03 6/9 GUJARAT STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT: PHASE IIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE UNAVA BYPASS E-228 VOL. 4 200 1.00 Water Water Bodies Encroachment on water body 0.33 No impact on Water Body 0.00 Drainage Alteration in Drainage Network 0.33 Minor Changes in drainage alignment j 0.17 No impact 0.00 Water Quality Impact on Water Quality 0.34 No Impact 0.00 Noise Noise<50 dB 0.25 5OdB75dB 1.00 Flora Impact 1.00 No Irnpact 0.00 Fauna Impact 1.00 No Impact 0.00 Social Environment Commercial Impact 1.00 No Irnpact 0.00 Residential Impact 1.00 INo Irnpact 0.00 Agricultural Impact 1.00 No Impact 0.00 No. of Persons Affected >100 persons 0.25 100400 1.00 Cultural Environment Shnnes Impact 1.00 No impact 0.00 Temples/Mosques/Dargah Impact 1.00 No impact | °.-° Other Issues Safety of Development on both sides of the RoW 1.00 vehicles/pedestrians Development on one side of the RoW 0.50 Agricultural\ barren land on both sides of 0.00 RoW Joumey speeds Impact 1.00 No irripact 0.00 3-4 . - S3evc;cr -r 4iignrme.r ,he resultant Environmentai Ser7s!iv:\ index ;s cerivec bDy nmuL!t'30inc :.ne reictive .ic!e .2co.r D', ':ne weicnzings of eacr paramreter. .he surrmat.o of sccres for eac.- or :*e za:^-e:e s orovides tne Environmentai Sersitmr,v score for each of the al:crment. The alternai,'.e e, n ne 'owest score is likely to cause the easz ;moacts on the natural. sociai and cultural er-, roire'e: 3.3. ALTERNATIVE I 3.3.1. Natural Environment ,e tra.fic volume or. this nigr',ha is currentiv very hicr anc ;s expectec tc ncrease r tne -urure. The exist;ng DOllution loac Tn :ris zowr, is aireacv hign. and ar increase ir -ne m re r v voiume is iikeiy to push the pollution levels past the permissible limits. Due to tne cors;r:c:ez Ro\A1, the travel speeds in this sectior. of the highway are low. In the no project" scenaric. :be impacts would be long term. Figure 3.1: Pond at Unava 3.3.2. Social Environment There are a large number of persons crossing the highway. This coupled with a narrow RoW increases the probability of collisions. The traffic on this project corridor is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. This increase in the traffic will act as impedance to the movements of the inhabitants of the settlement. This will further increase the probability of collisions. The problem will be further aggravated during the yearly Urs at the Shrine of Mira Datar when lakhs tens of thousands of devotees come to pay homage. Congestion wouiC increase and traffic speeds would decrease. 3.3.3. Cultural Environment The tomb of Mira Datar lies in the RoW about 5m from the carriageway. There is also the Dargah of Mammo Sahib just on the edge of the carriageway, which is visited daily by 300-400 people. In addition, the religious congregation or 'Urs' held at the Mira Datar tomb in June and at Mammo Sahib Dargah during 'razab' attracts thousands of beiievers from all over India. I' is cifficult to ensure pedestrian safety because of spill over of these religious activities on to the road Moreover. the traffic on this corridor is estimated to increase. compounding the problem ir Ihe already constricted corridor. 3-5 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 3.3.4. Critical Areas The "no-project" scenario means that the existing unsafe conditions will persist and later be aggravated due to increased traffic volumes. The travel speeds through the settlement also decrease because of the increase in traffic volumes and consequently the emissions would increase. 3.4. ALTERNATIVE II 3.4.1. Natural Environment A large number of shops and residences in Unava settlement are situated along the carriageway. The road-strengthening program would involve widening the highway to four lanes. The village pond (see Figure 3.1) is situated along the carriageway and any widening would encroach upon it. This would lead to reduction in the size of the pond, which might in turn affect the aquatic ecosystem. Any widening of the highway would also increase traffic volume through the town, aggravating the already high pollution and safety risks within the settlement. As in the first option, the traffic increase associated with this alternative may result in pollution levels higher than the maximum permissible limits. The noise levels would also increase due to drivers using the horn to warn pedestrians of their higher speeds. Figure 3.2: Business Establishments Figure 3.3: Residential Structures Adjacent Adjacent to the Existing CW in Unava. to the Existing CW in Unava 3.4.2. Social Environment The RoW is extremely constricted in this settlement. If the road were widened through the town, the required RoW would be at least 24m. In the case of Unava even this clearance is not available. Any widening would involve demolition of a large number of business (see Figure 3.2) and residential structures (see Figure 3.3). This would increase the number of PAPs significantly. Another factor is the increased probability of collisions, which might occur due to increased traffic speeds and a larger road area for pedestrians to cross. 3.4.3. Cultural Environment Construction of a four-lane highway would involve relocation of the religious structures (refer Figure 3.4) along the carriageway. These are very old, famous and sensitive cultural properties and relocation of any kind is difficult; mitigation is also not possible because of inadequate land availability within the settlement. Lea Associsates 3-6 Chapter 3 - Selection of Alignment 3.4.4. Critical Areas Travel speeds would increase from 40-60kph to 80-100kph. Consequently the emissions would decrease. This would lead to improvement in the ambient air quality. However, the increase in travel speeds compounded with the increase in carriageway width would likely heighten safety concerns for pedestrians. A larger carriageway width would mean it would take longer to cross the roads, and hence increase the probability of accidents. Figure 3.4: The Dargah of Mammo Sahib 3.5. ALTERNATIVE IlIl 3.5.1. Natural Environment The bypass alignment is 500m from the village. The land surrounding the proposed bypass is agricultural. Any increase in pollution due to increases in-traffic volumes (and resulting impacts on human health) will be offset by dispersion of pollutants over distance. The pollution levels within the town would therefore be reduced. The ambient noise levels, based on the same levels of traffic volume would also reduce in the village. 3.5.2. Social Environment No residential or business property is being affected by the proposed bypass alignment. The bypass is east of the village and passes through agricultural land only. It would, however, separate the landowners and agricultural workers from their land. Very few (if any) of the iandowners would actually lose their entire parcel of land, and a liberal Entitlement framework approved by the GoG would compensate them. Implementation of this option will also help to reduce congestion in the settlement. 3.5.3. Cultural Environment The bypass alignment is about 500m away from the important cultural properties in Unava town and would not have any direct or indirect impact on them. Moreover, it would redirect all the heavy vehicles away from the dargah, tombs, and temples. Thus, safety of people as well as the sensitive cultural properties will be ensured. The nearest temple is located about 30m from the RoW of the proposed bypass and the area around it has potential to be developed as a rest area. The proposed bypass passes at least 300m from any protected monument with state or national importance. Le Associates -- 3.7 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. It: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 3.5.4. Critical Areas This alternative would decrease the pDrobability of accidents. There are a few cart tracks crossing the alignment, and box culverts of 3m height are proposed to enable safer travel of pedestrians and cart tracks. As a four-lane, congestion-free highway, vehicular speeds would be high and therefore emissions would be less. T'he construction of a bypass would result in improvement in ambient air quality in the town and a reduction in noise levels. At the same time, however. the air quality and noise levels would deteriorate in the area where the bypass is proposed. The levels of both these parameters would increase due to traffic travelling through hitherto agricultural land. 3.6. SELECTION OF FINAL ALIGNMENT As mentioned above, all three alternatives were then considered, and the most suitable alignment chosen (see Table 3.3). Table 3-3: Environmental Characteristics of Alternate Alignments Parameters Alternate Alignments Alternative I Altemative 11 I Alternative Ill Length (km) 2.2km 2.2km j 2.4km Terrain (plain/rolling/hilly) Plain Plain Plain Land use of area to be acquired (ha) No land Agncultural land (ha) acquisition 13.4 ha Urban Area land (ha) 6.5 ha (urban area) Displacement of households Nil 50 Nil Cut sections (km) Nil Nil Nil Length in cut (km) Maximum depth of cut (m) Fill sections Nil |Nil Length in fill (kin) l 2 km - Maximum height of fill (m) l 3.5 m vegetation Nil Numper trees exceeding 60 cm in girth to be :400 200 cut. l _l Flood hazard (encroachment on flood plain) No Yes Yes Erosion potential None T None None Landslide potential None None None Stretch in geologically unstable area. None | None None Drainage and adverse impact on water flow. No jYes Yes Number of major river crossings (exceeding None | None None 60m) I_ Number of railway crossings None None None School, colleges. hospitals falling enroute 1 school and 1 school and None 1 health centre 1 health centre Number and type of utilities requiring None Water works irrigation relocation Sewerage works pipelines Electricity cables Possibility of providing wayside amenities No Some Yes -- Air quality Crtical 1 Ctical Fair Noise level Critical Critcal Fair Eshmated cost of Construction Rs1.5 crores Rs 12 crores Rs 18 crores Lea Associates 3-8 Chapter 3 - Selection of Alignment Table 3-4: Selection of Alignment Alternative Alignment I Sensitivity Scores Altemabve I 30.68 Altematve II 78.5 Altematve IlIl 12.67 Alternative Ill has the lowest environmental sensitivity score (refer Table 3.4). This indicates that the alignment is likely to cause minimum impacts to the natural, social and cultural environment in the study area. The salient feature of this alignment is that it is unlikely to cause damage to any cultural property, especially at Unava. In addition to this there is no likelihood of displacement of persons. There will be loss of livelihood, but the impacts of this are far less as compared to displacement. All losses will be compensated and assisted through an Entitlement framework developed by the GoG. This option will help to reduce the congestion through Unava settlement and traffic through the settlement will be reduced considerably. Only the traffic destined for the settlement will use the existing road. At present, the ambient air quality levels as well as the noise levels, within the settlement, are higher than the stipulated standards. The construction of the bypass, in all likelihood, will decrease the noise levels and increase the ambient air quality levels in Unava settlement. Also the bypass will benefit the vehicular movement. Journey speeds are expected to increase and the traffic movement to be smoothed. Le Associates .3-9 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY AREA The MoEF requires that, for study of impacts in case highway projects, the area of influence is be taken as 10 km on either side. The bypass is proposed to be 2.4km in length (refer Figure 4.1). The study area for the project has been as 10 km on either side of the project and an additional 3km towards north and 7km south of Unava as the impacts are not limited to the ends of the bypass. This includes the next largest settlements on the State Highway. An area of 369km2 has been delineated as the study area for identification of impacts of the project (refer Map 4.1). The northern limit of the project study area is Unjha town and the southern limit is the settlement of Bhandu. The Eastern limit of the town is the settlement of Tarabh while western limits of the study area are the settlement of Dabhadi. Wherever, part of the villages are falling within this boundary, whole of the villages are included in the study area., The study area consists of a large number of small villages. Unjha is the only Census Town' in the study area. The predominant land use of the area is agricultural. This chapter describes the existing natural and social environmental settings within the study area. The data presented is derived from two levels; The immediate impact area i.e. the proposed RoW and the influence area i.e. the study area. Some data such as rainfall were collected at district level, since micro-level data are only available for a few sites. - 4.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1. Meteorology Micro-meteorological parameters have considerable impacts on the behaviour of air pollutants. They not only govern dispersion, diffusion and transportation of air pollutants, but also are capable of altering the nature of air pollutants. Under certain conditions, various pollutants synergistically and adversely affect the various aspects of the environment, e.g., photochemical smog. Micro-meteorological data for the study area is an essential requirement for existing ambient air quality status and prediction of future impacts through mathematical models due to the future traffic load on road. Micro-meteorological data for the study area has been recorded in concurrence with ambient air quality survey. 4.2. 1.1. Climate The climate in the study area is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness during major part of the year. The year may be divided into four seasons: Months Season December - February Winter March - June Summer July - September Monsoon October - November Post monsoon or Transition Period 1 All places with Local Authorties and/or satisfying following three critena 1. A population of more than 5000. 2. A density of population of at least 400per sq. m. 3. At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural and allied pursuits. Lea Assocrates 4.1 . : =- ; - ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ..... 1Is is w l a w LASA N.D. LEA GOVIR.'I'. OF GUJMAI _CRAWN RG~~~~~~~~~~~~~BADS AND ILDMGIS DEPARTMENT ]~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"mA ::: No 111- - I I 0 olf(%E* LCO As50C.Ot.a UNAVA BYPASS ALIGNMENT MIK 1D0 ESIGNED, STATE HIIGHWAY 41. i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ICIC, , , 11 1 N. REvisiD" DATE I GECED. REPI.ACE PREVIOUI. ODRAVtCWIIGIhBNEW REVISION 3 J, I., 6 .-I Yvs: ly N. '41, h N q E ti" ',J A J!, A LEGEND A- Study Area Boundary V Unava Bypass Alignrnent c A 71 SCALE 1 7 1 500 r MAP 4.1 ..... Nall. UNAVA BYPASS CA. STUDY AREA .. ......... . L f N. D. LEA L A S A Chapter 4 - Project Description The area is essentially flat and in absence of any prominent environmental feature does not have a significantly different micro-climate. 4.2.1.2. TemDerature and Humicdy The annual means temperature of the district is 26.50C. The mean summer maximum and minimum temperatures are 41°C and 260C respectively. The mean winter maximum and minimum temperatures are 28°C, and 1 1°C respectively. After February there is a rapid increase in the temperatures. May and early part of June before the onset of the monsoon, constitute the hottest part of the year. With the advance of the monsoons there is appreciable drop in the daytime temperature but the night remains about as warm as during the summer season. After the monsoon, by the end of September, there is an increase in day temperature, with maximum daytime temperature being reached in October. There is a rapid decrease ith temperatures after November with January being the coldest month. On account of low rainfall and high temperatures the air is generally dry during most part of the year. In the summer season the daytime relative humidity levels are less than 30%. 4.2.1.3. Rainfall The average annual rainfall in the district is 641.8 mm. The southwest monsoon contributes about 96 per cent of the annual rainfall. On an average there are 31 rainy days (i.e. days with rainfall of 2.5mm or more) in a year with July being the rainiest month. The variation in rainfall from year to year ranges from 46% to 160%. The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded in the district was 369.6mm. 4.2.1.4. Wind Wirnd direction, speed, and seasonal variation determine the manner in which air pollutants from the vehicle emissions are dispersed. High wind velocities may also cause soil erosion both during the dry and the wet season. During the dry months high wind speeds above 16km/h are liable to cause soil erosion in areas of loose soil. Winds are generally light with some increase in speed during the latter part of the summer and early part of the monsoon season. During the period from April to September, the wind blows mostly from directions between south and west, the south-westerly predominates. The wind speeds vary between 5 to 15km/h during the summer months. The winds are light and variable in direction during October. the easterly and north-easterly being more common in the mornings and the westerly and north-westerly occasionally in the aftemoons. During the period from November to March, while the morning winds are mostly between north and east, the afternoon winds are generally from directions between west and north. Wind speeds are between 5 to 1 OKm/h in the corridor in the winter months. 4.2.1.5. Special Weather Phenomenon Thunderstorms occasionally accompanied by squalls occur during the latter half of summer and the early part of the monsoon season. During the monsoon months, July to September, depressions from the Bay of Bengal affect the weather over the district; occasionally causing wide spread heavy rain and gusty winds. The district experiences dust storms during the period from April to June. 4.2.1.6. Micro-meteorology of the Study Area Micro-meteorological station was installed at two ends of the bypass (see Figure 4.2). Half- hourly observations for the parameters like temperature; humidity, rainfall, wind velocity and relative humidity were carried out using dry and wet bulk temperature. The micro-meteorological data for the study area was collected for a period of one month. ti Assoc,ates 4-3 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass : . ', - ,; :~, , , ' , 4 I ,~ Figure 4.2: Micro-meteorological observations in progress at the south end of Unava bypass. At Station 2, south end of the bypass, during the study period overall calm was observed 13.89 per cent of the time (refer Figures 4.3). Similarly at Station 3, north end of the bypass, the overall calm period was observed 17.33 per of the time (refer Figure 4.4). The data collected from the IMD the calm period is observed to be 9 per cent only. The IMD data however, is recorded only twice daily, once in the morning and once in the evening. The predominant wind direction observed, at Station 2, during the study period was East (19%) and South-East (14%) and West (14%). At Station 3 the predominant wind direction observed was East (17%), South-East (13%) and South (12%). Study area micro-meteorological data revealed that maximum wind speed was 17.8km/h. The average wind speed recorded was 1.49m/s and at 1.22m/s at Station 2 and Station 3respectively. The temperature ranged between 19.5°C and 26.0°C at both of the stations and the average ambient temperature was 27.7°C. Throughout the study period, the sky was clear. 4.2.2. Ambient Air Quality Air quality is influenced by a number of natural (e.g. winds, thermal profile, humidity etc.) as well as anthropogenic (e.g. traffic and industrial emissions etc.) factors. To assess the impact of the future traffic load position on the present environmental status, ambient air monitoring was conducted at various locations. The representative monitoring stations were selected based on the available information and meteorology, topographical condition of the area, location of critical targets and source of pollution into account. 4.2.2.1. Selection of Sampling Location A 10 km on either side of the proposed by pass alignment and an additional 3km towards month end 7 km towards the south end was identified as study zone for study of impacts due the project as per the guidelines of MoEF (Gol). A total of 10 sampling locations (where 1 to 6 are fixed stations and 7 to 10 are mobile stations respectively) were selected for assessment of existing status of ambient air quality of the study area (refer Map 4.2). The representative monitoring stations were selected on the basis of available information on meteorology, topographical condition of the area, land use, location of critical/sensitive areas and sources of pollution in the study area. The details of sampling locations like code no. Site name and others are given in Table 4.1. lea Assocates 4-4 I e \.V njhaTo w nJ X I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ha < a s!ndzr I abhd\ sTUDY AREA Y'/ \ _ 2 Pali 5 jI\ 4 4 .1 _tg P Tarabh *Z. . * > : WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS J/ 1. Aithor Vil-lage7 ({ -- > to. 2. Between Aithor &Tarabh 3. Tarabh Village Open Well .M< lthund j_d4. Trabh Village -44 - tokarmd sana 5. Unava Open Well p B. Unava 7. Between Surpura & Unava arsada 8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Surpura village ofavi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9. Ruvawl Village 10. Unava Pond Yrto Vadu ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Scale 1:125,000 Map: 4.4 WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONl I..T 1181~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ImWAYS F111ifST PROJECT COORDINATING CONSULTANT SERVICEI HAIFA Lea'~soLajes [ASA INDIA Chapter 4 - Project Descnption Water" Ed. 18, 1992 published jointly by APHA, AWWA & WPCF. Calorimetric estimations were carried out by Spectrophotometer and analysis of metals was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. | Figure 4.9: Open well at Unava from where a water sample was drawn. 4.2.4.4. Results & Discussions Ten water sarnples (nine ground water and one surface water) were collected and analysed. Selected physio-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been studied and the same was compared with respect to the limits stipulated by the drinking water standards IS: 10500-1991. -The analytical results of these are provided in Table 4.12. 4.2.4.5. Physical Characteristics The drinking water (ground water) in the study area is free from odour, colour, and turbidity and is agreeable in taste. pH in all ground water samples remained more or less constant (6.79 to 8.10) and within the limit of 6.5 to 8.5. Desirable limit of total dissolved solids (TDS) for drinking water is 500 mg/l, but permissible limit can be extended up to 2000 mg/I, in case there is no altemative source. TDS were found in the range of 900 to 2181. Water sample collected from the Unava settlement pond was found to contain TDS in more than the prescribed quantities for drinking purposes. The water from this pond does not satisfy the drinking water standards also due to colour and taste. 4.2.4.6. Chemical Characteristics: All samples revealed higher fluorides (range of 2.65 to 3.8 mg/I) which could be attributed to local geological formations. Most of the chemical parameters revealed higher concentrations as compared to the desirable limits, but well below the permissible limit prescribed by IS:10500 (drinking water standards in absence of alternate source). * Metallic Constituents All samples, including surface water sample, were detected to be free from any metallic constituents. * Bacteriological characteristics Bacteriological characteristics of the study area ground water also satisfactory and within the prescribed standards but the sample drawn from the surface water source is not suitable for drinking purpose without bacteriological treatment. Lei Associates 4-13 Table 4.12: Physical - Chemical Characteristics of Water Samples S. No. Parameters Unit Location Code IS:10500-1991 Desirable Limit WQ_ H | Was | W6 T1 WQ, wQ Lirmit li A. Physical Parameters __lo____ . 1 pH _ 51 7715 810 756 696 710 751 736 735 713 65to85 Colour Hazen Unit Nit Nit Nit Nit Nit lNil Nit Nil <10 5(25) 3 Odour 0 less 0 less Otess 0 less 0.1ess 0 less 0 less 0less 0 less Objectionable Unobjectionable 4 Taste Agreeable Agreeabte Agreeable Agreeabte Agreeable Agreeabte Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Non-agreeable Agreeable - Turbiddy ~~~~~~~~ NTU BDL BDL ~~~~~~~BDL BOL ttDL BDL BDL BDL 75 (10) _____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 Turbidity NTU I01DL0 I I0 I01 80 0181 17 50(100) Total Dissolved Solids mgI 15a0 1542 2056 1585 2181 1397 1008 1863 900 1455 500(2000) 7 Conductivity mmho/cm 3 5 3 5 4.5 3 5 3.5 332 2.3 4 0 2 0 2.9 1 B. Chemical Parameters 5 B Total Alltalinity on CaCo, mg/I 552 558 620 559 396 364 354 408 464 322 200 (600) 9 Total Hardness as CaCo, mg/ 284 276 238 302 496 364 202 344 368 302 300 (600) 10 Calcium as Ca" mgI 58 4 48 8 29 6 60 0 184.0 712 424 576 552 62.4 |5(200) 2rl 11 Magnesium asMg mg/t 33 5 37 42 39 8 36 9 105 9 45 19 14 5 48.6 55 89 35 47 12 Chlorides as Cl- mg/t 506 482 556 488 740 528 228 660 168 396 250 (1000) 13 Fluorides as F mg8 3 8 3 75 3 08 2 65 2.8 2 9 2 95 2.7 2 7 3 2 10(15) ; 14 Sodium as Nat mg/ 510 500 525 495 280 420 300 535 140 290 - S 15 Polassium as K+ mg/ 3 42 2 11 195 2 86 34.2 2.65 2 46 2 07 50 18 56 l8 Sulphates as S04 mg/i 121 119 211 130 150 209 169 140 38 73 200 (400) 0 17 Calcitmn Hardness as mg/I 146 122 74 150 460 178 106 144 138 156 - CaCo_ 18 Maganics Hardness as mgA 138 154 164 152 436 186 96 200 230 146 CD. CaCo) 1 0 1 119 19 .SO,' mg/I 1826 1480 1516 W645 1632 1712 1607 t576 166 1992 | 20 Po0 * mg/t 9425 1027 5655 918 96.7 842 149.4 1202 1158 9471 (b 21 Oil & Grease mg/I Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil | mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 28 22 ClOD Nil__ __ _ __ __ __ __ 23 BOD (3 days at 27 C mg/I Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil | 5 23 BOD I3 days al 27 C sb 24 Sodium Percefitage 80 80 70 78 40 69 76 77 42 66 1i ____ ______ __.__ _ -. S. Nor Parameters Unit Location Code IS:10500i 991 Desirable Limb l (Permissible Z Limit) _________ 0___ _ I V~~~~ QI W02Q r WQ, WO% 1 W s | w0^ W0Q 1 wa.T wa I wQo. C. Heavy Metals R. 25 Total Cupper as Cu mgA Nil Nil Nil NNil Nil NilNilml_(I S) 26 Totat Iron as Fe mg/I Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0 3 (I 0) 4 27 Total Calcium as Ct "g/I Nil Nil Nil Nit Nil Nil Nil 001 28 Total Leed as Pb mytI Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0 05 29 Total Cyamide as CN mgtI Nil Nil Nil Nil Ntl Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0 05 30 chromium as Cd' rng/ Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0 05 31 Nickel as Ni mg/i Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ID. Bacteriological Parameters 32 Total Aerobic Microbial Clu/mI 875000 150000 22000 65466 926666 8200 . 11800 695000 Count A A 33 OeleIeion of E Coli pwer No's Absenl Absenl Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present | Negative 34 Salmonella presenl per Nos Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Present Negative _ a.DS I I100ml U' Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. llf: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Physio-chemical quality The ground water samples were having satisfactory physio-chemical quality, except fluorides and all are within the permissible limit s of IS: 10500 - 1991 4.2.5. Noise 4.2.5.1. Introduction Noise is defined as an unwanted sound, which interferes with speech, communication, and causes annoyance. distracts from work, disturbs sleep and thus affects adversely the quality of human environment. Monitoring and predicting variance in the ambient noise levels is an important part of the environmental impact assessment. This to assess the existing background noise level in the study area and further predict the variance in noise levels due to the project. Ambient noise is the noise that persists in the ambient environment and is the resultant of the various routine or general activities in the area. The monitoring of the background noise levels along the proposed alignments for the bypass was conducted to ascertain the existing noise levels and make way for the mitigation cf any negative impacts likely to result from the proposed project. The monitoring was carried out: various locations selected carefully, based on existing National and International noise standards. 4.2.5.2. Site Selection Criteria The noise survey locations were selected so as to consider all possible impact locations. Locations should be representative of the land uses and environmental features in the study area. Locations include the existing highway stretch through Unava settlement, near the proposed bypass alignment, surrounding settlements and other sensitive locations (refer Map 4.5). This was to gauge the existing noise levels in all these areas. Noise levels would be predicted to analyse the impact of the proposed bypass in the study area. A total of ten sites (refer Table 4.13) at various locations along the existing highway and proposed alignments were selected based on the following criteria: Locations which are representative of land use categories. i.e., residential, commercial industrial, and silence zones; • Locations by which the baseline noise levels along the alignment should be established. thereby facilitating future monitoring for changes in the noise environment: * Locations along the existing highway (within 100 m), to determine the existing baseline noise levels primarily due to the traffic movement. * Locations where noise is primarily due to increase of mixed (residential and commercial/industrial)and commercial development and * Locations taking into consideration the existing meteorological conditions i.e. wind speed. wind direction etc. in the area. 4.2.5.3. Methodoloav Community noise is generally measured with an 'A' weighted frequency using a 'slow' time response mode of the instrument. At short-term sites typical day noise levels are determined by monitoring continuously for twenty minutes, and typical night noise levels are determined by monitoring for ten minutes. Each noise location was monitored for at least one 24-hour period (see Table 4.13). The hour-by-hour data were used to calculate average levels for day and night periods. 24-hour Leq, (average noise level), and L,n (average day-night noise level), as well as provide a noise profile at each location including the quietest and noisiest hours and the effects of rush-hour traffic noise. Lea Associates 4.16 \~~~~~~~~n - >_f - ) > nwa HJp|C5 SUDAE ENDI E .. i-9 - : \ .-:- xtv8t- Vi4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- tM ' ' / 0 2 | S¢"2@ 1'125,0n0 ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---TBH31L BOUNDARY VILLAGE BOUNDARY STATE HIGH WAY --- PROPOSED BYPASS K~~~~~ RAILWAY TRACK - vefladia, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~SETTLEMENTS Matfder \ / . Hajipr COOROINASTUDY AREA HajlSo os ~ 2 Sulier an o Byas j; Su f*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 nv Stlmn Rt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Cnr fBps U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Nrhr n fBps V. 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. lOOm from nouthern end at Bypass 2. SoIuII(othern end af Bypass) Kanthravl ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8. High School, Unava ~~~~~~ , ~~~~~~~~~~~~9. Village Squa Scale 1:125,00 Map:4. 4 a ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NOISE LEVELS SAMPLING STATIONS ulthgn - Gored 61,1351~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NINA STATI *111WAYS FuIJIsT PROJECT COORDINATING CONSULTANT SERVICE; CANADA La~jqcQ LASA Lea INDIA Chapter 4 - Project Description Table 4.13: Noise Level Monitoring Locations S. No Location Chainage Village Land Use Category 1 1 OOm offset from the beginning of the proposed bypass 92.3 Unava Residential 2 At the beginning of the propcised bypass - 92.3 Unava Industrial 3 Within Unava Settlement. Next to Mira Datar (Mosque) 93.3 Lnava Commercial 4 At the centre of the bypass. 1.2 km from either side 93.4 Unava Residential (next to a temple). (proposed) 5 At the end of bypass. 94.7 Unava Industrial 6 OOnm offset from the ena of the bypass. 94.7 Unava Commercal 7 At an oil mill. (At the end of bypass). 94.6 Unava Industrial 8 At high school 94.1 Unava Residential 9 At Village Square ____________ Aithor Commercial 10 At Village Square Surpura Commercial Table 4.14: Noise Standards Noise Area Classification2 Day time Daytime I Night Night L10 L50 i time Lj0 time L50 Classification I Residential areas. institutional areas, medical/other health services. religious activities, cultural activities, camping and 65 60 55 50 picnic spots. resorts and group camps. other entertainment and recreat'onal activities Classification 2 Rail, road terminals, bus passenger terminals, airports, public l assembly. professional services. amusements, parks. 70 I 65 70 . 65 automobile parking, business/commercal establishments, trade i centres. | | Classification 3 Ii Industrial. manufacturing, railroad. rapid transits, railway 80 75 80 75 transportation. highways, mining activities and related services. fairgrounds and amusement parks. Source: United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) Note: The stancards are consistent with speech, sleep. annoyance. and heanng conservation requirements for receivers withir areas grouped under Noise Area Classificatioi, The Noise Area Classification is based on the land-use activity at the location of the receiver Table 4.15: National Ambient Noise Standards Area Code Area Category Limits in dB(A) Day time Night time A Industnal 75 70 a Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 0 Silence Zone SO 40 Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Note: Daytime is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 900PM and night time is reckoned in beween 9 00 PM and 6.00AM ii. Each Value denotes the averages of the monitoreC values of three different days at eacn station iii Area up to a distance of 100 meters around premises as hosPitals, educational institutions anc courts are referred to as 'Silent Zones' The use of vehicle homs. loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. IV Mixed categories of areas Should be declared as one of the above mentioned tour categones by the competent authonty and the corresponding standards shall apply Le XAssociates 4-17 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 4.2.5.4. Analysis and Evaluation of Data Values for the different land use categories in the study area are summarised Table 4.14 (USEPA standards) and Table 4.15 (CPCB Standards). The collected data was used to calculate the maximum, minimum, mean, median and standard deviation noise levels for day and night time, L,0, L50, Lo and Leo. All locations were categorised on the basis of land use i.e., as residential. commercial and industrial and used in the analysis for their respective categories The L,0 commonly represents the loudest portions of transient noise (nearby passing motor vehicles). The L, is the average sound energy experienced during the measurement period. LeQ is the description of choice by Federal Highway Administration for traffic sources in environmental noise assessments. At most community noise monitoring sites, it is within 3dB(A) of the L,. The amplitude (minimum to maximum decibel levels) and frequency (number of fluctuations in the monitoring period) varied from site to site. Observations made during the noise survey established the fact that motor vehicles are generally responsible for the fluctuations. Noise monitoring data were analysed with various noise standards such as USEPA noise standards and National Ambient Noise Standards: i. L., refers to the sound level, expressed in dB(A), which is exceeded ten percent of the time period for which the monitoring was carried out. ii. L, refers to the sound level, expressed in dB(A), which is exceeded fifty percent of the time period for which the monitoring was carried out. iii. L. refers to the sound level, expressed in dB(A), which is exceeded ninety percent of the time period for which the monitoring was carried out. * L, and L,, data The data (refer Table 4.16) show that the mean and median noise levels in both, L10D and L.CN, for all the residential sites approximate 55-58dB(A) for day time and 47- 53dB(A) for night time. These levels coincide with the current US EPA standards. L,. day and night time noise levels for all the residential sites approximate 55-58dB(A) for daytime. These levels coincide with the current USEPA standards. L,, day and night time noise levels for all the residential sites approximate 48 -54 and 39 - 5OdB(A). Daytime noise levels at all locations are below the current standards. However night- time noise levels, in some cases, are observed to be higher than the current standards. The L,, levels of mean and median data for the commercial zone properties are in the range of 56- 69dB(A) and 51- 65dB(A) respectively. These are less than the USEPA current ordinance standards for both, day as well as night-time. L,, values of day and night for the commercial zone are in the range of 52-65dB(A) and 48-55dB(A) respectively. The existing noise levels are within the current national standards but on the higher side. In some cases, the night-time values are observed to be slightly higher than the prescribed standards. This is due to the site location, which has a mixed land use, commercial as well as industrial. Heavy vehicular movement also contributes significantly towards the noise levels at night-time. One of such locations is at the Mira Datar. The levels are higher due to the fact that at all times from within the mosque premises, hymns are played. This increases the background noise levels in near vicinity. The industrial area noise data of the mean & median L,0 levels indicates that they are within the current USEPA levels, 80180dB(A), and the prescribed Indian prescribed limits. The noise levels within the study area, industrial use are within the range of 64- 69dB(A) and 63-68dB(A). These are also substantially below than the current USEPA standards. Le AssociWtes 4-18 C, Chapter 4 - Project Description * L50 data The data (refer Table 4.16) shows that the mean L50 levels for both day & night for all the residential sites were 48-53dB(A) and 40-49dB(A) respectively. The median L50 levels were 47-53dB(A) and 39-48dB(A) for both day & night-time. These levels are below the current standards of USEPA. The mean & median L5s, levels for the commercial category sites were 52-65dB(A) and 47-56dB(A) for day ancl night-time respectively. At all locations .these levels are also below the current USEPA standards. Similar comparisons with mean and median L., levels in industrial areas indicate that existing noise levels were lower than the current standards USEPA standards. Table 4.16: Noise Monitoring Analysis (Unava Bypass) L|10 I L50 n., I L" gy 1 LIg night | L'd amy Lnq .gnh| L.. 241 Station 1 - Inside Tribhuvan Farm (Residential) Minimum 46.63 41.85 35.05 46.49 43.88 41.68 42.30 44.05 42.30 Maximum 66.22 60.10 53.61 53.87 49.03 45.30 60.49 49.33 60.49 Mean 53.02 47.82 43.67 48.95 45.54 43.21 48.21 45.89 47.34 Median 51.78 46.83 43.69 48.29 45.00 43.06 47.01 45.60 46.58 Std. Dev | 5.02 4.64 4.37 2.26 1.57 1.10 4.60 1.56 3.88 Station 2 - At the main gate of Tribhuvan Farm (Industrial) l Minimum 61.51 50.25 43.51 60.43 51.78 44.72 51.61 53.17 51.61 Maximum 74.46 66.20 58.59 74.32 61.38 54.81 64.35 62.60 64.35 Mean 68.60 59.09 51.62 66.98 56.35 50.32 59.71 57.50 58.89 Median 69.09 61.22 52.06 64.72 55.42 51.41 60.58 56.89 59.57 Std. Dev | 4.12 | 4.84 | 4.73 |4.85 | 3.62 3.59 4.30 3.60 4.11 Station 3 - At the main gate of Mosque (Commercial) Minimum 57.30 52.75 49.19 58.53 50.70 47.58 53.18 52.17 52.17 Maximum 74.51 69.68 65.75 70.53 65.83 62.75 70.09 65.76 70.09 Mean 68.03 63.21 59.18 64.16 55.79 51.12 63.48 56.79 60.97 Median 69.27 65.07 60.92 64.84 54.88 49.28 65.46 55.77 61.61 Std. Dev 5.08 5.10 5.30 4.49 4.62 4.83 5.09 4.27 J 5.75 Station 4 - At Jadeshwar Temple (Residential) Minimum 50.79 46.40 44.89. 38.74 36.90 35.69 47.76 37.10 37.10 Maximum 63.91 58.63 55.49 48.27 44.73 42.62 59.33 45.12 59.33 Mean 58.25 52.83 49.74 42.51 40.23 38.71 53.74 40°44 48.75 Median 58.64 53.57 50.68 40.91 39.50 38.35 54.86 3951 50.74 Std. Dev 4.11 3.62 3.12 3.44 2.85 2.52 | 3.24 293 7.25 Station 5 - At Main Gate of Unawa Market Yard (Industrial) Minimum 60.29 48.95 42.93 53.67 46.38 44.56 51.83 47.86 47.86 Maximum 72.44 65.02 57.19 68.28 55.75 49.55 64.27 57.21 64.27 Mean 65.05 55.40 48.65 63.37 51.86 47.20 56.17 53.67 55.23 Median 64.97 53.67 48.17 64.56 52.13 47.64 55.09 53.86 54.78 Std. Dev | 3.61 4.67 4.36 4.77 3.29 1.67 4.15 2.97 3.88 Station 6 - Inside Market Yard (Commercial) __4___04 Minimum 49.50 ] 44.77 |_41.59 | 48.87 46.37 44.66 46.04 46.61 Maximum | 69.50 |_63.87 |_56.86 |_55.87 jj52.88 |51.12 63.69 53.18 63.69 Ati ASSXIJ4ES. >i0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4-19 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava.Bypass LIO d.y L5o da LO dy 1-y L night L5o night Lo night L,q Da L* n,ght L, 24 h Mean 56.44 52.06 48.48 52.33 48.95 46.87 52.37 49.36 51.24 Median 56.03 52.67 49.18 51.33 47.80 45.46 52.99 48.18 50.53 Std. Dev 5.12 5.03 4.51 2.69 2.72 2.55 4.84 2.63 4.34 Station 7 - At main gate of Oil Factory (Industrial) Minimum 61.30 51.93 43.92 61.16 53.60 48.51 53.87 54.30 53.87 Maximum 78.21 67.08 59.74 69.51 57.55 53.23 67.53 59.18 67.53 Mean 68.50 57.47 50.53 66.21 55.93 51.09 58.73 57.20 58.15 Median 68.15 56.35 50.08 67.98 56.57 52.28 57.49 57.89 57.69 Std. Dev 4.83 4.29 4.57 3.50 1.53 1.86 4.29 1.83 3.60 Station 8 - At HP High School (Residential) Minimum 52.11 46.93 42.46 51.85 45.63 43.26 47.57 47.24 47.24 Maximum 66.55 60.03 53.42 58.91 52.93 49.80 60.31 52.97 60.31 Mean 56.96 51.25 46.53 55.14 49.33 45.86 51.59 50.04 51.01 Median 55.66 49.78 45.34 55.06 48.55 44.52 50.04 49.35 50.00 Std. Dev 4.67 4.33 3.75 2.39 2.65 2.42 4.20 2.32 3.63 Station 9 - At Aithor Village (Commercial) Minimum 56.30 51.72 48.75 51.64 48.57 46.01 52.25 48.75 48.75 Maximum 64.49 59.42 55.19 61.81 57.62 54.85 59.80 57.80 59.80 Mean 59.77 55.02 51.47 55.94 51.50 48.91 55.36 51.99 54.09 Median 59.47 54.60 51.55 55.45 50.70 48.09 54.86 51.38 54.43 Std. Dev 2.40 2.15 1 90 353 268 260 212 2.75 2.85 Station 10 - At Surpura Village (Commercial) Minimum 151.02 48.23 45.82 50.33 46.90 44.29 48.63 47.28 47.28 Maximum ] 64.33 57.43 51.83 6 64.15 58.03 52.90 57.19 58.09 58.09 Mean | 57.63 52.70 48.65 | 54.49 50.92 47.56 53.02 51.00 52.26 Median ] 57.31 52.95 48.16 J 54.01 50.57 47.16 53.19 J_50.61 52.04 Std. Dev J 4.16 1 2.60 1 1.75 14.08 3.28 1 2.76 2.53 13.22 r 2.92 Note: Daytime is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 9.00PM and night time is reckoned in Detween 9 00 PM ano 6.00AM * Eacn Value denotes the averages of the monitored values of three different oays at each station Hourly recordings were made at each station for 24 hours * Each value is expressed in decibels (dB) and A-weighted 'LL 10 refers to tne sound level. expresseo in d8 (A). which is exceeded ten percent of the time penod for which the monitoring was camed out. * 'L50' refers to the sound level, expressed in dB (A). which is exceeded fifty percent of the time penod for which the monitonng was camed out. L90- refers to the sound level. expressed in dB (A). which is exceeded ninety percent of the time Denod for which the monitorng was carried out. 4.2.6. Soils 4.2.6.1. GeoloQical Resources The Mehsana district is mainly covered with recent formation. The study area is mostly covered by thick alluvium blown sand and miliolite sand. In some areas hard rocks (granites and pegmatites) are often seen. 4.2.6.2. Soil Type In the district nearly 90 per cent of the soil is light sandy. Though light and sandy the soil, when properly treated is capable of giving large returns for a little labour. According to the classification by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, the soils in this Leg Assaciates 4.20 Chapter 4 - Project Description region consist of Chromustert - Ustochrept i.e. the soil consists of oxidised brownish yellow sand and silt. Primary soil testing along the proposed alignment revealed that the soils (up to 1 m depth) in this area are either Inorganic Clays or Inorganic Silts with low plasticity index. (Refer Table 4.17) rTable 4.17: Soil Characteristics S. No. Chainage/Depth 0.3 m 0.5 m 1.0 m 1 93.25 CL MI-CL CL 2 92.43 Ml-CI CI Cl 3 92.70 Ml-CI CI Ci 4 94.18 Cl Ml-CI Ml-Cl Cl: Inorganic clays of low plasticity Ml Inorganic Silts with none to low plasticity Sourre: Consultant's Geo-technical Investigation Repons 4.2.6.3. Land Utilisation The region is very productive in terms of agriculture. Irrigation is facilitated by the presence of sweet ground water. There are a few areas of scrub vegetation close to village Tarabh. The land use (refer Table 4.18) shows that almost 84% of the rural area is under agriculture. 58% of the total area is having irrigation facilities. The percentage of area under agriculture in Mahesana district 80% of the land is under agriculture (refer Map 4.6). In the district the area of land which is irrigated is only 38%, while in the study area the irrigated land comprises 58% of the total land. The primary means of irrigation is through bore wells. This indicates relative prosperity for the farmers in the study area. Figure 4.10: Agriculture being practiced on Figure 4.11: Northern End of the Bypass the proposed RoW. An interesting feature of the land use pattem in the study area is the total absence of forested land. In the case of Mehsana, forests occupy 14100 ha - only 1.6% of the total area. Hence the district does have a few protected areas, but they are not part of the study area. Only 6% of the total land in the study area are left uncultivated. This means that the pressure on land resources is very high in the study area. This is further highlighted by the fact that the land unavailable for cultivation is only 9% in the whole district. The areas being acquired for construction of the bypass is almost entirely'agricultural (see figure 4.11 and figure 4.11). Most of the land are irrigated by means of an underground irrigation pipelines. The irrigation network is connected to bore wells that pump water from depths of over te Assodates4 4-21 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol IIB: Envirnmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 400m. The pressure on land resources being very high in this region thus the removal of even 13ha from productive use is significant. Table 4.18: Land Utilisation Pattern Location Forest Irrigated Non-irrigated | Cultural Waste I Area Unavailable for ha. (%) | ha. (%) ha. (%) ha. (%) Cultivation ha. (%) Study Area 0 19,389 86,19 2.258 3,125 (58.1) (25.8) (6.8) (9.3) Mehsana District 14.100 336.100 359,900 80.000 81,500 (1.6) (38.6) (41.3) (9. 1) (9.4) 4.2.7. Ecology 4.2.7.1. Flora The forests in the entire district have depleted. There has been considerable destruction through account of grazing and hacking. The extreme climatic conditions prevalent in the district, coupled with the hazards of the Little Rann of Kachchh in the north and poor shallow soils in the forests of the district, have prevented the regeneration of forests. Presently there is no important, minor or major forest produce that fetches revenue to the Government. The important tree species found in Mehsana district at present are given in Table 4.19. No endangered species of trees have been reported in the district. A field survey within the study area was conducted to identify the key tree species. The only trees present in the site were on the boundaries of agricultural fields, along the roads and in the settlements. The key species identified in the field boundaries were Baval, Khijda, Shisam, Ber and Neem. Mango, Neem and Peepal were principally found along the roads and the settlements. Field hedges consisted of Thuria, which is a form of cactus, Lnd shrubs like Kanther. Table 4.19: Predominant Tree species of Mehsana District Botanical Name I Local Name 1 Botanical Name I Local Name (Trees) (Trees) Prosopis spicigera Khijdo Ailanthus excelsa Aduso Azadirachta indica Limdo Tamanndus indica Amii Salvadora persica Pilu Acacia beucophlea Aniyar Tecoma undulata Ragat Roydo Acacia arabica Baval Monnga pterygosperma Saragvo. Zizyphus jujuba Bordi Ehretia laevis Vadhvediya Anogeissus latifolia Dhavdo Clerodendron Aranji Balanites roxburghii Hingor. Hingol Phlomoides Cassia aunculata Awal Bauhinia racemosa Jenji. Asotri Commiphora mukul Gugal. Mukul Ponlgamia pinnata Kamaj. Kanaji Cappans sepiaria Kanther Anona squamosa Sitatal Canssa carandus Kerdo Nyctanthes arbor-tnstis Tarbot. Jayaparvati Dichrostachys cinerea Madhan Gymnospona spinosa Viko Le Associates 4-22 ~, ,j j DerasdiT 7TnB Tundav~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DISTRIT MEHSANA .niha T4[ LEGEND I - ~ TEHSIL BOUNDARY I - -. .VILLAGE BOUNDARY I - ~STATE HIGHWAY --- PROPOSED BYPASS - ~~~~~~~~~ ~~RAILW,,AYl T RACK / V~~~~~agala- - Hajlpur RIVER 1' a 'P1 -~~~~~~~r STREAM '1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PCOND/TANK 1,II~~~~~~~~8hd,1~~~~~~~~/aVI m~~~~~~~m SETTLEMENTS 'I 1~~~~~LJfiurpur Unav~__ SCRUBLAND y'~~~~~i~~~alI ~~~~~~ - ___ ~~~~~~~AGRICULTURE Nafp (Bokarvad ~ 1%t K~~ 1anthravl ...4(irsd ,P US Scale 1:12500 Mp: :4.6 JL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LAND UTILISATION SI1AIAT STATE \A P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROJECT COORDINATING CONSULTANT SERVICE N .I .IE A INDIA Chapter 4 - Project Description 4.2.7.2. Fauna The various wild animals found in the study area are listed in Table 4.20. Table 4.20: Mammals & their Habitat (District Mehsana) Zoological Name (Mammals) English Name Local Name Sus indicus Wild pig Bhund Antelope bezoartica Antelope Kaliyar Canis pallipes T Wolf Nar Boselaphus tragocame/us Blue bull Nilgai Lepus nigneol/is Indian hare Sasiu Canis aureus Jackal Shial Hyaena hyaena Hyaena Taras Presbytis entellus Wild monkey Vandaru In addition to all the above-mentioned species, a large number of micro-organisms and rodents inhabit the area. However, no fauna species is declared protected in the study area or even the district. 4.2.7.3. Domestic Fauna and Fodder Sources The principal domestic animals (see Table 4.21) in the district are oxen, cattle, buffaloes. horses, sheep, goats, asses, and camels. In the past, fodder for cattle consisted of green grass from boundaries of the fields and weeding from July to October, and of green pulses grown in the fields later on until December. The stalks of Bajn and Jowar together with fodder of pulse crops were used in the dry season. In recent years, however, because of the pressure on land, crops have been grown almost exclusively for grain, the fodder being only a by-product. Presently Jowar, Babul. field vetch and lucern constitute the main fodder crops grown in the district. Table 4.21: Domestic Animals in the Study Area Zoological Name English Name I Local Name Canis familians Dog Kuttro Eqnus caba/us Cow Gai Capro Hircus Goat Bakri Ovis aries Sheep Gheta Bubulus buba/us Buffalo Bhains Camelus dromedranus Camel Uoonth Sus scrofa Pig Soohar Felis Domes/icus Cat Biladi Orcyto/agus cunculus Rabbit Sasla 4.2.7.4. Protected areas and other Sensitive Areas There are no protected or recorded sensitive areas in the Study Area. tkeAssCocates 4-23 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the unava Bypass 4.2.7.5. Cropping pattern In addition to the wild flora, data were also analysed for the cultivated flora in order to identify the possible adverse impacts to this sector. The economy of Mehsana district is predominately agricultural. The land use in the study area (refer Table 4.18) shows 84% of the total area under agriculture. The land utilisation pattern revealed that 58% of the total area as having irrigation facilities. Irrigation is mainly through bore wells. The principal irrigated food-crops in the district are wheat, paddy, jowar and bajri (refer Table 4.22). Table 4.22: List of Crops in the Study Area Food crops Sowing Harvesting Non food Sowing Harvesting crops Bajn July October Groundnut July November Barley Rape seed October Jan-Feb & Mustard Jowar August December Castor August January Maize Cotton July February Rice July Oct-Nov Tobacco August Feb-March Wheat Nov March Other Cereals Gram Tur July Nov-Dec Other pulses I July Nov-Dec There is a preponderance of food crops over non-food crops. Crops grown in the district can be mainly grouped into two categories, namely the Kharif and the Rabi. The former are the rainfed crops, sown in monsoon after the first rainfall in June- July and harvested usually in October- November. The latter are the irrigated crops, usually sown in September- October and harvested in February- March. Bajri, cotton and jowar are the main crops of the district. The following crop rotation are usually practised in the region: Bajri, Wheat, Jowar Bajri, Jowar or groundnut * Bajri, cotton or jowar Groundnut. wheat Castor. wheat * Cotton. bajri or jowar. 4.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1. Demographic Profile 4.3.1:1. Area and Population The study area comprises 36 villages and one town. The total population of the study area is 180,000 spread over 369km2. The population is unevenly distributed (refer Map 4.7); Unava has a population of over 5,000 - threshold value for a town, but is still not declared to be a town Les Associates 4-24 e DISTRICT MEHSANA Bhunkhr - -LEGEND -TEHSIL BOUNDARY VILLAGE BOUNDARY STATE HIGHWAY PROPOSED BYPASS 4.-+.---. RAILWAY TRACK *- SET-TLEMENTS Saiidar ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'. ~' POUJLATION DENSITY (in persons per square km.) '~~'~~'~~ '~~~ U More than 700 (3) * 500to 700 (5) f 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l300 to 500 (21) 0l Less than 300 (8) ~~* i,.. i,.. . ~~Scale 1:125,000 Map: 4.7 $ha d POPULATION DENSITY IUiARAT STATE liiiWAYS FEIJECT PROJECT COORDINATING CONSULTANT SERVIC C1ADA LeaVso. s Chapter 4 - Project Description because of non-fulfilment of other criteria. Unava (population 12000) is the largest settlement in the region besides Unjha. Other large settlements of the region are Balisana and Valam. Multhaniya, Selava and Derasana are the smallest settlements in terms of population. Multhaniya covers the smalles area and Bhandu the largest. Table 4.23 shows that the settlement patterns in the area is highly skewed. T,able 4.23: Demographic Profile Village Population Male Female Area (km.) I Density Distance From . I I Population Population (poplkm.) RoW (km) Aithor 7762 | 3959 3803 21.05 368 3 Balisana i 9222 4604 4618 20.92 440 10 Bhandu 6781 3455 3326 24.19 280 7 Bhankhar i 2988 1478 1510 11.5 253 9 Bokarvada 2910 146i1 1449 5.37 | 541 4 Dabhci 1371 671 700 6.21 | 220 6 Dabhi 4299 2236 2063 9.98 430 1 8 Davada 2082 1079 1003 4.31 483 7 Derasana 775 400 375 4.51 171 10 Gorad 3044 1512 1532 8.7 349 10 Hajipur j 1479 724 755 2.65 558 [ 10 Jetalvasana 3228 1599 1629 7.66 F 421 5 Kani 1787 873 914 3.88 460 7 Kanthravi 5104 2577 2527 15.13 337 | 6 Kharsada 1643 798 845 3.79 433 6 Manund 5828 2977 2851 18.4 316 9 Matpur 1886 948 938 4.51 418 6 Muktupur | 5149 2411 2738 12.55 410 7 Multhaniya 417 198 219 0.74 r 563 10 Navapura 1626 828 798 3.84 423 3 Patasar 2955 1457 1498 6.32 467 8 Pali 1932 964t 968 5.29 365 4 Ruvavi I 1883 965 918 6.38 295 5 Sander 4969 2511 2458 18.68 266 | 9 Selavj 672 327 345 j 3.47 | 193 8 Shihi 3181 1645 1536 2.82 j 1128 2 Sunak 3255 1583 1672 7.65 j 425 Surpura i 1929 1012 917 2.31 835 3 Tarabh 5948 3032 2916 15.67 379 8 TunrJav I 5532 2768 2764 8.51 650 6 Unava i 12452 6317 6135 22.63 550 0.5 Vadu 2146 1104 1042 3.24 662 9 Valann | 8284 4202 4082 23.58 351 9 Vanagla | 2778 1451 1327 7.83 354 6 Virta J 2388 1191 1197 6.17 | 387 7 Visal-vasna j 1161 585 576 3.17 6 366 6 Uniha Town | 51003 26381 24622 35.15 | 1451 3 Total 181849 92283 89566 . 369.06 492 Mehsana Distnct 2987310 1506400 1431410 9027 330 Lea Assocrates 4-25 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. UIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava, Bypass 4.3.1.2. Population Density The average population of density in the villages of the study area was 392 persons/km2 in 1991. Among them Shihi village records the highest of 1128 persons/km2 and Derasana the lowest of 172 persons/km2. This shows a wide variation in population density. Unjha town has a very high density of 1451 persons/km2. Four villages record density of more than 600 persons/km2. Twenty-one of the thirty-six villages in the study area had densities between 300 and 500 persons/km2 in 1991. Compared to Mahesana district, the average density is higher in the study area, which indicates that villages with higher density are concentrated along the state highways in the district. 4.3.1.3. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes The Scheduled Castes population in the entire area is only 8.35%of the total population. This is in consonance with the percentage of SC population in Mehsana district (8. 97%). The total SC population in the study area is about 15,000. The largest numbers are in the urban area of Unjha, the northern boundary of the study area. Another settlement that has large SC population is Valam. Throughout the remaining area the SC population is evenly .spread. Very few settlements (five, including Unjha) have any ST population. The total ST population in the study area is 416, and 90% of them are in Unjha. 4.3.2. Socio-economic Profile The study area is a predominantly agricultural region. Maximum numbers of persons are engaged in primary activities, of which agriculture forms the major component. 4.3.2.1. Work Force Participation Ratio (WFPR) The percentage of main workers among the total population is an indicator for analysing the dependency ratio in the study area. In case of the Study Area the WFPR is 32.78 (refer Table 4.24). This means that for every person working full time, there are 2 persons dependent on him for their livelihood. There are about 8 villages where the WFPR is more than 40% indicating a very low dependency ratio. More than 50% of the main workers are engaged in agricultural activities. There are few industries and hence a small number of workers in the secondary sector. Around 10% of population comprise of marginal workers who would benefit from any employment opportunity in the area. Share of females in main work force is very low (14.74%) in comparison to the male work force participation ratio of 52.5%. Where as, females participation is higher (25%) as marginal workers in comparison to males workers participation of 0.2% only. In Unjha female non-workers are as high as 90% and out of the rest 10%, only 6% are main workers. It can be inferred that where percentage of main work force is low (27-30%) is normally a result of low female participation ratio (1 to 10%). Hence if secondary and tertiary activities are encouraged in these villages with special focus on females, the economy of the area can improve. Table 4.24: Work Force Participation Ratio Village Population Main Workers (Per cent) Marginal Workers (Per cent) | Non-Workers (Per cent) I 3 =;=Total Males Females Total Males Females Total males Females Aithor | 7762 30.61 54.23 5.78 18.53 0.10 37.71 |50.86 i.67 56.27 Balisana 9222 32.90 50.61 15.24 4.39 0.20 8.58 62.71 49.20 76.18 Bhandu 6781 35.39 52.59 16.87 9.13 0.35 18.25 54.90 47.06 63.05_ Lea Associates 4-26 Chapter 4 - Project Descnption Village Population Main Workers (Per cent) Marginal Workers (Per cent) Non-Workers (Per cent) Total Males |Females Total Males F Females | Total F Males Females Bhankhar | 2988 31.06 ! 52.37 1042 17.80 35.23 | 51.14 47.63 54.57 Bokarvada 2910 30.41 48.46 12.11 5.33 I 10.70 64.26_ 51.54 77.09 Dabhdi 1371 ! 41.72 56.48 27.57 15.97 L2.24 29.14 42.30 41.28 43.29 Dabhi | 4299 | 30.87 53.18 6.17 24.10 0.13 50.07 45.03 46.69 43.24 Davada 2082 34.49 52.36 14.18 22.24 0.65 i 45.46 F 43.28 46.99 39.28 Derasana 775 32.13 60.75 1.60 30.97 64.00 36.90 39.25 34.40 Gorad 3044 36.76 53.24 20.50 12.19 | 0.13 24.09 | 51.05 46.63 55.42 Hajipur 1479 32.86 54.70 12.43 22.85 |0.28 44.50 44.29 45.03 43.58 Jetalvasana 3228 33.21 52.22 14.82 19.67 0.06 I38.92 47.12 47.72 46.53 Kani 1787 27.42 54.18 1.86 28.48 55.69 I 44. 10 45.82 42.45 Kanthravi 5104 31.13 54.06 7.76 17.28 34.90 51.59 45.94 57.34 Kharsada 1643 27.39 54.64 1.75 13.33 | 25.92 59.28 45.36 72.43 Manund 1 5828 32.43 50.49 13.57 11.03 22.55 56.54 49.51 / 63.87 Matpur. 1886 j 36.96 49.47 24.31 16.01 10.11 32.09 47.03 50.42 43.60 Muktupur 5149 34.51 |50.73 8.05 10.68 0.41 19.72 T 54.81 48.86 60.04 Navapur 47a 43.17 .56.06 31.51 2.16 0.51 3.65 I 54.68 T 43.43 64.84 Navapura 1626 45.76 S6.88 134.21 11.25 0.72 1 22.18 42.99 42.39 43.61 Palasar 2955 42.98 54.91 31.38 9.64 0.55 18.49 47.38 44.54 50.13 I_ __ 4 1 __ Pali j 1932 50.10 54.88 45.35 3.21 0.31 6.10 46.69 44.81 48.55 Ruvavi 1883 43.55 53.68 32.90 6.96 14.27 49.44 [ 46.32 52.72 Sander 4969 31.03 51.06 10.58 12.94 0.52 25.63 56.03 J48.43 63.79 Selavi 672 29.91 57.19 4.06 26.34 - 51.30 43.75 42.81 44.64 Shihi 3181 35.77 52.16 17.02 11.85 24.54 53.95 47.84 60.48 Sunak 3255 I 29.28 53.13 7.08 26.11 50.84 44.61 46.87 42.46 Surpura 1929 J 35.72 52.96 15.12 21.36 0.20 44.71 42.92 1 46.84 38.60 Tarabh 5948 39.39 53.10 24.18 7.97 0.16 I 16.08 52.6.4 J .46.73 58.78 Tundav i 5532 36.26 53.79 18.68 9.35 0.04 18.67 54.39 46.17 62.63 Uanva j 12452 29.12 50.47 6.93 8.14 0.08 1 16.43 62.74 i49.45 76.43 Vadu ! 2146 54.85 55.71 50.91 0.05 1 0.10 45.11 44.29 .15.97 Valam 8284 29.38 150.79 | 7.14 5.02 10.051 10.14 | 65.60 1 49.17 82.51 Vanagla 2778 38.41 55.89 17.64 19.29 !0.07 40.32 ! 42.30 44.04 40.39 Virta 1 2388 41.00 51.47 30.58 11.56 ! 23.06 47.45 48.53 46.37 Visal-vasna I 1161 28.94 54.87 2.60 30.66 0.17 61.63 42.12 44.96 39.24 Village Total 130846 33.94 52.50 14.74 12.50 J 0.17 j 24.88 53.84 i47.33 59.87 Unjha Town 51003 30.11 52.64 | 5.58 1.64 0.13 1 3.26 68.25 147.23 90.76 Study Area 181849 | 32.66 52.50 |14.53 9.41 0.159 18.93 57.67 |47.30 68.36 4.3.2.2. Occupational Pattern A notable feature in the study area is that the percentage of workforce engaged in tertiary activities is more than the percentage of workforce in the secondary sector. This points to an apparent lack of industries in this area. The highest percentage of secondary workers is in Kanthravi village. This is the only settlement in the entire study area where the secondary workers are more than 30% of the total main workers. The percentage of tertiary workers in the study area varies significantly across the settlements. It varies from 1.2% in Derasana to 58% in Le Associates 4-27 Gujarat State /ighways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Unjha. While there are about 8 settlements with less than 10% of the main workers in tertiary sector, on the other hand the two larger settlements, Unjha and Unava, have more than 40% on tertiary sector (refer table 4.25). Table 4.25: Occupational Pattern Village Main Worker Primary Workers Secondary Workers. Tertiary Workers (Per cent) (Per cent) (Per cent) (Per cent) Total I Male I Female Total Male I Female Total I Male |Female i Total i Male Female Kharsada 27.39 54.64 1.75 177.11 78.67 | 28.57 11.56 10.781 21.43 12.00 10.78 50.00 Kani 127.42 54.18 1.86 81.02 81.40 70.59 5.92 6.13 0.00 13.06 ! 12.47 29.41 Muktupur I 27.52 50.73 8.05 50.11 46.61 72.16 20.82 22.40 10.82 29.08 130.99 17.01 Visal-vasna j28.94 54.87 2.60 55.65 55.45 60.00 27.98 28.66 13.33 16.37 15.89 26.67 Uanva 129.12 50.47 6.93 40.82 35.54 79.22 18.12 20.11 3.65 41.06 i44.35 17.12 Sunak 29.28 53.13 7.08 73.66 71.58 89.29 14.27 15.81 2.68 12.07 12.60 8.04 Valam 129.38 50.79 7.14 68.45 70.01 57.33 9.74 10.92 1.33 21.82 19.07 41.33 Selavi ! 29.91 57.19 4.06 79.60 81.82 50.00 5.47 |5.88 0.00 14.93 12.30 150.00 Bokarvada | 30.41 48.46 12.11 79.32 75.00 96.61 12.66] 14.41 ! 1.69 8.81 10.591 1.69 Aithor 30.61 54.23 5.78 62.46 60.55 80.35 20.12 22.03 2.18 17.42 , 17.421 17.47 Dabhi 130.87 53.18 6.17 79.28 77.29 96.38 11.15|12.45 0.00 9.57 10.26 3.62 Sander 131.03 51.06 10.58 76.07 80.34 55.00 3.96 T 4.60 0.77 ,9.97 15.05 i 44.23 8hankhar 131.06 52.37 10.42 72.95 68.60 94.81 16.49 19.12 3.25 10.56 112.27 1.95 Kanthravi 131.13 54.06 7.76 53.18 48.10 89.29 35.05 39.63 2.55 11.77 i 12.28 8.16 Derasana- . 132.13 60.75 1.60 93.98 94.65 66.67 4.82 4.12 33.33 1.20, 1.23 0.00 Manund 32.43 50.49 13.57 63.28 64.80 57.36 9.74 10.91 5.17 26.98 1 24.28 37.47 Hajipur 132.86 54.70 12.43 59.26 53.79 83.33 24.28 28.28 6.67 16.46 117.93 10.00 Balisana 32.90 50.61 15.24 69.51 68.80 71.88 6.36 7.38 2.98 24.13 i 23.82 25.14 Jetalvasana 133.21 52.22 14.82 62.69 56.29 85.23 20.52 23.35 9.70 16.98 i 20.36 5.06 Davada 134.49 52.36 14.18 88.86 87.61 93.46 4.87 6.73 4.58 4.87 5.66 1.96 Bhandu 35.39 52.59 16.87 73.38 68.08 89.88 9.88 12.82 0.69 16.75 19.10 9.43 Surpura 35.72 52.96 15.12 75.04 69.03 96.08 10.89 13.81 0.65 14.08 '17.16 A 3.27 Shihi '35.77 52.16 17.02 57.12 46.50 69.64 26.71 33.45 | 6.07 16.17 i 20.05 4.29 Tundav 36.26 53.79 18.68 71.88 65.88 89.17 9.02 111.89 | 0.77 19.09 ! 22.23 10.06 Gorad 36.76 53.24 20.50 | 71.05 63.23 91.08 10.10 13.04 | 2.55 18.86 23.73 6.37 Vanagla !38.41 55.89 17.64 I 76.29 71.27 92.19 13.31 1 15.91 5.08 10.40 1 12.82 2.73 Tarabh 139.39 53.10 24.18 179.21 72.30 94.41 6.40 9.19 0.27 14.38 18.51 5.32 virta 41.00 51.47 30.58 70.38 54.65 96.72 15.53 23.65 1.91 14.10 21.70 1.37 Dabhidi 41.72 56.48 27.57 94.41 92.35 98.45 2.10 3.17 0.00 3.50 1 4 49 1.55 Palasar 42.98 54.91 31.38 67.01 52.38 91.91 12.05 18.75 0.64 20.94 28.88 7.45 Multhaniya ! 43.17 56.06 31.51 | 73.89 60.36 95.65 16.67 27.03 0.00 9.44 12.61 4.35 Ruvavi 43.55 53.68 32.90 82.20 76.45 92.05 4.15 6.56 0.00 :13.66 116.99 7.95 Navapura 45.76156.88 34.21 75.00 66.03 90.48 16.80 23.57 5.13 8.20 i10.40 4.40 Pali 50.10 54.88 45.35 83.78 73.72 95.90 7.95 12.85 2.05 8.26 113.42 2.05 V/adu 54.85 55.71 50.91 83.86 70.08 98.93 10.11 19.02 0.36 6.03 110.89 0.71 Matpur 58.77 49.47 24.31 76.90 68.87 93.42 113.06 18.12 2.63 10.04 113.01 3.95 Total Village area 33.94 52.50 14.53 68.67 63.83 86.17 13.08 16.01 2.49 18.26 j 20.17 11.34 Unjha Town 30.12 52.64 5.58 17.06 13.00 55.33 25.16 26.15 15.75 57.78 i 60.84 128.92 Total Study Area 32.86 | 52.54 11.97 55.36 |49.27 82.06 16.19 18.91 4.25 28.45 | 31.82 1 13.69 La Associates 4-28 Chapter 4 - Project Descnption 4.3.2.3. Literacy Level The literacy ratio in the study area is 64%. This is slightly below the Mehsana District average of 65.13%. The literacy ratio is spread unevenly across the villages (refer Table 4.26). It is as high as 76% in Hajipur and as low as 44% in Dabhi. The literacy rate is 72% in case of males while it is only 56% in case of females, ;as against 51.6% in the district. Overall, the literacy rates are spread unevenly across the study area, with the exception being a few villages. Since the literacy level is comparatively better in the study area it can be inferred that job oriented training programmes requiring basic educational qualifications can run successfully in this area. Moreover written materials for information dissemination regarding the project can be used in the study area. 4.3.2.4. Sex Ratio The average sex ratio in the study area is 971 (refer Table 4.26). This is above the Mehsana district average of 919. A notable feature is that 15 villages have higher female population than the male population. Some of the villages with high sex ratio are Multhaniya, Kharsada and Sunak. A surprising result is the apparent lack of correlation (0.38) between the literacy levels with the gender ratio. Amongst the SC population the sex ratio in the villages of study area is 896. This is much lower than the district average of 920. This trend is dissimilar to that observed in the case of the entire population of the study area. The sex ratio is skewed across the villages. Villages like Surpura have an extremely low sex ratio of 543. On the other side are villages like Dabhdi with a sex ratio of 1139, which far exceeds the study area average. Amongst the villages Surpura is the only where the low literacy levels translates into a low gender ratio. -The sex ratio in the ST population is 941in the villages. This is more than the study area average of ST and also the Mehsana District average. In the Unjha town gender ratio is as low as 725 where 90% of the study area ST population resides. This shows the tribal population in the study area is no more confined to their traditional way of living in small clusters away from the mainstream population. Hence there is little possibility of disturbing their culture because of the development activities like this project in the study area. Thus we can say that SC and ST population in the study area are no more vulnerable except on the account of their income level. Sex ratio is lower in urban areas than in rural areas. This is because the men folk often seek employment in urban areas, while women take care of household needs in the native villages. 4.3.3. Amenities Profile All the villages are served by the basic amenities like educational and medical institutions. The number and hierarchy of the amenities are in consonance with the size of the settlement in the study area (refer Table 4.27). In totality there are 58 postal, telegraph and telephone facilities available in the study area. With the exception of three villages all others have either one of these facilities available. These 3 villages are Kharsada, Navapura and Multhaniya. All the villages in the study area are accessible by bus. There is a bus stand/terminal in each of the villages. Six settlements also have railway stations. Thus in terms of connectivity all the settlements in the study area are well serviced. Thus all the settlements in the study area are fairly serviced in terms of amenities. Those that have inadequate amenities have small populations and cannot support independent facilities for the village, and are supported by nearby larger settlements. Lea Associates 4-29 Guiarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass. Table 4.26: Social Profile of the Study Area Villages Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Literacy Rate Gender Ratio Population Population Total Male Female! Total Scheduled Scheduled (Per cent) (Per cent) i Caste Tribe Aithor 7.49 0.22 | 58 | 68 48 | 961| 899 1125 Balisana t 13.39 1 65 71 59 1 1003 j 1015 Bhandu 6.05 0.09 | 59 70 48 963 830 500 Bhankhar 6.43 | 53 69 38 1022 1021 Bokarvada 1.48 | 67 74 60 992 1389 Dabhdi 5.62 59 73 46 1043 1139 Dabhi 3.79 44 56 30 923 1090 Davada 4.61 55 69 41 930 882 1 Derasana 4.26 52 67 37 938 1063 Gorad | 6.8 _ 70 84 63 |1013| 816 Hapipur 7.98 76 81 71 1043 788 Jetalvasana I 12.27 67 75 59 1019 951 Kani J 14.83 j 69 77 60 |1047i 828 Kanthrav, 8.68 _ 63 71 56 981 641 Kharsada 22.03 j 67 77 58 1059 T 1000 Manund 13.45 0.1 74 79 69 958 840 1000 Matpur 13.04 66 77 55 989 907 Muktupur 9.96 61 76 49 1136 I 921 Multhaniya 68 79 65 1106 Navapura 12.73 53 64 42 964 882 Palasar 5.08 0.1 72 83 62 1028 1027 2000 Pali 13.1 64 75 54 j 1004 I 931 Ruvavi 7.12 69 77 61 j 951 740 Sander | 6.38 72 78 66 979 j 593 Selavi 0.15 73 77 50 1055 Shihi 7.07 _ [ 63 69 57 934 i 974 Sunak 16.68 r | 63 72 55 1056 1105 ! I__ _ _ .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ I _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ I _ _ __ Surpura 3.68 57 69 44 906 543 Tarath 4,77 54 65 4 42 962 919 Tundav 7.57 65 74 56 ! 999_ i 958 Uanva 4.05 67 74 59 971 853 Vadu | 5.59 56 71 | 41 944 765 j Valam 12.83 64 72 56 [ 971 871 Vanagla I 14.51 49 62 j 35 j 915 910 i Virta 5.86 72 79 60 | 1005 1000 Visal-vasna 6.55 63 74 | 51 985 854 Village Total 8.5 0.3 63 72 j T1985 896 941 Uniha Town 8.08 0.75 67 71 63 933 949 ! 725 Total 8.35_ 0.23 |64 72 56 971 | 910 741 Le Associates 4-30 Chapter 4- Project Descnption Table 4.27: Amenities in the Study Area Village Population Educational Medical P &T Communication |__ I rnber Ratio Number Ratio Numberf Ratio Number Ratio Aithor 7762 S 1552.4 5 1552.4 2 3881.0 | 2 |3881.0 Balisana 9222 | 9 1024.7 | 13 |709.4 2 4tj11.0 | 1 j9222.0 Shandu 6781 | 1 616.5 | 11 616.5 2 3390.5 2 |3390.5 Bhankhar 2988 1 2988.0 1 2988.0 2 1494.0 1 2988.0 Bokarvada 2910 5s 485.0 6 485.0 2 1455.0 1 |2910.0 Dabhdi 131 1 1371.0 1 1371.0 | 1 1371.0 | 2 |685.5 Dabhi 4299 S 859.8 5 859.8 2 ! 2149.5 1 4299.0 Davada 2082 ~ .694.0 3 694.0 1 2082.0 1 2082.0 Derasana 775 s4 193.8 1 775.0 1 775.0 1 |775.0 Gorad 3044 4 761.0 5 608.8 2 1522.0 1 3044.0 Hajipur :1479 2 739.5 2 739.5 1 1479.0 1 1479,0 Jetalvasana 3228 6 538.0 I 6 538.0 2 1614.0 1 3228.0 Kani . 1787 3 595.7 1 1787.0 1 1787.0 j 1 1787.0 Kanthravi 5104 6 850.7 8 638.0 2 ! 2552.0 1 5104.0 Kharsada 1643 1 1643.0 1 1643.0 | 1 1643.0 Manund 5828 10 582.8 7 832.6 2 2914.0 2 [2914.0 Matpur 1886 6 314.3 4 471.5 | 1 1886.0 1 1886.0 Muktupur I 5149 6 858.2 6 858.2 2 1 2574.5 1 1 5149.0 Multhaniya 417 1 417.0 0 | 1 J 417.0 Navapura 1626 1 1626.0 1 1626.0 1 1626.0 P:>alasar 2955 3 985.0 3 985.0 2 11477.5 | 1 2955.0 Pali 1932 1 1932.0 3 644.0 2 [ 966.0 1 1932.0 Ruvavi 1883 2 941.5 | 2 941.5 2 941.5 1 1883.0 Sander 4969 5 993.8 8 621.1 2 2484.5 1 4969.0 Selavi 672 2 336.0 3 224.0 1 672.0 2 | 336.0 Shihi 3181 4 795.3 4 795.3 2 1590.5 1 j 3181.0 Sunak 3255 3 1085.0 3 1085.0 2 1627.5 I 1 i 3255.0 Surpura 1929 2 964.5 j 2 964.5 2 964.5 1 1929.0 Tarabh 5948 7 849.7 7 849.71 2 2974.0 1 5948.0 Tundav 5532 6 922.0 6 922.0 ! 2- 2766.0 1 5532.0 Uanva 12452 8 1556.5 8 1556.5 2 i 6226.0 2 j 6226.0 Vadu 2146 4 536.5 4 J536.5 2 1073.0 1 | 2146.0 Valam 8284 12 1690.3 12 690.3 2 I 4142.0 1 1 8284.0 Vanagla 2778 3 926.0 3 926.0 1389.0 1 2778.0 Virta 2388 2 1194.0 2 1194.0 2 1194.0 1 2388 Visal-vasna 1161 1 1161.0 2 580.5 1 1161.0 1 r 1161.0 Village Total 130846 156 838.76 159 922.9i 30 1 42 Unjha Town 51003 27 1889.0 12 4250.3 Total 181849 83 993.7 171 1063 58 ] 3135 42 4330 L ea Associates 4-31 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass, 4.4. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 4.4.1. Cultural/Archaeological Properties As per the MoEF guidelines, a study area of 10 km. on either of the RoW, was selected for Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed bypass. The cultural properties located within the study area include important places of pilgrimage. In addition to these culturally important places, there are other temples, mosques, shrines and dargahs, which are locally important. Some of them are state protected monuments are more than 100 years old. 4.4.2. Type, Size And Distribution The following Table 4.28 lists the cultural properties within the study area that covers a distance of 10 km on either side of the Unava (an area of 100km2). Mehsana district boasts of a rich historical and cultural heritage since the Maitraka period (BC322 - 470AD) and has numerous monuments and.sites of historical and religious importance belonging to.various periods. Table 4.28: Cultural Properties in Study Area S. No. i Cultural Age Name of Distance Important cultural properties located in the Property Years Town & From Study Area. District RoW (km) Dargah Selavi, 8 * 2 Dargahs, 170 years old, of a husband and wife Chasnama belonging to the Daudi Bohra community. An annual fair is held here on Chaitra Sud 15 and is attended by males only 2 Temple of Gorad, 10 * A small ancient temple of Someshwara Mahadev Someshwar Chasnama known for its arcnitectural beauty. The principal figures on the outer walls of the temple are Mahakali on the north. Lord Shiva on the east, the Bhairava on the south and the Ganesh over the shrine door. 3 Temple of Sanderi >100 Sander, 9 * 2 small unused but interestng old temples of the Mata Patan Solanki period and a Temple of Sander Mata. 4 Shrine of Mahadeva >1000 Ruvavi, 5 * Shrine of Nilkantha Mahadev,perched upon a high Patan artificial brick mound. The east-facing temple is of the same style as that at Sunak. 5 Temple Manund, 9 * A small ancient temple consisting of a small shrine Patan with a porch before it. Shrine. 900 Aithor. 3 * A small Vishnu shnne in the compound of the Ganesh Temple Sidhpur Ganapati temple believed to be 900 years old. 7 Temple of Umia Mata, >100 Unjha, 3 * The temple of Unia Mata. the family diety of the Jain Temple, Sidhpur Kandwa Kanbis. s a large one erected in 1858. Kaleshwar Mahadev * An old Jain Temple believed to have been Temple constructed in during 12"1 century. * Temple of Kaleshwar Mahadev believed to have been constructed between 1022 and 1064 AD during ._______ ___________ the reign of King Bhimdev. 8 Temple Bhankar. 9 * There is an ancient temple of Agiya Vaithal and an Sidhpur idol of Lord Vishnu. 9 Temple >100 Sunak. 4 * Temple of Nilkantheshwar Mahadev built during the Sidhpur Solanki period. The temple consists of a shrine. a mandapa that extends on either side or a small ..______ _________ porch in front of the mandapa. 10 Temple Sokarvada 4 * Panchayatam Temple. Visnagar 11 Temple Bhandu, 7 * The village houses the idols of the Saptamatrukas. Visnagar Lea Assocates 4-32 Chapter 4 - Project Description S. No. Cultural Age Name of Distance Important cultural properties located in the Property Years Town & From Study Area. District RoW (km) 12 Temple, Step-Well, Valam, 9 Tempie by the name of Doli Visnagar . Old step well Jain temple with an idol of Neminath. It is the pilgnm place for the Jains. . Temple of Suleshwan Mata, the family deity of all the people of Valam. I * Shiv temple with an idol of Varah. Of the listed religious properties in the study area, the Nilkantheshwar Temple in Ruhavi (see figure 4.10) and the Temple of Sanderi Mata in Sander; are protected by the State Archaeological Department. These properties are not only significant at the regional level but also at the national level. Figure 4.12: The Nilkantheshwar Temple 4.4.3. Cultural Properties Along the State Highway Unava is famous for its cultural significance. Religious properties are located along the SH 41. (refer Table 4.29). Of these, the Tomb of Mira Datar and the Dargah of Mammo Sahib are of immense importance. The Dargahs, Mira Datar and Mammo Sahib, adjacent to the existing RoW are more than 300 years oid and give the town its cultural identity. People visit the Dargahs from all over the country and also from abroad. These two properties risk being damaged by speeding heavy vehicles, as they are located at junctions where the highway alignment changes. Hence to protect the cultural heritage of this settlement is one of the important objectives of this project. There is only one cultural property, namely the Jadeshwar Temple (see figure 4.13), near the proposed bypass alignment. Inhabitants of Unava visit the temple. The temple precinct has rest areas and a well to cater to the needs of the devotees. Lez AssociaeSs 4-33 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vo/. 1IB: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Table 4.29: Cultural Properties within Unava and Along State Highway 41 S. No Cultural /Archaeological Age in Distance from Description Property Years Carriageway and side . Dargah of Mira Datar >300 3-5 m (West) Famous Dargah of Mira Datar. a Muslim saints. An Urs (a large fair) is held near the Dargah of Mira Datar on 28' Moharrum (June) in the honour of the Muslim Pir (saint) which is visited by Muslims from all parts of India. The people from Marwad come here in large numbers. 2 Dargah of Mammo Sahib. >300 0.5 Mts. (East) This 300 year old Dargah attracts about 300-500 believers daily and a Urs is also held during 'razab' which is attended by large number of devotees from all over the state. 3. Temple of Shri Jagat Devi. 2-5 1 Mt (West) A small temple lying on the edge of the carriageway. 4. Shrine 1-3 2-3 Mts. (Left) Small shrine located on the opposite side of the Dargah of Mammo Sahib. 5. Limba; Mata Temple 3-15 15 Mts. (Left) Temple located along the edge of the pond and visited by the Hindu community in large numbers. Figure 4.13: the Jadeshwar Temple, as from the Bypass Alignment. 4.5. DESIGN CONSIDERATION DETAILS Design of a road section deals with design of geometric, pavement and cross-drainage works. The design considerations are influenced by a number of factors among which are: nature of terrain; type, composition and volume of traffic; operating or design speed; land-use characteristics, safety and aesthetics. 4.5.1. Geometric designs The Unava bypass falls into 'Plain Terrain" as per Indian Road Congress (IRC): 73-1 980-terrain classification. The design speed recommended for this road section is 100 km/h (Ruling) and 80 km/h (Minimum). The cross section adopted is four-lane rural section. This pr'ovides a 7.0rn carriageway and 2.5m shoulder (1 .5mn paved and 1.Qmn earthen) in each direction divided with a 5.Om central median (figure 4.14). The horizontal alig nment is designed with a minimum radius of 360m. Les Assoc-ates ,4-34._, _ , t , *; ., S . .-. 4-34~~~ - -. :......'..fzZ7V;'.sr. t*f Chapter 4 - Project Description The vertical profile gradients are generally designed within permissible limits of gradient prescribed in IRC standards (desirable ruling gradient is 3.3% or 1 in 30). A ditch is provided at both edges of the shoulder a drain, 2m wide, has been provided to drain the run-off from the carriageway. 4.5.2. Pavement designs The pavement design process is based on expected traffic loading for the design period, strength of sub-grade soil and in-service conditions. The design period considered for the bypass is 15 years. The designed traffic load is 130 million equivalent standard axles (ESA) and California Base Ratio at in-situ moisture conditions is 15%. The proposed thickness of the pavement are as given in Table 4.30. _5CPR4qPOSL0 °g SImNC OSTACE 0.25) mm j STA,dCcE(0.25) S 'IO \ § /RIZONTL CONROL X t . ) !~~~~~~~12RnA LONrROL 1 25 10 3. . , n 2.25 !2.25/11 J"' 3.5 1 2.5 1 iSHgue 4.1: T a C rs con Unaa BSyLpa SHOuL0ER ATERIAL _ C _2 g Pavement Designj Material Th sOER As =------Materials ;LayerW SE J0 - -------___ B >tase Wet Mi srx M^PAcER 20 imN Om Surface M 50t mmEC Y WD \P \ AO na CACPHAmm Figure 4.14: Typical Cross Section, Unava Bypass Table 4.30: s'avement Design for Unava Bypass dD avement Design Material Thickness Materials Layer C Sub-base Porous/Crushed a 200 mm Base Wet Mix Macadam 250 mm Surface DBM 50 mm AC 50 mm 4.5.2.1. CrosspDrainaae structures The bypass alignment passes over 5 cart tracks and 1 drain. The drainage characteristics of the area are linked to these cart tr;acks, which a3ct as drainage channels during monsoon. Cross drainage (CD) structures have been so designed so as not to alter the present drainage characteristics (refer Fi gures 4.15 & 4.16). Culverts (box) have been proposed over all the cart tracks. Two additional balancing culverts (box) have also been proposed to maintain the flow characteristics. -A 4-lane bridge is proposed over the Unjha drain is also proposed. Characteristics of all the CD works are detailed in Table 4.31. le Associates compd nsaiion m a plans Review of & _ Tendering evalualo of 1 recommendations on appointmenl olf _ a- leedback( o! fra monitoring results to futur rot Projecl Operation | | Environmental lI ftrDoet | 11 ~~~~~~~~Monitoring rZ a) S ct Figure 6.1: Relationship of Environmental Management Plan in the Project Cycle I 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter. 6.- Environmental Management.PIan 6.2.1.2. Erosion Protection Measures Erosion currently occurs along the edges of the pond adjacent to the proposed RoW. because of heavy inflow of water during monsoon. The edges of the pond will be graded and re-vegetated with shrubs such as kanthis. It is also necessary to regulate the flow of water. It is proposed to accomplish this by construction of balancing culverts. In addition, heavy planting on either side of the carriageway will increase infiltration and hence lower runoff volume. Erosion occurs on the edges of the pond, adjacent to the bypass alignment, due to concentrated influx of water during monsoon season. To prevent this the edges would be graded and vegetated. Shrubs such as Kanthir would be planted to prevent erosion. 6.2.2. Cultural Environment The Jadeshwar Temple is located in the area proposed for the bypass alignment, but the alignment was selected so as to avoid it. The temple will be outside of the proposed RoW. An enhancement plan has also been developed to highlight the temple and its access from the bypass. 6.2.3. Social Environment The construction of the bypass will involve the loss of agricultural properties. To compensate for this loss, the GoG has approved an entitlement framework for all project-affected persons (PAPs). A sense of insecurity prevails in the people of the area with respect to the project. Their fears must be taken into consideration. For the project to be successful it is imperative that these persons are in complete knowledge of the project purpose and significance. Of primary importance is the issue of compensation to the PAPs. A policy for the provision of assistance and the payment of compensation will have to be evolved at the design stage. This is necessary to ensure that the PAPs are paid their entitlements before the construction stage, so that they are able to recuperate their losses early on. This will ensure that the PAPs are not placed at a -long-term disadvantage due to the project. 6.3. PRE-CONSTRUCTION Pre-construction activities are mainly concerned with site preparation for the construction stage. This includes removal of all encumbrances, which may include trees, structures or people. While people will be assisted to regain their economic and social status, for loss of trees the best measure is compensatory aforestation. 6.3.1. Removal of Trees Trees within the bypass alignment will be removed before commencement of construction. Trees have social and economic value in the village. They are used as rest areas and their fruit is also sold for economic gain. The compensation should be sufficient to offset both categories of losses. Establishment of a strip plantation on either side of the carriageway is proposed as compensation. The trees are to be of local species such as babool. neem, rain tree and khijado. 6.3.2. Land Acquisition The site has to be transferred to the contractor 'encumbrance free'. The land will have to be acquired prior to construction. The compensation to all PAPs will be made before the start of construction. The GoG has approved a liberal entitlement framework. This will help people to rehabilitate in the minimum time. The losses envisaged are minimal. Lea Associates 6-3 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava-Bypass 6.3.3. Relocation of Utilities All utilities located within the proposed RoW will be relocated before commencement of construction. All agencies concerned i.e. irrigation department, Gujarat Electricity Board, and telecommunication Department will be notified for relocation of the utilities before the relocation. 6.4. CONSTRUCTION The construction of the bypass will produce two categories of impacts: short-term impacts and long-term impacts. Short-term impacts are those which last only until the completion of the construction stage. The long-term impacts are those which continue through the operational phase. In the case of long-term impacts, it is imperative to implement mitigative measures during the construction stage. 6.4.1. Physical Environment Most of the impacts at the construction stage of the project relate to the natural environment. Construction will directly affect the land resources. It may further affect the water resources by blockage of natural drainage channels. Impacts on air are usually due to emissions from the use of heavy machinery. All these impacts are direct results of the on-site construction activity. Preventive measures are preferred for mitigation of all the environmental concerns. 6.4.1.1. Soils Construction of the bypass will involve earth-filling activities. Borrow areas will be used for this purpose. To ensure proper management of these areas there will be a need to establish guidelines. High embankments will lead to a high probability of erosion. This would also call for preventive measures, as would compaction of soils due to the use of heavy machinery. 3 Loss of topsoil: Arable land is not to be used for borrow areas. Topsoil, in all areas of cutting and from all areas to be covered by embankment foundations, shall be stripped to a depth of 15cm and stored in stockpiles not exceeding 2m in height. This topsoil will later be used for covering embankment slopes, cut slopes and other disturbed areas where re- vegetation is desired. This will ensure that no agricultural land is destroyed, and that there is adequate topsoil available for planting of vegetative cover wherever needed. s , vWn e "W ' WM 0 mz kM1 - I ARIC( PlTCttlNG OfM 'tPE SURfACf Figure 6.2: Stone Pitching on Slope Surface Figure 6.3: Brick Pitching on Slope Surface LeaAssociates 6-4 Z Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan * Soil erosion: The embankment of the bypass will at-most places be over 2.5m high. This is because underpasses (box culverts), of adequate height to facilitate movement of pedestrians and animal carts are to be constructed. Also, at cross drainage structures where high filling or deep cutting has taken place, the soil is left exposed. To control soil erosion, In places of exceptionally high embankment (more than 3m) brick pitching, stone pitching along with use of geo-textiles is prescribed (Figures 6.2 and 6.3). Gabion Basket retaining walls would be erected as shown in the Figures 6.4 and 6.5 respectively. In borrow pits the slopes will be graded at a minimum of 1:4, from the edge of the final section of the bank. In addition to this measures such as, sedimentation and water pollution, measures such as berms, dikes, sediment basins, fibre mats, mulches and, plantings of grasses will be put in place. All these works will be deemed as incidental to earthwork and other construction activities. Therefore, no separate payment will be made for usage of these measures. Compaction of soil: Compaction of soil is likely to occur due to the use of heavy vehicles in construction. This can mean long-term loss of vegetative cover in a trampled area. To minimise the area of impact, construction vehicles will be allowed to operate only within the RoW. Topsoil from agricultural lands will be preserved as per guidelines specified. The contractor shall ensure that the method of stockpiling materials, use of plants or siting of temporary buildings or structures does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills. usM-noT K Co £ w" -~~~ ~ ~ 'S. 0; .. CS - ~ (.=' = v_o ",L - Af &S \ F Figure 6.4: Gabion Retaining Wall (Type I) Figure 6.5: Gabion Retaining Wall (Type II) Generation of debris: Earth will be dumped in areas selected by the engineer for such purposes. The Engineer shall ensure that the site selected is appropriate and will not result in pollution due to runoff. Residual spoils can be used as fill materials for redundant borrow pits. This will be conducted as directed by the Engineer. All operations related to transportation, maintenance, dismantling and clearing of debris will be considered part of the work and should be planned and implemented as per the directions of the Engineer. *Borrowing of earth: Borrowing from within the RoW is prohibited. However, earth excavated for roadside drains should be used as embankment material. This earth should meet the approval of the Engineer. All arrangements for the embankment material will be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor is also responsible for compliance with all ei Associates 6-5 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IA - Vol. 1: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass environmental guidelines in respect of excavation and borrow areas. The contractor Will allow for inspection of all borrow areas and will satisfy the Engineer of environmental compliance. Degradation of borrows areas: No borrow pits shall be opened without the permission of the Engineer. The engineer will ensure that all borrow pits follow the norms Location, area and shape of the designated borrow area will also be approved by the Engineer. If borrow pits along the road are permitted by the Engineer, these shall not be dug continuously and will confirm to the MoST specifications. Borrow pits, to prevent water logging and hence breeding of insects shall be re-developed as per the guidelines of MoEF. Dumping spoils and overlaying topsoil in accordance with the MoEF guidelines will do this. This will serve the dual purpose of making use of spoil as well as redevelopment of otherWise redundant borrows area. * Contamination by Fuel and Lubrcants: Vehicle maintenance and refuelling would be confined to specific area. These should be designed to contain the spillage. Waste petroleum products would be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal sites, in accordance to Gol laws. * Contamination by Construction Wastes: All spoils will be disposed as specified in clause 6.3.1.7 of the EMP. To restrict pollution, disposal sites will be created only with the approval of the Engineer. Similarly the construction site will be cleared of all waste material before being handed over to the client. * Quarry Operations: Quarries used will comply with all environmental guidelines issued by DoF and the concerned authorities. The contractor shall use only those quarries licensed by GPCB or after consent of the DoF and/or any other concemed regulatory body. 6.4.1.2. Water Construction activities will affect the natural drainage pattem of the area temporarily, i.e., only during construction. Roads can act as an impediment to natural drainage channels. In addition to this, there can be contamination to water bodies from the runoff from the construction site. Carriageway runoff during rainy period and spillage of fuel and lubricants from heavy machines during construction can cause water pollution. All these concerns will require mitigation during the construction stage. * Flooding: The contractor is required to take all necessary measures, under the advice of the Engineer, to prevent any temporary or permanent flooding of the site or of any adjacent areas. Flooding encompasses loss of access and/or loss of use due to flowing or stagnant water resulting from the construction activity. * Siltation: Sediment-laden water should not be allowed to enter water bodies directly. This might increase turbidity and hence affect the aquatic fauna. Storage of all materials should be away from any watercourses to prevent discharge of sediment-laden water into larger drains. Water should be allowed to percolate to recharge the ground water. * Torrent runoff: Trees act as binding material for soil. To prevent erosion from torrent runoff, tree felling should be kept to an absolute minimum. Only specified trees, within the daylight line on 6ea6ssoies 66 Chapter 6 - Environmental Management,Plan both sides of the carriageway, should be felled. The contractor is required to take all necessary measures to prevent water * Alteration to drainage: Earth works and stonework will not be allowed to impede any cross drainage at water channels. In addition the spoil from construction of cross drainage works would be disposed of so that it does not block any water channel. * Ground Water Depletion: The contractor is refrained from using or creating any water source within the RoW. This will ensure that no ground water resources are tapped in the nearby vicinity. The number of trees to be felled is kept at minimum and additional trees are to be planted alongside the carriageway. * Increased Run-off: No trees except those in the RoW will be felled. Roadside drains have been designed along both banks of the carriageway. This will ensure maximum retention of water in the drain and the buffer zone. * Contamination from construction wastes: Wastewater from the construction site may be carrying pollutants, e.g., petroleum wastes from the use of heavy machinery. To prevent direct inflow of the construction wastes in to the water bodies, ponding at the site would be provided. Construction will be avoided in the vicinity of local water bodies, streams, irrigation channels, and rivers and also during monsoons. All norms and standards under the Environmental Protection Act (1986) will be strictly adhered to. Wastes from the construction site will be disposed of as per the guidelines of the GPCB and the Engineer to minimise pollution from runoff or soil pollution. * Contamination from fuel and lubricants: Vehicle maintenance and refuelling will be confined to specified areas. These areas would be designed to contain any spillage. Waste petroleum products-will be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal sites, in accordance with GPCB guidelines. * Sanitation and disposal in construction camps: Construction camps should be located a minimum distance of 200m from any settlement. This is to prevent any incidence of disease spreading from workers to the community. Hygienic conditions should be maintained in all temporary accommodations. Uncontaminated water is to be made available for cooking, drinking and washing. The sewage system in the camp must be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution hazard occurs and no pollution to surface or groundwater takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation, in particular the Factories Act (1948) must be ensured. Adequate health care is to be provided to the labour force. Garbage should be collected in a tank and disposed of daily. Tanks should be at a minimum distance of 200m from water sources. Wastage of water: Water is a precious commodity and should not be wasted. It is recommended that the contractor will arrange for supply and storage of water. The permission of the statutory body, the Gujarat Ground Water Board, must be obtained before tapping any ground water resource. However, existing bore wells are exempt from this clause. Lea Associates C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental lmppct Assessment for the Unava Bypass Disruption to other users of Water: To prevent pollution from construction wastes and run-off construction over non- perennial streams would be undertaken in dry season. Underground irrigation pipelines exist in the area. The irrigation department will have to be informed about the need for their relocation, sufficiently in advance. They will then suggest adequate measures for protection of their network. The contractor will implement Relocation/protection measures. Construction work might temporarily impact the pond adjacent to the bypass. The contractor will have to seek permission of the local authority before construction begins. The contractor is permitted to use the natural sources of water in the area. However he will have to seek permission of the other users by consultation with the local authorities. The contractor will have to make good all the damages incurred due to his usage. All liabilities will have to be borne by the contractor for usage of natural water. 6.4.1.3. Air Pollution Vehicles and machinery of the contractor shall be regularly maintained and comply with the state and national emissions standards. The ambient pollutant levels will have to be maintained as prescribed by the MoEF. * Generation of dust: Delivery trucks or equipment not in use for construction activities will not be permitted on the site. Areas prone to fugitive dust emissions must be stabilised using water. These areas include demolition, excavation, and grading sites, and routes for delivery vehicles. All routes used for transportation of materials are to be kept clean and clear of dust. Material dropped by trucks will also be cleared by the contractor. In addition to this, dust covers are required over the beds of trucks used for transportation of materials prone to producing fugitive dust emissions. Material which collects on the horizontal surface of the trucks during loading must also be removed before transportation. Debris and construction wastes are the primary sources of fugitive dust. The contractor, as per the directions of the Engineer, should remove all debris and construction wastes from the site. All such works will be considered incidental to construction, and no extra costs will be charged for them by the contractor. * Emissions from hot mix plant and batching plant: To minimise impacts due to emissions from hot mix and batching plants, these facilities should be located at a safe distance (500m) from habitation, agricultural fields and industrial areas. Emissions from the plants should conform to the standards prescribed by the pollution control board. Odour from construction labour camps: The discharge standards promulgated under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 shall be strictly adhered to. All labour camps should be located at a distance of more than 200m from the nearest settlement. This is to ensure that the existing conditions are maintained and not adversely impacted due to odours from nearby labour camps. The sewerage system should be designed properly and with sufficient air vents so as to prevent foul odour in and around the labour camps. Emissions from construction vehicles and machinery: Emissions from all vehicles and machinery would be in compliance with the CPCB emissions norms. All equipment and machinery would conform with the Indian Standards Institute (ISI) norms. This is to ensure that the maximum emissions are not exceeded by usage of non-standard equipment. Lea ANooIMs 6-8 Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan Pollution from crushers: Crushers produce large quantities of dust. To regulate this, the pollution control board has introduced norms which would be adhered to. The contractor should ensure that all crushers from which he is procuring material are licensed by the GPCB. Alternatively, he should seek the consent of the pollution board before procurement. In the case of the contractor establishing a crushing unit, the permission of all concerned agencies (including the Engineer) would be sought before using the material for construction. In accordance with the specified regulations, the suspended particulate matter contribution value at a distance of 40m from a crusher as well as from a unit located in a cluster, should be less than 600mg/Nm2. This will have to be strictly adhered to by the contractor. 6.4.1.4. Noise Noise from vehicles, plants and equipment: Noise levels from any item of plant, hot mix plant, batch processing, crushing plants, and general ambient noise levels from the construction activity must comply with the relevant legislation for levels of sound. Machinery and equipment must be maintained to prevent excellence of recommended noise levels. In addition to this vehicles and equipment will be fitted with silencers. This will aid compliance with the noise emission norms, which state that all equipment used in the project shall not exceed 75-dB (A), as specified in the EP Act. In construction areas within 150m of essential areas (including settlements), construction will be stopped between 22:00 and 06:00 hours. Near sensitive sites like . hospitals, educational institutes and courts, no hot mix, batching or aggregate crushing plants will be allowed. This is in accordance with the relevant laws. In such sensitive areas (silence zones) construction shall not take place from 2100 hours to 0600 hours. Workers in close proximity to sources of elevated noise levels will wear earplugs and their working times will be limited. * Noise from Blasting in quarries: The blasting shall be carried out during fixed hours preferably during daytime. The people within 500m of the operations shall be informed with. All persons within 200m from the blasting site are to be excluded, with exception of those who light the fuse at least 10min before to prevent any accidental injury. The contractor shall notify each public utility authority having fixtures in proximity of the site of the work of his intention of using explosives. The notice is to be issued in sufficient advance to enable the company to take steps that may deem necessary to prevent their property from injury. All explosives are to be secured in a manner deemed by the law. Where no local laws apply, storage shall be not closer than 300m from any road or building. The management and use of explosives shall be in strict conformity with the safety requirements for public scrutiny. 6.4.1.5. Flora * Damage to vegetation: At the design stage the number of trees to be felled has been miinimised. The contractor is not permitted to fell any tree. The construction site will be cleared of all specified trees, before being given over to the contractor. All heavy machinery rmust operate within the specified area and shall not harm any tree or other vegetation outside this area. 4ea Associltes 6v-9 Gujarat State Highways Project. Phase IIA - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Loss of endangered flora: No endangered or rare flora species are recorded in the area. In the case of any rare or endangered flora found in the RoW during construction, the contractor will prepare a conservation plan and preserve the tree or plant on the advice of the Engineer. 6.4.1.6. Fauna * Disruption to fauna: The construction work is to take place so as to cause minimum disruption to the fauna in the area. Workers will be instructed to protect the wild animals. Hunting will be prohibited in and around the construction area. * Protection fof endangered fauna: No endangered or protected species are recorded in the area: In the case of any rare or endangered fauna, the c6ntractor will prepare a conservation plan for it, on the advice of the Engineer. 1.1.1 Sociai Environment Primary amongst social concerns are the health risks. Construction of the Unava bypass will require a large work force. Health problems resulting from unhygienic conditions, as well as local disease outbreaks, are causes of concem. In addition to health issues, loss of access during the construction stage is a probable social impact that calls for management plans. 6.4.1.7. Loss of access During the construction of culverts and bridges, users of farm lands to the east of the bypass alignment may have to take detours because of closure of the cart tracks. The loss would be temporary and would occur only during the construction phase. The contractor will have to provide temporary access during the course of construction. Box culverts of sufficient height to serve as underpasses are to be constructed to facilitate pedestrian and animal movement across the bypass. 6.4.1.8. Workers' accident risks * Risks from operations: The contractor is to ensure all safety precautions and measures as per the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No 62. These will include provision of safety equipment such as safety goggles, helmets, and masks to all workers as and when specified under the appropriate laws. * Risks from electrical equipment: All equipment to be used on site has to be within the specifications of the Indian Standards Institute. All equipment and machinery used on site has to be approved by the Engineer for efficiency and fitness. The contractor will also make available the proper equipment for quality control inspection. This will ensure that the equipment is used within the prescribed standards and hence probability of accidental injury will be minimised. * Risk from hazardous activities: Protective clothing, footwear and equipment shall be provided to all workers engaged in mixing asphalt material, cement, lime mortars, concrete, stone breakers, etc. They will also be provided with protective gloves and goggles. Workers engaged in welding works will be provided with protective eye shields. The use of toxic substances and herbicides will be limited and regulated. Application for their use will be submitted to, and approval 6-10 Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan given by, the Engineer. An inventory will be made of the trade name, physical properties, chemicals, manufacturing and expiry date, storage procedures, safety precautions and safeguards regarding health for each substance. * Risk of lead pollution: As per guidelines, no man below the age of 18 and no woman will be employed in works entailing use of lead. No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of paste or ready-made paint. Facemasks must be worn by the workers when using this paint in spray form or when rubbing it onto a dry surface. Risk caused by natural catastrophes: The contractor will take all reasonable measures to prevent danger to the workers from floods, fire, etc. However, if such calamities do occur, the contractor will provide first aid and undertake all necessary steps to minimise losses. The contractor will also provide prompt first aid to injuries sustained during the period of work. 6.4.1.9. Workers' health risks * Health and safety in labour camps: Adequate drainage is to be provided in the construction area. This will avoid creation of stagnant water bodies that are breeding ground for many diseases. Adequate sanitation and waste disposal facilities will be provided in the construction camps. Inadequate facilities would lead to unhygienic conditions in the area. Adequate health care facilities are also to be provided in the construction camps. The camps shall be located away from villages to prevent transmission of diseases from one community to the other. i Maiarial risks: The contractor will, as directed by the Engineer, undertake all necessary precautions with regards to abatement of malaria. Primary amongst these will be measures to curb breeding of mosquitoes in standing water. * First aid: The contractor will ensure that a first aid box is readily available at all times. In addition, an adequate supply of sterilised dressing material and appliances will be provided by the contractor. Construction sites away from hospitals will be provided with indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. The contractor will provide transport, in case of injuries or illness. The contractor will also earmark a first aid room for treatment of injured employees. All these actions are in compliance with the Factories Rules in the state of Gujarat. * Water provision: The contractor is required to make suitable arrangements for supply of drinking water (in accordance with ISI standards) for the workers. The contractor will ensure that the water is kept at a suitable location and maintained. In the case of water being taken from an intermittent source, storage tanks will be provided. Water storage tanks will be placed at not less than 15m from a drain, latrine or a polluted area. * Hygiene: The contractor shall provide, free of charge and within or near the work site, temporary living accommodation to all construction workers. All temporary accommodation provided will have a separate cooking place and bathing, washing and lavatory facilities. Uncontaminated water should be available for drinking, washing, and cooking in the temporary accommodations provided by the contractor. The Engineer will approve the size and the facilities provision. Le Associates 6-11 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. /I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass There will be adequate prov;sion for urinals and latrines within the precincts of the construction site. Separate entrances should be provided for each of these. The size for each should be in accordance with the standards prescribed in the Factories Act. All latrines, except those with water-flushed systems connected to water-borne sewage systems, are to be provided with dry earth systems. The receptacles are to be cleaned at least 4 times a day out of which two times should be during the construction working hours. It should be ensured that the latrines and urinals are kept in strict sanitary condition. In the case of women being employed on the site separate latrines and urinals, screened from those of men, should be provided. For reasons of privacy, these should be provided with separate entrances and marked in the language understood by the majority of workers. It should be ensured that there is adequate supply of water for hygiene purposes The sewage system should be so designed, built and operated so that no pollution on air, land and drinking water resources occurs and hence health hazard takes place. Garbage collection bins are to be provided at adequate location and quantity in the construction camp. Removal must take place at regular intervals and the bins properly washed and sanitised. Construction camps are to be sited away from residential areas of vulnerable groups. Adequate health care facilities are to be provided for by the contractor. The contractor would make arrangement for disposal of excreta. An incinerator, certified by the health authorities, would be used for disposal. Another alternative is by putting a layer of night soil at the bottom of a permanent tank and covering it 15cm layer of earth for a fortnight. It will then turn in to manure. On completion of the works, all temporary structure erected by the contractor will be dismantled and removed from the site. Garbage collection bins are to be provided at appropriate locations and in adequate quantity in the construction camp. Removal must take place at regular intervals, and the bins shall be properly and regularly washed and sanitised. The contractor shall also dispose all the waste collected and the debris in accordance with the mentioned guidelines. The contractor can dig disposal ditches, trenches and fill the rubbish collected, excreta. The pits and trenches then should be sealed, and the site tidied and cleaned. On completion of the works, all temporary structures erected by the contractor will be dismantled and removed from the-site. 6.4.2. Cultural remains All necessary and adequate care will be taken to minimise impacts on religious structures (Jadeshwar Temple). No work shall spil. over into cultural sites from the RoW. In the case of any archaeological remains being discovered within the RoW, the ASI will be notified immediately. Construction shall stop until such time as the authorised department assesses the remains. In such cases the archaeologist will supervise any excavation to avoid damage to relics. 6.4.2.1. Environmental Enhancement Planting of shrubs along the road embankments has been planned along the bypass. Planting requirements have been incorporated in the contract documents, as well as in the detailed designs. Drainage inadequacy in the project area leads to flooding. To prevent this, cross-drainage structures have been designed as part of the detailed engineering proposal. This will help in reducing the severity of flooding in the area. The villagers only use the Jadeshwar Devi temple. An enhancement plan has been prepared for the temple. and incorporated as part of the engineering drawings. Signage giving the location of the important cultural properties will also be erected along the bypass. 6-12 Lc AfsoaatLa Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan 6.5. OPERATION PHASE 1.1.2 Accident Risks There is a likelihood of risks due to vehicular accidents. To prevent this the highway is designed to be 4 lane divided carriageway. Provision of a 5m median will prevent collisions between vehicles travelling in opposite directions. To prevent over toppling of the vehicles from sections with high embankments (greater than 3m) guide rails (refer Figure 6.6) will be provided along the edge of the pavement. 'M rEM -"J I Figure 6.6: Guide Rails 6.5.1. Air Pollution Vehicular emissions will be checked periodically and corrective action taken where standards are exceeded. The pollutants to be monitored are CO, HC, SPMi RPM, NO, and Pb. Trees will be planted on both sides of the bypass to reduce the concentrationi of pollutants reaching fields and residences. 6.5.2. Noise If the noise levels exceed the norms set by the MoEF, measures such as installation of sound barriers will be considered. 6.5.3. Dust Generation Loose soil is the primary source of dust generation. Vegetation binds the soil and hence prevents dust generation. A roadside plantation plan has been prepared to help control prevent dust generation. Local species will be planted on both sides of the highway 6.5.4. Accidents Involving Hazardous Materials The contractor will comply with the rules defined in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Three certificates are required for delivery of hazardous substances: permit license, driving license and guarding license. Vehicles delivering hazardous substances will be printed with standardised signs. Public scrutiny, transportation and fire fighting departments will designate a special route for these vehicles. These vehicles can only be parked or stored at designated areas. Transport of hazardous substances will be administered by the highway management Lez Associates 6-13 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass department's registration system, as specified in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. A contingency plan for cleaning up of oil spills, fuels and toxic chemicals should be prepared. In case of spill of hazardous material, it should be reported to the relevant departments at once, and dealt with in accordance with the spill contingency plan. 6.5.5. Contamination from Spills due to accidents Contingency plan for clean up of oil spills, fuels and toxic chemicals as and when the spillage occurs. 6.5.6. Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage The drains will accumulate deposits of silt due to lack of scour velocity after monsoons. Thus their effective volume would be reduced. To prevent this the drains will be periodically cleared to maintain adequate volume. 6.6. MONITORING 6.6.1. Air quality monitoring Monitoring stations will be set up along the bypass. The monitoring stations will be located-near the Jadeshwar Temple. This is because a congregation of villagers often takes place at this location and therefore the sensitivity of the place is very high. Parameters to be monitored are CO, HC, SO2, NO, and Pb. Monitoring is to be conducted 4 times a year for a period of 24 hours each time. The monitoring is to be conducted in this way for 3 years. The monitoring schedule can then be altered to twice every year (minimum 6 months difference) for a period of 24 hours each time for 12 years. The implementing authority for the first 5 years will be Environment Monitoring Unit. The implementing agency for the remaining period will be the R&BD. The results of the monitoring are to be evaluated with respect to the CPCB standards on ambient air quality. Records of the sampling methods and analysis must be compiled and made available for inspection by the GPCB or any other agency authorised by the GoG. 6.6.2. Noise Monitoring Noise monitoring is to be carried out in the construction phase and operational phase. During the construction phase, noise monitoring is to be conducted at random, 4 times a year for a period of 24 hours each time. The location of sampling stations is to be decided by the EMU and the implementing authority, taking view of the existing conditions. The construction phase is expected to last till the year 2002. If the construction phase lasts beyond the stipulated time frame, the same monitoring frequency will be maintained. For 12 years of operation, noise monitoring will be conducted once a year for a period of 24 hours each time. The results of the monitoring are to be evaluated with respect to the CPCB standards on ambient noise. Records of the sampling methods and analysis must be compiled by R&BD and made available for inspection by the GPCB or any agency authorised by the GoG. 6.6.3. Water quality monitoring Monitoring of lead (Pb) in the pond adjacent to the bypass will be done twice every year (with a minimum time difference of 6 months) for the first 3 years. Water quality monitoring will be undertaken once for the next 12 years For this the implementing agency will be the EMU and for the rest the R&BD.. The results of the monitoring are to be evaluated with respect to the CPCB 6e4 Assoates 6-14 Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan standards on water quality. Records of the sampling methods and analysis must be compiled by the R&BD and made available for inspection by the GPCB or any agency authorised by the GoG. 6.7. LANDSCAPE PLAN The entire project corridor shall be strengthened and reinforced using various techniques of soft landscapes, principally through planting of various types. The plant materials proposed can be categorized into Trees, Shrubs, and Ground Covers. These plant materials shall be planted in more than two rows of tree plantation with dense snrub plantation The planting type was decided based on their recuirement and feasibility at various sites along the project corridors. Physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage and rooting characteristics, growth rate, canopy type and branching pattern, were also major criteria in the selection of plantation type and density. From climatological point of view elimination of solar glare, during low elevations of the sun, was considered in the design decisions. Water table depths helped in the choice of plant material from the point of their survival rate after plantation. Along curves. especially in places of accident-prone areas, soft trunk trees shall be planted to reduce the impact on vehicles, if any, beyona the Col. The first row of trees shall be of ornamental foliace and/or flowering types, in combination with evergreen and deciduous species of shade trees. The second row shall consist of utility trees. The tree species to plant as part of roadside plantation in Unava bypass are Karanj, Kasid (Casia Siamea), Babool (Acacia arabica), Khijra, Aniyar, Rain Tree (Samania saman). The clear zone along the project corridor is of varied nature depending upon the different embankment heights. Some areas have steep gradients that need intensive stone pitching treatment. In order to increase the structural stability of this type of treatments, plant materials such as shrubs and ground covers, can be introduced in the interstices. They can be used with emphasis on their rooting characteristics, so that they help in binding the stone pitching treatments An additional point considered in the clear zone areas was the height limitation of the plant material. The plant material shall not interfere with the visibility of vehicles, especially along the curves. Shrubs shall be of ornamental flowerinc as well as foliage type with dense growth patterns. Rate of growth (fast as well as slow) was given equal importance. High pollution resistant qualities of plant materials, was also taken into consideration since their growth is at a low level and in close proximity to the exhaust of the vehicles. The proposed shrubs shall also reduce storm water run off velocities and minimise erosion of the channel bed and sides. When the median is landscaped in Unava bypass, the same principles follow with special consideration for preventing glare from the headlights of incoming vehicles without blocking vision. The proposed plant materials shrubs and ground covers are Capparis sepiaria, Proposis juliflora, Bougainvillea sp., Cassia atala. Generally. a mix of the different species suggested will be used. Lea Associates 6-15 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I1: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Table 6.1: Environmental Management Plan for Unava Bypass Project Environmental ImpacUlssue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the . Responsibility * Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 6 1: Design Phase Vi1 1 imoact on Pond * Avoidance of Ponds at Unava and east of settlement througn Design Alignment Alterations. l) 1 2 Drainage ano Flooding. Embankment. culverts and minor brdges designed for 50 year flood levels Construction of bridges and culverts across water channels to maintain present flow ciaractenstics and reduce flooding of the adjacent area 1 3 Erosion Protection * Erosion protecion measures such as crash bamers. plantation of shrubs, grass and trees designed. 6 1 v1 imDact on Settlement * Bypass alignment so as to avoid settlement. 6 1 5 Skepticism w.r..t bypass * Entitlement Framework to compensate for losses. 6 1 5 Cultural * Bypass construction sa as to conserve the religious monuments in Unava Bypass alignment to avoid the village temple. 6.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE *J 2 ! Removal of Trees * Trees will be removed from the Corridor of Impact before Legal requireilleili. R&BD EMU commencement of Construction. 6 2 2 Land ano Prooerty * All R&R activities must be reasonably completed before the RAP and Project EML, NOUS l,tIL -c0uisition construction activity stans. requirement. Collaboratiii Gnevances to be redressed in accordance with the R&R Agcncs. R&BD framework. 6 2 3 Utility Relocation * All utilities will be relocated, reasonably before construction Project requirement. R&BD. Construction EMU starts, with pnor approval of the concemed agencies. Agencies. 6 ': CONSTRUCTION PHASE 6.3.1: SOIL 63 3 1 1 Generation of Debns * Earth requirea will be dumped in areas selected. MoST: 112.6 Contractor. Engineer. MoST: II12.2 EMU Residual spoils shall be used. to fill up the borrow areas FIDIC: 33.1 subject to laying of topsoil. as per EMP dause 6.3.1.2 6 3 1 2 Loss of Topsoil * In agricultural areas or in any other productive soil areas as MoST: 300 Contractor. Engineer. directed by the Engineer. the topsoil from all areas of cutting EMU and all areas to be stored.. MoST: 305.3.9 Stockpiled topsoil will be retumed to cover the disturbed area MoST; 301 7 and cut slopes. MoST 305.3.3 3i; Compaction of Soil * Construction venicle. machinery and equipment Shall move MloST: 11.6 Contractor Engineer. or be stationed in the designated area (RoW) only. EMU * The contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect MoST. 305.2.2.2 the stability of excavation or fills. *3 3 1 41 Borrowing of Earth * Borrowing within the RoW is prombited (except earth from MoST: 305.2.2.2 Contractor Engineer. excavation for roadside drains)-under this contract. EMU Arrangement for locating the source of supply of matenal MoST: 305.2.2.2 and compliance to environmental shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The Contractor shall facilitate inspection of all borrow areas MoST. 305 2 by the EMU 'Some of the mibgation measures are preventive in nature while some others include additional measures in terms of environmental conservation and involve physical and construction work. For CoSt of such measures and for the budget. refer Chapters 7 and 8 of this report. 2 The Contract Documents refer to the following: (a) Federation Intemationale Des Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC). Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineenng Construction. Fourth Edition, .1 987 (reprinted 1992 with amendments): Part I (General Conditions) and Part II (Conditions of Particular Application), suitably amended for the purpose of Gujarat State Highways Project. (b) Ministry of Surface Transport, Roads Wing (MoST), Govemment of India. Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (Third Revision. 1995. Reprinted, 1998). Both the FIDIC and MoST documents were amended to suit the needs of the Gujarat State Highways Project. particularly the requirements of the Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) and the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP). -6- _ _16-eL Asaacafes 6-16 Chapter 6.- Environmental Management Plan Environmental lmpactlssue Mitigation Measures I Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Superviaio 6 3 1 5 Degradation of Borrow * Borrow pits shall not be dug continuously. MoST 305.2.2.2 Contractor Engineer. Areas . No borrow area shall be opened without permission of the FIDIC 13 1 EMU Engineer. FIDIC 26 I * Borrow pits shall be re-developed as per MoEF guidelines \IoST Ill I 6 3 1 6 Soil Erosion * Oi road embankment slopes. shrubs and grass will be planted. Design reQuirement Contractor Engineer. * sections with high filling the side slopes will be graced and MoST 305.2 2 2 EMU covered with busn and grass.. * In borrow pits, the depth of the pits, will be reguiated. so that MoST. 306.2 sides of the excavation will have a sioPe not steeper than 'MoST. 306 4 lvencal :4 honzontal (amended) * The work shall consist of measures as per to control soil erosion. sedimentation and water pollution. 6 3 1 7 Contamination of Soil by * Vehicle/machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling i MoST 113 13 Contractor Engineer. Fuei and Lubricants shall be carned out to avoid contamination of ground. (amended) EMU FIDIC. 19 tic) 6 3 1 8 Contamination of Soil by * All spoils shall be disposed off in the manner as specified in FIDIC 32.1 Contractor Engineer Construction wastes EMP clause 6.3 1.1 EMU * All waste matenal shall be completely disposed as desired i MoST 201.2 and the site shall De fully cleaned before handing over. MoST 301.3 11 6 3 1 9 Quarrv Operations * The Contractor shall obtain materials from quarnes only after MoST 1 t 1 3 Contractor Engineer consent of the DoF or other concemed authonties. EMU - Altematively the Contractor shall acquire the required matenal from quames licensed by the GPCB. 6 3 2 WATER 6 3 2 1 flooding * In addition to the design. the contractor shall take all desired FIDIC 19 lIc) Contractor Engineer to prevent temporary or permanent flooding of the site or any FIDIC 29 1 EMU adjacent area MoST 305.3.2 6 3 2.2 Siltation into Water Bodies * Siltation of soil into the water bodies will be prevented. The i MoST. 306 Contractor Engineer. contractor will take all reasonable measures as per EMP EMU Clause 6.3.1.2 Construction matenals containing fine particles shall be FIDtC ti9lci stored in an enclosure such that sediment laden water does . MoSt 30h not drain into nearby watercourses. 6 3 2 3 Torrent Run-off * No tree or vegetation other than specified for felling will be MoST 201 2 Contractor Engineer cut. EMU - The contractor shall take all necessary precaution and MoST 306.2& 4 construct temporary/permanent devices to prevent water pollution 6 ' 2 4 Alteration of Drainage * Il sections along water courses. and close to cross-dr2iname FIDIC 19 I(c) Contractor Engineer. channels. canh. stone or any other construction miterials or MoST 305 3.7 EMU nppendage shall be property disposed off so as niot to block the tlow of water All necessary measures shall be taken to prevent earthwork. MoST 306 stonework. matenals and appendage as well as the method of operation from impeding cross-drainage at nvers. streams. water canals and existing imgation and drainage systems. 6 3 2 5 Ground Water Depletion . Tree and vegetation plantation will be conserved and . Design requirement Contractor Engineer additionally planted as per des;gn. EMU '3 3 2 6 increased Run-off * No tree or vegetation. except those specified. will be FIDIC 19 Ic) Contractor Engineer disturbedidestructed. MoST 111 15 EMU * Retention work will be taken up on the roadside drainage . Design requirement channels as per the madside drainage design. 6 3 2 7 Contamination of Water. * All measures will be taken to prevent the wastewater pmduced in, FIDIC19 i(c) Contractor. Engineer from Construction Wastes consrTctioit fmm entenng directly into strmams. water bodies or i MoST. 306 EMU the irigation system. : CC: 80.2 * Construction work close to the streams or water bodies shall i MoST 11 1 13 be avoided dunng monsoon. * The discharge standards promulgated under the. FIDIC 26 1 Envimnmental Protection Act. 1986 shall be stnctly adhered. MoST 1111 to. ,, 3 2 8 Contamination from Fuel . The work shall be camed out in such a manner that pollution, MoST 111 4 Contractor Engineer and Lubricants of natural watercourses. ponds. tanks and reservoirs is FIOIC. 19 1 (c) EMU avoided. - MoST. 113 13 Lea Associates 6-17 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. II: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Environmental lmpacllssue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 6 32.29 Sanitation ana Waste , Construction labourers' camps shall be located at least 200m Contractor Engineer. Disposal in Construction Camps away from the nearest habitation. EMU. The sewage system for a construction labourer's camp shall I MoST 111 14 be properly built and operated: proper disposal system for FIDIC: 19.1 excreta and provision and maintain of garbage bins to ensure! FIDIC: 26.1 hygienic conditions and no contaminabon in water bodies All I MoST: 111. I relevant provisions of the Factones Act. 1948 shall be: adhered to. 63 2 10 Wastage of water * The conractor will minimise wastage of water in the' FIDIC: i1) lic) Contractor Engineer. construction processioperations. EMU * The Contractor shall arrange for supply and storage of water: FIDIC: 20.I and no such supply and storage will be provided by the R&BD. 6 3 2 11 Disruption to other Users. * The Contractor shall be responsible for arranging adequate FIDtC: 26.1 Contractor Engineer. of Water supply of water for the whole construction period. RAP requirement. EMU. * Construction over ano close to the non-perennial streams shall be undertaken in the dry session. * The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to all liabilities are on him. 6 3 3 AIR POLLUTION 3 3 1 Generation of Dust * All vehicles delivenng matenals to the site shall be covered to, MoST: 11 t 9 Contractor Engineer. avoid spillage of matenals. (amended) EMU * The Contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the MoST: 111.5 level of dust emission from the hot mix plants and the: batchng plants, * All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of thelMoST: 111 9 contractor. shall be kept clean and clear of all dustmud or other extraneous matenals. * Clearance shall be effected and all dust. mud and other' MoST: 11110 debris shall be removed completely. 6 3 3 2 Emission from Hot-Mix * Hot mix plants and batching q plants shall be located i MoST: 111 .5(amended) Contractor. Engineer. Plants and Batching Plants sufficiently away (500m) trom habitation, agricultural: EMU operations or industnal establishments * The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the I MoST: 111.5 relevant current emission control legislabon. (amended) 6 3 3.3 Odour from Construction.. Construction labourers' camps shall be located at least 200m. MoST: I I I. 14(antencded) Contractor. Engineer. laDourer s camos away from the nearest habitation. EMU The waste disposal and sewage system for the camp shall be MoST: t 11.14 iamiendedi property designed. duillt ano operated so that no odour is generateo. * Compliance with the Factones Act and all other relevant legislation shall be strictly adhered to. 6 3 3 4 Emission from Construction * All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction MoST: 111 13 Contractor Engineer. /enicies. Eouipment and shall confirm to the relevant Indian Standard (IS) norms. (amended) EMU '.lacninerv . All vehicles, equipment and machinery used are to comply. MoST: l l . 13 iaeilededl with the relevant requirements of GPCB. 6 3 3 5 Poilution from Crusner . All crushers used in construction shall conform to relevant MoST: 111 13 Contractor. Engineer. dust emission control as legislated. (amended) EMU * Dust screening vegetation will be planted on the edge of the; Design requirement RoW for all existing roadside crushers. MoST: Il lI 6 3 4 NOISE POLLUTION 6 3 4 1 Noise from Vehicles. Plants * The plants and equipment used in constnuction shall stnctly; FIDIC: 19 1 Ic) Contractor. Engineer. ana Equipment conform to the Gol noise standards. 'MoST: 111. 13 EMU All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted MoST t11 13 with exhaust silencers. M 1 Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project to FIDIC: 26.1 comply e Environment (Protection) Rules. 1986. ( MoST: 111 1 * In construction sites within t50ni of the nearest habitation. FIDIC 191(c) - noisy construction work wilt be stopped between 2200 hours MoST: 111 13 to 0600 hours. In silence zone no hot-mix, batching or aggregate crushing . FIDIC: 45.1 plant will be allowed No construction shall take place within FIDIC: 26.1 0oom around hospitals from 2100 hours to 0600 hours. Lea Associates Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan Environmental Impact/issue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervisio nvorkers in vicinity of strong noise. and workers working with MoST t 11 6 or in crushing, compaction, batching or concrete mixing operations shall wear earplugs. _ 6 3 4 2 Noise from Blasting or Pre- * All the statutory laws, regulators, rules etc.. pertaining to MoST 302 1 Contrac:or Engineer. soitting Operations acquisition, transport. storage, handling and use of EMU explosives shall be stnctly followed. Blasting shall be camea out dunng fixed hours. The timing MoST 302 4 should be made known to all the people within 500m (200m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions 6 3 5 IMPACT ON FLORA 6 3 5 1 Loss or Damage of * All works shall be camed out in such a fashion that the MoST til 15 Zontracmor Engineer. ,egetaion damage or disuption to the flora is minimum. (amended) EMU Design requirement 6 3 5.2 Damage or Loss of * During construction. at any point of time. if a rare/ Contractor. Engineer EMU Chance-found Imponant Fiora threatenedfendangered flora species is found. it shall be conserved in a suitable manner. 6 3 6 IMPACT ON FAUNA 6 3 6 1 Loss. Damage or Disruption E All works are to be camed out in such a fashion that the MoST 111 15 Contractor Engineer :o Fauna damage and disruption to fauna is minimum. (amended) EMU Construction workers shall be instructed to protect natural FIDIC 19 1 (c) resources and fauna 6 3 6 2 Damage or Loss of * Dunng construction. at any point of time. if a rare/ Contractor Engineer EMU * Cnance-founc imDonant Fauna endangered / threatened fauna species is discovered. all measures will be taken as in EMP clause 6.3.5.2 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 6 3 7 1 Loss of Access * At all times. the Contractor shall provide altemative passage MoST 112 7 Contractor Enginmer movement dunng ccnstruction. FIDIC 29 1 EMU 6 3 8WORKERS ACCIDENT RISKS 6 3 8.1 Risk from Operations * The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions FIDIC 19.2 Contrac:cr Engineer as required for the safety of the workmen as per the FIDIC. 26.1 International Labour Organisabon (ILO) Convention No. 62. MoST 602 9 3 2 as far as those are applicable to this contract. 6 3 8.2 Risk from Electncal. * Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from MoST. 106 Contracor Engineer Ecuipment electrical equipment D All necessary fencng and lights will be provided to protect the public. * All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes. 2 3 3 RIsK a: Hazardous Activity * All workers employed on mrxing asphalt matenal. cement. MoST 111 1 Zontrac:cr Engineer. lime mortars. concrete etc.. will be provided with protective EMU footwear and goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works would be provided with welder's protective eye-shields - Stone-breakers will be provided with protective goggles ana clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals * The use of any herbicide or other toxic chemical shalt be MoST 111 6 stnctly In accordance with the manufacturer's instructions 6 3 8 4 Risk of Leaa Pollution * No man below the age of 18 years and no woman shall be FIDIC 26 1 Contractor Engineer employed on the work of painting with products containing MoST 111 1 EMU lead in any form.. 6 3 8 5 Risk caused by Force de,* All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of FIDIC. 34 2 Contractor Engineer Malure the workers and the public from fire. flood. drowning. etc EMU * All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. 6 3 9 WORKERS HEALTH RISKS 6 3 9 1 First Aid * At every workplace, a readily available first aid unit will be FIDIC 26.1 Contractor Engineer provided as per the Factory Rules of Gujarat. EMU Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals will MoST 1207.6 have indoor heath units with one bed for every 250 workers. 6 3 9 2 Potable Water In every workplace at suitable and easily accessible places a FIDIC 34 2 Contractor Engineer sufficient suPply of cold potable water (as per IS) will be EMU provided and maintained. If the drnking water is obtained from an intermittent public water supply then. storage tanks will be provided te Associates 6-19 Gujarat S:ste Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. Il: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Environmental lmpactlssue Mltigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 7 Implementation Supervision All water supply storage shall be at a distance of not less than 15m from any latnne. drain or other source of pollution. 6 3 9 3 Hygiene * The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect FIDIC: 32.1 Contractor. Engineer, and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation EMU. and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. There shall be provided within the precincts of every FIDIC: 26 1 .vorkplace. latnnes and urinals in an accessible place. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and FIDIC. 34 (amended) maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for dnnking. cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp must be pnoperiy designed. built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air. ground or adjacent walercourses takes place. Unless otherwise arranged for by the local sanitary authority. FIDIC: 34.2 arrangement ior proper disposal of excreta by incineration at .ne workplace shall be made by means of a suitable nacnerator approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities. * On competition of the works, the whole of such temporary FIDIC: 33.1 structures shall be cleared away e 3 £ 4 Malanal nsk * The Contractor shall, at his own expense, conform to all anti- FIDIC: 34.2 Contractor Engineer. -nalanal instructions given to him by the Engineer. including EMU liling up any borrow pits which may have been dug by him. *3310 DAMAGE AND LOSS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES 6 3 10 1 Chance four : * The Engineer shall seek direction from the Archaeological FIDIC: 27.1 Contractor. Engineer. Archaeological propeny Society of India (ASI) before instructing the Contractor to EMU recommence work on the site. 6 3 11 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT 6 3 11 1 Roadside Landscape * Road landscape plantation, re-vegetaton of road! Design requirement Contractor Engineer. embankments and other slopes shall be taken up as per EMU letailed design. given as part of the Bid Documents. 6 3 11 2 Road Fumniture * Road tumiture including stofm water drains. crash bamer. Design requirement Contractor Engineer. traffic signs. speed zone signs. pavement markers and any EMU other such items will be provided as per design given in the Bid Documents '33 11 3 Cultural Propenies * An ehancement plan for Jadeshwar Devi temple has been Design requirement Contractor. Engineer. prePared and included as pan of the design. Signage for Mira EMU Datar also to be erected. " 4 OPERATION PHASE A 1 Contamination of Soil a-: Contingency plans to te in place for cleaning up of spills of Motor Vehicles Motor ater Resources from SDillS due o: ii. fuel and toxic cnemicals. Deoanment Vehicies -,atlic ano Accidents Inspector *3 4 2 Dust Generation . New afforestation projects adjacent to the project road and in DoF. R&BD EMU the surrounding will be encouraged. .3 4 3 Atmosoreric Pollution . Vehicular emissions of CO. HC. NOX, SPM. RPM and Pb to Motor Vehicles (iP(CB. EXtlt be checked. Department. STA. Pollution under control (PUC) programmes to be enforced DoF. GPCB. R&BD adequately. New afforestabon projects adjacent to the project road and in the surrounding will be encouraged. Public awareness programmes to be undertaken. 6 5 4 Noise Pollution * Noise pollution will be monitored. Motor Vehit. es GPCTB. EU Based on the results of monitonng noise pollubion in the, DepaCment. STA. operation phase. sound barriers and other measured will be ° considered at places with excessive noise. Public awareness campaigns to be undertaken. C 5 Accidents involv.: * Compliance with the Hazardous Wastes (Management and, R&BD. Motor R&BD. t .Jtor -azaraous Matenals Handling) Rules. 1989 Vehicles Dept. Vehitces Dept LeaAssocares 6-20 7. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION ACTION PLAN 7.1. INTRODUCTION Road construction activities can have significant impacts on the social environment. Construction of new roads involves displacement of people whose land is taken for the RoW. The impacts are measured in terms of number of properties lost, area of property, type of property lost and ownership of property. Displaced or otherwise affected people are referred to as project-affected people (PAPs). This chapter deals with the extent of negative impacts likely to be imposed on the people and their property as a result of the proposed new alignment for the Unava bypass. It also discusses the entitlement framework that is to be adopted to minimise and compensate for the losses experienced by the people. The Resettlement and Rehabilitation Implementation Programme (R&R) and budget for the same is also provided. To make this a 'near-stand-alone' chapter, some information on the project found in earlier sections is repeated here. To compensate the PAPs adequately for their losses, the entitlement framework approved by the GoG for the GSHP is being adopted for this project. The entitlement framework comprehensively addresses all R&R issues that are expected to arise from the Unava bypass project. It conforms to Gol legislation (EIA notification, 1994) and policy perspectives (Draft National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation). 7.1.1. Project description State Highway 41, which passes through the settlement of Unava, is subject to high traffic volume. Through the settlement the RoW is constricted because of the Dargahs, business establishments and residences on one side, and a pond and residences on the opposite side. As a result, the road is a threat to the safety of the pedestrians as well as to the surrounding environment. The primary objective of the project is to conserve the cultural ethos of the village and simultaneously provide for a safer transport network. Hence a bypass around the settlement is being proposed. The bypass will take off 0.5 km before the town, at kmp92.3 on the eastern side, and rejoin the state highway at kmp94.7, 1km after the village. Implementation of the project will lead to diversion of through traffic to the bypass and will thus decrease the traffic congestion on the existing highway through the town. Construction of the bypass will require substantial land acquisition. 7.1.2. Extent of Impacts The project consists primarily of construction of a new road alignment, as a bypass for the settlement of Unava. Consequently, the area of direct influence is confined in a linear fashion along the corridors where road construction activities will take place. The RoW of 60 m of 2.4 kilometers is the primary boundary defining the project area of influence. All land for construction of the bypass has to be acquired by the R&BD. This amounts to a total of approximately 13 ha. There are around 62 properties likely to be acquired for the RoW. The properties to be acquired are mainly agricultural. Hence, the type of losses will be mainly loss of agricultural land, and in some cases loss of livelihood as well. There is not expected to be any displacement of residences required by the project. To compensate the PAPs adequately for their losses, the entitlement framework approved by the GoG is being adopted for this project. Lea Assciates D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol: 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 7.1.3. Basic premises of the R&R The main objective of the R&R is to ensure that PAPs are resettled and'rehabilitated in accordance with the entitlement framework, according to the following guidelines: * Wherever possible, displacement will be reduced or avoided altogether by sensitive design of civil engineering works (such as altemative alignments or modifications to the design). * Where displacement is unavoidable, those displaced will have their living standards improved, or at least restored to the level pnor to resettlement. They will be located as a village or family unit, as is their preference. and will be assisted to integrate into their new community. Particular attention will be given to needs of the most vulnerable groups to be resettled. * PAPs will be compensated, at replacement cost, for assets lost. Adequate social and physical infrastructure (such as housing plots, community services and facilities) will be provided. * PAPs and host communities will be encouraged to participate in the design and the implementation of the RAP, 7.2. The Entitlement Framework For GHSP The GoG has endorsed the Entitlement Framework in April 1998. The entitlement framework in GSHP (also applicable to Unava bypass) is distinguished by its comprehensive treatment of the losses accrued due to the project to the individuals, the households and the community as a whole. It is a pro-active framework of action. It may have slight bias towards equity issues, but guards the project from trivial claims. It operates within the. local and national legal context but derives the basic principles from cons'itutional provision rather than from legislation. 7.2.1. Units of entitlement 7.2. 1. 1. Entitlements for proiect-affected households (PAHs) These entitlements are to cover loss of land, structures and other assets, such as crops. Included also are a shifting allowance, rights to salvage building materials and counseling on alternative assistance. The starting point is the Land Acquisition Act under which title-holders are awarded compensation for property, structures and other assets, such as crops, surrendered to the project. The Act requires compensation to be at market value. Sometimes the legal compensation, paid by the government, is lower than the market value. For Phase I of this project, the PCC has conducted a market value assessment to determine whether additional assistance is necessary in order to reach real market value. In Phases II, including Unava bypass. an independent committee will assess a true market value. The proposed committee is to be headed by the Collector for the respective districts. The other members of the committee include eminent engineers, and value assessors. Committees for the Phase I project are being formed now. Consultation with the Revenue Department will also take place. Additionally PAPs will be consulted on and will be informed of the method of determining market value of assets. Those not eligible for legal compensation for loss of their structures and assets may be assisted by other support mechanisms, such as existing govemment housing schemes. If a household asset is to be taken, compensation will be given to the legal titleholder, but if the compensation is in the form of a parcel of land or a structure, the registration will be in the names of the titleholder and his/her spouse, provided the spouse is alive. For all the assistance applicable the household is the entitled unit. There are nine general compensation actions for the PAH category (refer Table 7.1) for a summary of these actions). Les Associates 7-2 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan 1. Consultation, counseling regarding altematives, and assistance in identifying new sites and opportunities: All PAPs are eligible to receive consultation and counseling with regard to their entitlements and compensation. Additionally they will be shown all alternatives available for relocation of their business or households. They will receive assistance in identifying new sites for relocation and will be guided on what opportunities are available to them for vocational and training opportunities. 2. Compensation for land at market value, plus allowances for fees or other charges: Only titleholders are eligible for compensation under the Land Acquisition Act. Some titleholders may be members of vulnerable groups and will thus be eligible for other support mechanisms. Squatters, encroachers and tenants are not eligible for compensation for land. All fees, taxes and other charges incurred in the relocation and re-establishment of EPs. will be met by the project. 3. Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or compensation for lost standing crops: PAPs will be informed that the land on which their crops are planted will be used by the project in the near future and that they must harvest their crops in time. If standing crops cannot be harvested, EPs will be compensated for the loss. 4. Compensation for perennial crops and trees will be calculated as annual produce value times remaining producing years: Only titleholders are eligible for recompense for perennial crops. The compensation will paid equivalent to the capitalised value, i.e., the net present value of all future production, at a discount rate of 12% per annum. 5. Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land assets: EPs are eligible for replacement or compensation for structures and other non-land-related assets that are impacted by the project. 6. Right to salvage materials from existing structures: EPs are eligible to salvage material from their existing structures and sites, with the exception of trees. 7. Inclusion in existing government housing schemes: Only those EPs belonging to a vulnerable group, as defined by the project, are eligible for the existing housing schemes for the weaker sections of society. Vulnerable groups are defined as Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, Women-headed Households, Land-less Agricultural Workers and any EP with an average household income of less than Rs.2000/month. 8. Shifting assistance (note: replacement housing must be available before people are made to move): EPs are entitled to a shifting allowance to move their belongings. If their relocation site is not ready for them, at the end of the two-month notification period, the project must make temporary arrangements until their permanent structures are ready. 9. Option of moving to resettlement sites, or clusters, incorporating needs for shelter and livelihood: EPs will be given the option of voluntary relocation to a site they have chosen themselves wherever possible or a site chosen by the implementation team. Whichever option the EP Lea Associates 7-3 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass chooses he/she will receive as much support from the EMU as is required to resettle and rehabilitate the household. 7.2.1.2. Entitlements for Proiect-affected people (PAPs) Every household member over the age of 14 is eligible for assistance for loss of livelihood. Thus there may be more than one person eligible in each household. The project will provide rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminished livelihood for any individual impacted by the project. Additional support mechanisms will be made available to vulnerable groups to re- establish or enhance their livelihood through government employment programmes in force. If available, employment associated with the project should be provided. Three compensation actions are possible: 10. Rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminished livelihood: EPs are eligible for help to regain their original levels of economic well being. Vulnerable groups will receive the most-targeted support. All EPs will be counselled on options to improve their economic circumstances. 11. Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in re-establishing or enhancing livelihood: Members of vulnerable groups who are EPs will receive targeted support from the EMU working with the project's implementation unit (PIU). Counselling on altematives, guidance on appropriate training programmes and advice on marketing new products will be given. 12. Employment opportunities connected with the project, to the extent possible: Local people whose livelihood is impacted by the project will, where possible, be offered jobs and training associated with the project. However these employment opportunities are not necessarily limited to the entitlements necessary to restore EPs livelihood but are additional opportunities. These people are not necessarily limited to vulnerable groups, although they should be targeted. Also the project will require some labour for construction, operation and maintenance. These jobs at least in the semi-skilled and unskilled category will be offered to EPs and PAPs before other local people. A clause has been incorporated in the contract documents requiring contractors to give employment opportunities to local people, as much as possible. 7.2.1.3. Entitlements for oroiect-affected groups (PAGs) Community-based entitlements will be provided where possible, and targeted especially at vulnerable and weaker groups. Six compensation actions are listed under this category. 13. Restoration and improvement of common property resources, such as public water pumps, sanitation and drainage facilities. 14. Provision for women's needs, particularly related to location of sources of water and firewood. Social forestry programs may be considered. 15. Provision of safe space and access for business purposes, local transport, and public use. 16. Safety measures for pedestrians, particularly children, and -other non-motorised transport. 17. Landscaping of community common areas in urban environments. 18. Provision of roadside rest areas. Le Assoaates 7-4 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan Table 7.1: PAPs and Their Entitlements in GSHP (including Unava Bypass) Types of Project Affected Peoples Outside Public Right of Way Inside Pubihc Right of Way Title Holders Tenants1 Squatters and Tenants Encroachers' Vulnerable Non V NV VulneraDle Non Vulnera Vulnerable ble LOSS OF LAND AND OTHER ASSETS Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Household (PAH) Consultation. counseiling regarding altematives, and assistance in identifying YES YES YES YES YES YES new sites ano opponunities. 2 Compensation for land at replacement cost, plus allowances for fees or other YES YES NO NO NO NO cnarges 3 Advance notice to narvest non-perennial crops, or compensation for lost standing YES YES YES YES YES YES 4 ComDensation for perennial Crops and trees calculated as annual produce value YES YES NO YES5IN YESS/NOE NO times remaining producing years _ E 5 Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land assets. YES YES YES YES YES YES 6 Right to salvage matenals from existing structures. YES YES YES YES YES YES Inclusion in existing govemment housing schemes. YES NO YES.J NO YES NO 8 Shining assistance (new housing must be available before people are made to YES YES YES YES YES YES move)3 9 Option of moving to resettlement sites or cluster. incorporating needs for shelter YES YES YES YES YES YES and livelihood LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Person (PAP) 10 Rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminished livelihood. YES YES YES YES YES YES 11 Adoitional suppon mechanisms for vulnerable groups in re-establishing or YES NO YESV/ YES NO NO enhancing livelihood. n 12 Employment opportunities in connection with protect, to the extent possible. YES YES YES YES YES YES LOSS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTUREIFACILITIES Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Group (PAG) 13 Restoration and improvement of common property resources, such as public water pumps. sanitation and drainage facilities. shnnes ana temples. cultural neritage. etc 14 Provision for women's needs. particularly related to location of sources. o water and firewood. Social forestry programs may be considerea 115 Provision for safe space and access for business purposes, local transport. and public use. 16 Safetv measures for pedestrians. particularly children. and other non-motonsed transport. I -1 Landscaping of community common areas in urban environments. H81 Provision of roadside areas 1 Tenants can include vulnerable (V) and Non Vulnerable (NV) Groups. Where their entitlements differ the following applies NON = Non-vulnerable PAPs are not Entitled; YESV = Vulnerable PAPs are entitled. 2 Encroachers within the legal RoWs will not be eligible for any sort of compensadon unless they are landless. in which case they will fall under the vulnerable group category. YESINOS = Squatters YES/NOE = Encroachers 3 If PAPs are moved off the RoW within the 2 month notification penod and permanent housing is not available. temporary housing will be provided until their permanent structures are ready. Lea Associvtes 7-5 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 1I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 7.2.2. The principles EPs eligible for an existing government programme will be advised by R&BD's Environmental Management Unit (EMU). The EMU, which will include NGO representation, will be responsible for relocating and rehabilitating EPs who are not eligible for government and other programmes. Existing government assistance includes provision of a plot of government land, assistance in building a replacement unit, or assistance with establishing a new income-generation scheme. If a household asset is taken, the family as a collective unit is entitled. Compensation is given to the head of the household-but if compensation/assistance is in the form of fixed assets, title will be conferred to both the male and female heads of the household. If loss of livelihood is the issue, every household member over the age of 14 is eligible for assistance. 7.2.3. Definitions This section defines the categories of project-affected people who are entitled, and the units used for calculating an assistance/compensation package. Compensation refers to restitution made to property owners under the Land Acquisition Act. The Government of India and the State of Gujarat are responsible for paying compensation. In this context compensation refers to payment made by the government when "eminent domain" is exercised and title of a property is transferred from a private entity to the government. Assistance refers to all other support mechanisms such as grants, assets, services, etc, given to eligible persons or groups (such as squatters and encroachers). Assistance is financed by the project. Project Affected People (PAPs) are individuals who may be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The Section 4 notification under LA Act, 1989 is the cut-off date for establishing whether a personlocated in the project area qualifies as a PAP or EP. After the lifetime of this project (2002)if R&BD need additional land, a re-examination of the Entitlement Framework will be necessary. Project Affected Households (PAHs) are households that may be impacted by the project as a household unit". Project Affected Groups (PAGs) are groups or communities that may be affected by the project. A group is generally limited by geographical location, as far as group entitlements are concerned, with a focus on the more vulnerable and weaker groups in society. Entitled persons (EPs) are PAPs who qualify for, or are entitled to, assistance/compensation since they will be resettled or otherwise negatively impacted by the project. The EPs are deemed to include entitled PAHs and entitled PAGs. Private property owners are persons who have legal title to structures, land or other assets and are accordingly entitled to compensation under the Land Acquisition Act. In the case of a joint-title deed, the replacement land or cash will be given to the joint holders who will be treated as a unit. Squatters are landless households squatting within the public land for residential and business purposes. Squatters may qualify as a vulnerable group but it is dependent on the vulnerability criteria established by the project. 4 The fact that a household is entitled does not preclude members of the household from qualifying for assistance as individuals. Les Assoawtes 7-6o Chapter 7- Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan Encroachers are persons who extend their built structures and/or activities into the public land or use the public land as spillover space. As a general rule they are not eligible for compensation or assistance and will be considered for assistance on a case by case basis. People losing their livelihood are entitled people if they are at least 14 years old at the time they are affected by the project and will loose their primary occupation or source of income as recorded in the census. More than one person in a household may fall into this category. Domestic help, casual employees and persons not usually residing with, or dependent upon, the household will be eligible for entitlement benefits if their income or employment is impacted. Landless labourers fall into this category. Income-generating assistance is provided to persons affected by loss of wage-earning opportunities or loss of access to work. Vulnerable groups are PAPs who are more vulnerable than average PAPs and who may suffer more, economically or socially, from relocation to a new community. For this project, PAPs falling into one of the folloWing groups are automatically considered members of a vulnerable group: * Woman-headed Households; * Scheduled Tribes or Indigenous Population; * Scheduled Castes. * Households with average household income of Rs.2000 or less a month5. The socio-economic survey of PAPs will provide the data necessary to identify members of vulnerable groups in the project corridors. Children and the elderly, who could also be considered as members of the vulnerable groups, may also be eligible for assistance and support mechanisms under the collective category, if found necessary in subsequent stages of investigation. [niian bestpractices as well as judicial decisions all note that the absence of legal title to land should not construed to exclude vulnerable groups and the poor assistance. There has been considerable debate in India on this issue. Encroachers and squatters are illegal occupants in the public premises/RoW. To reward them encourages illegal occupation of public property. The nub of the concem is the prospect of migration to public lands by people hoping to take advantage of the situation. Therefore, the census of PAPs located within the public land, will act as a cut off date for the inclusion of PAPs in this RAP. The Census will also establish the extent and type of compensation the PAP is entitled to. PAPs located outside the RoW will be subject to procedures under the Land Acquisition Act, and assistance as per this entitlement framework. The Household Unit is defined as a group of persons, blood-related or not, who commonly live together and would take their food from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so. . Unit Size: If a household loses a house, all members will share in the compensation and assistance (although the compensation will be paid to the titleholder). Size of the replaced unit will be based on a minimum 12m2 per unit and additional 6m2 for each additional person beyond two. * Lost income opportunities will be assessed and compensated on the basis of the losses caused by the project. If a household or family has several adult members who will lose their incomes, all will be compensated. 5 As set by the Gol Planning Commission, the poverty line for govemment economic programmes is an annual household income of Rs.20000. For this project. PAPs with an income of approximately 25% above this poverty line are entitled, bringing the cut-off for inclusion in the vulnerable group category to an average monthly household income of Rs.2000 or less. Lea Associates 7-7 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. /I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass * Lost assets will be valued at replacement cost. An entitled household is treated as one unit. It is up to them to distribute assistance amongst themselves. Head of the Household is defined as the eldest member of the core family in the household, for the purpose of this project. Woman Headed Household is defined as a household fulfilling both the criteria given below: (i) A woman is the principal eaming member of the family. (ii) No male member (excluding the disabled) in the family elder to the principal earning member as above is earning (earning excludes pensions and interest payment on deposits). Cut-off date is the end of the census of PAPs. It establishes whom among the PAPs living within the pubic land, are entitled to compensation or assistance. Persons moving onto the public land after the cut-off date are not PAPs under this project and will be evicted without assistance (and possibly fined, to discourage such actions). It is recognised that there could be a margin of error in the census and any person who was not surveyed during the census but can show documentation or evidence that they are rightfully an EP will also be considered (pbwer for such recognition rests with the EMU). Private land acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act (Section 4, Notification) provides the first notification under the law and is the cut off date for land covered under private land acquisition. For all other land and assets the census of PAPs is the cut off date. The government may evict people who move in after the census, or PAPs who do not move from the public land after the "notification period" has elapsed. Disputes or grievances arising out of the definition of household or entitled persons will be resolved through the verification process and the grievance procedure administered by the EMU. 7.2.4. Entitlements The following sub-sections give brief description of the entitlements proposed for the Project for each kind of impacts perceived. 7.2.4.1. Loss of private property The compensation options for most EPs impacted by this project will be cash-based, with the exception of EPs falling into a vulnerable group catepory. For landowners, Entitlement Framework proposes there be a land-for-land option available. This option will be available for an EP if the land holding becomes non-viable or if there were a chance the EP could slip into poverty. Since, in Gujarat, there is a shortage of large plots of productive land, a combination of measures was agreed. Most likely, the majority of EPs will not want to relocate to new land. The land-for-land option will be considered case-by-case. For PAPs, such as vulnerable groups, who may not influence the economic and social forces shaping their lives, a straight cash settlement is not the best option. In these cases a better option may indeed be land-for-land--or a combination of land-for-land, cash compensation and participation in an existing government- scheme to assist vulnerable groups. There are several categories of losses that are recognised under this entitlement policy. Eight loss categories (LCs) and the compensation options to be applied by this project are presented below. Le-8Associafes 7.8 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan LC1 AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ASSETS: All EPs affected by the loss of legally owned agricultural land are entitled to cash compensation. This will allow them to BOX 7.1: NON-VIABLE LAND PURCHASE acquire replacement land of equal PROTOCOL productive value, as well as to replace any This protocol is recommended for compensation structures (residential unit or farm buildings) and assistance of landowners left with plots that or other assets such as trees, crops or would be no longer viable. The R&BD will pay the water sources. In this project, a grant will purchase price for the entire plot but take also be awarded to make up the difference ownership of only the land required for this project between the compensation paid by the at the time of sale. Any land owned by the R&BD government and the replacement cost but not used for the roadwork becomes Surplus determined by a market value survey Land and under law is rendered legally * determined by a market value survey inaccessible for productive use. By buying the land carried out by a district level market value but not taking full ownership, R&BD can permit assessment committee. productive use to continue under special For the purpose of this project, the definition agreements with former landowners and others. of a viable plot of land is deduced as Former owners will be permitted usufruct rights of a ibepltoan sddue s and the use of the land in an agreement with follows. The Land Acquisition Act pays R&BD for a period ending when R&BD needs the compensation for irrigated agricultural land land for other project work. Owners will be 2.5-fold the amount for non-irrigated land. In encouraged to do this since it will be difficult to find this project, the minimum size of a viable willing buyers for small, divided properties. When plot for irrigated land is taken as 0.4hal and they want to use the land, R&BD must give the the minimum size of a viable plot of non- holders of these agreements notice of at least 6 irrigated land is 1 .Oha. months, prior to taking it over. If plots are reduced to less than 0.4ha for If a landowner's plot is no longer viable (ie the irrigatedand 1 .ha for non-irrigated land, owner is left with less than 0.4ha for irrigated land the EPd will be entitled to compel or 1.0ha for non-irrigated land) the landowner may the EP will be entitled to compel choose from three options. compensation of the entire plot. Land acquired thereby will be subject to the Non- i. If the EP wishes to remain on the plot. compensation for the amount of land acquired as per viable Land Purchase Protocol (see Box the Land Acquisition Act and receipt of assistance 7.1). according to the entitlement policy will be given. A temporary agreement for the use of the land will also LC2 SEVERANCE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND: be required, the agreement will be worked out There may be cases where a landowner's through the NGO and Grievance Committee. agricultural plot is severed, such as by ii. Compensation is paid for the total plot (as explained in the text) as per the Land Acquisition Act but title to construction of a new bypass. the land not needed by R&BD is not transferred to R&BD. Assistance is given according to the The landowner will likely suffer less efficient entlement policy. use of his land due to having a road pass iii. If the EP is from a vulnerable group, compensation through the property. An additional grant will for the total plot is by means of land-for-land, of be made. equal to 10% of the amount paid equal productive value (if such land is available). for the land acquired for the project. Assistance is given according to the entitlement policy. (The govemment may need to purchase land One or both plots created by severance -by private sale if govemment land is not available in the area In which the EP wishes to settle.) may be no longer viable. Non-viable plots will be dealt with as spelt out above in LC1. LC3 NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ASSETS: EPs who lose non-agricultural land and assets, to which they have legal title are compensated for land and structures-under the Land Acquisition 6 Below 0.4 ha agricultural land holding becomes essentially non-viable. Agricultural land holding of 0.4 ha is however, marginal only and may not be equated with economically beneficial land holding. le Associstes 7-9 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase /A - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Act. The EPs will receive assistance to make up the difference between the government compensation and a price derived from the district level market value assessment committee's property value appraisal. If the compensation award is found to be fair, those EPs will receive the relevant cash compensation and will not be eligible for additional assistance. EPs must relocate within the notification time specified in the LAA. EPs not covered under the LAA will have two months to relocate Temporary arrangements or a grant of Rs.1800 to cover (a maximum of) nine months' rentals will be provided until permanent structures are ready for occupancy. Tenants also suffer losses when property is taken. They are defined as EPs who have some legal proof demonstrating that a transaction of money takes place between them and a landlord/owner. The general provisions for titleholders of and tenants using non-agricultural lands and assets are as follows. i. TENANTS will receive assistance as lump-sum payments, paid in advance of the expropriation of the property, made up of the following: * the amount of the deposit or advance payment paid by the tenant to the landlord pro rated on the basis of months remaining at the time of expropriation;7 * a sum equal to six months rental in consideration of disruption caused: and, - compensation for any structures the tenant has erected on the property. ii. ABSENTEE LANDOWNERS will receive compensation and assistance for property, assets and structures. Any amount paid to the tenant, except for the disruption allowance (equal to six months' rental) will be deducted from the assistance payable to the landowner. (There will be no other payments. Even if there is a gap between relinquishing one property and purchasing a replacement, the cash can be placed in interest-bearing investment in the interim.) iii. OWNER-OCCUPIERS will receive 5% more than the absentee owners. This parallels the six months rent a tenant receives as assistance. (Whether a tenant or an owner-occupier, the impact of forced relocation is the same. By not renting the property to someone else, an owner-occupier forgoes rental income of approximately 10% of the property value annually. The equivalent rental for six months is, thus, 5% of the property value.) EPs may salvage materials from structures demolished. They will also receive Rs.500 to meet removal expenses. If land acquisition leaves a title-holder with less than the (Gujarat Housing Board) recommended plot and unit size for his income group, he is entitled to compel acquisition of the whole property. A title holder in a vulnerable group, whose existing plot is smaller by a quarter of the size recommended by government agencies8 may use his entitlement money to purchase a plot of adequate size in one of the existing options suggested in LC6. Such a person will be offered a loan, at favourable interest rates, to cover the cost difference or to help pay for new construction. Squatters, by definition, do not have legal title. Squatters who are EPs will be given a plot either (i) through purchase of private lands or (ii) on a resettlement site under an existing Government Programme. Cash grant will be made only if the EP use it to purchases a replacement plot of land. 7 Often tenants pay for a year or two in advance, with no option of a refund. 8 The Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and the National Housing Bank (NHB) have recommended sizes for plots and units for various socio-economic brackets. For vulnerable groups the residential plot size is 30m2 in a rural area and 24m2 in an urban area. LesAssociates 7-10 Chapter 7 - Resettlement. and Rehabilitation Action Plan Vulnerable groups who are tenants will be offered income-generating assistance or training, and access to government housing programmes. 7.2.4.2. Loss of livelihood, crops and shelter LC4 EMPLOYMENT OR INCOME: The EPs in this category will receive a lump-sum grant to aid in the re-establishment of their livelihood and make up for the loss, due to relocation, of established markets and clients. Vulnerable Groups are covered in Section LC6. Specifically, EPs receive the following. A grant equal to six months average lost income will be paid.9 This provision applies to persons indirectly affected, due to his or her employer being displaced including the agrcultural tenants. However it will be implemented on a case by case basis, as some employment categories are very mobile (such as a carpenter) and will not be negatively impacted. If the EP concemed is the only eaming member of the household, he/she will be entitled to a grant equal to six months average household income of Rs.2500 per month. Other EPs may need further assistance and if demonstrated, may be eligible for govemment schemes, or receive further help from the EMU, in the form of vocational training or income generating schemes. * An EP will be given notice to harvest his existing crops before civil works begin. An EP will be paid a grant for lost crops due to forced relocation before harvest. The grant will equate the market value of what would have been harvested, based on records obtained during the census, and will include the cost of replacement seeds for next season's harvest. E EPs who lose perennial crops, such as fruit trees, will be paid a sum equal to the capitalised value calculated as the net present value of all future production at a discount rate of 12% per annum. LC5 ACCESS TO LAND AND LIVELIHOOD-ILLEGAL USE OF THE PUBLIC LAND: Squatters illegally occupy public land erect structures (often of katcha or semi-pucca construction) for residential or business purposes. Based on the existing govemment schemes, squatters will be given a plot of land free of charge or for a low cost and assisted with the construction of a replacement residential or business unit. Vulnerable Groups EPs will be supported to the extent that their livelihood (if threatened by the project) is maintained. Support mechanisms such as vocational training or income-generating assistance will be explored. If the EP is not eligible for a government programme, the EMU is responsible for adequate assistance such as providing access to training or land. The project will finance the cost of these entitlements by paying the responsible government agency or initiating the assistance itself. Ideally the squatter will, in time, and with help of innovative loan and financing, become the titleholder of the new property. For the purpose of this project the entitled person is the head of the household as recorded in the census of PAPs. ENCROACHERS onto the public land will generally receive no assistance. They will be notified and will be given a set time in which to remove their assets, except trees, and harvest their crops. The encroacher will be considered for assistance if the census of PAPs shows that the encroacher (i) does not own the land adjacent to land upon which he is encroaching and (ii) is a member of one of the vulnerable groups. In such cases, the EMU will consider assistance, case- by-case, according to household income and existing assets-and particularly whether the person already owns a viable plot of land. LC6 HOUSING OR INCOME-VULNERABLE GROUPS: PAPs in a vulnerable group, as defined earlier, are entitled to extra assistance. This assistance-in the form of income generating schemes, vocational training and access to existing government housing programmes-will improve their standard of living and, hopefully, end the cycle of displacement and poverty. 9 The census of PAPs found the average monthly. household income to be Rs1850 for a tenant and Rs2200 for a property owner. Lea Associates 7-11 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass For vulnerable PAPs who lose property there are governrnhent schemes to help them build their own housing units and eventually own the plot of land they have been given. PAPs in this group will, in addition to some cash compensation, have the choice of participating in one of a number of resettlement options. HOUSING REPLACEMENT. Based on status or eligibility, one or more of the following option may be offered as assistance to different categories of EPs'°: * land-for-land-either government land or land purchased (on behalf of the project from private owners)-and a grant for building materals to construct a unit (the amount based on the census and market prices of building materials at the time the expropriation takes place); * a plot of 15-20m2 and a house construction loan of a maximum of Rs30,000 under the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Housing Scheme; * a piot of 25-35m2 and a house construction loan of a maximum of Rs100,000 under the Low Income Group (LIG) Housing.Scheme; To assist these PAPs make the best choice, the EMU will be implementing the RAP and in so doing will provide a free advisory service to all EPs. INCOME GENERATING SCHEMES. Vulnerable EPs who lose their primary source of income-due to loss of access to their rented or share-cropped farms, wage labour or employment-are eligible for assistance in the form of the following income-generating schemes or vocational training programs (which are available to other entitled persons also). * A lump-sum grant of Rs.2000 per annum for three years will be contributed on behalf of the EP to an income generating or vocational training option of the EP's choice. After the initial training they will be helped to find employment or obtain institutional credit. They will be offered advice on financial planning and how to set up a co-operative facility to start a suitable production or service activity. * PAPs in a community unit will be entitled to community-level assistance. The assistance will be provided on a case by case basis after consultation with the village people to ascertain what the specific needs of that village maybe such as a new well, bus stop or any other enhancement related to the project. Cost sharing between the community, other agencies and the project will be considered in order to achieve sustainability. The assistance will be possibly in the form of a grant and will be given to village local govemments to employ the PAPs." VOCATIONAL TRAINING OPTIONS. The project will provide assistance and offer the following options for income generation and vocational training. Linkages with these "line agencies" are being explored to allow R&BD to fund the costs these programmes incur retraining entitled people. * Gujarat Women Economic Development Corporation Ltd (Gujarat Mahila Arthik Vikas Nigam Ltd) was established in 1975 aimed at improving the income-generating capacities of women in various social and economic development programmes in the state. Various training and loan schemes, as well as seminars and exhibitions for the sale of goods produced by women's co- operatives, are offered to disadvantaged women. Additionally, the Sericulture Scheme (silk worms) provides 'seed funds" to women wishing to start sericulture ventures. * National Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation is a National agency channelling funds through state agencies and recognised institutions for economic development activities of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Two such 10 These are examples from the Gujarat Rural Housing Board. Other programmes n¶ay be applicable also. 11 The govemment is not well placed to provide this facility. If the govemment employs a person for 90 days, the job becomes permanent. Employing more people is in contradiction of the policy of streamlining and down-sizing the already overstaffed govemment structure. Lea Assadatw 7-12 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and-Rehabilitation Action Plan agencies are the Gujarat Scheduled Castes Economic Development Corporation Ltd. and the Gujarat Tribal Development Corporation. Many other income-generating programmes aim to promote self-employment, wage employment. vocational training and infrastructure development. The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) is a national scheme aimed at families whose income is below the poverty line. The programme spends approximately Rs.9000 per family to aid them in training and starting their own business. They also run Training for Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM). The programme spends approximately Rs1800 per person trained. The Jawahar Rojgar Yojna (JRY) is a joint state national scheme also aimed at generating employment and income as well as strengthening rural social and economic infrastructure. The target group comprises those below the poverty line, with Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes given preference. As well, 30% of employment opportunities are reserved for women. Under the JRY Scheme, in Gujarat, is the Indira Awas Yojna (lAY). This scheme helps the poor to construct their housing with a 100% subsidised scheme. Also. HUDCO has produced a scheme for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) to gain shelter or construct their own. The state-level programme Gokul Gram Yojana contributes up to Rs200,000 per village involving training and other activities. LC7 BUSINESS LOCATION-KIOSKS AND MOBILE VENDORS: During construction every effort will be made to provide temporary access to frontage premises so that business activity is not significantly affected. There are two types of businesses that cannot always escape being affected by construction work. These are the shacks or kiosks, generally on stilts, and ambulatory vendors generally with wheeled pushcarts'2. Some pushcarts circulate during the day. Others remain in one place. the position being specified in a vendor's business license. Kiosks, likewise, are fixed, although they can be relocated. Construction work in urban areas is likely to disrupt these businesses for six months, on and off. Fully mobile vendors are not eligible for assistance since they can continue to circulate to carry out their business. Ambulatory vendors licensed for fixed locations may be able to relocate and carry on business as before. Rather than have to make these judgements case-by-case, ambulatory vendors licensed for fixed positions will be considered to be kiosks. Assuming the disruption lasts three months, after which the businesses resume operating, assistance of Rs.7500 will be paid to a kiosk owner. (This is based on Rs.2500/month. which is comfortably above the average monthly income of Rs.2100 for a business with less than 3m2 built-up area). Once construction is complete, .the business may resume in the same place as before. To offer assistance greater than six months lost income would exceed the LC4 provisions without good reason. Where numerous vendors are displaced, R&BD will purchase a site in the shopping area, if suitable property is available, and will convert it into a "mobile vendors' market". Structures of a more permanent nature will be built which displaced vendors can use rent-free for six months. They will be encouraged thereafter, collectively, to purchase their market site. LC8 COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, COHESION AND AMENITIES: Community losses can be difficult to translate into compensation payments to individuals, e.g., to make up for loss of a community water supply it is necessary to replace it (with a better system, if possible), 12 Vendors without carts, who sit on the footpath to sell their goods fall into this category. They also may be licensed. 0=0 LeAssociNtes 7-13 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. l: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Some community losses are, in essence, irreplaceable, e.g., the social networks people build whilst living a long time in the same place. Another example is the giant tree under which the community congregates to discuss, negotiate and socialize. In cases of community losses, the community will be involved in choosing a useful substitute benefit. Classes of community losses and compensations, are the following. 7.2.4.3. Effects on communities and groups I. RESTORATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES. Community land uses that may be lost to the project include the following. * Common resources-trees and scrub in the right-of-way (fuel wood, food and fodder). * Utilities and services-wells. Easily replaced community assets will be re-established at new locations chosen by the community. For shrines and temples, a concerted effort will be made to address all sensitive issues. in consultation with the community." Replacement of trees in the RoW is more difficult to resolve. The project will mitigate impacts of tree removal by recommending new plantation sites for certain species. Even so, it could be decades before the replacement trees reach the maturity of the trees lost. Communities in the vicinity of the trees lost should be included in a social forestry project, such as a community wood lot. PAPs in vulnerable groups may be affected as they might rely on these trees for fodder, fuel wood and food for their families. Removing these trees will make supplying these daily necessities a more difficult chore, requiring people (usually women, children and the elderly) to forage further from home. By removing dependence on wood for fuel, bio-gas stoves using readily available grasses and plant materials could be a low-cost solution to at least one of these problems."4 Assistance in the form of a social forestry project could be implemented in areas where new plantations will be required. In some of these schemes, the local village government would be responsible to implement the project. To better co-ordinate and fund such compensation programmes. the Department of Forestry and the EMU should consult during implementation of the RAP. ii. SAFETY MEASURES FOR PEDESTRIANS AND NON-MOTORISED TRAFFIC. A large number of cart tracks cut across the proposed highway alignment. These cart tracks serve as a access to, nearby settlements. It is proposed to construct box culverts with clearances of over 3m to allow safe movement of persons and vehicles. iii. LANDSCAPING OF COMMUNITY COMMON-AREAS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. Some enhancement opportunities, such as landscaping and improving community common areas, are taken care in designing this project. In towns and villages this project will improve drainage and areas surrounding bus depots. iv. ROADSIDE REST AREAS. Another enhancement opportunity is provision of roadside rest areas. especiaily near sites of cultural or archaeological significance. 13 Preliminary consultation with PAPs revealed that in many cases shrines and temples will be able to be relocated provided the decision to relocate involves the whole community, or at.least those who use the facility. 14 According to the Forestry Department, people are allowed to collect one head-load of fallen plant material each day and harvest any fruit from the trees. Additionally, animals, with the exception of L eAssociates 7-14 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan v. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES. All the above suggestions for community-level compensation offer potential for job creation. It may be possible to provide jobs for local people, especially vulnerable groups, during the construction of the roads. The EMU will pursue this with the contractors though the PIU. 7.2.4.4. Relocation assistance and temporary accommodation EPs are eligible for relocation assistance, to move household furnishings and belongings or business goods and equipment to their new location. The following compensation measures are offered. * A flat sum of Rs.500 will be paid to cover the costs of moving to a new residential unit or a business unit.15 * A grant of Rs1800 will be paid to cover nine months' temporary rental accommodation for EPs who have not found new accommodation by the time they must vacate their residential or business properties'6. EPs located in the Col must relocate two months after their official notification is given or they will be ineligible for this assistance and will be evicted. 7.2.4..5. Host communities Host communities will be entitled to assistance, if the total number of resettled people exceeds 200 or 10% of the host community's population, whichever is less. Assistance will take the form of amenities such as community facilities (schools and clinics), recreational facilities (playgrounds, sports fields), utilities (water, sewerage, wells), and will help to organise community co-operatives for income generating schemes (crafts, small-business loans). The decision on which measure to apply will be based on a consultation between the EMU and local community representatives. 7.2.4.6. Taxes and aovemment fees The project will be responsible for all fees and taxes EPs must pay resulting from any transaction associated with their relocation or compensation. 7.2.4.7. Temporary construction-related impacts EPs will be entitled to no compensation or assistance for routine temporary disruption during construction, such as when contractors prepare sites, construct roads or carry out mitigative measures. Only when there is sufficient evidence that the level of disruption was particularly high, and may have been inflicted consciously, or in contravention of the provisions of the contract, then assistance will be considered in a case-to-case basis. Cost of such assistance will be covered from the contractor under the contract agreements. Adequate clauses have been incorporated in the contract documents to minimise construction phase disruption and impacts on public. i. Assistance will be paid for business losses, based on the duration of the impact and the level disruption. ii. For crops lost or damaged by the project, EPs will be paid the market value of the crops, that year, plus the value of replacement seeds for next season's harvest. camels, are permitted. (unofficially) to graze and consume leaves, shrubs and grasses in the protected roadside plantations. 15 Rental of a camel cart for a short haul is approximately Rs.250 and the rental of a small van is approximately Rs.750 for a longer haul. 16 The average monthly rent of the PAPs surveyed in the census for the ESR was Rs.163 a month- so, Rs.200 a month is adopted here. LeaAssociates 7.15 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 7.3. PUBLIC HEARING The State Pollution Control Board shall cause a notice for environmental public hearing which will be published in at least two newspapers widely circulated in the region around the project, one of which will be in vernacular language of the locality. The State Poflution Control Board will mention the date, time and place of public hearing. Suggestions, views, comments and objections of the public will be invited within thirty days from the date of publication of the notification All persons including bona fide residents, environmental groups and others located at the project site likely to be affected can participate in the public hearing. They can also make oral/ written suggestions to the State Pollution Control Board. Public hearing will be carried out in the project area with the main objective of obtaining the suggestions, views, comments, and objections of the public and minimizing probable negative impacts of the project through alternative design solutions. The designers and the community will derive the optimum solution together. Moreover, all households likely to be impacted by the project will be contacted during the socio-economic baseline survey. Personal discussions with several members of each household (including the head of the household, and at least a woman member, whenever possible) will be taken up as part of the survey. During the survey/census all respondents will be briefed about the project, the possible ramifications; and their perceived losses and benefits will be recorded. 7.4. MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 7.4.1. Resettlement of PAPs This project involves linear acquisition of agricultural land and will not require the resettlement of any person or household or entire village or large community in any one location. However. resettlement (as part of existing govemment schemes) option is open for the EPs. particularly the vulnerable group households losing dwelling units. 7.4.2. Market value assessment It will be necessary to carry out an adequate market value assessment, at several locations. This will establish whether the compensation award under the Land Acquisition Act is fair and close to the market value, allowing the PAP to replace their lost property, units and assets. If the market value assessment establishes that the compensation is not the true market value, then a level of assistance will be given to allow PAPs to replace their property, units and assets fairly. A district level market value assessment committee will complete the market value assessment. It is recommended that once the EPs have been verified (or once the notification under section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act is published) and the locations where there are clusters of affected properties are identified, market value assessment should take place in those areas. Market value of assets, so determined, will be compared with the compensation and its various components. A decision will be made on how much assistance is needed to increase the compensation to provide a fair entitlement package that will allow the EP to replace his land, structures and other assets. In the process of market value assessment the committee will consult with the EPs, and explain to them the basis of arriving at the particular value. 7.4.3. Right to salvage materials All EPs may salvage any materials or other items from their land before the demolition of the structures takes place if any, excluding trees. EPs will be given at least 2 months notice to move, and ideally this will be four months before the scheduled start of civil works. Leo Associates 7-16 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan 7.4.4. Moving arrangements PAPs will be made aware of all the options available to them during the community consultation. PAPs will receive notice that they must relocate at least 2 months prior to the date they must move. They will receive their photo ID cards, with details of their entitlements, and the implementation process for receiving compensation and assistance will be explained. Assistance in the form of shifting allowance and temporary rental accommodations, if required, is available for all EPs needing relocation. Payment of compensation and assistance will take place during public meetings with all the other EPs of the area included, and will be witnessed by the EMU, in particular the NGO working on the project. Members of the Grievance Committee will also be present. 7.4.5. Income Generation and Training One of the potential impacts of the resettlement of PAPs is the affect the relocation may have on their employment or income opportunities. Of particular concern is the impact on vulnerable groups EPs as they are less mobile and may have greater difficulty finding new employment opportunities. As a result one of the tasks of the resettlement plan is to provide opportunities for Vulnerable Groups and other PAPs in income generating activities or vocational training. In Section 8.2.4.2 LC6, several options of existing government programmes for income generation and vocational training were identified and discussed. These existing Government Departments and line agencies will be collaborated to implement the RAP. It will be the responsibility of the EMU to implement or assign the responsibility to a capable NGO or agency to initialise the programmes and to deal with the financial aspects of these programmes. Cost towards this will be borne by the project. 7.5. ESTIMATE OF COST AND BUDGET 7.5.1. Estimate of unit costs The EMU will update the unit costs, if the findings of the committee on market value assessment justify such updating. The unit assistance proposed (as cash payment) will be updated as per annual inflation rate prevailing at state level. For such adjustment (April) 1998 will be treated as the base year. The unit costs are given in Table 7.2. Table 7.2: Unit costs of entitlement 5I No Descnption of Asset Units of Entitiement Remarks item Particulars Unit Cost (Rs) I 1 Land lmgated Agricultural Heaare 350.000 The unit pnce QuoteO will be updatea as per the Non-imgated Agricultural Hectare 150 000 findings of the Committees on Market Value 2___Non___ mgated_____Agncu______ura ___ Hectare____._ _ Assessment It is estimated that 75% of the land vaiue 3 Barren/Other Hectare 50.000 will be paid as legal compensation The remaining viliage Settlement Hectare 350.000 25% will be paid by the WB loan component of the project This share will also depend on the findings of 5 Urban Settiement Hectare 7.000.000 the Committees on Market Value Assessment 6 Building Residential m2 4.500 For average one and a halt storey residential ana one Structures . . storey business structures For residential structures Business m2 3.000 replacement cost will be calculated based on an area of Gm2 per member of the household (minimum 12 in2). 8 Cultural Shnnes As per bifl of quantities. For each of the culturai prooertles. detailed mitigation 9 Propernies TempleslMosques relocation, enhancement plan has been Dreparea to Sources of Bore wells No. . 100.000 All these costs are cost of reolacement It is assuinea Water that these will not be relocated Repairs. if any, will De taken up on an average 15% of the replacement cost Lea Associates 7-17 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass SI No Descnotion of Asset Units of Entitlement Remaris item Paniculars Unit Cost (Rs) . . Tube-wellsiHarna pumps No. 50.000 12 Tube-wellrSelectnc pumas No. 300.000 13 Community ponds As per bill of qjuantities Detailec mitigationimanagement olans were prepared *_ APioed water suoply | running m 3.720 This will be coverea under utility relocation plans *5 - Trees I Roadside plantation No. 110 This includ es compensatory afferstation plan (2 trees to be planted for each tree cut as Der MoEF) and the Project's Lancscaoe ennancement Plan 10 Pnvate trees No. 940 This will be covered under compensation ano assistance for land acquisition * Income Employee of a tenant Month 1.850 The GSHP entitlement Frameworn proposes a 2 Employee of a propet-owraer Month 2.200 compensation to tne persons losing livelihood. due to 12 Employee of_a property.owner Month employer being displaced: on a case to case basis '13 I Sole household eamer -Month 2.500 and. this category includes agncultural tenants 14 Vulnerable grouP housenolds Month 2.000 This is to set up new enterpnse in lieu of item 1221 1 5 Business kiosKS No. 7.500 This is based on a maximum of 6 months disruption :6 Business i Provision of vendors marKet As per bill of quantities. Detailed design will be prepared for this. if requireo Temporary Dispiaced nousehold or Nine 1.800 This will be provided in lieu of temnoorarv Accommocation business Months accommodation Disrupticn to life Displaced tenant nousenolds Six Months 1.200 Any other Dayment to the tenant will be deducted from I _._ | | the amount oayable to the landlorc. 19 1 I Owner occupier households To be calculated @ 5% over and above amount payable for land and structure. 20 1 Housing Souatters displaced (EWS) No. 22.000 Calculated @ Rs 1250/m2 @ 18m2 oer household. 21 I Moving costs I Displaced residence/business No. 500 Based on averaged surveyed moving costs. 22 i Training Vulnerable group eamer Household 2.000 If training is provided for, item (14) wilt not be given Unit costs are suolect to annual rmodification depending on state level consumer pnce index. with (Apnl) 1998 as base year. to accommodate inflation. 7.5.2. Budget for RAP in the project: Unava bypass Table 7.3 gives the estimated cost for the R&R for the project The total estimated costs for compensation, extension of other government programmes, and resettlement assistance paid by the project plus a 25% contingency is Rs.7.90 million. Out of this the required funding from the GoG is Rs.4.40 million, whereas the total assistance to be funded from the World Bank loan component will be Rs.3.50 million. Table 7.3: Estimated Cost of GSHP: RAP Implementation Component I Cost to be financed Cost to be financed Remarks for entire phase IIA by for Unava bypass by (in Rs) (in Rs) l | GoG I WB loan I Total GoG I WBsloan I Total c-uisltion of Private Land' 4482472 40230421 8505514 27965801 3129704! 5926284 Construction of Unava bypass would cquisition of Private Non- 1,047,600 2,141.350 3.188,95 0 0 0 involve acquisition of 13.4 ha of private gricultural land or assets' land, but no building structure. ssistance for restoration of T 0 939.0001 939.000 0 60.000 60,000 The GSHP entitlement Framework ,elihood proposes compensation to the persons _______ l l including agricultural tenants. ompensationiassistance 138.288 27.110 165.398 138.288 t 13.829 152.117 This will be paid under compensation ,r loss of standing crop l and assistance for land acquisition. ompensation/assistance 181.000 181,000j 362,000 55,000 55,0001 110.000 This will be paid under compensation ir loss of perennial crop ! l and assistance for land acquisition. ssistance to Encroachers 0 100.0001 100.000 0 'l 0 No such case expected. ssistance to Squatters 0 0 531.2501 531,250 0 0| 0|No such case expected. Lea7Assocites 7-1 8 \~ Chapter 7 - Resettlement and-Rehabilitation Action Plan Component Cost to be financed Cost to be financed Remarks for entire phase liA by for Unava bypass by (in Rs) (in Rs) GoG I WB loan | Total GoG WB loan I Total Additional Assistence to 0 199.250j 199,250 0 0° ONo person is losing housing on Unava Vulnerable Group (Housing) I Ibypass section. Additional Assistence to 0 1,656,000! 1,656,000 0 56.000 56.000 Few cases. if any, expected. Vuinerable Group . (livelihood) | i l Assistance to business 0 0 2,497,500 0 0 O|No person is losing business kiosk on kiosks l _ 7 lUnava bypass section. Assistance for development 0 3,438.0001 3.438,000 0 01 01 of Vendors' market I l I Restoration of Common 0 1,432,7721 1,432.772 0(1,OOO.OOO)1 (1.COO.OOO) Relocation of undergroud irrigation Property Resources pipelines, provided in the Civil work in _ I the Project. Conservation of 0 870.0001 870.000 0 50.000 50,000 Conservation and enhancement of Temples/Shrines . _ Jadeshwar Temple. Sub-Total I 5.849.360 18,036,2741 22.885,634 2,989,868| 3,364,533 6,354,4011 Staff Training 0 200,0001 200,000 0 100.0001 100.000|1t is assumed that most of the lanc NGO/Monitoring/Evaluation 0 500.000j 500,000 0 250.0001 250,000 acquisition in Phase IIA is in Unava Consultants Bypass section only. The costs have Strengthening EMU 0 1,000.000j 1.000,000 0 400,000 400.000 been aproportioned accordingly (Equipment. Software. etc.) l 4 Public Consultation 0 500.000i 500,000 0 250.000] 2500 Misc./Others 0 5000001 500,000 0 250,000 250,000 Total 5849360 207362741 26.585,634 2,989.868 4,614.533 7.604.401 Contingency @ 10% 584,936 2.073,628 2.656.564 298,987 461,453 760,440 Grand Total 6.434,296 22,809.902 29,24,198 3,288,855 5,075,986 8,364,8411 7.6. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The following sub-sections give details on the proposed implementation of the RAP. The EMU will further detail out the implementation schedule, translating these into operational. The timeline for the major tasks of the GSHP: Phase IIA, which included Unava Bypass. RAP is shown in Table 7.4. This timeline will be updated as the project implementation progresses. A timeline such as this will be required for each Phase IIA RAP operation plan. A summary of the operational aspects of the Implementation Plan will be prepared by the EMU, that will be endorsed by the PIU, who will have to put the plan into action, along with the Project Implementation Unit (PIU). 7.6.1. Implementation Procedure The Land Acquisition Act (1894) will form the basis of implementation of RAP. Construction of Unava bypass would involve acquisition of private land only. Within the Implementation Schedule of the Land Acquisition Act the Socio-economic survey of the PAPs would be conducted. The objectives of the survey is to gather all requisite baseline information about the likely PAPs * to attach actual values to key indicators of the PAPs social and economic status and their vulnerability to social and economic change as a result of the project; to provide a benchmark for any further information needed to monitor and evaluate EPs in the future and, to permit the creation of a tailor made RAP for the PAPs. Lea Associates 7-19 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. II: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass The baseline survey would be conducted only after the government has issued notification to the owners of the land. Assistance will be paid in the case of the market value, to be assessed by an independent committee, of land being more than the compensation given by GoG. Figure 7.4 describes the implementation schedule of the RAP for the Unava Bypass section, which will be implemented as part of the overall Phase IIA RAP. Table 7.4: RAP Implementation Schedule for GSHP: Phase IIA (including Unava Bypass) RAP and Other Project Project Period in Quarters Activities | Initiation Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 I 12 R&BD encorsement of RAP l l |. World Bank Clearance of Project (including RAP) F,nalisation of Bid Documents l[ __ Evaluation and Selection of Tenders - Award of Constrction Work to D _ the Contractor I Construction of tne Unava Bypass l - initiation of RAP l - - - - - l l l implementation Mechanisms ! l I Procurement of NGOs Mobilisation of Distnct Level CommilleesI I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I RAP lmpiementatlonI l I L l l l l l I l l l l Final Venfi:ation of EPs l l l - - F I I I l_I l Distnbution of I-Cards l - - l ll Consultatilon. Compensateon I I I I_II and Assistance llI 7.6.2. Implementation responsibilities The GoG and EMU are responsible for implementation of the RAP. The GoG will endorse the RAP and will technically and financially assist PAPs with rebuilding their lives, livelihoods and social and economic networks. The RAP is a development package, not simply a welfare solution. It encourages PAPs to help themselves, by enabling them to actively participate in the selection of appropriate compensation and assistance options. This will be accomplished by the EMU and the PIU. The EMU's function will be to implement and monitor the RAP and EMAP activities. It will interact with local community representatives to operationalise specific measures. Use will be made of established government support programmes that have a successful track record of helping people re-establish themselves. For a complete description of the EMU and the process for implementation of the RAP, refer Chapter 2 of this report. 7.6.3. Procurement of services NGOs are useful in many stages of the implementation of the RAP. They often have an established rapport with an affected community or if not,lthey provide an objective sounding board for PAPs to relate their concerns to the R&BD. In the EMU institutional framework (see chapter 2) NGOs will be a part of the project in several different areas. To that end, an NGO would be hired to provide a link between PAPs and the EMU LeaAssociates 7-20 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan 7.6.4. Collaboration Success of implementation of the RAP would depend on the ease at which the district and local level implementation arms of EMU works. As there is a plethora of agencies working in the delivery of any.particular entitlement/assistance, etc., the PCC has identified some of those agencies to collaborate in GSHP. The collaboration is exclusively aimed at delivery of replacement assets; income generating and housing loans and training components under the existing programmes. The EMU would interact with these agencies at the state level, while the Executive Engineers of R&BD would interact at the district level. Table 7.5 shows the best possible collaboration routes to take to implement each of the 18 entitlement option as per the GSHP entitlement framework. Table 7.5: Agencies to Collaborate and Levels of Communication/Collaboration is5 * - . - - . - '. a- Departments/ 'E 'OrgE e E tj 0 v, Commissioneratesl Q .t i t 3 E w e E 1,,.c)u j _ E a S a Corporations: LL i - > C ..o C05) Boards/ NGOs ' a E E e o e =nntlement~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< Opbons* i '~ ~ ~~~v i |' lEE! s 0 L = U 4 E u u Aovances totc aotavs 0 Z 'E 0 A= g 0 - . .0 ____ At DiStacte Level 0 i u I! Incluslon m ouslng Schems | / i _ . i | j E i 0 E La m Sn f n9 ASs s ance 1 r t _ ______ _____ WW ~~~~~ i~~ 0 a. C oC _ntitlemet,t Options ........LZ.J a 0 , _.,, - nsltration. Cofunellinoo etc | 0 . I / r /a I0 I 0 E 0 Al D!ic Lee I I 2 T- 1 - moerstiona S^cfor Lani -.--: -j/ ,--/ I.' Advance notice to Harvest a. tE 2 Zzrno:rs:snx fDorumtres/Co / . . 1 T 1I I F V j / ____________ G I 2 _l _l _I SniftinmAssiosan e / L _i ZCtroensato for Resettes/ent. et V VIv Zomenstation fof Othveirt ASetS 6clition SiHustg Scrhems /l Vi Communiy Common Areas c e i | .E 5motoyment Oppontunities ……L VI. Common Property Resourcesa V _| Provision for Women a Needs /VV . 1 6 Provision of Amenities 16 Safety Measures1 2 Roac5isOe Rest Areas v, 1 1. * ote S7 = Scneduleo rribes: SC = Scheduled Castes: VGs Vulnerable Groups as defined in GSHP; CCF (SFP) Chief Conservator of Forests (Social Forestry,. _ SCW'NO = Distnct 8ackward Communty Welfare Ofricers: DCF = Deputy conservator of Forests; POs = Project Officers: CoHOs = Community Development & Healih 2f!.-es CDPOs =Child Development Health Oficers, 000 Distnct Developmert Officer: SWO =Social Welfare Ofricers: ITIs =Industrial Trairing Institutes. Lea Associates 7-21 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase I/A - Vol. I/: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 7.6.5. The Grievance Procedure The main objective of the grievance procedure is to provide a mechanism to mediate conflict (between the project authority and the PAPs/PAHs/PAGs) and cut down on lengthy litigation. The basic aim is to prevent delay in implementation of the project. It also provides people who have objections or concerns about their assistance, a forum to raise their objections and through conflict resolution, address these issues adequately. The R&BD, GoG has already created an EMU as an implementing cell within the PIU. The EMU has initiated the process of collaborating with various GoG agencies and procuring the NGOs. The process of constitution of district level Grievance Redressal Committees (GRCs) and Committees for Assessment of Market Value (CAMVs.) has already underway. 7.6.6. Transparency Transparency will be maintained in all aspects of the R&R component in the Phase IIA project"7. There are the following aspects of transparency those need to be adhered to: The list of EPs shall be displayed at a minimum of two areas easily accessible for all the EPs and the other PAPs. These public places should preferably be the Panchayat Offices. The entitlement framework for GSHP will be communicated to all EPs and will be explained to the EPs and others in village meetings by the NGOs. Disbursement of all payments due to the EPs is to be made in public meetings only. A quarterly report on implementation of the RAP in the particular project road (may be delineated as per district boundary also) containing details of "assistance" disbursement will be similarly displayed. * A quarterly report on the grievance procedure and the final award in all cases of grievances will also be displayed in the same public places (specifically mentioning the name of the EP and the difference in awards before and after grievance). All decisions regarding individual/group/community entitlements and the contexts for all decision shall be made public. The EMU will be responsible for this. 7.6.7. Flexibility and contingency management The EMU will identify the risks and benefits associated with each option of the entitlement policy. Contingency plans and a flexible programme of implementation will ensure that EPs are not disadvantaged by the project by unforeseen circumstances. The EMU will be responsible for preparation of the specific contingency plans. The contingency plan and any other addition/alteration/modification to the R&R for the project will need to be endorsed by the PIU to be effective. No downward revision of entitlements shall take place. 7.6.8. Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting The objective of monitoring the R&R activities of the project should be to provide the EMU/PIU with an effective tool for assessing resettlement progress, identifying potential difficulties and problem areas, and providing an early waming system for areas which need corrections. Some of the risks associated with resettlement include impoverishment, malnutrition, increased morbidity, dependency, break down of community norms and mutual support systems. Monitoring will be carried out by a specialized group who would report to the PIU. 17 The overall project also is subject to a series of checks and balances. Regular monitoring and a project financial management system (PFMS) inclusive of creation of a financial management information system (FMIS) has already been agreed between the GoG and the WB. LeaAssociates 7-22 Chapter 7 - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan Ongoing evaluation should address complex social, cultural and economic issues. Monitoring should assess in particular the situation of the vulnerable groups such as small and marginal land holders, unskilled labourers, mobile vendors, tribal populations, ethnic minorities, women, children, elderly and disabled. Baseline survey data is necessary to provide the benchmark for measuring and evaluating the success of the RAP. This is one reason for the completion of the socio-economic surveys for each phase of the project. Monitoring should include: * Communications and reactions from PAPs: * Information from PAPs on entitlements, options, alternative developments and relocation timetables; * Visits by PAPs to potential sites; * Valuation of property; * Use of the grievance procedures; * Disbursement of compensation as well as : and, * Trends in the retail and residential land markets in PAPs old and new communities. Monitoring will cover the physical progress of the resettlement site including preparation of the land, construction of community facilities, provision of infrastructure, construction of houses, plantation of wood lots and other necessities. The monitoring should also cover the relocation of people and their goods to the new sites as well as the allocation of replacement assets. Quarterly reports will be made to the EMU by the NGO/the monitoring agency, as well as the EMU co-ordinator on the progress of the RAP. 7.6.8.1. Indicators for Monitoring Developing an early warning system to alert managers of the RAP to any potential problems of the PAPs is essential. This can be accomplished by selecting some sensitive indicators and monitoring them over time. Two such indicators are the number of productive assets owned and the educational status of children. For example PAPs may be having difficulty if they are selling assets such as livestock, farm equipment and vehicles to satisfy basic needs. Progress can be measured when PAPs purchase such things. 7.6.8.2. Reporting Arrangements The PIU will be responsible for monitoring the project. A performance data sheet will be developed to monitor the project at the district and project level. Quarterly reports will be received from those in the districts and fed to the EMU who will be responsible for the project level monitoring. Monitoring and evaluation will continue for several years after the relocation, but at less frequent intervals, for example annually. The benchmarks during the socio-economic surveys of the PAPs will be compared to evaluate changes in the socio-economic conditions of the PAPs. An external agency, ideally an NGO, will be engaged to carry out the evaluation of the implementation of the resettlement and rehabilitation of the PAP. This agency will be independent of the project and ideally will have previous experience in evaluating resettlement or other social development projects.. Any problems encountered willbe assessed and changes made to the necessary procedures to ensure the problems do not occur. A final evaluation will take place at the end of the project. A report will be prepared by the evaluating agency after each of these evaluations. The evaluation of the project by an external agency such as an NGO has been accounted for in the budget. Lea Associate7 2&D ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7-23 8. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT STATEMENT 8.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The state of Gujarat is located on the West Coast of India, North of the state of Maharashtra and bordering Pakistan at the north-west. The state straddles the Tropic of Cancer along the Arabian Sea and occupies an area of 195,904km2. The State Highway (SH) 41 connects Ahmedabad with Mahesana and Palanpur respectively. The SH is to be strengthened as part of the GSHP Phase I and Phase II respectively. The first phase of the project would involve strengthening of the existing two lanes. Phase two works would involve construction of additional two lanes. Environmental clearance for the Phase I of the project has already been obtained from the Department of Environment (DoE). Widening of the highway to four lanes (Phase IIA) would be within the confines of the existing RoW except for construction of a bypass around Unava settlement, in Mahesana district. The construction of the bypass would requisite land acquisition by the state Roads and Buildings Department (R&BD). As per the Environment Impact Assessment Notification (1994) the construction of a new highway would necessitate clearance from the Department of Environment. This report is prepared to seek clearance for construction of the bypass. 8.2. NEED OF STUDY The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 provides for Environment (Protection) Rules for India as a whole. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994, one of the regulations stemming from the Act,. Item 21 of Schedule-I, identified Highway projects requiring prior clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a statutory requirement for obtaining clearance. The Unava Bypass section (which is of a short length of 2.4 km requires acquisition of 13.4 ha of privately owned land. This EIA report has been prepared for clearance from Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) and the Department of Environment and Forests DoEF as specified under the EIA Notification, 1994. 8.3. OBJECTIVES * To conserve the cultural heritage in Unava town. * To increase safety levels for pedestrians in Unava. * To reduce noise and air pollution. 8.4. METHODOLOGY The Environmental Impact Assessment of a highway involves four stages namely: a. Selection of a project alternative; b. profile of existing baseline natural, social and environmental conditions; c. identification of potential impacts and prediction of the same for future; d. preparation of mitigation plans for each of the identified impacts assembled as an EMP; and e. Preparation of a resettlement action plan. lea Associates 8-1 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. II: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 8.5. SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENT Three alternatives were selected based on the town growth patterns, length of the proposed bypass and the costs involved. * Alternative I: No Project The option does not involve any action. The highway will remain in the existing state. No construction activity to take place. * Alternative Il: Road though the town. Involves construction of 4 lane divided carriageway in place of the existing 2-lane highway through the settlement of Unava. * Alternative IlIl: Construction of a bypass. Involves retaining of the existing road, in its present condition, and construction of a new 4-lane bypass for Unava settlement on the eastem side of the settlement. This will call for construction activity for a period of 1 year. 8.5.1. Selection of Alternative The significance of impacts on natural environment is less in comparison to others, and has been given a weighting of 15% (see Table 1). The components which might be impacted in case of natural environment were the number of water bodies in nearby vicinity, number of cross drainage structures, water quality in the nearest water body, air quality, ambient noise levels, trees felled and fauna impacted. The maximum impact of road construction is on air and noise quality. With time, increases in traffic volumes translate into increased levels of noise and a decrease in ambient air quality. Thus the weightings of these aspects is maximum. Social Environment has been given a 20% weighting. The issue assumes on account of its direct impact with persons. Alternatives 2 and 3 requisite land acquisition, which would result in hardship to their occupiers. The cultural environment was given the maximum weighting in view of the importance of the religious monuments located in Unava settlement. The sensitivity of these structures towards change is high and hence the importance and weightage is maximum for cultural environment. Within the cultural environment temples/mosques and Dargahs have been given a higher weightage than shrines. Relative Importance scores for each of the parameters was also provided. These indicate the parameter wise importance of each environmental aspect. The environmental characteristics of each of the altematives are summarized in Table 8.1. 8.5.2. Selected Alternative Alternative IlIl has the lowest environmental sensitivity score. This indicates that the alignment is likely to cause minimum impacts to the natural, social and cultural environment in the study area. The salient feature of this alignment is that it is unlikely to cause damage to any cultural property, especially at Unava. In addition to this there is no likelihood of displacement of persons. There will be loss of livelihood, but the impacts of this are far less as compared to displacement. Lea Assocrtes 8-2 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement Table 8.1: Environmental Characteristics of Alternative Alignments Parameters Alternatives Alignments Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Length (km) 2.2 | 2.2 2.4 Terrain (plain/rolling/hilly) Plain Plain Plain Lana use of area to be acquired (ha) No land Agncultural land (ha) acquisition 13.4 ha Urban Area land (ha) 6.5 ha (urban area) Displacement of households Nil 50 Nil Cut sections (km) Nil Nil I Nil Length in cut (km) Maximum depth of cut (m) l l Fill sections Nil Nil Length in fill (km) 2 km Maximum height of fill (m) 1 3.5 m Vegetation Nil Number trees exceeding 60 cm in girth to be cut. 400 200 Flood hazard (encroachment on flood plain) No Yes Yes Erosion potential None None None Landslide potential None None 1 None Stretch in geologically unstable area. None None | None Drainage and adverse impact on water flow. No Yes Yes Number of major nver crossings (exceeding None None None 60m) Number-of railway crossings None None None School. colleges. hospitals falling en-route 1 school 1 school None 1 health center 1 health center Number and type of ublities requinng relocation None Water works Irrigation pipeiines Sewerage works Electricity cables Possibility of providing wayside amenibies No Some Yes Air quality Cribical Critcal Fair Noise level Critical Critical Fair Estimated cost of Construction 5 crores RS 12 crores RS 18 crores 8.6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8.6.1. Environmental Study Area The MoEF requires that, for study of impacts in case highway projects, the area of influence is be taken as 10 km on either side. The bypass is proposed to be 2.4 km in length. The study area for the project has been as 10 km on either side of the project and an additional 3 km towards north and 7 km south of Unava. This includes the nearest potentially affected settlements on the State Highway. 8.6.2. Meteorology The climate in the study area is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness during major part of the year. The area is essentially flat and in absence 'of any prominent environmental feature does not have a significantly different micro-climate. Lea Associ,tes 8-3 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. If: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass The annual means temperature of the district is 26.50C. The average annual rainfall in the district is 641.8 mm. The south-west monsoon contribute about 96 per cent of the annual rainfall. Winds are generally light with some increase in speed during the latter part of the summer and early part of the monsoon season. Micro-meteorological station was installed at two points one at the South end of by pass (station 2) and the other at the North end of bypass (station 3). At Station 2during the study period overall calm was observed 13.89 per cent of the time while at Station 3the overall calm period was observed 17.33 per of the time. The data collected from the IMD the calm period is observed to be 9 per cent only. The [MD data however, is recorded only twice daily, once in the morning and once in the evening. The predominant wind direction observed, at Station 2, during the study period was east (19%), south-east (14%),west (14%) and at Station 3 east (17%), south-east (13%) and south (12%). Study area micro-meteorological data revealed that maximum wind speed was 17.8km/h. The average wind speed recorded was 1.49m/s and at 1.22m/s at Station 2 and Station 3 respectively. 8.6.3. Ambient Air Quality A total of 10 sampling locations (6 fixed and 4 mobile) were selected for assessment of existing status of ambient air quality of the study area. In the project site, SPM values ranged from 57 to 452 ug/m3 but once at Unava town was 802 ug/m3 which is more than the CPCB unit 500 ug/m3 for Industrial area. High value was found might be due to the local civil work during the sampling time and day. The Respiratory Particular Matter (RPM) values varied from 21 to 75 ug/m3 at all the sampling locations. During the study period study area SO2 & NO, concentration were found in the range of 1.9 to 13.4 ug/m3 and 2.0 to 70.0 ug/m3 respectively. NO, values were found in a wide variation of 2.0 to 70.0 ug/m3 which may be due to the variation of traffic load on road (SH 41) on the sampling days. Taking the consideration of vehicular emission into account Hydrocarbon, lead and CO monitoring was carried out in all ambient locations. The value of pollutants concentration at rural areas (where traffic movement is less) is less, only at the locations close to the state highway and industrial cum commercial area had little more HC, Pb & CO concentrations. 8.6.4. Landform and Drainage The study area, within the Rupen River basin, is drained by one of its tributaries, the Pushpavati. The seasonal drainage channels drain into the numerous tanks that serve recharge the ground water in this semi arid region. The proposed road alignment, situated in a north-south direction, does not cut across any major or minor river channels. However it does cut across a few small water channels, flowing in east-west direction. In addition to this there is another pond, on the eastern end of the settlement, alongside the proposed alignment. The pond is non-perennial. Water from the adjacent fields is also drained into this pond. 8.6.5. Water Quality Ten water samples (nine ground water and one surface water) were collected and analysed. Selected physio-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been studied and the same was compared with respect to the limits stipulated by the drinking water standards IS:10500-1991. Lea Ass ociates 8-4 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement 8.6.5.1. Physical Characteristics The drinking water (ground water) in the study area is free from odour, colour, and turbidity and is agreeable in taste. pH in all ground water samples remain more or less constant (6.79 to 8.10) and within the limit of 6.5 to 8.5. Desirable limit of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) for drinking water is 500 mg/I, but permissible limit can be extended up to 2000 mg/I, in case there is no alternative source. TDS were found in the range of 900 to 2181. Water sample collected from the Unava settlement pond was found to contain TDS in more than the prescribed quantities for drinking purposes. The water from this pond does not satisfy the drinking water standards also due to colour and taste. 8.6.5.2. Chemical Characteristics: All samples revealed higher fluorides (range of 2.65 to 3.8 mg/1) which could be attributed to local geological formations. Most of the chemical parameters revealed higher concentrations as compared to the desirable limits, but well below the permissible limit of IS:10500 i.e. drinking water standards in absence of alternate source. Metallic Constituents: All samples, including surface water sample, were detected to be free from any metallic constituents. Bacteriological characteristics of the study area ground water also satisfactory and within the prescribed standards but the sample drawn from the surface water source is not suitable for drinking purpose without bacteriological treatment. The ground water samples were having satisfactory physio-chemical quality, except fluorides and all are within the permissible limit s of IS: 10500 - 1991 8.6.6. Ambient Noise Quality A total of ten sites at various locations along the existing highway and proposed alignments were selected. L.. day and night time noise levels for all the residential sites approximate 55-58dB(A) for daytime. These levels coincide with the current USEPA standards. Le, values of day and night for the commercial zoned are in the range of 52-65dB(A) and 48-55dB(A) whereas Indian National Ambient noise Standards (INANS) for I,. day & night is 65/55dB(A). These existing noise levels fulfilled the current national standards but are on the higher side. In the industrial area L1O levels of day and night time data which is in the range of 64-69dB(A) and 63-68dB(A) only which is substantially below than the current USEPA standards same way l,, day & night values are also below the prescribed limit of National standards. The mean L,( levels in both day & night for all the residential sites were 48-53 dB(A) and 40-49 dB(A) respectively. The median L5O levels was 47-53dB(A) and 39-48dB(A) for both & night time. These levels are below the current ordinance standards of USEPA, which is 65/50dB (A) day & night-time. 8.6.7. Soil and Geological Resources The Mahesana district is mainly covered with recent formation. The study area is mostly covered by thick alluvium blown sand and miliolite sand. In some areas hard rocks (granites and pegmatites) are often seen. In the district nearly 90% of the soil is light sandy. 8.6.8. Land Utilisation The land utilisation pattern (Table 8.2) shows that almost 84% of the rural area are under agriculture. 58% of the total area is having irrigation facilities. The percentage of area under lejAssocares- 8-5 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. It: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass agriculture in Mahesana district 80% of the land is under agriculture. In the district the area of land which is irrigated is only 38%, while in the study area the irrigated land comprises 58% of the total land. The primary means of irrigation is through bore wells. This indicates relative prosperity for the farmers in the study area. Table 8.2: Land utilisation Pattern Location Forest Irrigated Non-irrigated Cultural Waste Area Unavailable for Ha. (%) Ha. ()| Ha. (%) (Ha. (%) Cultivation. Ha. (I%) Study Area 0 19389 8619 2258 3125 ______ _3(58.1) (25.8) (6.8) (9.3) MahesanaDistrict 14100 336100 359900 80000 81500 (1.6) (38.6) (41.3) (9.1) (9.4) 8.7. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES 8.7.1. Forests and Flora The forests in the entire district have depleted. There has been considerable destruction through account of grazing and hacking. Presently there is no important, minor or major forest produce that fetches revenue to the people. No endangered species of trees have been reported in the district. 8.7.2. Cropping Pattern The economy of Mahesana district is predominately agricultural. There is a preponderance of food crops over non-food crops. Crops grown in the district can be mainly grouped into two categories, namely the Kharif and the Rabi. The former is the rain fed crops, sown in monsoon after the first rainfall in June- July and harvested usually in October- November. The latter are the irrigated crops, usually sown in September- October and harvested in February- March. 8.8. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 8.8.1. Demographic Profle The study area comprises of 36 villages and one town. The total population of the study area is 1.8lakhs spread over 369.06km2. The average population of density in the villages of the study area was 392persons/km2 in 1991. The study area is a predominantly agricultural region. Maximum numbers of persons are engaged in primary activities, of which agriculture forms the major component. 8.8.2. Socio-economic Profile 8.8.2.1. Occupational Structure In case of the Study Area the Work Force Participation Ratio (WFPR) is 32.78. The number of non-workers in the study area is very high. -On an average, the non-workers in the study area are 58% of the total population. This signifies that more than half the population is totally dependent for livelihood on others. A notable feature in the study area is that the percentage of workforce engaged in tertiary activities is more than the percentage -of workforce in the secondary sector. This points to an apparent lack of industries in the area. 55.42%- of the main workers in the area'are engaged in primary activity. LeS Associates 8-6 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement 8.8.2.2. Literacy Ratio The literacy ratio in the Study Area is 64%. This is slightly below the Mahesana District average of 65.13%.. Since the literacy level is comparatively better in the study area it can be inferred that job oriented training programmes requiring basic educational qualifications can run successfully in this area. Moreover reading materials for information dissemination regarding the project can be used in the study area. 8.8.2.3. Sex Ratio The average sex ratio in the study area is 971 (refer table 26). This is above the Mahesana district average of 919. A notable feature is that a large number (15) of villages have more of female population than the male population. 8.8.3. Amenities profile All the villages are adequately served by the basic amenities like educational and medical institutions. The number and hierarchy of the amenities are in consonance with the size of the settlement in the study area. 8.9. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Unava is famous for its cultural significance. Religious properties are located along the SH 41. Of these the Tomb of Mira Datar and the Dargah of Mammo Sahib are of immense importance. The Dargah of Mira Datar and Dargah of Mammo Sahib, adjacent to the RoW, are more than 300 years old and give the town its cultural identity. Of all the religious properties in the study area; the Nilkantheshwar Temple in Ruhavi, the Nilkantheshwar Temple in Sunak and the Temple of Sanderi Mata in Sander; are protected by the State Archaeological Survey. 8.10. HIGHWAY DESIGNS The Unava bypass falls into 'Plain Terrain" as per Indian Road Congress (iRC): 73-1980-terrain classification. The design speed recommended for this road section is 100km/h (Ruling) and 80km/h (Minimum). The cross section adopted is four-lane rural section. This provides a 7.0 m carriageway and 2.5m shoulder (1.5 m paved and 1.0 m earthen) in each direction divided with a 5.Om central median. The horizontal alignment is designed with a minimum radius of 360 m. The vertical profile gradients are generally designed within permissible limits of gradient prescribed in IRC standards. The estimated period of construction for the Unava bypass is around 15 months. The tentative cost estimated for the bypass is Rs18 crores. 8.11. IMPACT ASSESSMENT 8.11.1. Benefits from the Project The project will result in substantial financial and social benefits. By upgrading of this strategic state highway, also known as the 'Silver Corridor of Gujarat' there will be improvement in overall transport capability in the area. The two sacred structures in Unava settlement will be safer from damage due to vehicular accidents. Congestion in Unava settlement will be reduced and safety levels will increase. Journey speeds in the highways will be increased, thereby there will be substantial savings in terms of vehicle operating costs, fuel and value of time. The project will relieve several bottlenecks to development. Industrial sector in the area is expected to receive a tremendous boost. There will be several other macroscopic and indirect benefits. Lea Associates8 C29i,D &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~87 Guiarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 8.12. IMPACT ON PHYSICAL RESOURCES 8.12.1.1. Alteration to DrainaQe Impacts due to Road Construction: The alignment of the proposed bypass is crossing 5 minor and 2 major water channels. The present flow characteristics will not be altered During the construction phase flooding of the construction site will lead to much sedimentation as also it might effect the base and the sub-base of the carriageway. * Operational. In the bypass, over all the water channels either culverts or bridges are being constructed. The Unjha drain floods the adjoining fields during the monsoons. The presence of a highway might limit the area of impact but might increase the severity of the same. This may increase flooding in the confined area. 8.12.1.2. Impacts on Surface Water Bodies * lmpacts due to Road construction: Removal of trees and vegetation can lead to erosion of soil and siltation of water bodies. and a lowering of the local water table due to higher evaporation rates, without adequate replenishment. Spillage of lubricants and fuel from these and the subsequent run-off might contaminate the adjoining ponds. * Vehicle Operations: Contamination of water resources by fuel and lubricants can occur as a result of operation and maintenance of vehicles or machinery. Road widening projects involve direct and indirect impacts o the air quality. 8.12.1.3. Soils * Construction Phase Soil Erosion: The area adjacent to the proposed bypass alignment is erosion prone. Near the pond as well as near the Unjha drain gully erosion takes place. This is due to heavy concentration of water over these edges. Construction of cross-drainage structure across the bypass will increase the concentration and hence the flow Loss of Top Soil: Road construction activities can have significant effects on the soils including erosion and loss of topsoil. Since topsoil takes millions of years to regenerate, the loss of productive soil, especially with irrigation facilities are direct and log term impacts. In case of Unava bypass the loss of topsoil will be over a stretch of 6.24 ha. Assuming a thickness of as 15cm, the total volume of loss top soil lost would be 9630 cu m. More over the loss will be of prime agricultural soil. Heavy Machine Equipment Movement: Heavy machines and equipment are likely to be used in construction of the highway. This heavy machine movement is likely to cause compaction of the soil. This means that the soil will be unusable till appropriate measures are taken. Improperly drained pits and quarries can lead to stagnant water bodies with risk of disease or accidents for the local residents. Improper excavation of quarries can lead to dangerous conditions and rock slides. In general almost the quarries are stable. Borrow pits are erosion prone. The continuos digging causes unstable slopes. Borrow pits left L8- Assoates 8-8~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement unattended get filled with water during monsoons. These act as breeding ground for insects such as mosquitoes. Generation of Debris and Spoils: Construction work will entail much excavation and filling. All construction activities are likely to generate large quantum of debris and spoils. Construction of new bridges and culverts involves excavation of foundations. The resultant spoil is generally 20% of the excavated earth. In case back filling is not properly managed or used in earth works, increased sedimentation might take place in ensuing monsoons. Operation Phase: Near steams or water bodies drivers stop for their daily ablutions and also for washing their vehicles. The resultant lubricant and fuel spills contaminate the soil. 8.12.2. Noise Environment 8.12.2.1 Construction Phase Vehicles, transporting material to site, machines and equipment generate high noise levels. In addition to this hot mix plant. stone crushing units and batching plants also generate high noise levels. These are likely to disrupt the persons in the near vicinity. 8.12.2.2 Operational Phase Heavy traffic movement is forecast on the bypass. Almost all this traffic would be diverted off the existing road, through Unava, to this bypass. The noise levels in the town will decrease considerably. 8.12.3. Fisheries 8.12.3.1. Construction Phase Spillage of lubricants and fuel, from heavy machines in use, these and the subsequent run-off might contaminate the adjoining ponds, also might impact any fish breeding in the area. Contamination of water can also occur from improper sanitation and disposal in construction camps. However there are no water bodies in near vicinity that breed fish. Hence the probability of the impact is very low. 8.12.3.2. Operational Phase Heavy vehicular traffic can lead to deposition of a large quantum of pollutants. In large quantities the settling down of pollutants on water bodies can be harmfu) to the aquatic fauna. 8.12.4. Crops 8.12.4.1. Pre Construction Phase The bypass is to be constructed entirely on agricultural lands. The entire area where the bypass is to be constructed will be cleared before transfer of the site to the contractor. The entire crop cover will be removed during the site clearing process. The loss will be in terms of production value of the crops. .ta Assoc,ates CsMi7D S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~89 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 8.12.4.2. Construction Phase Agriculture is practised on the entire length of the land to be acquired for the construction of the bypass. A total of 13 ha. prime agricultural land is being used for construction of the bypass. This will lead to loss of all the vegetation cover in the area as also the loss of prime agricultural land in an area where arable land is in short suppiy. 8.12.4.3. Operational Phase Operational phase impacts on the vegetation are focussed on dust and air pollution, which settles on the leaves. However, abatement of air pollution by absorption by roadside plants and trees is an important reason for maintaining these plantations. 8.12.5. Social Environment Construction of new roads involves displacement of persons, whose land is taken for this purpose. This leads to a number of project affected persons. A major quantum of the losses is in form of displacement of either place of residence or source of livelihood. 8.12.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase The land to be acquired for construction of the bypass is under agricultural use. The entire land has to be acquired before any construction activity is to take place. Thus at the pre construction stage itself persons will loose their livelihood i.e. agricultural land. 8.12.5.2. Construction Phase During construction phase the impact will be in form vibrations, noise and dust due to machine operations. However since there are very few residences or business areas in the near vicinity, the impact will be negligible. Agricultural labourers may face a problem with dust and noise. This impact will have to be ameliorated by some protective guidelines. 8.12.5.3. Operational Phase Vehicle movements may cause vibrations. In absence of any structures the impact will be negligible. In addition to this there will be minor pollution problems for the agricultural labourers. 8.12.6. Cultural Environment 8.12.6.1. Impacts due to Construction During construction of the bypass is expected to generate a large quantum of dust. As the Jadeshwar temple is located adjacent to the construction site a large proportion of dust may settle into the temple. This might create unhygienic conditions within the temple precinct. Use of heavy machinery would also create noise and disturbance, thus disturbing the peaceful atmosphere within the temple premises. 8.12.6.2. Impacts at Operational stage During monsoons the cart track leading to the temple, transforms into a water channel and thus makes the access to the temple difficult. Construction of a bypass will improve the access to the temple. In addition to the villagers, a number of persons travelling on the bypass are also expected to visit the temple. Because of this there is some likelihood commercialisation around the temple. The temple is located in midst of agricultural fields. The atmosphere is calm and quite, thus rendering the place ideal for worshipping, commercialisation and the heavy vehicular movement along with the bypass will disturb the peaceful surroundings. Lea Assoc,tes 8-10 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement 8.12.7. Environmental Management Plan An Environmental Management Plan essentially details out the implementation and monitoring schedules for mitigation measures proposed as part of the Environmental Assessment of the concerned project. A specific plan, which provides a comprehensive, formalised and integrated approach, has been prepared for the implementation and monitoring schedule of the Unava bypass project. EMP suggests measures that will be adopted to mitigate the identified adverse impacts, and to enhance the benefits from the project. The prime objective of the EIA is to identify the impacts due to the concerned project and provide mitigation measures or amelioration measures for the same. The EMP (refer Table 8.3) also includes a monitoring plan to continuously review and upgrade the measures proposed in the EMP. Table 8.3: Environmental Management Plan for Unava Bypass Project Environmental Impaculssue Mitigation Measuresl Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 implementation Supervision 8 1 Design Phase 3 i 1 impact on Pono * Avoidance of Ponos at unava and east of settlement througn Design Alignment Alterations 1 2 Drainage ano Flooding * Embankment. culvens and minor bridges designeo for 50 year flood levels. Construction of bndges and cuiverts across water cnannels to maintain present flow charactenstics and recuce flooding of the adjacent area. 3 1 3 Erosion Protection * Erosion protection measures such as crash bamers. plantation of shrubs. grass and trees designed 8 I 4 ImDact on Settlement * Bypass alignment so as to avoid settlement. 8 1 5 Skepticism w r ..t. bypass * Entitlement Framework to compensate for losses. 8 1 5 Cultural * Bypass construction so as to conserve the religious monuments in Unava Bypass alignment to avoid the village temple 8.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE 8 2 1 Removal of Trees * Trees will be removed from the Comdor of Impact before Lcgal requirenwint. R&BD EMU commencement of Construction. s22 Land ano Property All R&R activities must be reasonably completed before the RAP and Prolect ENML. NGOs ElNM Accu,ston construction activity stans requirement Collazbor,im-, Grievances to be redressed in accordance with the R&R Agecicies. R&BtD framework 3 2 2 Utilitv Relocation . All utilities will be relocated, reasonably before construction Prolect requirement R&BD. Constrn EMU starts. with pnor approval of the concemed agencies Agencies 8 3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 8.3.1: SOIL S 3 1 1 Generation of Debris * Earth requirea will be dumped in areas selected. MuoST 112 i0 Contractor Engineer MOST 112.2 EMU * Residual spoils shall be used, to fill up the borrow areas, FtDICt .3 sublect to laying of topsoil. as per EMP clause 8 3 1.2 Some of the mitigation measures are preventive in nature while some others include additional measures in terms of environmental conservation and involve physical and construction work. For cost of suctn measures and for the budget, refer Chapters 7 and 8 of this report. 2 The Contract Documents refer to the foilowing: (a) Federation Intemationate Des Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC). Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Constructon. Fourth Edition, 1987 (reprtnted 1992 with amendments): Part I (General Conditions) and Part II (Conditions of Particular Application), suitably amended for the purpose of Gujarat State Highways Project. (b) Ministry of Surface Transport, Roads Wing (MoST). Government of India. Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (Third Revision, 1995. Repnnted, 1998). Both the FIDIC and MoST documents were amended to suit the needs of the Gujarat State Highways Project, particularly the requirements of the Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) and the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP). LeM Associates 8-1 1 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Environmental lmpacvlssue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 3 3 2 Loss of Topsoil . In agncultural areas or in any other productive soil areas as. MoST: 300 Contractor Engneer. *directed by the Engineer. the topsoil from all areas of cutting EMU *and all areas to be stored. MoST: 305 3.9 * Stockpiled topsoil will be retumed to cover the disturbed area MoST. 301 7 and cut slopes. MoST: 30S.3.3 s i 3 Compaction of So,i . Construction venicle. machinery and equipment shall move MoST: 112 6 Contractor Engineer. or be stationed in the designated area (RoW) only EMU The contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect MoST. 305.2.2.2 the stability of excavation or fills. 3 2 -4 Borrowtng of Earth Borrowing within the RoW is prohibited (except earth from MoST: 305.2 2.2 Contractor. Engineer. excavation for roadside drains)-under this contract. EMU Arrangement for locating the source of supply of matenal MoST. 305 2.2.2 and compliance to environmental shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The Contractor shall facilitate inspection of all borrow areas MoST: 305.2 by the EMU -3 5 Degracation of Borrow * Borrow pits shall not be dug continuously. MoST: 305.2.2.2 Contractor. Engineer. -reas * No borrow area shall be opened without permission of the FIDIC: 13.1 EMU. Engineer. FIDIC: 26.l * Borrow pits shall be re-developed as oer MoEF guidelines. MoST: 1 I l. I . 6 Soil Erosion * Oii moad embanknent slopes. shrubs and grass wilt be planted. Design requirement Contractor Engineer. sections with high filling the side slopes will be graded and MoST 305.2.2.2 EMU covered with bush and grass.. I In borrow pits. the depth of the pits. will be regulated. so that: MoST: 306.2 sides of the excavation will have a slope not steeper than MoST: 306.4 Ivencal :4 honzontal (amended) , The work shall consist of measures as per to control soil: erosion. sedimentation and water pollution. ' 3 1 7 Contamination of Soil by * Vehtcle/machinery and equipment maintenance and refuelingi MoST: 11313 Contractor. Engineer. Fuel and Luoncants shall be camed out to avoid contamination of ground. (amended) EMU FIDIC: 19.1 (c) a 3 * 8 Contamination of Soil by * All spoils shalbDe disposed off in the manner as specified in FIDIC. 32.1 Contractor Engineer. _z instruction Wastes EMP clause 8.3 1.1 EMU * All waste matenal shall be completely disposed as desired MoST: 201 2 and the site shall be fully cleaned before handing over. . MoST: 301.3 11 3 *9 Quarrv Operations * The Contractor shall obtain matenals from quames only after MoST: 111 3 Contractor. Engineer. consent of the DoF or other concemed authonties. EMU Altematively the Contractor shall acquire the required matenal from quarries licensed by the GPCB. : WATER Flooding In addition to the design, the contractor shall take all desired FIDIC. 19.1(c) Contractor Engineer. to prevent temporary or permanent flooding of the site or any FIDIC. 29 1 EMU adjacent area MoST. 305 3 2 - 3 2 Siltation into Water Bodies . Siltation of soil into the water bodies will be prevented. The . MoST. 306 Contractor Engineer. contractor will take all reasonable measures as per EMP EMU Clause 8.3.1.2 * Construction materials containing fine particles shall be FtDIClA.tIcl stored in an enclosure such that sediment laden water does.. MoST: 316 not drain into nearby watercourses. 2 2 3 Torrent Run-off * No tree or vegetation other than specified for felling will be! MoST: 201.2 Contractor Engineer. cut. EMU The contractor shall take all necessary precaution and i MoST: 306.2& 4 construct temporary/permanent devices to prevent waterl pollution 3 2 a Alteration of Drainage * In sections along water courses. and close to cross-drainage! FIDIC: 19.1(c) Contractor. Engineer. channels. earth. stone or anv other construction natenals or! MoST: 305.3.7 EMU. appendage shall be pr.perty disposed off so as tot to block the flow of water. All necessary measures shall be taken to prevent earthwork. MoST: 306 stonework, matenals and appendage as well as the method of operation from impeding cross-drainage at rivers, streams.. water canals and existing irrigation and drainage systems. Lea Associates 8-12 Chapter 8 - Environmentallrmpact Statement Envtronmental ImpacUlssue Mitigation Measuresl Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision a 3 2 5 Grouna Water Deoletion . Tree and vegetation plantation will be conserved and Design requirement Contractor Engineer additionally planted as per design. EMU a 3 2 6 Increasea Run-off No tree or vegetation. except those specified. will be FIDIC 19 1 1c) Contractor Engineer aisturbed/destructed. MoS- 111 15 EMU * Retention work will be taken up on the roadside drainage Design requirement cnannels as per the roaaside drainage design 8 3 2 7 Contamination of Water All measures vil be takeii to prevetit die vaste.ater produced in FIDIC 19 jrc) Contractor Engineer trom Construction Wastes construcioni trom entenng directlY iinto sneanis. sater bodies or MoST 306 EMU tie imgatioil svstem. CC 80.2 * Construction work close to the streams or water bodies shall MoST 111 13 oe avoided dunng monsoon. * The discharge standards promulgated unCer the FIDIC. 26 1 Environmental Protection Act. 1986 shall be strictly adhered MoST 111 1 to. 8 328 Contamination from Fuel * The work Shall be camed out in such a manner that pollution MoST 111 4 Contractor Engineer and Lubricants of natural watercourses. ponds, tanks and reservoirs is FIDIC 19 1 (c) EMU avoided MoST 113 13 S 3 2 9 Sanitation ano Waste * Construction labourers' camps shall be located at least 200m Contractor Engineer. Disposal in Construction Camps away from the nearest habitation. EMU The sewage system for a construction labourer's camp shall MoST 111 14 be properly built and operated: proper disposal system for FIDIC 19 1 excreta and provision and maintain of garbage bins to ensure FIDIC 26 1 hyglenic conditions and no contamination in water bodies. All MoS r It I relevant provisions of the Factones Act. 1948 snall be adhered to 8 3 2 10 Wastage of Water * The - contractor will minimise wastage of water in the FtDlt' 19 tci Contractor Engineer construction process/operations. EMU The Contractor shalt arrange for supply and storage of water FIDIC. 26.1 and no such supply and storage will be provided by the R&9D . 8 3 2 11 Disruption to other Users The Contractor shall be responsible for arranging adequate FIDIC 26. I Contractor Engineer. of Water supply of water for the whole construction period. RAP requiretmeit. EMU * Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams shall be undertaken in the dry session. * The Contractor may use the natural sources of water sublect to all liabilities are on him. S3 3 AIR POLLUTION 3 3 1 Generation of Dust * All vehicles delivering matenals to the site shall be covered to MoST 111 9 Contractor Engineer avoid spillage of matenals. (amended) EMU The Contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the MoST 111 5 level of dust emission from the hot mix plants and the batching plants * All existing highways and roads useC by vehicles of the MoST 111 9 contractor. shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous matenals Clearance shall be effected and all dust. mud and other MoST iti 10 deons shall be removed completely. S 3 3 2 Emission from Hot-Mix * Hot mix plants and batching plants shall be located MoST 111 5(atmended) Contractor Engineer Plants and 2atching Plants sufficiently away (500m) from habitation. agncultural EMU operations or ndustnal establishments * The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the MoST 111.5 relevant current emission control legislation. (amenoed) 8 3.3.3 Odour from Construction. * Construction labourers' camps shall be located at least 200m MIoST. IIlI 1-tlanendedl Contractor Engineer. labourer's camps ' away from the nearest habitation. EMU * The waste disposal and sewage system for the camp shall be sMoS'rl: 11.1 l A amic idedl property designed. built and operated so that no odour is generated * Compliance with the Factories Act and all other relevant legislation shall be stnctly adhered to. ° 3 3 4 Emission from Construction . All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction MoST 11 1 13 Contractor Engineer Vehicles. Equipment and shall confirm to the relevant Indian Standard (IS) norms. (amended) EMU Machinery All vehicles, equipment and machinery used are to comply ioSTr Il I1 llimendied) with the relevant requirements of GPCB. Le jAssociates "ZZ747 8.13 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase I/A - Vol. If: Environmental impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass Environmental Impact/lssue Mitigation Measures1 Reterence to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 3 5 Pollution from Crusner * All crushers used in construction shall conform to relevant MoST: 111 13 Contractor Engineer. dust emission control as legislated. (amended) EMU. Dust screening vegetation will be planted on the edge of the Design requirement RoW for all existing roadside crushers. MoST Ill II 3 4 NOISE POLLUTION 3 41 Noise from Venicles. Plants * The plants and equipment used in construction shall strictly FIDIC: 9 1 (c) Contractor Engineer. end Eouiomeni conform to the Gol noise standards. MoST: 111 13 EMU All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted MoST- 11 113 with exhaust silencers. * Noise limits for construction equipment used in this protect to FIDIC. 26 1 comply e Environment (Protection) Rules. 1986. MoST: 111 1 In construction sites within 150m of the nearest habitation. FIDIC 19 t noisy construction work will be stopped between 2200 hours. MoST: 1t.1c3 to 0600 hours. In silence zone no hot-mix. batching or aggregate crushing i FIDIC: 45 1 plant will be allowed. No construction shall take place within, FIDIC: 26.1 100m around hospitals from 2100 hours to 0600 hours. . Workers in vicinity of strong noise. and workers working with MoST: 111 .6 or in crushing, compaCtion. batching or concrete mixing operations shall wear earplugs. 3 2 Noise from Blasting or Pre- * All the statutory laws. regulators. rules etc.. pertaining to MoST: 302.1 Contractor Engineer. --itting ODerations acquisition. transpdn. storage. handling and use of EMU explosives shall be stnctly followed. Blasting shall be camed out dunng fixed hours. The timing. MoST: 302 4 should be made known to all the people within 500m (200m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions. 3 5 IMPACT ON FLORA 3 5 1 Loss or Damage of . All works shall be camed out in such a fashion that the MoST: 111. 15 Contractor Engineer. ,egetation damage or disruption to the flora is minimum. (amended) EMU Design requirement i 3 5 2 Damage or Loss of * During construction. at any point of time. if a rare/; Contractor. EMU. .;hance-found important Flora threatened/endangered flora species is found. it shall be Engineer conserved in a suitable manner. 3 6 IMPACT ON FAUNA 3 6 1 Loss. Damage or Disruption * All works are to be camed out in such a fashion that, the MoST; 111.15 -Contractor Engineer. - Fauna damage and disruption to fauna is minimum. (amended) EMU. * Construction workers shall be instructed to protect natural FIDIC. 19 1 (c) resources and fauna -6 2 Damage or Loss of * During construction, at any point of time, if a rare/ Contractor. EMU _.nance-founo imonant Fauna endangered X threatened fauna species is discovered. all Engineer measures will be taken as in EMP clause 8.3.5.2 S - Si)CIAL EN% IRONMENT 3 7 1 Loss of Access * At all times, the Contractor shall provide altemative passage MoST. 112 7 Contractor Engineer movement dunng construction FIDIC: 29.1 EMU :3 SWORKERSACCtDENTRLSKS 3 1 RiSk from Operations * The Contractor is required to comply with all the prercautions FIDIC: 19.2 Contractor Engineer as required for the safety of the workmen as per the FIDIC. 26.1 Intemational Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 82.:MoST: 602.9.3.2 as far as those are applicable to this contract. . 3 8 2 RisK from Electncal . Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from;MoST: 106 Contractor Engineer Ecuiomeni electrical equipment . All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect; the public. * All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes. 3 8 3 Risk at Hazardous Activity- * All workers employed on mixing asphalt material. cement.; MoST 1-1 1 1Contractor Engineer. lime mortars. concrete etc.. will be provided with prmtective EMU footwear and goggles. Workers, who are engaged 4n-welding works would be provided with welder's protective eye-shields. Stone-breakers will be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals. The use of any herbicide or other toxic chemical shall be MoST: 111.6 stnctly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. LeJ Associates 8-14 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement Environmental lmpacUllssue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility Contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 8.3 8 4 Risk of Lead Pollution . No man below the age of 18 years and no woman shall be FIDIC 26 1 Contractor Engineer. employed on the work of painting with products containing MoST 111 1 EMU lead in any form.. ' 3 8 5 Risk saused bv Force de * All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of FIDIC 34 2 Contractor Engineer M.talure the workers and the public from fire. flood, drowning. etc. EMU All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injunes likely to be sustained dunng the course of work 3 9 WORKERS' HEALTH RISKS 8 3 9 1 First Ad * At every workplace. a readily available first aid unit will be FIDIC 26 1 Contractor Engineer. provided as per the Factory Rules of Gujarat. EMU Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals will MoST 1207 6 have indoor heath units with one bed for every 250 workers 3 3 9.2 Potatie WVater . In every workplace at suitable and easily accessible places a FIDIC. 34 2 Contractor Engineer. sufficient supply of cold potable water (as per IS) will be EMU provided and maintained. If the drnking water is obtained from an intermittent public water supply then. storage tanks will be provided. All water supply storage shall be at a distance of not less than 1Sm from any latnne. drain or other source of pollution 8 3 9 3 Hvg,ene * The Contractor dunng the progress of work will provide. erect FIDIC 32 1 Contractor Engineer and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation EMU and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by tne resident engineer. * There snall be provided within the precincts of every FIDIC. 26 1 workplace. latnnes anC urinals in an accessible place.- All temporary accommodation must be constructed and FIDIC 34 (amended) maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is avaliable for dnnking, cooking and washing The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed. built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air. ground or adjacent watercourses takes place * Unless otherwise arranged for by the local sanitary authonty. FIDIC. 34 2 arrangement for proper disposal of excreta by incineration at the workplace shall be made by means of a suitable incinerator approved by the local medical health or municipal authorities. * On competition of the works, the whole of such temporary FIDIC 33.1 structures shall be cleared away 33 4 fWlalaria; risk . The Contractor shall. at his own expense. conform to all anti- FIDIC 34 2 Contractor Engineer. malanal instructions given to him by the Engineer. including EMU filling up any borrow pits which may have been dug by him 3 tO DAMAGE AND LOSS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES 3 30 1 Zhance found * The Engineer shall seek direction from the Archaeological FIDIC. 27 1 Contractor Engineer. Arcnaeologicai orooerty Society of India (ASI) before instructing the Contractor to EMU recommence work on the site. e 3 11 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT 3 11 1 Roacsioe Landscape * Road landscape plantation. re-vegetation of road Design requirement Contractor Enginee embankments and other slopes shall be taken up as per EMU detailed design. given as pan of the Bid Documents. e 3 11 2 Roac Furniture * Road fumiture including storm water drains. crash bamer. Design requirement Contractor Engineer. traffic signs. speed zone signs. pavement markers and any EMU other such items will be provided as per design given in the Bid Documents. 8 3 11 3 Cultural Propernies * An ehancement plan for Jadeshwar Devi temple has been Design requirement Contractor Engineer. prepared and included as part of the design. Signage for Mira EMU Datar also to be erected 8.4: OPERATION PHASE 8 4 1 Contamination of Soil and * Contingency plans to be in place for cleaning up of spills of Motor Vehicles Motor Wvater Resources from Spills due to oil, fuel and toxic chemicals. Department Vehicles Traffic and Accidents Inspector 8 4 2 Dust Generation * New afforestation protects adjacent to the protect road and in DoF. R&BD EMU the surrounding will be encouraged. Le AssocJtes.- 8-15 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass rnvironmental ImpacUlssue Mitigation Measures1 Reference to the Responsibility contract Documents2 Implementation Supervision 4 3 Atmospneric Pollution * Vehicular emissions of CO. HC, NOX. SPM. RPM and Pb to Motor Vehicles GPCB. E\ML be checked. Depanment. STA. DoF. GPCB. * Pollution under control (PUC) programmes to be enforced R&BD adequately * New afforestation prolects adjacent to the project road and in the surrouncing will be encouraged. Public awareness programmes to be undertaken. Noise Pollution * Noise pollution will be monitored. Motor Vehicles GPCB. EMU * Based on the results of monitonng noise pollution in the Deparment. STA. operation phase. sound bamers and other measureo will be R&5D consicered at places with excessive noise. Public awareness campaigns to be undertaken. 4 5 Accidents involving * Compliance with the Hazardous Wastes (Management and R&BD. Motor R&BD. Motor Hiazardous Materials Handiing) Rules. 1989 Vehicles Dept. Vehicles Dept 8.12.8. Entitlement Framework for Project Affected Persons (PAPs) The GoG has approved an entitlement framework for compensation and assistance to the PAPs of the GSHP. The entitlement framework (refer Table 8.4) in GSHP is distinguished by its comprehensive treatment of the losses accrued due to the project to the individuals, the households and the community as a whole. It is a pro-active framework of action. It may have slight bias towards equity issues, but guards the project from trivial claims. It operates within the local and national legal context but derives the basic principles from constitutional provision rather than from legislation. Table 8.4: The Detailed Entitlement Matrix: Gujarat State Highways Project CATEGORY TYPE OF LOSS UNIT OF ENTITLEMENT DETAILS ENTITLEMENT 1A Private orooeny Agncultural land Household Compensation at l. If the replacement cost is more than the and assets -replacement cost' compensation (at -market pnce as determined bv the or 'actual market Land Acquisition Authonty). then the difference is to value'. be paid by the project in the form of -assistance- The -reolacement costr or 'actual market once- to be decioea Oy an indaoendent agency 2. The Independent Committee is to be headed by the Distnct Collector and compnsing of the Distnct Agncultural officer and one members out of the following: * NGOs representative * An eminent engineer * An eminent Value Assessor 3. PAP's will be explained the process and their views will be taken into consideration. while oeterMining the market value. 4 If the residual plot(s) is(are) not viable (lie Less than 0.4 ha in case of irrigated land ana less than 1 ha in case of non-irrigated land), there are three options to be given to the EP: * The EP remains on the plot . and required amount of land acquired: compensation and assistance paid * Compensation and 'assistance' are given for the entire plot. but full ownership is not taken by the R&BD: giving the EP's usufruct right on the residual land. which may be transferred to the R&BD with a notice ot 6 months. * If the EP is from vulnerable group. compensation for the entire land is by means of land-for-land, of equal productive value. Lea Associates BAB6 Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement CATEGORY TYPE OF LOSS I UNIT OF ENTITLEMENT DETAILS ENTITLEMENT 5. In case of severance of agncultural land. an additional grant of 10% of the amount paid for land acquisition 6 All fees, taxes and other charges. as applicable under the relevant laws, incurred in the Telocation arc resource establishment. are to be bome bv the prolect 1B Non-agncuitural Household Compensation at 1 If the asset (pan or full) in question is a reSidentiai land and assets 'replacement cost' structure. then the replacement cost will be calculatea or 'actual market as greater of the following. subject to Gujarat Housing Board/ Gularat Rural Housing Boara qualitv value" ~~~stanaards" * Cost of provision of residential structure ot area equivalent to that lost: or. * Cost of provision of residential structure @ 6m2 per member of the household. suolect to a minimum of 12m2 2 If the replacement cost is more than the compensation (at 'market price" as oetermined by the Land Acquisition Authority), then the difference s to be paid by the project in the form of -assistance" The assistance will be calculated as per detail 2 and 3 Category 1A 3. Temporary arangements until permanent structures are ready for occupation (or a grant of RstBOO to cover nine month's rental accommodation) 4 The prolect would ensure that there is no unreasonable delay in provision of the permanent structures 5 A flat sum of Rs.500 as shifting allowances 6 The tenants (includes the specific case of agriculturai tenants) will receive the tollowing * The amount of deposit or advance payment Paid by the tenant to the landlord pro rated on the basis of months remaining at the time of expropnation, Ithis will be deducted from the payment to the landlord) * A sum equal to six months rental for equal to six months lost incomne for the agricultural tenants) in consideration or diisruption caused. and - Compensation for anv structure the lenani *1ax erectea on the proDeny 7 Absentee iandlords will receive only the Compensation at 'replacement cost or 'actual market value" 8. The owner-occupier will receive 5% more than the absentee landlords 2A Livelihood Wage eaming Individual A grant equal to six t This is valid for persons above 14 years of age months lost income indirectly affected due to the employer being displacead on a case by case oasis 2. This will be calculated 6 Rs1850 per month to employee of a tenant and Rs2200 per month to employee of a property owner 3 In individual cases. when the wage earner is the only eamer in the household, than he will be entitled to Rs2500 per month 28 Non-perennial Household . Notice to harvest 1 They are entitled to be given a notice substantially 4 crops standing crops months in advance 2. Grant towards crop lost before harvest due to forced relocation. equal to market value of crop lost plus cost of replacement of seeds for the next season's harvest. 2C Perennial crops Household Compensation at I Market value will be calculated as equal to the such as fruit 'market value' capitaiised value trees 2. Capitalised value is the net present value of production of such crops. at a discount rate of 12% per annum lea Associates 8-17 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass CATEGORY TYPE OF LOSS UNIT OF ENTITLEMENT DETAILS ENTITLEMENT 3A Illegal use of the Encroachers Household Will receive no 1 Encroachers will be notified a time in whiCn to remove RoW compensation In - their assets. except trees. and harvest their crops. general. 2 Will be assisted. case-by-case. according to household income and existing assets (including ownership of viable 0lot of land). in the case ot fulfilling both of the critena below not owning the land adjacent to land uoon which ne is encroaching, and * eing a member ot the vulnerable group 38 Squatters Househola Low cost t free of 1 Plot or house will be given based on existing charge house or government schemes. either free ot cnarge or at a equivalent. and low cost las applicable to the EWS housing scheme) training. 2. When only site' or site and services are given. they will be assisted with the construction of a residential/business unit. 3 Entitlement details 1 and 2 above are to be equivalent 4. Facilitationlaccess to training includes equivalent income generating assistance 5 Shifting assistance of Rs500. 6 Squatting for business is equivalent to kiosks. Category 5. A Additional Housing Household Additional options 1. Includes the vulnerable group residential squatters Support to only. over and also. vulnerable above the 2. There are the following options. based on status or group entitlements in their eligibility respective * land-tor-land (either govemment land or land category: and free purchased) and a grant for building materials to advisory service. construct a dwelling unit. * a plot of 15-20m2 and a house construction loan of a maximum of Rs3O.OOO under the EWS Housing scheme. * a plot of 25-35m2 and a house construction loan of a maximum of Rs100.000 under the LIG Housing scheme. 48 Primary source Household Additional 1. The assistance will be equivalent to a lump-sum grant of income assistance to of Rs20001annum for 3 years towards income training or generating or vocational training ootion of the EP's equivalent choice. 2 The training programmes will be offered in co- ordination with all or anv of the following * Gujarat Mahila Arthik Vikas Nigam Ltd . * Gutarat Scheduled Castes Economic Development Corporation. * Gujarat Tribal Development Corporation. * TRYSEM. etc 3 The training includes counselling to start a suitable production or service activity 4 The money not spent for initial training programme to be used to pay the cost setting up of their new enterprise 5A Shifting Mobile and Household They are not 1. Ambulatory vendors licensed for fixed locations will Business ambulatory eligible for be considered as kiosks vendors compensation or 'assistance 5a Kiosks Household 'Assistance' for 2. The Assistance will be paid as a flat sum of Rs7500 business per kiosk. disrupbon. 3. Where numerous vendors are displaced. provision of a 'vendors market'. rent free for first six months. thereafter they would be collectively encouragea to purchase their market site. 4 For purpose of the above detail 2. only wnen 50 vendors are displaced. the provision will be in force However. the EMU will decide whether sucn a 'vendors market' neeos to be provided, in a case-by- case basis. when the number of displaced vendors is less than 50. LeaAssociates 8-18 V . Chapter 8 - Environmental Impact Statement CATEGORY I TYPE OF LOSS UNIT OF ENTITLEMENT DETAILS ' , ~~ENTiTLEMENT 6A Community Common Community Conservation. 1. Easily-replaced resources such as cultural properties infra-structure. property protection, will be conservea (by means of soecial protection. cohesion and reftources compensatory relocation. replacement. etc.) in consultation with the amenities replacement community 2. Loss of access to firewood. etc . will be compensatea by involving the communities in a social forestry scheme, in coordination with the Department of Forests. wherever possible 3 Adequate safety measures. particularly for pedestrians ana children. landscaDing of community common areas, improved arainage, roadsiCe rest areas. etc.. are all provided in the design of the highways. 4. Employment opportunities in the pro)ect. if possible S. Loss of trees will be-replaced by compensatory afforestation 68 Host Community Enhancement of 1 Such compensationlassistance will be considered If communities community the total number of resettled People exceeds 200 or resources. 10% of host community's population. Replacement of 2. Compensation/assistance will be provided in the form likely to be of provision of community, recreational. infrastructure depleted resources facilities. and help in organizing income generating schemes. in consultation with the host community Disruption Temporary Household Normal disruption 1 The contract document of the GSHP specifies that construction . will not compel (pnvate and public) access is to be maintained and related impacts compensation or disruption minimized. assistance 2. Where for unforeseen circumstances severe Assistance may be disruption occurs and losses can be substantiated considered on assistance will be considered for- special cases * business losses. and * croo,seed losses 4e Associates 8-19 Filled up Questionnaire for Environmental Appraisal of Rail/Road/Highway Projects UNAVA BYPASS PROJECT 1. GENERAL 1.1 Name of the Project: Unava Bypass Project a) Objectives of the proposal * To conserve the cultural heritage in Unava town. * To reduce the volume of through' traffic in the town. * To increase sOafety levels for pedestrians in Unava town. * To reduce traffic congestion in the town * To reduce noise and air pollution. b) Brief description of the Unava settlement lies on the State Highway 41. Through project proposal the settlement the RoW is constricted. This is because of the presence of mosques. business establishments and residences on one side and, a pond and residences on the opposite side. The Dargah of Mira Datar, which is part of this settlement, is also adjacent to the carriageway. A large number of followers of the saint flock to this settlement during the yearly 'Urs'. The traffic volume on the road is very high. This results in a large number of collisions. The construction of a by pass would conserve the cultural heritage in the settlement and also provide for a safer transport network. ;> Project justification/need The existing State Highway 41 passes through the settlement of Unava. The highway, also known as the 'silver corridor of Gujarat' has a very high traffic volume plying, which is expected to further increase in future. Reduced joumey speeds result in delays, accidents due to increasing traffic and pedestrian crossings at the village. All the major cultural .heritage monuments are adjoining the road. A large number of business establishments, catering mainly to the visitors to the two shrines, are also adjacent to the existing highway. This poses a safety threat to the pedestrians. The primary object of the project is to conserve the cultural ethos of the town and simultaneously provide for a safe transport network for 'through' traffic movement. d) Present status of the project Selection of the alignments and its designs is already completed. Land Acquisition under progress. Lea AssoCWItes Questionnaire-i Guiarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass e) Operational Plan (time Enclosed. (Annexure I) schedule of major activities or project steps) 1.2 Location of the Project: a) Place Village Unava b) District District Mahesana c) State/Union Territory Gujarat State 1.3 Approximate area/population to The bypass will be beneficial to the people at large. The be served direct benefit will accrue to the people of the Mahesana District and the people in the Study Area. a Mahesana District: 9,027sq km/29,37,810 persons * Study Area: 33391ha/1,81,149 persons 1.4 Overall prolect cost Approximately Rs18 crores (1999 prices) 1.5 Number of tracks-broad Not Applicable gauge/meter gauge 1.6 Type of traction- Not Applicable electric/diesel/steam etc. 1.7 Size and magnitude of the project a) Length of 2.4km. Rail/Road/Highway b) Width of the Rail/Road 60m. Highway. c) Total land required 13.4ha. 1.8 Alternative alignments/sites 3 alternatives examined. Refer Chapter 3 of EIA report. examined 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING/ PROJECT LOCATION 2. IEnvironmental characteristics of Enclosed (Annexure II) the areas traversed along the alignment for a strip of 10 km each on both sides for a Rail/Road/Highway project to be delineated and mapped on a base map 1: 50,000 I. National Park None. II. Recreation areas None. 2Qa uesionatas 2- Questionnaire CAONS Filled up Questionnaire for Environmental Appraisal III. Non-hunting areas None. IV. Wildlife sanctuary None. V. Natural reserves None. VI. Mangrove forests None. VII. Biosphere reserve None. VIII.Primary (virgin)rain forest None. IX. Declared watershed areas None. to be used for Community potable water supply X. Swamp lands/water lands None. XI. Agricultural lands 28,008ha. Xll. Land occupied by ethnic None. minorities XIII.lndustrial No area designated XIV.Residential List of Settlements in the Study area enclosed (Annexure 1II). XV. Commercial * Agricultural Produce Market, Unava (Not in operation). * Unjha Wholesale Mart, Unjha. XVI.lrrigated areas 19,389ha. XVII.Non-irrigated croplands I 8,619ha. XVIII.Tree-crop land { None. XIX.Grazing land None. XX. Historical and cultural sites * Shrine of Nilkantha Mahadev, Ruawi and monuments * Temple of Kaleshwar Mahadev, Unjha * Shrine of Nilkantheshwar Mahadev, Sunak * Sanderi Mata Temple, Sander. XXI.Religious sites, temples, * Dargah of Mira Datar, Unava churches etc. * Dargah of Mammo Sahab, Unava * Temple of Shri Jagat Devi, Unava * Limbaj Mata Temple, Unava iea Assacdtes Questionnaire-3 Gujarat State- Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. II: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass * Dargahs of Daudi Community, Shelavi * Temple of Someshwara Mahadev, Gorad * Shrine of Nilkantha Mahadev, Ruawi * Temple of Kaleshwar Mahadev, Unjha * Shrine of Nilkantheshwar Mahadev, Sunak * Temple of Umia mata, Unjha * Temple of Agiya Viathal, Bhankar * Temple of Suleshwari Mata, Valam * Jain Temple of Neminath, Valam * Pachayatam Temple, Bokarwala * Temple of Satamatrukas, Bhandu * Sanderi Mata Temple, Sander. XXII.Government and Public There are 183 Educational Institutions in the study area. Institutions There are also 109 Medical Centres in the study area. XXIII.Others (Specify) None. Description of these identified Not Applicable. critical areas should focus on the following Ecosystems (i), (iii -x) as above Not Applicable. * Total size of the ecosystem Not Applicable. * Major ecological functions Not Applicable. (e.g. habitat, breeding area, soil stabilisation, hydrologic regulation) * Major social functions Urs of Mira Datar, Unava and Urs of Mammo Sahib, (recreation etc.) Unava has been described. * Number of people Not Applicable. depending on functions of the eco-system (visitors, serving potable water etc.) * Impact of rail/road/highway Not Applicable. construction/ operation on the functions of critical ecosystems (pollution, destruction etc.) Land Use (II), (XlIl - XV), (XX - XXII) as above * Significance of critical land Not Applicable. use/environmental items LesAssociates 4- Questionnaire Filled up Questlonnaire for Environmental Appraisal * Impacts of rail/road/highway No ethnic minority in the project area. projects on ethnic minority * Reaction within the The community was concerned about two factors - Safety community on the project of pedestrians: and conservation of the two Dargahs. 2.2 Detail of forest land involved No forest land is required for the project. I. Legal status of forests No natural forest existing within 10 km on either side of the (namely reserved, un- proposed bypass. classed etc.) II. Details of flora existing in Not applicable. However the EIA report Chapter 4 the area including the describes the flora existing in the study area. density of vegetation. Ill. Topograpny of the area The project area is of plain terrain. For details refer indicating gradient aspect Chapter 4 of EIA report. altitude etc. IV. Its vulnerability to erosion. Not Applicable. However does not form part of any whether it forms a part of a severely eroded area. seriously eroded area or not. V. Whether it forms a part of No. national park, wildlife sanctuary, nature reserve, biosphere reserve etc. if so, details of the area involved. VI. Rare/endangered species of None. flora and fauna found in the area. VIl. Whether it is a habitat for None. migrating fauna or a breeding ground for them VIII.Any other feature- of the None. area relevant to the proposal 2.3 If the project for which forest Not Applicable. land is required irvolves displacement of people or requires raw material from any forest area, the details of proposals for rehabilitation and procurement of raw material be furnished. 2.4 Proposed steps to be taken to Not Applicable. compensate for the loss of forest area, the vegetation and wildlife. 4ea AssOcat'es Questionnaire-s Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - VOl. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 2.5 Stripping and site clearing * size of the area to be 2.4km Length, 24m width, stripped * location ( to be shown on Map of Bypass alignment enclosed. (Annexure IV) map) I * soil type Geomorphologically the study area is a depositional unit consisting of second deltaic plain with vertisol of low plasticity clay and silty clay (black cotton soil with calcareous concretions). The soil consists of oxidised brownish yellow sand and silt. * volume and quantity of 5800cu m. earth removed location of dump sites ( to No dump site. All stripped material will be used in the fill be shown on the map). sections. 2.3 Details of 1 Major Bridge and 7 Box Culverts. bridges/tunnelslcutting etc: I * Size of area to be cut 1000m2. (length, height) I * Location (to be shown on Locations marked on Map of Bypass alignment enclosed map) (Annexure IV). • soil type volume and 1 850cu m of low plasticity clay and silt clay. quantity of earth removed * location of eventual dump 1 100cu m to be used for back fill and erosion protection sites (to be shown on map) works & 750cu m to be used as earth fill material. Hence no dump site is required. 2' Details of embankments/landfills etc. * size of area to be filled 5.52ha. * location ( to be shown on Map enclosed. (Annexure IV). the map) * soil type 1 Low plastic clay and silt clay. * volume and quantity 249,300cu m. required for filling 2.8 Data for last 2-3 decades Flooding: 0.5m aboveground level for length of 0.5km. silting earthluakesi settling, No silting, earthquakes, settling, land slides or cyclones in landslides and cyclones etc. e project area. 6Lu,t Associaies 6- Questionnaire 11~-1 Filled up Questionnaire for Environmental Appraisal 2.9 Measures being adopted Design of embankment height at 3m above ground level against such calamities. for the bypass. 2.10 Likely modifications of No likely modifications are anticipated. hydrology in the area leading to canalisation, alteration of water flow, alteration of surface and underground drainage etc. 2.11 Likely hazards to safety of No quarrying on site. workers and nearby residents due to quarrying including use of explosives 2.12 (a) Has an air quality impact Yes. Refer Chapter 4 EIA report. assessment been carried out as per guidelines and report enclosed? ib) Has a noise impact Yes. Refer Chapter 4 EIA report. assessment been carried out as per guidelines and report enclosed? 2.13 Hazards to aquatic ecology/ None. (No contaminated run-off anticipated to flow into any flooding due to runoff perennial water body). contamination. 2.14 Likely health hazards to Does not arise. passengers and nearby residents due to escape of sanitary wastes, spill of hazardous materials etc. 2.15 Pollution of ground water from Not Applicable. fills. 2.16 Fuels supply arrangements to Contractor will arrange for the fuel supply during the the labour force during construction period. Trees will not be felled for firewood. construction period. 3. PROPOSED SAFEGUARDS 3.1 Measures proposed for Refer the Environmental Management Plan of the EIA protection and renewal of Report. forests, agricultural land, grazing land, top soil, natural resources and water resources etc. 3.2 Measures adopted during Refer the Environmental Management Plan of the EIA construction for balancing cut --Report. and fill, rehabilitation of dump sites, reclaiming burrow pits, securing embankment soil and slope stabilisation, preventing soil erosion and siltation Lea Associates Questionnaire-7 Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. 11: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass containing blasting and bulldozing. 3.3 Measures to control corridor The bypass is located, at the nearest section of the type development along the alignment, more than 500m from the existing settlement of alignment. Unava. In addition to this the settlement growth trends are towards the west side where as the bypass is on the eastern side. The village pond acts a natural deterrent for the growth of town in the eastern side. ' 4 Likely impacts of the proposal on the socio-economic development of the region. 3.5 What types of mitigative Refer EMP section of the EIA document measures have been incorporated for abatement of noise e.g. noise screens or plantation etc. 3.6 Details of green belts and Refer Chapter 6 of the EIA document. (Section 6.7: corridor plantation along the Landscape Plan). alignment incorporated in the project proposal and funds allocated for the same. Give area of green belt proposed to be planted. 3.7 Measures proposed for off- Does notarise. setting adverse impact no fragile eco-systems 3. Measures to ensure that Provision of dense roadside plantation within the RoW. uncontrolled development will not occur. 3.9 Measures undertaken to ensure a) Prevention of pollution of Does not arise. irrigation waters b) Prevention of pollution of No potable water source in nearby vicinity. sources for potable water supply systems. 3.10 Measures proposed to offset Refer EMP and RAP Chapters of EIA document. adverse social impacts. Le Associates 8- Questionnaire Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. IIB: Environmental Impact Assessment for tne Unava Bypass Annexure 1: Implementation Schedule for Unava Bypass Project Project Activities . i Project Period in Quarters Initiation Period i 2 j 3 4 ! 6 7 8 9 10; 11 12 R&B0 enoorsement of RAP | * I i 'Norld Bank Clearance of _ - _ -roject (including RAP) I ! I I | i : I:nalisation of Bid Documents Evaluation and Selection of __ = __ _ _ | _ i , Teno_ers __ - - i -, Award of Construction Work to iii the Contractor _ Construction of the Unava i Bypass , i I , Initiation of RAP _ Implementation Mechanisms Procurement of NGOs Mobilisation of Distrc LevelPs committees I ____-___i___! RAP Implementation 7 _i| F_nal Venfication of EPs w - . | | - U U Dastnbution of I-Cards j Consultation. Compensation I i and Assistance i . i_ RAP Implementation - ; j completed ! _ Annexure III: List of Settlement in Study Area Village | Population Area (km.) [Distance From RoW (km) Aithor 7762 21.05 3 Balisana 9222 20.92 10 Bhandu 6781 24.19 7 Bhankhar 2988 11.8 9 Bokarvaca 2910 5.37 .4 Dabhdi 1371 6.21 6 Dabhi 4299 9.98 8 Davada 2082 4.31 7 Derasana 775 4.51 10 Gorad 3044 8.7 10 Hajipur 1479 2.65 10 Jetalvasana 3228 7.66 5 Kani 1787 3.88 7 Kanthravi 5104 15.13 6 Kharsada 1643 3.79 6 Manund 5828 18.4 9 Matpur 1886 4.51 6 Muktupur 5149 12.55 7 Multhaniya 417 0.74 10 Navapura 1626 3.84 3 Palasar 2955 6.32 8 Pali 1932 5.29 4 Ruvavi 1883 6.38 5 Sander 4969 18.68 9 Selavi 672 3.47 8 Shihi 3181 2.82 2 Sunak 3255 7.65 4 Surpura 1929 2.31 3 Tarabh 5948 15.67 8 Tundav 5532 8.51 6 Unava 12452 22.63 0.5 Vadu 2146 3.24 9 Valam 8284 23.58 9 Vanagla 2778 7.83 6 Virta 2388 6.17 7 Visal-vasna 1161 3.17 6 Unjha Town 51003 35.15 3 Total 181849 369.06 .. . . . . . . . y yy. .-! '-.. ..'-. .--. .= toB U It ON U LASA N.O. LEA GOVERN0WNT Of GIUJARA! ~~~~~~~~ A~~~~~~~~~~I OAD$ AND BkLBD114T DEPART?fN? ft't~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 1:9c - I L OITCBTO L.O AsSiot.s UNAVA BYPASS ALIGNMENT WIIIflL I~~~2U BESIJED STATE HIGHWAY '.1 II. AfVI5~~~~~~~~~~~N B~~ATI eV OfTOED. .CAl0* P*C .'}y""' .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~APAC RVIU RWGWt"NWRVSO REFERENCES 1. Ajmera Hem (1997). Characterisation of Factors Modulating Social Forestry Initiatives-A Case Study, Gujarat (Unpublished thesis). School of Planning, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad. 2. Asian Development Bank (1993). Guidelines for Incorporation of Social Dimensions in Bank Operation. Manila. 3. Asian Development Bank (1994a). Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Manila. 4. Asian Development Bank (1994b). Handbook for Incorporation of Social Diversions in Projects. Manila. 5. Bennet Lynn (1991). Women Poverty and Productivity in India, An EDI Seminar Paper, No. 43, Economic Development Institute, The World Bank. 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