58525 • Husain Gauges Group's Future ailk'sWorld VOL 4 I NO 12 DECEMBER t 985 Where Does CGIAR Go In this issue: Articles fom ere? 2 .... Don CIIAR II frI. HI1'I7 AQ&A with S. Shahid Husain. I TItI ....IS..ft II ...raM. They're thebackbone of this major Bank Resident Mission. 8 Dip..... wltllllt Portfoili. Janet M ore business and new tasks are in store for the Consultative Group on International Agricultural To learn where CGIAR may be headed, The Bank's Worldinterviewed S. Shahid Husain, Chairman of the Hickman is the Bank's London representative-and she's a jill-of­ Research (CGIAR). Group. Mr. Husain is also Vice Presi­ all-trades. The CGIAR network-now con­ dent of Operations Policy in the Bank. 10 TaII.1I ........ fIr ......Ik. sisting of 13 research centers through­ Q: Should poverty alleviation be add­ Leaders of religious and out the world-was established in ed to CGIAR's traditional mandate of humanitarian groups, concerned 1971 to help close the gap between international food production? with Third World development, find developing countries' food needs and A: From its inception, the CGIAR they know little about what theBank does. their domestic output. has been concerned with producing The original four centers-Centro food for consumption by the poor. 15 M....... EllCutill DIrlCtln. Here Internacional de Agricultura Tropical When you look at the benefits, you are biographical briefs on some very (CIAT), Centro Internacional de Me­ find that more than 50 million tons per important people. joramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIM­ year of increased production of rice 18 .......nI... Slnlce. ADM is MYT), International Institute of and wheat have been added, which keeping its promises to do things Tropical Agriculture (UTA), and In­ feed about half a billion people. And better. ternational Rice Research Institute who are the beneficiaries? The poor 1. Do ,_ . .at. '1'11 VlI7 One can (IRRI}-had already been established people. So, added emphasis on pover­ be yours. by the Rockefeller and Ford Founda­ ty alleviation is not necessary because tions and had developed the high­ when you increase food production­ Departments yielding wheat and rice varieties that when you increase agricultural pro­ were the basis for the Green Revolu­ duction-in developing countries, 7 Update tion in Asia in the 1970s. They had large numbers of people who are asso­ 11 an .... RICGfd: Excerpts from shown the benefits scientific research ciated with the rural economy are the speeches by A. W . Clausen and Timothy T. Thahane. could bring to agricultural produc­ poor people, and a system like this has tion. a major impact on them. 20 'rauld l1li a.nk The CGIAR was formed to broad­ Q: How does poverty alleviation af­ 22 S..ftC....... en the scope of research to include fect research priorities and the way the 23 other important food crops and live­ centers function? lIttIrs to till Editor stock to benefit all developing coun­ A: Centers consider the potential 24 AnlWlrL1n1 tries. users of their results, and work, for 24 .... lltoP..... Why should the system change example, on low input technology that course now? CGIAR, at its Interna­ does not demand large investment. tional Centers Week held in Wash­ But technology alone will not resolve ington, D.C., a few weeks ago, looked social problems. The specific objective at setting strategies for the future. It is to find economic ways of increasing saw a world food supply in balance, food production-production ofvar­ but two specters loomed over the de­ ious commodities. It is then for the liberations. The next 40 years will economists and the sociologists to bring the largest increase of all time in look at the impact of individual varie­ population, and most of that increase ties and crops and the various types of will be in developing countries. More people being helped. We want to keep COVER : The Bank serves as abackdrop for a Unicef seasonal greeting card. I than half a billion people remain un­ the pure scientific issues up front. Photo by William Spidle derfed now. What we have here is a system where What I'm saying is that research may not lead to the same phenomenal breakthroughs in the case of African commodities as we had in Asia. It may come in smaller driblets, and, there­ fore, the importance of effective utili­ zation of the results of research in Africa will be very great. You cannot afford inefficiencies because the mar­ gins will be much less. Q: The CGIAR recently completed a two-year study on the impact of its research on developing countries. What were some of the findings? A: The study is a part of the internal accountability and examination of our own system as well as an effort to tell our constituents and the rest of the world what the CGIAR has been doing. Some interesting facts have come out. Photo by Michele lannacci The most important fact that has come out is that the rice and wheat scientists are engaged in increasing the as. Research is needed in many more varieties developed out of the work of potential of the land and the farms of commodities than in Asia. the CGIAR institutions now cover the developing countries basically Then you have a variety of natural something like 115 million hectares in through biological research. conditions in Africa; you have the very developing countries, which is half of Q: The CGIAR research is credited dry semi-desert and the humid zones. the area sown under these crops. Sec­ with bringing about the Green Revolu­ And much of the soil is fragile; there­ ond, by a very conservative estimate, tion in Asia and Latin America, but this fore, the technology of agriculture on the improved varieties have led to in­ revolution has not been transplanted to these soils has to change. creases in production in developing Africa. What kind of results can we The slash and burn agriculture, countries to the tune of about $10 bil­ expect from its research in the future? which was the typical African agricul­ lion per year and enough to feed 500 A: Much of the increase in produc­ ture that ultimately provided for the million people. That's a very large tion has come in the areas where there restoration of fertility of the soil after number. Third, nearly 200 varieties of is an assured water supply, where soil it had been cultivated for a while, has maize developed in cooperation with conditions are relatively favorable­ to give way to sustained cultivation international centers are being sown in such as the massive alluvial plains of because the population pressures are about 6 million hectares in the devel­ India, Pakistan, China, the volcanic increasing. So, the technology for sus­ oping countries, and new varieties of soils of Indonesia, and, again, the tained cultivation has to be developed. other crops are moving into use. plains of Thailand. Much of the research in African If you think about food production In Africa, the commodities are very commodities is recent. So substantial and go back to the whole issue of diverse. The ecological conditions are yield improvement has not taken place alleviation of poverty, it's partly be­ very unlike those of Asia. in the case of many African commod­ cause of the work done in the CGIAR Take a typical Pakistani farmer. He ities. The large yield gains of Asia may institutions that the real price of food would be growing either rice and not be replicated, simply because the grains-which means the price of food wheat or wheat and cotton in the irri­ natural conditions in much of Africa in relation to other prices-has been gated area. These are the commodities are less favorable. In much of Africa declining consistently over the past 10 he would be focusing on. Take a typi­ you would not have irrigation and the to 12 years in many developing coun­ cal African farmer. He will have a assured water supply that you need, tries. If you consider that 60% of the diversity of commodities. Typical Af­ and the soils may be poor. Research income of the poor people goes to rican farming is mixed farming. So may take longer in Africa to bear buying food, then the work done by you would have a mixture of things results, and it may have to cover more the CGIAR to increase the productiv­ .. l like cassava, maize, yams, and possi­ commodities and a greater diversity of ity of food production must have had bly coffee, maybe beans, and banan­ natural conditions. a tremendous impact on alleviation of THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 3 poverty in developing countries. there were also discussions about future institutions can move into more stra­ So these are the main results. strategies and priorities, and I under­ tegic work. Much of the adaptive and In addition, the institutions are stand that the donors are still deliberat­ maintenance work should be done by doing a lot to train researchers in de­ ing on these issues. But do you see a new the national institutions. veloping countries. alignment of priorities in the future? In Africa, the job is going to be very Q: The impact study does show that A: We have two jobs. We are look­ far-reaching. We are devoting about a large percentage of CGIAR resources ing back at what we have done, and in 40% of our resources to Africa. We also goes to training personnel from an institution like ours we have to don't think that we can divert more national research institutions. Are these keep looking ahead at what needs to resources to Africa. Therefore, in­ training programs bringing about the be done. creased research there will have to desired results? Also, the impact study It's too easy to rest on laurels. The come from additional donations. But shows that new technologies developed challenge of food and agriculture re­ we have to increase research in com­ by the CGIAR have the most effect mains great because the population of modities such as sorghum, millet and when directed toward strong national developing countries is still increasing cassava. programs. In Africa, national programs at about 20/0 per annum. Africa's pop­ There are a couple of key issues we don't have the capacity to adapt these ulation is increasing at about 3% per will have to tackle in Africa. First, can technologies to local conditions. What annum. And the key question is what you really talk in Africa about food can the CGIAR do to help strengthen direction should the CGIAR take? only if you are concerned about in­ the weak national programs? come and poverty? And shouldn't we A: You are right. The work of the be thinking in terms of work on some CGIAR institutions has to be supple­ of the perennial crops such as oil palm mented in national institutions in or­ or coconut, or plantain, banana, der to produce technologies adapted 'The challenge of food things like that, because in some of the to the local conditions. and agriculture countries in Africa the increase in in­ The centers have trained a large come will not necessarily come from number of scientists in various coun­ remains great because grains? It may have to come from the tries. National institutions have been tree crops. strengthened, drawing upon the ex­ the population of The second issue is where is science pertise, experience and research meth­ developing countries is going in the next 25 years? Shouldn't odologies ofCGIAR. Three or four of the CGIAR institutions jump into the most advanced national systems, still increasing at about newer technologies in order to shorten those in India, Brazil, Pakistan and the time from the conception of re­ Indonesia, are examples. 2% per annum.' search issues to bringing results to But we are very concerned about bear on actual production? That time the African countries because if Afri­ -Husain period is currently 15 years or more. ca's food problems are going to be It's entirely possible that certain areas resolved and if technology is going to of biotechnology and molecular biol­ be developed, of course the cen ters ogy will help us shorten this time, and will have to help. But they need links The Technical Advisory Committee this brings up the issue of whether the with national institutions. of the CGIAR worked on strategic centers should move more heavily into Early this year, I had a meeting of issues, and some important themes sophisticated science. the heads of the CGIAR institutions came through. First, that even though Third is intensity of coverage, par­ here to discuss the issues of African we have had tremendous food produc­ ticularly in Africa, which is a very research. We agreed that efforts tion increases in Asia, Asia's popula­ large and diverse continent. Should should be made to coordinate donor tion is still growing at about 20/0 per we be thinking of subregional systems efforts to develop information systems annum. The mass of the world's poor and basically divide up our research in which should get data on available still lives in Asia. In Asia, you have African commodities and African technology and research done to help probably somelhing like 500 to 600 conditions a lot more than we have? countries in setting up their research million very poor people. So you need Issues like these are not resolved in priorities. The World Bank is coordi­ to continue your work on commodi­ a single discussion. Therefore, the nating this effort with donors outside ties such as wheat and rice, and you CGIAR has appointed a small com­ the CGIAR. We do hope that this will have to have research on natural ni­ mittee, under my chairmanship, to be one of the major things we can do trogen fixation to lower energy costs, discuss these issues and report back to develop better technology for Afri­ on pest control, and so on. But, since before we make up our minds on the can agriculture in the coming decade. in Asia the national institutions are definite direction of CGIAR in the Q: At the recent CGIAR meeting, generally more advanced, the CGIAR next 25 years. II 4 THE BANK'S WORLD / DECEMBER 1985 by Marjorie Messiter There are 74 staffmembers working in the Regional Mission in Eastern and Southern Africa. Thirty-one are Washington-based employees who serve on a rotating basis, and 43 are local staffmembers. This article is about the Macharia Maina, Senior Driver, and Sheila Kisanga, Telephone Operator/Receptionist, at the local staff, whom you may never meet reception desk in the Nairobi office. unless you have business in Nairobi. , , Most people think we live in mud huts and have mala­ ria," says Jill Brooke, Secretary to IFC's Resident Representative, V.S. Raghavan, and Alan Hooper, IFC's Investment Officer. "Nairobi is very cosmopolitan and not totally cut off, with the constant flow of people com­ ing and going. But you can drive for Alvina Fernandes, a secretary Cornelia Abajah, a secretary in Wanjiku Warui, a secretary in an hour, and you are out in bush in the Southern Agriculture the Central Agriculture Section, the Northern Agriculture country. Then you really are cut off, Section in the Nairobi office. Nairobi office. Section of the Nairobi office. and it's heavenly." Of course, life isn't travel brochure Photos by Marjorie Messiter perfect in this city just 70 miles south of the equator. The telephones that don't work are exasperating. Public doors in 1965, two years after Kenyan the United Nations Development Pro­ transportation is unreliable, and two independence, to identify and prepare gramme); and the Agricul tural Devel­ years ago a severe drought left homes projects for presentation to the Bank, opment Services Unit which supervises and offices without water for days. IDA and IFC for financing. Today, its the work of consultants stationed in But the balmy, dry climate, the functions also include project supervi­ the field. The Disbursements Unit quality of sunlight and the bright col­ sion, policy discussion, aid coordina­ approves disbursements on projects ors African women wear are among tion and innumerable diplomatic supervised by the Mission; and the the things that make life in Nairobi so chores. Administration Section oversees the agreeable to Mrs. Brooke, a commer­ In addition to the offices of the day-to-day tasks of running the Mis­ cial photographer who put down her Resident Representative, Deputy sion itself. camera and took up the typewriter at Resident Representative, and the IFC The local staff incl udes secretaries, the Bank eight years ago when, be­ Resident Representative, the Mission administrative assistants, drivers, ac­ cause of visa restrictions, she couldn't includes the Northern, Central and counts clerks, file clerks, and messen­ .t get work in photography in Kenya. Southern Agriculture Sections; the gers. "They provide willing, cheerful The permanent Mission opened its Water and Urban Section (funded by support and are very helpful to us in THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 5 finding our way through the complex both the Deputy Resident Represent­ Section, comes from a family of ac­ Kenyan bureaucratic system," says ative (a new Deputy is expected to be countants. But he chose to study agri­ Katherine Marshall, Chief of the Cen­ named shortly) and the Senior Econo­ cultural economics at Egerton College ·r tral Agriculture Division, Eastern and mist, Mustapha Rouis, lives on a and then worked in the Highlands for Southern Africa Projects Department, small, terraced 6-acre fann in a Nairo­ three years as a district land fann and a frequent traveler to Nairobi. bi suburb. management officer. Agricultural ex­ Many have worked at the Bank for tension work and accounting may more than five years, and several are seem worlds apart, but they do have long-tenn veterans who have been something in common and that is with the office since its earliest days profit. Mr. Bhabra says: "In extension and have moved up the ladder as the work it's essential the fanner under­ Mission has grown. Rose De Souza, The fact that stand he's moving from subsistence to Celine George, Peter Kimani and Jo­ commercial fanning. I'd show them seph Macharia were the first to be how to plan for the future, and how hired after the Mission started opera­ Washington's day they could make a better profit if they tions in a two-room suite in 1965. kept smaller stocks of cattle," Deborah Guya and Jane Kuria have is just beginning been with the Bank for more than 15 Sun-Filled Offices years. In the sun-filled offices of the And others-Marietta D'Souza, as Nairobi's ends UNDP Water Supply and Urban K.J.A. Kandie, Macharia Maina, Unit, Kezia Kihara and Annie Kihara John Mwangi, Violet Monteiro, Julia means work gets (the two are not related; they met Ooro, and Felix Pinto-have worked when they came to work as secretaries for the Bank for more than 10 years. in the unit) are enthusiastic about Most of the local staff are Kenyan compressed their visit to the Southcoast Hand­ born, but a few are expatriates from pump Project, part of the UNDP other African countries and Europe. into the late Project for the Testing and Technolog­ Often, they have come from rural ical Development of Handpumps for areas to work in Nairobi, but their ties afternoon hours. Rural Water Supply. The Bank is the to the land and their villages and fam­ executing agency for the project. ilies remain strong. "We're even writing our own back­ to-office report for our bosses," they Green and Beautiful say. "When we are typing things, we Peninah Nyakweba, Secretary to know what we are doing and are con­ Administrative Officer Alfred Smith, fident of the work. There are many lives in Nairobi but comes from a different makes of handpumps; we farming family in Nyanza province, "a Mrs. Kibutu was the first girl in tested them in Msambweni (a village green and beautiful place." Margaret Kianjai, a small village of peasant about 50 kilometers south of Momba­ Olale, Secretary to R.J. Dewar of the farmers near Mt. Kenya, to graduate sa) to see which pumped the most Agricultural Development Services, from high school. But in the mid­ water." comes from the Busia District in West­ 1950s, the Methodist missionaries The fact that Washington's day is ern Kenya where they grow cotton, who ran the strict boarding school she just beginning as Nairobi's ends maize, millet, and rice. attended believed young girls should means that work gets compressed into In addition to her full-time career as become either teachers or nurses. Of­ the late afternoon hours, and staying Secretary to Resident Representative fice work wasn't considered a respect­ in sync with Headquarters creates J ames Adams, Celine George raises able profession for girls, and the stu­ problems that a battery of telephones cattle on her family farm in Eldoret, dents were not aware that secretarial and telexes cannot overcome. some 200 kilometers northwest of jobs existed. Mrs. Kibutu started on a It is far easier to place a long dis­ Nairobi. Mrs. George, who has spent nursing career, but eventually heard tance call than it is to complete a local her entire working life at the Bank, about the Kenya Government Secre­ call, Telephone Operator Jane Kuria, says, "Iff ever retire, I'd become a tarial School and opted for its training who is usually the first person tele­ fanner in Eldoret. I'm happy when instead. She worked for the govern­ phone callers and visitors meet, ex­ I'm there. Life is slower and time is of ment for 13 years before joining the plains: "The switchboard was recently little importance." Bank in 1978. updated, but the internal lines provid­ Mrs. George's colleague across the Ramneek Bhabra, Senior Admin­ ed by the Post Office are overworked. corridor, Anne Kibutu, Secretary to istrative Assistant in the Accounts Everybody complains that the phones 6 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 aren't working. It isn't anybody's Olale. "She knows everything." fault; the cables are overloaded." Visitors get to know her because she But word processors and computers coordinates the local transportation are easing the paperwork burden. provided by drivers Macharia Maina, Snow Days Raju Laburam, a Secretary in the Ed­ Peter ~achira, Aim Naftal, John Ki­ The Bank and IFC will continue to ucation Section and a relative new­ mani and Laban Obiero. Local trans­ follow the general practice of the U.S. comer who has been with the Bank for port can mean just about anything Government when severe weather pre­ three years, recalls her days working from a trip to the airport to driving vails. The four alternatives were de­ for the government where they don't staff to a project in Tanzania if there scribed to staff in an Administrative have all this equipment. is no other way to get there. Circular earlier this month. Depend­ If you are headed for remote cor­ ing on the severity of conditions, staff Like a Post Office ners of the region and need a plane will be permitted to arrive late or take You rarely see an unattended word ticket or hotel reservations, Travel As­ annual leave without prior approval. processor in the Northern, Southern sistant Violet Monteiro enters the pic­ If conditions warrant, the Bank may and Central Agriculture Sections. ture. Mrs. Monteiro started as a float­ be closed, in which case, except for These sections report directly to their ing secretary 14 years ago and took designated essential personnel, staff respective divisions at Headquarters. over the travel assignment nine years I are not required to come to work and "We are always sending things back ago. leave will not be charged except for and forth to Washington," says Mar­ She also has a job that defies des­ those staff who were already on leave. ietta D'Souza, Administrative Secre­ cription. "Something different hap­ Local radio and television stations tary in the Southern Section. Lesley pens every day," she says. She reserves will make announcements about U.S. Mullen, Administrative Secretary in hotel rooms, and gets tickets, travel­ Government closings or delays on the Central Section, concurs. "We're ers' checks, visas, and prepaid travel snowy days. When adverse conditions like a post office for Washington," she vouchers. Her clients include the Mis­ develop after the opening of business, says. Add the innumerable missions sion staff, visitors from Headquarters, the Bank/IFC may announce early re­ passing through and things get "quite Resident Representatives in remote lease. loaded up sometimes," comments areas of the region, the Agricultural Maxine Gunawardane, Administra­ Development Services staff in the Up One Side, Down the Other tive Secretary in the Northern Section. field, and EDI participants. Accounts Clerk Joseph Macharia 8,000 Miles Away wouldn't part with his Apple II com­ puter. It looks incongruous in his of­ What are the Nairobi staff's im­ fice amid all the invoices coming in pressions of Headquarters from their and checks going out and stacks of vantage point more than 8,000 miles files and reports, but "it makes things away? easy, and tells me when I make a Generally, they think of Wash­ mistake," he says thumbing through ington as a vast, cold, impersonal bu­ an imprest account- the tally of all reaucracy with everyone spread out in monthly expenses incurred by the huge buildings working under pres­ Mission-on which there are virtually sure in gloomy offices and waiting on no mistakes. Mr. Macharia, who start­ long lines at the photocopying ma­ ed as a messenger in 1965, went to chines. The pace in Washington is fas­ evening classes to learn accounting. ter and the work more specialized, but Over the years he has been promoted they think their jobs in the Resident to junior clerk and then to his present Mission have more scope. position. Those who have been to Wash­ But with or without machines, work ington for training are enthusiastic processes in Kenya are slower than in about the benefits of a first-hand look Washington, observes Rose De at Headquarters. Ramneek Bhabra Souza, a Senior Administrative Assis­ sums up the prevailing view: "My re­ tant handling the personnel and com­ lationships improved a lot. I under­ pensation work for the Mission. Mrs. stand the problems Headquarters staff De Souza has one of those assign­ have. Before, I couldn't visualize the On the east side of 18th Street, the J building ments that no brief description can do volume of work or the size of the grows rapidly. while across the street, workmen excavate at the site of the old World Buttery. justice. "Rose is like a dictionary," Bank ...Washington staff should come where the tu nnel from the J building will link says admiring colleague Margaret and see what our problems are." II into the Main Complex. Photo by Jill Roessner THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 7 Janet Hickman Is Bank's London Representative Diplomat without PorHolio by Jill Roessner n a tiny village in Devon, England, I the community's lone policeman locked up the station, got on his bicy­ please," he wailed. "He won't do it for me, but he'd do it for you." But she says yes more often than cle and pedaled furiously down the she says no, and Janet Hickman and road. He had an urgent message to her team have become expert at get­ deliver. He had been reluctant, but the ting things done. For instance, Bank lady calling from London told him it staff, dependents and consultants ac­ counted for 6,000 hotel room nights in Janet Hickman Photo by Jill Roessner was vital. He reached the remote cot­ tage-the country place of a Bank London last year. Who do you think consultant, a refuge without a tele­ booked them in? little different then. "They were just phone, where one could truly get away In fact, the hotel arrangements putting up the B building," she recalls. from it all. The policeman banged on have become such an enormous part She stayed for a couple of years, the door. "You've got to ring this of their business that the London of­ then quit to return home. At her fare­ number right away, sir," he said. "It's fice is seeking to relinquish this re­ well party, she was asked if she would very important. The President of The sponsibility as it simply takes too like to work in the London office. And World Bank needs you." much time, especially trying to ac­ so, in 1962, she rejoined the Bank "Oh, Lord," groaned the consul­ commodate certain individuals' pre­ she'd just left and reported for duty at tant, to himself. "It's that Janet Cor­ ferences for one hotel over another. the old London offices in the city (the deryagain." business area), but only stayed there Who is Janet Cordery? Any staff Deans of Fleet Street one week as they were in the process member who has ever been to or One of the central features of her of moving to the current site in the through London on Bank business work concerns public affairs. For ex­ West End. Mrs. Hickman's arrival knows that Janet Cordery (now Janet ample, one Monday afternoon last doubled the London staff, which had Hickman) runs the London office. January, Mrs. Hickman got a tele­ previously consisted of one Irish lady, Along with her two assistants, Jean phone call from Washington telling Nora Reade, who headed the office Foulkes and Mahnaz Ezatkhah, she her that A.W. Clausen would be in until her retirement in 1970. Since does whatever needs to be done at any London that Wednesday to see the then, Mrs. Hickman has managed the particular time. That means she's an British Foreign Secretary, Sir Geof­ operation, and, oh my, the tales she office manager, public relations offi­ frey Howe, and would have time to could tell ... cer, detective, diplomat, booking meet with some influential journalists But she doesn't. At least, she only agent, nursemaid, counselor and and politicians. Getting hold of the tells those that are suitable for repeat­ friend. (And since last February, she's deans of Fleet Street, or the people ing. Discretion is an essential quality managed to be a weekend wife too.) who run the House of Commons, on in her position, and despite the ob­ short notice can test one's nerves, but vious warmth and friendliness, there is Hereto Help an unruffled Mrs. Hickmanjust got an air of quiet authority and confi­ "Whatever you need, don't be on with the job. And, as ifby clock­ dence-which is very reassuring if you afraid to ask," says Mrs. Hickman. work, a full program of meetings with are relying on her for help with any of "We're here to help you and we'll do influentials was all set and ready for the 101 things her office deals with. anything we possibly can. And if we the Bank's President within 24 hours. "We've got to know how to get can't, we'll say no." Knowing who is who and how to get things done," she says. "People are She said no to the lad who tele­ to see London's movers and shakers is here today, gone tomorrow. They phoned her from school in England to just one of her many talents. can't wait. Whatever it is they need, request she call his dad in the United Mrs. Hickman's Bank career began they need it right now." States, asking him to bring the boy's a quarter century ago when she came You get the impression that Mrs. skis when he came on mission. "No, to Washington, D.C., from her native Hickman thrives on solving problems. you call him yourself for something Britain, taking ajob in the Personnel "We had a case just recently," she like that," she admonished. "Oh, Department. Headquarters looked a says. "A staff member's briefcase was 8 THE BANK'S WORLD / DECEMBER 1985 stolen at Victoria Station, and it had credentials. On any given day there sound judgment, and deal with first everything in it-the family's pass­ might be about 12 Bank staff in Lon­ things first. "Flexibility is important ports, tickets, travelers' checks, you don; not all will drop in, but those who too," she adds. "We're dealing with name it. We got them on their way in have problems or need some assist­ the President of The World Bank one haifa day. It would've taken much ance will surely show up "like homing moment and washing cups the next." longer if they'd tried to replace every­ pigeons." Not all of her clientele is human. thing on their own." Mrs. Hickman helped Horace with his If there were such a thing as a typi­ 'Things Took Off' travel arrangements once-Horace cal day, then on that day Mrs. Hick­ At one time, the sole purpose of the being a 22-year-old parrot belonging man would arrive at about 9 a.m. and London office was a service operation to a contract staff member assigned to shortly thereafter the phones would for the convenience of Bank staff Mogadishu. It's a long and rather start ringing incessantly. There are 10 passing through. Those who dropped complicated saga involving question­ lines and the three women all answer in could start dictating a back-to­ able language at London Airport (on the calls and deal with the problems as office or appraisal report, and the staff the parrot's part), missing a connect­ they are unfolding. Invariably there would get busy typing, and keep on ing plane and failing to arrive in Mo­ are problems; people seldom call to typing until the job was done. But gadishu (also on the parrot's part, but say everything is just fine. Although when Robert McNamara became perhaps he wasn't entirely to blame). Mrs. Hickman is the senior staffmem­ President, "things took off" and now­ Finally, after some intervention by ber and the ultimate responsibility is adays their duties are rather more ex­ Mrs. Hickman, Horace arrived in So­ hers, she has absolute faith in her two tensive. While one fields a press inqui­ malia and was reunited with his grate­ assistants, both of whom can-and ry, another is dealing with the imprest ful owners. Horace expressed his, do-cope independently. account, or finding out why a consul­ er, her, appreciation by laying two "It's a small office; the doors are tant hasn't been paid. The third is eggs. always open; we operate as a team," tracking down an Oxfam report on she says. "We learn an awful lot "Drought in the Sahel," which has 'Remember Me?' through experience. We listen in on been requested from Washington. Children are appreciative, too, and each other's phone conversations be­ Five minutes later, they're all doing remember her fondly as the lady who cause Jean may know something something different. Mrs. Hickman got their tickets-and sometimes took about a case I'm handling, and she has run across the street to the fortui­ them to the train or airport. And once keeps me up-to-date on what she has tously situated American Express off­ in a while, a young man or woman will done on it. You get asked questions ice where 1-1/2 people work full time show up at the office and invite her that never have been asked before, so on the Bank's account. "They give us out for a drink. "Remember me? I'm there are no standard answers." superb service," she says. Meanwhile, so-and-so. You used to make sure I Leaving the others to answer the Ms. Foulkes is on the phone to a hotel, got off to school." In fact, one of Mrs. phones, Mrs. Hickman goes through trying to locate a staff member to Hickman's "little girls," the daughter the telexes, the mail, and the newspa­ relay a message from Headquarters, of an Australian former staff member, pers ... Visitors start streaming in and and Ms. Ezatkhah is busy setting up grew up and went to work at the out. medical appointments for a field office London office as a temporary one staff member. (All field staff in Asia, summer. A Working Party Africa and the Middle East go to Lon­ It's not surprising that many Bank Someone's G-4 visa is about to run don for medical treatment.) people, past and present, think of out, but that's routine, and the Amer­ And if a staff member or dependent Janet Hickman as "family." But what ican Embassy knows Janet Hick­ should end up in a London hospital about her real family, the new hus­ man-which is hardly surprising, (or even a hospital within commuting band who only gets to see her on since her office obtained visas for 124 distance of London), he or she will be weekends because his business is in the long-tenn consultants last year. A sure of at least one visitor. "I always north of England. "He understands," working party is meeting in London try to go and see them," says Mrs. says Mrs. Hickman. "No one's indis­ and it needs 128 pages copied-seven Hickman. "It's no fun being in a hos­ pensable, and the others in the office times. That means all three in the pital, and it's really miserable if you keep everything going beautifully office pitch in to get the job done. are far from family and friends." when I do go away. But my husband Perhaps, on this particular "typical" It's important, Mrs. Hickman knows that the Bank has been a big day, there is going to be a meeting or points out, to know your priorities. part of my life for a long time. I can't a press luncheon. There's a conference Each individual believes you are there just give it all up now. So we have room that can be adapted for a buffet to work exclusively for him-or for wonderful weekends together and .J · meal or a cocktail party. Add "furni­ her. You've got to like helping people, then pursue our separate careers dur­ ture mover" to Mrs. Hickman's list of but you've also got to be able to use ing the week." lID THE BANK'S WORLD / DECEMBER 1985 9 Tough Quesfons for t e Bank 1 by David Beckmann H undreds of religious and humani­ tarian groups in the United States, involving hundreds of thou­ sands of employees and activists, are dedicated to helping people in the de­ veloping countries improve their lives. U.S. private groups provide well over a billion dollars a year in relief and development assistance, mostly to poverty-focused grass roots projects. Private groups, including churches, also powerfully influence U.S. public attitudes toward the developing coun­ tries. But many of the people involved in the various religious and humanitari­ an groups concerned about Third World development have little know­ ledge of what The World Bank does. Those who do are as likely as not to be suspicious of the Bank, especially utive Secretary of the All-Africa Con­ both called 1985 a "magic moment" in about the Bank's effectiveness in re­ ference of Churches, chaired the meet­ the process of building political good ducing poverty. ing. will for international development. A diverse sample of leaders from What advice did these people offer Media attention to famine in Africa U.S. religious and humanitarian the Bank? has been unprecedented, including the groups concerned about development • Poverty. Numerous speakers ques­ "Live Aid" concert which reached an spent last November 5 at the Bank. tioned the extent to which the Bank's estimated one billion television view­ They were invited to offer their views activities benefit the poor, especially ers. But several participants said rela­ on how the Bank might improve its now that the Bank is preoccupied with tively few people know about The relations with them. They also consid­ adjustment policy reforms. World Bank, and they urged the Bank ered how they could, working togeth­ • Power. There were questions to do more to reach the public with its er, strengthen the humanitarian con­ about whether the Bank mainly serves perspective on development. stituency for development. the interests of the industrial countries Parallel work with non-governmen­ The Bank's guests included Coretta and of elites within the developing tal organizations (NGOs) is going on Scott King, widow of the Rev. Martin countries. Peter Davies stressed what in other countries, and the Bank­ Luther King Jr., and a leading advo­ private agencies have learned about NGO Committee includes important cate of domestic poverty concerns; people's participation. "The people NGOs from all over the world. There Joan Holmes, Director of The Hunger themselves do development. Their are now about 130 Bank projects un­ Project, which has gotten more than motivation and empowerment are der supervision which include partici­ four million people to commit them­ basic to success. But I'm not sure the pation by NGOs, but several NGO selves to ending hunger in the world; Bank is keeping up with these trends representatives said they still find it Arthur Simon, head of Bread for the in development thinking," he said. difficult-sometimes frustrating-to World, a poverty lobby group; and • Cultural sensitivity. Father Ed­ work with The World Bank. Peter Davies, who leads InterAC­ ward Killacky from the Maryknoll Virtually all the participants in the TION, a new association of more than Fathers was one of many who urged meeting were enthusiastic about the 100 U.S. private voluntary organiza­ sensitivity to cultural diversity. He opportunity for a frank exchange of tions involved in Third World devel­ criticized what he called the "fetishi­ views with the Bank. Follow-up to the opment. Burgess Carr, formerly Exec- zation" of economic indicators; i.e., issues raised will begin with a seminar undue devotion to economic growth. sometime in 1986 on the poverty ef­ Mr. Beckmann works on poverty issues and liaison with religious and humanitarian groups for Tom Getman of World Vision and fects of World Bank support for ad­ the International Relations Department. Joan Holmes of The Hunger Project justment policies in Africa. II 10 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 lausen Reco'nfi rm, C" s Ban Commitment to Debt Strategy A. W. Clausen Bank President A. W. Clausen, speaking in Buenos Aires I feel bound to place at the head ofthe 1ist of actions to December 9 to Argentine government, business andfinancial be taken the need for the industrial countries to maintain a leaders, said he was there "to reconfirm The World Bank 's steady real growth in their GNP. It is crucial. To do that, commitment to do all we call to help tho.';e ofour middle­ and to permit a return to lower real interest rates, they must income member countries with severe debt problems to regain move to restore monetary and fiscal balance. They must sustained, non-inflationary economic growth with social prog­ also act to ease rigidities in their 1abor markets to reduce ress. Tha t is your goal. The international community can , and higb unemp10yment and help stimulate new industry capac­ must, help you achieve it. For our part, The World Bank ity. Stronger economic growth will he1p the industrial na­ intends to strengthen substantially its supportfor your efforts. tions resist the protectionist pressures which now cloud the We now have the mandate to do so , and the challenges and expectations of the heavily indebted countries for increased problems faced by the heavily indebted countries . . . demand export revenues. For if the industria) countrjes increase that we act boldly on that mandate. and without delay." Here their protectionism, there would be no way that debt-service are excerptsfrom his remarks: ratios could be reduced in the heavi1y indebted co untries short of domestic cutbacks in their imports-dearly doom­ W e at The World Bank are acutely conscious of the pain and suffering which the countries of this region have been bearing during the past three years. We have profound ing them to a deep drop in output and living standards. And that must no t be allowed to happen. I am much encouraged by the recent agreement to start admiration for the courage and skill with which the Gov­ the preparatory process for a new round of multilateral ernment of Argentina has seized the nettle and acted to curb trade negotiations under the aegis of the GATT. This is an inflation and to set this country back on the path to growth. opportunity for the industrialized countries to take steps to We at The World Bank never believed that the debt enhance market access for the developing countries. It is problem could be solved overnight. Far from it. But, like also an opportunity for the developing countries to improve many others, we overestimated what would be for thcoming their own trade regimes. Such negotiations should aim at in voluntary capital flows, and how soon, to help the heavily rolling back protectionism worldwide, giving special consid­ indebted countries return to a growth path as quickly as eration to those trade barriers of particular importance to possi ble. And we underestimated the degree of suffering the developing countries. there would be until that growth path was reached. Strengthening the Growth Prospects Additional capital is clearly needed to support productive investments. But investors are reluctant to provide re­ What other concerted actions are essential to the sources to those countries where they judge the existing strengthening of the growth prospects of the heavily indebt­ level of debt to be too high. and where the necessity to ed countries? In broad terms, there are three: service existing debt effectively mortgages a part of future • The design and implementation of comprehensive earnings. Supp1iers of external capita1therefore need to growth-oriented policies in the heavily indebted countries. recognize the restoration of creditworthiness as a product • The provision of substantial new net resources by of their continuing lending, not the precondition for it. commercial banks. This brings me to the concerted action that must now be • The enhanced participation of the multilateral develop­ taken by all the participants- and by concerted action, I ment banks, including The World Bank, and the Interna­ mean action by both the industrial and the developing tional Monetary Fund. nations, by the commercial banks as well as the multilateral A return to sustainable growth now requires a resump­ financial institutions. tion of investment and capacity expansion. The magnitude THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 11 and nature of the actions that will lead to this resumption delay- in what must be a much enlarged, much more will of necessity differ from country to country. But, in dynamic cooperative effort, an effort involving the country general, there are three areas that seem to deserve attention: itself and its policy-makers, the international institutions trade policy. domestic savings and the quality of invest­ and official bilateral agencies, and the commercial provid­ ment. ers of capital. For decades, trade policies (in Latin America) have been These programs must be aimed at enabling each country biased against exports in genera] and against manufactured to achieve a reasonable rate of growth and substantially exports in particular. There bas been too much dependence reduce its debt-service ratio to a sustainable level by a on commodities. Let me suggest that the time has come to specific date. Each program should first set forth a feasi ble eliminate this bias and to encourage the growth of manu­ and attainable time path of key aggregate variables--ex­ factured exports. It is time to let Latin American industry ports, imports, savings, investment, and GNP over the take its proper place in world trade. medium term. It sho uld spell out the growth rates of these As for the encouragement of savings, to increase domes­ key variables that are judged feasible, and that permit the tic savings rates generally. interest and exchange rate poli­ gradual restoration of sustainable debt-service ratios by the cies need to be pursued which stimulate that increase, end of the period. And the capital flows essential to the encourage the increased savings to stay at home, and ind uce foll owing of this path will need to be estimated. repatriation of capital that has already fled abroad. Given differences in the policy environments ofindivid­ But increased savings must be effectively used. In too ual countries, the precise programs would have to be tai­ many countries. public enterprises are inefficient and waste lored to individual country ,circumstances. scarce resources. The skills exist in Latin America, as elsewhere, to change that and to make public enterprises IMF Collaboration Assured sources ofsavings rather than losses. Perhaps it wo uld be The programs should specify the policy measures neces­ possi ble to go further, as some governments are now con­ sary to achieve their objectives. Given the expertise the IMF sidering, and sell some of them to private investors in an has in many of the policy areas, the development of these effort to improve still further the quality of their manage­ growth-oriented country programs will often need the col­ ment. Of course. private managers will become all the more laboration of that institution. And that collaboration has efficient as the incentives environment in which they oper­ been assured. ate is made increasingly competitive. And one sure route to But let me stress that we are not talking simply of increased competitiveness is trade reform. marginal increases in resources to support merely incremen­ As for the quality ofinvestment, making investment tal programs of adjustment. That is absolutely not an more efficient, more relevant to needs, and especially the adequate response to the problem. We are talking a bout need to provide work, could be profoundly important to the programs that address problems that were not addressed in stimulation of growth and to the employment of people. the initial response to the debt crisis. And we are talking Such domestic policy actions as I have described will not about a quantum leap in resource availability to support only belp promote an ea rlier resumption of growth, they these new programs. will also surely help restore the confidence of the commer­ T he Bank has already increased its lending to Latin cial banks. The participation of these banks in expanding America. Bu t it is abundantly clear that within the frame­ the flow of new capital to the heavily indebted countries in work of such agreed medium-term programs. we can and support of their programs of adjustment for growth is should do vastly more fo r those willing to design and indispensable. implement truly bold adjustment programs. In support of such programs, we will increase the proportion of our What Needs to Be Done lending in the form of quick-disbursing sectoral and struc­ There is growing recognition of the value ofmuJti-year tural adjustment loans. rescheduling arrangements in the context of growth-orient­ The World Bank, then, has three distinct roles to play in ed programs. Both the Interim Committee and the Devel­ this crucial initiative. F irst, it will assist in the fo rm ulation opment Committee of the IMF 's and the Bank's Board of of these growth programs and in monitoring their progress. Governors have endorsed them. We urge the commercial Second, it will provide an expanded volume of capital banks, and the export credit agencies, too, to show maxi­ necessary to support the programs. Third , it will act as a mum willingess to make such arrangements where they can catalyst in the mobilization of capital needed from other really enable the indebted nation to focus witb greater sources. In addition to the enco uragement that the pro­ assurance on what needs to be done in the medium term. grams should give to the commercial banks, The World For the medium term is where the commercial banks should Bank will be aggressively pursuing its coftnancing activities, also be focusing their attention. especially its B-loan syndication program. Meanwhile, the The World Bank is ready to playa major role-without International Finance Corporatio n, whose capital we ex­ 12 THE BANK' S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 peet shortly to see doubled, will be working hard to attract Baker's call for a greater concerted international effort to higher levels of direct foreign investment into productive help the most heavily indebted countries back onto the path enterprises in this region. And we look forward to seeing to sustained growth. MIGA-the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency­ Our relationship with this region has been the longest also encouraging a greater flow ofcapital to the private with any developing region of the world. And it has been sector. impressively fruitful. But now, with our new mandate, we We have also welcomed U.S. Treasury Secretary James are embarking upon a new era in that relationship. 1\1 Hu'man Resource,Development i'n At-rica: An Overview Timot hy T. Thahane Timothy T. Thahane, Vice President and Secretary , spoke educational facilities, enrollments, and budget allocations about "Human Resource Development in A/rica: A n Over­ for education, a real problem persists. Most African educa­ view" at the South-South Conference held in November in tional systems have not produced the right mix of graduates Harare . Zimbabwe. Here are excerpts/rom his remarks: with appropriate skills to implement development projects or to run development institutions or economic infrastruc­ tural agencies. This is because education has been general espite considerable progress made by African govern­ D ments in education and health since independence, Africa today still suffers from an acute shortage of trained and not related to the specific needs of African economies. Consequently, donor agencies and governments, in their concern to design and implement projects correctly and manpower to formulate development policies, manage productively, have used expatriate technical assistance per­ productive enterprises, and operate various development sonnel, while local graduates remained unemployed. The programs. continued mismatch between skills produced by education­ Since independence, few African policy-makers have sys­ al systems on the one hand , and the requirements of African tematically addressed the problems of adult literacy and economies and development projects on the other, further unemployment. Some countries have successfully conduct­ increases the nascent unemployment among the educated ed literacy campaigns; for example~ Tanzania raised literacy and js a recipe for social and political instability in almost from 60% to 66% and Somalia from 2% to 100/0. Yet. in any country. most of Africa, there are large numbers of adults who cannot read or write. and this is a key determinant of How Best to Develop Human Resources success in many development projects and technology It is clear that Africa faces in the years ahead a tremen­ adoption. The effectiveness of agricultural extension and dous challenge to improve education and health. However, health awareness programs among people in rural areas is given the severe budgetary constraints of many countries, dependent on the level ofliteracy of farmers and other and the possibility that public resources are only likely to population groups. increase marginally, if at all, new approaches that focus on Potentially more serious is continuously rising unemploy­ efficiency, cost-effectiveness and resource allocations within ment of p rimary school leavers. now conservatively estimat­ various programs a re u rgently needed. This raises the ques­ ed at about 200/0 of the 15-24 year age group. This, coupled tion of how best to develop human resources at a time of with equally high unemployment of school leavers and economic crisis and adjustment. higher level graduates. calls for urgent action. Governments New resources to finance long-term programs of educa­ need to focus their policies on employment creation. formu­ tion, health and nutrition are simply not going to be latio n of on-the-j ob training programs, and other non­ available. Governments must therefore make tough choices t • formal training. and tradeofTs among policies that deal with the short-term Despite impressive gains in increasing the number of economic crisis and those that aim at enhancing the conti- THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 13 nent's long-term capacity to resume growth and improve (d) Consider the extent to which communities can fmance the quality of life ofits people. all or part of teachers' salaries through charging of fees. tr Although many African countries were slow to make the (e) Pay close attention and adherence to the principle of difficult internal policy reforms that would improve the need in awarding student allowances a nd loans, including utilization of existing capacity and rehabilitate infrastruc­ implementation of better collection methods for student ture, there is evidence now that an increasing number are loans. facing the tradeoffs and making very tough decisions. These (f) Encourage esta blishment of private schools within a involve budget reductions, removal of food and other sub­ curriculum certified by the government. sidies, salary freezes for civil servants, reordering ofinv~st­ (g) Combine small faculties and set a minimum number ment priorities and improving public service management. for new courses at the university levels. All these policy changes aim at getting more efficiency from (h) Develop radio, correspondence courses and library existing investments. Given their high share of recurrent services so as to provide better support to national efforts expenditures, it is inevitable that education and health in literacy, second chance education , curricul um change and sectors are inviting targets for budget cutters. It is impor­ teacher upgrading. tant, however, that across the board cuts be avoided and The main policy shifts required in the health sector programs essential to the long-term economic recovery of should be directed to the form ulation of a clear population the continent, such as those of human development, be policy and the establishment of a primary health care protected. system aimed at reaching the majority of the poor in rural What kinds of policy approaches are appropriate to and urban areas. It is essential to realize that modern health human resource development in this resource constrained care facilities built in most urban areas in Africa are environment? Tt is important that African governments expensive to maintain and require high cost equipment, formulate and articulate a clear public policy toward hu­ drugs and doctors. Expenditures on basic health care sys­ man resource development in order to ensure that long­ tems that provide health education, immunization and term growth is not sacrificed on the altar of short-term clean water yield higher returns compared to those on stabilization. Such a public policy will require, among modern hospitals with private beds at subsidized prices. others, five elements: strong political commitment, setting clear objectives and priorities, better policy planning and Critical Skills Shortages Remain administrative strengthening, better resource allocation, While Africa has made considerable progress since inde­ and design of low-cost projects. pendence in expanding education and health facilities, there remain critical skills shortages for economic development Concrete Initiatives side by side with increasing manpower surpluses, unem­ These broad approaches to human resource development ployment and underemployment. Various technical assis­ need to be translated of course, in to concrete inj tiatives in tance programs in specific development projects have been education, health, nutrition and population policy, and this mounted over the years to fill these gaps, both by Mrican is a real cballenge for an agenda for human resource governments, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies. development. U nfo rtunately. these initiatives have not produced satis­ The share of public resources allocated to education is factory results. In most cases, the experts implemented the high already. T herefore, African governments can only project successfully while the training and institution-build­ expand education by reducing unit costs and redistributing ing components failed. The causes of failure include, among resources within the sector. This requires, firstly, a careful others, lack of or late appointment of counterparts, failure analysis of the composition of recurrent expendi tures and, to set clear, monitorable training goals as well as assignment secondly, improvement in the management and effective­ of accountabilities, and payment of relatively high salaries ness ofthe whole system. Some of the more specific steps that draw good staff away from government ministries. which could be considered are: Although The Worid Bank has changed its approach and is (a) Shift resources from certain categories ofexpendi­ focusing on improving public sector management and tures to others. For example, increase the share ofrecurrent strengthening public institutions instead of creating new costs going for basic instructional materials such as text­ ones, more still needs to be done. Foreign experts must be books, pencils, blackboards paper. etc. At the same time, provided at affordable costs and their tenus of reference freeze or reduce unqualified teachers' salaries. and the evaluation of their performance should put training (b) Improve the educational and professional quality of at the top of their list of responsibilities. teachers through training courses aimed at enhancing Our analysis leads to the conclusion that the time has teaching skills. come for African governments and external donors to pay (c) Consider sharing specialist teachers for science and more attention to human resource development. This is mathematics in secondary schools that are located in high imperative if African countries are to move from the present population density areas. economic malaise to a sustainable growth path. III 14 THE BANK 'S WOR LD I DECEMBER 1985 Mee he Executive Directors The 21 Executive Directors of the Bank and IDA also is responsible for the conduct of the Bank's business under I serve as the Board of Directors ofIFC. They function the general direction of the Executive Directors. as a full-time Board in continuous, year-round session at Below are the present Executive Directors. III the Bank's Headquarters. Five are appointed by the largest (Arab Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, shareholders (the United States, Japan, the Federal Repub­ Kuwait, Lebanon, Maldives, Oman, lic of Germany, the United Kingdom and France). Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syr­ The other 16 are elected every two years by the Governors ian Arab Republic, United Arab from all other countries. The Executive Directors are re­ Emirates, and Yemen Arab Repub­ lic since November 1984. A grad­ sponsible, under powers delegated to them by the Gover­ uate of the American University of nors, for deciding Bank/IDA/IFC policies and for the Beirut, Lebanon, and Yale Univer­ general conduct of the operations of the institutions. They sity, Connecticut, Mr. AI-Sultan be­ gan his career in 1966 as an Econ­ have a dual responsibility regarding their countries. They omist in the Kuwait Fund for Arab represent the interests and concerns of their constituent Economic Development and be­ countries to the Board when determining policy or consid­ came the Director of Research in 1971. He also served as Managing ering projects; they also represent the Bank/IDA/IFC to the Director for the Bank of Kuwait and countries that appoint or elect them. the Middle East from 1971 to 1981, and as Chairman and Managing The President of the Bank is Chairman of the Board and FAWZI HAMAD AL-SULTAN, a na­ Director of the International Finan ­ tional of Kuwait, has been the Ex­ cial Advisers, Kuwait, from 1974 to ecutive Director for Bahrain, Egypt 1984. Algeria, Ghana, Iran, Libya, Moroc­ He is a graduate of the Universities co, Tunisia, and the People's De­ of Heidelberg and Munich and has mocratic Republic of Yemen since served in his country's Ministry for November 1982. Mr. Benachenhou Economic Cooperation since 1965. earned his degrees in . Political From 1967 to 1968 Mr. Boehmer Science and Economics from the was with the Permanent Mission of University of Algiers and the Uni­ Germany to the Organization for versity of Bordeaux, France. He Economic Cooperation and Devel­ has served his government in dif­ opment in Paris, and from 1969 to ferent capacities over the years. 1973 he was Attache for Develop­ Between 1966 and 1978 he was ment Cooperation with the Ger­ Dean of the Faculty of Agronomy man Embassy in Ankara, Turkey. and Director for the Center of Stu­ From 1975 to 1978 he served as dy and Research in Agronomy, Al­ Head of the Ministry's United Na­ giers; he was also the Director tions Division and as Delegate to of Higher Education, Ministry of the United Nations General As­ Higher Education and Scientific sembly and U.N. Economic and MOURAD BENACHENHOU, a na­ Research, Algiers. From 1978 to GERHARD BOEHMER, a German Social Council. He also served as tional of Algeria, has been the Ex­ 1982 he served as Permanent Se­ national, has been the Executive Head of the Division of Multilateral ecutive Director for Afghanistan, cretary in the Ministry of Finance. Director for the Federal Republic Finance Institutions from 1978 to of Germany since September 1985. 1985. Coates completed his undergrad­ 1983. Mr. Dean earned his degrees uate work at Long Island Univer­ in Economics from the University sity, New York, and his graduate of Western Australia, Perth, and work at Stanford University, Cali­ Harvard University, Massachl;­ fornia. He joined the Internation­ setts. Between 1948 and 1982 he al Monetary Fund in 1977 as an had served intermittently in his Economist and moved to The country's Department of Trade and World Bank in 1979 as an Exe­ Customs and in various capacities cutive Director's Assistant. He re­ in the Department of the Treasury. turned to Uruguay in 1981 and During this period , ·he also served served until 1985 as Economic Ad­ as Deputy Permanent Representa­ viser in the Ministry of Economy tive and Minister (Financial), Aus­ and Finance and as Economic tralian delegation to the Organi­ Consultant for Public and Private zation for Economic Cooperation Sector Companies, United Nations and Development in Paris from Development Programme. Be­ 1971 to 1973. and Minister (Finan­ KENNETH COATES, a national of tween 1982 and 1984 he also RONALD H. DEAN, an Australian cia l) to the Australian High Com­ Uruguay, has been the Execu­ served as Professor of Economic national, has been Executive Di­ mission in London from 1973 to tive Director for Argentina, Boli­ Development Theory at Universi­ rector for Australia, Republic of Ko­ 1974. From 1977 until he came to .t • via, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Ur­ dad de la Republica, Montevideo, rea , New Zealand, Papua New Gui­ the Bank , he was First Ass istant uguay since July 1985. Mr. Uruguay. nea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Secretary of the Foreign Invest­ and Western Samoa since January ment Division , Australia. THE BANK'S WORLD / DECEMBER 1985 15 de Groote began his career in 1957 studied Law, Economics and Polit­ in the Foreign Department of the ical Science in France. Prior to his National Bank of Belgium and becoming an Executive Director, served it intermittently in different he was an official in the French capacities. His last position there Treasury and, thereafter, Deputy was as Chief Adviser in the Re­ Managing Director, Credit Agri­ search Department from 1971 to cole. Mr. de Maulde was also Alter­ 1973. Between 1960 and 1963 he nate Executive Director for the IMF served as an Executive Direc­ from 1968 to 1970. He began his tor's Assistant in the Internation­ career in 1962 as Inspecteur des al Monetary Fund. He also served Finances, Ministry of Finance, and twice as a Financial Assistant for in 1967 he became Adviser, Exter­ the Belgian Delegation to the Or­ nal Economic Relations Depart­ ganization for Economic Coopera­ ment. He served as Financial At­ tion and Development during 1965 tache to the French Embassy in to 1966 and 1969 to 1971. He was New York from 1970 to 1971. Be­ Adviser to the Governor of the Na­ tween 1971 and 1979 he was with JACQUES DE GROOTE, a Belgian tional Bank of Zaire from 1966 to BRUNO DE MAULDE, a French na­ the French Treasury as Adviser, As­ national, has been the Executive 1969. A graduate of Louvain and tional , has been the Executive Di­ sistant Director, and Deputy Direc­ Director for Austria, Belgium, Hun- Cambridge Universities, Mr. de rector for France since December tor, consecutively, and also was gary, Luxembourg, and Turkey Groote was also a Professor at 1981. He is also an Executive Di­ Associate Professor at the Institut since November 1973. He is also an Namur University and a Lecturer at rector in the IMF. Mr. de Maulde d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. Executive Director in the IMF. Mr. Louvain University. Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, la, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Panama, Spain, Suriname, and Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe Venezuela since November 1984. since November 1984. He is a grad­ After graduating from Surrey Uni­ uate of the Univeristy of Burun­ versity, U.K., Mrs. Gonzalez served di School of Economics and the intermittently between 1970 and Univeristy of Lausanne, Switzer­ 1984 as Deputy Assistant to the land . Mr. Girukwigomba served in First Senior Vice President, Assis­ his country's Ministry of Economic tant Secretary to the Vice President Affairs and Finance from 1975 to of Economic Research, and as Se­ 1978, first as an official in and then nior Vice President, International as Director of the Department of Operations, for the Central Bank of Inland Trade; later he became Venezuela. In 1974 she served as Director-General of Customs. From Temporary Alternate Executive Di­ 1978 to 1980 he was Minister of rector at various Board meet­ Finance and Governor for The ings at the International Mone­ ASTERE GIRUKWIGOMBA, a na­ World Bank and the African Devel­ LEONOR FILARDO DE GONZA­ tary Fund . From 1975 to 1979 she tional of Burundi, has been the opment Bank. In 1981 he became LEZ, a Venezuelan national, has was Senior Vice President, Interna­ Executive Director for Botswana, Director-General of the Industrial been the Executive Director for tional Finance, Investment Fund of Burundi, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Promotion Center. He was an Al­ Costa Rica, EI Salvador, Guatema- Venezuela. Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, ternate Executive Director at The Malawi, Mozambique (people's Re­ World Bank from November 1982 to public of), Nigeria, Seychelles, November 1984. Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Be­ ter joined The World Bank through lize, Canada, Dominica, Grena­ the Young Professionals Program da, Guyana , Ireland, Jamaica, St. in 1966 and worked until 1973 as Christopher and Nevis, St. Lucia, an Economist and later at the Res­ St. Vincent and Grenadines since ident Mission in India. He returned April 1985. A graduate of the Royal to England in 1973. From 1973 to Military College of Science, Cana­ 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, he da, Mr. Potter served as an officer served Her Majesty's Treasury as in the Canadian Army from 1954 Principal, Public Expenditure and to 1962. Upon returning to civilian Central Unit; as Assistant Secre­ life, and after completing the Man­ tary, Head of Industrial Policy Divi­ agement Program from Queen's sion; as Under-Secretary, Head of University, Canada, he had var­ Finance Economic Unit; and as ious banking appointments in Head of Home Finance Group Canada, Europe and the Middle (monetary policy, debt manage­ East. From 1978 to 1985 he was ment and financial institutions). He Senior Vice President, Internation­ TIMOTHY P. LANKESTER, a British was Private Secretary to the Rt. NORRIS FRANKLIN POTTER, a al; Senior Vice President, Cor­ national, has been the Executive Hon . James Callaghan from 1978 Canadian national, has been the porate and Government Banking, Director for the United Kingdom to 1979 and to the Rt. Hon. Mar­ Executive Director for Antigua and Bank of Montreal. since September 1985. He is also garet Thatcher from 1981 to 1983. an Executive Director in the IMF. Between 1981 and 1983 he was After completing his master's de­ seconded to S.G. Warburg & Com­ gree at Yale University, Mr. Lankes­ pany, Ltd. 6 11 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 completing his college work at the of Economics. Mr. Foster was with University of Rome, Mr. Draghi Citibank, N. A., New York, in 1965 came to the Massachusetts Insti­ and 1966. From 1969 to 1981 he tute of Technology where he com­ was with Wells Fargo Bank, NA, pleted his graduate work in Eco­ San Francisco. During this period nomics. He worked as a Consult­ he served as: Assistant Vice Presi­ ant for Data Resources Inc. in Lex­ dent and Resident Representative, ington, Massachusetts, from 1975 Australia; Assistant Vice President to 1978. He returned to Italy in 1980 and Area Head, Australasia Area; and served until 1984 as Professor Vice President and Area Head, of Economics at the University of China Sea Area (Hong Kong, Tai­ Florence. During this period, he wan, the Philippines and Korea); also worked intermittently as Eco­ Vice President, Area Head and nomic Adviser to the Ministry of the Resident Representative, Mexico; Treasury in Rome and as a Visiting and Vice President and Area Head, Professor of Economics at Brown Asia-Pacific Division. He was Con­ MARIO DRAGHI, an Italian nation­ University, Rhode Island. He was HUGH W. FOSTER, a U.S. national, sultant to the Treasury Depart­ al, has been the Executive Director Executive Director for the Inter­ has been the Alternate Executive ment, Washington, D.C., from Nov­ for Greece, Italy, Malta and Por­ American Development Bank from Director for the United States since ember 1981 to March 1982, and tugal since November 1984. After July 1984 to March 1985. October 1983. (At present, the Ex­ Alternate Executive Director for the ecutive Director's position is va­ United States to the Inter-American can!.) He is a graduate of Stan­ Development Bank from March ford University Graduate School 1982 to October 1983. nance Ministry. Between the years Sweden since August 1985. He 1957 and 1984 he served as Eco­ graduated from the University of nomic Adviser to the Minister of Copenhagen . Mr. Haxthausen has Finance, as Director of the Nation­ served in his country's Ministry of al Budget, twice as Chief of Nation­ Foreign Affairs since 1958, and be­ al Economic Planning, and from tween 1981 and 1984 he was Am­ 1982 to 1984 as Minister of Fi­ bassador to Colombia, Nicaragua, nance. After completing his mast­ Ecuador, Costa Rica and Panama. er's degree at Harvard University in He served as the UNDP Economic 1964, he served as Vice President Adviser to the Maghreb Commit­ of the National Association of tee, Tunisia, in 1968, and was Con­ Manufacturers until 1966. He also sul and First Secretary of the Dan­ served as Director, Western Hemis­ ish Embassy in London from 1968 phere Department (Mexico, Cen­ to 1971. He also served at the Dan­ tral America and the Caribbean), ish Embassy in Washington, D.C., The World Bank, from 1969 to between 1973 and 1977 as Eco­ EDGAR GUTIERREZ-CASTRO, a 1973; as President of Sofasa nomic Counselor, Minister Coun­ national of Colombia, has been (a Colombian/French auto-mak­ CHRISTIAN ULRIK HAXTHAUSEN, selor, and Minister, after which he the Executive Director for Brazil, ing company) from 1974 to 1976; a Danish national, has been the returned to Denmark to be Head of Colombia, Dominican Republic, and as Representative in Colombia Executive Director for Denmark, the Multilateral Department, Dani­ Ecuador, Haiti and the Philippines and part of Latin America for Bri­ Finland, Iceland, Norway and da, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. since November 1984. A major tish financing institutions (Midland portion of Mr. Gutierrez-Castro's Bank, Samuel Montagu, and oth­ career was in his country's Fi- ers) from 1976 to 1982. Bhutan, India and Sri Lanka since March 1985. After receiving his agascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauri­ bachelor's degree from the Uni­ tius, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and versity of Madras, Mr. Rao Sahib Principe, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, joined the Indian Administrative and Zaire since November 1982. Service in 1950, and served in var­ He was educated at the University of Paris (Sorbonne). In 1963, Mr. ious capacities: Between 1965 and Soglo served concurrently as :n­ 1979 he was Secretary/Commer­ specteur des Finances and Techni­ cial Manager in the Food Corpora­ cal Adviser to the Minister of Fi­ tion of India; Revenue Secretary, nance and Labor, Benin, and from State of Andhra Pradesh; Secre­ 1964 to 1965 he served as Techni­ tary to the Minister of Andhra Pra­ cal Adviser to the Minister of State desn; Secretary, Department of for Finance, Economy and Plan­ Personnel and Administrative Re­ ning . In 1965 he became Minister forms, Government of India; and of Economy and Finance and Secretary, Ministry of Comerce, served until 1967. He was Head of Government of India. From 1979 to NICEPHORE SOGLO, a national of Department, Inspection Generale C.R. KRISHNASWAMY RAO SAHIB, 1981 he served as Secretary to the Benin, has been the Executive Di­ de Finance, from 1973 to 1977; Pro­ an Indian national, has been the Prime Minister of India, and from rector for Benin, Burkina Faso , Ca­ fessor at the National University of Executive Director for Bangladesh, 1981 to 1985 as Cabinet Secretary. meroon, Cape Verde, Central Af­ Benin, from 1977 to 1978; and AI­ rican Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (People's Republic of), Dji­ ternate Executive Director at The World Bank from 1979 to 1982. Mr. J. bouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Soglo was also Governor for the Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mad- IMF from 1964 to 1966. THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 17 rael, Netherlands, Romania and rector for Burma, Fiji, Indonesia, Yugoslavia since November 1982. Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mr. van Dam served in his coun­ Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Thai­ try's Ministry of Foreign Affairs land and Viet Nam since November · l' from 1960 to 1982 as Head of Pol­ 1985. Mr. Vibul served in his coun­ icy Planning, as Director of Devel­ try's Ministry of Finance as a Se­ opment Cooperation, Suriname, nior Economist, Fiscal Policy Of­ and as Deputy Director-General, fice, from 1965 to 1971 and re­ International Cooperation. He also turned in 1976 to serve as Director, served in the Amsterdam Stock Ex­ Fiscal Planning Division, and later change from 1954 to 1956 and in as Director of the Monetary and the Food and Agriculture Organi­ Financial Institute Policy Division. zation, Rome, from 1957 to 1958. From 1972 to 1976 he was Eco­ An Economics graduate of the nomic and Financial Counselor to University of Amsterdam, he was the Royal Thai Embassy in Wash­ Professor of Economics at the Uni­ ington, D.C., and in 1981 to the versity of Groningen, Groningen, Embassy in London. Between 1974 FERDINAND VAN DAM, a national from 1965 to 1979, and at the Insti­ VIBUL AUNSNUNTA, a Thai na­ and 1975, he served as Adviser to of the Netherlands, has been the tute of Social Studies, The Hague, tional, has been the Executive Di- the Executive Director, World Bank. Executive Director for Cyprus, Is- from 1979 to 1982. Department of Technical Coopera­ in various capacities. From 1963 to tion for Development, at the United 1964 he was Superintendent of Ish­ Nations, New York. An Econom­ ikari Taxation Office, Hokkaidoh. ics graduate of South West Unit­ From 1964 to 1971 he served as: ed University, Beijing, and of the Deputy Director for the National University of Southern California at Administration Agency, Deputy Di­ Los Angeles, Mr. Xu has served in rector in the Ministry of Interior, his country's Ministry of Foreign Deputy Director in the Economic Trade since 1950. He was Chief of Planning Agency, First Secretary the Planning Division from 1950 to in the Foreign Minister's Office, 1952; Director of the Department Counselor, Prime Minister's Office, of the Institute of the International and Deputy Director, Internation­ Trade, and Division Chief of the al Finance Bureau, Ministry of Fi­ Department of International Rela­ nance. He was Consul for Japan tions, Ministry of Foreign Trade, in Sydney, Australia, from 1972 to from 1964 to 1980. He also served 1975, and Counselor, Personnel as Professor of Economics and Bureau in the Prime Minister's Of­ XU NAIJIONG, a Chinese national, Foreign Trade and as Head of the KENJI YAMAGUCHI , a Japanese fice, from 1975 to 1977. Between has been the Executive Director Department of Foreign Trade at the national, has been the Executive 1975 and 1982 he was Director of for the People's Republic of China Beijing Institute of Foreign Trade Director for Japan since June the Second National Property Divi­ since November 1983. Prior to this from 1952 to 1964 and, again, as 1982. He was educated at Tokyo sion, Director of National Property assignment, he was Director, De­ Vice President of the Institute from University and had further studies Co-ordination Division, and Direc­ velopment Administration Division, 1980 to 1981. at the Economic Theory Academy. tor General of the Tohuku Local Mr. Yamaguchi entered the Minis­ Finance Bureau in the Ministry of try of Finance in 1956, and served Finance. Standards of Service DM is keeping its promises to do ADM has identified 54 services that service they may expect, and ADM A things better. So says Pat McGin­ ley, Service Standards Coordinator in will have standards. Many of them have already been written and are in staffwill know what level of service they are expected to deliver within the the Financial Management Unit, Ad­ practice, says Mr. McGinley. "We budget allocated to them." ministrative Services Department. have standards for services that affect For example, the standard printing ADM is one of several Personnel you and me-food, security, printing, time for country and sector program and Administration departments well mail, messengers, travel and shipping. papers during the bunching season on its way to implementing PA's Ser­ "With standards in place," he con­ (April through July) is a minimum of vice Standards Program, which em­ tinues, "our client community-Bank/ seven working days and a maximum phasizes cost-effectiveness. IFC staff-will know what level of of to working days. For food, quality 18 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 is in the menu, which must reflect the international background of the staff and provide a variety of items on a The pilot van pooling program, de­ daily basis. In addition, the standard takes into account service, including Do You scribed in the May 1984 issue of The­ Bank 's World, has been very success­ ambience. Resource Control Wan't ful , with even more riders than origi­ nally anticipated. The crowds of staff getting in and out ofvans at the F Another advantage is resource con­ trol. "This aspect," notes Mr. McGin­ ley, "helps us to determine whether or a Free building entrance, or waiting there in the hope offmding a last-minute seat in the evening, prove that. not we have to expand to meet the institution's needs or change our priorities, and we have to ask our­ Van? Ofcourse, you have to be responsi­ ble for the driving, making certain your vehicle is properly insured, main­ selves such questions as 'how can we tained, billing your passengers, and so reduce travel costs without comprom­ forth-but that's a pretty small effort ising service?''' by Jill Roessner considering you'll end up owning the ADM has revised a number of its van free and clear in a few years. facilities management procedures to Meanwhile, you're commuting at no a void cost increases and to address areas which until now have lacked W ould you like to become the own­ cost, the Bank gives you free parking er of an eight-passenger van at absolutely no cost to you? And then, and you have a nifty little van to drive to the supermarket, or to the beach on attention. These include using external contractors whenever this procedure park this free vehicle in the Bank with­ weekends, or to wherever you want. is more cost-effective; introducing the out paying any parking fees? Does all It's yours to go where you please. rebidding of all service contracts over this sound too good to be true? Well, the past three years with a three-year you don't need a fairy godmother-all $225 Per Month rebid cycle; and applying to the Bank's you need is seven more Bank or Fund If you prefer, you can lease such a procurement the same procedures re­ staffwho live in your neighborhood vehicle. There are a number of very quired of Bank borrowers. and who want to join a van pool. attractive possibilities, and various car ADM's Service Standards Program What's in it for them? Well, these dealers or rental agents are eager to is not unique, according to Mr. Mc­ seven people can ride to and from sell or lease to Bank staff. For exam­ Ginley. Many companies in the public work in your van less expensively than ple, one company is offering a lease and private sectors have them. riding public transportation (an aver­ arrangement at $225 per month for a "Our department," says Mr. Mc­ age figure by van is $45 to $55 per new air-conditioned, eight-passenger Ginley, "has gone to great pains to passenger, per month), so they're sav­ van. analyze its services, establish stan­ ing money and enjoying a comfortable If you and your Bank/Fund neigh­ dards, and methods of measuring how ride with a guaranteed seat. You don' t bors are eager to participate in a van well ADM service units are perform­ even have to look for these seven co­ pool but an eight-passenger van is too ing compared to the standards." workers-an ad in The Weekly Bulle­ small, you can always lease a tin's Van Pool Directory brings speedy 15-passenger van. Four big van pools At a Lower Cost results. The fee these seven riders pay are already operating successfully. "We have always had published you is sufficient to cover your monthly These larger vans are leased from a standards for some services, such as pa yments for purchasing (or leasing) a van pooling agency. printing," he adds, "but we informed brand new van, appropriate insurance Whether it's an eight- or staff of our other standards only on an coverage, gas and maintenance. I5-passenger van, the Bank does not ad hoc basis. In setting our new stan­ involve itself in the arrangements be­ dards program, we examined the way Waiting Lis' tween the driver and the passengers in which several of our services were What happens when riders drop or the driver and the dealer from delivered and designed ways to make out, go on mission or home leave? whom he or she buys or leases. But the them more efficient. For example, we Does the owner have to cover the Bank does act as "facilitator" and will analyzed custodial services, building difference? Yes, but, so far, this has provide help and guidance, and, best maintenance and security, and identi­ never been a problem as there are ofall, the free parking space. fied changes in staffing and proce­ always others on the waiting list to fill Interested? Contact Jim Edmonds, dures to enable us to deliver these the vacant seats. Ext. 7341 1. • ,l · services at a lower cost than we would have without this analysis." II THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1965 19 Around Ban Have You Done Your Profile? Are You a QuiHer? If you haven't filled out your staff Have you stopped smoking some time of program? How long ago did you profile, now is the time to do it. during the last few years? If so, The stop? How many cigarettes did you When you do, your name and back­ Bank's World would like to hear from smoke each day? Are you glad that ground become part of a skills inven­ you. Please drop us a line letting us you've kicked the habit? Please in­ tory of Bank/IFC staff, and many know how you did it. Did you do it on clude your name and telephone exten­ managers are using this inventory to your own, or did you attend any kind sion. Send your note to D-837. III search for suitable candidates for va­ cant positions. More than two-thirds of your col­ leagues have already filled out the Staff Profile package, which contains questions regarding the skills you have used and gained during your various assignments in and outside the Bank/ IFC. It gathers up-to-date data on your language skills, country experi­ ence and educational background, and it takes only 1 to 1-1/2 hours to complete. If you have not received the Staff Profile data collection package or have misplaced it or have any ques­ tions regarding it, contact the Person­ nel Management Systems Unit in A real quitter: Sonia Benavides Paz (right) of the Executive Offices takes the first step down the path PMD (John Kieser, Ext. 33298, or to smokelessness during the Great American Smokeout in November. Helping her shun temptation Henk Groen, Ext. 33400). Ell is Sylvia Garcia of the Medical Department. Photo by Michele lannacci Pedestrians, Beware right-of-way and go through the red New Office? signal. It's easy to be injured or killed walking About four years ago, one of the across the street in the Washington, engineers in the Administrative Ser­ D.C., area. At least that's what statis­ vices Department was crippled for life tics prove. as the result of an accident while he According to the American Auto­ was trying to cross Pennsylvania Av­ mobile Association, a pedestrian is in­ enue. jured every 3-1/4 hours in metropoli­ The District of Columbia has tried tan Washington. Once every four to crack down on traffic law breakers, days, a pedestrian dies. And one per­ starting a program last April 1 to cite son in four who dies in a traffic acci­ auto and pedestrian violators. As a dent in the Washington area is a pe­ result, police handed out 52,375 tick­ destrian. ets for moving violations (up 136% These sobering figures underscore over the same time in 1984); 11,796 what many Bank/IFC staff see for warnings (up 295%); and 8,821 tickets themselves every day when they cross for jaywalking (up 6,500%). Jaywalk­ the street to go from one Bank build­ ing involves crossing the street against ing to another. For instance, pedestri­ the light or walking outside pedestrian ans playa kind of roulette trying to crossing areas. traverse Pennsylvania Avenue at 19th So, the next time you cross the No, it's not a new World Bank office. It's just a Street, even when the traffic light fac­ street to go from one Bank building to commercial bank on Cape Cod, Massachu­ setts, and Mark Wilson of Agriculture Division ing them is green. To add to the risk, another, watch out. Don't become a C in Latin America and the Caribbean Projects cars often disregard the pedestrians' traffic statistic. EIII Department captured the scene on film. 20 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 Babel Transcended: International Poetry Festival at the Bank by James McEuen nity Relations Office in association with the International Poetry Forum Multilingual magic filled the H build­ and World's Word, the Festival was the Correction ingauditorium November 12-14at the idea of Jose Pedro Correia da Silva, In the November article on the International Poetry Festival, "World editor of World's Word. Development Committee ("De­ Words in Washington." Thirteen Bank Hosts for the three nights of the velopment Committee Maps Di­ and Fund poets, six prominent Wash­ Festival were Anne Burnham, liaison rections for Bank"), Ghulam Is­ ington, D.C., area poets, and three for the International Poetry Forum; haq Khan. Chairman of the Com­ keynote poets of international stature Samuel Hazo, President of the Forum; mittee, is erroneously identified as (Emmanuel Hocquard of France, and Robert Aubry Davis, Arts and Pakistan's Finance Minister. He is Marly de Oliveira of Brazil, and An­ Humanities Producer for WETA-FM. the Chairman of the Senate, Gov­ thony Hecht of the United States) The Office of the Vice President Ex­ ernment of Pakistan. Mahbub UI read. ternal Relations hosted a reception for Haq is the Finance Minister. The special sounds and cadences of the participants and diplomats of the The author of the article, Shah­ 11 languages resonated through the countries represented. id Javed Burki. was not responsi­ hall, evoking poetry's ancient, oral or­ The Bank and Fund poets and their ble for the error, which was the igins in incantation, song and cere­ family members who read during the result of an inadvertent change in mony. English translations provided a Festival included Roger Alexander, the copy by someone else. common medium of understanding, Janet Damron, James McEuen, The Bank's World regrets any and the elemental visual imagery of Maurice Asseo, Trung B. Ha, Jose difficulty the error might have Maurice Asseo's photography accom­ Pedro Correia da Silva, Rene Chap­ caused, III panied the recited works. ero, Mario Kamenetzky, Vinayak The Festival played to a good Bhatt, Myung Ja Oh, Atlabachew Ak­ house-more than 100 people each lilu, Henry Aspeqvist and John Didier. night. Yvette Ripplinger of the U.N. Society Sponsored by the Bank's Commu­ of Writers also read. III High Tide on the Potomac 'Transport Devices' Denis Perfrement, EMENA Projects Transportation Division, submitted the following item which appeared recently in the Financial Times: Interviewed on the BBC Radio Four channel, a woman was earnestly imploring that aid to the Third World should include more "intermediate level transport devices." Could she give listeners an example? "Well ... er .. , the donkey." • A look at the swollen Potomac River just a few blocks from Headquarters during the November t . storm that inundated large sections of Washington, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. Photo by Michele lannacci THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 21 Senior Staff Appointments New Staff Members Douglas Addison Evaluation Officer/COM/I 1/18 ELKYN A. CHAPARRO, a Colom­ United States Rebekah Kirubaidoss bian national, has been promoted to Research Assistant/WAI/II/6 India Chief of the new Public Sector Man­ Osman S. Ahmed Secretary/EAI/II/25 Somalia agement Division, Western Africa Economist/IFCfII/1 Janice Kovatch United States Projects Department, effective Octo­ Christine H. Allison SecretaryjPHN/II/11 ber 1. Mr. Chaparro joined the Bank United Kingdom Steven Kyle in August 1970 through the Young Young Professional/YPP/II/5 United States Professionals Program. In October Linda J. Bia Lowas Young Professional/YPP/II/18 United States SueDen L. Lazarus 1971, he joined the Central America Corp. Charge Card Offcr./ADM/ United States and Caribbean Department, Division 11/25 Investment Officer/IFCfII/4 B, as an Economist, and in April 1974 he transferred to Kevin W. Casey Roberto C. Leong Division ID, Latin America and Caribbean Country Pro­ United States Philippines Project Manager/ADM/I 1/19 grams Deparment. In January 1978, Mr. Chaparro trans­ Cash Control Clerk/CSH/II/4 J aveline Chansa ferred to the European Office as Senior Recruitment Officer Zambia Jyotirmoy Maitra India and was promoted in March 1978 to Chief of Recruitment Secretary/LC I / II / II Staff Assistant/EDS/II/25 for Europe. He was named the Bank's first Resident Rep­ Kee Koon Chia I. Mignone Del Carril resentative to Peru in December 1979 and, in January 1983, Singapore Argentina Exec. Director's Asst./EDS/II/I was seconded to the Peruvian Government as Senior Ad­ Research Assistant/LEG/I 1/1 1 Ziauddin M. Choudhury viser to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. On his Bangladesh Mariatu Morton Ghana return to Headquarters in July 1983 he organized the Public Info. Resource Pin. Ofc./IRM/II/I Secretary/IFCfII/11 Enterprise Unit, of which he was appointed Chief, and in Michael Diliberti Ethel Newborn May 1984 he became Chief, Technical Cooperation Unit. United States United States Secretary/LCI/II/4 Secretary/IRD/II/25 BAELHADJ MERGHOUB, an Al­ George Doherty Terrie North gerian national, has been appointed United States United States Chief, Division 2A (Ivory Coast, Gui­ Secretary/EA2/11/ 11 Secretary/EMP/II/18 nea Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome Ulrich F. Dorf Peter Pease Germany and Principe), Western Africa Coun­ Exec. Director's Asst./EDS/II/4 United States Procurement Specialist/EGY/ try Programs Department II, effective Stella FaduUon 11/14 October 30. Mr. Merghoub joined the Philippines Luis A. Riveros Bank through the Young Profession­ Secretary/IFCf II /25 Chile alsProgram in 1970 and was assigned Catherine Farvacque Economist/DRD/II/14 France as an Economist to the Agricultural Research Assistant/WUD/II/25 J asinder Sarna India Credit Division, Agricultural Projects Department. In Oc­ Dennis Flannery Systems Analyst/EMP/II/15 tober 1972 he transferred to the Europe, Middle East and United States Dorothy N. Smith North Africa Projects Department, Agriculture Division, Sr. Financial Sys. Spec./IND/II/12 Liberia and to the Agricultural Credit and Agro-Industries Division Craig Freilich Secretary/EM2/11/25 United States in 1974. He was promoted to Deputy Division Chief in July Publications ClerkjPUB/II/4 Lerick S. Spear 1977 and to Division Chief in July 1978 in the Agriculture United States Thomas Glaessner Secretary/LCP/11/11 Division II, Europe, Middle East and North Africa Projects United States Michael L. O. Stevens Department. He has served as the Bank's Chief, Resident Economist/FPA/ 10/8 United Kingdom Mission, Pakistan, since January 1983. Shideh Hadian Economist/EA I / II / II Iran Paul J. C. Van Der Eijk JOE MANICKAVASAGAM, a Ma­ Research Assistant/EM2/II/1 Netherlands laysian national, was promoted to the Yolanda Hooks Management Systems Spec./VPA/ position of Chief, Staff Training Divi­ United States 10/30 sion, Personnel Department, effective Secretary/IFCfII/25 V. Venkatesan November 1. Mr. Manickavasagam Reet A. Jukkum India Canada Agric. Extension Spec./EAR/lI/l8 joined the Bank in October 1981 as a Asst. Personnel Officer/PMD/ Kathleen M. Whitelocke Personnel Officer and was promoted II/II Jamaica to Manager, Personnel Team 4, in Mohsin S. Khan Cierk/ADM/li/il 1983. Prior to joining the Bank, he was Pakistan Peter Wittenberg Division Chief/DRD/II/25 Israel Group Director of Personnel (Planta­ Nitin A. Kibe Irrigation Engineer/LCP/II/18 tions), Sime Darby Ltd. India 22 THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 Retirees DENISE PEGOIX retired November MONIQUE ROCHE-RAINHORN, 30 after 21 years in the Bank. She a French national, retired November served the entire period in the Execu­ 30 after 19 years in the Bank. Ms. tive Directors' offices, the last II of Roche- Rainhorn joined the Bank as a which were in the French ED's Office. Staff Relations Officer in the Per­ Prior to joining the Bank, she was with sonnel Department, and from 1974 to the U .S. Delegation to the Organiza­ 1984 she was with the European Office tion for Economic Cooperation and Paris as Chief of Administration. She Development, Paris. Ms. Pegoix, a served the past year in the Medical French national, will return to live in Department as a Special Adviser on the south of France. the Field Office Improvement Program. Letters to the Editor._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ In regard to the section "Women in They have advanced degrees in var­ selves. For the institution, this is a Development" and to the particular ious fields, have worked for years major waste of resources. article "Women in the Bank" (The while raising children and caring for Iona Sebastian Bank's World, September 1985), I families at home, have traveled for EMPTR would like to complete the picture on weeks at a time in some unglamorous Dear Sir: *** the status of women in the Bank with parts of the world, and have proved to I love those biographies you do from the following statistics based on FY82 themselves, to their colleagues, and to time to time about a staff member, like and FY83 PMD data. (Statistics vary management that when it comes to the one about the fellow who looks from year to year, but there is a very professional attitudes on the job there after the files in a cave in Pennsyl­ low probability that in FY84 and is no gender difference. vania, and the other guy who keeps a FY85 the distribution ofjobs between Women in the Bank work in Resi­ racing yach t on the Chesapeake. men and women in the Bank has dent Missions in West Africa, act in Next time, why not do one about changed significantly.) management positions, design proj­ the guy who invents all the forms we (i) In FY83, of about 6,000 staff, ects, lead missions, and, by and large, have to fill in? We never get to meet 46% were women. They were distri­ are paid less than their male col­ him, but he must be a real genius to buted as follows: 65% in secretarial leagues. The Bank has given them the think up all those clever things to ask . and other support staff; 20% at the opportunity to work and express their For example, Form 75-all neatly ar­ assistant level; 12% in J-K-L catego­ potentials in a prestigious institution, ranged in alphabetical order, starting ries; and 3% in high paying M-U pos­ and they lived up to the challenge. For with that gloriously liberated "Appro­ itions. these staff, the issue of women's status priate Disposition," and ending cli­ in the Bank in terms of hiring, promo­ mactically with "URGENT." What (ii) Of the 3,056 staff in higher level tions, and professional mobility is one discretion. What taste. positions, 14% were women and 86% of a clearly defined group that does R.J.G. Le Breton were men. At entry level grades (J /K), not have the power support systems Recife Resident Mission there were 467 staff, of which 41 % and leverage traditionally available to were women, 59% men. At the higher men to promote their interests. * * * grades (N and above), there were 553 If you have a comment about an staff, of which 5% were women, 95% Women can bring a new point of article that has appeared in this men. view on the current issues in develop­ magazine, a Bank policy, or some ment, on the management of scarce interesting information you'd like (iii) In 1982, across aU grades J to resources, and on the use of the staff's to share, please let us know by Q, women were paid on the average potential to its "fullest." This point of sending a letter to: The Editor, The some $2,000 to $3,000 less than men. view will not surface as long as wom­ Bank's World, Room D-839. The Across disciplines in higher level pos­ en are limited in reaching policy and editor reserves the right to make itions, women are paid consistently management positions because mana­ changes because of space limita­ less than men. tions and style, and all letters must gers persist in selecting-either for ..[ , Many of the women on the Bank hiring or for promotions--candidates be signed, though names will be staff are not instant success stories. who are "mirror images" ofthem­ withheld upon request. THE BANK'S WORLD I DECEMBER 1985 23 Answer , l' The purpose ofthis column is to answer Answer: All positions advertised in tions. Why then does the Bank continue questions ofbroad interest concerning the VIS are initially restricted to in­ to use Bialek's Pharmacy for the enor­ The World Bank/IFC's policies and ternal candidates. When suitable mous quantities of travel medicine be­ procedures. Because ofspace limita­ candidates are not found internally, ing distributed to staff? Wouldn't it be tions, only questions ofwide interest external candidates are considered. cheaper to use Peoples for the travel can be published. Ifyou have uch a Preference is always given to internal medicine as weU? question, send it to: Answer Line, The candidates, but when the supply is Answer: In FY85, the MedicaJ De­ Bank's World, Room D-839. not adequate, or certain skiBs are not partment sought competitive bids for Question: The weekly Vacancy Infor­ available, we must Jook outside in its travel medicine services from four mation Service (VIS) states categori­ order to fill all vacant positions with vendors, one of which was Peoples cally that positions advertised in it are properly qualified staff. Charlotte DnJg Stores. Based on the bids re­ not open to external candidates. This Hunter, Manager, Recruitment Pro­ ceived, Bialek Corporation was sig­ statement is patently not true as a brief gram , Staffing Division, Personnel nificantly less expensive than the other examination of the data for the first two Management Department. bidders and was therefore awarded the months of FY86 indicates that about * * '" contract. We will continue the com­ 150/0 of higber level vacancies, 35 % of Question: TheBank has made a rather petitive bidding proces in the future assistant level and 40 % of secretarial good deal with Peoples Drug Stores to ensure the most effective use of our vacancies were filled by external candi­ whereby aD staff members are encour­ funds . Andre Lebrun . M.D ., Director, dates or Bank temporaries. Wby? aged to use Peoples to fill their prescrip- Medical Department As we go to press. .. AGENDA OF UNFINISHED BUSINESS: Senior Vice adjustments or, at a minimum, to buffer such President Operations Ernest Stern told the economies unduly. Development Assistance Committee meeting in "Third, the growth of the international Paris earlier this month that there are economy is vital to the prospects of the three vital lessons "we can draw from the developing countries; i.e., economic growth past to apply to the future." His comments is not easily compartmentalized. This is came during discussions on the item Agenda well known and often stated. But the same of Unfinished Business. is true for the adjustment process. Without "First, adjustment and development are adjustment in OECD economies, without neither antithetical concepts nor separable adjustment in the world trading system, ones," he said. "Development means, and without adjustment in international has always meant, adjustment to new institutions, growth will be impeded-­ economic realities, to changing severely for some. Capital flows are technologies, to the introduction of new important but they are not a substitute for knowledge, to different incentives and adjustment in the capital-importing policies. countries and neither are they a "Second, what we face today is an satisfactory response to global development accumulated failure to adjust, together efforts by the industrialized countries." with increased volatility in the world economy, increased uncertainty and very * * * rapid technological change. All of SIERRA LEONE SIGNS CONVENTION: Sierra Leone us--bilateral donors, multilateral has become the fifth country to sign the institutions, commercial banks, export Convention establishing the Multilateral credit agencies and developing countries-­ Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). have contributed to this accumulation of Ecuador, Korea, Senegal and Turkey signed overdue adjustments. While it certainly previously. was not the intention, policies of The Convention will enter into force developed and developing countries alike after five capital-exporting and 15 have sought to insulate economies against capital-importing countries ratify it. The Bank's World, Vol. 4, No. 12. Published monthly in Washington, D.C., by the Information and Public Affairs Department of The World Bank for all employees and retirees of The Wo.rld Bank/International Finance Corporation, 1818 H SI., N.W., Room D-839, Washington, D.C. 20433. Alan Drallell, Editor; Ellen Tillier, Associate Editor; Marjorie Messiter and Jill Roessner, Assistant Editors; Morallina George, Editorial Assistant; Bill Fraser, Designer.