IDA-Supported Accomplishments Interim Results from a Sample of Projects International Development Association February 1998 Tableof Contents SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................i INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................2 Figure 1: Life cycle of a typical IDA-financedproject............................. ...........................2 Figure 2: Sectoral composition of IDA investmentdisbursements infiscal 1997......................3 PROFILE OF PROJECTS REMEWED....................................................................................4 Figure 3: Disbursements of a typicalprojectover time .............................................................4 Country Context.............................................................................................................................5 Table 1: List of 192 IDA-financedprojects in the sample ..........................................................6 SectoralDistribution...................................................................................................................... 8 Table 2: Sectoral composition of disbursements infiscal 1997 ..................................................8 Progress of Implementation ..........................................................................................................9 Figure 4: Age distributionof sampleprojects ............................................................................9 ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE OF THE MATURE AND ADVANCEDPROJECTS ................................................................................................0 1 Priority Investments in Human Resource Development..................................................... 10 Encouraging Broad-Based Growth......................................................................................1 4 Box I: Linking economic restructuringand socialprotection ................................................-19 AIMING FOR INCREASEDIMPACT AND SUSTAINABILI'IY........................................20 Reaching the Poor: Improving TargetingThrough Design and Implementation ................20 Box 2: Project design to help women benefitfiom infrastructure investments........................23 Partnerships to Improve Implementation and Ensure Sustainability....................................24 Box 3: UpstreamNGO involvement in the GhanaSecond Health and Populationproject ......25 Policy Reforms and Institutional Development ........................................................................ 26 Box 4: A lease contract to improve Guinea's water supply..................................................... 28 IMPLEMENTATIONPERFORMANCE.................................................................................28 Figure 5: Quality of IDA-financed investmentprojects............................................................ -29 Table 3: Mostfi.equent reasonsfor problems insampleprojecfs @ofentialand actual).........30 NOT YET MATURE PROJECTS.............................................................................................30 TabIe4: Proportion of sampleprojects withNGO involvementand specific gender actions............................................................................................................ -30 TabIe5: Projects approved more thanfour years ago with cumulativedisbursement of 40% or less..............................................................................................................31 Box 5: TheIndia TBproject S IEC strategy............................................................................-33 Box 6: SocialAssessmentproduces social indicatorsfor theIndia TBProject.......................34 ANNEX I: TABLES................................................................................................................... 35 Annex Table I: Key data on countries.....................................................................................-35 Annex TabIe2: Performance ofprojects with NGO involvementand specific gender actions.............................................................................................................36 Annex Table 3: Projects with more than 40% disbursed .actualandpotential problems ......36 ANNEXn: INVENTORY OFACCOMPLISHMENTS ........................................................37 Education(14 projects).............................................................................................................-37 Health, Nutrition and Population(12 projects) .........................................................................45 Water Supply & Sanitation (7 projects) .................................................................................... 56 Social SafetyNets (9projects) ..................................................................................................59 Agriculture and Rural Development (43 projects)....................................................................64 Industry/Finance/Other(14 projects) .......................................................................................-81 Infi-astructure (29 projects)........................................................................................................86 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS IDA'S objective is to reduce poverty in low-income countries. To this end, IDA IDA disbursements supports investments in human capital and for investmentprojects infrastructure as well as macroeconomic and sectoral policy reforms that are prerequisites 5.0 for effective resource use. While total aid 4.5 flows to the poorest countries have been 4.0 declining since the early 1990s, disbursements 3.5 of IDA funds to finance investment projects 3.0 have grown steadily. At the same time, the .-2 E implementation of IDA-supported projects has 2.5 started to improve as reforms have established "4 2.0 better policy environments in many borrowing 1.5 countries and as IDA increasingly emphasizes 1.o achievement of stronger and more sustainable 0.5 results on the ground. 0.0 90 91 92 83 94 45 96 97 The report opens a window on what Fiscalyear "lies behind" the increased disbursements by drawing on a representative sample of 192 ongoing IDA-fmced projects to illustrate some accomplishments and implementation experiences. It does not provide a comprehensive treatment of project implementation issues or of the impact of projects. Instead, the information presented here is intended to complement regular reports on the quality of IDA'S project portfolio. Every year the implementation of all ongoing projects is analyzed in the Annual Report on Poqfolio Performance, and recently completed projects are evaluated in the Annual Report on Development Effectiveness. These reports focus on identifying obstacles to effective im- plementation and provide the basis for developing solutions to enhance the quality and sustain- ability of project results. A particular challenge is posed by the significant proportion-29 percent-of IDA--& projects that are encountering problems or are considered at risk of encountering problems. This report is based on a random sample of more than one third of IDA investment operations with significantdisbursementlevels in the most recent year (fiscal 1997). It focuses on projects which have already disbursed at least 40 percent of their commitment value. A detailed survey was made of cumulative accomplishments-such as classrooms built, primary school textbooks provided, village health clinics rehabilitated, farmers reached through exten- sion, road networks maintained, government agencies strengthened, improved legislation adopted, and accountantstrained. The survey also highlights key characteristicsof good projects: building of institutional capacity and reforms of sectoral policies, significant involvement of non-governmental organi- zations (NGOs) and encouragement of community participation, partnerships with other organizations, and attention to gender. Above all, the survey indicates that IDA lending is reaching the poor, mainly by increasing their access to basic social services, such as primary education, maternal and child health care, and safe water. IDA--& projects in the sample support activities directed at improving social indicators and stimulating faster, broad-based economic growth. Among the examples of project accomplishments are the following: The China Basic Education in Poor andMinority Areasproject benefits approximately5 million children in 124 counties where rural income averages about 15 cents per person per day. The project supports activitiesfor girls to earn money for school fees, provides free textbooks to 55,000 poor girls, strengthens girls' lower secondary schools in religious minority areas, and trainsfemaleprincipals. In Senegal,the coverageand quality of familyplanning servicesin the public and private sectors have been considerablyenhanced. Over 1,000nurses were trained to manage ru- ral health posts. About 3,000 rural women received training and are now involved in managing the funds of 30women's centersgeneratedthroughcostrecovery. In India, the NationalAIDS Control project supported training of 52,500 physicians and 60 percent of nursing staff in HIVIAIDS management topics. Condom use in targeted groupshas risento 70percent. In Benin, forest management plans have been designed and implemented for three gazet- ted forests covering 268,000 hectares and involving 320,000 people within or around the forests. In Yemen, the Taiz Flood Disaster Prevention and Municipal Developmentproject pre- vented serious damage from the 1996 floods, benefiting 21,000 households directly and over half a millionpeople indirectly. Thanksto cost recovery under the Georgia TransportRehabilitation project, 984 km of roads were repaired, significantly reducing travel times. Broad-based road maintenance is reachingmost of the country. Better road conditions, in additionto enforcementmeas- ures, have helped to reduce the injury-causingaccidentrate by 75 percent since 1992. Improvements in Haiti's devastated power sector have given users access to about 20- hours-per-day electricity service, contrasting with the previous situation of nearly 18 hours of blackouts daily. While IDA financing and technical advice help make possible contributions such as those cited above, ultimate success-or failure--clearly depends on many other factors as well. Most of the indicators describing project-supported activities that are presented in this report measure key intermediate inputs. These inputs are necessary, but often not suflcient, for improvements in economic and social conditions. The information gathered in the survey therefore yields partial and interim indicators of expected project outcomes. A complete evaluation of project outcomes and impact is carried out @er the end of implementation, which is still several years away for most of the projects in the sample. IDA recognizes that more needs to be done to improve the effectiveness of the projects it finances. This is being pursued in several dimensions. First, IDA resources are increasingly allocated to projects in countries with good poli- cies, where they are likely to be used most effectively. In the years to come, this will help increase the proportion of projects that are likely to attain their objectives and have sustainable impact as countries with good policies will receive a greater share of IDA funds. Second, there is increasing emphasis on targeting the poor directly and on improving access to social and economic services for poor and underserved groups. IDA encour- ages increased government spending on programs that benefit the poor through policy dialogue and conditionalities. Backed by research showing that investments targeted at women often have higher rates of return, a substantial proportion of IDA-financed projects now include gender objectives, and these projects achieved their overall objectives in relatively greater proportion than similar projects without gender actions. Third, projects are now better designed and managed, and IDA puts more emphasis on results and sustainability. Increased use of participatory development techniques has led to project designs that are more responsive to client needs, and hence more effec- tive, than earlier interventions. More and more projects include women-especially poor women-as participants and beneficiaries; this is key for sustained results in the social sectors, in particular. Partnerships with NGOs will continue to improve the cost-effectiveness of IDA programs by mobilizing local labor and resources and through community efforts. Finally, the concerted move over the past two years to retrofit all ongoing operations with monitorable indicators allows the borrowers and IDA to be more focused on results and to make midcourse corrections when they are needed. As this report illustrates, IDA-financed projects show a wide range of substantial accomplishments. Implementation difficulties continue to plague many projects, however, often because the mismatch between institutional capacity and the challenges that projects seek to address has been underestimated. Reinforcing local institutions, both in communitiesand in governments, is therefore increasingly tackled as a priority objective in the pursuit of sustain- able improvements in the welfare of the poor. IDA has begun to look also to other agencies and NGOs for guidance on "best practice" to reflect in the projects it finances, complementing the lessons learned from past IDA-financed projects. Recognition of past mistakes and analy- sis of successes are key to developing more appropriate project designs. IDA is striving to attain better selectivity in its operations so that a higher portion of the activities it supports would use IDA resources effectively. INTRODUCTION IDA'S objective is to help the world's poorest countries improve the living standards of their people and achieve faster, environmentally sustainable growth. Poor countries need to at- tain higher rates of investmentto stimulategrowth and employment, and they need to ensurethat availableresourcesare invested efficiently. IDA'S effectiveness can be gauged by the results of the projects and programs it supports through its financing and technical advice. Some countries receive financing to implement policy changesunder structural and sectoral adjustment programs, but the bulk of IDA financing supports investment projects. The success of IDA investment lending is therefore a large com- ponent of IDA's overall effectiveness. When IDA's Executive Directors discussed the most re- cent retrospective report on the IDA program' in January 1997,they welcomed the report's focus on implementation, supported by examples of the impact of IDA investment lending. They felt that such evidencewas essential for evaluatingthe overall effectivenessof IDA. This report examines IDA investment lending by drawing on the accomplishments of a sample of ongoing projects. It follows up on a survey carried out at the request of the IDA Deputies in 1994,which reviewed the specific accomplishmentsof 67 ongoing poverty-focused projects approved during IDA8 (fiscal 1988-go).' The 1994 survey found that IDA-financed projects were reaching the poor directlyby delivering significant economic and social servicesto them. For the present report, a similar survey was carried out, with two differences. The sample chosen is much larger as it covers 192 ongoing projects, and it is more representative of IDA investment lending because the projects have been selected from IDA'S entire por$olio (rather than limited to Poverty TargetedInterventions). The report is organized as follows. First,a background sectionbriefly showshow project implementation fits into IDA country assistancestrategies and how project activities evolve over time. The second section explains how the sample of projects was selected and reviews some characteristicsof the projects in the sample. The third section s u f n m 6 s the accomplishments to date of those projects in the samplethat are sufficientlyadvanced to yield enough information. Those accomplishments are tabulated in Annex 11, providing a window on IDA investment lending for readers who do not have time to read or easy access to more comprehensive and detailed reports. The paper then briefly touches on several themes that are key to producing sus- tainable results on the ground, such as targeting the poor, partnerships with other donors and non-governmental organizations, the role of women, and sectoral policy reforms. The next section summarizes the main indicators of implementation performance for all projects in the sample, and the final section briefly reviews the projects in the sample for which a survey of accomplishmentswas not carried out because they were not yet sufficientlyadvanced. ' IDA in Action, 1993-1996: ThePursuit of Sustained Poverq Reduction, The WorldBank, 1997. Interim Resultsfiom Projectsfor the Poor Funded by the Eighth Replenishment of IDA, February 1995. BACKGROUND IDA activities are prioritized through country assistance strategiesthat are tailored to the particular needs of each country. While the composition and amount of assistance provided differ across countries and may change over time, all country assistance strategies do three things. First, they include a program of actions to ensure eflective implementation of ongoing projects andprograms, emphasizingthe crucial importanceofpolicy performance. Second, they include activitiesto engage borrowers in apolicy dialogue on areas such as public spending and aid coordination. Third, they propose a program of lendingfor new projects and supportfor policy reforms aimed at sustaining poverty reduction and environmentally sound growth in the years to come. Activities in these areas complement and can significantlyreinforce each other: effective implementation of ongoing projects provides ideas and lessons for the design of new projects, and appropriate governmentpolicies are key to project success. About ten yearo On average, Figure 1: Life cycle of a typical IDA-financed between the time when a project is pre- project pared and when it begins to yield full benefits (Figure 1). There is, however, substantial variation around this average, with some projects, especially those responding to emergency situations,taking substantially less time to prepare and to implement. Implementation Typically, projects undergo evaluation in three phases. The first evaluation is canied out at the intensive t I I I I I I 0 6 8 LO preparation and appraisal stages, which M A p p r w J Yerr range from one to three years for most projects. A project is then implemented and the respective credit disbursed over 6-8 years. In this phase, IDA canies out systematic supervision, with a structuredreview taking place at least twice a year by IDA operational staff and the agencies responsible for project implementati~n.~After project completion, a comprehensive review of project results takes place by IDA and the implementing agency, and the development impact and project performance are then rated by the autonomous Operations EvaluationDepartment (OED) to determinewhetherthe project has been successful,whether it is likely to be sustainable,and whether it hasmade a contributionto institutionaldevelopment. IDA financing can be used most effectively when sectoral policies are appropriate and when project design incorporateseffective techniques and approaches. Projects are likely to be more successful with more local "ownership," or where project design and the policy changes ' In addition,periodic CountryPortfolio PerformanceReviews (CPPR) ate carried out with government authorities to address country-wide implementation issues and to help develop IDA'Sfuture country assistance strategy. For countrieswith large portfolios of ongoingprojects,the CPPR takes place everyyear. accompanying the project have been designed by the borrowing government and responded to the needs and preferences of the beneficiary population. Because"ownership" needs to develop primarily during preparation and the early phases of implementation, over the life of a project IDA providesa changing mix of assistance. Sectoral studies, technical advice and discussionsof policies are generally most intense during the preparation, appraisal and early implementation stages. In developing its advice, IDA draws on the large accumulated experience of the World Bank Group as well as on outside expertise (Itom other donors, Itom technical experts in the private sector, etc.) but the main focus is on helping the borrowing government increase its involvement. The mix then shifts away Itom technical advice toward disbursements of IDA h c i n g to provide the goods and servicesthat are needed to implement the project. In coun- tries with weak institutionalcapacity,though, substantialtechnical advice is needed throughout. Of the 912 ongoing projects supported by IDA financing, the vast majority (848) are in- vestment projects while 64 are structural and sectoral adjustment operations. These projects comprisethe IDAportfolio. In fiscal 1997,a total of $6.0 billion was disbursed: $1-2billion for adjustment operationsand $4.8 billion for investment operations, with 59 percent of these funds supporting activities in the social sectors (education, health, nutrition, and population, safety nets, and water supply and sanitation) and in agriculture (Figure 2). The investment disburse- ments were directed primarily to projects in the poor countries in South Asia ($1.7 billion, or 34 percent of total), Afiica ($1.6 billion, or 34 percent of total), and East Asia ($1.0 billion, or 21 percent of total). Countries in Europe and CentralAsia, North Africa and Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean received $0.5 billion, or 11 percent of total disbursements for investment projects. Figure 2: Sectoral composition of IDA investment disbursementsinfiscal 1997 Water supply 8 sanitation Safety nets 6% Infrastructure 30% PROFILE OF PROJECTSREVIEWED This review looks at IDA investment projects in their implementation phase, before all project activities have been completed. The focus is on projects that have been ongoing for several years and are therefore sufficiently advanced to allow some insights into their accomplishmentsand potential impact. A typical project will have disbursed over 40 percent of its credit after about 3 years and over 80 percent after 5 years. Projects disbursing the greatest proportion of their financing are those for which about 4-5 years have elapsed since approval (Figure 3). Figure 3: Disbursementsof a typical projectovertime 30 Cumulativedisbursements I Cumulativedisbursements( Cumulative lessthan 40% disbursements morethan 80% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year after Boardapproval To offer arepresentativeyet manageable--group of investment projects fiom the IDA portfolio, a stratifiedrandom sampleof projects was chosen, in view of the followingobjectives: regional distribution-the portfolio was divided into three geographic groups (Afiica, India and China,and other countries); projects were randomly selected fiom each group to obtain a sample that reflects the distribution of the IDA portfolio amongthese groupsof countries. coverage of IDA resource use-only projects disbursing more than $2 million in fiscal 1997were considered in order for the sample to provide a representative view of the assistancebeing deliveredto borrowersthrough IDA h a n ~ i n g . ~ 111fiscal 1997,480 IDA-fmanced investmentprojects disbursedmore than $2 millioneach. Most of the remaining 368 ongoing projects fall into two main groups: relatively small projects and new operations. Among the projects Overall, 192projects were chosen, representing 40 pacent of the projects in each of the three regional groupings (Table 1). These projects disbursed $1.7 billion in fiscal 1997, or 36 percent of all IDA investment disbursements. The reviewthereforecapturesthe "implementation experience" of investment projects receiving a substantial portion of the total financial assistance actually delivered to IDA borrowers. The selected projects are representative of the regional distributionof IDA'S financial assistance for investment projects: the samplecaptures 37 percent of total disbursementsto countries in Afiica, 37 percent in East Asia, 35 percent in South Asia, and 31percent in other regions (Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Middle East and North Afiica). Country Context The 192 projects are in 52 different countries, in Miica and Asia as well as in Latin America, Europe and Central Asia, and the Middle East. The range of countries reflects well the diversity of IDA borrowers. They are all among the poorest in the world and have a total popu- lation of 3.1 billion. The countries differ widely in their development, as can be seen in Annex Table 1 (page 35). Average per capita incomes range from less than $0.50 per day, in countries such as Eritrea, Malawi and Mozambique, to over $2 per day (for example in FYR Macedonia, Sri L& and China). Most of the countries are very poor: 42 of the 52 countries have average per capita incomes below $750. Thirty countries are in Afiica and include such large borrowers as C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Uganda, as well as small countries (for example, Comoros and Lesotho). Several countries represented in the sample are undergoing transition from centrally-planned to market-based economies(for example, Albania, Armenia, and FYR Macedonia), while others are recovering from severe disruptions caused by civil wars (for example, Angola, Bosnia, Cambodia, Haiti, Mozambique,and Rwanda). not consideredfor inclusion in the sample are 157 projects with credits of SDR 10 million or less and 148 credits that were approved lessthan two years ago (79 of these have not starteddisbursingas of the end of fiscal 1997). ~uaruua!~uaueuunA s u ~ 3 Llddnpra]e,+f pumas sau!nE) dlddnsJatsM W%OQ l u a w s a ~ u ~ uo!ls)!uas a~n]?nosagu~%u!ssnq pue %ug pamLoldmg pus q ~ yqnd pumas paauas o ~ uo!13y p!39 pue r()!~n3aspood spuemx IuaruLoldrugpue r()!3sde3 uo!pnqsuo~e!uqunsyy %u!pl!ne 14!~edrr3pue ~ J OqAq n d e!qursE) pund ~uarudolaraar()!unurruo3saqug am3 pue uo!luaAaJd suo!l3ajulrnsmrL Llpnxa~amqeqru!Z luarudola~ylsmnosax uerunH p%auag uoglndod pus WpaH pumas sueq lndiaAgriculturalDevelopment Rajasthan - IndiaForestryResearchEducationand Extension Sri LankaSecondTelecommunications Sri LankaSecondPowerDistributionand IndiaSecondState HealthSystems Development IndiaTamil NaduWater ResourcesConsolidation IndiaTuberculosis Control IndiaIntegratedWatershedDevelopment(Hills) VietnamHighway Rehabilitation IndiaIntegratedWatershedDevelopment(Plains) Vietnam PowerDevelopment Vietnam RuralTransport CambodiaSocialFund PakistanAgriculturalResearch11 Water supply & sanitation PakistanSecondSCARPTransition Sri LankaSecondAgriculturalExtension IndiaBombay Sewage Disposal VietnamAgriculturalRehabilitation PakistanRuralWater Supply and Sanitation PakistanSecondKarachiWater Supply and Sanitation AlbaniaSchool Rehabilitationand Capacity Building Armenia IrrigationRehabilitation Bolivia MunicipalSectorDevelopment NicaraguaInstitutional Egypt BasicEducationImprovement Bolivia EasternLowlands: Natural Resource Managementand GeorgiaTransport Rehabilitation Development HondurasBasicEducation AgriculturalProduction Guyana Inhstructure Rehabilitation Yemen BasicEducation BoliviaNationalLandAdministration Haiti FifthPower NicaraguaRuralMunicipalities Bosniaand HenegovinaEmergency Health, Nutrition & Population Yemen EasternRegionAgriculturalDevelopment HousingRepair Haiti FirstHealth YemenThird Wadi HadramawtAgricultural Development YemenTaizFloodDisasterPrevention HondurasNutrition and Health YemenLandand Water conservation and Municipal Development Social safety nets Bosniaand HerzegovinaEmergencyDemobilizationand Reintegration FYR MacedoniaSocial Reformand Technical Assistance GuyanaSIMAPmealth, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation Haiti Economicand SocialFund NicaraguaSecondSocial InvestmentFund YemenPublicWorks Water supply & sanitation Bolivia MajorCities Water and Sewerage Rehabilitation HaitiPort-au-PrinceWater Supply Sectoral Distribution Figure 4: Growing disbursements for investment projects IDA disbursements for investment operations have continued to grow in recent years, both because of substantial commit- ments (that is, new approvals) made in the past and, more important, because of inten- sified and improved implementationefforts. As Figure 4 shows, disbursements have been increasing particularly rapidly for investmentprojects in the social sectors. The 192 projects selected roughly reflect the sectoral composition of IDA'S financial assistance that is being delivered to borrowers through disbursements for ongoing investment projects. Because the sample is quite large, no special stratificationwas needed to ensure a repre- sentative distribution across sectors. More than half of the IDA disbursements under the projects in the sample were in agri- culture and the social sectors (Table 2). Table 2: Sectoral composition of disbursementsinfiscal 1997 Sample of 192projects All IDA investment projects Number Disbursements Share Disbursements Share Sector . ofprojects ($m) (%I ($m) (%I Agriculture 52 352 21 Social Sectors 1 59 1 543 32 ma/ - 35 - - 198 12 Total 192 1,712 100 Includes alsoruralenvironmentproject.. Progressof Implementation Most of the projects in the sample-145 of them-were approved in the six years between 1990and 1995. They benefited from financing provided by donors under three replen- ishments: IDA8 (fiscal 1988-go),IDA9 (fiscal 1991-93)and IDA10 (fiscal 1994-96). The average age of projects, Figure 5: Age distribution of sample projects measured by the time elapsed since Board 60 approval, is 4.8 years-in line with the average age of all IDA investment projects. The projects are at different stages of implementation, depending on their age, their design, and the rate at which activities have been progressing (a more rapid pace generally indicates more successful implementation efforts). As Figure 5 shows, most of the projects approved less than 4 years ago have disbursed less than 40 percent of their 0 credits, while most older projects have 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-7 8+ disbursed more than 40 percent of their Age (years since Board approval) credits. This pattern matches the OMore than 40% disbursed .Less than 40% disbursed experience of the overall IDA investment projectportfolio. To investigate implementation experienceand achievements,the samplewas divided into three groups, depending on the cumulative disbursementsreached as of the end of fiscal 1997. The three groups are: 49 "advanced" projects that have disbursed 80-100percent of their credits; 79 "mature" projects that have disbursed 40-79 percent of their credits; and, finally, 64 projects that are not yet sutlicientlyadvancedand have disbursed lessthan 40 percent of their credits. For the 128projects in the "advanced" and "mature" groups, a survey of specific accom- plishments was carried out for each project. The average ages of projects in the "advanced" and "mature" groups are 6.6 years and 5.1 years, respectively. Most of these projects are past their disbursement peak, and a survey of their activities can therefore provide a useful view of IDA assistance that has been delivered. The following sections of the report summarize the findings of this survey, followed by a discussion of the salient characteristicsof the remaining 64 projects thathave not yet disbursed 40 percent of their credits. ACCOMPLISHMENTSTO DATE OF THE MATURE AND ADVANCED PROJECTS Information obtainedby a review of project implementationfiles of the 128"mature" and "advanced" projects as well as fiom operational task managers is tabulated in the Inventory of Accomplishments matrix in Annex 11. It captures selected data on the quantitative and non- quantifiableachievementsof the 128projects up to the last supervisionmission in 1997. The survey revealed a wide range of goods and services delivered by IDA-supported projects, as well as the institutional and policy changes that are being made as part of implementation. It is, of course, too early to estimatethe full impact of most of the 128projects whose accomplishments were surveyed. The survey nevertheless provides numerous partial indicatorsof potential future outcomes,once the projects are completed.It must be kept in mind, however, that the ultimate impact on reducing poverty and on improved social indicators often depends on factors outside the scope of projects, and that the link between project accomplishments, especially at an interim stage, and ultimate impact is seldom straightforward. The overall picture that the survey documents is that IDA-financed investment projects provide support for key activitiesin human resource development and encourage broad-based economic growtk-these are two critical ingredients of poverty reduction strategies and are dealt with in tumbelow. Priority Investments in Human Resource Development IDA supports increasedprovision of services in education, in health, nutrition and popu- lation, and in water supply and sanitation; it also helps to strengthen social safety nets. IDA disbursements for projects in these areas have grown dramatically in recent years-&om less than$0.5 billion a year in the late 1980sto $1.1 billion in fiscal 1995,$1.5 billion in fiscal 1996, and further to $1.8 billion in fiscal 1997. As Annex Table 1 (page 35) shows, the share of the social sectorshas risen to more than 40 percent of IDA investment disbursementsin 30 of the 52 countries covered by the sample, reflecting the increased emphasis IDA has put on lending for human resource development and on effective implementationof projects. IDA has become the most important external source of finance for providing essential inputs for the development of social services at the basic level, such as primary education and maternal and child health care. The accomplishments registered by the projects in the sample indicate the importance of this support: In Asia, over 6,700 health care facilities were constructed or upgraded, then equipped and staffedto provide basic health careto rural populations. In Afiica, morethan5million textbooks (most locally developed and produced),were supplied to primary schools. Some 45,000 primary school classroomswere constructed or rehabilitated in Afiican countries, which would enable approximately 1.8 million children to benefit fi-om access to primary education. The social investment fund projects in Latin America reached some 9.5 million beneficiaries. Activities supported by these projects generated almost a million person-months of employment. The survey findingsconfirm that, both in project design and in implementation,the social sectors face a number of challengesthat are less common in other lending areas. The benefits of social investmentsare sometimesdifficult to quantify and often only begin to appear many years after the investments were made. Monitoring systems in African countries only measure some important indicators like infant mortality rates and fertility at five-year intervals at best. Many more factorsoutsidethe scopeof projects influence the outcomes, including a range of individual behaviors. IDA often supportsthe social sectors in settingswhere lending in other sectors is not warranted because of poor macroeconomic policy performance. Delivering social services involves more people and institutions at various levels of government than do investments in other sectors. The success of social sector investments depends, above all, on "people" factors: motivation and incentives-and politics. Health, nutrition and population. The survey shows a number of effects of IDA involve- ment, directly and as a catalytic instrument: the projects contributed to improvements in health status indicators, helped expand access, and supported reforms. Improvements in health status are indicated by reductions in infant mortality in many countries (as a result of successes in immunization coverage and the marked reduction in prevalence of diseases such as polio); increases in contraceptive prevalence in some countries (e.g., Ghana, Senegal); a relative turn- around on STIs and HIV (e.g., India, Zimbabwe) thanks to proactive intervention programs; and very promising improvementsin maternal and child health (e.g., Chad, China, India). There are some demonstrated improvements in access to and availability of services (including the spread of health facilities, increasedavailability of essentialdrugs, equipment, and a significant increase in trained personnel) as well as demand development through information, education, and com- munication (IEC) campaigns. Policy reforms contributed to increased access to services, drug availability, improvements in health financing, and introduction of decentralization. These achievements are particularly notable in view of the pervasive problems of institutional weakness-especially of ministriesof healthin many African countrie~.~ The range of strategies adopted to achieve results on the ground is evident in some of the followingaccomplishments: In about 300 of China's poorest counties, the quality of and access to maternal and child health care have improved significantly. The Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health project supportedmajor community mobilization efforts which contrib- uted to an increase in utilization of ante-natal care services. This helped to reduce -- In the health, nutrition and population sector in some Afican countries, project designs have turned out to be over-complex, leading to problems and delays; this complexity remains a concern despite increased recognition of the problem. maternal and infant mortality rates6 Different sectors, a women's federation, and poverty relief offices were involved in project design and implementation. Training of about 560,000 health workers and provision of better equipment contributed to a significant improvement in service delivery. Health outcomes were helped by strengthening of decentralized structures through improved resource allocation and planning at the county level and by full support of the existing private practitioner system at the village level. In Senegal, coverage and quality of family planning servicesin the public and private sectorshave been considerably enhanced. A new reproductive health curriculumhas been introduced to all health schools, accompanied by better teaching materials. Over 1,000 nurses were trained to be heads or managers of ruralhealth posts and provided with materials on maternal and child health and on nutrition. About 3,000 rural women received literacy and numeracy training in local languages and are now in- volved in managing the funds of 30 women's centers generated through cost recovery. Women's groups, youth associations and local health committees partici- pate in information,education and communication (IEC)programs and are thus likely to demand better services. In Comoros, cost recovery mechanisms now function well in all of the country's health facilities, hospitals and health centers. Utilization rates have considerably in- creased, and the population benefits from complementary community activities such as provision of training for ruralwomen in maternal and child health, and in family planning. Basic literacy and numerical skillstrainhg is also provided, helping nual women to develop small scale income generating activities. Establishment of social funds enabled the communities to participate in and benefit from investments in social infrastructure. In India, the government's approach to AIDS had previously been confined to blood screening;with IDA investment,the government was ableto diversify its approachto AIDS to include preventive and social aspects as well. For example, health promo- tion interventions in vulnerable groups are developed in most states and some states incorporated HIV prevention education into their formal curricula. Condom use in targeted groups is up to 70 percent. 52,500physiciansand 60percent of nursing staff are trained in HJY/AIDS management topics, and relevant NGOs have been trained to provide AIDS education. Education. A typical IDA-financedprimary or basic education project has three to four mutually reinforcing objectives: improving policies and institutions, expanding access, increasing equity, improving quality, and addressing issues such as ownership, efficiency and financing. Post-primary education projects often include some of these objectives, but their primary focus is typically on respondingto labormarket signals. The maternalmortalityrates and infant mortality ratesare estimatedto have declined by over athird in many places. An examination of the sample shows that IDA puts a clear priority on expanding access to primary education through school constsuction andforrehabilitation,teacher training, and the provision of textbooks and other inputs, especially in Afiica. Access is of course an important and relatively easily measured objective, especially during the early years of project implementation. However, a few words of caution are in order because progress on the other dimensionsof education sectordevelopmentis lesseasily measurable. Access and equity often go hand-in-hand. Equity increaseswhen new project schools are located in minority or under-served areas or their designs aretargeted to the needs of underserved populations (e.g., sanitation facilities or'boundary walls for girls' schools). Achieving equity during the early years of project implementation can therefore be done in a similar time-span to that of expandingaccess. But the equity resultsmay be harder to measure: a school facilitythat was designedfor girls can equally well serveas a boys' school, for instance. Institutional change and improvements in quality and eficiency usually have longer gestation periods than those provided by the projects in the sample. Most of the projects in the sample address the "internal efficiency" of educationereduction of repetition as well as improvements in teacher deployment (multigrade and doubleshift teaching). Producing better textbooks, and improving teacher and management performance through institution building, training and incentives can sometimes be done within the time span of the sample projects, and efforts to this effect are evident in the sample. However, measurable improvements in student performance will take more time. It is often difficult to separatecause and effect. Rising school attendancecan be the result of improved management andlor intensive community involvement, but it can equallywell stem from better schoolquality: childrenare more likelyto enroll and stay in a school that delivers quality results. Concern with "external efficiency" (that is, relevance of education to the economy and the labor market) is demonstrated in the vocational training projects which are increasingly demand-drivenand give an increasing role to employers; it is less evident in the work on primary and secondarycurricula and textbooks. Policy reforms are being prefaced by studies and go much wider than financing, but financing remains a principal focus because in most IDA countries access to primary education is still far fiom universal and a lack of resources is a key constraintto expansionof services. Some of the achievements of the surveyed projects which illustrate these characteristics of IDA-financed educationprojects are: In Burkina Faso, a modification of teacher employment policies helped expand the availability of primary school teachers so that primary school enrollment could increase by 59 percent (at the sametime, the proportion in enrollmentof girls reached 38 percent and percentage of repetitionsfell to 16percent). The China Basic Education in Poor and Minority Areas project benefits approxi- mately 5 million children in 124 counties where rural income averagesjust $52 per capita per annum-less than 15cents per day. The project supportstargeted income- producing activities for girls allowing them to earn money for school fees, provides fiee textbooks to 55,000 poor girls, strengthens girls' lower secondary schools in religiousminority areas, trains female principals, and funds school- and county-level action-oriented research on increasing female enrollments and decreasing dropout rates. In Tanzania,the Community EducationFund (CEF) addressesthree problems affect- ing primary education: inadequate funds,lack of community ownership and low parental involvement. The CEF initiative, which involves village governments and school committees, is enablingthe community's ownership of local education system. As a result the school property is well maintained, constructionworks are considera- bly cheaper and faster, parents feel empowered by the project, and the drop-out rates have decreased. In addition, the CEF had generated sufficient funds for about 800 girls Ģiom poor householdsto attend secondaryschool. In Togo, the technical education system and vocational training are designed to be and operate in a way that is demand-driven and employment-oriented. The newly- created Training and Employment Observatory has enabled information flow on the statusof labor market and is providingfeedbackto training institutions. EncouragingBroad-BasedGrowth IDA provides direct support for economic growth by financing investments in essential infrastructure, by providing assistance related to stimulating private sector growth, and by supporting higher productivity in agriculture. Such investments are essential for faster growth of production and trade, especially in underserved poor and ruralareas. Faster economic growth is, in turn, essential in generating the resources needed to fiuther expand access to primary education and basic health services (discussed in the previous section). Broad-based, employment generating growth, in particular, leads to direct improvements of the living standardsof the poor. Idktructure. The range of projects covered by the sample illustrates the subsectors where IDA is typically involved. The projects seek to support improvement in roads to lower transport costs for both consumers and producers, expansion of power generation, expansion of telecommunications capacity, and upgrading of facilities in fast-growing urban areas. Specific examplesof accomplishmentsinclude: In Aiiican countries, over 18,000 km of roads were constructedor rehabilitated under the projects in the sample. For instance, in Guinea, 598 km of national roads were built to a high level of standard, improving tr&c flow and safety, while spot improvementson 1,378krn of primary roads allowed year-round accessibilityin large areas. The Fourth Highway project initiated a labor-based road maintenance system whose successled to its expansion nation-wide. In Bangladesh, the Rural Roads and Markets Improvement project reduced transport costs by an estimated 62 percent and accommodated a substantial increase in traffic (over 150percent increase for the first nine roads completed) by improving and up- grading some 1,000km of roads and maintaining a further 800 km. Improvement in feeder roads helped to stimulate increased rural market turnover (by 133 percent, on average). Thanks to the cost-recoveryfeatures of the Georgia Transport Rehabilitationproject, 984 km of degradedroads were repaired and selectively re-surfaced, leading to much reduced tmvel times. The trip fiom the main port in Poti to the capital, Tbilisi, now takes 4 hours instead of 8 previously. In addition, broad-based road maintenance under this project is reaching most of the country and has supported economic recovery, featuring the fastest economic growth in the former Soviet Union. Better road conditions, in addition to enforcement measures, have helped to reduce the injury-causingaccident rate by 75percent since 1992. In India's Tamil Nadu, more than72,000 slum area shelterswere improved and over 70,000 sites and senice plots were provided. In addition, Madras' public transport capacitywas expandedby the provision of over 1,000buses. In Pakistan,the upgrading of waste management, water supplyand seweragefacilities benefited 298,500 persons. In China,the creation of the Shaoxing Economic Development Zone helped attract $600 million of investment, resulting in 40 new factories. Some 30,000 persons now reside in the Zone's initial200 ha development. In Sri Lanka, the telephone system's exchange capacity was increased fiom 158,000 to 389,000 lines, the phone company management was privatized, and quality of senice significantlyimproved. Generation improvements in Haiti's devastated power sector have given users access to about 20-hours-per-day electricity senice, contrasting with the previous situation of nearly 18hours of blackouts daily. In Yemen, the Taiz Flood Disaster Prevention and Municipal Development project prevented seriousdamage fiom the 1996floods. The flood waters were chauneled to an irrigation dam (also-IDA-financed), directly benefiting 21,000 households and in- directly benefiting overhalf a million people, thanksto increased economicactivity in the area, includingthe opening of over 500 new shops or businesses. Average annual losses fiom floodsbeforethe improvements had been $3million. Agriculture and rural development. In most IDA countries three-quarters of the poor people live in rural areas, so effectivepoverty reduction is synonymous with rural development and increased agricultural productivity. Moreover, attainment of food security and sustainable natural resources management objectives cannot be achieved without efficient, and equitable, nualdevelopment. Thus,rural development has a triple "win-win-win" dimension, and 21 per- cent of all IDA investment disbursementsare now financingactivitiesinthis sector. But the history of rural developmentprojects contains higher-than-averagefailurerates of completed projects. This difference has diminished in recent years, however, and there is no longer a difference betweenperformance of rural developmentand other projects at completion. The main reasons for improved performance in rural development have been a clearer definition of public goods warranting public funding, and clearer recognition of the scope for contracting delivery of public goods to other, private and NGO, entities. Another reason for improved per- formance has been the abandonment of complex area development projects, particularly in Afiica, where suchprojects performed particularly poorly. But in a few countries,notably China and India, IDA has continued to fund area development projects with notably good results illustrated by severalprojects in the sample: The China Guangdong Agricultural Developmentproject has achieved over 5,000 ha of land reclamation, improved over 10,000 ha of existing orchards, and has estab- lished over 2,000 ha of fish ponds, over 200 ha of shrimp ponds, over 400 ha of oyster farms, and over 11,000ha of net cages. The China SecondRed SoilsArea Development project has distributed over 500 im- proved dairy cows, over 16,000tons of urea, over 27,000 tons of phosphate fertilizer, and over 10,000tons of potassium chloride, in addition to developing more than 80 percent of the land in 217 watersheds for forestryand orchardsusing organicmethods of soilrehabilitation and contourterracing. The India Tamil Nadu project has helped achieve a 10 percent increase in milk production, fiom 3.4 to 3.7 million tons, by increasing yield per animal fiom 3.2 to 3.5 kg/day, while rehabilitating cyclone-affected roads and bridges and involving beneficiariesin livestock and watershedmanagementactivities. The India Rajasthan project has increased milk production fiom 4.6 to 5.4 million tons, increased fertilizerapplicationfiom 24 to 32 kg/ha, reclaimed 3,000 ha of alka- line soil, conducted over 40,000 demonstrations of new crops including f i t s and vegetables,with locally-advantageousnutritional benefits. By contrast, in AfXca, attention has been concentrated on support for improvements in publicly-managed research and extension systems. Some 40 percent of the projects in Afiica are concerned with improving research andforextension. These projects are seeking to improve agricultural (including livestock, forestry and fishing) productivity and incomes by making existingpublic agenciesmore responsive to the problems expressedby rural people, both women and men. Often, this entailstransforming agenciesfiom a top-downto a bottom-up approach to work programming and implementation-an unavoidably long-term task,& well as transforming agencies h m service providers, such as distribution of inputs, to knowledge managers. Results of these projects are difIicult to gauge in the short term because so many factors,notably prices and weather, have a bearing on agricultural productivity and incomes. Nonetheless, impressive changes are being recorded: In Ghana, maize production has doubled, to 1.2 million tons, and pineapple exports have tripled, to 28,000 tons. Pest and disease control and post harvest loss techniques have been disseminated in response to farmers' demands. In Mali, millet yields have increased by 12 percent, to 790 kg/ha and, in the drier areas, low-cost water harvesting techniques are being widely adopted. In Uganda, banana yields have doubled,to 20 tonsha, with similar yield increases for coffee, to 12bagslha, and for maize, to 30 bagsh. Although these agriculture projects contain many similar features, they also exhibit adaptationsto country conditions: Public agencies may need to be downsized, either because the bureaucracies became bloated over time or because redefinitionof the public sector role enables some func- tions to be discontinuedand to channel the budgetary savings to higher priority uses. In CBte d'Ivoire, a significant downsizing has been completed. In Burkina Faso, the Ministry of Rural Development is currently shedding 1,000 positions, out of 4,500. In Kenya, the Agricultural Research Institute is currently shedding 1,400 positions, out of 6,000. Complementary services may need to be provided. The projects in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger contain hctional literacy components. In Burkina Faso, the func- tional literacy program is credited with having improved farmers' appreciation for technical alternatives. In Mali, 500 functional literacy centers are now operating. Some servicescan be privatized to improvethe quality of servicesand to lower costs7, but this may require changes in legislation and help with start-up costs. Such provi- sions for veterinary services were included in the projects in Burkina Faso and Madagascar, and privatization has happened. An important, and growing, subset of IDA-financed projects is in natural resources management. Common themes inthese projects are empowerment of natural resourceusers and joint public-private management of resources: In Benin, forest management plans have been designed and implemented for three gazetted forests covering 268,000 ha and involving 320,000 people within or around the forests. The management plans are based on community participation in forest protection, surveillance, and management activities, including forest-based income- generating activities. In addition, three wildlife reserves are now being managed by village associationsof hunters. In Burkina Faso, village land use plans have been developed by 376 villages, involv- ing about 200,000 people. Demand fiom other villagesto participate is sohighthat it cannot be met, even with the accelerated implementation program agreed during the mid-tern review. In India, in the West Bengal Forestry project, 450,000 ha are being managed under joint forest management principles, involving 370,000 people in forest protection committees. Many of these people are very poor. There may be scope for some contracting out of core research and extension services. A competitive research grant fund is included in the Second Kenya Agricultural Research Project, as well as in a recently approvedproject in Nepal, and similarfundsare likely to be included in more new projects. Similarly in Bolivia, in the Eastern Lowlands project, 250,000 ha has been demar- cated for five Indian communities, and land titling is being implemented. More sustainableproductiontechniquesarebeing disseminated. Although there are only five irrigation projects in the sample, irrigation projects tend to be large, and irrigationis often a component in other projects. Irrigation is, and will remain, an important subset of the IDA portfolio. These projects are quite diverse as the accomplishments of the followingprojects illustrate: The Punjab Irrigation and Drainage project in India is reclaiming 200,000 ha fiom waterlogging withan additional 37,000 ha under irrigation. Farmer participation in maintenance of water courses is being introduced. Emphasis on drainage in future projects is likely to.increase. The Tubewell project in Pakistan builds on a successful pilot. Nearly 2,000 costly government-owned tubewells have been closed, and over 6,000 community or privately owned tubewells have been installed, providing supplementary irrigation to 50,000 farms. Cropping intensity has increased by 10-15 percent over 500,000 ha, and yields of major crops, including Basmati rice, sugar, and cotton, have increased by 5-10percent. In Albania, 33,000 ha have been rehabilitated for irrigation, and the whole irrigable area of 40,000 ha hasbeen transferred to 200 water users' associations representing 85,000 farmers. The water charge collectionrate has doubled,to 70 percent, and cost recovery has nearly tripled, to 45 percent. Here, and in several other countries, water users associationshave demonstrated their capacity to manage irrigation schemes far more effectively than public agencies. Private sector participation. This was encouraged under a number of projects in the sample. Common characteristics included: use of private contractors to supply s e ~ c e s , generationof opportunities for private investorsthrough privatizationof state-owned commercial and industrial enterprises, and assistance to emerging local businesses through provision of advice, accessto fhancing, and improvementsin the transparencyof the business environment. Privatization of commercial and management-intensive activities is warranted where subsidiesto inefficientstate enterprisesput a heavy burden on governmentbudgets and drainthe banking system, diverting substantial public resources fiom priority uses in essential public senices such as primary education and health care. IDA-financed projects employ innovative approaches to facilitate necessary reforms. For example, the privatization program in C6te dYIvoirewas discussed in open public fora to increase public awareness. In FYR Macedonia, privatization was linked to improvement in the social safety net (Box 1). Other examples fiom the projects surveyedincludethe following: In Ghana, most road maintenance and rehabilitation works are now awarded to small local firms, almost half of whose workers are women. Some 90 percent of road maintenance has been shifted from public sector force account to competing private contractors. In China's third largest city, Tianjin, the municipal government ended the monopoly of the public bus company, and opened the service to several competing concession- aires (with private sectorparticipation). Under the Uganda First Urban project, collection of municipal taxes was contracted outto private firms,resulting in a three-fold increasein effectivetax recovery. In Mozambique, the Maputo Port container, sugar, citrus and coal terminals were concessionedtojoint ventures leading to improvedefficiency in operations. In Kenya, more than 150 privatization transactions were completed thanks to assis- tance fiom the Parastatal Reform and Privatization Technical Assistance project. A survey of a sample of privatized companies showed that one year after privatization employment increased by 120 percent, revenues increased by 170 percent, exports increased by 315 percent, taxes increased by 200percent without significant changes in the overall policy regime. In Guinea, local private firms are now employed to cany out all of routine road maintenance. The C6te d'Ivoire Privatization Support project helped complete 37transactions, in- cluding large companies such as Palmindushie and CI-Telcom ($210million for a 51 percent stake). Proceeds fiom privatization contributed 3.1 percent of government revenues in the last several years; moreover, considerable government expenditures were not needed to provide subsidies. Since the C6te d'Ivoire privatization program was launched six years ago, privatized enterprises attracted some 16 percent of total foreign direct investment. Enterprises increased productivity and so could generate new employment: in the affected enterprisesthere was a net increase of 17percent in employmentas a result of privatization. Strengthening of institutions for efficient private sector development and improved regulation (e.g., environmentalregulations) received considerableattention. Examples include: In Zambia, the Financial and Legal Management Upgrading project helped publish the "Laws of Zambiay'(after 23 years of inactivity) and issue accounting and ethical standards. The Sri Lanka Fourth Small and Medium Industries project provided long-term in- vestment financing to 3,386 lirms that would not otherwise have had access to such credit, helped modernize customs policies and administration, and strengthened par- ticipatingcreditinstitutions to better appraiseand superviseborrowers' projects. The India Industrial Pollution Control project helped more than 95 factories improve their enviro~lentalperformance and established 30 centralized water treatment fa- cilities for small-scaleindustry (benefitingnearly 3,500 firms). AIMING FOR INCREASED IMPACTAND SUSTAINABILITY The review of accomplishmentsof the mature and advancedprojectshighlights important characteristicsof IDA assistance that increasingly cut across sector classification. First, many of the projects reach the poor directly, by providing them important benefits. Second, partnerships with other donors and with NWs, and provisions for effective participation by communities, are common. In many projects they have improved implementation and increased the probability that project achievementswill be sustainable. Third, most IDA-financedprojects contain substantial componentsthat address policy reformssand institution building. Reachingthe Poor: ImprovingTargeting Through Designand Implementation While broad-based growth that generates employment is essential for poverty-reduction, many IDA-financed projects target the poor by providing them direct benefits, for example by providing basic social services. Suchserviceshelp the poor to enhance their human capital, their most important economicasset? Provision of basic services is key for reaching the poor. The bulk of the facilities con- structed and servicesprovided under the social sectorprojects in the sample were at the primary level, helping to increase access to primary education (especially for girls), to basic health care and to safe water: * - This review is concerned only with investment projects. Comprehensive programs of macroeconomic and sectoral policy refonns are supported by another IDA lending instrument, adjustment operations. As noted in the Background section above, 64 adjustment opations were ongoing, and disbursed $1.2 billion (or 20 percent of total IDA disbursements)in fiscal 1997. A growingbody of research points to the positive effects of health and education on the labor productivity of the poor. The Madagascar Education Sector Reinforcement project supported the building of 2,500 primary schools, thus helping to accommodate an increase in primary school enrollment by 28 percent in rural areas. The Honduras Nutrition and Health project included construction of rural water sys- tems as well as provision of a targeted food couponprogram. By channelingthe food coupon program through schools and health centers, it increased primary school enrollment and utilization of health servicesby the poor. In addition, IDA-financed projects use avariety of othermeansto reachthe poor, such as: Reaching Disadvantaged Areas. A commonly used method for targeting the poor is targeting specific geographic locations. A large number of the 128 projects provide benefits to disadvantaged areas. The India Integrated Watershed Development (Plains) project has brought about a sustained increase in the productivity of arable land in an area inhabited by tribal people. The Ghana Urban I1 project included the upgrading of a large slum area in the city of Tema and improved city-wide services relied on by the poor such as solid waste collection, public markets, and transport terminals. The India Sixth Population project includes screening of tribal peoples to ascertain and control the prevalence of thalassemiaand sickle cell anemia. The China Basic Education in Poor and Minority Areas project channels investments to areas with high percentages of minority populations and helps to increase enrollments by the development,production and distributionof textbooks in fourminority languages, training of minorityteachers and principals,and supportfor bilingual training. Tapping Complementarities. It is sometimes possible to reach poor groups more ef- fectively by ensuring the provision of a range of complementary services. The HondurasNutrition and Health project is capitalizing on synergies in the health, edu- cation,and water and sanitation sectorsby a simultaneousprovision of these services. Poor nutritional status and low energy levels of women were addressed in the Ghana Second Urban project which provided meals for the femalelaborers as well as a much desired opportunity to earn cash. The Senegal Second Human Resources Develop- ment project includes a public education program aimed specifically at men and re- ligious leaders to counter negative attitudes toward family planning, resulting in increasedcontraceptiveprevalence rates. AddressingDemand-Not Just Supply. Generating demand has been given consider- able attention in social sector projects. To increase immunization rates and atten- dance at health centers in the poorest regions, the Guyana Health, Nutrition, Water and Sanitationproject distributed food rations to pregnant and lactatingmothers, chil- dren under 2 and to malnourished children under 5. The Comoros Population and Health project addressed successfully awareness of health needs, including the pre- ventive measures needed to counter the AIDS epidemic. The India Sixth Population project successfully raised the demand for reproductivehealth servicesin rural com- munities by conducting awareness raising campaigns and improving the quality of services available. Selective Cost Recovery. IDA-financed projects have supported special measures to ensure that cost recovery does not prevent the poor fiom participating in the projects. For example, payments in labor and local materials (rather than in cash), which the poor can mobilize more easily, have been included in the India Integrated Watershed Development (Plains)project. The cost recovery program in the SenegalHuman Re- sources Development project is managed by local committees-numbers of decen- tralized health centers have begun to recover up to 130 percent of their recurrent costs. Quick ResponseCapacity. IDA lending has demonstrated that it can adapt to circum- stances andrespond to emergencies: 3 TheRwandaFood Securityand SocialActionproject,restructuredin 1995 following the genocide, promoted integration of 1.2 million refugees. Food was distributedto vulnerable groups, oftenthrough centers for unaccompanied childrenand displacedfarmers. 3 TheGhanaSecondHealthandPopulationprojectrespondedtoanepidemicof meningitis and the Guyana Health, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation project responded to an epidemic of cholera. Both epidemics were successfully controlled by mobilization of resources to purchase adequate amounts of vaccines and medical supplies. It is notable that, in some cases, good progress was made despite difficult circumstances and environments. For example,in spiteof severe socio-politicaldifficultieswhich haveplagued the country in recent years, the Cambodia Social Fund project is working with more than 1,200 public, private and voluntary agencies throughout the Kingdom. Thesepartnerships haveproven to be a successful way of leveraging the vast amount of underutilized capacity available at the local levels. Over 2.4 million of people benefited fiom the 1,409 approved projects, 87 percent of which were prepared by local communitygroups. The Social Fund has built 3,356 new class- rooms, 2,767 water wells, and 1,435 latrines among other community improvements, and provided more than 28,549 person-months of employment. Women's role is pivotal to economic and social development because women have a central role in the family and the community, generally bearing the primary responsibility for childrearing and householdmanagement. Project implementationand sustainabilityare likely to be better with women's participation.'0 Improvements in women's health and nutritional status and their access to education and other economic assets are particularly critical to poverty loThe 1997 OEDreportMaimtreanting Gendm in WorldBank Lending: An Updde foundthat comparedto 1994 when the first OED genderreport was published, significant progress had been made with respect to: (i) projects with gender-related action achievedtheir overall objectives in relatively greater proportion than projects similar in sector andyear of approvalbutwithoutgender actions,(ii)projectsthat explicitlyincorporatedgendergoals into the main project objectives were the most likely to achieve their gender objectives, and (iii) the design quality of gender-relatedactionsimprovedsignificantlyforprojectsapprovedin fiscal 1994and 1995,comparedto completed projectsapprovedbetween fiscal 1987 and 1991. reduction efforts. Most of the social sector projects in the sample address the broader socioeco- nomic conditionsconcerningwomen. Specificaccomplishmentsinclude the following: The Burkina Faso Fourth Education and the China Basic Education in Poor and Mi- nority Areas projects have helped to significantly increase the female primary school enrollmentratios. The Tanzania Education Planning and Rehabilitation project enabled hundreds of girlsto attend secondaryschools. The achievementsof the India First TechnicalEducationproject include a 14percent increase in the accessof women to technical education. The Zimbabwe Sexually Transmitted Infections and the India Population projects involve women aspeer educatorsin order to reach targeted groups. Gender-sensitivity is important in other sectors as well and is increasingly evident in the activities of IDA-financed projects. For instance, hiring of women laborers was encouraged to carry out the road maintenance work in Bangladesh and in Ghana (Box 2), enabling women to earn cash. In providing agricultural extension services, the specific constraints facing women fanners are increasingly taken into account. For example, recruitment and training of female extension workers received attention under the Burkina Faso Agricultural Services project and the India Rajastan Agricultural Development project provided literacy and skills training for women fanners. Partnershipsto Improve Implementationand EnsureSustainability Making substantial and lasting improvements takes a multisectoral approach across a broad range of issues. The review shows that many IDA-financed projects take advantage of other multilateral and bilateral assistance agencies' comparative advantage in a wide range of areas-including training, technical support, institutional development, and logistics manage- ment. Key partners on the ground are local and international NGOs and community organizations. Bilateral donors also significantly contribute through trust funds and cofinancing. Examplesfiom the sampleprojects include: The government of Japan provided financing for the preparation of many of the sample projects under the Policy and Human Resources Development Fund, in addition to joining other agencies in cofinancing project implementation, including The GambiaPublic Works and CapacityBuilding project which received cofinancing fiom the governments of Japan and Denmark, as well as from the European Development Fund and the UNDP. The Bosnia Emergency Housing Repair project mobilized some $40 million in cofinancing with the $15 million IDA credit. The Uganda Second Water Supply project was made possible by contributions representing about half the project's costs fiom the German and Austrian aid agencies and the EuropeanDevelopmentFund. In the Second Karachi Water Supply and Sanitation project, a quarter of the costs were covered by a British aid contribution. Some 40 percent of the cost of the Burkina Faso Education IV project were financed by contributions fiom Canada, Norway and the European Development Fund. The Swedish aid agency, SIDA, which puts a high priority on sexualand reproductive health, has developed a strategy that encourages governments to ensure the availability of essential reproductive health services. Together with the Danish and Norwegian aid agencies, they significantly contributed to the Zimbabwe Sexually Transmitted InfectionsPreventionand Care project. Development of public infrastructure strongly benefits fiom aid coordination, such as is increasingly used for the investment and maintenance of roads, especially in f i c a where a relatively large number of donors are involved in financing infrastructure. For example, under the transport projects in the Central African Republic, Guinea, and Senegal, IDA provided assistance to the governments to better program priority works, and the resulting programs were executed in a coordinated manner, with financing fiom domestic sources as well as fiom other donors. Under the Bangladesh Road Rehabilitation and Maintenanceproject, IDA supportedthe implementation of modern maintenance-management systems, based on a LNDP-financed study that was carried out by the Asian Development Bank. In health and education, project effectiveness has been facilitated by partnerships with centers of excellence around the world. UMCEF, in particular, has been a key partner in the reproductive-.andchild health projects and projects concerned with primary education. WHO serves as the lead technical agency on health and has provided technical assistance in designing appropriate interventions in many health, nutrition and population projects. The US Centers for Disease Control have been involved as technical advisers in the AIDS control project in India. The China ComprehensiveMaternal and Child Health project successfully built on the previous work of UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA and the US Centers for Disease Control, and involved them at various stages of project design and implementation. Partnerships with locally based inter- national NGOs and local NGOs are key. In- ternational NGOs have national affiliates which often put them in a good position to ensure that information is made available, controversial issues are addressed, and com- munity needs are recognized. For example, in Ghana, the Planned Parenthood of Ghana and the National Catholic Secretariatplayed a significant role in implementing the Health and Population I1project and in making fam- ily planning services more accessible and ac- ceptable to beneficiaries (Box 3). Interna- tional NGOs can increase awareness, serve as a bridge between national organizations and international resources, stimulate debate and action, assist in the formulation of policy and development of programs, conduct research, and provide technical assistance. Working through locally-based NGOs contributes to the long-term development of the local NGO sector, helps to maximize the use of local labor and resources, and is generally cost-effective. Social fund projects1' are one mechanism whereby IDA funds are channeledto NGO sub-projects. The Cambodia SocialFund project is estimated to have benefited 2.4 million people through construction of classrooms, water wells, bridges, nualroads, latrinesand health centers. In Tanzania, the piloted Community Education fund which involves ownership of education facilities by the local communities, is enabling girlsfrom poor householdsto attend secondaryschools. Someof the IDA-financed projects surveyed have incorporated or "scaled up" successful NGO innovations. Oxfam's program of "water harvesting" in Burkina Faso served as a model for operations in soil and water conservation throughout the Sahel such as those being imple- mented under the Benin Natural ResourcesManagement and Burkina Faso Environmental Man- " A social fund is a demand-driven, multisectoral fund that fmances'small grassroots development subprojects aimed at improving poor and disadvantaged people's access to social services, employment opportunities and income generatingassets. agement projects. NGOs have also acted to facilitatedirect consultation with project beneficiar- ies and affectedparties and, in some cases, have representedthese groups in discussionswith the governmentand the Bank. For instance, the BangladeshJamuna Bridge project utilized a socio- economic survey of persons affected by the project, conducted by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (J3RAC) who channeled the findings back to government officials. The project addressed the concerns expressed in the survey. NGO involvement in the prepara- tion of the India ReproductiveHealth Strategy, led to an analysis of government-NGO collabo- ration in family planning which is used in the India Populationprojects. The Bangladesh Second Road Rehabilitationand Maintenanceproject involved an NGO in representingthe beneficiaries' interests in disputes with the government authorities and in consulting .affected parties in the preparation of a resettlement plan. Beneficiary participation in the design, implementation, and monitoring of projects can help to reduce targeting errors and to increase the sustainability of benefits. Beneficiary partici- pation is central to the activities of many projects, especially in the social sectors. In the Niger Population project, community participation at the village level has given a voice to women and youngpeople. In the Tanzania Education Planning and Rehabilitationproject, all village primary school schemes are developed by communities; a mid-term beneficiary assessment indicated very high levelsof satisfactionwith the project. In the Mozambique Second Education project, a rural development fund functions in tandem with NGOs to bring education services to rural areas. Policy Reformsand InstitutionalDevelopment Virtually all IDA-financed investmentprojects include components to strengthen sectoral institutionsand encourage reforms of sectoral policies. For some projects, these are the main or primary objectives. Many of the projects included in the survey have componentsthat are sector- wide in scope. The practices adopted to implement these projects often have an impact beyond the project area and influence the sustainability of other development efforts as well. As noted above, efforts are made in a number of projects to increase the financial and other contributions fiom beneficiaries. Achievements in these areas are essential if the project is to have a sustainable development impact over the long-term. Representative examples of some of the policy changes promoted by the sample projects that will help increase the development impact includethe following: The Chad Health and Safe Motherhood, and the Comoros Population and Human re- sourcesprojects have stimulatedpolicy reforms in the pharmaceutical sector and in a campaign of information about the policy reform program of the ministry of health which was crucialto the successof cost-sharing. The Bolivia Major Cities Water and Sewerage Rehabilitation project has encouraged acceleration of privatizationof the major cities' water utility agencies, resulting in the agencies' substantiallyincreasedoperational efficiency. The India National AIDS Control project was instrumental in amendments of several parliamentary Acts such as the Goa Public Health Act and the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Under the Mozambique Health and Nutrition project, significant improvementshave been made in the budgeting,planning, and monitoring functionsof the Ministry. A significantbenefit of the China Basic Education in Poor and Minority Areas project has been the development of an institutional and financial capability of county and village governments, as well as of individual schools, to finance and implement priority projectsto increase accessof poor childrento quality education. Financial sustainability is key to ensuring a continued flow of benefits. Most social sector and infrastructure projects support the development of policies that will ensure adequate operations and maintenance in the future. These surveykdings are illustrative: Under the Georgia Transport Rehabilitation project, legislation was prepared and enactedto provide for user charges (collection has alreadyreached 60 percent), and a total of $64 million was mobilized fiom users to fund routine road maintenance works. The project thus helped establisha necessary basis for future sustainabilityof services. In the Senegal Human Resources Development project, the capacity of community organizations and of professional women was enhanced by providing basic literacy and numeracy training to some 3,000 women in local languages, enabling them to generate incomeand manage 30 women's centers on a cost-recoverybasis. In Burkina Faso education financingpolicy change was initiated by placing quotas on secondary and higher education scholarships. As a result government spending on secondary and higher education no longer crowds out spending on improving access to and quality ofprimary education. It is increasingly recognized that the availability of safe water and adequate sanitation hinges on the performance of the utility companiesactivein the sectorand on enhanced benefici- ary participation in the financing of service delivery. In particular, services improve only once utilities are run as commercial enterprises, with due attention to containment of costs and to service quality. Increased reliance on user charges rather than uncertain, variable and often in- adequate public budget subsidies is also needed. Community participation is key to ensuring sustainable basic services. For example, the M a Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitationproject provided for village-level contributionsto h c e water supply operations and maintenance. In the slums of Bombay in India, a lack of a sense of ownership, inappropriate designs and inadequate maintenance lead to very poor service fiom some 35,000 latrines; under the ongoing Bombay Sewage Disposal project a promising demand-led participatory approach has been adopted to address the situation. An innovative solution to sectormanagement challengesis being implementedby a lease contractunder the Guinea Second Water Supply project (Box 4). Local governments in many IDA countries need to provide better services to the popula- tion but often lack the institutional capacity and financing to do so. A number of the projects in the sample address these issues. For instance, the Ghana Local Government Development Project is improving basic inhstructure and services in 11 secondary towns, responding to an important priority in Ghana of getting senices into the fast-growing smaller urban centers (which already contain 25 percent of all the poor in the country) and starting a long-term capacity-buildingprocess at the local governmentlevel. IMPLEMENTATIONPERFORMANCE This section comparesthe performance of the 192projects in the sample with other pro- jects in the IDA portfolio. As is the case for IDA'S portfolio as a whole, the projects in this re- view includeboth somethat are relatively problem-fie and othersthat encounterdifficulties.'* The most useful measure of the health of the portfolio and a good predictor of eventual project success rate is the "at risk" rating. IDA supervision missions evaluate project imple- mentation activities to determine whether the project is likely to achieve its development objec- tives and whether the implementationmethods are sound (for example, all IDA-financed projects require transparent accounting, regular audits, and competitive procurement). When problems l2 Information on portfolio implementation performance is generated regularly during the Bank-wide Annual Review of Portfolio Performance (ARPP),which analyzes a wide range of performance indicators for all ongoing projects. During preparation of the ARPP, project ratings are systematicallyreviewed by staff and management to ensurecomparability across sectorsand among countries. The latest of these annualreports, analyzing the portfolio in fiscal 1997was discussed by the Bank's Executive Directorson December 16, 1997. arise that make it unlikely for the project to achieveits objectivesor when implementation is not progressing satisfactorily, the project is rated as "at risk" because it is experiencing actual problems. Some projects that are not experiencing problems are nevertheless rated as "at risk" be- cause they are likely to develop such problems in the future. The potential problem projects are those that are subject to at least three risks fiom a specific list of risk factors that have been shown to be associated with ultimate project failure. These factors include long initial delay in project start-up, inadequate counterpartfunds,weak project management, slowprocurementpro- gress, weak financialperformance, weak approachto resettlementand environmentalassessment, location in a country where more than 50 percent of completed projects were rated "unsatisfactory" by the Operations Evaluation Department (OED), location in a country with poor macroeconomic policies, or in a subsector where more than 50 percent of completed projectswere rated "unsatisfactory" by OED. Overall, 136 projects, or 71 percent of the sample are not "at risk." This matches the performance of the whole IDA portfolio where 71percent of allinvestment projects were not "at risk" in fiscal 199713and confirms that the sample is representative of the entire portfolio of ongoingIDA-financed investmentprojects. As Figure 6 shows, Figure 6: Quality of IDA-financed investment projects more than 80 percent of new projects are not "at risk." New projectsa r e generally w?4 less "at risk," both because .3 -- v, BO+ L their design already incorporates lessons fiom -s -a 70% 60.k past failures and because V1 .u - d 54)6 w problems simply take time to -g 40?4 develop. At the other end, 30% older investment projects in . .-0 C 20% A s the IDA portfolio are also a 0 10% a less likely to be "at risk" 0% because if problems cannot 0 1 2-3 4 4 -7 8+ be resolved at that stage, Age of project(yearssince Boardapproval) projects are terminated and 1Sample (192projects) UAll IDA (848 projects) the credit balances are canceled so that IDA resources can be channeled to more productiveuses. " A full discussion of the performance of IDA-financed projects is in IDA PortfolioReview, prepared for the IDA12 Deputies' meeting on February26-27, 1998. The eight most frequently occurring reasons why 56 projects in the sample of 192 proj- ects are "at risk" are shown in Table 3. Projects in Afiica are subject to risks more hquently than in other regions, both because this region includes many countries where past development projects had disappointing results and because IDA'S assistance is relatively concentrated in difficult sub-sectors, such as agriculturalextension(which accountsfor 11of the 20 instances of "risky subsector" factor in Africa). A poor macroeconomicsettingcontinuesto be a problem in a number of Afiican countries. Table 3: Mostfrequent reasons for problemsin sample projects (potential and actual) LatinAmerica 8 All Africa SouthAsia EastAsia Caribbean Regions Risk Factor Risky country 25 5 0 2 32 Poor macroeconomicsetting 25 0 0 2 27 Riskysubsector 20 3 1 1 25 Significantdisbursement delays 13 5 2 3 23 Long historyof past projectproblems 12 7 0 2 21 Project managementproblems 14 2 4 1 21 Shortageof counterpartfunds 15 1 1 0 17 Poorfinancial performance 7 3 3 0 13 Total number of projects"at risk" 38 10 5 3 56 NOTYET MATURE PROJECTS Most of the 64 projects that have disbursed less than40 percent of their credits are rela- tively new-but not all. An interesting pattern emerges when this group of "not yet mature" projects is divided into two sub-groups, depending on age. Jn one sub-group are 44 relatively "new" projects that are less than four years old. The other group is smaller and includes 20 'laggard" projects that are morethan four years old. More than half of Table 4: Proportionof sample projectswith NGO the projects in the involvementand specificgender actions sample have specific actions to address NGO Gender ProgramofTargated gender concerns and No. of projects involvement actiona Intawentiona over 40 percent involve Lesslhan40% disbursed the participation of New 44 59% 59% 45% NGOs (Table 4). The Laggard 20 25% 55% 40% Morethan 40% disbursed performance of these Mature 79 41% 61% 23% projects is no different Advanced 49 39% 57% 14% fiom projects without All 192 43% 59% 28% such actions or NGO involvement. A slightly greater proportion of projects with gender actions is experiencingactual problems in implementation than projects without such actions, however-but these problems are not relatedto the gender components themselves (see AnnexTables 2 and 3, page 36). Among the not yet mature projects, the "new" projects have the highest rate of involvement of NGOs (59 percent); in contrast, the "laggard" projects have relatively low rate (25 percent), less than the average of the whole sample and also less than the rate among the "advanced" projects, which were also initiated in the late 1980sand early 1990s.14 A larger pro- portion of the "new" projects is also in the Program of Targeted Interventions, reflecting IDA's increased concernwith reachingthe poor directly.'' The "laggard"projects All of the 20 "laggard" projects in the sample are listed in Table 5. Seven of them are rated "at risk," a relatively high proportion. A number of them are in countries where conditions beyond IDA's control impaired implementation, including civil strife (Haiti, Sri Lanka) and particularly weak macroeconomic policies (Nigeria). It should be noted that despite slow progress, most of the projects are likely to achieve their objectives. For instance, the Yemen Table 5: Projects approved more than four years ago with cumulative disbursements of 40% or less Country Project Name DateApproved %Disbursed Bangladesh Private SectorIndustrialCredit March 1992 40 Bangladesh ThirdInland Water Transport May 1991 25 China Financial Sector TA. September 1992 35 Egypt BasicEducation Improvement March 1993 40 Ghana Private Enterprise and Export Development May 1993 30 Ghana Urban Transport May 1993 34 Haiti First Health January 1990 32 Haiti Port-au-Prince Water Supply June 1989 37 M a Rubber July 1992 28 India Shrimp& Fish Culture January 1992 34 India Dam Safety May 1991 26 Mozambique Rural Rehabilitation March 1993 33 Mozambique AgriculturalSenices Rehabilitationand Dev. February 1992 29 Nigeria First Multistate Roads July 1992 38 Nigeria SecondMultistate Roads April 1993 21 Pakistan Northern Resource Management June 1993 32 Pakistan Rural Water Supply and Sanitation April 1991 40 Sri Lauka SecondAgricultural Extension June 1992 38 Sri Lauka SecondPower Distribution and Transmission September 1991 28 Yemen BasicEducation July 1992 35 l4From 1973 to 1988, six percent of newly-approved Bank financed projects involvedNGOs. By 1993, this figure increased to one third and improved steadily to 50 percent in 1994. See Working with NGOs: a Practical Guide to QDerational Collaboration between The World Bank and Non-gavernmerttal Organizations, Operations Policy Department, The World Bank, March 1995. The Program of Targeted Interventions comprises investment operations approved since fiscal 1992 that meet one of two criteria: the project includes a specific mechanism for identifying and reaching the poor; or the proportion of the poor is significantly larger among direct project beneficiaries than among the overall population. As IDA increasingly implements poverty reduction analysis for all new projects, and places more weight on the Basic Education project, which has as its main objective increased education of girls, has constructed 482 classrooms in rural areas and construction of an additional 532 classrooms is underway. Slow implementation progress on these projects is a concern, and in response IDA has made special efforts to address problems. The following are illustrative examples of actions taken recently: In Mozambique, which has been undergoing a remarkable transition from a war-tom economy, implementationcapacityof public institutions is particularly weak. A proj- ect portfolio review was launched jointly by the Prime Minister and the World Bank president in September 1996to addressproblems in projects. The Agricultural Serv- ices Rehabilitationand Developmentproject has been restructured to become nation- wide in scope and a non-performing component, a line of credit, was canceled. The restructuring of Rural Rehabilitation project was also carried out, and included can- cellation of a poorly performing component and a reallocation of responsibilities. Both projects received intensified supervisionattention (20 staff-weeks each in fiscal 1997). In India, the Rubber and Dam Safety projects also benefited from increased supervi- sion (15 and 21 staff-weeks in fiscal 1997, respectively, compared to 12 staff-weeks each in fiscal 1996), and the Rubber project was restructured. The Shrimp and Fish Culture project was negatively affected by an injunction from the Supreme Court which banned new construction of aquacultureplants. The project has also suffered from poor progress on beneficiary selection, low NGO involvement, and inadequate environmental management plans. To resolve these problems, IDA and the govem- ment agreed on a detailedtime-bound actionplanto improveproject performance. In Pakistan, a mid-tern review was carried out for the Northern Resource Manage- ment project which confirmed that the project is likelyto achieve its major objectives, though modifications were made to the technical assistance component to place greater emphasis on community extension. In Haiti, where IDA suspended activities in 1991-94 because of civil strife, resumption of implementation of previously approved projects had high priority. IDA assisted the government in establishing the necessary administrative and technical capacity. While implementationof the Port-au-Prince Water Supplyproject is proceeding well, key institutional components are lagging. The government is addressingthem under an action plan developed on the basis of the results of the last audit report. Despite important improvements in the First Health project, achievements are hampered by weak institutions in the sector. IDA is engaging the government in sectorpolicy dialogue to improvethe impactof the project. effectivenessof each newly approvedproject in reducing poverty, the distinction between FTl and other projects is becoming less meaningful. The "new"projects Thirteen of the 44 "new" projects are rated "at risk," a similar proportion as for the sample as a whole. The design of most of the "new" projects embodies important recent changes in "best practice," in addition to the increased involvement of NGOs and focus on reaching the poor, noted above.I6 For instance, the Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation project in India illustrates the changing focus of imgation projects, following the adoption of Water Resources Management policy paper in 1993. As indicated in the project name, the focus is on water management rather than inigation (or drainage)per se, taking the river basin as the unit of account, addressingwater scarcity issues and opportunitycosts, and including conflict resolution arrangements." In the health sector, the India TB Control project used a social assessment to develop an innovative strategy for information, educationand communication(IEC) that should help remove the stigma of TB (Box 5) and to formulate indicators to monitor progress and effectivenessof project activities(Box 6). A number of other projects in the sample, such as the Bangladesh Second Rural Roads and Markets Improvement and Maintenance project, build on the achievements and lessons of the preceding project also covered by this sample. l6 These and other characteristics of newly approved projects arereported in the World Bank's Annual Report. " More recently-approvedprojects, such as HaryanaWater Resources ConsolidationandAndhra Pradesh Third Irrigation,also in India, typifythe water resourcesmanagement approachthat will become increasingly common. -35 - Annex Table 1: Key data on countries Numberof ongoing IDA DisbursementsinFY97for Country investment operations investmentoperations (- indicates blend Population Percapita GNP Share ofsocial borrowers) (millions) (%,1996) Total Sample $ million sectors Africa ANGOLA 11.1 340 9 2 32.3 40% BENIN 5.6 360 15 1 21.6 16% BURKINAFASO 10.7 220 15 3 41.9 41% CAPEVERDE 0.4 1090 5 2 8.9 41% CAR 3.3 310 8 2 14.9 0% CHAD 6.6 160 10 3 27.0 51% COMOROS 0.5 460 5 1 4.3 76% COTE D'IVOIRE 14.3 620 12 3 53.1 10% ERITREA 3.7 180 a/ 3 1 4.2 85% ETHIOPIA 58.1 110 13 1 63.5 50% GAMBIA 1.1 330 a/ 6 2 10.9 59% GHANA 17.5 360 37 9 227.8 23% GUINEA 6.8 560 12 5 56.1 21% GUINEA-BISSAU 1.l 250 6 1 16.8 11% KENYA 27.3 330 22 5 83.1 43% LESOTHO 2.0 670 6 1 12.5 31% MADAGASCAR 14.1 240 22 5 76.9 52% MALAWI 10.0 180 14 3 53.9 54% MALI 10.1 240 16 2 44.9 20% MAURITANIA 2.3 470 11 2 24.0 70% MOZAMBIQUE 16.6 90 21 9 114.6 28% - NIGER 9.3 200 11 3 33.9 60% NIGERIA 114.4 240 10 2 77.2 47% RWANDA 6.7 190 12 1 34.9 46% SENEGAL 8.7 560 19 5 90.9 47% TANZANIA 30.5 130 22 5 135.7 13% TOGO 4.2 300 8 2 16.3 26% UGANDA 19.7 290 20 5 116.3 38% - ZAMBIA 9.2 430 17 4 63.9 33% ZIMBABWE - 11.2 - 610 -3 -1 12.4 82% subtotal Africa 437.1 264 390 91 1574.4 35% Asia BANGLADESH 121.6 260 27 12 314.6 19% -- CAMBODIA 10.3 300 5 1 13.7 58% CHINA 1211.3 750 63 12 bl 722.8 35% INDIA 943.2 380 66 26 b/ 892.3 46% LAO PDR 5.0 380 12 1 45.7 14% MALDIVES 0.3 1060 a/ 2 1 3.5 85% - NEPAL 22.0 220 13 1 58.4 21% PAKISTAN 133.5 490 30 6 298.6 68% SRI LANKA 18.3 740 21 5 86.6 40% VIETNAM - 74.8 - - 290 13 -5 - 187.0 Subtotal Asia 2540.3 555 252 70 2623.0 38% Other ALBANIA 3.3 800 18 2 23.1 29% ARMENIA " 3.8 620 7 1 27.5 5% --- BOLIVIA 7.6 930 24 5 107.1 29% BOSNIA 4.4 530 a/ 10 2 43.3 42% EGYPT 59.3 1090 12 1 96.2 46% GEORGIA 5.4 850 8 2 16.3 6% GUYANA 0.8 710 7 2 7.2 42% HAITI 7.3 300 9 4 56.1 64% - HONDURAS 6.1 650 7 2 37.7 47% MACEDONIA, FYR 2.1 920 3 1 3.4 84% NICARAGUA 4.5 400 8 3 43.5 66% YEMEN - - 15.8 300 - 23 !? 46.2 - 48% Subtotal Other 120.4 821 136 31 507.5 42% Total samplecountries 3097.8 524 778 192 4704.9 37% Grandtotal all IDA countries 3309.0 509 848 192 4814.7 37% a1Notional IECestimate. bl Includes4 blendoperationsin China and 12 blend operationsin India. Annex Table 2: Performanceof projectswith NGO involvementand specific gender actions Numberof Potentialproblem Total projects Actual problemprojects projects "at risk" - - - share no. share no. - -- no. share Projectswith specific gender actions 113 20 18% 13 12% 33 29% Projectswithout gender actions 79 10 13% 13 16% 23 29% Projectswith NGO involvement 82 11 13% 15 18% 26 32% Projectswithout NGO involvement 110 19 17% 11 10% 30 27% All projects 192 30 16% 26 14% 56 29% Annex Table 3: Projectswith morethan40% disbursed actual and potential problems - Numberof Potentialproblem Totalprojects projects Actualproblemprojects projects "at risk" - no. - - - - no. share no. share Projectswith specificgender actions 76 11 14% 5 7% 16 21% Projectswithout gender actions 52 6 12% 8 15% 14 27% Projectswith NGO involvement 51 4 8% 7 14% 11 22% Projectswithout NGO involvement 77 13 17% 6 8% 19 25% Total 128 17 13% 13 10% 30 23% EDUCATIONPROJECTSINCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192 IDA-FINANCEDPROJECTS (20PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end of fical Survey of Board approval (equivalent in US$ m) 1 9 9 7 ~ ) accomplishments b) Africa (10 projects) AngolaFirst Education June 1992 27.1 62 Yes Burkina Faso Fourth Education May 1991 24.0 90 Yes Cape Verde Basic Education and Training January 1995 11.5 49 Yes MadagascarEducation Sector Reinforcement February 1990 39.0 89 Yes Malawi Second Education Sector December 1989 36.9 81 Yes Mozambique Second Education December 1990 53.7 74 Yes SenegalSecond Human ResourcesDevelopment March 1993 40.0 59 Yes SenegalHigher Education June 1996 26.5 8 n!a Tanzania Education Planning and Rehabilitation May 1990 31.3 88 Yes Togo TechnicalEducation and VocationalTraining September 1990 9.2 71 Yes Asia (6 projects) China Basic Education in Poor and Minority Areas September 1994 100.0 57 Yes India Vocational Training ') April 1989 116.7 73 Yes India Technician Education ') May 1990 185.7 73 Yes Maldives Second Education and Training April 1995 13.4 34 n!a Nepal EngineeringEducation June 1989 11.4 52 Yes Vietnam Primary Education October 1993 70.0 21 n!a Other (4 projects) Albania SchoolRehabilitationand Capacity Building June 1994 9.6 61 Yes Egypt Basic Education Improvement March 1993 55.5 40 n!a Honduras Basic Education March 1995 30.0 14 n!a Yemen Basic Education July 1992 19.7 35 n!a a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplishments was carried out and its summaryfindingsare shownfor projects that have disbursed more than 40percent of their credits. For projects with cumulativedisbursementsof less than 40percent, this is not applicable(nla). c) Blend operation. - 38 - Education Change in Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Development of Support/ Change in Student Constructed or Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply Personnel Training Textbooks Reforms Angola Buildingsof the Ofice The INlDE All constructedand Overseas fellowships 6 INIDE is Studies dn higher Education I of Studies, Planning Administrative rehabilitated and local training developingthe education,teacher and Projects (GEPP), Council membership buildingsequipped provided for MOE primary, secondary training, private and the National includes and furnished. staff, inspectors, and teacher training education, cost and Institute for representativesof . 1.5 ,illion textbooks teachersand other curricula and local financingof EducationalResearch MOE and MOEF, and other pedagogical key personnel. capacity in textbook education and school and Development provinces, materialssupplied. production. inspection,provide a basis for education Vehicles for WIDE secondary schools . Constructionof a constructionunderway. scholarshiprecipients Share of females in decreased by about total enrollment 47%, in secondary educationthe number by over 50%. The primary education to total level of subsidy 16%and in secondary education to 25%. low-cost textbooks at higher educationis Multigradeteaching significantlyreduced. established in 810 Sciencekits for double-shiftteaching in 1 244 classrooms. -39- Education Change in Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficlaryl Materials Supplied1 Development of Support/ Change in Student Constructed o r Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply Personnel Training Textbooks Reforms 1 Cape Verde Relevance of Constructionof 300 TrainingSupport Fund 250 classrooms are In-serviceteacher Distributionof The planning and Basic Education and technical education classroomsand is developed and provided with basic training using textbooksand programming Training and training linked amenities,and managed with full equipment and cascade mcthod is teaching kits for the capacity of the to labor market is rehabilitationof 10 participation of pedagogical materials. being delivered at Integrated Basic Ministriesof being highlighted schoolsis underway. representativesfrom regional levels. Education courses Educationand Labor through the project private business, Managcmenttraining at central and work. The number of initiated in 2 school districtswith notable enrollment increase Education Change in Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Developmentof Support1 Change in Student Constructedor Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply Personnel Training Textbooks Reforms Mozambique Developmentof Construction or Rural Development All rehabilitated and About 1000teachers Distance learning The ~ i n i dofr ~ Education I1 student achievement rehabilitation of Fund functions in constructed facilities receive training, course for teacher Education assessment system approximately 1 300 tandem with NGOs in furnished and including in-service training being managementcapacity underway. classrooms and 19 deliveringeducationto equipped. training, at primary piloted. is being improved. . schools, majority in rural areas. Supplies of audio- level. The university action rural areas, in Progress. Inter-ministerial visual and desk top A system of cascade program strengthens At university level: Committee formed to publishing equipment training is being it's central level Faculty of Science developed to sustain building constructed. the training activities. nutrition program. Manpower shortage is through improving quality and efficiency of the university in software, supply of engineering,science vehicles, provided. and economics. Vehicles, bicycles Second Human (MOE) management - computing facilities enrollmentand furnished and attendancewith full Construction of Primary education curricula developed In-service teacher 4 teacher training training study is in Library books and The MOE, through pedagogical kits have 6 lower secondary been distributed. - 4 1 - Education Change in Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Development of Support1 Change in Student Constructed or Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply PersonnelTraining Textbooks Reforms Tanzania The piloted 100primary schools The CEF initiative Reference books for 10000 primary Primary and The ini id try of Education Planing and Community rehabilitated. involving the village 100~ r aprimary and l school headmasters, secondary school Education's capacity Rehabilitation Education Fund All zonal Teacher governments and 150secondary school 500 school inspectors, textbook to plan, conduct and (CEF) 786 Resource Centers school committees, is libraries, 40 teacher 300 district education development, coordinate research girls from poor (TRCs) renovated. being piloted enabling training colleges, and officers were trained production and programs is households to anend the community's the university library in school distribution strengthened by: management. Furniture and CEF area is lower. secondary schools. Furniture, equipment and a vehicle for each zonal TRC provided. coordination of Education and and private sector, fellowships and study - 42 - Education Change i n Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Development o f Support/ Change i n Student Constructed o r Stakeholder Improvement i n Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply PersonnelTraining Textbooks Reforms China The projectsupports 444% reductionin the Chinese ExpertPanel 68% increasein The numberof The Innovation ~nnovatio"Program Basic Educationin basiceducation surfaceareaof (CEP) comprising numberofschools qualifiedteachers Programis supportsschool and Poor and Minority programsfor physicallyunsafe members from with equipment increasedby 19%. supportingthe local level research Areas approximately 5 school buildings. academic, engineering complying with SEdC In-servicetraining is development, aimedat increasing million children in ,~h,~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ and administrator standard. providedfor 135000 productionand enrollment and the six projcct EducationTraining backgroundsis Some free textbooks distribution of decreasingdropout, provinces. Center, comprising established. are suppliedto the administrators, and textbooksin four especially among Achievements trainingand living InnovationProgramto project's areaschools principals. special minority languages. girls, and the include: quarters is constructed. enhance the capacityin of which about65% emphasis is placedon developmentof - training female increasein localdecision-making are distributedto minority language principalsand textbooks. enrollment rates andaccountability is girls. minority teachers. ofgirls atfirst functioning. Equipmentand The finance grade by up to Innovations furnituresuppliedfor 'Leadership department of SEdC 7%. Assessment Group, the the Minority workshopsfor is usingBank project - decrease in InnovationProgram's EducationTraining principals undenvay. development and repetitionrateof grant makingbody, Center and it's TeacherTraining implemenlation first grade comprisesmemberso f accommodation Quality Evaluation methodsto transfer students by up to CEP, appropriate SEdC quarters. instrumentdeveloped central government 21%. staff and relevantother and disseminated. funds to poor counties - ,EMIS equipment increasein experts and opinion to supporttheir (hardwareand EMlS training transitionrate formers. education programs. soflware), complying established. intolower Thus, insteadofblock secondary Local education grants the counties with suppliedto the schools by up to managementtraining now submitfeasibility provincesand 26%. delivers courses in reports, - regions. increasein resource utilization, implementation transitionrate of planning, problem- mechanisms, action girls into lower solving, andother. plans, and outcome secondary targets. This has schools by up to increasedlocal 22%. accountability, sharpened targeting focus on the use of funds, and strengthened the implementationof the SEdC's own poverty focused basic education projects. -43 - Education Change in Educational Institutional Attendance1 Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Developmentof Support/ Change in Student Constructedor Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbook Supply PersonnelTraining Textbooks Reforms India 335 educational Equipment 2 217 IT1 staff 4Post IT1skills The projekt includes a Vocational Training facilities constructed or maintenance scheme trained locally. development course scheme to strengthen rehabilitated, 125 established in all . 2671 stafftrainedin for self-employment the women's cell at underway. project states. audio-visual aids. introduced. the Directorate '89 IndustrialTraining 378 lTls have Advanced General of Institutes (ITls) for received about 85% vocational training and Women in place. of equipment needs. scheme developed, Tnining to planning, monitoring 386 lTls received and coordination of audio-visual training all women's training equipment. activities. India 14%increase in New and emerging The State Directorates 4348 polytechnics All project States have Curricula and 8770 teachers trained TechnicalEducation 1 access of women to constructed or established Industry educational materials locally. technology and Boards are now technicaleducation rehabilitated, 65 in Institute Interaction to suit the demand . 300 teachers programs based on more autonomous and progress. (Ill) centers. The I11 from industry are benefited from newly developed able to institutionalize Facilities to cells are also developed. attachments to curricula are flexible programs and accommodate9500 established at all Continuing education industry. introduced at 98% of industry - training students and staff now p0'ytechnlcs promoting curricula and polytechnics. institute interaction. 10 345 personlweeks exist. active dialogue educational materials trainingprovided, between educators, 235 laboratories and developed. industryand including in workshopswere Library books management, modernized. supplied. professional skills, 201computer centers mral development, are in place. and other. Study tours and fellowshipsfor senior staff provided. Education 1 1 Change in Educational Institutional Attendancd Facilities Beneficiary1 Materials Supplied1 Development of Support1 Change in Student Constructed o r Stakeholder Improvement in Education Curricula & Sector Policy Project Name Achievement Rehabilitated Involvement Textbooks Reforms Nepal 20% increase in 10educational A Governing Equippingand International, Technical An oflidof ~ a n ~ o w e r EngineeringEducation enrollment rate of facilities,including Committeewith wide furnishingof the newly regional and local assistance in Development Project diploma-leveland staff and student representation is constructed or fellowships provided curricula establishedto monitor engineeringdegree housing, laboratories, establishedincreasing rehabilitatedfacilities for to faculty staff. development the demand and supply students. librariesand workshops IOE's responsiveness in progress. ' Fellowshipsand provided to the of engineeringpersonnel constructed or to community needs. Provision of learning training in faculty committees. in Nepal, provide a link rehabilitatedin the 3 materials underway. administrationand Curricula forcivil between IOE and the Instituteof Engineering EMlS provided to engineeringdegree labor market, and (IOE)campuses. relevant peisonnel. examine the abilityof program, studentsto pay for I architectureand +Trainingof higher education. maintenance rural planning personnel provided. program, and 3 new The IOE governance engineeringdegree and managemenl programs capacity has been 1 developed. strcngthenedthroughthe establishmentof Executive and Governing commillees. Albania No reliabledata More than 200new School selection,small The newly constructed The Project is helping School Rehabilitation exists at this time on schools are constructed works procurement and and rehabilitated the Ministry of and Capacity Building attendancedue to and 630 classroomsare supervisionare facilitiesare fully Education to move civil unresl. rehabilitated. delegatedto the district furnished. towardsbetter aid The MOE has no level. Pilot textbook coordination. capacity lo evaluate production,distribution Plans are to put new student and financingscheme Bank emphasison achievement. aiming at stimulating supporting policy private publishers is reforms. The Bank's stalled due to refusal of ability to promote MOE to use IDA developmentin the funding forTA and sector through lending is training. problematicgiven reluctanceto borrow for TA and training. Working closely with other donors to provide this supporton bilateral basis is showing some limited results. HEALTH, NUTRITION & POPULATION PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (I 7PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offiscal SUN& of Board approval (equivalentin US$m) 19974 accomplishments b) Africa (8 projects) Chad Health and SafeMotherhood June 1994 18.5 56 Yes Comoros Population and Human Resources December 1993 13.0 68 Yes Ghana Second Health and Population December 1990 27.0 92 Yes Guinea Health and Nutrition Sector March 1994 24.6 26 d a Mozambique Health and Nutrition March 1989 27.0 97 Yes Niger Population April 1992 17.6 55 Yes SenegalHuman ResourcesDevelopment May 1991 35.0 90 Yes Zimbabwe Sexually Transmitted lnfections Prevention and Care June 1993 64.5 47 Yes Asia (7 projects) ChinaComprehensiveMatemal and Child Health October 1994 90.0 50 Yes India Sixth Population'1 June 1989 61.5 88 Yes India Seventh Population') May 1990 54.0 87 Yes India National AIDS Control March 1992 84.0 62 Yes India Family Welfare (Assam, Rajasthan and Kamataka) June 1994 88.6 13 d a India Second State Health SystemsDevelopment March 1996 350.0 4 d a India TuberculosisControl January 1997 142.4 3 d a Other (2 projects) Haiti First Health January 1990 28.2 32 nla Honduras Nutrition and Health January 1993 25.O 83 Yes a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplishmentswas carried out and itssummaryjindingsareshownfor projects that havedisbursed more than 40percentof their credits. Forprojects with cumulativedisbursementsof less than 40percent,this is not applicable(nla). c) Blend operation. Health, Nutrition & I ~pulation 1 Health Stakeholder1 Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms Chad One health center Equipmentand 125health Pending changes Access to health Various materials, Several Increased capacity to Healthand Safe and one hospital genericdrugs personnel trained in in financinglaws facilities includingstandard operationalstudies plan, coordinateand . per designated supplied to the new standard treatment district medical considerably treatment protocols, conducted. implement donor districtconstructed and rehabilitated protocolsand officerswill be improved produced and 44 training financed projects or rehabilitated facilities. management, fully involved in Drug Registry in disseminated. modules The MOH well ahead of Central Drug including23 TOT. the preparation of place and essential Essential Drug list developed, other government Procurement Paramedical staff regional health drugs available. information service evaluated and agencies in Agency established, receive in-service budgets. is installed. revised. decentralizing,pending equipped, supplied training. Some changesin the national with basic The Central Drug Management law of financing pharmaceuticals, hocurement Health Review completed of and information Agency staff Committees the regulatory systems. trained. operate. frameworkaffecting +Health centersare IEC personnel pharmaceutical purchasingessential trained. products, as basis for drugs through cost developmentof National recovery funds. Drug Policy. Comoros 5 regional hospitals Equipmentfor Training in public Community Cost recovery Modem and 3 qualitativeand Improved governanceof Populationand and health centers hpspitals and health Health Boards mechanisms traditional media quantitative health facilities: all Human rehabilitated. regional health management, establishedas function in all of are used to promote studies conducted health centersand Resources 100schools centers. accounting, part of the the country's health contraceptiveuse to in order to asses hospitals now have rehabilitated. Contraceptives, inventory control, governance facilities.Total targeted groups. how best to Community Health and the role of the structureof all receipts of the expand and Boards. 20 community antibioticsand Awareness Community Health health facilities. country's largest improve quality in water supply laboratory reagents campaign initiated Regulatory texts were Boards provided hospital doubled in family planning, schemes for all health Establishmentof to ensure adopted to accompany for MOH and 1996. AIDS control constructed. facilities. Social Funds maintenance of the Law on the Health health facility staff. activities,and Diagnostic enables the Hospital and health newly constructed Code for the provision targeted IEC equipmentfor 20 Literacy, FP, MCH, communitiesto centersutilization or rehabilitated of health services, strategies. laboratories. nutrition, income participatein and considerably communitylevel autonomy of public generating benefit from increased. facilities. A study on water health facilities, activities training investments into Beneficiary supply methods. distribution of drugs and for rural women. the community's assessmentshowed other pharmaceutical Laboratory social that more children products. technicianstrained. infrastructure. are attending Community leaders school. andjournalists Access to water trained in IEC supplies is methodsfor FP and improved. AIDS. Overseas fellowshipsand study tours. Health, Nutrition & 'opulation 1 - - Health Stakeholder1 Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms - -- - - - Ghana I I District Health Seedstock for drug & Reproductive National Client Decrease in fertility Standard treatment.Study on training Substantialpolicy, Health and Management Team contraceptives health /safe Satisfaction rates: protocols in operational institutionaland PopulationI1 (DHMT) oftices, revolving hnds and motherhood Survey 1988TFR - 6.4 developed and research in the program changes 30 staff quarters, cash-and-carry training for rural completed. 1993TFR - 5.5. disseminated. districts leading to changes in and 10rural health systems. 1 health workers. NGOs such as completed. resource allocation: .National lmproved access Essentialdrug list centers constructed. MOH has reorganized to Medical equipment TOT training Planned developed and Client I and service 35 health centers for I00 health centers provided for 60 Parenthood of strengthen delivery achieved disseminated. Satisfaction rehabilitated. decentralizationwith and 10clinics. CBDs. Ghana and higher CBD flipcharts Survey completed. enhanced Regional and 4 maintenance Vaccines in HMlS training. National Catholic immunizationrates developed. Non - District Health workshops, and emergency response Secretariatfully Standardtreatment and 80% ante-natal Informationabout communicable ManagementTeams, central and regional to meningitis involved. protocolstraining. coverage. the government's diseases survey and emphasis on PHC in medical stores ,epidemic. Health Partners conducted. District Public medium term remote areas. completed. Equipment for Consultative Health health strategy Medium term health 2 health centers DHMT offices and Group comprising published and Management strategy plan is upgraded to district maintenance government, Training. disseminated. completed. hospitals. workshops donors and Overseas NGO's finctions 6 hospitals HMIS equipment. 1 fellowships. to ensure most rehabilitated. 700 motorcyclesand effective sector 300 bicycles wide investments purchased. and NGO 800 Community participation. Based Distributor (CBD) kits. e F " F & n m $ A 1. I Mozambique Major Equipment and Project finances Extensive client lmproved service Operational The capacity in MOH to Health and rehabilitationand Curniture for Medical substantial share of consultations delivery research for design a sector wide Nutrition cxtensionof 3 Faculty, health the cost of the regarding possibilities in 3 improvementof strategy has increased. hos~iialsand 3 sciences training courses given by resettlements due 1 central hospitals. HMlS review of Revised HIS Manpower training institutes. institutes and MOH. MOH. to a proposed lmproved training programs. DevelopmentPlan is in , Provision of medical 30 maintenance warehouse for conditions in 3 place. equipment, kitchen personnel trained. drugs led to training facilities. Health Development equipment and abandoning the 10staff completed Fund is being prepared. hrniture for all resettlementplan. HMlS training. Increasingthe capacity rehabilitated in MOH resulted in the facilities. developmentof the Around 20 computers Health SectorRecovery purchased and HMIS Program. The Health software installed. Sector Recovery 10cars, 2 trucks, 5 Program is the basis for pick-up trucks and 4 a large follow-up IDA fork lifts purchased. credit designed to provide sector wide support. Health Stakeholder1 Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms Niger 23 rural health Equipmentfor HMlS 537 clinicians LocalNGOs, Deliveryof and 187Audio Clubs A detailedand Within the context of Population facilities, including providedto each trained. particularly accessto MCHand establishedin rural comprehensive rapidpolitical change staff projectregion. 1800 personnel women's groups, reproductivehealth areasthrough demography study and religious opposition, accommodation, . 20 vehicles,54 attendedcourses in involved servicesimproved. in whichawareness completed. the project has constructed. motorcyclesand 50 demographydata design and campaigns are contribuied to building A RegionalHealth bicyclespurchased. collection. implementation beingdelivered. the institutional Center built. frameworknecessary for Computers, software I8 surgeons trained' are the implementationof a 9 emergency and audio-video inemergency participatingin focused population operatingtheaters equipment were obstetric surgery. activities aimed program. It hancreated and 9 laboratories dislributedto the . at the young. 200 ,,,idwives and inter-ministerial constructed within country's 8 regions 800 nurse structuresthat the existinghealth for IEC. attendantsreceived coordinate and analyze facilities. training. the impactof population programs. These bodies have helpedto sensitize political directoratesand facilitateddialogueon population issues. h, Nutrition & Population Health Stakeholder1 I Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms - 9 studies on The health component Senegal 94 rural health 223 women's groups 4 444 health Project activities CPR for modem Women's groups, included sector-wide Human facilities received equipment. personnel received involved 4 methods had risen youth associations assessment of problems and reforms and inslilulional Resources constructedor training: 720 ministries, 5 to 9% in 1994. and local health 600 health posts strengthening sub- Development rehabilitated. nurses trained as organizational Sccond committees are policy areas received basic stock health post heads, levels from the demographic engaged in various conducted. components such as of drugs. 360 nurses as capital to the survey, due shortly, IEC programs and decentralization of Demographic and Transport needs health post community, 4 is likely to show are thus likely to management and health survey were supplied. managers, 364 in NGO's. studies increased CPR demand higher funding to the regional, completed. IEC, 3000 in family and policy work prevalence. quality of care and district and community Reproductive planning methods. by a variety of accessible services. levels, formation of Coverage and health curriculum regional health teams, 73 youth inslilulions, as quality of FP IEC programs are for all health development of regional associations well as training services in the being delivered schools and district level health received training in by 5 entities at public and private through schools. developed. plans, development of a family planning several levels, sectors improved In private sector FP decentralized personnel IEC. and of 8 through training of services and IEC categories of deployment, and health post nurses, have been enhanced personnel and essential drugs policy provision of in private ultimate and drug management materials on MCH companies as well beneficiaries. systems. and nutrition, and as in pharmacies Members of 223 reproductive health and through women's groups curriculum reform. training of health received literacy 1 Cost recovery personnel in private training. program managed firms. Over 3,000 by local women received committees is literacy and successful - many numeracy training decentralized health in local languages centers are enabling them to recovering 100- generate income, 130%of their and manage 30 recurrent costs. women's centers on a cost recovery basis. - 50 - Health, Nutrition & Population Health Stakeholder1 Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms Over 50%of the Although the Partnerships Data from surveys Awareness Community peer National AIDS control country needs are project does not formed with in 3 cities show campaign through education program program moved to the financed. Drugs to finance training academic marked decrease in various institutional for HIV- Ofice of:the President. treat STDs and TD specifically, institutions, incidenceof partnerships: vulnerablegroups A more open are readily training in, for governmentand sexually developed and environment for a available. example, voluntary NGOs to transmitted - identifying well established. informal social multi-sectoral response National TB counseling and implement and diseases. networks and STD training to the AIDS epidemic Reference . testing services, evaluateeffective An increaseby up trainingpeer modules exists: Laboratory is filly syndromic AIDS prevention. to 54 %in condom leaders; developed. - an advisory committee equippedand the TB management of Informal social use correlated with - producing short STD prevalence and research program is well STDs and nursing, networks are number of health study completed. committee supported with is an important part , eslablished educationmeetings plays and dramas, picture established, equipment and of the program comprising attended. Appropriate - regular meetings held transport needs. specificgroups codes, games and treatment Decreased wst for other protocols for for key committees Testingof 100%of such as female pharmaceuticals by participatory STDs and such as People with the blood supply for sex workers, 60%and increased exercisesduring availability of AIDS Executive, HIV. miners, migrants, availabilityof STI Multi-sectoralIEC, military community condoms studies Regular supply and drugs in health and Home Based personnel. gatherings. underway. emergency purchase facilitiesby 21% Care. Identified leaders Study on of medical materials within the first two of these are constraints Monitoring and is being fmanced. 1 years of the project. trained as peer affecting condom evaluation strategy for Protectivesupplies Cost-conscious educators. distributionand the ST1program will for health care health management factors reducing assist policy framework givers: gloves, systemsand cost- their accessibility. for control of STIs and, svrinees and effectiverural as the first of it's kind, d:lsinkctantsare health is likely to have provided. infrastructureis significanceforother being developing countries' institutionalized. snprograms. Health, Nutrition& 'opulation -- Health Stakeholder1 Facilities Materiels Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement , Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms - -- - - - - - China Rehabilitation of Equipment supplied 37,569health Local government MMR declined by Core messageson Base line survey Decentralized structure Comprehensive the Maternal and to all the , workers received and different 43%, IMR by 39%. 13key health on health strengthened through: Maternal and ChildlIealthcare rehabilitated long tern training sectors including Utilization rates of education subjects education. (a) resourceallocation Child Health wingsof the Maternal and Child and 521,080short- health, finance, ante-natalcare developed and Central level and planning at county townshiphospitals Healthcare facilities, , tern training. planning,civil services increased disseminated. operationalstudy level, (b) full support of in nearly 300 including 4 862 affairs,women's by up to 40%. Health education conducted by the existingprivate counties. Doppler fatal heart federation, and practitioner system at Numbers of training materials Beijing Medical monitors, 584 ECG poverty relief . local level in delivering hospital deliveries for local use University. machines, 77 semi- office, Involved public health care. increased by up to developed. Approximately 13 autochemistry in design and 36%. Base-line survey of provincial level analyzers, 88 blood implementation. health education operationalstudies bank freezers,258 conducted to assess completed. refrigerators, 4862 the impact of MCH spectrophotometers, health educationon 600 universal maternal and child delivery beds, 9280 health. delivery kits, 805 infant incubators, 243 X-ray machines. 283 ambulance vehicles purchased. Health,Nutrition & Population P Health Stakeholder1 I Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support/ Project NameI Improvement Training ~nvolvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms - 504 STDclinics 500 health centers 45 000 Public National Aids Knowledge of Mass media Awareness survey NACO is firmly strengthened. provided with sector physicians Control AIDS prevention exposureexceeded and condom use established. It represents 5 Regional training diagnostic inputs. and 7 500 private Organization methods in targeted 60% in survey in sex major gokmment centersestablished. Equipmentprovided sector physicians (NACO) areas increased up metropolitan cities. workers stakeholdersand opinion trained in technical comprises to 78%. 62 serosurveillance for 504 STDclinics, conducted. leaden, and is effective skills in HIVIAIDS representatives centers established 5 regional training Condom use in in Intersectoral topics. from the in existing centers and 62 targeted groups is collaboration. government, facilities. serosurveillance Upto60%of up to 70%. Amendmentof the centers. nursingstaff in relevantsectors, Some states Drugs and Cosmetics some states trained and opinion incorporated HIV Act endorsedthe in HIVIAIDS leaders both education into their upgradingquality topics. nationally and on specificationsof State level. formal curricula. Training for NGO's condoms. Health promotion to provide AIDS The project interventionsin Goa Public Health Act education. identified and amendment reflects the involved NGOs vulnerablegroups project's promotion of throughout.It developed in most humane katment of strengthenedthe states. persons livingwith NGO capacity in National average AIDS policies. AlDS work. for screening blood transfusions The government exceeds 75%. maintains central sponsorshipfor program Professional paid fundingto encourage blood donations slowrespondingstates. decreased by 80%. Tax-freestatusgranted Sentinel to all financial surveillanceat contributionsto the multiple sites in National and State place. TransfusionCouncils. Health. Nutrition & Health Stakeholder1 Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms India StateInstituteof 140state, regional, Total of 321 638 Trainingof Significantgains in Curricula reviewed Utilizationof Lessons learned in the Sixth Population Health and Family district and mobile health personnel village level contraceptive in all states. training materials process of implementing Project: Family Welfare training facilities trained. functionarieswho prevalence,fertility and knowledge the project are helping to Training materials WelfareTraining constructed in each fully equipped. reduction and attained surveys re-define the roles of the 1239trainers are the grssroots have been and Systems of the project's 3 lcvel opinion maternal and child conducted. Bank and the 24 080 health care attendedTOT developed or Development states. leadersand health achieved Government in multi- facilitiesfully courses at the adapted by the Surveys on includewomen's through slate family welfare 137regional, equipped. National Institute National and State improvement in groups,teachers, improvement in projects such that Bank district and mobile Institutesof Health quality of and 2 041770kits (IUD, of Health and selectedeligible quality and access supportfocuses on training facilities and Family access to services TBA, disposable Family Welfare. couples,increased of services. slrengtheningthe established. Welfare. conducted. delivery)supplied. In-service training, understanding of capacity of MOHFW to In Andhra Pradesh, 2481 health care Interdtate study Multi-sectoral 709 vehicles fellowshipsand health needs and monitor and provide better awarenessof facilities (sub- tours are integral to survey to assess purchased or made study tours. availableservices technical support to family planning centers, PHC and exchangeof ideas the health roadworthy. for MCH. weaker states. methods, ORS use, first referral units) and the problems in tribal Pharmaceuticals and breastfeeding,less Multi-statereview constructed or dissemination of areas completed. contraceptives gender bias for sex workshops provided rehabilitated. "lessons learned" Screening for of first child and forum for exchange of experience. Thalassemiaand increased marriage ideas on financinglevels Sickle Cell age were and implementation Anemia in tribal demonstrated. progress. populations 58%, more female underway. health workers have District planning critical knowledge methodology and on immunization HMlS and 14%on restructuring maternal health. studies are being The %of implemented. suoervisorsand mhical officers visitingvillages has significantly increased. Heal I,Nutrition & I bpulation - - Stakeholder1 I Facilities Materials Supplied Personnel Beneficiary Institutional Support1 Project Name Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms - - India 2 900 subcenters Equipmentof 5000 A significant Empowered Servicedelivery Social Marketing Studyon the Management Seventh constructedor subcenters, number of health Committees, significantly Program at the effectivenessof InformationSystem Population rehabilitated. includingwith personnel trained comprising improved up to the National level trainingunderway. establishedat regional Project:Training Construction of 1S generators, across the 5 project village level level of rural sub- supports Local training and district levels. referral hospitals operatingtheaters, states. Of major functionaries, centers. promotional materials are completed. basic medical importance was the including Demand for activities, including developed. instruments, emphasison women's groups increased assistance Conslruction of 200 services diagnosticmaterials, improvement in and teachers, and Studieson non- to marketing operating theaters substantially deliverykits, trainer's skills. NGOs, involved traditional companies. in the primary increased through obstetric, ultra Large numbers of at all stagesof the communicationin health centers and effective IEC, NGO Communication sound and fetal heart trainers attended project. rural areas were referral hospitals involvement,social Needs Assessment monitors, underway. TOT coursesat the conducted In order underway. marketing efforts, supports to enable effective Equipmentfor l I00 National Institute and improved establishmentof Maternity wards marketing of Primary Health of Health and trainingto service IEC Cell in each and delivery rooms contraceptives. Centers (PHCs) is Family Welfare. providers. project State. The establishedwithin being supplied, In-service training, IEC Cells involve the subcentersas Progress underway includingessential fellowshipsand women's groups, well as living in the area of surgery equipment study tours. Panchayats,youth quarters for Lady management. such as autoclaves, groups, Indian Health Visitors and Exchange of clinical and Systemsof female health trainingexperience laboratorymaterials Medicine workers. with other project and instruments. Statesand regular practitionersand About 100Indian 600 000 delivery field visits by private allopathic Systemsof packs, oxygen trainingstaff. medicine doctors, Medicine cylinders,mucus and private dispensaries catheters,obstetric voluntary constructed or equipment, organizations. rehabilitated. hemoglobintesting 282 training centers and blood pressure at state, regional instrumentssupplied and district levels to PHCs and referral completed. hospitals. Training facilities fully furnishedand equipped. Many of these are furnished for residential training purpose. Health. Nutrition & Pooulation Health Stakeholder1 Facilities MaterialsSupplied Personnel Beneficiary InstitutionalSupportl ProjectName Improvement Training Involvement Outcomes IEC Research Sector Policy Reforms . . - Honduras 82 health cenlers 439 centers are 13373 persons 3 NGOs involved. Food coupon AIDS awareness Evaluation of 432 positions created in Nutrition and constructed or equipped and trained including: program is reaching materials developed trainingstudy and 227 health centers. Health rehabilitated. restocked with basic - I8 medical households targeted and disseminated. medical waste National Program of 26 rural water drugs. personnel in on the basis of Documentation and study is Health is elaborated. systemscompleted. Radio AIDS nutritional and disseminationof completed. Monitoringof the basic poverty status. 7 725 latrinesand communicating management, project's "Lessons National health services - 294 pits system linking 100 372secondary Channelingthe Learned" to health serologicalsurvey component instituted. constructed. health posts in school teachers food coupon personnel of HIV prevalence National Food Coupon poorest areas is and studentson program through underway. is underway. Program instituted. underway. AIDS prevention, schoolsand health - Seminar hosted by The project is Significantprogress 28 vehicles and 53 584 medical centers increased relevant analyzingto what made on long-term motorcycles staff at central, primary school government extent increasesin national nutrition policy. purchased. regional and enrollment and agencies for major resources local levels, reduced dropout - stakeholdersin the availablefor the Water authorities stafffrom 320 rates, and increased nutrition sector provision of basic institutionalizedat local water authorities. utilization of health discussed and health services level thus strengthening centersby the poor. disseminated have resulted in the local capacity and The percentage of strategicframework increased political will to sustain households with for a long term production of W/S&S systems. potable water and national nutrition services and latrinesis policy. improvement in significantly higher. access. Delivery of health serviceshas improved and the servicesare more accessible. WATERSUPPLY & SANITATIONPROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (9PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offiscal Survey of Board qproval (equivalentin US$m) 1997 a) accomplishmentsb) Africa (3 projects) Guinea Second Water Supply February 1989 40.0 96 Yes Kenya Third Nairobi Water Supply July 1989 64.8 83 Yes Uganda Second Water Supply April 1990 60.0 75 Yes Asia (4 projects) India Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation May 1991 109.9 59 Yes India Bombay Sewage Disposal July 1995 192.0 100 Yes Pakistan Rural Water Supply and Sanitation April 1991 108.3 40 n/a Pakistan Second Karachi Water Supply and Sanitation February 1989 216.9 69 Yes Other(2 projects) Bolivia Major Cities Water and SewerageRehabilitation December I990 35.0 87 Yes Haiti Port-au-Prince Water Supply June 1989 20.0 37 nla a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplkhmentswas carried out and itssummaryfindlngs areshownfor projects thathavedkbursedmore than 40percentof their credits, Forprojects with cumulative disbursements of lessthan IOpercent, thisisnot applicable(.a). Water Supply & Sanitation InfrastructureConstructed or Beneficiary Involvement/ InstitutionalSupport/ Project Name Rehabilitated Beneficiaries Reached Sector Policy Reforms Guinea Conakry water production capacity increased Access to safe water increased to more than 65% of the Establishment of legal, institutional, technical and Second Water Supply from 45 000 cubic meters to 100000 cubic meters Conakry population and 60% of all the urban financial framework for development of urban water per day. population. supply sector underway. Installation of435 km of pipeline underway. Strengthening the planning and management ' capabilities of the National Water Authority. Kenya Completion of works to achieve water supply of Population estimates indicate that about 2 million of Training and technical assistance provided to improve Third Nairobi Water Supply 460 000 cubic meters per day and treatment urban poor and low income groups will benefit from the operational and financial efficiency of Nairobi City capacity for watewater of 80 000 cubic meters expansion of piped water supply by the year2010. Commission and its water and sewerage department. Computerization of billing and accounting is Network extension to high density area progressing. I Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation Preparation of Water and Sewerage Statute, leading to Second Water Supply Project (NSWC) training center is constructed. its enactment. Expansion of water supply systems and Assistance to NSWC to computerize billing and rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems in 7 accounting system. towns ongoing. Training provided to 2,000 NSWC personnel in operation and maintenance, management, supervisory skills, customer care, computer applications, finance and audit, and administration. India Construction of marine outfall, pumping station, * The Slum Sanitation Scheme, developed using Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay and its Bombay Sewage Disposal areated lagoons, rehabilitation of influent tunnels, beneficiary participation, will benefit 164 slums water supply and sanitation department being helped to and implementation of Slum Sanitation Scheme is inhabited by about 1million inhabitants. The scheme improve financial management and management of underway. is undenvay. sewerage services (including planning, design, construction, quality management, operation and maintenance). lndla Construction of48 000 latrines (out of80 000 People in 751 villages and 1,024 hamlets now have Establishment of separate funds at villnge level fol Maharashtra Rural Water Supply planned) completed. access to safe water and sanitation. This represents watcr supply operation and maintenance. and Environmental Sanitation Construction of 1,700 and rehabilitation of 957 coverage of over 1 million of inhabitants. Revision of revising rural water supply tariff. borewells completed. * Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committees rEstablishment of Water Units at district level, and One public potable water stand pipe with 2 outlets involved in implementation and monitoring of the provision of technical assistance to management provided for every 250 persons. water and sanitation schemes and in ensuring equitable contracts for operation and maintenance of regional access to the constructed facilities. One hand pump serves every 150 inhabitants. (multi-village) schemes. 59 (of the planned 122) piped water supply schemes with private outlets established. Drainage schemes prepared for villages of more than 2,000 population. Water Supply & Sanitation Infrastructure Constructedor BeneficiaryInvolvementl InstitutionalSupport1 Project Name Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms Pakistan rlncrease in potable water supply by about I I % Improvement of the financialviabilityof the Karachi Second Karachi Water Supply and (of the 31%increase target), to approximately30 Water and SewerageBoard (KWSB) through increased Sanitation million gallons per day (of the 100 million gallons revenues, cost reductions, and increased operational per day target). efficiency. I Constructionof sanitationsystemto improve thc * Strengtheningof organizationand management of the situationIn low-income and coastal areas KWSB. underway. Constructionof managementtraining center completed. Bolivia Expansion of the water and sanitation system About I million of inhabitantsin 3 major cities now lmpmvementof capacityof the central sector agencies Major Cities Water and Sewerage including: have accessto safe water and sanitation. in supervisionof operating agencies. Rehabilitation - drillingand equipment of deepwells, Increased coordinationbetween the Bolivian authorities - storagetanks, and donors in preparingand financingsector-wide - pumping tanks, projects. - expansionof water treatmentplants, Acceleration of privatizationof the major cities' water - rehabilitation ofsewagetreatmentponds, utility agencies,resulting in the agencies' substantially installationof pipes, increased operationalefficiency. - constructionof a seweragenetwork for an area totaling400 ha using low-cost technology. Acquisition of equipment and computersystem in one project area completed and underway in the two other areas. SOCLlL SAFETY NETS PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (13PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offiscal Survey of Board approval (equivalentin US$ m) 1 9 9 7 ~ ) accomplishments 6) Africa (6projects) Angola Social Action December 1995 24.0 34 d a Eritrea Community Development Fund February 1996 17.5 21 d a Gambia Public Works and Capacity Building December 1993 11.0 78 Yes Mauritania Construction Capacity and Employment February 1993 12.0 92 Yes Rwanda Food Security and Social Action June 1992 19.1 62 Yes Senegal Second Public Works and Employment May 1992 39.0 96 Yes Asia (1 project) Cambodia Social Fund June 1995 20.0 48 Yes Other (6projects) Bosnia and Herzegovina Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration July 1996 7.5 33 d a FYR Macedonia Social Reform and Technical Assistance May 1995 14.0 47 Yes Guyana SIMAPmealth, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation April 1992 10.3 74 Yes Haiti Economic and Social Fund January 1991 11.3 94 Yes Nicaragua Second Social Investment Fund July 1995 30.0 68 Yes Yemen Public Works June 1996 25.0 8 d a a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplishments was carried out and itssunvnaryfindings are shownforprojects that have dlrbursed more than lopercent of theircredits. Forprojects with cumulativedkbursements of less than 40percent,this is not applicable (nla). Social Protection --- ---- ---- - ----- - Services Provided1 Project Name Beneficiaries Reached Beneficiary Involvement Institutional SupportlSector Policy Reforms Cambia * A considerablereduction in Representativesof various professions 3 project studies (on infrastructuremaintenancemanagement, construction Public Works and Capacity Building unemploymentby creatingtemporary and civil groupsare part of the policy industry development,and public sector procurement) provide a basis for jobs in the publicworks and construction developmentconsultativeprocess. the Presidency's Policy Unit work on the three issues. sector achieved. Mauritania Poorest neighborhoodsof 41 Program to increasegrassroots * The project involvesall the municipalitiesin the financingprocess thereby Construction Capacity and Employment municipalitiesbenefit from better participation improves communication enhancingtheir financial and managerial capacities. drainage,sanitation,and roads. behveen the grassmots and local .Action plan for the developmentof the constructionindustry is completed 2 700 persodmonth employment authoritiesand ensuresconsullationon and adopted by the government. opportunitiescreated, and 550 planned developmentwith the persoddays provided for training in community. work organization,management and technical skills for local contractors. Rwanda * The project was restructured in 1995 The Governmentand the Bank are discussingthe possibilityof transforming Food Security and SocialAction following the genocide. Rehabilitation the project into an executionagency for small-scale community of schools,clinics,and rural water infrastructure. supply has promoted integration of 1.2 million refugees. r The food and nulrition componentwas successfulin increasing deliveryof food to the vulnerablegroupssuch as centers for unaccompanied children,families that are victimsof AIDS, and to nulrition centers. Senegal Poorest neighborhoods of 41 Grassrootsparticipation program is Second Public Works and Employment municipalitiesbenefit from better successful in ensuringthat the drainage,sanitation,and roads. communitieshave a voice in design and implementation of projectsthat affect their neighborhood. -61 - Social Protection Services Provided1 Project Name Beneficiaries Reached Beneficiary Involvement Institutional SupportISectorPolicy Reforms Cambodia The project is expanding community SFKC managemcnt wmpriscs Experience and capacity in developinginvestment criteriafor local Social Fund opportunitiesto identify local representativesof the government, infrastructureofthe line ministry is being enhanced through the creation developmentnceds and manage small- judiciary, private sector and N O S . and supportof the SFKCwhich: projects by providingSupportto ,Fundingisallocatedtosmallscale - is an autonomouspublic institutionproviding interface between the line the Social Fund of the Kingdom of initiativesdesigned through participatory ministries; Cambodia(SFKC). approach,directed to local communities - prepares and disseminatesinformation to line ministries,provincial and SFKC had appraised and approved 1 409 and run by NGOs. district governments,communes, community groups, NGOs, on the small projeets estimatedto benefit 2.4 million scaleactivities likely to be financed and eligibilitycriteria; people. - organizes workshopsto disseminateSFKC's purposesand procedures; More than 31 072 persontmonth of - screens applicationsto ensure eligibilitycriteria; employment for skilled and unskilled - is a demand driven management instrument in that it financesactivities workers were created. for which demand is forthcoming; - uses poverty targeting criteria in project selectionto ensure that the The Social Fund projects include financed projectsbenefit the poor and vulnerable groups; and constructing3 756 new classrooms, 2 - monitors, arranges impact evaluationand reportson project 767 water wells, 1 435 latrines, 14216 implementationprognss at regular intervals. squaremeters of roads, 24 525 cubic meters of dike, 78 health centers, 49 and on communitiesof labor-force Built capacity of serviee providers in small business development (including incubatorprograms) and of local authoritiesin development Regular public opinion surveysat 6- month intervalscarried out on public revamped benefit programs; devclopmentof automation plan to support delivery of social assistance services, installationof computer hardware and softwareat national and in - 62 - social Protection - ServicesProvided1 ProjectName BeneficiariesReached Beneficiary Involvement InstitutionalSupportISectorPolicy Reforms Guyana r 182355 peoplebenefitcddirectly from 6Although it is well establishedthat The project assisted the government in formulationofsustainable policies SIMAPHealthNutrition, Watcr and the projectactivities. community participationincreases and programs in the social sectors over the medium term by: Sanitation sustainability ofthe project, the cultural - providing technical assistance and operationalstudies for the I 39 healthcenters and day care centers and political condit~onsprevailing inthe implementation of the project, sewingthc poorestregions are country during the first halfthe 1990s Of - Living Standards MeasurementSurvey study, rehabilitated, equippedand supplied severely limited the possibilitiesof - educationsector policy studies. with basicpharmaceuticals. successfully implementingademand All pregnant and lactatingmothers, drivenprojectwith broadcommunity childrenunder2, and malnourished participation. childrenunder 5 received food rations through the rehabilitatedfacilities. As a resultclinic attendanceand immunizationrates incremcdduring the 12monthfood distributionperiod Financingfor assistance with cholera epidemic was provided. 16water supply systems(wells, pumpingsystems, storagetanks and distributionpiping) are in placeand benefitingcommunities that have not .had access to safe water for many years. 16wastewaterprojectscompleted. preparingand implementingprojects. schools builtlrehabilitatedand hrnished, 22 schools providedwith pedagogical materials, 21 health clinlcs constructed/rehabilitated,5 000 latrines SocialProtection - - -- Services Provided1 Project Name Beneficiaries Reached Beneficiary Involvement Institutional SupportISectorPolicy Reforms Nicaragua FISE developed and uses a poverty map Women's participation is estimated at In addition to geographiclpoverty targeting, FlSE allocates resources by Second Social Investment Fund to target resourcesto the country's about 50% in education projects and . - sector thereby improving coordination with ministriesand other government poorestmunicipalities. 65% in health projects. agencies. 6.9 million inhabitants benefit from the 4 The PreventiveMaintenance Fund pilot Through supervision, and the community organizationand training 732 FISE financed projects. These involves local school councils and health subprojects,the project ensures development of criteria for correct use, include rehabilitationof 1213 primary committees in preparationof operation and maintenance of social infrastructure. and 93 secondary schools, 21 technical maintenanceplans, their contribution and vocational institutes, 271 health and managementof funds received from posts, 51 health centers, 20 child care the municipality. centers, 14shelters and homes for the elderly, and 70 water and sanitation sub- projects. A total of 232 222 personlmonths of + temporary employment were generated by FISE. AGRICULTURE PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192 IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (65PROJECTS, INCLUDING 12 RURAL ENVIRONMENT PROJECTS)) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offiscal Survey of Board approval (equivalentin US$m ) 1997 a) accomplishmentsb) Africa (28 projects) Benin Natural ResourcesManagement ") March 1992 14.1 75 Yes Burkina Faso AgriculturalServices January 1989 42.0 95 Yes Burkina Faso Environmental Management') April 1991 16.5 63 Yes C.A.R.AgriculturalServices Development May 1992 25.8 57 Yes Chad Agriculturaland Livestock Services March 1995 24.5 16 d a CBte d'Ivoire National AgriculturalServices Support June 1994 21.8 76 Yes Gambia AgriculturalServices January 1993 12.3 91 Yes GhanaNational Agricultural Extension March 1992 30.4 55 Yes Ghana NationalLivestock Services December 1992 22.5 73 Yes Guinea National Agricultural Services April 1996 35.0 13 n/a Kenya Second Coffee Improvement September 1989 46.8 83 Yes Kenya Second National Agricultural Extension December 1990 24.9 50 Yes Kenya EmergencyDrought Recovery February 1993 20.0 81 Yes Madagascar Livestock Sector May 1991 19.8 58 Yes Madagascar AgriculturalExtension Program Support May 1995 25.2 19 n/a Madagascar Environment Program ') April 1990 26.0 89 Yes Mali AgriculturalServices May 1991 24.4 80 Yes MauritaniaAgriculturalServices March 1994 18.2 49 Yes Mozambique Agricultural ServicesRehabilitationand Development February 1992 35.0 29 nla Mozambique Rural Rehabilitation March 1993 20.0 33 d a Niger National Agricultural Research April 1990 19.9 54 Yes Niger AgriculturalServices April 1992 18.0 69 Yes Tanzania Forest ResourcesManagement February 1992 18.3 74 Yes TanzaniaNational AgriculturalExtension -Phase 11 July 1996 31.1 7 d a Uganda AgriculturalExtension September 1992 15.8 76 Yes Zambia Second Coffee November 1986 20.4 89 Yes . Zambia AgriculturalMarketing and Processing Infrastructure September 1992 33.0 55 Yes Zambia AgriculturalSector Investment Program March 1995 60.0 16 d a a) Net of cancellations. b) A survey of accomplishmentswas carried out and itssummaryjindings are shownfor projects that have disbursed more than 40 percent of their credits. For projects withcumulativedisbursements of less than 40percent, this is not applicable (da). c) Rural environmentproject. d) Blend operation. Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offiscal Survey of Board approval (equivalentin US$m ) 1997a) accomplishments b) Asia (29 projects) Bangladesh Water Development Board Systems Rehabilitation March 1990 24.0 72 Yes ' Bangladesh Third Fisheries May 1990 16.2 85 Yes Bangladesh Agricultural Support Services May 1991 35.0 46 Yes Bangladesh Agricultural Research Management February 1996 50.0 6 d a Bangladesh River Bank Protection ") December 1995 121.9 30 d a China GuangdongAgriculturalDevelopment November 1991 162.0 76 Yes China Agricultural Support Services February 1993 115.0 83 Yes China Second Red Soils Area Development February 1994 150.0 72 Yes China Seed SectorCommercializationd, June 1996 20.0 31 d a China Taihu Basin Flood Control "Id) February 1993 200.0 95 Yes China Yunnan Environmentc)d) June 1996 150.0 21 d a India National Sericultured, May 1989 125.0 100 Yes India PunjabIrrigation and Drainage December 1989 130.3 77 Yes India Agricultural Development -Tamil Nadu d, March 1991 112.8 81 Yes India Shrimpand Fish Culture January 1992 36.5 34 d a India West Bengal Forestry March 1992 34.0 86 Yes India Rubber July 1992 55.4 28 d a India Agricultural Development - Rajasthan November 1992 106.0 54 Yes India Forestry Research Education and Extension February 1994 47.0 26 d a India AgriculturalHuman Resources Development March 1995 59.5 11 d a India TamilNadu Water Resources Consolidation June 1995 282.9 6 d a India Integrated Watershed Development (Hills) c)dd' March 1990 75.0 59 Yes India lntegrated Watershed Development (Plains) ')*) May 1990 55.0 70 Yes India Dam Safety c)d) May 1991 130.0 26 d a Pakistan Agricultural Research I1 June 1990 52.1 55 Yes Pakistan Second SCARPTransition June 1991 20.0 48 Yes Pakistan Northern Resource Management ") June 1993 28.8 32 n/a Sri Lanka Second AgriculturalExtension June 1992 14.3 38 d a Vietnam Agricultural Rehabilitation January 1994 96.0 87 Yes a) Net of cancellations. b) A survey of accomplishmentswas carried out and its summaryfindings are shownfor projects that have disbursed more than 40percent of their credits. Forprojects withcumulativedisbursements of less than 40percent, this is not applicable (nla). c) Rural environmentproject. d) Blend operation. Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offical Survey of Board approval (equivalentin US$m ) 1997 a) accomplishmentsb) Other (8 projects) Albania Irrigation Rehabilitation September 1994 10.0 83 Yes I Armenia Irrigation Rehabilitation December I994 43.0 35 nta Bolivia Eastern Lowlands:Natural ResourceManagementand March 1990 30.4 81 Yes Agricultural Production") Bolivia National Land Administration ") June 1995 20.4 16 nta Nicaragua Rural Municipalities September 1996 30.0 7 nta Yemen Eastern Region Agricultural Development January 1989 12.7 81 Yes Yemen Third Wadi HadramawtAgricultural Development June 1989 6.8 61 Yes Yemen Land and Water Conservation May 1992 27.8 52 Yes a) Net of cancellations. b) A survey of accomplishmen~swas carried out and its summaryfindings are shownfor projects that have disbursed more than 40 percent of their credits. For projects with cumulativedisbursements of less than 40percent, this is not applicable (nla). c) Rural environmentproject. 4 Blend operation. Agriculture and Rural Develo~me -- Institutional Area Irrigated, Support/ Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Project Name Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified Participation Burkina Faso Min. Ag. being Training programs for Participation increase20% AgriculturalServices restructured to ag. and livestock, to 30% of farmers. improveextension animal health services, Women participation services. and farmer literacy. increasing. All SMS and Ext. * Literacy and numeracy of agents trained. farmersand women has Farmcrs adopting 53% had positive impact and of ext. messages. improvedappreciationfor Privatizationof technological alternatives. veterintuyservices. Animal health services stronger. I9W- +ri;r~P#%Ft Central African Republic Market price Communitiesare Min. of Ag. has Extension and Agricultural Services information being trained to appointed a national research coordination Development regularly maintain rural coordinatorfor being strengthened. collected and roads. project and ag. disseminated. activities. Cooperativelaw Implementationof Extension supervisors, under review. new highly 1 administrators, researchers Convention between participative farmersand women ANADER and approachesto 1 concernsunder discussion. Research Institutesas extension, adaptive * Gender concernsunder per farmers needs. research and farmer's discussion. organizationsupport. Improved researchlextension cooperation. Training/workshops for improving extension services, cooperation and private commercial strategies. Agriculture and Rural Development I Institutional Area Irrigated, Support/ Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture BeneficiariesReached, Project Name Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified Participation . Gambia Production of main Intensive trainingof Traininglworkshops Increasein the number of Agricultural Services crops increasing. Ministryof on crop and livestock villagescovered by Agriculturestaff to extension and research extensionservicesby 80% . improve capacity. collaboration. over last 4 years. Empowermentof male and female farmers. . Ghana Production of all Availability of Decentralizationof Ext. service more +254,000 farmers . National Agricul~ural commoditiesrising, improved ministry staff. professional. participating. Extension especiallymaize technologies, Research, ext. and Focuson small scale and pineapple. and varieties. better coordinated and farmers. Maize doubled from more participatory. Introductionof 0.65mil tons to 1.2 pest and disease Trainingprograms on mil. Pineapple controland post all aspectsof fanning. exportstripled from harvest loss 10,000to techniques.. 28,000tons. Institutionaland Ghana Livestock Closer collaboration Community livestock National LivestockServices breeding farms policy reforms for between animal workers trained. rehabilitated. animal production produclion, veterinary Water user associations and veterinary services and Breeding stock being organized. services being extension. of pigs, rabbits, implemented. sheep being establishedand sold to fanners. Livestock vaccination being intensified. Agriculture and Rural Development I I I Institutional Extension, I Area Irrigated, Support/ Research or Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Project Name Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified Participation Mali .Millet yields Adoption of new Min. Ag. has created a 1200extension staff Agricultural Services increased 12% technologies and Dept. for Rural Support (rained. 400,000 (792 vs. 705 new cropping in charge of extension. farm families in kgha.) Niebe practices. Its Monitoring and 6,000 villages have also increased. .Marginal Evaluation unit has access to extension I rate of been enhanced through service. 500 return estimated learning by doing. literacy centers to reach 100%. functioning. Cost US$8 to IS per family. Mauritania Technologies have Extension services Women farmers Agricultural Services been transferred now reach 25% of benefiting from ag. from neighboring fanning community. production and food counlries. Research and conservationadvice. extension collaboration improved. Niger Rice yield New rice and New ag. buildings Research program National Agricultural increased by drought resistant , being constructed and modernized and Rescarch 15%. peanut varieties computer networks strengthened. being introduced. installed. Niger Extension skills and Adult literacy and Agricultural Services extension research numeracy program liaison being benefitingwomen and improved. men fanners. CV8'+&*2 . ; r ~ b m Tanzania Forestry Policy drafted. 2,500 villages Forest Resources collection National Land Policy demarcated with Management increased by adopted; land communityparlicipation 300% legislation under as per Land Policy (96% preparation of target) Agriculture and Rural Development Institutional Extension, Area Irrigated, Support1 Research o r Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Project Name Agricultural Output Inputs Prevent Degradation 1 Infrastructure Reform Participation Uganda Yields increased , New production Extension services Village participat/on Agricultural Extension bananas 10to 20 t practices now operating in 29 cxercise being piloted. ha; coffee 6 to 12 districts and being bagsha; maize 15to strengthened by 30 bagsha lraining programs. 1Zambia 4,100 tons of coffee Drip irrigation 1,550ha of coffee and Access to credit 40 commercial farmers 28 Second Coffee and 22 million stems introduced. 20 ha of cut flower improved. coffee farmers 10cut flower of flowers now farmingestablished. producers2 soy bean f m e r s I produced. 'Zambia 552 kmroads Ag. Market Info. Agricultural Marketingand rehabilitated (out of Center established Processing Infrastructure 900 total); to collect/ I maintenance disseminate on initiated on. 1,200 prices and crops km. Bangladesh Paddy production 310,000ha of Bangladesh Water increased by irrigated area 1Development Board 124,000tonnes. rehabilitated. Systems Bangladesh Stocked fish 2,500 tonnes Third Fisheries increase weight 10 fingerlings fold compared with supplied. 43,500 ha of floodplainstocked with fish. 13,000ha shrimp culture stocked Agricultureand Rural Development I Institutional Area Irrigated, Support1 Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Project Name Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Participation . China Expansion or rModernizationof Reorganization and About 5.5 million farm upgrading of plant and animal strengtheningof crop householdsin 1,680 training centers, quarantine and livestock extension townships within 1 12 project office facilities and services. and research services. eounties. laboratoriesat the Separationof national, regulatoryand provincial. seed production municipal/prefectu functionsand re, county and strengtheningof township levels. seed supply services. * Support for improvement of quality control and regulatory services for fertilizersand pesticides; seed testing laboratories; veterinaryproductsand equipment; and animal feed. --- China 508 dairy cows. 80%of land in 217 Road construction About 32,000ha 67,000 farm households. Second Red SoilsArea 10,000tons water sheds developed completed. various fruit orchards Development Potassium for forestry and and afforestation 97% of target area Chloride orchards using organic (timberand fuel wood) for farm buildings fertilizer. 27,000 methods of soil established. completed. tons Phosphate rehabilitationand Paddy fertilizer. 16,000 contourterracing. improvement by tons Urea. 160 low cost drainage. tons of Agrochemicals. Wholesale Agric. Produce Market under construction. c Agriculture and Rural Development lnstitutional Area Irrigated, Support/ Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture BeneficiariesReached, Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified Participation --- Chlna Protects 14,600sq km 104km 1OOmwide 665,000fami~iksand Taihu Basin Flood Control from floodingwhich flood channel. 22,300 local enterprises includes 1million 180cms pumping protected. hectaresof farm area. station. India Seed production 195million 338.1 16acres of 849 person-months 442 Technical Service Number of new rearers National Sericulture increasedto over mulberry saplings mulberry planted of training Centerstrained 144,627 exceedshalf a million 270 million supplied to (compared to targetof provided. women farmers and (aboutwomen).10percent are disease-free farmers. 154,106 acres). 88,076men farmers. .86 layings per annum. 53 women's groups Credit provided to received assistance. Raw silk beneficiary 1 - 14,770 women production reached assessments carried out rearers and 4,924 metric tons and I7 statescovered by 1 144,149men per annum.. socioeconomicsurvey. rearers India lmprovcd water 200,000ha being Lining existing Establishing Extension and research Farmer participation in Punjab Irrigationand management. reclaimed from water canals; additional training institute studiesongoing from maintenance of water Drainage logging. drainageand and computerized previous project. courses being modernizationof MIS. introduced. Additional 37,000ha StNCtUreS. under irrigation. .460 India kms of rural roads Cyclone affected Undertaking the Broad based extension Beneficiaries involved constructed. roads and bridges policy studies introduced. in livestock and Tamil Nadu to 3.7 mmt. the Dept. of Ag. 11.064 wells installed rehabilitated. which were watershed activities. and 1,500 planned. 800 kms. of roads incorporated in the up from 3.2 to and 24 bridges 91h. 5 year plan. 3.5kglday constructed. Agriculture and Rural Development - - - - --- -- Institutional Area Irrigated, Support/ Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified 650,000 improved 449,300 ha protected 202 staffing Government order Extension services 371,790participants injoint seedlings from underjoint forest quartersbuilt. onjoint forest provided to farmers in forest management; many of pilot development management. 30 office,research, management. agro-forestry. whom are tribals or other program in 12 5,491 ha planted in and training Simplified transit Pilot developmentof forest fringe villages who modem nurseries. reserve forests. structuresbuilt. passes improved planting belong to the poorest sectionsof society. 20,463ha mangroves Rehabilitationof Departmental stock operations. regenerated. 402 km of forest reorganization. 12 forest technology Forest protection roads. committeescomprise both 92,726ha planted by Reduction in research studies. male and female adults from farmers. seedlingprice 8 studieson each household, except for subsidies. biodiversity some all-female member conservation. forest protection I Research and trials committees. with fodder cultivars. India 1 Milk production Fertilizer 1,400 kmrural StrategicRural Over 40,000 800 unemployed youth increased from 4.6 consumption up roads completed Development plan demonstrationsof new trained in artificial I to 5.4 mmt. from 24 to 32 connecting 297 for Rajasthan Ag. crops, fruits and insemination. kgha. Use of villages. University vegetables. 900 women given farming 1 HYV seeds finalized and under training. growing at over implementation. Private sector participating 1 15%per annum. in seeds, horticultural t nurseries and artificial insemination. I India Income increase Seeds, seedlings Greeningof Shivalik Nurseries, Participatory Use of local knowledge Creation of Water and Integrated Watershed through improved and technology. Hills. livestockclinics, process encouraged encouraged. Farmer Organizations. , Development(hills) production of cmps, Use of local Watershed protection office building. through workshops Training in concept of fuel, fodder, milk materials. reducing soil erosion. and field visits. sustainable and drinkingwater Introductionof development. for humans and new crop livestock. varieties. . India Increased production Seeds and Water harvesting, Nurseries,ofice Participatory Use of local knowledge Creationof 496 Water Users Integrated Watershed of cmps and seedlings and drainage, vegetative building, process encouraged encouraged. Groups. Dcvelopmcnt(plains) availabilityof fuel, technologyon technology for soil and informationcenters through interaction Training of water user fodder, milk and soil conservation. water conservation and livestock between staff groups in the concept number of fruit Introductionof adopted. dispensaries. through workshops of sustainability. plants. new crop and field visits. varieties and technologies.Use of local materials. Agriculture and Rural Development c Institutional Area Irrigated, Supportl Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to Sector Policy or Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Project Name Outputs Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Diversified Participation 1 PunjabAg. Researchsystem as a ResearchBoard whole under review. Bill passed in Priority research 1997. programs implemented BalochistanAg. in horticulture, ResearchBoard livestock,soil physics Ordinance wised. and socialsciences. Competitivegrants Twinning agreements scheme established betweenAg. 1 and funded. Universities in Pakistan, USA and Australia. I Pakistan Croppingintensity 1,850 govt, owned Study tours to 500 fanner 2,500 Tubewell Farmer SecondSCARPTransition increased from I 0to tubewellsclosed Mexico for project organizations trained in Organizations, and 500 15%over 500,000 saving Rs. 120 stafffor the managementof WatercourseFarmer ha. millionlyear, participatory community tubewells. Organizations formed. Yields ofmajor releasing70MW of irrigation crops, including electricpower for management. Basmatirice, other uses. familiarization. sugarcane, cotton, * 2,350 community I Govt. subsidy to increasedby 5 to and 3,800 privately individually owned 10%. owned tube wells private tubewells installedproviding discontinued, to supplementary encourage irrigation water to formationof 50,000 f m s . farmer 500 water courses organizations and improved, reducing installationof water losses and community improving tubewells. conveyance Mathematical efficiency. groundwater model developedto predict water table and water quality movement. Agriculture and Rural Development I Institutional Area Irrigated, Supportl Extension, Research Agricultural Agricultural Planted, Treated to SectorPolicy or Agriculture Beneficiaries Reached, Inputs Prevent Degradation Infrastructure Reform Vietnam .Fertilizers and Constructionof Institutional Livestock USS55.2million disbursed Agricultural Rehabilitation agro-chemicals five new rubber capacity of Min. demonstrations for short and medium term provided for the factoriesand Ag. and Rural established and livestock credit to 200,000 small farm rehabilitation and rehabilitationof Dev.;General extensionservices households. maintenance of one existing Rubber Corp. and strengthened in 23 50,000rice farmers benefited 160,000ha.of rubber factory. Vietnam Bank of provinces. from lntegrated Pest rubber Ag. and Rural Dev. Four ag. research Managementtraining. plantations. strengthened, I institutessupported. 30,000 livestock farmers including Promotion of Integrated benefited from livestock increasingtheir Pest Management in 33 extension. equity. provinces and strengtheningof central plant protectionservices. . . -- Albania Economic rate of WUA's keep 33,000 ha returned to 200 irrigation Farm subsidies 200 Water Users Ass. IrrigationKehabilitation return 30%. 75% of collected irrigation. schemescovering decreased by 60%. created over 100%of area Cost recovery tariffs. 40,000 ha representing 85,000 farmers. increased from 17% Collectionrate transferred to to 45%. increased to 70% WUA's. from 35%. d m 2 p % v 3 1 $ $ m % -%v Bolivia Several new ag 240 kms roads Land New research station 5 Indian communities have Eastern Lowlands: Natural technologies have rehabilitated. Administration built and received 250,000 ha Resource Management and been developed. project prepared operationalized. demarcated land and titling Agricultural Productton and made Several farmers is being implemented. effective. managing their Municipalities extension agents. have been assisted in developingtheir investment plans. Yemen Wheat production up 10km of sand dunes Administrative Targetof 7 extension Eastern Region Agricultural 10%. stabilized. facilitiesand 32 centersbuilt and Development Sorghum production housing units. operating. up 30%. 16km feeder Fruit production up roads. 300%. 1,044 ha Vegetables equipped with production up 12% secondary irrigation. 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'uo!galo~dlsvoj aiom 01 pap!aoid %u!u!eil uaaa) sa!l!h!pe luama%emm am s a p asaql ~Bu!~ueugptualxa w e a l u! uo!led!q~ed h!unmwo:, 'seam . mmosai Ininleu uo sn3oj 01 u!elqo dlaq 01 pug aaluemna paddpba pue pau!eil 611y aAeq uo paseq 'qsaloj aw punom pal?alo~d103llaaie~ls . pa~o~dm!qsanba~joh!lenb e se llam a 'sas!i&alua paseq ( s a a e ~L~I!I~8II!la~03)s a p 10U!yl!fi aldoad 000'0ZE uo!leruasucn e pus '63!lod .(smeal plagjo hpede3 -1saJojjo luawa8euem pue uo!)ean luama%euempaqslalem aAu IIV %u!l3a~ePm eq 000'89Z lsaod mau e 'fie1 lsvod asuodsai l u m ayl spaa3xa ~ pue lsaioj aql marl02 dlaq 01 'nolay Bu!ia~o~qsaioj pallaze% 8 Bu!pnl?u! 'padola~ap qsanbaijo iaqmnu) voddns sdnol%h!unmmo? pauuoj 'pvoj -08oa pue 'lna!iadns qmano c ioj sueid luama8euem . . uaaq aAeq sa!%aje~ls pa[oid JOJ sa!~!unm~o:, aql mau lo u!yl!m pale301 sdwe:, 'oq!l!)~-!nol u! p a ~ ~ ~ ~ s u c n lsaiojjo uo!lmuamaldm! pus sa!?!lod maN IWNJO puemap %UOJIS W a d 51 Pus saaell!~LZ aUl ul . qsod a3uell!aruns isaioj au!N pue U%!S~Pa q ~ , Area Affeeted (e.g., Infrastructure Constructed/ Number of Institutional Treated to Prevent Services and Materials Beneficiaries1Impact Support1 ProjectName Degradation) Provided Beneficiary Involvement on Communities Sector Policy Reform . Burkina Faso Adoption, following successful 376 villages involved (high Conflict resolutionskills Village level land use Environmental dissemination,of improved land demand). improved, facilitating planning and land Management and natural resource interactionbetween public allocation and clarification managementtechniques and private sectoroperators of pastoral, forestand ~ r o p includingsoil and water production areas. conservation, forest Natural resource mgt. now management and wmposting, included in strategiesof and use of "zai"for reclamation other sectorssuch as of degraded land. Min's of Environment, Educationand Energy. Madagascar Convincing models to work The first five-yeartranche EnvironmentProgram at village level, including of the fifteen year mini-projects,new Environmental Action legislation on local Plan. management Establishmentof a system natural resources, new of parks and protected proposals on land use areas. securization. Framework on forestry, including forestry legislationwhich is now at the Parliamentlevel. Strengtheneddonor coordinationthrough establishmentof a two- person Multi-Donor Secretariat. INDUSTRY/FINANCE/OTHER PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192 IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (22 PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end offucal suheY of Board approval (equivalent in US$ m) 1997a) accomplishments b) Africa (15 projects) Cape Verde Capacity BuildingProject for Private SectorPromotion May 1996 11.4 24 d a C6te d'Ivoire Privatization Support May 1992 15.0 59 Yes Ethiopia National Fertilizer Sector June 1995 120.0 24 d a Ghana Private Enterprise and Export Development May 1993 41.0 30 d a Kenya Parastatal Reform and PrivatizationTechnical Assistance December 1992 23.3 46 Yes Lesotho Industrial and AgroindustriesDevelopment December 1990 21.O 68 Yes Madagascar FinancialSectorand Private EnterpriseDevelopment March 1990 48.0 63 Yes Malawi Financial Sector and Enterprise Development March 1991 32.0 67 Yes Malawi Second InstitutionalDevelopment June 1994 22.6 30 d a Mozambique Small and Medium Enterprise Development December I989 32.0 88 Yes MozambiqueEconomicand Financial Management TechnicalAssistance October 1989 21.0 89 Yes Tanzania Financial and Legal Management Upgrading July 1992 20.0 57 Yes Togo Preinvestment May 1989 5.O 82 Yes Uganda Economic and Financial Management August 1992 29.0 87 Yes Zambia Financial and Legal Management Upgrading July 1993 18.0 51 Yes Asia (5 projects) Bangladesh Private Sector Industrial Credit (PSIC) March 1992 25.5 40 d a China Financial SectorTechnical Assistance September 1992 60.0 35 d a India Industrial Pollution Control ') May 1991 31.6 40 Yes India Coal SectorEnvironmentaland Social Mitigation May 1996 63.O 5 d a Sri Lanka Fourth Small and Medium Industries May 1991 45.0 95 Yes Other (2 projects) Georgia Institution Building July 1994 10.1 94 Yes Nicaragua Institutional Development March 1995 23.O 24 d a a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplhhmentswas carried out and its summaryfindings are shownfor projects that have dhbursedmore than 40percent of thelr credits. Forprojects with cumulative dbbursements of less than 40percent, this isnot applicable (da). c) Blend operation. Industryi'FinanceIOther Senices Provided/Materialsand BeneficiaryInvolvement/ InstitutionalSupport/ Project Name InfrastructureSupplied BeneficiariesReachedmrainingProvided Sector Policy Reforms CBte d'lvoire r Some 37 privatizationtransactions completed, r Organized "open house" on privatization strategyto r Support Debt Technical Secretariat in reaching including large companiessuch as Palmindustrieand increase public awareness. agreement with London Club creditors PrivatizationSupport CI-Telcom ($21 0 million in revenues for a 51%stake). (accomplished in November 1996). r Privatizationprocess underway for 8 other companies (including an airline and a sugar company) and initiated for 13. Kenya r Assistanceprovided for privatization of large r Survey of a sample of privatized companiesshowed r Inventory of cross-debtsof public enterprisescarried companies, including railways and ports, hotels, sugar that one year after privatizationemployment out. Parastatal Reform and Privatization and industrial companies. increased by 120%,revenues increased by 170%, Technical Assistance r Privatizationtransactions attained for 159out of 207 exports increased by 3IS%, taxes increased by companies in the target group, generating revenuesof 200%. I0 billion Ksh. r Subsidies from the public treasury to state enterprises decreased from 2 billion to 500 million annually. Airline privatizedthrough strategic partner (KLM)and public flotation. Lesotho r Assistanceunder credit lines to 28 new foreign r Creation of some 8,110jobs through the ncw r Capacity of the business advisory and promotion investmententerprises through investmentpromotion 1 investments. service strengthened to put together programs to help Industrial and Agroindustries and infrastructurefacilities. These have higher value- indigenous entrepreneurs overcometheir problems. Development r Enterpreneurship training provided to 147persons to added than previous industrial operations. strengthen local industrialmanegerlal capacity. r Under privatization program underway since 1r Main abattoir refurbished. December 1995,selection of over 32 companies to Ir Emuent treatmentand related plants constructed. be liquidated or sold, Cabinet approval of privatization schemesfor 6 enterprises,completion of privatization of 3 enterprises. I I Madagascar r 50 private enterprises obtained financing for productive r Creation of over 1,000jobs in 60 projects. r Banking legislation adopted, providing for projects. independence and increasedinspection powers of the Financial Sector and Private financial supervision commission. Enterprise Development r Some 200 small and medium enterprises obtained I technical assistance. * Interest rates liberalized. I r Assistance for privatization of 2 state-owned banks. r Divestiture of state-ownedcommercialbanks Malawi r Increase in term financingof viable enterprises in the r 34 companies supported with project finds increased r Investment promotion agency developedable cadre, productivesectors. employmcnt substantially (estimated 800 people). useful support for investors(and generated 15new . - Financial Sector and Enterprise I inveslmenk in 3 years). I Development r Companiessupported with project finds materially r Staff of 2 1 SME-support institutionstrained. increased output. r Aid to Malawi DevelopmentCorporation helped it I I r Sale of 62 plots completed in the industrialsites approve more investmentfinance. component. ther Services ProvidedNaterials and 1 Beneficiary Involvement/ InstitutionalSupport/ Project Name InfrastructureSupplied BeneficiariesReachedmraining Provided Sector Policy Reforms 1 Mozamblqur 4 Demand for industrial credit increased with the r 129sub-projectssupported,expectedto create over 4Creation of business advisory service for small and parlicipation of private commercial banks and 3,000jobs. medium enterprises;study completed of problems Small and Medium Enterprise leasingcompany, assistingin the recovery of the amicting small businesses, from which reforms are Development industrial sector. being designed. 4Reductions in loan repayment problems of two state- owned banks. I Mozambique 4 Computerization of the Central Bank ongoing, 4Distance training in economicsand finance provided by 4Capacity of ministry of financeto formulateeconomic including extensivetraining. University of London to senior officials :I7 from the policies and budget for capital expenditure Economic and Financial Central Bank and 15 from the Ministry of Finance. strengthenedthrough creation of a technical unit and Management TechnicalAssistance r Data base created on public investmentsand on technical cooperation. provision of technical assistance. 4Accountancy training provided to 500 accountants, meeting appraisal target (coursecontentrated positively by parlicipants). Tanzania 4 Increase in public sector audit reports. 4Increasein accountantstrained. 4Legal sector study approved by government. Financial and Legal Management 4 Quality audit reports carried out for selected Upgrading ministries. 4 Drafting of accountingand auditing standardsand guidelines;publication of manuals. * Parastatal reform formulated. 4Seminars on the labor code and on project management 4 Establishmentof a management information system in organized. the ministry of state enterprisesto track performance 01 Preinvestment 4 Feasibility studiesprepared for the transport sector,water supply,and for a social fund. public enterprises. 4Trainingprovided to accountantsand to project 4 Assessmentscompleted for restructuringof 12 managers. 4Formulation of a transport sector strategy and sector enterprisesand financial advisorprovided for thc investment program, with follow-up financed by IDA phosphate company. and other donors. 4 Study on impact of the devaluationof the CFA 4Assistance provided with computerization of the franc prepared. functionsof the ministry of finance. L llRlSCMs S7'<*B*%WmB Uganda * Facilitiesrefurbished to house planning and 4 Some 50 trained accountantsdecentralized from the finance staff in a computerizedenvironment generalauditor's officeto line ministries. + Information on public debt improved and computerized. 4New computerized systemto track and manage VAT and customs duties successfully implemented. 4New hardware and softwareprovided for improving timely availabilityof detailed public expenditureaccountingdata. I I Services ProvidedJMaterialsand Beneficiary Involvement! Institutional Support! Project Name InfrastructureSupplied Beneficiaries ReachedITraining Provided Sector Policy Reforms I Zambia r Revisionand republicationofthe "Laws of r The accountingtechnician programcompletedby over r Adoption of new public sector procurementactionplan Zambia" after 23 yearsof inactivity, with 800 sets I00 students. and establishmentof 5 additional procurementunits Financialand LegalManagement distributednation-wide. within government agencies. Upgrading r Rapidincrease inenrollment inthe School ofBusiness r Developmentof an internationallyrecognized Managementwhere examinationpass rate rose from examinationfor accountants,now being , zero in 1994to 57%. administeredentirelyby Zambians. t Issuanceof20 new accountingand ethical standardsby the Instituteof Certified Accounla+ r Draftingof numerousnew laws, increasing numberof cases brought to the courts. India r Approvalof I 1demonstrationunits, including r Training provided to 187officers from the State r A seriesof activitieswere sponsoredto modernizethe some facilitieswith pioneeringnew technologies PollutionControl Boards(Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, basic structureof the State PollutionControlBoards IndustrialPollutionControl inwater treatmentand recovery of materials, Gujaraf Tamil Nadu) and the CentralPollution Control (SPCBs) and improve theircapabilityto respondto including, for example: Board. This trainingwas made availableto change and performall of their mandates. = process for treatment of liquor 'om rayon industrialistsand commercial bankers at cost manufacture; r Substantial impmvements in enforcementof process for treatment of stillage and regulationsby the assistedSPCBs; an average 1000% manufactureoforganic fertilizers; and increasein issuanceof closure noticesto non- = developmentofavacuum evaporation complaints(in exerciseof the provisionsunder amore systemfor recoveryof dissolvedsolids in enablingframework). wastewater. r Maharashtraand Tamil NaduPollutionControlBoards, Approvalofother proposals, including in exerciseof provisionsinthe amendedWater and Air manufacturebiopesticidesh m Neemtree Acts, haveexerciseddirectinjunctionsto non- extract, anduse of analternativepulpingprocess complaints, effectively increasingpressureagainst non- at a paper and pulp plantthat uses alcohol compliance. instead of caustic soda. r Revisionof the minesstandards r Establishmentof 27 commoneffluent treatment plantsfor small to medium-scaleindustries r Policy statement on industrialpollution (benefiting 3,255 firms), with an aggregate r Amendmentsto the Water and Air Acts capacity of nearly 140,000 tons per day. The units are designed to destroy over 117 tons of, BODper day. Sri Lanka t Long-terminvestment financing providedto r Employmentgenerationconcentratedin ruralareas. r Participatingcredit institutionsstrengthenedto better 3,386 small and medium industries (SMI) that appraise and superviseborrowers' projects. FourthSmall and Medium r Trainingprovided to credit institutionstaff. would not otherwisehaveaccess to such credit. Industries r Customs policiesand administrationmodernized. r Matchinggrantsprovidedto some 200 SMI to + Environmentalguidelinesdeveloped(including improvetheir accountingand management. hazardouswaste management, industrialpollution) and industrialpollutionmanagementstrengthened. IndustrylFinancelOther Services Provided/Materials and Beneficiary Involvement/ InstitutionalSupport1 Project Name InfrastructureSupplied BeneficiariesReachedmrainingProvided Sector Policy Reforms .. - r Computerization of tax administration and rSupport of program of public information on economic r Development of capacity to implement household Georgia customs offices. reforms. surveys. Institution Building r Development of inter-bank payment system at the National Bank of Georgia. r Assistance in designing and implementing the Government's privatization program. INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INCLUDED IN THESAMPLE OF 192 IDA-FINANCED PROJECTS (46PROJECTS) Approved credit Percent disbursed amount as of end of f ~ c a l Survey of Board approval (equivalent in US$ m) 1 9 9 7 4 accomplishments b) Africa (21 projects) C.A.R. Transport Sector April 1990 62.0 100 Yes Chad SecondTransport Sector Project June 1993 49.7 85 Yes C6te d'lvoire Municipal Support April 1995 40.0 14 d a Ghana Urban 11 June 1990 70.0 77 Yes Ghana National Feeder Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance December 1991 55.0 77 Yes Ghana Urban Transport May 1993 76.2 34 d a Ghana Local Government Development February 1994 38.5 20 d a Ghana Thermal Power February 1995 175.6 30 d a Guinea Fourth Highway June 1988 54.6 100 Yes Guinea Second Urban March 1990 57.0 76 Yes Guinea-Bissau Transportand Urban Infrastructure June 1995 22.0 47 Yes Mali SelinguePower Rehabilitation April 1996 27.3 9 nla Mozambique Urban Household Energy June 1989 22.0 63 Yes Mozambique Maputo Corridor Revitalization (Technical Assistance) January 1993 9.3 51 Yes Mozambique Second Roads and Coastal Shipping April 1994 188.0 37 d a Nigeria Fist MultistateRoads July 1992 38.3 38 d a Nigeria Second MultistateRoads April 1993 85.0 21 d a SenegalTransport SectorAdjustment/Investment June 1991 65.0 77 Yes TanzaniaUrban Sector Rehabilitation May 1996 105.0 3 d a Uganda First Urban January 1991 28.7 80 Yes Uganda TransportationRehabilitation March 1994 75.0 18 d a a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accomplishmentswas carried out and its summatyflndlngs are shownforprojects thathave disbursedmore than lopercent of their credits. Forprojects with cumulativedisbursementsof less than IOpercent, fhls Ir not applicable (Ma). C) Blendoperation. Approved credit Percent dkbursed amount as of end offacal Survey of Board approval (US$m) 1 9 9 7 ~ . interim results Asia (18 projects) Bangladesh Road Rehabilitationand Maintenance June 1987 92.8 100 Yes Bangladesh Rural Roads and MarketsImprovement June 1988 62.3 89 Yes Bangladesh Power Distribution(16 towns) May 1989 87.0 77 Yes Bangladesh Third Inland Water Transport May 1991 45.0 25 nla Bangladesh Jamuna Bridge February 1994 200.0 77 Yes Bangladesh Second Rural Roads and MarketsImprovementand Maintenance December 1996 133.0 5 nla China Tianjin Urban Development and Environment June 1992 100.0 64 Yes China Zhejiang MulticitiesDevelopment March 1993 110.0 41 Yes China Hubei Urban Environmentc) December 1995 150.0 26 nla India Tamil Nadu Urban Development June 1988 254.7 92 Yes Lao PDR Provincial Grid Integration October 1992 36.0 74 Yes Pakistan Punjab Urban Development April 1988 90.0 85 Yes Sri Lanka Third Roads November 1990 42.5 69 Yes Sri Lanka Second Telecommunications May 1991 57.0 47 Yes Sri Lanka Second Power Distributionand Transmission September 1991 50.0 28 nla Vietnam Highway Rehabilitation October 1993 158.5 27 n/a Vietnam Power Development February 1996 180.0 70 Yes Vietnam Rural Transport December 1996 55.0 7 nla Other (7 projects) Bolivia SecondRoad Maintenance June 1992 80.0 49 Yes Bolivia Municipal Sector Development February 1994 42.0 39 nla Georgia Transport Rehabilitation January 1996 12.0 42 Yes Guyana InfrastructureRehabilitation March 1993 26.0 58 Yes Haiti Fifth Power June 1989 24.0 60 Yes Bosnia and Herzegovina Emergency Housing Repair July 1996 15.0 76 Yes Yemen Taiz Flood Disaster Prevention and Municipal Development June 1990 15.0 86 Yes ~ -pp-pppppp---pp-p-- p p ~ a) Net of cancellations b) A survey of accompilshmentswas carrled out and Its summaryflndlngs areshownforprojects that have disbursedmore than 40percent of their credits. Forprojects wlth cumulativedisbursements of less than 40percent, thls ls not applicable (nh). c) Blend operation. - 88 - Infrastructure + Rural roads master plan completed + Reorganizationof the road frcight bureau: placement under private sector, excess staff released. + Some reductions in the public works ministry's force -Paving of part of the 129kmof the main trade account activities with wrresponding increases in route to Cameroon. private sector participation. -Maintenance of 1,065krnof roads. -Partial rehabilitationof 520 km of rural roads. + The Eref-Mangalme and Bitkine-Melfi road + Three maintenancewntracls finished ce supervision shifled from government to establishmentof a special support unit to meet needs of municipalities,towns, etc. Ghana + Rural transport improved by upgrading the + Most maintenanceand rehabilitation contracts now Shiftedsome 90% of road maintenance to more cost- National Feeder Roads highest priority of feeder roads to all-weather awarded to small local firms,including labor-based effective private contract management. Rehabilitation and Maintenance standards. operations, employing large labor forces (in which ,Pefioformancebudget system introduced in the + Rehabilitationof 484 km of feeder roads(first there is almost participation). managementof feeder road maintenance; based on its program phase), preparation of second phase success, nation-wideextension planned. (1,140 km rehabilitation and 1,200km regravelling + 25 hand-dug wells built with NGO support. + Sampleof rehabilitationworks showed contracted costs some 22% below appraisal estimates. - 89 - Infrastructure InfrastructureConstructed or Beneficiary Involvement/ Institutional Support/ Project Name Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms Guinea r 598 km of national road network built to high + Local private Bnns employed for 100%of routine + Project initiated labor-based mad maintenance whose Fourth Highway level standard, improving traffic flow and safety, road maintenance. success led to its expansionnation-wide. r Spot improvementson 1,378km f primary + Feasibilitystudies completedfor improving 1,000km roads, providing year-round accessibility in of national road network. largeareas. + New public works ministry created and id capacity to manage road sector improved. + Publicworks ministry prepared new road strategy and long-termpriority investment program. Guinea r Rehabilitationof primary and secondaryroads + Creation of operationalunits throughout Conakry, Second Urban completed in 5 cities. responsible for street numbering, maintenance, r Constructionunderway on the capital city's management and finance. main mads, designed to relieve traffic congestion and ease access tojobs and commerce. Some sectionsof the primary road network constructionare Iinished. r Rehabilitation of the ports of Subuque and Cachen ongoing satisfactorily. + Liquidationof the national airlinecompany initiated. r Privatizationof state water and electricityservices advancing,with five interested bidden for the pmposed joint venture (90-95% of which would be private), for which final bidding documentsare now + Completion of studies on privatization of state transportcompanies. 'paje!l!u! ~op!no3 olndew 3~ u! ainl?tulsegu!iamodjo luamdolarlap aleeapdase~nmua01sa!l!l!q!ssodjo uo!pu!mxg + 'L661JaqlUaAONLimaU! paseala1uams)uawn?op%u!pp!q leuy asoqm 'awaq~s uo!~ez!a~!ldaw u! lsaialu! pmdsap!m Su!~?!pu! 'auawn?op lapualaw paseq~indsuuy aleapd ZZJOlqoly .walsD (!el pue mod s,anb!qmzom u! pajsaJalu! sayunm Bu!~oqqS!auu! uaploqagjs %u!pnl?u!'sa!l!l!?ej asaql~guolwado a]erl!id ap!rlo~d ll!m qqqm samiuarliu!o[q Llalersdaspapmme .luawd!nba Bu!aq s;n!luas ~ o pue sleu!uual uod 'smalsLs d Bu!(pueq lau!e)uo? Layjouo!l!s!nb?e Lq pi~pPu!le~adopueBu!Bsuew iojsuo!ssa3uo3 + paluaw%nehpede?arl!gaaa leu!uual iau!eluo3 * 'JJulS .(uo!Pu ue?!yv ulal()nos iuepunpaljo uo!~?npaisapnl?u!%u!mptulsaJ !(molaq aqljo q?nw 01iop!no? )!susll pue puo!)eu pass nos!^) suo!ssa?um %u!g~adopodpue r(emj!e~ u!ew am%u!lw!l!qequ JOJlas sarl!13a[qo) pa%ss!rluaa q aauarlo 01Luedwo?%u!ploqpalua!~o uo!pd!?!~md lopas alerr!~d2u!plnru!ls Llp!?~ammmeolu! ~ d Su!uuojsue~)'paluawaldw! 3 pueluawarllorlu! gu!p s,~uawwarloS%u!?npa (aa~re)s!sy (e?!uq?a~) %u!aqpue~ I Jaw ~W!M p a a a (wd3) as!i&alua Z 'sa~nlua~lu!o[o~pauo!ssauoo spu!uuai uo!j8z!la!rlax ~ o p ! n o l~n d e ~ alms%u!ls!xa aqljo %u!i)?nr)sar IOJ yomalueJj + (so?puesnr)!? 'mans 'iau!qum pod olndew + anb!qsszow &@J'S .sa!lddns lary mauaw 01palep~sa!~!unpoddoluaruloldwa .suo!l?npaigqs %u!pnpu! pue a3!luas mau%u!iea~?Lq uo!leiS!wa ~ e i w j o 'qasse m w ~ x ~JOuo!~~z!~e~udjouo!le~eda~d & j * %u!uassa(pussaxnos= p~nleua~!leluajpwoy ,passq-pqmw Llaqua mou sa?inosLSiauaiawo pue lemmq3 Su!dolarlap am sa?!~dwnalwad 'sa!~?~o[ewawjo ap!qno pue JOlohej u! %u!~n:,a m dols 01quap!sa 'aelnuuoj a3pd h p d podw! Bu!sn 'alnuuoj passq jo uo!senuad ')uauodluo? ssewo!q ~apun+ -1~03e uo ap!muoyeu plosmou s)lodw! wnaloqad 'uo!lepaojap .s)allnouo!lnq!qs!p u! Su!mols muaq pue poomJOJpuewap Suuy rol3as[!o alerl!ld Lqquauqsarlu! mau 01%u!peal pampa101salnq!quo? sploqasnoqawmu! 'ws!ueq?aw ~uaw~sn[peBu!?!J~unalo~lad?!)ewalsLs -moljo uo!pauuo? !i?a[o~dLqpap!~oidp!i%aqi '(euo!~e~wow e JOuo!lwuauraldw! lyssa3?n~r 30 uo!sualxa aw Su!sn 'wa~sLsaw 01sploq?snoq iawo 000'~pauuo?o) pasn Luedwo?&!?!q?ala .sa!l!rl!pe uo!)nq!~s!p JOspun3 umo lsploqasnoqueqin%ug?auuo? Puesu!podm! (30~0813d)s,as!l&alua aql jo uo!)emdas ol3ejap a 4~ a g e'(Llodouow as!~&a)ua JOJm ~ 2 o ~ dpj odXIrualsdsuo!lnq!i)slp ~amod * aleise LqpalpueqL11auuoj sj~odw!wnalo~lad a q 01pai!m sawoq ,sa!l!mj alumul-mol OSE alpueq01Luedwo?a3!~aslyo~d-uouejo uo!lear? .suo!s!~o~dhaaoau ~smp!tueisqns 'lol?as mnaloqadawj o %u!mn$?~lsxjo p dsy * pue13equm)uama%euerueiapun uo!)e~ado .Lmouo?aaql u! aloi s,a)els awjo uop?npa~ le!3~awtumunlry JOJpa(npaq?s'swalsLs ?y)8upuerpe~ a wsnw 'suo!guy ald!jlnw y iamodale?s lpws OAQuo %u!o%uouo!gtulsuo~+ s,as!i&alua h!?!qc-ala aims aqijo %u!lpunqun .Le,wapun Laiaugploq?snogueqq %u!u!uuad fie1,4!3!~pa(amauJO uo!ldopy + yowau iamode(e30~aqljo uo!lel!(!qeqax * anb!qsszow s w o j a g 63!lodJojaaS paptag sa!.~s!~gauaa PaJw!l!q'JrlaH awsN pa[o.Id / ) ~ o d d~suo!jn)!pu~ n ~ nualuaaloaul L ~ p g a u a a .IO papnJpuo3 a ~ n j ~ n q su1y e - 91 - Infrastructure -initiation of privatization of international rail (Senegal-Mali) activity; - a second bidding for privatization of Air Senegal was undertaken. r Air Senegal's operating subsidieswere discontinued. r Governmentsupportonly for railway investments with rates of return above 12%; two loss-makingrail passenger servicesdiscontinued. r Periodicand routinemaintenanceworks and rehabilitationfinanced from domesticresources since r Substantialcompletionof markets in Owino, Bulgolobi and Natete, along with periodic road maintenance works. r Contractingout of the responsibilitiesfor various r The new sanitary landfill at Mpererwe built and transportation,security,maintenance, revenue- collection functionsby the Kampala City Council. r Privatizationof solid waste collection,transport and disposal,eliminatingneed for 700 governmentjobs. r Increase in Kampala revenues from $5.6 million to $II millionfrom 1991-92to 1996-97. - 92 - Infrastructure InfrastructureConstructedor BeneficiaryInvolvementl Institutional Support1 Project Name Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms Bangladesh t305kmof national and regional roads in t Beneficiary involvementnot warranted during t Import duties on road constructionequipment eut, Road Rehabilitation and Northwest Bangladesh rebuilt or newly surfaced planning and design since projcct focusedon national lowering construction costs. Maintenance and 53km of deferred maintenancecompleted highways. t Cumbersomecustoms clearanceprocedures eased. in good quality and On schedule), reducing t Constructionand maintenance works generatingover ,~~~~~~i~ vehicle operatingand maintenancecosts as well constructionindustry upgraded ,o better 50,000 man-monthsofemployment. competewith internationalcontractors(private as travel time and accommodatingincreased road transportdemand ( over 8% passenger t Improved transport facilities benefitingsome 20% of investmentstarted to increase);some of the local the country's population (about 20 million people). traffic, 6% freight). contractors' workmanshipfound to be better than that of foreign contractors. t Swpe of project road rehabilitation and repair works increased to help overcome the severe t implementation of modem maintenance management systems,based on action plan recommended by a 1987-88flood damage. UNDP-financed study that was executed by the Asian t Collectively,these actionshelped restore the Development Bank. road network to the level where normal procedures should maintain its utility. r Wider use of private sector contractorsto carry out periodicmaintenancehampered by government's t The system's environmentalaspects enhanced as inabilityto supervise quality and ensureacceptable bcner culverts improved drainagc; technicalstandards. comprehensive tree-plantingalong road embankments. r Preparationof a 5-yearroad development program, fixingfor the first time orderly prioritiesfor fund t Safety improved thanks to the installationof bus allocations. lay-byes. Bangladesh t Feeder roads in northwest Bangladesh: t Feeder roads improvement helped stimulate increased t Progressive assumptionby the Local government Rural Roadsand Markets improvementof 497 km and upgradingof 496 rural market turnover(by 133%average)and market Department advanced of design functions,works Improvement km, alongwith maintenanceof 800 km, lease values (by 42% average). supervisionand management,gradually reducing reducingtransportcostsan estimated62% and r Project created 18,600 man-years of employment. relianceon consultants. accommodating increased traffic (over 150%for * A rural infrastructure for the firstnine roads completed). t Indirect employmentstimulated included some 5,000 jobs in markets, transport services, etc. maintenanceestablished. r In the flood component, rehabilitationof 428 r Government's road maintenance budget increased km of damaged roads, as well as 2,374 km of 300% from 1992-93to 1997-98. bridges in 28 districtsand 42 municipalities. t 3,700 drainagestructuresbuilt in 8 districts. t Trainingprograms provided 7,837 training days (domestically) and 677 (foreign). - 93 - Infrastructure Infrastructure Constructed or Beneficiary Involvement/ Institutional Support/ Project Name Rehabilitated Beneficiaries Reached Sector Policy Reforms Bangladesh r The lshundi power substation satisfactorily r Consumer attitude surveys carried out revealing r Power sector reform launched by government Power Distribution (16 towns) augmented. praise for improved quality of service in the 16 assuming ofice in 1996, including initiatives to r Substations completed in the 16 project towns, projecttowns. obtain private firms' participation. under the new reducing power outages and expanding "independent private power policy." consumer coverage. r Stimulation of private sector involvement in three r Loss reduction activities carried out in two pilot barge-mounted plants (bidding underway for the towns, and are to be extended elsewhere. Meghnaghat and Haripur projects; bidder prequalification ongoing for another plant at r Improvement of the power companies' NBagabari). collection/generation ratios by 62-72% in FY1994-96 and reduction of overall power r Establishment of a new corporation to replace the syslem losses. Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority's (DESA) r Rehabilitation ongoing of parts of the power distribution entity ,while a Power Grid Company network in southeastern Bangladesh that were assumes transmission functions. DESA restructuring devastated by the severe tropical storm "Helen" ongoing. in spring 1997. Bangladesh r Important bridge to provide the first substantial * Resettlement of Char dwellers and others displaced r A new Erosion and Flood Policy plan approved in JamunaBridge links between eastern and western Bangladesh., by flooding and erosion within the impacted areas September 1996. as well as shortcuts to northern and eastern ongoing generally in accordance with the agreed plan, India. schedule and budget, resulting in successful "location persons affected the 4 Both East and West Guide Bun& substantially completed, with the river training and project. reclamation works progressing well, almost six 4 Self-relocation approach affected some 1,977 months ahead of schedule. Bridge substructure households (nearly 60% of those losing homesteads) works likewviseproceeding well. who opted to move outside of the resettlement sites, ,Likely economic benefits exceed those forecast with 85% opting for adjoining areas); some 90% of at appraisal: ferryhfic across the laminain the affected families purchased replacement sites, 1993-95increased on average 9.3% (compared land. to the appraisal forecast of 7.5%). r The new Dhaleswari spill channel is flushing out pollutants disposed of in the Jamina River, thereby reducing environmental damage to its basin. Infrastructure Infrastructure Constructed or Beneficiary Involvement/ Institutional Support/ Rehabilitated Beneficiaries Reached Sector Policy Reforms China r Provided drainage and sewerage networks for 4 IDrainage and sewerage components benefited about r Public bus monopoly broken up. Competitive bidding Tianjin Urban Developmentand existing industrialand residential areas. 625,000 persons. for bus route concessions being introduced,attracting Environment private investors to public bus service. r Cleanedup 2 natural drainage channels serving tResettlement is carried out with a new procedure based catchment areas of 76 squarekilometers. on resettlementvouchers that allow the affected persons r Under the industrial pollution control fu"d, innovative (about 13,000persons) a choice of new housing. mechanism introduced emphasizing waste r Widened selected segments of central city traffic minimization rather than end-of-pipe pollution corridors (total length some 6 km)and IUsers of Fund for Pollution Control able to choose control and users' initiatives in design and operation constructed hvo traffic interchanges. pollutionconhl technologies, no longer determined by of pollution control facilities rather than those the government. dictated by the government. r Central bus depot constructed, consolidating Resettlementcompensation improved to permit scattered depots. purchasenew apartments and to allow other market- r A new element of user choice introduced in resettlementprocedures, rather than pre-designation t Production processes of selected industrial based elements for over 1,300 persons who were enterprises modified to reduce pollution affected by the widening of the Weijin Road. Surveys by the government. discharges and save waste materials. showed that those relocated were highly satisfied. r Infrastructureplanning and managementsystems are being improved in a major program of institutional I Due to objections from the residents concerned, the site for the proposed Shuongkou sanitary landfill was reform. altered. The landfill would dispose of half of total urban waste (2,700 tons daily capacity). China t Shaoxing land development (developmentof the t Resettlementof 4,500 ex-farmer residents affected by r As part of the Nignbo inner-cityrehabilitation works, ZejiangMulticitiesDevelopment first 200 ha of the potential Zone acreage the development; approximately over 2,900 of the preservation of significant heritage assets (historic completed) spurred progress including: resettled Shaoxing zone farmers found alternative buildings and streetscope) and vulnerablecultural -by end 1996, I20 projects had come to the employment. relics (road widening works included suitable Zone, attracting$600 million investment, r About 30,000 persons now live in Shaoxing zone. precautions for this purpose), raising civic resulting in 40 new factories. appreciation of the importance of protecting these assets. Consultants' recommendationsin this field r In Wenzhou, completion of wnstruction of a raw also implemented in Yaohang,Zhongshan and water tunnel, transmissionmain and 130,000 Jeifing. ml31d booster pumping station, enabling this city's residentsto get good quality water instead r Liquid and solid waste managementstudies prepared of relying on polluted riven for raw water. for all four project cities. r Upgradingof mads Ningbo finished, ahead of schedule (except one road). : r Completion of construction of the 38.5 km raw water transmissionpipeline from Ningbo to Jiangdone, lreatmentplant nearly complete, pumping station over 80% completed. Infrastructure InfrastructureConstructed or BeneficiaryInvolvement/ Institutional Support/ Project Name Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms India r Provision of over 70,000 sites and service plots r Compensation arrangements improved and r Government replaced the state MUDFwith a new, Tamil Nadu Urban Development and improvement of over 72,000 slum area satisfactorily implemented for the 3,330 families who independent financial intermediary (that has private shelters. needed to be moved from the canals affected by the capital participation and is run by an asset r Some 40 road sub-projects implemented in ten Modurai storm water drainage subproject. management company) to handle future living major cities. r Government's Municipal Urban Development Fund standard improvements for urban populations. Its fund also finances poverty alleviation projects. r Provision of more than 1,000 buses, improving (MUDF) financed over 500 subprojects in 90 (out of Madras' public transportation. 108)Tamil Nadu municipalities. These subloans had high repayment rates. Lao PDR r Overhead line construction ongoing ( 90% r 10,000 new consumers connected (out of 14,000 r Preparation of implementation plan for loss reduction ProvincialGrid Integration completed) planned). project. r 20,000 meters and other loss reduction program r Per capita consumption increased to 70 Kwh r Internal sources of Funds cover debs s e ~ i e e materials delivered and being installed using (compared to 6OKwh planned). requirements of the electricity company. local contractors. !E Pakistan r Renovation in Lahore of schools and historic r Completed basic mapping for 12cities and master Punjab Urban Development buildings; upgrading of water supply, sanitation plans for I0 cities in Punjab, the bases for future and road surfaces; construction of community urban improvements. centers, benefiting 200.000 residents. r Financial management systems improved in Sialkot, r Upgrading of water supply, sewerage, solid waste Gujranwala and Multan (intermediate cities). management facilities in Gujranwala, Sialkot, r Lahore Development Authority strengthened. Multan and Lahore, benefiting 298,500 persons. 4 Undertaking of pilot studies on tube well r Building of 24 roads and 20junctions in Lahore. rehabilitation using a new technology ("sonar r Installation of some 20 new tubewells and two jetting'), showing much improved performance and pump stations; and construction of drains ,trunk greater efficiency (on the first 16wells). sewers and bulk transmission grid and new and replacement distribution mains in Lahore. Sri Lanka r Exchange capacity increased from 158,000to r In 1996-97 number of subscribers increased from 4 Phone company management privatized and 35 SecondTelecommunications 389,000 lines. 206,000 to 274,000. percent of firm equity sold to strategic investor. r Number of public phones increased from 600 to r Waiting list for subscriptions reduced. r Re-balancing of tariffs initiated to improve 840. r Quality of service monitored by client surveys and incentives. steadily improving: r Amendment of legislation to facilitate introduction of -complaints reduced from 25-50 per month before mobile, data transmission, pagers and private card the project to 10-15 per month in 1994,1995, and phones. 1996. -call completion rate for local calls increased from 27% to 45%. - 96 - Infrastructure I I I InfrastructureConstructedor Beneficiary InvolvemenU InstitutionalSupporU Project Name Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms Sri Lanka + Completion of rehabilitation on some 230 km of + Special efforts made to increase participation by local r Findings of study on better standards and Third Roads roads (of the total 405 km to be rehabilitated); contractors in contracts for road and bridge works, specifications for road pavement materials remaining road works in progress. followingthe application of project study findings. incorporated by the Road DevelopmentAuthority + Reduction in traffic delays and high costs + Enhancementof local contractor capacity achieved. (RDA) in designing and building highways and previously attributableto the deteriorated bridges and also being used in development projects network. financed by other donor agencies. + 2 bridges improved (out of 19planned) and + Revision of the RDA's technical design standards, improvementson 14others going well. specifications and inventory controls. r Implementation by the RDA of some recommendationsof a study on tightening road safety, e.g., providing better facilities for bicycle traffic. r RDA project management unit strengthened by project-providedtraining, upgrading capacity to superviseand execute rehabilitation work. Vietnam + Two gas turbines, with capacity of 150MW r Environment impact mitigated satisfactorily with r Competitive bidding process established for private Power Development commissionedin record time, avoiding severe communityparticipation. generation . power shortages. r Resettlementof 9 families and compensationof 46 r Developed a revised bulk power tariff setting r Augmentationof transformer capacity (2,250 families carried out satisfactorily, with resettled mechanism to increaseefficiency in power MVA) in 23 substations in southern Vietnam people better off (outcome verified independently). distribution. and 27 substations in rest of the country r Tariffs revised upwards from 4.7 cents/kWh in 1995 r Drafting of electricity law initiated underway. to 5.7 cenWkWh in July 1997(slower increasethan Independentexternal audit of electricity company's anticipated). financialaccounts and subsidiaries(first ever). Bolivia t Harsh climatic conditions and the disruption r Road sector framework revised after the 1995 Second Road Maintenance caused by national decentralization reforms decentralizationof public services. Recasting of have slowed implementation of the regional mad directorates' roles underway, including rehabilitation works. devolution of functions, in line with institutional capabilities. r The national mad agency's restructuringunderway. r A system of road user charges being developed for providing future road maintenance financing. Bosnia r Public housing: 500 apartment buildings r An estimated 100,000 persons benefited from + Technical ability of project implementationunit to Emergency HousingRepair (16,000 flats) repaired in Sarajevo, Mostar, restorationof habitable conditions in their housing. manage contractors and organize on-site supervision Goradze, Olovo, Konjic and Kupres (average reinforcedso that repairs are consistentlyof good wst of $1,800 per flat). workmanshipand lie within program parameters. r Private housing: Pilot Project used grant + Institutional ability of project implementationunit, eofinancing to restore 215houses to habitable with Bank support, to attract $40m in donor standards in 1996. Additional 2,000 private cofinancing and donor parallel financing, in addition houses repaired in 1997, using donor to an IDA credit ofSI5m. cohancing. - 97 - Infrastructure + Implementation ahead of schedule. + Over three years, $64 million mobilized from users to Concern contracted at 100%. terms of time savingsand cost savings(e.g., travel fund routine road maintenanceworks, establishing the basis for a sustainablemaintenanceprogram. r Equipment for the TransportReform and RehabilitationCenterdelivered at 100%. rate above estimates at 60 %. + Trainingfacility operational at 100%. + Competitivebidding for constructionand periodic + Thanks to better road conditions(and better law maintenance works made mandatory. causingaccident" rate declined dramaticallyfrom + Number of staff trained : 116 v. the objective of 40. + Essequibo Coast Road (60km section) + Maintenanceof culvert%,bridges and drainage facilities,as well as assorted patching,of four main roads (14 1 km)completed on schedule. + Installationof fire fightingequipment. environmental issues. + Preparation of a road infrastructureoperations and maintenance program (including financingprovisions) for 1995-98,with a parallel maintenanceprogram for + Implementation of emergencymeasures to system, including. caused by affluents from generating units. + Implementation of a loss reduction program in a test - installationof a 10MW diesel unit ongoing. + Thermal energy production rose about 70%. r Modernization of the management information system r Achievement of about 20 hours-per day of in the electricity company. generation, compared to nearly 18hours-per-day + Pricingstudy to support intended privatization blackouts previously. launched (executed by the IDB). Infrastructure --- InfrastructureConstructedor Beneficiary Involvement/ InstitutionalSupport/ ProjectName Rehabilitated BeneficiariesReached Sector Policy Reforms Yemen r All the planned flood protection improvements r Supportfrom all key community leaders, with r The Construction ministry's institutional-building Taiz Flood Disaster Prevention (e.g.,flood control structures) completed to contributionsto design of cost recovery schemeand capacity is being strengthened. and Municipal Development tackle major problemof periodic flash-floods of pollution control measures. r Initial cost recovery system introduced, collecting when flowsreached very dangerous levels of r Rapid increase in Taiz population, from 180,000at contributionsthrough electricity bills. 158cubic mlsecond and sewerswere used to appraisal,to 318,000 in 1994,to 427,000 in 1997. control flow,resultingin increaseddiseeserisk, especially to children. r 21,000 households directly benefit from works completed, including: r Average annual loss before project was $3 19,800men million; maintenanceof works will require $90,000 annually(comparedto $150,000 25,200 women annually before project). 45,000 children under 15 r Successful preventionof damage to human r Over 500,000 indirect beneficiaries (farmers,dwellers lives, property and infrastructure by the mid- outside project area, businessmenetc. whose incomes 1996floods which damaged othercities but not depend on activitiesin Taiz city). Taiz. r Increase in number of businessshops in the project r Completed Wadis channeled the flood waters in area from about300 to 820. Taiz to an irrigation dam (built under the IDA- financed Southern RegionAgricultural DevelopmentProject). r In Taiz municipality, major roadsbuilt inside the city, benefiting residents and trade through improvingtraftic flow and providing better accessto shops, houses and waste collection facilities.