14581 15.3 26.1 105.2 158.4 Medium 15 3.25 27.56 13.12 87.73 Tanesco
Nyasa river Potential Sites (SHER)
Iringa Region
Phase II
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Lupapilo Njombe Ludewa Masasi -10.489 34.76 Ruhuhu 14618 15.3 26.1 105.5 158.8 Medium 30 6.49 55.13 26.23 175.49 SHER
029 Nyasa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Reconnaissance
M-295 Myombezi Ruvuma Songea Rural Wino -9.806 35.383 Myombezi 35 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 Low 94 0.09 0.76 0.23 1.58 IED
Nyasa river base list 2015 (SHER)
M- Litembo Lake Daily IREP - GIS - Site Visit 2015
Ruvuma Mbinga Litembo -10.974 34.829 Ndumbi 33.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Medium 25 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.31 IED
298B Extension Nyasa reservoir base list (SHER)
Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Reconnaissance
M-299 Luaita Ruvuma Mbinga Kilimani -10.963 34.979 Luaita 55 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 Low 30 0.02 0.2 0.09 0.57 IED
Nyasa river base list 2015 (SHER)
M- Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Site Visit 2015
Mgaka I Ruvuma Mbinga Kitumbalomo -10.712 35.032 Mgaka 519.8 1.2 1.8 5.3 7.2 Medium 30 0.45 3.82 1.3 9.09 IED
355A Nyasa river base list (SHER)
M- Lake Run-of-the- List for Site Visit 2015
Luwika I Ruvuma Mbinga Kambarage -11.095 34.821 Luwika/Lualala 72.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.7 Medium 75 0.08 0.69 0.29 1.96 REA
268A Nyasa river Feasibility Study (SHER)
M- Lake Run-of-the- List for Site Visit 2015
Luwika II Ruvuma Mbinga Kambarage -11.104 34.81 Luwika/Lualala 77.7 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.7 Medium 750 0.85 7.21 3.03 20.58 REA
268B Nyasa river Feasibility Study (SHER)
Kihangi Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Site Visit 2015
M-297 Lipumba Ruvuma Mbinga -10.825 35.012 Mngaka 349.8 0.4 0.6 2.2 3.2 Medium 4 0.02 0.18 0.07 0.49 IED
Mahuka Nyasa river base list (SHER)
Renewable
Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
SF-UN Mbawa Ruvuma Mbinga Maguu -11.024 34.758 Mbawa 89.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.8 Low 350 0.45 3.87 1.61 13.11 SHER
Nyasa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
N-010 Kitandazi II Ruvuma Mbinga Mbangamao -11.019 35.079 Mbinga Southern 183 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.9 11 Medium 26 0.04 0.31 0.13 0.85 SHER
river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
Renewable
Ruvuma &
Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
N-011 Kingilikiti Ruvuma Nyasa Kingerikiti -11.179 34.971 Lumeme Southern 114.5 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.1 Medium 28 0.05 0.41 0.17 1.16 SHER
river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Rivers
Tanzania
M- Lake Run-of-the- List for Site Visit 2015
Ngongi I Ruvuma Mbinga Mpapa -11.191 34.932 Ngongi 52.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 Medium 110 0.09 0.75 0.31 2.12 REA
267A Nyasa river Feasibility Study (SHER)
Lake Run-of-the- List for Site Visit 2015
M-277 Luika Njombe Ludewa Lupingu -10.066 34.552 Luika 63.5 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 Medium 58 0.08 0.65 0.2 1.4 REA
Nyasa river Feasibility Study (SHER)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 157 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
Lake Run-of-the- IREP - GIS - Reconnaissance
M-288 Kelolilo Njombe Ludewa Ludewa -10.102 34.708 Kelolilo 105 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.8 11 Medium 79 0.29 2.43 0.68 4.71 IED
Nyasa river base list 2015 (SHER)
Lake Run-of-the- Kitewaka Pre- Site Visit 2015
M-110 Kitewaka Njombe Ludewa Luilo -10.352 34.838 Kitewaka 2460.6 8.9 12.8 33.5 44.4 Medium 54 5.71 48.89 14.96 106 Unknown
Nyasa river feasibility study (SHER)
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Kalambo Falls Rukwa Kalambo Kisumba -8.596 31.24 Kalambo 3193 0.2 0.5 6.3 13.2 Medium 200 0.82 6.85 10.36 63.06 SHER
018 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Lwazi Rukwa Kalambo Kasanga -8.279 31.073 Lwazi 515 0.1 0.2 2.1 4.4 Low 167 0.23 1.86 2.77 16.32 SHER
019 Tanganyika river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Kalambo I Rukwa Kalambo Mkowe -8.291 31.43 Kalambo 1335 0.3 0.4 1.9 5 54 Medium 17 0.05 0.42 0.25 1.53 SHER
214A Tanganyika river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Kalambo II Rukwa Kalambo Mkowe -8.298 31.422 Kalambo 1348 0.3 0.4 1.9 5 54 Medium 20 0.05 0.44 0.3 1.83 SHER
214B Tanganyika river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Chulu Rukwa Nkasi Mkwamba -7.596 31.449 Chulu 99 0 0 0.4 0.7 Low 829 0.2 1.64 2.39 14.14 SHER
206 Rukwa river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Mfizi I Rukwa Nkasi Mtenga -7.235 31.075 Mfizi 2382.5 0 0.1 2.3 6.8 Medium 40 0.02 0.17 0.77 4.47 SHER
208 Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Reconnaissance
Mfizi II Rukwa Nkasi Mtenga -7.187 31.11 Mfizi 2544 0 0 1.2 4 86 Medium 153 0 0 1.49 8.28 SHER
020 Rukwa river : Small Hydro 2015 (SHER)
Tanzania
Renewable
SF- Lake Run-of-the- Energy Mapping Site Visit 2015
Kilida Rukwa Nkasi Mkwamba -7.447 31.348 Kilida 98.3 0 0 0.4 0.8 Low 500 0.14 1.19 1.53 9.4 SHER
207 Rukwa river : Small Hydro (SHER)
Tanzania
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 158 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.4 APPENDIX 4 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE KICK-OFF MEETING (NOVEMBER 7, 2013)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 159 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.5 APPENDIX 5 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO PRESENTATION OF PROGRESS REPORT (NOVEMBER 20, 2014)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 160 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.6 APPENDIX 6 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE WORKING SESSION ON SMALL SCALE HYDRO RESOURCE MAPPING
- PHASE 1 WORKSHOP (MARCH 17, 2015)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 161 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.7 APPENDIX 7 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE TRAINING SESSION ON SMALL SCALE HYDRO RESOURCE MAPPING
(MARCH 18-19, 2015)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 162 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.8 APPENDIX 8 : LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE FINAL WORKSHOP (DECEMBER 14, 2017)
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 163 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 164 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 165 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.9 APPENDIX 9 : SITE VISITS REPORT
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 166 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.10 APPENDIX 10 : SITE INVESTIGATIONS REPORT
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 167 of 168
Small Hydro Tanzania REA / The World Bank
Contract n°7169139
10.11 APPENDIX 11 : ATLAS OF THE HYDROPOWER RESOURCE OF TANZANIA
SHER / Mhylab Small Hydro Mapping Report - June 2018 Page 168 of 168