..-/t -- %ist -A3 4 -i1 E-235 VOL. 3 A q. 4{- ELECTRICITY GENERAI'NG AUTHORIrY OF THATILAND FINAL REPORT FOR TLTNDTCNTij A TMNTT A L IMIPDA -T A eT ASSESSMENT OF RATCHABURI -POWER PLANT PRO.F-CT SUMMARY REPORT PREPARED BY,. FACULTY OF ENVIRON.MENT AND - RESOURCE SnTDiES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY AL&RCH 199C - EGAT - INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE) 441 ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND FINAL REPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTTAL MIPACT AS1ZQSEXSSMNT OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT PREPARED BY FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY MARCH 1996 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT THE REPORT SET COMPRISES 1. VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT Environmental Impact Assessment, Recoimmended Guidelines for Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Programs of Ratchaburi Power Plant Project 2. VOLUME 2: APPENDICES A-I Questionnaires, Tables and Other Supplementary Data/ Information 3. SUMMARY REPORT (in English) 4. SUMMARY REPORT (in Thai) This Summary Report (English version) was improved as requested by Office of Environmental Policy and Planning. It did not include the additional details submitted by Consultant/EGAT as requested by the Committee of Experts. All additional details are included in the Summary Report (Thai version). 2! E.1 sip .i) P- 2:¶e t- U- La C-k ~C~: CD C-~C )~ ~ - C" ~~~~~~ N '7 ~~~~~~~~~~- -~~~~ - - C" C" C" c~~~ ~-' r ~~ ~ '7:CC-CC (4~~~ ~ ~ ~ CCz :"C ~ t t-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~ C- G7 - C; ~~~ -(~~C,;3 C" TV C, If) (~~~7 c .7 C -a C- ( C- C~~) '7 C" L- 0-~ 'Z' 3 "'4; C; F7 F 3 C" C" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '-4 C" )~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ )) ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ k C7 '7 '7 r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ C: '7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~C; Fcm C- T. 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(m.) ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................ ........................................................................ .....................................|.} ii ..w .......3 .5.>................................ .......~~~~~~~~~~~?i1)..._._.._._. ..........._._._._......................... 'T 1!1!:i ii 25l z1l ..._ , .. _ ._ . _........ ......... - IaunMnlstniin4lUlll-Uvn^-!l.; ttU-^atl;1ntI' -1T qil c..l Z;Z - nullz ia s-us oulnls-,.nj Is-SI o -Iu oun aO%lQ'UJ 2538 1'nuoao5u5ooDuUvUa ao5iO Q5m)ru-aolIaui a:n6UJ V-fn5fl5 1 a1 ui1tn w&j1aEuiaa IiJUW ml5Io1-Inus55Lq15-wafl:nuaotDooiajJ 1Q5onl3fs1515oM wxilu-u-rn-15 all8uazia 50.sOV6a nM-lZsfu- .-.*.s.@....... .F*Z @.;&................................. - i flnu 5 J wnln a 1. -ol-asonoa naouw ........................ 2. woi. iirli uoniOO.I ...........7........................ (.7 3. wt.aZii mnno ..... ~.........................-7........... .......... ...... ( .0s.uw.d5sW viU 5srglnE)n5 o5m5u&humnnDE)iAs unFxa PROJECT PERSONNEL Percentage of Work Name Signature Responsibility in Comparison with the Overall EIA Project Management 1. Pradit Charoenthaithawee Project Advisor 2. Debhanom Muangman / _ Project Director 3. Rungjarat Hutacharoen r Deputy project Director 20 4. Laddawan Thong-Nop P .- . roject Manager 40 5 Suchart Nawagawong . Assistant Project Manager 15 6. Sukhumi Poothong ,t Project Assistant 5 .._______________________ ______________________ Total = 100 Editorial Board 1. Rungjarat Hutacharoen . 25 2. Laddawan Thong-Nop .. . 25 3. Ilyas Baker 30 4. Suchart Nawagawong . . 10 5. Sukhum Poothong 10 ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ __ _ ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ Total = 100 Percentage of Work Name Signature Responsibility in Comparison with the Overall EL4 Air Resources! Meteorology. 1. Sudhin Yoosook ' J ) , Team Leader 7.5 2. Krisana Teankaprasit -* . . ;! Senior Scientist 2.5 Surface Water Hydrology/ Water Resources Management and Water Uses/ Flood Control and Drainage 3. Virat Khao-upatum | < "' Team Leader 6 4. Kampanad Bhaktikul k- FhakI L Irrigation Engineer & 6 Environmentalist Surface Water Quality 5. Usanee Uyasatian ( 5 Team Leader 8 Aquatic Resources and Fisheries 6. Suchart Upathum Team Coordinators 1.6 7. Vithoon Viyanant Team Coordinators 1.6 8. Boonserm Poolsanguan .3 . Researchers 1.6 9. Pornsawan Visoottiviseth P Vt S H'4 v;' "11. Researchers 1.6 10. Preecha Klingesom Researchers 1.6 Socio-Economics 1. Orathai Rauyajin 4i' 'am Leader 2 12. Ilyas Baker Environmental Sociologist 2 13. Vanawipha Pasandhanatorn S o co= E c on o I-d ist 2 14. Thawatchai Boonchote | , < Environmental Social 2 Scientist . T I Percentage of Work Name Signature Responsibility in Comparison _____________ _____________ j ______________________ w ith the O verall EIA Public Health/ Public Safety / 15. Piya Leimsombat > 7 'V , _ Team Leader 1.2 16. Naowarat Charoenca 4 Health/ Sanitation Expert 1.05 17. Nipapan Kungsakulniti Health/ Sanitation Expert 0.75 Occupational Health and safety/ Public Safety 18. Chalermchai Chaikitiporn /z. (_. i'.-m Team Leader 3 19. Chompusakdi Pulket ( .. Industrial Hygiene 0.5 Assessment Expert 0.5 20. Vittava Yoosook - Industrial Hyhiene Assessment Expert 0.5 21. Wichai Pruktharatikul \J4i P- . Safety Expert 22. Pramuk Osiri Occupational Health Expert 0.5 Groundwater- Hydrology / Quality 23. Vimonrat Kasemsupaya Team Leader 1.6 24. Oranuj Lorphensri 0. k4 Hydrogeologist 2.4 Environmental Noise 25. Luepol Punnakanta t-7; ) C4Team Leader 4 _ I Soil and Land Quality - 26. Sunan Kunaporn m ' Soil Scientist 3.2 27. Suchart Nawagawong . a Environmentalist 0.8 Percentage of Work Name Signature Responsibility in Comparison with the Overall EIA Forest and Wildlife 28. Warren Y. Brockelman Lx- ? b l' Team Leader 4 Landuse and Agriculture 29. Surnalee Thepsuwan Team Leader 5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 30. Piya Leimsonbat | At - Team Leader 2.5 31. Suvit Chumnumsiriwat Environmental engineer/ 2.5 Sanitation Geology and Mineral Resources 32. Pongpit Piyapongsa 7Y,Th"V" t Team Leader 1.05 33. Suchart Nawagawong - A.. & . Environmentalist 0.9 34. Gintana laoruechupong . . .- Geologist 1.05 Transportation 35. Vichai Pornsiripong i - Team Leader 2.4 36. Sukhum Poothong __ / . Environmentalist 0.6 Housing - 37. Sukhum Poothong . /Te-Ln 3 Percentage of Work F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ J Name Signature Responsibility in Comparison with the Overall EIA i Industry 38. Sukhum Poothong . Team Leader 2.1 39. Krisanarack Teeraraj Il);J-1- , Industrial Expert 0.9 Power and Tranmission Line 40. Supachai Paiboon ..- Team Leader 3.2 41. Sukhum Poothong Environmentalist 1.8 Aesthetics/ Tourism/ Recreation and Archaeology 42. Laddawan Thong-Nop /4(. Tk.t- Team Leader 2.1 43. Rungjarat Hutacharoen j -, A. -. Environmentalist 0.9 Seismology -. 44. Pongpit Piyapongsa ;)1 ,q j.w 'S, Team Leader 0.25 45. Suchart Nawagawong - -- -- / Environmentalist 0.25 46. Gintana laoruechupong <_ , r Geologist 0.5 .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _T o ta l 1 0 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The project 1-1 1.2 Power Demand and Supply in Thailand 1-1 1.3 Summary of Site Evaluation Results 1-2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Site Location 2-1 2.3 Electricity Generating Complex 2-1 2.4 Fuel Supply 2-6 2.5 Water Supply 2-7 2.6 Enviromnental Discharge 2-7 2.7 Hazadous Materials Containment 2-12 2.8 Construction and Operation Staff 2-12 2.9 Construction Material and Plant Equipment Weights 2-12/1 2.10 Fire Protection 2-13 2.11 Emergency Plan 2-16 2.12 Project Schedule 2-19 3. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES/ VALUES 3.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 3.1.1 Meteorology 3-1 3.1.2 Surface Water Quantity 3-3 3.1.3 Surface Water Quality 3-3 3.1.4 Groundwater Resources 3-4 3.1.5 Soil and Land Quality 3-5 3.1.6 Geomorphology 3-5 3.1.7 Mineral Resources 3-12 3.1.8 Air Resources 3-12 3.1.9 Environmental Noise 3-13 3.1.10 Seismology 3-13 3.2 ECOLOGYAND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 3-15 3.2.2 Forest and Wildlife 3-17 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.) Page 3.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 3.3.1 Land Use 3-19 3.3.2 Agriculture 3-19 3.3.3 Housing 3-21 3.3.4 Transportation 3-21 3.3.5 Power/ Transmission System 3-22 3.3.6 Industry 3-22 3.3.7 Water Management and Water Use 3-22 3.3.8 Flood Control and Drainage System 3-23 3.4 QUALITY OFLIFE VALUES 3.4.1 Socio-Economics 3-25 3.4.2 Archaeology 3-29 3.4.3 Tourism/ Recreation and Aesthetics 3-29 3.4.4 Public Health 3-30 3.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 3-30 3.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 3-31 3.4.7 Public Safety 3-31 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 4.1.1 Surface Water Hydrology 4-1 4.1.2 Surface Water Quality 4-1 4.1.3 Groundwater Resources 4-2 4.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 4-3 4.1.5 Geomorphology 4-4 4.1.6 Mineral Resources 4-5 4.1.7 Air Resources 4-5 4.1.8 Environmental Noise 4-15 4.1.9 Seismology 4-15 4.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 4.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 4-16 4.2.2 Forest and Wildlife 4-17 4.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 4.3.1 Land Use 4-17 4.3.2 Agriculture 4-18 4.3.3 Housing 4-19 4.3.4 Transportation 4-20 4.3.5 Power and Transmission Line 4-20 4.3.6 industry 4-21 jj TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.) Page 4.3.7 Water Management and Water Use 4-21 4.3.8 Flood Control and Drainage System 4-22 4.4 QUALITY OFLIFE VALUES 4.4.1 Socio-Economics 4-23 4.4.2 Archaeology 4-27 4.4.3 Tourism/ Recreation and Aesthetics 4-27 4.4.4 Public Health 4-28 4.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 4-28 4.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 4-29 4.4.7 Public Safety 4-31 5. RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 5.1.1 Surface Water Hydrology 5-i 5.1.2 Surface Water Quality 5-1 5.1.3 Groundwater Resources 5-2 5.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 5-2 5.1.5 Geomorphology 5-3 5.1.6 Mineral Resources . 5-3 5.1.7 Air Resources 5-3 5.1.8 Environmental Noise 5-4 5.1.9 Seismology 5-4 5.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 5.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 5-5 5.2.2 Forest and Wildlife 5-6 5.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 5.3.1 Land Use 5-6 5.3.2 Agriculture 5-7 5.3.3 Housing 5-7 5.3.4 Transportation 5-7 5.3.5 Water Management and Water Use 5-8 5.3.6 Flood Control and Drainage System 5-8 5.4 QUALITYOFLIFE VALUES 5.4.1 Socio-Economics 5-9 5.4.2 Archaeology 5-12 5.4.3 Tourism/ Recreation and Aesthetics 5-12 5.4.4 Public Health 5-13 5.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 5-13 5.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 5-14 5.4.7 Public Safety 5-16 i.. TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.) Page 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 6.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 6.1.1 Surface WaterTvlrnlov 6-1 6.1.2 Surface Water Quality 6-1 6.1.3 Groundwater Resources 6-2 6.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 6-3 6.1.5 Air Resources 6-4 6.1.6 Environmental Noise 6-5 6.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 6-5 6.2.2 Forest and Wildlife 6-6 6.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 6.3.1 Transportation 6-7 6.3.2 Water Management and Water Use 6-8 6.3.3 Flood Control and Drainage System 6-8 6.4 QUALITY OFLIFE VALUES 6.4.1 Socio-Economics 6-9 6.4.2 Public Health 6-12 6.4.3 Sanitation and Waste Handling 6-12 6.4.4 Occupational Health and Safety 6-13 6.4.5 Public Safety 6-16 iv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1-1 LOCATION OF CANDIDATE SrIES 1-3 2-1 LOCATION OF RATCHABURI PROJECT SITE 2-2 2-2 LOCATION OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT 2-3 2-3 SITE ARRANGEMENT 2-4 2-4 THE NEW DELIVERY PORT TO THE PLANT SITE 2-7/1 2-5 THE PIPELINE TO THE ONSITE FOR USE AS THE PRIMARY PLANT WATER SUPPLY SOURCE 2-7/2 3-1 PREVAILING WIND AND MONSOON TROUGH 3-2 3-2 DETAILED RECONNAISSANCE SOIL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3-9 3-3 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3-10 3-4 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3-11 3-5 AIR QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS 3-12/1 3-6 SEISMIC SOURCE ZONE OF BURMA-THAILAND-INDIA 3-14 3-7 MAP OF PROJECT SITE AND COLLECTION STATION 3-16 3-8 LOCATION OF HABITATS IN THE PROJECT SITE 3-18 3-9 LAND USE MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3-20 3-10 SrHEMATIC DnAGsRAM OF WATER USED IN MAE KLONG BASIN 3-24 4-1 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF S02 1-H AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP 4-7 4-2 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF SO2 24-H AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP 4-8 4-3 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF S02 ANNUAL AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP 4-9 4-4 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF NO2 1-H AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP 4-10 4-5 ISOPLETHS OF MAXIMUM GLC OF SO2 WITHIN THE AREA WnTIN ABNORMAL OPERATION NO.1 OF THE RPPP 4-11/1 4-6 ISOPLETHS OF MAXIMUM GLC OF SO2 W1THIN THE AREA WITHIN ABNORMAL OPERATION NO.2 OF THE RPPP 4-11/2 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 1-1 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF SITE EVALUATION,TOTAL AND BY PARAMETER 1-7 1-2 VISUAL SUMMARY OF RESULT OF SITE EVALUATION, BY PARAMETER 1-8 2-1 RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT THERMAL POWER UNIT 700 MW 2-8 2-2 RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT COMBUSTION TURBINE 22 MW (GE-9 FA) 2-9 3-1 PROFILE FEATURES,SERIES,CLASSCIFICATION, LANDFORM AND PARENT MARERIAL OF THE STUDY AREA 3-6 4-1 SOURCE DATA FOR DISPERSION MODELING IN CASE OF THERMAL POWER UNIT 4-12 4-2 SOURCE DATA FOR DISPERSION MODELING IN CASE OF COMBINED CYCLE UNIT 4-13 4-3 COMPARISON OF SO2 CONCENTRATIONS TO THE TAAQS 4-14 4-4 COMPARISON OF N02 CONCENTRATIONS TO THE TAAQS 4-14 4-5. SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RATCHABUI PROJECT 4-33 5-1 POTENTIAL CONCERNS OF COMMUNITIES WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED BY THE POWER PLANT 5-10 6-1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING SCHEDULE FOR THE ONE YEAR PERIOD BEFORE THE RPPP START-UP 6-4 6-2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAM 6-17 vi SUMAIARY REPORT FOR ENVIRRONMENTAL lMPACT ASSESSMEN1 OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Project In December 1993 EGAT requested Mahidol University to conduct a site evaluation and an environmental impact assessment of the Lower Central Combined Cycle Project to deternine its environmental impacts and to propose mitigation measures and a comprehensive monitoring plan . During the course of studies, the project was modified and expanded to include the conventional oil/gas-fired power plants. When the site evaluation concluded that the project should be in Changwat Ratchaburi, the project was renamed "Ratchaburi Power Plant Project ". The impact assessment is to be submitted to the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Science, Tph,,clrse,n, and the Envlirronmnt for cxi>r 1.2 Power Demand and Supply in Thailand According to documentation supplied by EGAT the demand for power in Thailand is estimated to increase from 8,045 MW in 1991 to 13,075 MW at the end of 1996, a growth rate of 10.20 per cent; 19,000 MW at the end of 2000 , a growth rate of 7.76 per cent ; and 25,515 MW by 2006, a growth rate of 6.07 per cent. A power development plan (PDP) has been prepared covering the period 1992-2006 . A generating reserve margin of no less than 15 per cent has been adopted thus projected installed capacity is 16,198 MW in 1996 22,579 MW in 2001 and 30,951 MW in 2006. This PDP has been divided into 3 periods: short term , medium term and long term . The short term plan covers the period of the Seventh National Economic and Social Development Plan 1992-96 . After some existing plants have been decommissioned the power generation capability at the end of 1996 will be 15,642 MW which is sufficient to support the peak demand of 13,075 MW at that time. 1-1 During the medium term plan period or up to the year 2001, 26 new projects are expected to be commissioned. totalling 15.075 MW. These projects include 7 projects located in Ratchaburi province. These constitute a large base load therrmal power station , known as the Ratchaburi Power Plant Proiert, and ronsists of fniir ?00 MAW thermal units and three 600 MW combined cycle blocks giving a total installed capacity of 4,600 MW. 1.3 Summary of Site Evaluation Results 1.3.1 Introduction During the first phase of EIA four candidate sites were evaluated to determine the preferred site for the electricity generating plant. The four sites were Ban Khung Krathin and Wat Phikun Thong in Ratchaburi Province and Ban Kum Tok and Ban Bang Kao in Petchaburi Province (see Fig 1-1 ) 1.3.2 Physical Resources For the Physical Resources group of values Wat Phikun Thong generally scored high in terms of suitability. A low score of 1 however was given for the "flooding and drainage conditions" factor of the Soil/Land Quality parameter as it was assessed that the site would incur extra grading costs to elevate it above its currently flooded state. A low score of 1 was also given for the "existing noise source" and "noise characteristics" factors of the Environmental Noise parameter due to the predominantly rural setting of the proposed site. Ban Kung Khrathin also generally received high scores in terms of suitability. But a low score of 1 was given for the "shrink and swell" factor of the Soil/Land Quality Parameter due to the fact that the soil in the area has high montmorillorite clays. Low scores of 1 were also given for the "noise characteristics" and the "noise affected group" factors of the Environmental Noise parameter as the site is at present a relatively quiet area and has a high population concentration within the vicinity of the site. Ban Kum Tok received somewhat mixed results overall. The lowest score was received for the Surface Water Quality parameter because "treated plant effluents and cooling tower blowdown would be discharged to Petchaburi River which is about 6 km from the lower mouth and the site has a very low flow.... thus making flushing difficult." The highest score it received was for the Air Quality parameter due to the existing ambient 1-2 -1 t4tfom holhara A,,pb.e ba.,q 1-1 a f'.7 CIIANGWAT SAM I AKI O i 311 i,, H.. Ph. .3 Wth. U'L I Ri A.h.1h. S.., W 4t, A,pl A., %Oa Pan phaeo WAT I'lliKliti elt1loul... , q tL S.. 0. N.W .... 1 b. B... M. 'I I..k GW ik A TOIJA BIIR I O P or .4 llllon, ra KG KRATIIIN ... )jImi,it X3 Jfbb B.a .0 b . .. ........ h.l. k chgh twho L- K 6-4, K.1 UT SONGKIIRAM J.' N q.. "16" 103 6'. --z ........ fi,hk.1 Ifu 'T' K !J. ............. it. D.. t Thl. 0 rho" I't I d ow.% f44 IV AT PH T BUR MN% P- .0 -Y. Q -.6.9 K.I. n d P,, T%, -24 CANDIDATE SITES 0 S..d SCAW . KiN 61.1s K.1 .04 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESShIENT KWq T ER CENTRAI, COMBINED CYCLE PRO MV FIGURE 1-1 LOCATION OF CANDIDATE Si air quality being higher than at other sites and due to the absence of sources of air pollution at present. Ban Ban Kao's results were also somewhat mixed with particularly low results for the Groundwater Hydrology/Quality parameter due its coastal location which would render ground water resources subject to salt water intrusion. 1.3.3 Ecological Resources Considering Ecological Resources Wat Phikun Thong consistently scored high in terms of suitability. It received no low scores,thus indicating its suitablity from the perspective of all factors. Ban Kung Kratin also generally received high scores showing its suitability but it did receive a score of I for the "tree density" factor due to the high density of fruit trees in the vicinity of the site. Ban Kum Tok received a high score for both the Aquatic Resources and Fisheries parameter and the Forestry, Vegetation and Wildlife parameter. Ban Bang Kao's results were also good overall but not as good as Ban Kum Tok's. 1.3.4 Human Use Values Regarding Human Use Values, Wat Phikun Thong had a mixed result receiving high scores for some parameters: Transportation, Transmission Line, Industry and Water Supply and low scores for others: Land Use and Agriculture; and Housing. The Housing parameter received a low score as the existing housing density was considered to be high and thus increasing the housing stock to accomodate power station staff was considered more likely to have a potentially negative effect. As population density was also high in the study area of Wat Phikun Thong its increase due to the introduction of project housing was seen as likely to adversely affect people's privacy or other social values. Regarding the Land Use and Agriculture Parameter, Wat Phikun Thong scored low due to (a) its relative proximity to residential areas (b) the fact that the area is mostly rice fields of moderate fertility (c) the likelihood of the land use changing to a higher value product (shrimp) in the near future. 1-4 Ban Kung Krathin was deemed to be highly unsuitable for all factors which comprised the Land Use and Agriculture parameter. The site is very dose to a number of residential areas; it is used intensively for mixed orchard cultivation and there is significant intercropping. Productivity is uncertain too. Ban Khung Khrathin also had low scores for the Housing parameter due to high population and housing density. But for the "distance to municipal area" factor it did receive a high score because it was only 4.5 km to the nearest municipal area. Low scores were also received for the aesthetic impact of the transmission line and for the 40% (estimated) probability of humans receiving the electrical effect of the transmission line . A score of 0 was also given to Ban Khung Khratin because of the site's proximity to a major source of pollution e.g. textile factory. Both Ban Kum Tok and Ban Bang Kao received mixed results for this group of values. 1.3.5 Quality of Life Values With regards to Quality of Life Values, the Wat Phikun Thong site generally received a high score for all parameters and factors. The exception was the waste handling factor due to the fact that there are no waste handling facilitics at the site. Ban Khung Krathin was also generally deemed suitable but it did receive low scores for the "sociopolitical acceptability" factor due to the fact that, comparitively, it was rated and ranked less favorably by respondents than were the other sites. It also received a low score for the " population concentration" factor as it had the highest population concentration within a 1-2 km. grid from the site compared to all other sites. Both Ban Kum Tok and Ban Bang Kao had mixed results for this group of values. Ban Bang Kao received a particularly high score due in the main to the low population concentration near the proposed project site and due to the fact that the idea of an electricity generating project at that site was rated highly by both villages and local government officials 1-5 1.3.6 Conclusions Wat Phikun Thong received the highest overall score and is thus the preferred site. The results show (see Table 1-1 and Table 1-2), however, that overall, the sites do not differ greatly in terms of suitability. Of the total points scored Wat Phikun Thong receive 28.8 per cent, Ban Khung Krathin 25.8 per cent, Ban Kum Tok 23.6 per cent and Ban Bang Kao 23.1 per cent. Where Wat Pikhun Thong received a low score for certain parameters or factors it frequently occurred that the other sites also received low scores for the same parameters or factors. It should be borne in mind that the site selection study largely used secondary data and was essentially an attempt to establish the relative rather than absolute suitability of the 4 sites to receive the proposed project. It was not an attempt to assess the impact of the project at the 4 sites. 1-6 TABLE 1-1 NUMERICAL SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF SITE EVALUATION, TOTAL AND BY PARAMETER Parameter Allocated Site I Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 weight Wat Phikun Thong Ban Khung Krathin Ban Kun Tok Bang Bang Kao Weight score Weight score Weight score Weight score 1. Air Quality 10 31.25 26.25 35.00 25.00 2. Surface Water Quantity/ Hydrology 8 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 3. Surface Water Quality 8 24.00 24.00 9.00 21.00 4. Aquatic Resources and Fisheries 8 24.50 24.50 24.50 22.00 5. Socio-Economics 8 18.50 17.00 18.50 30.00 6. Public Health 3 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7. Public safety 2 7.50 4.00 4.50 3.00 8. Occupational Health and safety 3 9.00 9.00 6.00 4.50 9. Groundwater Hydrology/ Quality 4 14.00 14.50 4.50 0.00 10. Envircnmental Noise 4 9.00 8.00 10.50 8.25 11. Soil and Land Quality 4 11.50 10.00 8.75 9.00 12. Forest and Wildlife 4 11.70 11.70 14.60 9.70 13. Landuse and Agriculture 5 5.00 0.00 12.00 20.00 14. Sanitation and Waste Handling 5 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 15. Water Supply 4 16.00 16.00 4.00 12.00 16. Geology and Mineral Resources 3 8.50 8.50 10.00 10.25 17. Transportation 3 10.00 6.20 5.30 3.10 18. Housing 3 3.00 5.00 7.00 8.00 19. Industiy 3 12.00 0.00 12.00 3.00 20. Aesthetics/ Tourism/ Recreation 3 10.00 8.50 5.00 4.00 and Aichaeology 21. Seismology 1 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 22. Power and Transmission Line 4 13.40 9.00 7.00 2.00 Total 100 288.85 258,65 236.15 231.80 TABLE 1-2 VISUAL SUMMARY OF RESULT OF SITE EVALUATION, BY PARAMETER Parameters Site I Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Wat Phikun Thong Ban Khung Krathin Ban kum tok Ban Ban kao 1. Surface Water Quantity/Hydrology 2. Surface water Quality 3. Groundwater Quality/Hydrology 4. Soil and Land Quality _ 6. Ai~~r Qualit 7. Environmental Noise. l __1 8. Seismology 9. Aquatic Resources and Fisheries 10. Forestry/Vegetation and Wildlife 11. Land Use and Agriculture 12. Housing 13. Transportation 14. Transmission Line 15. Industry 16.Water Supply _____ 17. Socio-Economics 18. Public safety 19. Public Health ____ 20. Sanitation and Waste Hanidling 21. Occupational Health and safety _____ 22. Aesthetics/Tourism/Recreation and Archaeology l KEY1 U11 80-100 % of highest possible score for parameter- r 60-79 % of highest possible score for parameter _ 40-59 % of highest possible score for parameter S 021-359 % of highest possible score for parameter D 0-20 % of highest possible score for parameter I1t must be noted that these are relative rather than absolute indicators of each site's suitability under existing conditions. Moreover, they are not meant to suggest static conditions. The application of mitigation measure could lead the result for some parameters to be reversed, e.g. sanitation and waste handling etc. 2The highest possible score for each parameter is calculated by multiplying the allocated weight for each parameters by 4 (4 being used to indicate "very suitable"). 1-8 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Introduction The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is a government owned utility, which proposes to construct new electricity generating units at the Wat Phikun Thong site, located approximately 7 km. northeast of Ratchaburi Province. The new electricity generating units will be known as the "Ratchaburi Power Plant Project." The project will incorporate both thermal units and combined cycle units. The thermal units will bum low sulfur residual fuel oil and/or natural gas and the combined cycle will bum natural gas as the primary fuel or distillate oil as the back-up fuel. 2.2 Site Location The site is located near Ratchaburi province as shown in Figure 2-1. The existing land use consists of rice production and fish ponds (Fig. 2-2). The site is located about 5 km. north of Mae Klong River. A paved road on the west side of the site will be used for local access to the plant. The area of the site is approximately 2,000 rai. The overall plant site arrangement is indicated on Figure 2-3. 2.3 Electric Generating Complex The development of the project consists of four 700 MW (nominal) supercritical, conventional heavy oil fired units and three 600 MW (nominal) combined cycle blocks, for a total site development of 4,600 MW. Each conventional Thermal units consists of a single furnace boiler and a single steam turbine. Each combined cycle block consists of two combustion turbine generators, two heat recovery steam generators (HRSGS) and one steam turbine generator. The plant performance and operating characteristics are briefly described in the following subsections. 2.3.1 Thermal Units The overall plant performance and operating characteristics are summarized as follows: 2-1 s _ S >lgo s^.^ > ; w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -- - ---- ' s s ~ en NCA9 ;qw 0 S . ,h. La4, = b _W, 8: .. J VT- = 0 W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lA W Ar_ 46V _ le~~~~~~~ _:n 0 ~~~~~- --- 10 _a- Pga -KC_ Amno no* _;, Am~ ~~ ST 'wfi'T K-- K-- 5t:.v PR ;; eXtO~s< ;:_.-,, HNWT SAUT EOGHA FIGURE 2-2 LOCATION OF RATCHBURI POWER PLANT . - - X - u - -- t I § 13 W A T E .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GOt~3~Bu O.55343.W3 I. pO EWflOKJAOSHECN.U3 j--OESILATNLO-ASS E,RE RESSlE l30.lY¶Ac STI3Nf * CN\ -T i '! It CTEC3,A30WAT UPETX.N Hs KICONOESAT W1M!TN J !||i X > _ . :: | . j . 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'H 533 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,CA NHJINEASSONCENNL&NA !I LAG *51 '4 At3 a: :30KV3UNSr*330N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ypooD'RasAq z / IH ....~...H ) H, ......WA. ...HELEHAN 33'' N OT TOBEEUSE A- ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ) -~~~~~~~~~~~~FG R 23ST ARIUANAEMENT$ FORE CONSTRUCC ION ..-'V *-~~(i~~r~ WII*lIt 31 ~~.... - tO 3ELHA3~~~NELAN0EHH.Le :~~~~~~~~~Jji~~~~~~~~~-'FI~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 HU3ZN'E 34?N. Number of Units 4 Design Capacity, MW Turbine Output 700 Net Plant Heat Rate, KJ/KWhf 9,767 Fuel Consumption, Heavy Oil, t/h 165.78 Natural Gas, SCF/h 6,920,450 Main Steam Production Quantity, kg/h 2,165,000 Pressure, bar absolute 241.3 Temperature, OC 538 Reheat Steam Production Quantity, kg/h 1,845,000 Pressure, bar absolute 43.3 Temperature, OC 566 Boiler Efficiency,percent 86.9 Turbine Speed,rpm 3,000 Cooling System Cooling Tower (mechanical draft) 2.3.2 Combined Cycle Block The overall plant performance and operating characteristics are summarized as follows: Number of Units 3 Blocks Design Capacity, MW (per Block) 600 Net Plant Heat Rate (LVH), KJ/kWh 6,885 Natural Gas Consumption, MMCFD 120 High-Pressure Steam (Each HRSG) Flow, t 261.6 Pressure, bar (a) 119.3 Temperature, °C 540 Reheat Steam (Each HRSG) Flow, , t/h 280.9 Pressure, bar (a) 29.3 Temperature, OC 538 Low-Pressure Steam (Each HRSG) Flow, tA 44.2 Pressure, bar (a) 4.4 Temperature, OC 279 2-5 Exhaust Gas Flow entering HRSG, t/n 2,085 Temperature entering HRSG, 0C 606 Temperature leaving HRSG, °C 103 Cooling System Cooling Tower (mechanical draft) 2.3.3 Transmission Systems and Auxiliary Power The generator output will be fed through a step-up transformer to a 500 kV and 230 KV substation located west of the central generating complex on the plant site. The substation will be comlected to several new 500 kV and 230 kV lines. 2.3.4 Heat Rejection Systems Heat rejection will be accomplished by circulating water from the basin of the cooling tower through the condenser and closed cooling water heat exchangers. The major components of the cooling system include the condenser, cooling tower, circulating water pumps, and closed cooling water heat exchangers. The wastewater from the heat rejection system with a temperature about 360C will be discharged into the holding pond before being further discharged into the wastewater treatment system of the power plant. 2.4 Fuel Supply The fuel oil requirement for four (4) 700 MW thermal units is approximately 14 million litres per day. The three blocks of 600 MW combined cycle unit will consume natural gas at a rate of approximately 390 MMCFD. 2.4.1 Natural Gas Sources of natural gas for Ratchaburi Power Plant are developing production regions located in the Gulf of Martaban, Union of Myanmar. Estimates of natural gas reserves and production are 5,700 billion cubic feet and 525 cubic feet per day respectively. Natural gas pipelines will be extended from production wells across peninsular Myanmar and enter Thailand at border the point (Kanchanaburi Province), then continue to the Ratchaburi Power Plant area. 2-6 2.4.2 Fuel Oil The primary source for the delivery of the residual (No.6) fuel oil will be via a dedicated pipeline from the fuel oil terminal located at the coast. The fuel oil terminal will receive fuel from an ocean going tanker and provide short-term storage. Fuel oil will then be pumped to the site via the dedicated underground pipeline and stored in the fuel oil storage tanks. Alternative pipelines from the new fuel oil delivery port to plant site are (Figure 2-4) - Mae Klong River Mouth, Ban Bang Ja Kang, Samut Songkram Province. - Gulf of Thailand, Ban Pak Tha Lae, Petchaburi Province. - Gulf of Thailand, Ban Bang Kaew, Petchaburi Province. All these altenatives will be studied and performed environmental impact assessment for fuel oil transport system. 2.5 Water Supply The raw water supply will be provided from Mae Klong River at Ban Bang Li via pipeiine to the onsite raw water reservoir for use as the primary plant water supply source (Figure 2-5). The water will be pretreated and will serve as the supply source for all plant needs, including cooling water makeup, potable water, general service water and demineralized water. The anticipated water requirements are summarized as follows. Quantity (M.Cu.m/year) - Cooling water makeup 69.60 - Cycle makeup water(demineralized water) 5.08 - Service water 0.21 - Potable water 0.14 Total Requirement 75.03 2.6 Environmental Discharges 2.6.1 Flue Gas Emission The flue gas emission data for the thermal unit and the combined cycle block are presented in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 respectively. 2-7 TABLE 2-1 RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT Thermal Power Unit 700 MW NATURAI. GAS FUEL OQl (Pure Methane) (2% S) Fuel Consumption (SCF/h) 6,920,450 - (Kg/h) 166,400 Emissions at 6% 02 NOx(ppmvd)** 175 190 NOx, as N02 (g/s)** 220 253 S02, uncontrolled (ppmvd) -- 994 S02, uncontrolled (g/s) -- 1,840 Particulate (g/s) 5 9 UHC (ppmvd) 20 18 UHC (g/s) 9 8 CO (ppmvd) 5 50 CO (gs) 42 40 Opacity (%) 20 20 Exhaust gas flow (gls)* 857,215 873,610 (m /s)* 1,070 1,050 Exhaust gas velocity 28 27.3 Exhaust gas temperature (C) 129 129 Stack Height (m) 150 150 Stack Diameter (m) 7 7 * Based on 10% excess air, 15% air heater leakage, and actual conditions (265 F, - 20" H20). ** Base on Low NOx burners and/or overfire air. No reductions included for flue gas recirculation. 2-8 TABLE 2-2 RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT Combustion Turbine 200 MW (GE-9 FA) NATURAL GAS DIESEL (Pure Methane) (0.25%S) Fuel Consumption (SCF/h) 2,230,625 -- (kg/h) 53,970 Emissions at 15% 02 NOx (ppmvd) 75 75 NOx,as N02(g/s) 76.67 81.86 S02 (ppmvd) -- 62.0 S02(g/s) -- 74.81 Particulates(g/s) 1.9 3.8 UHC(ppmvd) 7 7 UHC(g/s) 2.3 2.4 CO(ppmvd) 15 20 CO(g/s) 8 11 Opacity(%) 5+!- 10+/- Exhaust gas flow (g/s) 579,380 595,083 at standard conditions (60 F, 14.696 psia)(m3 /s) 486.48 496.32 Exhaust gas velocity (m/s) CT 54.8 57.2 HRSG 26.88 29.20 Exhaust gas temperature (°C) CT 607 602 HRSG 103 128 Stack Height (m) CT 35 35 HRSG 35 35 Stack Diameter (m) CT 5.79 5.79 HRSG 5.5 5.5 2-9 2.6.1.1 Air Polluion Controlfor Thermal Unit The sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission from the thermal unit will be controlled by the most prevalent flue gas desulfurization systems (FGD). The wet limestone FGD system, at least 80% efficiency, will be installed to control sulfur dioxide from oil fired boilers to dewatering of disposal operations. In the wet limestone scrubber FGD, recirculated slurry containing pulverized limestone and SO2 removal reaction products are pumped from the reaction tank and sprayed into the flue gas as it passes through the absorber module. The slurry removes S02 from the flue gas stream, forming calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. Subsequently, a blowdown stream of this recirculated slurry is directed from the recreation tank to dewatering of disposal operations. The limestone source are at Khao Ta Krao, Tambon Hin Kong, Amphoe Muang Ratchaburi Province are 1,056 tons/day and delivery by 11 tons truck, average 10 trips/day. Limestone 10 mm. size from limestone source are crushed in power plant site for the FGD system. 2.6.1.2 Air Pollution Controlfor Combined Cycle In combustion chambers, occurrences of nitrogen oxides depend on combustion temperatures since ambient air is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. At combustion temperatures below 550°c, no nitrogen oxides occur but they do at temperatures above 1,650°c. Therefore, combustion of different types of fuel gives rise to different proportions of nitrogen oxides. To control nitrogen oxides, demineralized water is sprayed into combustion chamber to keep the combustion temperatures below the point that nitrogen oxides occur. This, therefore, reduces the quantity of nitrogen oxides. In combustion turbine operations, levels of oxides of nitrogen will be kept below 75 ppm by means of continuous water spraying. Water which is used to control combustion temperatures will evaporate. However, the quantity of spray water must be kept optimal since it affects turbine performance/ efficiency. 2.6.1.3 Emission Monitoring System The emission monitoring equipment will be installed at a suitable locati, ono each exihaust stack. Emission data will be on-lined to the control room. 2-10 2.6.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment The wastewater collection and treatment will provide for the collection, treatment, and reuse of the plant wastewaters. The estimated daily wastewater flows are as follows: Conditions Ouantity (cu.M./day) Sewage Treatment Plant 397 (Activated Sludge + Extended Aeration) Oil/ water Separator 380 Total Flow to Irrigation Pond 777 Cooling Tower Blowdown 23,835 Neutralization Basin 3,424 Total Flow to Holding Pond 27,259 Water from the irrigation pond will be reused for gardening and green area maintenance inside the plant boundary. There will be one combined wastewater stream discharged from the onsite wastewater holding pond. The maximum total plant wastewater discharge is estimated at approximately 27,300 cu.m per day for the 4,600 MW site. There are 2 alternatives for wastewater discharge . The first alternative is to discharge it to the Mae Klong River via a pipeline. In such a case the wastewater discharge quality must be treated to be within the recommended standard of the Ministry of Industry. The second alternative is to discharge it to an irrigation drainage canal-the Klong Bang Pa nearby plant site. In this case the wastewater quality must be treated to be well within the recommended standard of the Royal Irrigation Department. Storm drain from the power plant area will be collected in a 100,000 cu.m. retention pond and will be pumped back to reservior for rescue. 2.6.3 Solid Waste disposal The wastewater resulting from the operation of the treatment system for circulating water makeup consists of an alkaline slurry which will be dewatered using a thickener and then a filter press. The remaining sludge will be landfilled. The landfill area will be approximately 600 rai and will also be used to collect discharge from the FGD system, sludge from sewage treatment plant and solids from the air heater wastewater treatment system. Gypsum by product from the FGD system is approximately 2,000 tons per day or 350,000 cu.m. per year will be dumped in the landfill area of 2-11 6,000 rai at approximately leap height of 10 meter. The estimated volume about 9.6 million cu.m. will cover 25 years of power plant life. Hower, gypsum can be sold out for other purposes. 2.7 Hazardous Materials Containment 2.7.1 Chemical Storage All chemical storage tanks, solution tanks, and chemical feed pumps will be located on curbed concrete containment areas drained through separate chemical waste collection piping to a neutralization basin or a chemical waste collection sump. A curbed concrete' area will be provided with a chemical-resistant coating suitable for the particular service. As a minimum, the combined volume of the curbed area and the associated neutralization basin or waste sump will be adequate to contain the entire volume of the largest single tank served. 2.7.2 Fuel Oil Supply and Storage Fuel oil storage consists of 4 kimber oil tanks and each of them contains 32 million liters which can be used for 7 days. For Combined Cycle have 3 tanks diesel oil, each of them have 17 million liters which can be used for 7 days. The area around the fuel oil storage tanks will be designed to contain oil spills resulting from equipment failure or leaks occurring during normal operations. The oil containment will be accomplished by using berms constructed of compacted earth or retaining walls built of reinforced concrete. Designed and perfortnance must be conformed with the ACT about oil storage B.E. 2474. (Modify no. 1-5 B.C.2474-2530) including concerned Ministry Announcement. Fuel oil piping will be routed above grade on pipe racks in order to facilitate detection and repair of leaks. If for any reason the pipe must be located underground, it will be placed in a concrete trench which will be drained to the oil/ water separator. 2.8 Construction and Operation Staff The overlapping unit construction is a function of EGAT's time table for unit operation. The peak estimated manpower for the construction period would be reach 1,700 people. During the operation period, the four 700 MW units will require an operational workforce of 700 to 800 workers. The three 600 MW combined cycle units will require an operational workforce of about 300 people. 2.9 Construction Material and Plant Equipment Weights Thermal Unit The total weight of construction equipment for Unit I and common facilities is 395,290 tonnes. The total weight for plant equipment for Unit 1 and common facilities is 24,160 tonnes. The corresponding weights for Unit 2 for the construction material and plant equipment are 45,000 tonnes and 15,000 tonnes, respectively. The designes construction for concrete work will use standard of ACI 318 (American Concrete Institute) and framework (iron) atandard of AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). The designs can support earthquake in Zone 1 by UBC (Uniform Building Code) at maximum 4.5 Richter scale. Combined Cycle Units The total estimated weight of construction equipment for first block and common facilities is 51,750 tonnes. The total weight of plant equipment for first block and common facilities is 17,250 tonnes. The corresponding weights for Block 2 for the construction material and plant equipment are 45,000 tonnes and 15,000 tonnes respectively. 2.10 Fire Protection 2.10.1 Fire Protection System The basic fire protection for the plant facilities will include the fol lxowLng sys/ctems: Equipment or Area Protected Type of Protection Yard and Building Exteriors Fire hydrants and hose houses Building Interiors Portable fire extinguishers, hose stations, and fixed water and C02 suppression systems. Control Equipment Room Portable fire extinguishers and precaution sprinkler system. Cable Spreading Room Wet pipe sprinkler system. Major Transformers and Deluge water snray systems. Lubnrcating Oil Equipment The source of water for the fire water systems will be two large capacity service water storage tanks with dedicated fire water storage. One electric motor driven fire pump and a diesel engine driven fire pump will supply waste from service water storage tanks to the -fire protection systems. 2.10.2 Fire Prevention and Control Plan from Natural Gas Leakage in Power Plant Objectives 1) To prevent fire from natural gas 2) To prepare and implement the action plan effectively in case of fire General Data In- order to work safely with natural gas, the following properties of natural gas that might create hazards as well as the following general practices must be known: 2-13 (1) General properties of natural gas that might cause hazards The natural gas used in the combined cycle power plant is mostly methane or "dry gas" - Vapour density of methane is 0.6 compared with air (Density of air is equal to 1) - Methane is in the form of vapour at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. - Methane can expand manifold compared with other gases - Mixture of methane and air which can be flammable is called "Flammable or Explosive Limit". Flammable Limits of Methane are 5.0-14 % (Lower-Upper Limit). (2) Hazards from natural gas - Leakage and dispersion in to the atmosphere. (Methane is hazardous in case of proper mixture with air) - Natural gas is colourless and not hazardous. However,some person may be allergic to the odor of the additive in natural gas. Leakage or purging of natural gas might cause dizziness or vomiting due to the additive called "ethyl mercaptan" (H2CH2 SH). Asphyxiate might cause death to employees if surrounded by vapour cloud. (3) Restricted Area The restricted area should be defined. All preventive and control measures must be strictly adhered to, namely: - Smoking is prohibited. - Lighters, matches or any ignition sources are not allowed in the restricted area. - Oxidizing agents must not be brought or kept in the restricted area. - Substances with auto-ignition are prohibited such as yellow or white phosphorus,magnesium alloy,etc. - Hot work, safety measures should be planned before working. - Unauthorized persons are not allowed in the restricted area. 2-14 (4) Safe practices in case of gas leakage - Personnel should stay upwind of fire or gas leak sources. - All employees must be kept away from vapour cloud. TI y to eliminate or block the source i,mediately. -Some persons should be assigned to take charge of any gas leak. All other persons are prohibited to come within the distance of 200 ft. from the source . - Gas leak but not flammable * Block valve to stop gas flow. In case of small pipe such as copper pipe, it can be squeezed using tongs to block the gas flow. * Use water spray against the direction of gas released to reduce the vapour gas. * If gas leak can not be stopped, expansion into fire must be controlled by spraying water on hot surface of metals such as pipes, or hot metal surface. * Avoid fire. - Gas leak and flammable * Fire extinguisher is prohibited unless the gas leak has already been blocked * If it is burned at valve, use water spray. The person who blocks valve should wear fire-proof clothes. - Preventive measures in case of gas leakage * In case of gas leakage all electrical equipments which are not explosion-proof type must not be used near the source. * Block valve to stop gas flow. . Control the ignition sources such as flame, hot surface,spark,etc. * Purge the gas. * Monitor the mixture of air and gas to determine the flammable limit and apply the preventive measures as mentioned in (4). . Gas might be absorbed into the employee 's clothes and released afterwards. This could pose a hazard. Therefore, all employees not wearing proper protective suit should inspect their own clothes 2-15 (5) Inspection of gas leak source - Determine the monitoring area for gas leakage. - Determine the sequences of all valves and flanges for inspection. - Set time table for inspection. - Monitor the gas leakage by Portable Gas Leak Detector. (6) Maintenance of equipment or pipes - Block valves before maintenance. - Provide sufficient ventilation during maintenance. - Monitor the mixture of gas and air before and during maintenance. - Instrument and equipment for maintenance must be non- sparking type. - Inspect all facilities regularly. - Inspect the thickness of piping system which might be the source of gas leakage. 2.11 Emergency Plan Serious accidents that might occur in the power plant are those concerning fire, gas or chemical leak and oil spill. Therefore, an emergency plan should be formulated in order to handle any emergency related to these. The main objectives of emergency plan are to (1) save the lives of the employees (2) extinguish or control gas release or explosion in order to minimize any losses (3) collaborate with the concerned agencies in handling the emergency (4) prevent the of emergency from escalating (5) clarify the emergency procedures including each person's responsibility The emergency plan can be classified into 2 phases Phase 1 Emergency plan preparedness Phase 2 Emergency action Phase 1 Emergency plan preparedness Emergency plan preparedness should cover the following: 1. nurnber of equipment/ tools available for controlling emergency -)- 1K 2. number of concerned personnel, for example, fire fighting team, supporting team, rescue team, first aid team and emergency commander 3. lists and telephone numbers of the concerned agencies and staff 4. control roomi meeting point 5. fire drill and simulation of the events 6. collaboration with the off-plant agencies 7. emergency procedures 8. responsibilities of each person/ team both working hours and off-job 9. working procedures should be clearly specified such as application of permit to work for welding and other hot works, restricted areas for personal protective equipment use etc. lO.training of employee to recognize the hazards due to unsafe conditions and -unsafe acts related to nandling cnemicals or natural gas which might contribute to fire, for example, chemnical properties, hazards, hygiene practices, control measures in case of gas release or chemical spill etc. 1 .monitoring of existing equipment such as piping system, fire fighting system including maintenance of equipment or pipes 12.planing for operate emergency plan at least once per year. Phase 2 Emergency Actions 1. In case of fire alarm, the emergency commander has to investigate the location of fire and inform all employees. 2. Emergency commander and fire fighting team will approach such location and try to control the fire 3. In case the in-plant fire fighting team can not control fire, the commander has to request the local fire station and concerned agencies for fire fighting assistance and also co-ordinate with those agencies 4. The rescue team should evacuate the employees and the injured to a safe place or the meeting point for head count and directly report to the commander. 5. First-aid team must be available to help the injured and pay attention to the commander's instructions. 6. Fire fighting team and supporting team must continuously inform the commander of their status. 7. In case of chemical fire, the chemical spill should be blocked or isolated to prevent the spread of fire. 8. The electrical engineer or the person in charge of the electrical system should facilitate the work of the fire fighting team and prevent them from electrocution. 9. After fire, the accident must be investigated in order to find out the source, causes of fire and also losses. Afterwards, recommendations for improvement should be proposed to the administrative level. The effectiveness of the emergency plan depends on many factors involved such as training of various teams, collaboration among the concerned agencies, the condition of existing fire fighting system etc. In order to carry out the Emergency Plan effectively, Emergency Response Teams should be established. The complexity of organization depends on the size of plant and also the number of staff in each Team. Typical organization chart of command of Emergency Response Team can be shown as follows Hierachy of command in case of emergency can be defined as follow [ Emerge*ncy Cuommgnder| LControl Centre| lFire Fighting Team ||Supporting Team_|First-aid Team R|escue Team Investigation Team 2-18 2.12 Project Schedule Power Plant Commercial Operation Ther... al Unit 1, 700 .^f4W April 1999 Thermal Unit 2, 700 MW August 1999 Thermal Unit 3, 700 MW October 2000 Thermal Unit 4, 700 MW February 2001 Combined Cycle Block 1 - Gas Turbines July 1998 - Steam Turbine July 1999 Combined Cycle Cycle Block 2 - Gas Turbines September 1998 - Steam Turbine September 1999 Combine Cycle Block 3 - Gas Turbines November 1998 - Steam Turbine November 1999 2-19 3. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES/ VALUES 3.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 3.1.1 Meteorology The general climatic condition is typical of the tropical savanna climate zone, influenced by the southwest and northeast monsoons. Moisture from the Indian ocean is normally brought by the southwest monsoon during May to October resulting in rainfall over the basin reaching a peak in September-October. The precipitation decreases when the northeast monsoon prevails. Occasionally, heavy rainfall is induced by the cyclonic storms that originate in the South China Sea, and move across the basin during September-October. A review of existing meteorological data revealed the following: 1) Rainfall The average annual rainfall varies from 870 mm. to 4423 mm. About 80 percent of the arnnual rainfall occurs during the wet season, from May to October. The maximum monthly rainfall generally occurs during September and October. The mean number of rainy days does not vary much, from station to station having the annual average of 87 days. 2) Temperature The mean monthly temperature ranges from the lowest 22.60C at Amphoe Muang in April, with the annual average of 27.90C . 3) Relative Humidity The mean relative humidity increases from 70 per cent in May to 79 per cent in October (at A.Thong Pha Phum), when the Southwest monsoon prevails. During the Northeast monsoon and the transition period from November to April, the relative humidity drops from 74 % to 59% (at Amphur. Muang) . The year round average relative humidities are 68 and 78 percent at A.Muang and A.Thong Pha Phum respectively. 4) Evaporation The mean monthly evaporation measured at Amphoe Muang, ranges from 124.6 mm. in November to 221.7 mm. in April and the mean annual evaporation is 1930.5 mm. 3-1 loo 102 .OA *IGA FIGURE 3-1 PREVAILING WIND AND MONSOON TROUGHI 5) Wind Theregional direction ofthe prevailing wind observedat Amphoe Muang Kanchanaburi is from the west in January to October , while in November and December the prevailing wirid is from the northeast and southeast. The mean wind speed varies from 2.1 to 3.4 knots with the maximum wind speed occurring in July with 55 knots. 3.1.2 Surface Water Quantity Project area is in the Mae Klong River basin which covers an area of 27,660 sq.km. There are two major rivers ; Khwae Yai and Khwae Noi which join together at Kanchanaburi . There are three water resources development projects (1) Vajiralongkorn Irrigation Project, (2) Srinakarindh Multipurpose Dam, (3) Khao Laem Multipurpose Dam . The characteristics of hydrology in this basin are as follows: 1) Stream Flow - Inflow of Srinagarindh (1952-1993) average 4,310 MCM.per year - Outflow from Srinagarindh (1985-1993) average 4,380 MCM.per year - Infow of Khao Laem (1965-1993) average 4,899 MCM. per year - Outflow from Khao Laem (1985-1993) average 4,233 MCM. per year - Inflow of Vajiralongkorn (1985-1993) average 9,850 MCM.per year - Release downstream of Vajiralongkorn (1985-1993) average 4,979 MCM.per year 2) Flow Pattern The flow pattern of Mae Klong River (downstream of Vajiralongkom Dam) has been changed significantly since the completion of the two impounding dams. It is recognized that the runoff in the dry season before the impounding dams had the mean monthly value of about 160-250 MCM. (or about 2% of the annual volume), on the other hand the existing monthly flow volume in the dry season has a minimum of about 260 MCM. (or about 4% of the annual volume). 3.1.3 Surface Water Quality The results of the three sampling periods ( Feb, April and May 1994) did not indicate serious water pollution in this stretch of the Mae Klong River. pH, color, conductivity, total suspended solids, total solids, anion and cation were in the normal ranges for river water. Even though DO contents (4.0-5.9 mg/i) were more than 4 mg/l and BOD (0.6-1.4 mg/i) was not more than 2.0 mg/l this stretch of the river cannot be classified as class 3 as defined by the Thai Surface Water Quality Standards because total coliform and faecal coliform at station 3 (Ban Rai) were more than 20,000 MPN/100 ml and 4,000 MPN/100 ml, respectively. This may have been caused by discharges of municipal wastewater from Ratchaburi Municipality and Lak Muang Sanitary District. From consideration of the ranges of the following parameters :pH, color, total solids, hardness, N03--N, S04-2, Cl1, Ca, Mg and heavy metals, over the three sampling periods, it can be concluded that the Mae Khlong River water at the proposed intake site is suitable as a source of raw water for domestic water supply. Other parameters, namely, turbidity, iron, total coliform and faecal coliformrn make this water less suitable for domestic purposes, indicating that treatment including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection is required. However, it is very suitable as a source of raw water for once through and makeup recycle cooling water. The problems of grease and oil contents as well as bicarbonate and iron contents can be minimized by drawing the water at a depth of 1-2 m below water surface and by treatment of the water, respectively. It is also suitable for fisheries enhancement and irrigation. 3.1.4 Groundwater Resources The development of the giroundwater for water supply in the power plant requires an understanding of the existing condition of groundwater and the changes which may occur during power plant construction and operation. The study found that: 1) Static Water level The static water levels of dug wells are shallower than those of the tube wells. Seasonal water level variation is less than 0.5 m. The shallow groundwater flow direction is from south-east to north-west. 2) Water Quality The water quality from the dug and tube wells in both seasons is under the maximum allowable Drinking Water Standard except for nitrate, iron, manganese, total hardness and bacteria which are particularly high in some wells. 3-4 3.1.5 Soil and Land Quality The study area was classified as part of the physiographic region, the so called Central Plain . It comprises former tidal flats, flood plains, terraces, erosion surfaces and foot hill slopes. Topography was characterized by flat, undulating to rolling terrains and with a few limestone hilly insellebergs. The general composition of the bed material consists of the Quaternary deposits with gravel, sand, silt and clay. The Mae Klong river and its tributaries are the largest drainage system flowing from north to south and southeast. Climate was classified as Tropical Sanvanna (Aw) with an ustic soil moisture and isohyperthermic soil termperature regime. During the southwest monsoon season (May to October) the winds bring a stream of warm moist air from the indian Ocean causing abundant rainfall. About 90 percent of the annual rainfall occurs during this season. During the northeast monsoon. (November to January) cool dry air coming from China brings slightly cooler conditions. February to April is the warm season with little rain. According to the climatic data at Amphoe Muang Ratchaburi of the Surface Water Hydrology study team, tUe average annual is aab,ut 1021.3 r (1952-1992) . The average annual temperature is about 27.9 °C at amphoe Muang, Kanchanaburi Province (1961-1990). The type of soil series within 15 km. radius from the power plant (Wat Phikun Thong) site included 17 soil series. The soil characteristics and other feature are summarized in Table 3-1 3.1.6 Geomorphology The study area lies between latitudes 130 30' N and 130 45' N, longitudes 990 45' E and 1000 00'E, in the western part of the Chao Phraya Delta. The landform of the study area is characterized by flat to nearly flat land which is classified as flood plain, former tidal flats, colluvium (figure 3-3) and isolated hills. The plains generally rise about 5-10 meters above sea level and consist of well-drained alluvium which provides good agricultural land. The geology of the area can be divided into two main parts the Pre-Quaternary Rocks and the Quaternary Sediments. The Pre-Quaternary Rocks occur in isolated hills in the western zone of the study area and can be classified into Carboniferous sedimentary rocks and Permian carbonate rocks. The Quaternary sediments cover most of the study area (more than 90%) and can be divided into fluvial sediments and marine sediments (figure 3-4). The fluvial sediments are 3-5 TABLE 3-1 PROFILE FEATURES,SERIES ,CLASSCIFICATION,LANDFORM AND PARENT MATERIAL OF TlIE STUDY AREA Series classification landform parent Slope % Soil depth Texture Color Drainge O.M. % Reaction(pH) material (USDA, 1990) (0-30) a.0-30 b.>30 Ayutthaya TYPic Former tidal Brackish 0-1 very deep clay or silty clay dark gray to grayish poor mod. high a.5.0-6.5 Tropaquepts flat water brown b. 4.0-4.5 deposits Bang Khen Typic Former tidal Brackish 0-1 very deep clay or silty clay dark gray to grayish poor medium a.5.5-7.0 Tropaquepts flat water brown b.5.0-6.5 deposits Bang Pa-in Aeric Former tidal Brackish 0-1 very deep clay or silty clay dark grayish brown somewhat medium a.5.5-6.5 Tropaquepts flat water to brown poor b.45-5.5 __________ deposits ._ _ . Bang Len Typic Former tidal Brackish 0-1 very deep clay throughout dark gray to olive poori mod. high a.6.0-7.0 Haplaquolls flat water b.6.5-8.0 deposits Bang Phae Typic Former tidal Brackish 0-1 very deep loam to clay dark gray to poor mod. high a.6.0-6.5 Tropaquepts flat water loam brownish gray b-6.5-80 deposits Damnoen Typic Hapluolls Former tidal Brackish ridged very deep clay throughout black to olive gray artificially mod. high a.6.0-7.0 Saduak flat water drained b.6.5-8.0 deposits TABLE 3-1 (CONT.) Series classification landform parent Slope % Soil depth Texture Color Drainge O.M. % Reaction(pH) (USDA, 1990) material30 a30 b>30 Tha Muang Typic Natural levee Recent 2-3 very deep loam or silty clay grayish brown to well drained medium a.6.0-7.0 Ustiflurents alluvium Icam brown b. 6.5-8.0 Sanphaya Aquic Lower part of Recent 1-2 very deep loam or silty clay grayish brown mod. well mod. high a 5.5-6.5 Ustiflurents levee alluvium loam b.6.0-7.0 Ratchaburi Aeric River basin Recent 0-1 very deep clay throughout dark grayish brown somewhat mod. high a.6.5-7 0 Tropaquepts alluvium poor b 7.0-8.0 Sing Buri Typic River basin Recent 0-1 very deep clay throughout dark gray poor mod. high ai.6.5-7.0 w Tropaquepts alluvium b.7.0-8.0 Kamphaeng Typic Natural levee Semi-recent 1-2 very deep silt loam or silty dark brown or brown mod. well mod. high a.6.0-7.0 Saen Haplustalfs alluvium clay loam drained b.7.0-8 0 Nakhon Aeric low terrace Semi-recent 0-1 very deep clay loam or clay dark grayish brown somewhat mod. a 6 0-7.0 Pathom Orchaqualfs alluvium poor b.7.0-8.0 Khao Yoi Aeric Low terrace Old alluvium 0-1 very deep sandy loam or brown or pinkish somewhat low. a 5.0-6.0 Orchaqualfs clay loam brown poor b 5.5-7.0 Pak Tho Aeric Plinthic low terrace Old alluvium 0-1 deep sandy loam or pinkish gray somewhat low. a.5,0-6.0 Paleaqualts clay loam . poor b 4.5-5.5 TABLE 3-1 (CONT.) Series classilication landform parent Slope % Soil depth Texture Color Drainge O.M. % Reaction(pH) (USDA, 19901 material 10-30) a.0-30 b.>30 Takhli Typic Erosion limestone 2-4 shallow loam or clay black or dark brown well drained mod. high a.7.0-8.0 Haplustolls surface loam Tha Yang Oxic Foot hill slope sandstone and 4-10 shallow gravelly sandy brown or yellowish well drained low. a.5 5-6.0 Haplustults shale clay loam brown b.5.05.5 Cat Ya Typic Foot hill slope sandstone and 4-10 mod. deep gravelly sandy grayish brown or well drained low. a.5.5-6.5 Haplustults shale clay loam reddish brown I_b.5.0-5.5 Plh Kyi SOT LEGE| |*D / (5 1 \ J . 'rr.SMSPtirHAAM\? }/I B' Bas Ir, Tvic aoicuois lial ist vacr nd 440S0 S 1 t9/ / % 0 4 < _J°/ t <\/ Cbi ,rn o\ // )( / ,> 2 S ) ( . ,-.7, \ _ 5\,1; / ,~ t -) Rbr !Raic.,our. -c ; ' o IS 7 I - ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~Sa ISaonoava Aquic usurfluseots i Nains duun I'- /,~' os /wS \ / \ ( I Th lSun 17 . ./~ ~ 31n \ \ . . ; , RSin S'i ng Bur Typic Tropaqu; 'es 7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~im Tha Niuang i~Tvpic IJ56tiiivenS '5 6 3' NQKsoI(& ~~~~~~~~~~~ '~~~~ " ----- b:Tb i Ratchabur SI 'so ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~"-T __ThaMuaniv, < bin ' 'Y >'\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Kuonchaeriu Ž,aes .'Pic iiitOOSiaib Sao S'.ni 3 s7 \ \S' \\ 'N \2 N/, \ 0o , Nakhon Patnom Aenc Orcnacuali , Ttrac,S `ec0ci ,e. : C X I ( 'XA~ !i /cys \\ K ,o Khao Y'ot Aenc Or:saouaiI; ini Oid S0.3S :: Oi ?h/lKy c 'N Rb ", 1 ,> | i \ '-*ZrND oiRKIo i Naklion P?ihom, Aluvium o, .7. - 13ni , / A SO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CL PR05ILEz Khlao Yoi * ' 1 \ J ,~~7) bibX * SOIL_ SAMPL_E I Ka o RAT..qG' RaJ \ 0 AM.NCI: . 7 -: 0 ANOWA;) :iP3i: ThcZihao iiAenc PNinmic < 3\, . 31 9 xs, Rt <,== I 7k k Takrui Taptc Hao iiastoil; _:.oson Reslus um :, .: \ / 7y Lv TY Lai YaiTha Yane Typic Haoiustuos sufacC ianr 4,7 5.7 . 'N _o fiD g 9,// ~ n I assocrazioc D(iC Hapiutuius andi Foot CaluviUi Iu \ R / ~~~~~ > , psc ~~~~~~l oon Comoles i ii - HIJ Ilan 4 .o6J :)9 OnIGUREHill 3nS I rita Mournainls __ _ _ _ _ ____ OF_____ Dii ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Total 154o.000 110o FIGURE 3-2 DETAILED RECONN~AISSANICE SOIL '.AP OF TEHE STUDY AREA 7~~~~~~~~~~ -7~~~~ . .. K w t. ., , - ; 7, \~~~~~~~~~~- ,;- - '- ...... ..X. . - , n / 5 . . .IU .....n ..s o d r. . -- X --N C __|_ lCN -4 - S \ _ I ;1~~~~~~~~~~~- :a =cla n Zornoca. at rray 15Y. sanow nra *nc :.5Y - fawn, a11.. .MOarOCSa of ."M nnyc*c ar nY t an c 5n Sand _ _ ;,. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~In iC rasarwn oavr., omCncs. o(fIt arraY stay asia c ~~.N~~ Ca H lacAarCJsmrWrY tor enrI an. C rasan ~ntt a0a r Crac an il a * FIGRIE 3-3 GEOMORPHOLOGIC.L NW OFT! i THE STUDY.AREA ', ' j(RATCHABURI PROVINCE) ii \ i& **ret s gr s -tarm s ow XX t '- N Qi/tE Qia Qa 09* - S,jf J (0l Qf =\,:) _ \fX )0 08 , Dt ,/a<;-0 - 07 -35 < 3 -01 _ \> i } ) Q9\ \ Q~~ob 01 04 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3ruil WjI e/ I )eepus it 98 (~ ~ ~ ~~~Q (/ KiLmEtErDS Qf < 5 Kiloetcrf FIGURE 3-4 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA 3-l1 composed of flood plain, natural levee, low terrace and colluvium. The marine sediments are composed of old and recent tidal flat. According to C 14 dating of the eustatic peats, the sea transgressed over this area about 6080 + 150 to 5320 + 150 years BP. The marine sediments were deposited during this transgression and regr-irn period of the Holocene time. 3.1.7 Mineral Resources The most extensive areas of mineral deposits are found in the mountainous zone of the westem part of Ratchaburi Province; Amnphoe Suan Phung, Amphoe Pak Tho, Amphoe Chom Bung and Amphoe Muang. Important minerals found there are feldspar, granite, phosphate, clay-mineral and limestone. In the study area the mineral deposits are quite small. Clay mineral is the only major deposit and mostly used in local pottery factories. They are deposited on the flood plain of the right bank of Mae Klong river at Ban Lum Din, about 10 kms. west from the plant site. 3.1.8 Air Resources 3.1.8.1 existing Air Quality Due to lack of onsite existing ambient air quality data, a field study program consisted of monthly sample collection of the concerned pollutants at four selected monitoring site was carried out for eight months starting from January 1994. During each monthly sampling mission 24-h integrated samples of TSP, S02 and N02 were collected daily for two consecutive days. For N02 1-h average samples were also been taken during 07:00-10:0 OAM and 15:00-18:00 PM. The four sampling stations are as follows - Ban Bang Krado a relatively large community located about 7.4 km. in the north-northeast direction. - Ban Chao Nua a rural residential area situated approximately 2.6 km. east of the proposed plant site. - Ban Don Mot Tanoi a rural cormmunity located about 6.5 km. in the east side of the proposed Ratchaburi Power Plant Project (RPPP). - Ban Klong Kae a suburban area located about 7.1 km.to the southwest of the plant site. 3-12 L ~~SNOIIVI5 NS E Ej i ;t4C 95 0>- _,,, ,-,-,, ,,, ,_ ...... :. ,: ...... .... _._.. ,. _ j t"L~~~~~~N" ':', -S'X'."'''1"a 14 / 0 BANGKOK I - RATCHABURI \ Gulf of T hailan.d . 94° '0ge10 2100i LU 0: 36~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 0 so ISO No=m 0 0 940 980 1020 106 K FIGURE 3-6 SEISMIC SOURCE ZONE OF BURMA-THALAND-INDIA (AFTER NUTALAYA, P. 1986) 3-14 3.2 ECOLOGYAND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries The study on aquatic biology and fisheries covered the area within a radius of 10 km from the project site. Inland water bodies and the Mae Klong River were both studied (figure 3-6). The results of study are as follows: 1) Fish Species Composition The Mae Khlong River: 53 species representing 20 families of. fishes and prawns were identified during March, May and July 1994. Rasbora retrodorsalis and Mystacoleucus marginatus were the most abundant species. Pla Sew Kaew (Clupeicthtys aesarnensis)(Family Clupeidae) was also commonly found in the study area. The average biomasses of fishes collected in March, May and July were 2.9, 3.09 and 5.77 kg/rai, respectively. No endangered species was noted . Inland Water Bodies: A total of 7 families and 28 species of fishes were found. Fishes of the Family Cyprinidae were the most frequently collected in the inland water bodies. Pla-kradee moa (Trichogaster trichopterus) was the most abundant fish found in the inland water bodies. Moreover, Pla- chon (Ophiocephalus striatus), which is considered an economically important species, was always found in the inland water bodies although their size and number were rather small. 2) Planktonic Organisms The Mae Khlong River: A total of 37 genera of phytoplanktons and 34 genera of zooplanktons were identified. The highest density of phytoplanktons was found in the March collection, with the total density of 158.64 x 108 cells/m3 at Ban Makham Thao (Station No.1). Diatoms of genus Navicula were found to have the highest number of species composition. The study also noted that the abundance of planktons in the Mae Khlong River was probably related to the amount of rain fall which begins in May each year. Inland Water Bodies: Species compositions of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons were noted to be lower than those found in the Mae Khlong River. No distinct dominant species could be identified. 3) Benthic Organisns The Mae Khlong River: 8 species of benthic organisms were found from sampling stations in the Mae Khlong River. Norn Daeng (Chironomus plumatisetigerus) was the most abundant species. 3-15 06' 05- 04- N TM a NG TALAT KH'IAWI 01 PIU THONG 002 99- 97-1 8 6 87 88 89 90 SIl 2 t3 94 91 96 97 98 i99 00 d c 02 FIGURE 3-7 MAP OF PROJECT SITE AND THE COLLECTION STATONS 3-16 Inland water Bodies; 14 species of benthic organisms were identified. C. plumatisetigerus was the most abundant species found in all four sampling sites. 4) Aquatic Plants Pak Tob Jawa (Eichornia crassipes),and Chawk (Pistia stratiotes) were the main types of floating plants in Mae Khlong River. There is no economic aquatic plant plantation,e.g., Pak Kra Ched (Neptunia oleracea Lour.), Pak Boong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) in the river or in the canals. 5) FisheryActivities According to our observation, fishing could be considered an insignificant activity of the residents around the project area . The main occupations of the local people around the project area are rice farming, freshwater giant prawn culture and some fruit growing. 3.2.2 Forest and Wildlife At least 10 species of trees were identified growing along the banks of the Mae Kiong River within i 5 km oI the project site, incl-uding orne natural mangrove species. Inland vegetation near the project consisted of common weedy trees growing along roads and canals. No natural forest exists near the project site. The animal survey revealed a total of 67 species of birds at the site in 4 types of habitats: open fields with grasses, marshes, ponds, and canals, and trees and shrubs. The species recorded in these habitats included: Little Cormorant, Gray Heron, Purple Heron, Intermediate Egret, Eastern Marsh Harrier, Blue-breasted Quail, Watercock, Bronze-winged Jacana, Black- winged Stilt. No very rare or endangered species were found. Only 2 mammal species were found: the rats Rattus rattus and Bandicota indica. Resident villagers sometimes trapped bandicoots for consumption but did not appear to harvest any other type of wildlife other than fish. 3-17 ails lXIfaodad aBu Nu si vfi vii £10 moiLtV2)orI s-, aaI)m SONOJ uISIA S1O d]IsmiHS S33ILL lYngyll HS1IVW/U'13U YNT N~~~~~~~~~U3T ~~ '~~ '~~Ai . C;CC;2I.T722~~~~~~~~O -,T -r : 2 ' C C CT C U *C CC iu , Uk'-.uf-1,~ UV,S'rU8- I '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f t' CC C C. ::~ CC C CC CC,CC ~. 'CCCC C CTCCCC CT. 'C' * >,Nj~~J¶ 'CC CC *t CC CC CC C CC CC CC C CC C Co QttL un 4W4 !'' le C CIjCC C' C CC Cje C 'CC - * 'C' t'J ! 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C)*CbT.ruC CC U If IT IT CC If r 'TC C It__ _ __ _ v'IrC~(C j ~ C Tr ' : :Tr 7 IC If C C'C CC C TC'C C C ' C T C C V C C C ~ ~ ) C -T~l I QfI CC C e Ce ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ If r 1 I, t Cr./I C uh 3.3 HUMAN USE [AL UES 3.3.1 Land Use The power plant is expected to be built in the area of 3.4 sq. km or about 2,000 rais. in Amphoe Muangratchaburi and Amphoe Damnoen Saduak. Of the landuses within the study area (about 1,000 sq.km. surrounding plant the site) were identified to be: (figure 3-8) - Communities, 128.80 sq.km or 12.79 % of the study area, - Agricultural area, 818.45 sq.km or 81.26 % of the study area, - Forest area,18 sq.km or 1.79 % of the study area. - Others, 42 sq.km or 4.17 % of the study area. The location of each landuse type is indicated in Figure.3-8. The project site, is currently occupied by rice fields and shrimp ponds. The Department of Town and Country Planning Division has zoned this area as an intensive agicltiiral area until the year 2001. 3.3.2 Agriculture The major type of agricultural landuse are presented below: 1) Cultivation The study area is the main area of lowland rice fields in the province. Usually only one major rice crop of broadcast type is grown- due to insufficient water in the dry season. The well known varieties grown in the area are "Lueng Pa Tiu" and Ko Kho 7". Native varieties are also grown by a small group of farmers. The most common farm size is 21-50 rais per household. Rice yields of major and second rice crop were 510 and 642 kg./ rai respectively. Fruit trees and tree crop and vegetable growing bring in a rather high income of about 190,000 baht/household/year and 64,959 baht/household/year respectively. The common problems for all types of cultivation are : water shortage, water pollution, flooding, outbreak of pest and insect and labor shortage. 2) Livestock rearing The major types of livestock reared in the area are chicken, duck, cattle and swine. Farm income found in this study ranges from 450-8,190,000 baht/year, while the medium-large farms earn 3-19 FR m i Ri W FO~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~F N~~~~~~~PA [Cl~~ COM4lIr DE Slr1 \)FS- OD e 'W,_,~ kin. 0.7 Ctn I lUlk FIGURKE 3-9 LANDUSE MAPD OF TIIFE Sl'Ul)Y AREA 498,000 baht/year on average including income from dung. The main problems for livestock farming are disease, hign cost, andu lucLuat-ing market pries. 3) Fisheries Fisheries in the study area consist of fresh water aquaculture such as, snake-head fish, cat fish, Sepat Siam and Macrobacium. Macrobacium farming is the most important activity in area in terms of cost and revenue. The main problem of fisheries and aquaculture is the transfer of polluted water among fishery farms, fermenting grass in irrigation canal and unknown sources. 3.3.3 Housing The area within 15 km. radius of the site contained 289,072 inhabitants or 408.79 persons per sq.km. and 63,699 houses or 60.08 houses per sq.km. (1993). This area covers 8 administrative areas in 2 provinces, of which, the highest population and housing densities appeared in Ratchaburi urban municipality and the lowest one was Ampawa. Total population of the communities is 1,716 persons with 326 houses or 5.3 persons per house ( May 1994) Flectricity and water supply are available in almost all of the surrounding communities. Only 300 meters of the main local road which links Petchakasem - Damnoensaduak road to give access to the communities is still lateritic while the ramainder of this road is asphaltic. With regard to "without project" scenario, population and housing growth within 15 km. radius of the site are expected to change from 408.79 persons per sq.km. and 90.08 houses per sq.km in 1993 to 437.12 persons per sq.km and 124.45 houses per sq.km. in 2003. The difference of growth rates per year of both indicators also imply that extended families will tend to be replaced by nuclear families. 3.3.4 Transp-ortation The study noted that , during construction and operation periods of the project, a high volume of construction materials will be transported to the site. This may create a traffic congestion problem. However, regarding road transportation , traffic volumes of the main roads predicted for construction and operation periods are still lower than their capacity. With regard to rail transportation, the railway system can be used to carry material and equipment during construction and operation periods. Moreover, the 3-21 existing navigation channel of the Mae Klong River is suitable for transporting construction materials. 3.3.5 Power / Transmission System According to an energy conservation study of 10 industries in the Central region , their production line was interrupted 4-9 times in the month . This can damage the production process and the machines. This project will at least serve the growing peak power demand of the Central region. 3.3.6 Industry According to the Seventh National Economic and Social Development Plan, Ratchaburi has been designated as an industrial center for the western region. Many administrative areas of Ratchaburi, such as, Amphoe Muang, Amphoe Potharam, Amphoe Ban Pong and Amphoe Pak Tor show potential to be developed as industrial zones in terms of the existing transportation network. These areas are also adjacent to the power plant project site which will become an important source of power supply for strengthening industrialization in Ratchaburi in the near furture. 3.3.7 Water Management and Water Use In order to inspect the water balance in the river system a simulation study which employed the hydrologic mathemetical model (HEC-3) was carried out. Water resources development projects, both existing and planned projects were taken into account. The HEC-3 model was used to simulate the operation of the water resources system (reservoir, river, irrigation etc.) on a month by month basis. The computatations in the HEC-3 model were based on the principle of continuity and an accounting procedure which simply accounts for the movement of water through the system. The study estimated that in the Mae Klong basin - Average annual irrigation water demand was 4,385 MCM. -,.A Dor.estcwater use ard indusial use was, 8 ICM. and 3 MCM. per annum , respectively. 3-22 - Water requirement at Vajiralongkom dam outlet to control salinity content (control point at Damneon Sadauk) is not less than 40 cms. - Regarding transbasin diversion , at present the water diversion to the Tha Chin amounts to an annual average of 724 MCM. This includes BMWA's diversion of water from the Mae Klong river basin to supply raw water to Bangkok Metropolitan Water Works at the rate of 45 cms. all year round. - Other water uses such as golf courses use water from impoundments in the course sites . There are 5 golf courses in Ratchaburi Province downstream of the project which consist of a total area of approximaiely 3500 rai and requires 3.8 MCM. of water per annum. The simulation study of the existing condition revealed that the water resources in the reservoirs are sufficient for downstream needs. There will be no problem of water shortage through out the year of simulation. If the diversion to the Tha Chin River is less than 80 cms. -2 2 Q T;l (.+..,d ~wA T h; £v .J..J.t CI IIVUU kULJIII l VIRL 1J1 rafajag, Syst)e The objective of the study was to analyse the incidence of flooding in the Mae Klong river, downstream of the Vajiralongkom dam. The output was used to yield the flood magnitude related to the period of occurence as follows: 1) Flood Control and Drainage Flooding of the project area, which is located downstream of the Vajiralongkom Dam, may be caused by the overbank flow of the Mae Klong river and the rain water within the project area itself. The drain water from the project area to the river will not make any change of discharge, especially during the flooding period. So there will be no adverse impact on flooding to the surrounding area. On the contrary , the flood from the overbank flow may cause some difficulty to the project area. However, a flood protection scheme could solve the problem. 2) Flood Records Flooding in the Mae Klong River was contributed by the river flow of the two main tributaries, Khwae Yai and Khwae Noi. The maximum flood discharge so far recorded was 3}592 cms. in August 21, 1974. After the completion of the dam and reservoir on Khwae Yai and Khwae Noi, the flood 3-23 Khoo Loern Dam Srinagorind Dam Cap 300 MW. Cap 720 MW. Effective Storage 5,848 MCM Effective Storage 7,480 MCM. Tho Thung Na Dam Cap 38 MW Puzmping irrigation 52,500 roi Vaiirolongkorn Dam Greater tfloe Klong Irrigation Project 2.981 M.rai Diversion for Tha Chin in dry Season 40. 60. 90. 100 crns (full scheme) Diversion for MWWA Release for Domestic uses 45 cms and Salinity Control z ,77r (and EGAT Power Plant Gulf o1 Thoilrond and Others, 43 cms.) FIGURE 3-10 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WATER USED IN MAE KLONG BASIN 3-24 peak discharge was reduced due to the reservoir regulation, having themaximum of 1,735 cms. in Octnber 20, 1988. The annual flood peaks at the station downstream of Vajiralongkorn dam (K. 11 )are given for the pre- and post impoundment periods . It is clearly seen that the average annual maximum peak discharge during 1965- 1984 is 1956 cms. while from 1985-1991 the value is decreased due to the regulation of the two reservoirs and has the mean value of 941 cms. 3) Flood Frequence Analysis The results show that the river bank full flow (approximately 2500 cms.) occured once in five years and once in two hundred years in the pre- and post impoundment periods respectively. 4) Drainage Condition at the Project Site The project area is composed of irrigated area, paddy field and shimp ponds. All of the irrigation canals are managed by Ratchaburi Irrigation project. The project site is composed of natural and man- made canals which link it to the Mae Klong river. That is, the canals network of the study area make up a complex and well drained system. 3.4 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES 3.4.1 Socio-Economics 3.4.1.1 Methodology The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Secondary data was collected at regional, provincial, amphoe, tambon and village level. This enabled the consultants to describe or characterize the socio economic setting of the proposed project at various scales. It was also used to help predict the socio economic effects of the proposed project. The social impact assessment literature was also reviewed to identify relevant concepts/theories which could be used to illuminate the data collected and enrich the data analysis and interpretation. An issues-oriented questionnaire survey at village level focused on identifying and describing local residents' knowledge of the proposed project (and similar projects), attitudes towards the proposed project and perceptions of the possible effects of the project on the natural environment, social life, the economy, and community health. 3-25 Focus group sessions were held with separate groups of household heads, women, and community leaders. Interviews and the questionnaire survey were also used to collect data in relation to a needs assessment. The needs assessment was conductd to help to to determine the proposed project's compatibilitv with the local communities in the study area and to help identify measures which could, in effect, contribute towards a better distribution of the social costs and benefits of the proposed power plant. The primary socio economic study (consisting of focus group discussions and questionnaire survey) was largely confined to villages within 2 kms. distance of the proposed project site and villages which had been identified as sensitive receptor sites by the air quality monitoring team. It was felt that these villages were the most socially relevant as they were likely to receive the bulk of any adverse effects of the power plant during the construction and operating phases. 3.4.1.2 Results of the Study 1) Focus Groups Four focus groups were conducted between June 17 and 18, 1994, by the socio-economic team at the Tambon Information Center, Ban Phikun Thong (Mu 3). One of the main purposes of using the focus group method in the study was to see how local people reacted to the power plant project proposed by EGAT. Whilst not wishing to idealize the picture of a unified community portrayed by the focus group participants, clearly there is a recognition shared by the participants that they are part of a larger group whose fate they share. This shared fate has in their eyes taken a turn for the worse in recent years, most apparently in the decline in their traditional occupation of agricultural production and the negative train of events this has brought in its wake. Presumably, the participants of the focus groups, and this is likely to be true of other local people as well, have little or no knowledge of the technical and other siting requirements which have led to Phikun Thong being deial t preered sitefor r e --icit generating project. Neither are they likely to be familiar with the statistical intricacies of the nation's burgeoning electricity demand and its supply shortfall which lie behind the project's existence in the first place. These are not their concerns. Their 3-26 concerns are jobs, stable happy families and a safe and healthy environment. Their having a positive attitude toward the proposed project is predicated on their perceptions of the plant having a positive impact on these concems. Many of the focus group participants did share the perception that the proposed power plant, on the whole will bring positive changes to the area. They also shared a perception or belief that the govemment and EGAT would not do anything that would harm them. 2. Questionnaire Survey 2.1 Demograhics and Socio-economics After pre-testing, the questionnaires (See Appendix) were slightly adapted and the questionnaire survey was conducted by fully trained enumerators accompanied by two field supervisors. As in the case of the focus groups, prior to the questions on the potential impacts of the power plant, pictures of the Rayong Power Plant and a map of the Phikun Thong site were shown to the respondents to give them some idea of project scale and inform them of its location. Questionnaires were later analysed with the help of SPSS/PC+ software. The following communities were surveyed: I. COMMUNITIES ADJACENT TO PROJECT SITE (Map I) Five mubans or villages, namely Ban Dong, Ban Sam Ruan, Ban Lad Patak, Ban Kok Ooi, and Ban Hua Sanun which lie within a 2 km. radius from the -proposed plant site, were selected for the household survey. Fifty households from each muban were randomly sampled using a village map as the sampling frame and this made up a total of 250 households. 2. SENSITIVE RECEPTOR SITES (Map 2) Fifty households from 4 mubans, which were air quality monitoring sites, namely Ban Bang Krado, Ban Khlong Khae, Ban Don Mot Tanoi, and Ban Chao Nua, were randomly selected using the village maps as sampling frames. This gave a total of 200 households. 3. PERIPHERAL COMMUNITIES (Map 3) Two peripheral communities which were within a radius of between 5 to 10 kilometers from the project site were selected for study: Ban Khlong Khud 3-27 and Ban Kao. Two hundred households were interviewed. Fewer variables were covered in the questionnaire survey of these communities . Average household size in all three types of communities was slightly higher than the provincial average of 4.3 persons with the "Adjacent" r-rnqmi.niti avin the highes averag of `. ^eag - depend-Aency ratio in all .i1.1ALA .. ... *1- S.-~. 1A&*1JJLL4O.L%L . SI... ti I4CI~.Ia~ LI L U L i three types of communities was 72.3 which is higher than the provincial dependency rate of 60.4. ' Most respondents were of local origin, usually from the village in which they currently resided or from another village in the same tambon. This reflects the generally low rate of migration into the province. Among all the respondents the most common occupations were unskilled work such as driving and construction laboring, and farming. Very few of the respondents were employed as factory workers and farming never accounted for more than 24 per cent of respondents' occupations in any of the three types of community studied. This differs somewhat from the province as a whole as at this level one finds about 60 per cent of the working age population still engaged in the agricultural sector. The local employment situation seems to reflect the general provincial shift away from agricultural employment, the particularly poor condition of agricultural land and local water resources in the study area and the small size of land holdings. The relatively poor level of education (although the literacy rate is high) ensures that most former agriculturists end up doing unskilled work, often of a temporary nature and with poor remuneration. The average monthly household income in "Adjacent" communities was 7,183 baht or an average per capita monthly income of 1,436 baht. But 21 per cent earned less than 4,167 baht per month or an average per capita monthly income of only 833 baht. In terms of average per capita monthly income, the figure for the Whole Kingdom is 1,775 baht and for the Central Region (excluding Bangkok Metropolis, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani and Samut Prakan) the average per capital monthly income is 1,827 baht. Even the Northeast region has an average per capita monthly income of 1,501 baht! With regard to "Sensitive Receptor" communities, the figures are slightly higher whereas for "Peripheral" communities the figures are even lower. The large majority of respondents in all three types of community had less than 10 rai of land with considerable numbers owning no more than 1 rai of This and all other provincial level data in this section come from the 'Preliminary Report of the 1992 Household Socio. Economic Survey', National Statistical Office, Office of Prime Minister 3-28 land. Very few people in all types of community had land holdings of more 11tila JVU rli. In general then we can see that the communities studied are characterized by low incomes, small landholdings and unskilled employment. Households still engaged in farning face numerous obstacles such as flooding, water shortages, water pollution and poor soil. The number of people in all the communities surveyed who thought the proposed plant would be beneficial was higher than the number who thought it would be harmfuL But relatively large numbers were undecide or ambivale p-,. )~, Those who viewed the plant positively tended to see it stimulating further development or directly bringing jobs to the area. Noise, air pollution and water pollution were mentioned most frequently by those who viewed the plant 37- negatively. Most respondents had little or no knowledge of the proposed plant, or indeed of other plants, so their evaluation appears to be more related to their hopes and fears rather than based on a consideration of facts. Most respondents believed that the government and EGAT would act responsibly and would not do anything that was harmful to the people of the area. The communities surveyed were quite homogenous, there was very little in migration over the years and most people expressed considerable attachment to their communities even although participation in formal organizations was low. The most commonly mentioned problem affecting the communities was polluted water canals. 3.4.2 Archaeology This was investigated by means of a literature review, field visits, interviews with related officials and a questionnaire survey of local residents. The study noted that there are no archaeological places within 10 kms. surrounding plant site, except for a few local temples with no important historical records. There is no evidence of archaeological ruins or buried ancient places within the proposed project area. 3.4.3 Tourism/Recreation and Aesthetics Although, Ratchaburi province has a high potential for tourism development, within 10 km. from the project site there are no 3-29 outstanding tourist attractions. The proposed project site is a vast rice field approximately 5 kms. away from the highway no. 4 . There is no outstanding natural beauty adjacent to the project site. 3.4.4 Public Health In summary, the health profile of Ratchaburi population (as of the end of 1992) is as follows Birth Rate 15.47/1,000 pop. Death Rate 5.26/1,000 pop. Infant Mortality Rate 7.22/1,000 live births The leading causes of death in Ratchaburi population are non-communicable diseases such as carcinoma, heart disease and hypertensive disease. As for diseases under surveillance, the highest morbidity rate was of diarrhoeal diseases (1,185.74 per/100,000), and the highest mortality rate was of pneumonia (1.21 per 100,000). The statistical data also showed that the number of cases and morbidity rates for pneumonia and influenza among the Ratchaburi population noticeably increased during the past 5-year period. There are health centers in all 9 Amphoes and 6 of the 9 Amphoes have a community hospital. There are 166 physicians, 34 dentists, and 40 pharmacists giving the ratio to population of I to 4,476, I to 21,853, and 1 to 18,575, respectively. Disease surveillance of tambols surrounding the project site revealed that the incidence of respiratory symptoms observed in residents of Tambol Loomdin was higher than residents living in the other tambols surrounding the project site especially in terms of: - Phlegm/with cold/night time - Wheezing/within the past 12 months - Wheezing during/after exercise - Rhinitis - Eczema 3.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling The st-udy reviewed the existing data, at amphoe Muang Ratchaburi where the project site is located. In all aspects such as sanitary latrines, household refuse disposal, adequacy of clean drinking water and food sanitation, the area surrounding the project site was highly satisfactory. 3-30 3.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety The substandard practices of working people and substandard working conditions/ working environment are considered to be the main causes of work-related illness, accidents and diseases. Thus identification of these plays the major role in assessing the potential safety and health risks to the people working in the power plant. All the data collected was, of necessity, related to Bangpakong and/or Rayong power plants. This was used to identify the substandard working practices and working conditions/environment most likely to occur in the Rathcaburi Power Plant. 1) Construction Period The most serious substandard working practices included disregard for safety regulations, horseplay, failure to use pesonal protective equipment and repairing machinery which was still running. The most serious substandard working conditions/environment included defective quipmentlhand tools, unguarde machinery, poor snop floor housekeeping, excessive noise and dust and poor illumination, improper ventilation, the presence of flammable and combustible waste materials, absence of fire extinguishers in certain locations. 2) Operation Period Excessive noise levels were measured at combined cycle blocks I and II, gas turbine blocks I and II, and diesel engine and HRSG unit of the Bangpakong Power Plant. Excessive here is defined as a noise level exceeding 85 dBA which is the recommended standard for preventing hearing loss. 3.4.7 Public Safety Traffic accidents in Ratchaburi province (1991 - January 1994) were a leading cause of injuries and deaths. Forty three to forty six percent of alltypesofaccident are traffic accidents, whilethedeathrate from traffic accidents is twice as high as other types of accidents. Considering the traffic volumes passing along the route from Highway No. 4 to Wat Phikun Thong, the average traffic volume is 318 vehicles per hour and almost fifty percent of the vehicles are cars and taxis. 3-31 The rest are motorcvcles and trucks . The number of cars passing during weekday is more than the number at weekends. The main sources of traffic noise are trucks and cars plus taxis . The mean noise level from trucks is 87 dBA during weekdays and 88 dBA during weekends, while the mean noise level of cars and taxis is 76 dBA during weekdays and 71 dBA during weekends. The noise level above 70 dBA might create a nuisance noise to the people who live along the route. Increasing the number of vehicles, especially heavy trucks for transporting the construction material and equipment to the construction site, may disturb the daily life of people living in the nearby communities. 3-32 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 4.1.1 Surface Water Hvdroloqv 1) Construction Period The project site will be developed by excavation and fill. While the work is being carried out, it is anticipated that minor amounts of sediment will be deposited into the river. 2) Operation Period EGAT aims to divert the water from the Mae Klong river at a location downstream of the Vajiralongkorn dam at the rate of 2.38 cms or about 75 MCM per year . The intake amount is rather small compared to the water available in the river basin. Thus, it may be considered to have an insignificant impact on the hydrological regime . 4.1.2 Surface Water Ouality 1) Construction Period The impact on water quality due to construction related activities is caused by increasing suspended solids or turbidity in the Mae Klong River and the nearby canals. These effects can be alleviated by proper timing of dredging or excavation and backfilling activities and appropriate construction practices. However, these effects are temporary and will disappear in a short time after completion of dredging or excavation and backfilling activities. Sewage from the construction camp may affect surface water quality in the nearby canals in terms of increasing organic matters, nutrients and pathogenic bacteria. These effects can be minimized by providing sanitary toilets with septic tanks in the construction camp. Other kinds of wastewaters from the workforces will be store in holding pond before discharging. 2) Operation Period In the operation period, the effects of temperature rise from cooling water blowdown and the effects of discharging effluent to the 4-1 Mae Klong River must be closely taken into consideration. The cooling water blowdown will not have any serious temperature rise effects on the receiving water since the cooling water blowdown temperature after leaving cooling water will be about 360C and it will be in the range of normal wastewnter temperatulre (28-2°OC.) after staying in the wastewater holding pona for 24 nrs oefore discnargmg mto tne Mae Kiong River. Three kinds of wastewaters (chemical wastewater, cooling water blowdown and air heater washwater) will be treated and held in a holding pond for 24 hrs. Before being discharged into the Mae Khlong River, wastewater in the holding pond will meet the Industrial Effluent Standards of Thailand. Phosphate from cooling water blowdown may create algal growth problems in the dry season. This parameter should be closely monitored during this period. If its content is significantly high, some mitigation measures such as chemical precipitation of this waste stream may be necessary. The other two waste streams from sanitary waste water and plant and equipment drains will be drained into irrigation basins after treatment. This effluent will be used for irrigation which will not significantly affect water quality. For the alternative in discharging wastewater into the nearby project site "Khlong Bang Pa", EGAT will build a collecting pond to collect and treat wastewater before discharging into the canal. EGAT will check and control the quality of treated wastewater upto the standard quality set by the Royal Irrigation Department before discharging to the receiving canal. 4.1.3 Groundwater Resource 1) Construction Period - Groundwater Level The estimated water demand during this period is 300,000 cu.m./yr or 822 cu.m./d based on 1,700 workers. Water will be obtained from onsite wells and/or trucked to the site. The drawdown after 1,000 days pumping at the onsite well is 5.64 m. whereas the drawdown at the tube well 1 km. away is 1.47 m. It is concluded that there will be no impact to the groundwater level which could adversely affect the villages nearby. 4-2 - Groundwater Quality There is a thick clay bed of 23 m. overlying the gravel and sand aquifer. Since the contaminants are effectivelv adsorbed bv clay . it is anticipated that the groundwater contamination will be minor. Tt is nossible that a high discharge rnte at the onsite e!! over a long time period could cause salty water to move towards the well. Therefore. groundwater salinity at the onsite well mav increase. 2) Operation Period - Groundwater Level The static water level in this area is 8 m. and the installation of pump intake is 15 m. below ground surface. The water level must be maintained to be above the pump intake level in order to prevent pump damage. Therefore. seven meters is considered to be the critical drawdown caused bv onsite well longterm discharge of 4.000 cu.m./d or hi2her. It is concluded that groundwater levels in the villages nearbx should not decrease if the pump discharge rate is controlled to be less than 4.000 cu.m./d and the pumping period is less than 1.000 days. - Groundwater Quality During the operation period. all waste-water will be treated until it complies with the plant discharge limitations and then discharged by pipeline to the Mae Khlong River. Therefore wastewater should not effect the groundwater quality. However, the possibility of yielding salty water at the onsite well is the same as during the construction period. 4.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 1) Construction Period - Loss or use of soil will occur during the construction of the power plant and associated offices, housing, roads, excavated ponds, pond reservoir, septic tank, pipeline corridor, etc. The amount of soil loss will depend on the project size and the technology used. These constructions will affect soil/land quality in the construction sites. - Sludge sewages and wastes from the temporary office and housing area (engineers, technicians and labour) may have an impact on soil/land quality. It is expected that this can be avoided by good management of the sanitation during the construction. - The occurrence of soil acidity and salinity will increase due to digging the subsoils (marine and brackish deposits) in ^_1..._1.;11+A 1A..A++kn +wo r +A- A n4,avc-2 t nkreehn x, 4PthAiplr e - irr n tl a earthlawork Lill Lt eclvate t1le plant slre. roads and oh1ers above their cur_e..l. flooded state. The subsoils consist of pyrites and salts. The oxidation reaction of pyrites forms sulfuric acid, therefore creating acid sulfate soils. These will only occur in the construction sites. 2) Operation Period - Gaseous emissions such as sulfur dioxide (SO), oxides of nitrogen (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO-) from the power plant will possibly increase soil acidity. This is because of these gases can chemically react with rain and dew to form acids and move down through the soils by precipitation. In the long tenrm the soil acidity will be slightly increased . From the EGAT's experience, this problem is relatively easy to solve. Moreover as most of the surrounding areas of the project consist of flood plain which will receive calcareous alluvium deposits from the M>Iae Klong river, the soil acidity should be naturally neutralized (Breeman, 1976). - Soil/land quality deterioration will increase according to increase of land use such as intensive agriculture, community center, etc. 4.1.5 Geomoryholouv 1) Construction Period The impacts to the geomorphologv can be identified as unavoidably adverse, because of the clear cutting of land and bushes for the power plant and the associated facilities in the area of about 2,000 rai. However, these are temporaly impacts and will end on the completion of landscaping. 2) Operation Period Even though, the rock foundations of the plant area are mostly marine-clay and brackish water soil overlying stiff clay, they are considered strong enough to support the plant and associated facilities. 4-4 4.1.6 Mineral Resources There is no evidence to indicate that valuable mineral resources are deposited in the study area and also no active mines operating nearby the plant site. Therefore, it can be concluded that the impact of the project on minerai resources is insignincant aunn- Ootn construction ana operation periods. 4.1.7 Air Resources 1) Construction Period The construction impact of the RPPP should be the same as any other large project, that is it should take place within a relatively short-time and within a limited physical boundarv. and major concemn will be fugitive dust. Therefore the impact can be minimized to be at an acceptable level without difficulty by applying the various mitigation measures described in Subsection 5.1.7. 2) Operation Period The RPPP which consists of four 700 MIW flue oil thermal power units, and three 600 MW combined cycle blocks buming natural gas as fuel shall inevitably cause impact to air quality within the site vicini't. Therefore. it must be shown that the proposed RPPP with its air pollution control measures shall be operated without causing significant impact to the air environment. The impact analysis was conducted by using the ISCST computer program to simulate the dispersion of air pollutants emitted from the proposed RPPP. The ISCST in an air quality model in UNAMAP system of the U.S.EPA, it also has been accepted by Thailand's Office of Environmental Policy and Plan (OEPP). Simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the ground level concentrations (GLC) of SO2 and N02, which are the major pollutants related to the RPPP, within an area of 100 km2 around the project site. Four hundred and one receptor points on which GLC would be predicted were placed on a regular grid of 500 m X 500 m covering the 100 km2 study area. Moreover, twenty four individual sensitive receptors (i.e. residential communities, wats, schools, and etc.) located in the area were also included in the modeling study. 4--5 Meteorological data used for modeling emissions from the RPPP were taken from Bangkok Metropolis weather station. It is the nearest station that has complete data for the air quality modeling purpose. These data consisted of hourly readings for the whole year. thus 8,760 individual data points were obtained. ZInibsioil boulces 01 tile rrrr 0OfllSt 01 LOUI SlaCM, ol the four therrnal power units and six stacks of the three combined cycle blocks. In the case of the combined cycle blocks waste gas shall normally be emitted via the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) stacks or it can be bypassed into the atmosphere through the combustion turbine generator (CTG) stacks if necessary. The emissions and emission characteristics of a single thermal power unit stack, and a single combined cycle unit's stack are illustrated in Table 4-1 and 4-2 , respectively. The modeling study and the impact assessment were conducted under three operational scenarios of the RPPP which are (I) normal operation, (2) abnormal operation no. 1, and (3) abnormal operation no.2. In order to assess impact from the operation of the RPPP. the total concentration (the maximum concentration contributed by the project plus the background concentration) of the concerned pollutants shall be gauged against the Thai Ambient Air Quality Standards (TAAQS). Violation of the TAAQS shall be claimed if the TAAQS is exceeded more than once within a period of 1 year. Because of this, if the total concentration which is the combination of the second highest concentration does not exceed the TAAQS, it can be concluded that the air quality of the area is at an acceptable level. Results of the air quality modeling and the impact assessment are as follows. (1) Impact during Normal Operation of the RPPP Summary of the modeling results together with the impact assessment for SO2 and N02 gases are presented in Table 4-3 and 4- 4, respectively. The maximum concentrations of SO2 and NO2 gases predicted at the 24 sensitive discrete receptors are well below the TAAQS. Figures 4-1 to 4-4 are the isolines of S02 and NO2 concentrations predicted un uile aifLcted area. 4-6 j . \¢2a.. 23 .; 9{4 J/ 5 97 e>/9 [07 J - p > \ \ _ . Bi Wui Don Sai 0. */ /ii00 \a Rai .h~ T..i 10 / Ban R School wt au7 Makhurn // /~ \a@ / \ \ \ un at S un S )04 an ME; '. So \ >CaP , 1 $? ./FIP T 90~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 00 00 - 99 \B 9\ l96 -.97\1 / CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP. 4-7 / \ WILnS 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 an Chuk Maphrao Ban un Thr \ds ./ | 9 \Wat Amph«wan[; f / ;~~~~~~~~Ba Cha N. FIGURE 4-2 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF S0 24-H AVERAGE IN AFEECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP. 4-4 04 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~an ' 2< \ 00 . B~~~an)5 N a.a2h - 2 Ban 2 . gLtn T>\ t eBan atf fo.:-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a Tha'. a ° 'b''° / / a<} 5 / * * } *~~~~Wa Ms MgSahaLhwn ./ , / ,, @ ( 2; / 4>1 J o ( 0 I KM. 2;U . v FIGURE 4-3 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF S02 ANNUAL AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP. 4--9 [\ ~2 /.C3- 9Z -\ 797 X07 - - Ban Mc )@Wai onSti/> A -\<- X 0~~~ a~~~~a : X , ;;044&SX S p /'n 00 2KM A t t . < 1 2>.'3,'.. 9- FIGURE 4-4 PREDICTED MAX.GLC OF NO2 1-H AVERAGE IN AFFECTED AREA CAUSED BY NORMAL OPERATION OF THE RPPP. 4-10 (2) Impact during Abnormal Operation No.] of the R/PPP The finding reveals that if the flue gas desulfurized (FGD) system, which has a control efficiency of 80 per cent, of a thermal power unit should fail to operate, the maximum GLC of S02 1-h average caused by tte RPPP would be approximately 1,630 4g/m3(see Figure 4-5) The concentration is much higher than the TAAQS for the gas. Therefore, to prevent significant impact to air quality, it is necessary to shut down the thermal power unit which has SO2 emission control system failure as soon as possible. (3) Impact durinzAbnormal Operation No.2 of the RPPP Under the situation that the three combined cycle blocks have to use diesel oil as fuel, the maximum GLC of SO21-h average shall be 976.5 pLg/m3 (see Figure 4-6) which is higher than the TAAQS (780 gg/m3), while the maximum GLC of N021-average (151.6 4g/m3) is still within an acceptable limit (320 gLg/m3) . Simulation experimental results demonstrate that operate the RPPP under this situation without violation of the TAAQS ( for 1-h average S02 ) it is necessary that one of the thermal power units must be shut-down throughout the abnormal period. This operation is a trade-off between losing 700 MW from a thermal power unit and gaining 1800 MW from the three combined cycle blocks. Based on the aforementioned fmdings, it can be concluded that: - Under normal operation air quality impact caused by the RPPP is in acceptable level. - If a failure of the FGD system of any of the four thermal power unit should occur, the unit must be shut-down as soon as possible to keep the air quality impact within acceptable levels. - If the three combined cycle blocks should have to use diesel oil as fuel instead of natural gas, the thermal power unit should be shut-down throughout the period to keep the maximum 1-h average S02 concentration below the TAAQS. 4-11 Ban Mai Tai Wit Don S -06 /1>) l g l - \ \ ;>;~~~~~~WChana Ram -06 c Wat B RN School &LaLf Makham 00t0 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 e~~~~ '+ ut / a r4xZ; WtL Mai Ratkhathih / 9s/ f \ \/1 ~~~JKM.| K l 9 ~ f 9 , 96l \_ 9 FIGURE 4-5 ISOPLETHS OF MAXIMUM GLC OF SO2 W 1THi THE AREA DURING ABNORMAL OPERATION NO.1 OF TH:E RPPP 4-I1/1 ~~~4 ~~~~~~~T ~~~~Ban Ma ij \ )7' 4 IA0 I V on Sai wa\ Rai an /4 B H21' 3/ 9 l /; 9t a /90 r Baii u aphrSo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aR.L i Ban hukBanpNrao" nons~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o -FIGURE 4-6 ISOPLETHIS OF MAXIMUMf GLC OF S02 WITHI THE AREA DURING ABNORMAL OPERATION NO.2 OF THE RPPP TABLE 4-1 SOURCE DATA FOR DISPERSION MODELING IN CASE OF THERMAL POWER UNIT. * Parameter Natural Gas ] Fuel Oil fT/In _ fCTT.\ / O/ C\ .~~~~~~~ _ rutsre l - -0 3r 1 -Stack height (m) 150 150 - Stack diameter (m) 7.0 7.0 - Stack gas temperature (celcius) 129 129 - Exhaust gas flow rate (m3/s) 1,070 1,050 - Exhaust gas flow velocity (m/s) 28.0 27.3 - S02 emission (g/s)** 368 - NOx emission as NO2 (g/s)*** 220 253 - TSP emission (g/s) 5 9 - CO emission (g/s) 42 40 Note: * Values are appropriate for one 700 MW unit. ** with 80 per cent SO? control efficiency. '** Assume N02 emission constitutes 20 % of total NOx emission. TABLE 4-2 SOURCE DATA FOR DISPERSION MODELING IN CASE OF COMBINED CYCLE UNIT. * Parameter Natural Gas Diesel (Pure CH4) (0.25 % S) - Stack height (m) 35 35 - Stack diameter (m) - CTG** 5.79 5.79 - HRSG*** 5.5 5.5 - Stack gas temperature (celcius) - CTG 607 602 - HRSG 103 128 - Exhaust gas flow rate (m3/s) 486.48 496.32 - Exhaust gas flow velocity (mis) - CTG (bypass case) 54.8 57.2 - HRSG (normal case) 26.88 29.2 - S02 emission (g/s) 74.81 - NO1 e^. i§sion as NO2 (g/s 76.67 81.86 - TSP emission (g/s) 1.9 3.8 -CO emission Ws) 8 1 1 Note: * Values are appropriate for one 200 MW Combustion Turbine. T CTG = Combustion Turbine Generator. - HRSG = Heat Recovery Steam Generator. i *** Assume N02 emission constitute 20% of total NOx emnission. 4-13 TABLE 4 -3 COMIPAISIION O)F S02 CONCENTRATIONS T OTIIIE, TAAQS Average Time S02 C'oncentration (ug/n3) Violatioil Max. Conc. Backgrounid Conc. Total Conc. TAAQS __ 1-h 740.1* 17.7 757.8 780** No. 24-h 86.0 15.2 101.2 300.0 No. I-y 12.9 6.2 19.1 100.0 No. Note * The concentration is the second highest (the highest is 756.56 ug/n13) ** At date this is an interim standard for S02 I-h average TABLE 4 -4 COMPARISON OF N02 CONCENTRATIONS TO I'IIE TAAQS Average Time N02 Conlcentration (ug/rn3) IViolationi Max. Conc. Backgrounld Conc. Tolal Conic. T1AAQS __ I-h 148.5 21.2 169.7 320.0 No. 4.1.8 Environmental Noise 1) Construction Period Noise sources during the construction period include rmanv kinds of site enuipment that can create noise in the r,nge of 75,-!.Q dBA . Thus, the area around the construction site within 1.0 km. may be directly effected by the noise . The process of pipe clearing in the later stage of construction can create a high noise level , but the effects will not occur if proper silencers are used. The noise measuring system and valve testing process of the thermal plant at Bang Pakong power plant show that the process can release the noise level at 109-116 dBA.Thus, if the same level of noise occurs in the study area, the area around the plant site within 3.1 km. will receive the noise more than 80 dBA . However, this noise level will occur only in short periods (3-5 minutes each time) and social measures can help to mitigate this impact. 2) Operation Period The only noise impact during the operation phase will arise from the process of starting up the plant. This may cause a noise level of more than 80 dBA around the source, within the radius of 0.9 km. So, a noise impact may occur in this zone. Besides these, loud noise can be released fro soot blow process. So it may cause noise impact to the receptor too. 4.1.9 Siesmolozy 1) Construction Period Most of the earthquakes which have occured nearby the project area have been of low magnitude. The possibility of earthquakes causing damage to the power plant foundation is therefore considered to be slight . 2) Operation Period The results of the available geological data and the study's investigation indicate that the geological structures are strong enough to support the foundation of the plant. About 90% of the earthquakes occuring in Thailand have been less than 4 on the Richter scale. The largest occurred on 22, April 1983 at Kanchanaburi Province and was 5.8 Mb. This caused some damage to buildings and was felt in the Central Plain of Al 1< Thailand. However, there is no record of large earthquakes which could cause severe damage in the study area or the adjacent area. Therefore, it can be concluded that the siesmological impact on the project area is in significant. 4.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 4.2.1 Aquatic Ecolocy and Fisheries 1) Construction Period Since, domestic wastewater from contruction camps will be treated by a septic system prior to seepage through the soil or draining into the canals and stream, it is anticipated that the waterways will not be contaminated by pathogens, nutrients and chemicals. 2) Operation Period - Thermal Pollution : Approximately 28,000 cu.m/d of cooling water will be discharged into the Mae Khlong River. The discharged water, which will be passed through a cooling tower and the water reservoir, will have a temperature close to that of the natural water and within the maximum allowable limit of the industrial standard. The impact of thermal pollution of the power plant discharge into -the aquatic biological system of the Mae Khlong River can be considered to be mimimal. - Wastewater Pollution: According to the EGAT's plan, all household wastewater and discharged eff-uent from the power plant will be pretreated by neutralization of acidic and/or alkaline wastewaters and by septic system. Thus, the quality of the wastewaters discharged into the natural waterway will meet the Thai industrial effluent standard. - Direct Impact to the Ecological System in the Mae Klong River : From our study, the density of planktonic organisms in the Mae Klong River is between 23.17-158.6 x 108 cell/m3, thus only a small proportion of planktonic organisms in the river will be affected by the cooling system. Moreover, the planktonic organisms have a very short reproduction period, thus the lost population will be replaced within a short period of time providing that the quality of water remains unchanged. In order to prevent young or larvae of aquatic animals being entrained in the water cooling system, we suggest that water should not be extracted directly from the river, and that an iron net, with a mesh.size 0.5 In order to prevent young or larvae of aquatic animals being entrained in the water cooling system, we suggest that water should not be extracted directly from the river, and that an iron net, with a mesh size 0.5 cm. or less, should be used to prevent young or small animals being sucked into the water pipe. 4.2.2 Forest and Wildlife 1) Construction Period The construction period of the project is expected to produce some adverse effects, including increased vehicular traffic and associated pollution, noize and vibrations from construction, blockage of waterways by access roads, and incidental water pollution from fuels, oils, etc. 2) Operation Period The operation period in expected to bring the following effects: increase in humans resident arounu the site with its associated increase in infrastructure, noise from plant operation, filling and blockage of waterways by access roads, and incidental pollution due to discharge of fuels and chemicals into marshes or canals. The project will also result in loss of about 1 km2 of marsh and field habitat of birids. 4.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 4.3.1 Land Use 1) Construction Period The construction of the power plant will involve 6 major components namely, gas pipe line, paved road, transmission line, raw water pipe, wastewater pipe and the power plant. Each of these will permanently replace the current landuses such as rice field, shrimnp pond, community and others. The communities nearby the power plant will experience direct impacts such as noise, vibration and dust diffusion. Especially in the construction period, to fill up the land may cause to sedimentation on nearby rice field and siltation in the rivers as well as irrigation canals in the rainy season. They will have negative effects to agricultural activities. t71 Above all, the areas close to the power plant especially within a 5 km. radius from the power plant, may be directly impacted in terms of increasing or decreasing land prices if the power plant induces development or creates negative impacts to the area, respectively. These irnpacts are rilso likely to lead to changes in the Csze. 4r-Witnnn IrAd rensinof the population in the study area. 2) Operation Period The operation of the plant is likely to have 3 other impacts namely, air and water pollution, economic and infrastructural development, and resources depletion.Air pollution is mainly caused by NOx and SO2 emissions which will lead to acid deposition in the area. Water pollution is mainly caused by the chemical composition of the waste water and thermal discharges. Air and water pollution may reduce the quality of land resource used by the communities, in particular it may affect agricultural products. However, EGAT plans to control the emission of all toxic gases and waters. Economic and infrastructural development may cause the number of factories to increase and lead to shortages of labor in the argricultural sector. Communities are likely to increase in number or in size. Resources depletion in the area will mainly concern water shortages and the intrusion of saline water, especially in the dry season, which will lead to crop failure. However, the study or water consumption of the power plant revealed that the operation of the power plant should not cause a water shortage. 4.3.2 A2riculture 1) Construction Period When construction of the plant site, the paved road, and the pipe line commences, the existing agricultural areas such as rice field and shrimnp pond will be permanently replaced. The disappearence of the rice fields will not greatly effect the production of Ratchaburi, since this area is often naturally flooded and produces a low yield. However, it will effect fisheries at the south of the plant site where there is a large group of macrobacium farms. Those farms will have to move or the owners will have to cease their business. Not only will the construction the the plant displace some of the macrobacium farms but the sources of water used by the farms will be shared with the power plant and may change the water quality making it inappropriate for use by the farms. An indirect impact on land price, could be that the price of land nearby the three components of the power project may increase or decrease and mav be sold. 2) Operation Period When the plant is operating, air and water pollution including thermal discharges pollution might adversely effect the nearby agricultural production area. The major air pollutants are NOx and SO-, which will cause soil, atmospheric and water acidity and could lead to crop failure. Besides, the agricultural area to the south of the power plant may be damaged by the direct release of thermal water. Such problems have been considered by EGAT and there is a protection plan for air and water pollution and a cooling tower and holding pond will be constructed to cool the processed water before being released to the receiving water. Other problems which might occur are water shortage and salt water intrusion . These often occur when tnere is severe ana continuous drought years such as happened in the years before 1985. However, good management and administration of water resources should help to avoid water shortages when the plant begin operting. On the other hand, construction of the power plant may benefit the agricultural sector in the area if it leads to the electricity system suffering less from frequent cuts,which is the case at present. 4.3.3 Housing 1) Construction Period Temporary housing in the form of a labor camp is expected to be established outside the project site but within a 15 km. radius. This will have only a slight impact on existing housing density. That is, approximately 600 temporary housing units (each unit contains 3 persons on average) will change housing density from 103.62 houses per sq.km. to 104.47 houses per sq.km. in 1997 according to the tentative construction program. However, shallowness of the canals surrounding the labor camp and project site may occur as a result of construction materials being accidently spilled,drifting etc. .A 10 2) Operation Period Housin!z will be located within the project site as only a small number is required. However. houses for rent and small commercial units will tend to be established, particularly in Phikun Thong communitv and the area adjacent to the site. 4.3.4 Transportation 1) Construction Period Traffic volume increases during the construction and operation periods are not large enough to create any traffic congestion problem but an increase in the number of traffic accidents may be a likely scenario. In case of construction period the road to the project site and the concerned wav will be improved for site preparation that is such useful for local people. 2) Operation Period During the operation period, traffic volume and accidents w ill be lower compared to the construction period. 4.3.5 Power and Transmission Line 1) Construction Period The electrical power which is required during power plant construction , (based on the data of other power plants of the same type) is only 200 KW. Compared with the total power demand of the Central Region of 35,556 MW, this amounts to only 0.005 % . Thus , power demand of the project will have little impact . 2) Operation Period When the power plant is completed, it will deliver 4600 MW into a nationwide grid system in 1999, around 73.1 % of load forecast, and high voltage transmission lines of 500 and 230 KV will increase about And 240 circuit-kiluometers, respectively. Tnis wiii positiveiy support the power demand of the whole country through the grid system. 4-20 4.3.6 Industry 1) Construction Period It is expected that some kinds of local industry, especially lime stone and lime production will benefit from the project in terms ot supplying raw material used in the contruction process. This will make those industrial activities and related businesses grow regarding improved productivity and income. 2) Operation Period The probability of a synergystic adverse effect caused by gases emitted from the project mixing with SO2 exhausted from small- scale lime factories located more than 8 kilometers away from the project site is expected to be low due to their distance, and different scales of operation, compared to the size of the project. Also, the synergistic adverse effect of effluent water discharged into Mae Klong river by textile factories and the project is expected to be low due to existing and effective water pollution control regulations. in contrast, the 4,600 MW. of power supply generated from the project will not only solve shortage of power supply but support industrial development of the country. Regarding Ratchabunr industrialization, the project will create higher potential for industrial investment particularly large-scale industrial projects which can directly access electricity from the project . It is also likely to convince other industrial investors and related provincial authorities to continue to promote and expand industrial development including industrial estates by providing infrastructure. 4.3.7 Water Management and Water Use 1) Construction Period The construction activities will require about 1 MCM.of water per year . This amount of water will not cause any adverse impact to the other water users. 2) Operation Period EGAT aims to divert the water from the Maeklong river at the location downstream of Vajiralongkorn dam at the rate of 2.38 cms. or about 6.25 MCM. per month. To investigate the effect on water 4-21 utilities in the river basin, a water use simulation study and the results shows that in both cases , with and without project, a water shortage will not occurs if the diversion to Tha Chin less than 80 cms. As discussed previously, the diversion to Tha Chin will be made to the water availability in the two reservoirs accordinglv. It. therefore expected that the water utilities in the Mae Klong river basin will not encounter any problems such as water demand for sanitary control , irrigation,domestic use and golf yard. The project could take up the desired amount. 4.3.8 Flood Control and Drainage System 1) Construction Period The proposed project site is located on the plain area where the runoff is naturally drained into the nearby waterway before fiowing into the Mae Kiong river.Thus, the runoff tfom the Project will not cause any effect to the surrounding area. On the other hand , the effect of flood water from outside the site will depend on the engineering design for flood protection together with the drainage system. 2) Operation Period As stated previously, the Project area is rather small compared to the surrounding area and the runoff created by the Project will not cause any adverse impact to the surrounding area. But the flood water from outside the project will effect the project site. However , this can easily be managed by an appropriate engineering design for flood protection and a drainage system. 4.4 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES 4.4.1 Socio- Economics 1) Preconstruction Period - Land Prices The current standard prices (as determined by the Department of Lands) for the land along the Phikun Thong-Ban Rai Road. along the irrigation canal, and in all other zones of Tambon Phikun Thong are 400,000 baht. 100,000 baht, and 60,000 baht per rai. respectively. However, land prices are due for re-evaluation in 1995. Interviews with local people suggest that some owners are now asking for as much as 1.000.000 baht for land along the main road. The price of land in other areas has also increased. The reason for these increases is that owners anticipate that their land will be in demand by EGAT and other developers who are likely to follow in the wake of EGAT. - Iineo,,.e3 6. o>.ansc.'.rsa,dCagsn .fefls A major positive preconstruction impact of the proposed power project is that benefits will accrue to the local landholders in the form of income from the sale of land in the project site.Fifty seven residents of Ban Phikun Thong and Ban Sai own approximately 60 % of the project site. Interviews with some local landholders suggest. however, that they are unlikely to move away from their present muban and it seems likely that their existing lifestyles are more likely to be modified rather than totally transformed. A potential loser in the above scenario is the children of the landowners who would have inherited the land (provided that it had not been sold for some other purpose). However, if the incomes from the land sales are managed wisely, the children could inherit money rather than land, or land in another location could be purchased and passed on. - Threats to the Livelihoods of Landrenters Renters who rent land within the site are likely to suffer, at least temporarily, from a sale of the land which comprises the site. Although there are no residences on the site renters are likely to lose their means of livelihood. It is not yet known how many people will be in this situation but it is likely to be only a few. 4-23 - Local Residents Attitudes Towards the Proposed Power plant At present local residents are poorly informed about the proposed power plant. However, those who were aware of the possibility of a power nipnt bping constructed at Ba- Phikuan Thong -eenerafllv sa-w the power plant making a positive contribution to their own lives or to their communities by bringing development or, more specifically, employment in its train or by enabling some residents to benefit from the sale of their land to EGAT. 2) Construction Period - Population, crime, and Social Cohesion In the case of the construction of the proposed Ratchaburi Power Plant, the majority of newcomers will not join any existing community but will live temporarily at the constnuction site. Accordi.ng to official project documents the maximum project construction workforce is not likely to exceed 1,700 at any one time and will be significantly lower than this at other times. The overall construction period is likely to be 2.5-3 years. A large number of the construction force will probably be from nearby areas and travel to the site each day. Thus these temporary workers should not affect the homogeneity of the local comnmunity nor impair informal social controls. It is therefore expected that there will not be a disproportionate increase in the crime rate as a result of the construction of the power plant. - Educational and Health Services It is expected that the temporary construction workforce will generally not bring children of school age with them therefore there should not be a demand for educational services. If there should be an increased demand for health care, the existing health services should be able to meet the increase as it is not expected to be great. - Local Residents' Attitudes Towards the Proposed Power Plant Attitudes towards the proposed plant are, in general, likely to remain positive throughout the construction period as the provision of temporary construction jobs and the income from land sales will have reinforced or confrined earlier expectations that it will bring benefits. 4-24 - Land Sales A second episode of land purchases may take place during the plant construction period in order to build homes for the workers who will eventually operate the plant. There will probably be about 1,000 skilled workers who will need to rent or buy modem accomodation either in the Ratchaburi urban area or in a new housing estate not too far away from the plant. - Income and Employment Unfortunately, many of the unskilled jobs currently available to locals are located far from home, are poorly remunerated and are only temperary. Thus while they do provide income they rarely allow the opportunity to save or to significantly improve material circumstances. Moreover, they involve considerable travel which significantly disrupts normal family and social life. If villagers in the study area are given preferential treatment regarding employment in the construction workforce for the Ratchaburi Power Plant the fact that the travel time will be considerably reduced should help to improve family and social life, at least for the duration of the construction work. Wages and working conditions are also likely to be better as EGAT will ensure that only a reliable and highly professional construction contractor is engaged to construct the power plant. According to official project documents the-maximum workforce during the construction phase of the plant is not likely to exeed 1,800 at any one time and will be significantly lower than this at other times. The largest proportion of the workforce will always consist of unskilled workers and thus the project will bring a significant number of employment opportunities to the local area during the construction period. On the negative side, it is likely that local agricultural labourers will find jobs on the construction site thus exacerbating the labour shortage in the agricultural sector which is already a significant problem in the study area, to some extent hastening the sector's decline. 3) Operation Period - Population, Crime, and Social Cohesion With regard to the operation of the proposed Ratchaburi Power Plant official documentation suggests that the operation workforce is not likely to exceed 700-800 persons for the four 700 MW units and an additional 300 persons for the three 600 MW units. Some of these will live in onsite housing and others will live in suitable modem housing elsewhere, most likely in the Ratchaburi urban area or in a new housing estate constructed for the operation workforce to rent or buy. It therefore seems very unlikely that the operation workforce population will affect the social homogeneitv and cohesion of existing communities and therefore there is likely to be no disproportionate increase in the crime rate as a result of the power plant. - Distribution of Social Costs and Benefits The major social benefits arising from the operation of the power plant are likely to be electricity supply and employment. These are in general more likely to accrue to non-locals: Most of the jobs will require educational and skills levels which the locals have not attained and most locals are already connected to the national power grid. Yet most social costs, due to their being related to the proximity of the physical plant itself are likely to accrue to locals e.g. noise, odor, gaseous emmissions, increased traffic, change in landscape values. Whilst some of the locals will have benefited from the sale of landholdings it has to be remembered that these will be in a minority. - Attitude Towards the Power Plant While between 35-56 per cent of respondents in the three types of community surveyed considered that the power plant would have a positive impact on their communities, and only a few considered that it would have negative impacts (7-21%), it has to be borne in mind that: (a) relatively large numbers of respondents (between 37-41 per cent) appeared to be undecided or ambivalent about the effect of the plant (Table G-36 in Appendix G). (b) Both the questionnaire survey and the focus group study in particular reveal that this anticipation of positive effects is largely predicated on the feeling that the power plant might provide jobs or induce development which would provide jobs for the community's residents. (c) Most respondents had no knowledge of the power plant prior to being asked to state their opinion. Thus it is probably better to treat people's attitudes towards the nronosed nower plant not am ohiectively deternined and stable but as subjective, ambiguous, provisional and unstable. This suggests that future attitudes are also likely to depend on their experience of the project to date. If they do not receive concrete benefits in their communities they are less likely to view the power plant positively. This of course will be even more pronounced if there are problems regarding dangerous levels of gaseous emissions. - Income and Employment Local incomes are likelv to improve if villagers in the study area are employed in the power plant. However, most will be employed in unskilled jobs so the number employed and any increment in earning will not be that great. At least the jobs will be permanent and close to home and will thus be a considerable improvement over the existing situation of many villagers. If opportunities for training are made available the number employedand the increment in earnings could be greater and therefore Egat should give attention to this-- obviously the greater the benefit the locals receive from the plant the more likely they are to have a positive attitude toward it. It is therefore in EGAT's interest to arrange training programs, where feasible, in certain skilled or semi-skilled occupations. Improved employment opportunities may also arise from other factories which decide to locate close-by the power plant in order to take adventage of any infrastuctural or other improvements associated with it. If this scenario is realized it will probably, to some extent, hasten the decline of agricultural employment in the area but will result in higher incomes and more secure employment for those who do find jobs in this factories. 4.4.2 Archaeology The study concludes that the proposed Power Plant will not have a serious adverse impact on archaeological/historical sites both during construction and operation periods since the proposed plant site and its nearby area have no important archaeological/historical places. 4.4.3 Tourism/ Recreation and Aesthetics The potential adverse impact on tourism and aesthetictics is negligible both during construction and operation periods since the proposed project site is quite far from tourist attractions and the actual construction activities are within the project site area . On the other hand the project area could serve as recreation area and important educational tourist attraction. 4.4.4 Public Health 1) Construction Period The migration of a large number of construction workers into the proiect site may create favorable conditions for some communicable diseases such as food-borne, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases. Poor sanitary conditions of workers' shacks i.e. solid wastes, wastewater drainage, and latrines can easily become a reservoir for vectors of these diseases. The need for health care services and facilities will inevitably increase as construction workers move into the area. 2) Operation Period Since the ambient air quality prediction is within the NAAQS standards, an increasing trend of respiratory illnesses is not anticipated. However, local health authorities should monitor changes in the respiratory disease patterns which might occur. 4.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 4.4.5.1 Solid Wastes The project site is located beyond the jurisdiction of either a municipality or a sanitary district, so there is no solid waste handling facility in the area. 1) Construction Period Daily wastes generated by construction workers could create an environmental health problem to the community and may, further, lead to epidemics of some communicable diseases. 2) Operation Period Domestic wastes generated by the people who work for the power plant and those who perform business with them could become a major environmental health problem. It must be assured that the wastes are properly collected and disposed of at the Ratchaburi MuniciDal Sanitary landfill. In this regard, the Ratchaburi Municipality will be contracted for solid wastes disposal in the power plant area. 4.4.5.2 Wastewater 1) Construction Period Sanitary drains produced from the workers' shacks mav cause unsanitarv conditions to the surrounding area. 2) Operation Period Wastewater produced within the project area will be treated by a sewage treatment system before being discharged into the river. The sewage treatment system must be properly operated in order to prevent water pollution to the river. Sludge produced from the wastewater treatment system can be used as fertilizer in the green area around the project site. For the long-term management, by hiring private contractor or the municipality, it can be disposed of at the sanitary landfill or can be used for the land filling. 4.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 1) Construction Period Without good safety management practices, the construction workers will be at risk of injuries. These potential accident.injury hazards observed from the other two EGAT power plants, existing working conditions and environment can be used to project the possible causes of accidental health hazards in the new plant. These potential accident/injury hazards include the following: (1) Housekeeping, control of waste, oil spills, etc. (2) Floors, stairs, platforms, railings, work surfaces (3) Aisles, walkways, exits, clearance, etc. (4) Ladders, stability, etc. (5) Material handling equipment, types, traffic control, etc. (6) Storage and material piling (7) Machinery - guards and maintenance (8) Tools - use and care of, etc. (9) Electrical and welding equipment, shielding (10) Pressure equipment, steam lines, tanks (11) Overhead pipes, valves, and superstructure (12) Hot materials and heat (13) Chemical hazards (14) Flammable or explosive substances - storage and handling ( 15) Solvents used for maintenance and cleaning (16) Dusts, fumes, vapors, and gases 17) Fire - fighting equipment, drills and training (18) Smoking areas, regulations (19) Personal protective equipment - hard hats, safety glasses, goggles, safety shoes, respirators, when and where mandated for use (20) Washrooms and locker rooms - sanitation, towels, soap, etc (21) First-aid equipment - availability, contents training in its use (22) Ventilation (23) Noise (24) Illumination (25) Other unsafe practices Construction workers exposed to the hazardous environment e.g., (high noise level, metal dust, free silica dust, and asbestos fibre, paint spray mist, lead fumes) for 3-4 years might be expected to have some degree of occupational disease or work-related illness such as noise induced hearing loss, siderosis, silicosis, asbestosis, etc. 2) Operation Period During the operation phase, if no occupational health and safety program is introduced and implemented, the substandard practices of the workers and substandard conditions are two likely major causes of accident and injuries. The major industrial hygiene problem is the noise condition (>85 dB(A)) in many locations (combined cycle, gas turbine area, diesel generator). The high noise level which the workers are exposed to might cause hearing loss. Air contaminants in the working atmosphere (eg. metal dust, welding fume, solvent vapour) in mechanical shops or other locations might also be considered major sources of injury as they can accelerate the severity of respiratory diseases in the working place. Other industrial working environmental hazards include the poor lighting, exessive heat and poor ventilation. 4.4.7 Public Safety 1) Construction Period - Environmental Impact on Traffic Safety Information obtained from the Department of Transportation shows that the number of vehicles on highway route No.4. rapidly increased from 1991 to 1992 and obviously decreased from 1992 to 1993 but the percentage of injuries and death due to traffic vehicles showed no significant difference in the period 1991-1993. The traffic conditions along the route from the intersection (Highway No.4 and the road to Wat Phikun thong) to the construction site were verv light . The average traffic volume of the trucks and cars and taxis together are 29 and 118 vehicles per hour, respectively. Unfortunately data related to traffic accidents along this route are not available. However, during the construction period the number of vehicles. especially heavy trucks for transporting the construction material and equipment, will significantly increase. Without adequate preventive measures, several traffic safety problems are likely - DdiPleM. of t ffrin f-;rr1ilation including hloc.kina or I roJLJ ~.I I .M' - .. - -- __ impairing access at the intersection km 98 + 570 disrupting other vehicles on Highwav No. 4 and the road to Wat Phikun Thong especially during the rush hour. - The number of traffic accidents may increase because of narrow and poor conditions of the road to the construction site, excessive speed and reckless driving by the truck drivers. - Environmental impact on traffic noise hazards The future trend of traffic noise exposure may be estimated from the traffic volume passing by the community. Based on existing information, the annual percentage of heavy trucks passing by the community is expected to increase by not more than 16 percent and the noise level is estimated not to increase significantly. However, during the construction period, heavy trucks which produce 87-88 dBA will be the main source of vehicular nuisance noise to the public. 2) Operation Period Compared to the construction period, the traffic volume during the operation period will decrease significantly, especially the number of heavy trucks as the delivery of fuel, eg. gas, fuel oil will be via a 4-31 pipeline. Most of the plant operators and family will live in the project's apartments nearbv the plant. Therefore the citizens living along the route to Wat Phikun Thong and the road to the project site during the operation period are not expected to be exposed to a significantly different level of noise 4from at present and4 the trend of +the t~rafi acidn rat is. als -I- o *I'*.M. Li'JL UL j1..1L cLU LIL LI iU 'L Lllc taLIckI. acclU..II~L I dLe 1~~ aIZ)U FIO expected to increase sionificantly as compared to the previous year (before the construction period). 4-32 TABLE 4-5 SUMMARY LEVEL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT Level of Magnitude Environmental Aspect Period Impact to Environment -3 -2 I1 0 _n - Climate Construction - No evidence x Operation - No evidence x Air quality Construction - Fugutive dust from construction x activities. - Emission from construction x equipments and vehicular traffic. Operation - S02 and NOx errussions from the x 4 thermal power unit stacks, and 6 HRSG stacks. Surface Hydrology Construction - Siltation/Sedimentation x Operation - Water Requirement x Surface Water Quality Construction - Increasing SS in the nver and x nearby canal - Waste water from working x personnel Operation - Water temperature x - Waste water (phosphate, x grease and oil, organic matter) Groundwater Construction x - Low standard of water quality/ x saltation Operation x Soil/land quality Construction - Lost of soilAand for agniculture x - Soil acidity/salinity x Operation - Soil acidity x Geology! Mineral Construction x Resources and Operation x Seismology ___ Environrnental Noise Construction - Nuissance Cause x ________________ IOperation - Nuisance Cause x Aquatic Ecology Construction - Water Quality x Operation - Thermal Pollution x - Waste Water x - Biology System x - Forestry/wildlife Construction - Damage the water ways and x marshes of birds living areas (habitats zone) Operation - Darnage the habitat area x outside the project site _____.___.____.__ (1 sq. km.) 4-33 Level of Magnitude Environmental Aspect Penrod Impact to Environment .. -2 1 0 - 2 Landuse Construction - Land use change withm the x project site Operation - Decreasing of agricultural area x by industrial and residential I ~ ~~ rep!acemr.et l - Land use damage by pollution x _ - Agriculture Construction - Project replacement on low x agncultural productivity Operation - Agnrcultural damage by x air pollution - Water shortage and salt water x intrusion Housing Construction - Shallowness of the carnals x surrounding labor camp and project site Operation - Establishment Frend of houses x for rent and small commercial units in the area adjacent to the site Transportation Construction - Increasing traffic volume x - Increasing traffic accident x Operation - Improve the road x Power and Construction x Transmission Line Operation - Supporting power demand of x the country Industry Construction - Benefit of local line stone and x line manufactures Operation - Supporting industrial development x of the country - Increasing potential of local x industrialization - Synergistic adverse affect of S02 x exhausted from local line factonres Water Management/ Construction x Water Use/Flood Operation x Control and Drainage System . ___ _ 4-34 T | Level of Magnitude Environmenta1 Aspect Penrird Impact to Env'.ronment .s . Socio-economics Construction - Increasing land pnrces x - Increasing income x - Positive local attitude towards x the project - Temporary rmigration of x workforce Operation . - Income and employment x - Electricity supply x - Distribution of social costs and benefits x e.g.; noise, landscape change Public health Construction - Communicable discases x Operation - Respiratory diseases x Sanitation and Construction - Increasing solid waste x Waste Handling - Insanitary conditions caused by x wastewater drainage Operation - Increasing solid waste x - Wastewater discharged x Occupational Construction - Accident and injury x health and safety - Occupational diseases x - Industrial hyginene problem x Operation - Accident and injury x - Occupational diseases x - Industrial hyginene problem x Public Safety Construction - Traffic circulation from the heavy trucks, traffic accident and traffic noise harzard i_________________ Operation - Decreasing traffic volume Archaeology Construction x l __________________ Operation x Tounrsm/Recreation Construction x and Aesthetics Operation - A positive power plant role as an x educational toun'sm spot 4-35 5. RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR EN' IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 5.1.1 Surface Water Hydrology 1) Mitigation Measures for Constructio. During the site preparation and construc infrastructure,the surface flow created around the project site wii particles to the Mae Klong river. The effect of siltation di construction on the river morphology can be mitigated by mea appropriate construction schedule and appropriate practices.The t .,wing measures are recommended: - h,e majOr c, On strtio, Cn actiivi ties shouIld be1 C ca.-iAed out during the period of least rainfall; ie. December through April. - The construction materials, soil, sand should be stored at the project site. - A temporary weir should be constructed in order to trap the soil particles. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period The project will not cause any change to the hydrological regime in the river basin, thus mitigation measures are not required. 5.1.2 Surface Water Quality 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - The effects of dredging the stream bed for the intake structure installation can be alleviated by dredging during low tidal level as this will cause less dispersion and dilution of dredging materials and by providing a suitable site onland for disposing of dredging materials. - Surface water quality deterioration by soil erosion from landfilling, excavation and backfilling can be minimized by (1) avoiding these activities in the rainy season, (2) providing cover vegetation or cover materials to absorb or filter sediment and (3) providing a temporary sedimentation basin (if necessary) to trap sediment. 5-1 - Effects of wastewater during construction can be alleviated by providing sanitary toilets with septic tanks for the workforce during the first stage of construction. Other kinds of wastewaters from the workforce will be stored in holding pond before discharging. After completion of the installation of the sewage treatment plant for the first thermal unit, it can be used to serve the construction workforce during the construction of subsequent units. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - Wastewater will be carefully treated to meet the Thai Industrial Effluent Standards. - Effects of phosphate in the receiving water may occur in the dry season. If necessary, some mitigation measures such as chemical precipitation of cooling water blowdown will be provided or non-phosphate inhibitor will be used instead of phsphate inhibitor. 5.1.3 Groundwater Resources 1) Mitigation measure for Construction Period and Operation Period. Ensure that onsite well discharge is not be greater than 4,000 cu.m/d. Explore other alternative water resources instead of ground water. In case of on site well can not supply sufficient amount of water, use river water. The groundwater quality which has high concentration of N03, Fe, Mn, hardness, and coliform bacteria should be treared as qualified standard before using. 5.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period Soillland quality which is suitable for plant site construction, should have low agricultural potential with nonacid and nonsaline soils, and low montmorillonitic clay (shrink and swell). The types of soil series in the project site boundary are Ayutthaya, Bang Khen and Bang Len series (shown in the soil map). Ayutthaya series is more acid than Bang Khen series. Bang Len series is nonacid but high montnorillonitic clay (shrink and swell), The use of soils for earth work fill to elevate the plant site and road construction will be transported from reservoir. So, the site selection of reservoir should be Bang Khen series. Bang Len series is unsuitable due to high shrink and swell potential affecting the stablility of the foundations. The acidity and salinity which occurs from digging the soils can be reduced by using lime (CaCO3) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H20). 2T) MiL.ga,l-or IMi'easures ftur %J1perai lorU Period - Reduce any soil acidity by using lime. - Fuel oil used for power plant should contain a low grade of sulfur to reduce the gaseous emissions (SO2). - Control S02 emission to meet the standard of the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OECP), Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy. 5.1.5 Geomorphology There is no recormendedat.ion for miitgation rneasures as there is no significant effects in the plant site area. 5.1.6 Mineral Resources Due to the fact that there are no valuable mineral resources found at the plant site recommendations for environmental and mitigation measures are not required. 5.1.7 Air Resources 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period The following mitigation measures should be adopted by contractor(s) / subcontractors of the RPPP - Water spraying on active work areas and unpaved roads at least twice a day. - Traffic speed control within the site. - Stringent control of soil and construction material handling. - Providing water spray system to remove soil materials from truck wheels before leaving the site. - Upgrading of access road(s) to the project site. - Proper methods of solid waste disposal (i.e. sanitary landfill). - Providing a strict maintenance program for trucks and heavy machanized equipments to reduce their exhaust emissions. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - Providing FGD system which has 80 per cent control efficiency for each of the four thermal power units. - To mninimizie No2 emissions the following techniques should be implemented: low NOx burners, and flue gas recirculation for the thermal power units, * low NOx burners, and water injection for the combustion turbine cycle blocks. - Stop operating any thermal power unit that has a FGD system out of order. - Shut-down one thermal power plant unit in the case that the three combined cycle blocks have to use diesel oil instead of natural gas. 5.1.8 Environmental Noise 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - Public relations system should be set up to create a positive attitude toward the project. - Loud or noisy activities should be stopped during times when quiet is necessary. - Noise control equipment must be used in the proper way. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period Noise barriers around the plant site proper silencers for soot blow process and social measures such as public relations, should be applied. 5.1.9 Siesmoloi-y To prevent serious damage by shock waves and vibration from seismic activity on the structures of the power plant, buildings and associated facilities, it is recommended that an earthquake safety factor should be incorporated into the construction design. 5-4 5.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 5.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - construction camps should be located at least 1 00 m. from natural canals, - a temporary septic system should be constructed in order to prevent sewage seeping through the soil or directly into natural canals, - sanitary latrines should be built at the ratio of 15 workers/1 unit, - top layer soils from land clearing should be prevented from entering into natural canals, and - obstruction of natural canals around the project site by construction materials should be prevented. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - a water reservoir should be constructed to reduce water temperature after flowing through the cooling tower before being discharged into the river, - household wastewater and effluent from the power plant should be pretreated by neutralization and by septic system before being discharged'into the waterway, and - water should not be extracted directly from the river, and an iron net, with mesh size 0.5 cm or less, should be used to prevent young or small animals to be sucked into the water pipe. 5.2.2 Forest and Wildlife Mitigation Measures for Construction and Operation Period A buffer zone should be left around the filled area of the plant to save as much field and marsh habitat as possible. This area should not be filled in or planted with trees or shrubs. The natural water drainage/runoff pattem should not be blocked by roads, etc. Roads should have pipes or culverts under them to allow gravity drainage of water. Dumping of fuels, oil, etc. should be done only in designated areas and not in fields or canals surrounding the plant. Noise from construction should be kept at a minimum insofar as possible. Trees and shrubs should be planted around the plant in the filled area, but not in the surrounding buffer zone. 5.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 5.3.1 Land Use Mitigation Measures for Construction and Operation Period To mitigate the problems identified earlier, the study noted the following measures: - Prevent sedimentation from landfill and siltation from overflow in the rainy season during construction period. - Air and water pollution control measures carried out by EGAT should be evaluated, regularly. - A reserve water supply for supplying the power plant in the dry season, especially in any unusual continuous years should be made available. s 6 5.3.2 Agriculture Mitigation Measures for Construction and Operation Period - The emission of NOx and SO2 should be controlled to the acceptable standard. - EGAT should carefully control the amount of pumping water used particularly during the unusual continuous drought years , so as not to cause problems of water shortage and saline water intrusion. Other sources of water supply for use during any unusual drought year should be made available - Improve the power system in the study area to increase agricultural productivity through better use of electricity . - Drainage pipelines should be installed around the plant site in order to prevent the overflow and sedimentation in the nearby rice field. 5.3.3 Housing 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period The canals around the labor camp and housing areas including other buildings in the project site , should be dredged before the rainy season for the duration of the construction work. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period In order to facilitate possible housing growth and create a positive public attitude to the project , 300 meters of 8 kilometers of the local Phikun Thong community road should be upgraded as asphaltic. 5.3.4 Transportation 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - Widening and strengthening the access road to accomodate heavy vehicles - Put lighting on the access road - Put road sign and road marking to.make drivers and pedestrians aware of traffic. - Advise truck driver to lower their speed when passisng through residential area - Provide bus services for laborers and engineers 5-7 - Provide covering for loose construction matenral during transportation 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - Provide bus services for plant operators to reduce traffic volume - Advise bus driver to strictly follow road signs - Inform all EGAT staff to drive safely in the area surrounding of the project. 5.3.5 Water Management and Water Use 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period If possible, stock water resource in the rainy season to meet the requirement in dry season or the year round 1 MCM demand. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period The 75 MCM per year of water required throughout the operation period, according to the simulation study, a water shortage will not occurs if the diversion to Tha Chin less than 80 cms. 5.3.6 Flood Control and Drainage System 1) Mitigation Measure for Construcfion Period The protection of the Project area from flooding depends on the design criteria used. Considering the flood frequency, it may occur once in two hundred years (Mae Klong over bank flow). Thus, even without improved flood protection, the risk of flooding to the Project is rather low. However, to protect from floods due to the rain water within the Project area itself, an appropriate drainage system should be provided. 2) Mitigation Measure for Operation Period As stated previously, the overbank flow of the Mae Klong river (downstream of Vajiralongkom dam) will likely occur once in two hundred years, due to flow regulation of the two reservoirs upstream. Therefore, the mitigation measure for flooding will be based on the design criteria both for the infrastructure and drainage system. 5-8 5.4 QUALITYOFLIFE VALUES 5.4.1 Socio- Economics 1) Mitigation Measures for Preconstruction Period - A public outreach program should be initiated The consultants feel that a public inquiry would be an inappropriate form of public consultation for local people. Instead the consultant recommends that EGAT undertake a long term public outreach program concentrated in the communities adjacent to the project site and in the sensitive receptor communities identified by the air quality monitoring team. This program should be more informal than a public inquiry and allow more opportunity for dialogue between the public and EGAT. Smaller, informal meetings would better allow local people to express their concerns, and printed materials, site tours etc. could facilitate a better understanding of the project and its potential impacts on the community. The study emphasises that EGAT should eschew a public relations program that concentrates only on the positive side of the project and fails to deal with the issue of risk as well other concerns that communities may have (See table 5-1 ). The public outreach program should begin as soon as possible and should continue (although less vigorously) for the life of the project. - Once EGAT has finalised the sale of the land on which they will construct the site they should determine who is currently renting any plot within the site and contact them to make arrangements to cease all activities at the site. EGAT should give renters as much time as possible to enable them to make alternative arrangements. Renters should be given preferential treatment when it comes to hiring the plant construction workforce. - EGAT should offer to arrange for financial management advice to be given to local people from whom they buy land. This could be provided at the bank through which the financial transactions are made. The objective is to make sure that finances are well managed and provide maximum benefit to the recipients and their families. 5-9 TABLE 5-1 POTENTIAL CON'CERNS OF CONIMUN'ITIES WHICH A iRE LIKELY TOu BE AFFECTED B'- THE POW,1 ER PLA N T i) Health annd Lifestvle Concerns I. How will emissions from the plant affect. community members heai. h? Are children particularly at risk? 3. What will be affect of emissions on crops. fruit trees and 'an-n aniniais' 4. What studies support the health claims EGAT is making2 5. How will the plant affect the communities' quality of life. pro e,tv value. employment etc.? 6. Hovv will the community be protected in the event of an accident" ii) Data and Information Concerns ?. How certain are EGAT of their statements' 2 VVhat is the worst that could hapoen? 3. How does the comnmlnitv know that EGAT's studies are correct) 4. What about other opinions on this issue? 5. How does EGAT's plant emissions compare to recommended standards? 6. EGAT savs the chance of an accident is miniscule but what wii EGAT do if there is one'? iii) Process Concerns 1. How will EGAT communicate with communities in an emergenc, .2 . Why should communities trust EGAT? 3. How and when can communities contact EGAT? 4. When will the communitv hear from EGAT again? iv) Risk M'anagement Concerns 1. Hoow will problems be corrected? 2. Are there other options? Whv doesn't.EGAT choose them? 3. What other government agencies would be involved and how'? 4. How will communities be involved? Adapted from Harnce, B. V., Chess. C., and Sau-'.nan. P.M. (1 990). Industrial Risk CommUnication Marnual: Improvir--g Dialogue wi'oi Communities. U.S.A.: Lewis D,,>, ,ning. D -1() 2) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - EGAT should give preferential treatment to locals wvhen hiring the project construction workforce. - It is likely that some workers will have to be hired from outside the study area and that they will come to reside in a construction workers camp Onl sile. This shouild be *cll organized and supervised so as inot Lu threaten public health and order. Opportunities for entertainment and recreation should be provided, such as sports, so as to prevent boredom and frustration that may find an outlet in sociallv unacceptable activities. - Public Outreach Program should continue with same focus as preconstruction phase. 3) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - Whilst the local people surveved are aware that neither they nor their children are likely to qualify for skilled jobs during the operation phase of the plant EGAT should nevertheless give them preferential treatment when it comes to hiring unskilled workers. If possible EGAT should also support young locals with training programs to enable them to eventually find skilled or semi-skilled work at the plant. These measures will benefit both EGAT and the locals as it will ensure that locals capture some of the benefits associated with the plant and make it more likely that locals will continue to think of the plant positively and see it as contributing to the community in the longer tenn. - EGAT should also undertake some improvements in the community of Ban Phikun Thong to improve their quality of life. This should help to redistribute some of the projects's social benefits. The questionnaire survey revealed that the most serious problem faced by the communities nearest the plant is the pollution of their water resources in the canals which run through or nearby the communities-over 70 per cent identified this as a problem. Therefore this is a problem which EGAT should help to solve as far as is possible, perhaps by clearing the canals of rotting water hyacinth and working with the relevant authority to improve the management of waste from pig farms, shrimp ponds, and factories which may be polluting the water ways. EGAT should also try to ensure that every household in the area has a stahle sunnlv of electricity= It seems somewhat unfair (and it may ultimately create negative feelings towards the power plant) that some houses should lack electricity while there is an electricity generating plant in their neighborhood. 5-l1 Both the questionnaire survev and the focus group study revealed that poor employment opportunities are a major ConcenL of locals. Their low levels of educational attainment generally means that thev and their children can only manage to get unskilled work with low rates of remuneration. EGAT should thus establish scholarships both for academic study and oVtk.LuiUl1 .rainilg. miliS Sniouiw ileip iocai peopic Lo impros c Lcir ii±e cnanLcb. Such a scholarship program should continue indefinitely. - The public outreach programme should, as stated earlier continue throughout the operation period. Whilst during the construction phase the main focus was on informing the locals of the plant's characteristics. risks etc.. during the operation phase the main focus should be on setting up appropriate procedures for reassuring local residents and for dealing with anv emergencies that manv occur. A clear channel for locals to contact EGAT should also be identified and made widelv known. 5.4.2 Archaeology 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period Although no serious adverse impact on archaeological places/evidences is expected careful attention must still be 2iven to the matter both during construction and operation periods. During ground preparation work if materials are found and suspected to be archaeological/histrical ruins/evidences. the work should be stopped at the first instance and EGAT is to report the matter to the Governor's Office immediately. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period EGAT is to strictly monitor the mitigation measures for pollution control, specially smoke, fume, gases that might lead to acid-rain forming etc., to minimize negative effect on beautv, quality and age of the archaeological places. 5.4.3 Tourism / Recreation and Aesthetics To enhance the positive impact of the project on tourism/ recreation and aesthetics, it is recommended that: - Green area should be created at least 5% of the project area. 5-12 - Small public park} garden/ zoo. children's play-around. sport field should be created within th project area since these creation tvpes are not so costlv while they wvill definitely beautify the project site. satisf' the visitors and serve the expressed wvant of the local residents around the project stie as indicated in the questionnaire studv - iviuseum. e.niition naii. readiing piaces etc. proliuing knowledge on energv matters in general and Thailand demand/ supplv including EGAT role/ responsibility in specific should be arranged within the project building . These will serve the expressed wishes of the local residents around the project site as indicated in the questionnaire studv. enable the project/ EGAT to communicate with public at large at all times with a viewv to minimizing/ correcting anv misunderstanding that should arise. and will enable the project to become another important educational tourist attraction of Ratchaburi Province. 5.4.4 Public Health 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period Enforce/ ensure that contractors prepare appropriate mitigative actions in providing adequate wvater supply. and good maintenance of environmental health and sanitation (vastew,ater. solid wastes. drainage, and latrines) within the workers' community. In case of emergency or serious illnesses, a reliable referral system must be provided to take the patients to local health centers or hospitals. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - A health data collection program should be established especially for respiratory diseases of the people living in the areas possibly affected bv the project. - Establish an "early warning" system to keep local communities alert when there is an indication of high levels of air pollutants. 5.4.5 Sanitation and Waste Handling 5.4.5.1 Solid Wastes 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period The contractor should be required to take responsibility for collecting and disposing of solid wastes created from the construction of the 5-13 project with adequate containers and do not litter any garbages into the awter resources. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period Accordingy to the development plan of Ratchaburi Municipalitv, a sanitary landfill for solid wastes disposal will be available in 1996. It is recommended that a contract should be given to the Ratchaburi Municipalitv or private contractor to collect and dispose of the wastes from the plant site. The garbages should be disposed with hvgiene and safety as follow the regulation of the Ministrv of Industry. 5.4.5.2 Wastewater 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period The contractor should be responsible for wastewater disposal in the construction site. An appropriate compact unit of sewage aeration treatment system is recommended. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - The sewage treatment system must be operated by qualified personnel: - Essential operating parameters and effluent quality must be monitored daily. In this regard, laboratorv equipment should be provided to the plant operators to perform the analysis. 5.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - The control documents should spell out that the contractor must meet certain minimum safety, health and equipment requirements including provisions for protection of the workers and the public from construction hazards. It should be noted that all construction operators, applicable laws, and ordinance must be complied with - The contractor should set up an effective occupational health and safety program. The contractor's occupational health and safety program should involve: S_1 A 1. A full time safety officer 2. A project occupational health and safety committee comprised of the contractor or his authorized representative. the safety officer. safety engineer. the workers' representative. other persons as required (for exampie: engineer. personnei ofuicLei. supeivisoi i t :LL- I 3. The committee meets weekly and submits a review copy of the minutes (which includes accident statistics) to EGAT 4. Foremen should hold daily brief safety meetings (or if not possible weeklv) with workers to discuss the safety operations or other specific problems 5. Safety instructions and safety rules should be given to all new workers as part of the first day induction 6. Personal protective equipment should be provided as necessarv to the wvorkers (eg. safety hat and safety shoes) 7. Other safety and health facilities necessarily to prevent accidents should be provided (eg. warning signs. warning devices, guard rails) 8. A preconstruction safetv conference should be held between EGAT management (including EGAT health and safetv representative and the contractor's representative) to discuss the proposed safetv program 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period A comprehensive occupational health and safety program in Ratchaburi Power Plant should be established to ensure the continued protection of health and safety of all employees. The following measures should be adopted: 1. Before attempting to establish an occupational health and safety program, a Ratchaburi Power Plant occupational health and safety policy should be set up and it should conform with the EGAT general safety and health policy. 2. Establish an occupational health and safety department to implement it. 3. Appoint an occupational health and safety commnittee. 4. Conduct regularly scheduled safety and health meeting. 5. Set up a system for occupational health reporting, incident reporting and accident investigation. 5-15 6. Prepare appropriate forms for filing and follow-up. 7. Provide adequate time and space set aside for discussion of safety and health issues. 8. Conduct regular evaluation of the occupational safetv and health prooram. 9. Provide safe working conditions and a healthy wvorking environment for all employees. 10. Conduct safety inspection and environmental hazards monitoring. 11. Conduct medical monitoring and disease surneillance program. 12. Provide first-aid facilities and training. 13. Conduct safetv and health orientation of new employees. 14. Create guidelines for using personal protective equipmemt. 15. Give a handbook of plant safetv rules for each empyoee 16. Enforce a good house keeping program. 17. Establish comprehensive electrical safety and hazardous materials programs. 18. Work-out contingency plans for emergency operation. 19. Set up comprehensive fire protection and security programs. 5.4.7 Public safety 1) Mitigation Measures for Construction Period - An off-the-job safety committee should be appointed by the EGAT to be responsible for the planning and management of public safety, the local authority eg. provincial or local police officer should be included as committee advisers. - The existing 4 - km access route from the intersection (highway No.4) to construction site should be upgraded to a standard road of at least 8 - metre width. - All of the EGAT and EGAT contractors or subcontractors should be advised to comply with the traffic safety rules. All of the truck drivers should pass the defensive driving training course. 5-16 - Limit the speed of the heavy trucks passino through the Highwav No.4 - Wat Phikun Thon2 to the construction site. This should not exceed 75 kilometers per hour. - Install traffic signs and warning signs in evern possible dangerous location. - iNU Lrucks are aiio%sci to parK along lne inLersection (Highway No.4 to Wat Phikun Thong) and along the road to the construction site. - Consider delivering construction materials and heavy equipment by railroad or by river. 2) Mitigation Measures for Operation Period - All EGAT vehicles should strictly comply with the local traffic safety regulations. - Off-the-job safety committee should continue to function for the safetv of the EGAT operators, and their families as well as the safety and health of the citizens living nearby. 5-17 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 6.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 6.1.1 Surface Water Hvdrology 1) Monitoring Program For Construction and Operation Period As most of the monitoring program is under the responsibility of the agencies concerned le; Royal Irrigation Department, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand and the Meteorology Department, the cost of the monitoring program can be incorporated into their regular budget. The concerned parameters ie; rainfall, evaporation temperature, humidity, wind, water level/ discharge, flow pattern are recorded by the various agencies within the whole river basin. Considering that the hydrological condition of the river basin will not be influenced by the project, special monitoring programs for the consuruction and operation pnases are not required. 6.1.2 Surface Water Quality 1) Monitoring Program for Construction Period During the construction period the effects of water quality are mostly on the nearby area, therefore quality of inland water (Khlong Bang Nok Yung, Khlong Lat, Khlong Bang Pa and Khlong Talat Khawi) will be monitored every 4 month. The sampling locations will be the same as stations 5-8 as shown in Figure 3.10-1 in the Main Report. The parameters that will be analyzed are: pH, Conductivity, Temperature, Turbidity, DS, SS, DO, BOD5 The cost of the monitoring per one time (approximately) - analytical costs (4 X 800) = 3,200 baht - transportation costs and miscellaneous = 2.000 baht Total 5,ZM baht 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period In order to protect the environmental water quality of the receiving water; (1) the water will be treated before being discharged to the receiving water, (2) the receiving water quality near the discharging point and at 1 km. upstream and 1 km. downstream from the discharging point will be monitored every 4 months , (3) the parameters that will be analyzed are: pH, Conductivity, Temperature, DS, SS, COD, DO, BOD5 ,PO43- ,Fe and heaw metal (Hg, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn) (4) The costs of the monitoring per one time (approximately) - analytical costs (3 X 3400) = 10,200 baht - transportation costs and miscellaneous = 2.000 baht Total 12,200 baht To be sure that the qualities of raw water are suitable for using in the power plant, raw water at the intake pumping station will be monitored every 4 months. The parameters that will be analyzed are pH, Conductivity, DO, Color, Turbidity, TS, Alkalinity, Hardness, NO3-, S042, Ci, BOD, Ca, Mg, Fe, Heavy iietal (Cd, CS, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn i), Io L i C iii Faecal Coliform The cost of the monitoring per one time (approximately) - Analytical costs = 4,800 baht - Transportation and miscellaneous = 2,000 baht Total = 6,800 baht 6.1.3 Groundwater Resources 1) Monitoring Program for Construction and Operation Period The six wells as Gl,D1,G2,D2,G3,D3 are proposed for further monitoring program . Water quality should be analyzed, especially: - turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity - chloride, nitrate, sulfate, iron, manganese, total hardness and total dissolved solid - lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury - total coliform, total coliforrn bacteria The water level measuring and water analysis frequency is twice a year (dry and rainy seasons) in both the construction period and the operation penrod. Annual budget of monitoring program can be estimated as fon IIlo v 1. Water level measuring equipment 25,000 baht 2. During the construction period 54,000 baht 3. During the operation period 54,000 baht Total 133,000 baht 6.1.4 Soil and Land Quality 1) Monitoring Program for Operation Period Sixteen soil samples (8 borings) at 0-20 and 20-50 cm. depth by auger within 15 km. radius from the power plant should be sampled to determine soil reaction (pH), aluminum, iron, sulfur and electrical conductivity (EC) once a year.The dry season is more suitable for taking the soil samples. The location of soil sample borings are shown 'm the soil map and some details of each boring are as follows Boring Series Topographic Sheet Coordinate No. Map No. 1. Ayutthaya Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 968057 2. Ratchabunm Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 927098 3. Kamphaeng saen Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 956129 4. No sampled due to calcareous soil 5. Bang Khen Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 942018 6. Sanphaya Changwat Ratchaburi 49361I 898992 7. Pak-Tho Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 857973 8. Bang Pa-in Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 852093 9. Bang Len Changwat Ratchaburi 493611 053113 Cost of Monitoring Program for soil and land quality (each year) 1. Transportation 10,000 baht. 2. Collection of Soil Samples 15,000 baht. 3. Soil Sample Analysis 40,000 baht. 4. Interpretation and Reporting 20,000 baht. Total ,85000 baht. 6-3 6.1.5 Air Resources 1) Monitoring Program for Construction Period Twice a year at three continuous days per each times ambient air aualitv monitonna for at least a one xear neriod hetorP thfe ctrT-l-p should be carred out as set out in Table 6-1. The four air quality moriitoring sites during EIA preparation, i.e. Ban Bang Krado, Ban Chao Nua, Ban Don Mot Tanoi and Ban Klong Kae can be reused for the monitonrng . TSP&PM10 samples are to be collected from all 4 stations and SO2, NO2, 03 samples are to be collected from Ban Chao Nau station only. Estimated cost of the monitoring during this penrod is approximately 50,000 baht/ time or 100,000 baht/year. TABLE 6-1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING SCHEDULE FOR THE ONE YEAR PERIOD BEFORE THE RPPP START-UP Parameter Averaging Sampling Period in Sampling & Analytical Time (h) each Operation Method (1) TSP and PMI0 24 3 consecutive days PCD So) 1 and 24 same PCD N\02 (2) 1 same PCD 7o- (2) 1 same PCD Note: (1) Specific methods set up or accepted by the Pollutant Control Department (PCD) (2) Hourly samples shall be taken during day time (08:00 AM to 18:00 PM) 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period (1) Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Monitoring of the concerned pollutants shall be conducted at the four air quality monitoring sites (as in construction period) with the frequency of twice a year (one during the southwest monsoon season). Sampling will be taken for 5 consecutive days as follows: - TSP and PM10(24-h average) - SO2 (1-h and 24-h average) - On (I (1h n1 Prn2Pa X\, .. _ . e_.1_ I- - 03 (1-h average, during 10:00 AM to 16:00 PM) Estimated cost of the ambient air quality monitoring is about 80,000 baht/ operation or 160,000 baht/ year. 6-4 (2) Operation Source Monitoring Standard source monitonrng for SO2 and NOx emitted from the four thermal power unit stacks and the 6 HRSG stacks . EGAT will install the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) at the appropriate position for all the 10 stacks and the online information will be connected to the control room so that the SO2 and NOx quantity can be checked at all time. It is important to note that power plants are most likely to be included in the air pollution sources that shall be controlled under Section 68 of the National Environmental Quality Act B.E.2535. Once, notification of this act is made, the monitoring program and reports must be changed to conform with the new regulations. (3) Wind Speed/Direction Monitoring On site wind speeds and directions shall be recorded at 10- meter height by an appropriate wind monitoring instrument. 6.1.6 Environmental noise 1) Monitoring Program for Construction and Operation Period Environmental noise monitoring will be done in both the construction period and operation period at the 3 noise monitoring stations at Ban Sam Roen, Ban Chaw Nao, and the center of the plant site area. In the construction phase, the monitoring will be done every two months, and im addition monitoring will be carried out during the time of pipe clearing and machine setting in the later phase of construction . In the operation period, the monitoring must be done during the blow down process of thermal plant and combined cycle. Budget: 15,000 bahts/sampling time. 6.2 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6.2.1 Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 1) Monitoring Program for Construction Period Parameters - Planktonic organisms - Benthic organisms Locations - Inland water bodies 6-5 - Khlong Bang Knok Yung - Khlong Lat - Khlong Bang Pa - Khlong Talat Khawi Fequencv - Everv 'urmionths L' L J~- LA'1 IUU Li UILIIJi Methodology - Similar to the procedures described in the methodology section. Budget - 90,000 Baht/year. 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period Parameters - Planktonic organisms - Benthic organisms Locations - Discharge point to the receiving water - I km. upstream from the discharge point - 1 km. downstream from the discharge point Frequency - Every six months Methodology - Similar to the procedures described in the methodology section 3.10.2. Budget - 100,000 Baht/year. 6.2.2 Forest and Wildlife Monitoring Program for Construction and Operation Period During the construction phase, bird life should be surveyed in the buffer zone around the plant twice a year (dry season and wet season), by carrying out transect census walks across the area beginning at dawn. The condition of the water in marshes and canals should be noted. Monitoring during the operation phase of the project should be carried out once a year during August or September. Suggested Budget and Monitoring Agencies: 1. Construction phase (1995-1997) : 6 trips, 2-3 persons: 36,000 Baht 2. Operation phase (1998-2000) : 3 trips, 2-3 persons: 18,000 Baht 3. Report preparation 20,000 Baht h- 6.3 HUMAN USE VALUES 6.3.1 Transportation 1) Monitoring Program for Construction Period Parameter - Jraffic volume counts - Traffic accident records Location - Traffic counts at km 0 + 500 on access road to the site - Accident records on the access road to the site Frequency - Traffic counts every 6 months - Accident records throughout the year Methodology - Classified traffic counts for the period of i week from 6 am to 6 pm - Accident records on cause of accidents. no of deaths, injury and propertv damage Budget - 40,000 baht/ year 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period Parameter - Traffic volume counts - Traffic accident records Location - Traffic counts at km 0 + 500 on access road to the site - Accident records on the access road to the site Frequency - Traffic counts every year - -Accident records throughout the year Methodology - Classified traffic counts for the period of 1 week from 6 am to 6 pm - Accident records on course of accident, no of deaths, injury and property damage. Budget - 20,000 bahtl year 6-7 6.3.2 Water Management and Water Use Most of the monitoring program is under the operation of the agency concerned, ie Royal Irrigation Department, Electricity Generating Authorit, of Thaihind and the Meteorology Depar.tent, so the cost of the monitoring program can be incorporated into their regular budget. 1) Monitoring Program For Construction Period Parameter - Irrigation and other demands - Water regulation schedule of the reservoirs - Salinity content at a certain locations ie: Damnoen Saduak. Location - Within the Mae Klong river basin Frequency - Monthly basis 2) Monitoring Program For Operation Period Parameter - Irrigation and other demands - Water regulation schedule of the reservoirs - Reservoirs conditions - Salinity content - Flow pattern of the current year Location - Within the Mae Klong river basin Frequency - Annually, especially in the dry season. 6.3.3 Flood Control and Drainage System Most of the monitoring program is under the operation of the agency concemed, ie Royal Irrigation Department, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand and the Meteorology Department, so the cost of the monitoring program can be incorporated into their regular budget. 6-8 1) Monitoring Program For Construction Period Parameter - Water release from the reservoirs - Water diversion to irrigation system and other water users. - Water level downstream of Vajiralongkorn dam Location - Mae Klong river basin Frequency - Weekly basis 2) Monitoring Program For Operation Period Parameter - Water release from the reservoirs - Water diversion to irrigation system and other water users. - Water level downstrem of Vajiralongkorn dam Location - Mae Klong river basin Frequency - Annually , especiallv in the rainy season. 6.4 QUALITYOF LIFE VALUES 6.4.1 Socio- Economics A project impact can be said to have taken place when change (or changes) appears after a project is implemented. To be validlv attributed to the project all other plausible interpretations have to be ruled out. A time series design, where feasible, is therefore recommended for the monitoring of both construction and operation phases of the power plant. A range of socio-economic indicators representing expected benefits and disbenefits of the project should be selected. These should be supplemented by opinion surveys (using a panel study design)' and by tracking other developments which take place in the project area. These latter can help to strengthen the interpretation of the time series analysis through the elimination of alternative explanations. New variables can be easily A panel study is a method of collecting data from the same sample on more than one occasion. It consists of a randomly selected sample of the sample population. 6-9 incorporated into the research design if they should emerge as relevant during the monitoring. In effect, the time-series design should include a number of quantitative measures taken at the study area and repeated at regular intervals (eve-y 6-12 monthis) over a period of 3-5 years. aiong with a concurrent record of other developments in the project area. The area's "performance" during and after the implementation of the project can be compared with the baseline information collected during the pre implementation stage, thus allowing the area to act as its own experimental control. 1) Monitoring Program for Construction Period The socio econormic indicators suggested for the monitoring study of the construction phase are: - Incidence of crimes perpetrated by project construction - Nunber of project construction jobs taken up by locals - Land prices in the vicinity of the project - Outcome of land sales -two groups should be specifically targeted: Landholders who sell and land renters whose rented land is sold. The former group should be monitored to assess whether the land sale also caused a change in occupation and residency and perhaps lifestyle. The land renters should be monitored because it is likely that they will suffer from the land sale in terms of losing their livelihood. If they are unable to rent from another land holder the results for them could be extremely deleterious. It should be noted though that it will probably impossible to keep track of this group unless they are contacted prior to the sale of the land which they are renting , in order to personally request their coorperation in the monitoring exercise. - The various components of the public outreach programme should be monitored to evaluate their effectiveness and acceptability. - An attitude and opinion survey of residents in "adjacent' communities with respect to satisfaction with their communities, social cohesion, presence of the construction camp, benefits and disbenefits associated with the construction acitivities. 6-10 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period The socio-economic indicators suggested for the monitoring study during the operation phase are: - Number of permanent jobs (and the levels of skill required) taken up by locals - Land prices in the vicinty ot the project - Incoming industries. If new industrial developments spring up near the plant site an attempt should be made to assess if the existence of the electricity generating plant played a part in the location decision of the new development - Effectiveness and acceptability of the various components of the public outreach programme - Opinion and attitude survey of residents in "adjacent" and "sensitive receptor"commnunities with respect to satisfaction with their communities, social cohesion, the presence of the plant, social benefits and disbenefits associated with the plant - If gaseous emissions exceed recommended limits a survpv chouild hp carripe nilt tn access lncal npele'sc nninins andA atfituesAn ~-_ -_ - ^~~~ ^~ii~~P_^ r-- - .- .- F-t - ---oV";'I^ t- iloto alcstx - £ N UkILUk.1 L'V1 '.'UI%-L83k, . \t.JA..L,3, i4L 3. LtJz,f - Number ot trattic accident - Number of injuries due to traffic accident - Traffic noise level (ii) Locations - The route from intersection (Highwav No.4 and the road to Wat Phikun Thong) to the construction site. (iii) Frequency - Number of vehicles counts every four months - Noise measurement everv four months - Number of traffic accident and injuries recnrd throughout the year. (iv) Methodology - Traffic volume will be counted and noise measurement will be measured to represent wveekdays and wveekend - Number of traffic accident and injuries will be obtained from the local police station and health center record. 2) Monitoring Program for Operation Period Monitoring procedures for operation phase is similar to the construction phase as described above Suggested budget 1. Construction phase 90,000 Baht/year 2. Operation Phase 90.000 Bath/year 6-16 TABLE 6-2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONfMENTAL LMPACTS, NITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRANI OF RATCHABURI POWER PLANT PROJECT Environmental Issues of Impact Mitigation Monitoring Location of Aspects to Environment Measurements Program Monitorine Climate - Construction and - No evidence nil nil nil ( Oneration Air Quality - Construction Period - Fugitive dust from - Water sprays of active - Twice a year ambient air - TSP& PMI0 construction activities areas quality monitoring for one year monitoring sites: - Emissions from construction - Vehicular speed reduction period before the plant 1. Ban Bang Krado equipments and vehicular - Water sprays of start-up.Monitoring theTSP&PM10 2. Ban Chao-Nau transportation. truck's wheels 24-h, S02 1 and 20-h, NOx 1-h 3. Ban Don Mot-Tax - Control handling of soil and 03 1-h for 3 consecutive days 4. Ban Klong Kae and construction materials in each operation. Expected - S02, NOx and 03 - Good maintenance of cost is 40,000 Baht per time monitoring site: vehicles and construction Ban Chao Nua equipments - Proper solid waste disposal avoid open burn - Operation period - S02 Emissions - FGD system 80% control - Ambient air quality monitoring -The 4 monitoring s; efficiency for S02 provided twice a year. in the southwest 1. Ban Bang Krado with each thermal power monsoon season and in the 2. Ban Chao-Nau unit. northeast monsoon season. 3. Ban Don Mot-Tar - Shutdown of the thermal Sampling the TSP&PMl0 24-h, 4. Ban Klong Kae -o.erunit byw.hich Lhe S02 I and 24=h, NO" ! -h ar.d FGD stop functioning. 03 1-h for 5 consecutive days - Shutdown one thermal in each operation. Estimated cost power unit in the case that is 60,000 Baht per operation. the 3 combined cycle block - CEMS will be installed for - the appropriate have to burn diesel oil monitoring S02 and NOx position of the 4 the: instead of natural gas. emitted from 4 thermal power power unit stacks an - N02 Emissions - Low NOx burners, flue unit stacks and 6 HRSG stacks the 6 HRSG stacks. gas recirculation, water injection. Surface Water Hydrology - Construction Period - Siltationi sedimentation - Major construction to the nearby canal and the activities should be in dry river season. - Construction material should be in the project site. - Operation Period - Insignificant impact to the hydrological regime _ (Water intake is rather small.) 6-17 Vironn.cntal Issucs of lmpac, Ntingation Monitonne Location of Aspects to Environment Measurements Program Moritonne Quality ruction Penod - Increasingz suspended solid - Construct temporary weir - Every 4 month Khiong Bang Nok Yung in the nearbv canal! nver. to trap sediment. The parameters that will be Khlong Lat Weir constructed should analvzed are: pH. Conductivity. Khlonp Bang Pa and be at least 1 0 m. from the Temperature, Turbidity. DS. Khlonr Talat Khavo canal bank. |SS. DO. BODS - Wastewater from working - Provide sufficient toilets personnel vith septic tanks - Locate camps site at least 100 m. from the nearby canals. tion Penod Wastewater temperature. - Monitor the efficiencv of - Everv four month. - the receiving water phosphate. oil/grease. organic treatment system dai)l The parameters that will be near the discharging maner - Chemical precipitation of analyzed are: pH. Conductivity, point cooling water blowdoun TemperatuTe, DS.SS. DO. COD - I km. upstream from will be provided BOD5, P04, Fe,g, Cu, Cd, the discharging point Cr, Pb by the standard method - 1 km. downstream accepted by responsible agency from the discharging Doint iwater uction Period - Salt water intrusion - Control the discharge rate - Establish observation well for - Wells as observed an- explore other altemative monitoring water level and in the power plant water resource instead of quality twice a vearin dry and study . groundwater demand in rami season for both construction future. period and operation period by ion Period lnsignificant Impact such parameter as mentioned in 6.1.3 I Land Quality uction Period - Top soil loss - Soil land qualit which is suitable for plant site construction should have loux agi6cultural potential \ith nonacid and nonsaline soils and low montmorillonitic claN. - Soil acidir\ salinitr - Use lime or gypsum to reduce the effects on Period Soil acidity - Usine lime to reduce the - 16 soil samples (8 borings) at The location of soil acidity 0-20 and 20-50 cms. should be sample bonngs arc - Use high grade fuel to sampled to determine soil reaction shown in the soil map reduce the gaseous emission pH. EC, Fe. Al and sulfur once in 6.1.4. - Control S02 emission to a vear. meet the standard of OECP / Mineral Resources iction and - Insignificant impact n Period gy Jction and - Insignificant impact - Earthquakc safety factor n Period should be considered in the construction design 6-18 En. ironmental Issues of Impact Mitization T Monitoring Location ot' Aspects to Environment Measurements | Program _4onitorine Er,vironinental Noise Construction Pcriod - Distance of 3 km.from site - Public relations system - Monitor noise level every - Ban sam Roen will sometimes receive noise should be set up to create 3 months - Ban Chao Nau more than 80 dBA a positive anitude toward the - Center of plant site project - Loud or noisy activities should he stopped durina times when quiet is necessary - Noise control equipment must be used in the proper wav. - Operation Penod - Distance of 0.9 km. from - Create noise barrer - Do the same as above - same as above site will sometimes receive around the plant site noise more than S0 dBA - Program for public relations to help people understand the project activities Aquatic/ Fisheries - Construction Period - Wastewater domestic waste - Construction camps - Monitor composition of plankton - Khlona Bang Nok Yuric from worker camp should be located at least and benthic structure every - Khlong Lat 100 m. from natural canals 4 month - Khlon2 Bang Pa and - a temporary septic system - Khlonc Talat Khau-i should be constructed sufficiency. - sanitary latrines should be built - Operation Period - Thermal pollution - a water reservoir should - Do the same as above, every v the receivine water bee constructed lo reduce 6 month m dry and rany seasen near the dirchnroino water temperature before point discharged into the rver - I km. upstream from -Vastewater pollution - wastewater should be the discharging po:nt pretreated by neutralization - I km. downstream and by septic system before from the discharging being discharged into the point water way - Structure of biological system - Use the iron net with mesh in the Mae Klong River size 0.5 cm. or less to prevent young or small animals to be sucked into the water pipe. Forest and Wildlife - Construction Period - Damage to the habitat area - Setting buffer zonc and - Bird life should be surveved - In the butfer zone inside the project site do not disturb the nearby twice a year (drv and wet around the plant site. habitat. season) - Operation Period - Damage to the habitat area - Avoid cutting trees and - Bird life should be surveyed Same as above outside the project site shrubs once a vear (August or September) (estimated I sq.km.) - Natural water drainage. runoff pattern should not be blocked by the road. - Noise from construction should be kept at a minimum in so far as possible - Trees and shrubs should be planted around the plant in the filled area but not in the surrounding buffcr zonc - Dumping of fuels, oil should be done only in , designated area. 6-19 2nvironmcntal Issues of lImpact Mitigation Monitonn| Location ot Aspects to Environment Measurements Pro2ram Monttonna Landuse Construction Penod - Landuse change within the - project site I Operation Pcriod - Rcduction of agricultural Effective control of air and area as it is converted to water pollution |industrial and residential use - Provision of reserve water - Inform public about mitigzation measures correctly v 4griculture Construction Period Low agricultural productivity . area converted to plant site - Operation Period - Agricultural damage bv air - Control of NOx and S02 pollution emission - Agricultural damage as a - Provision of reserve water result of water shortage and supply for dry season -salt intrusion l Housing - Construction Period - Shallowness of the canal - Carrv out dredging before surrounding labor camp and rainv season begins project site - Operation Period - Estabiishment of houses for - Upgrade 300 m. of local rent and small commercial units Phikun Thong communitv |in the area adjacent to the site road as asphatic Transportation - Ctonstruction Period -Increasing tratEic volume - Widen and strengthen the - Traffic volume count everv - The access road to the - Increasing tratfic accidents access road 6 months site at km. 0-500 !- The access road and the - Increase liehting on the - Traffic accident records - The access to the i concemed wav w%ill be access road throughout the vear site i improved - Locate road signs and road marking - Provide covering for loose construction material during transportation Operation Period - Insignificant impact - Provide bus service for - traffic volume count every same as above plant operators year - Advise EGAT drver and - Traffic accident records staff to drive safely and throughout the vear strictly follow road signs and road marking Power and Transmission Line - Construction Period - Insignificant impact - Operation Period - Mecting power demand of the country Industryv - Construction Period - Benefit to local limestone and lime manufacturers - Operation Period - Supporting industrial development of the country - Increasing potential of local industrialization - Synergistic adverse effect - Refer to air pollution control cause by gases emitted from the monitonng program pro,ect mixing with S02 exhausted from small scale limc factorics 6-20 Environmental Issues of linpact 1 Mitigation Monitoring Location of Aspects I to Environment Measurements Program | Monitoring Water Managem.rnt and ',Vater Use - Construction Period - Insignificant impact - Operation Period - Insignificant impact Management of two - Annual water balance. Mae Klong River reservoirs upstream especially during dry season basin particularly downstream of the Flood Control and Drainage System project site - Construction Period - Insignificant impact - Dredging and other flood - Water release from the - Mae Klong River protection including reservoirs every year in rainy basin drainage system of the season project site - Water level downstream of Vajiralongkom Dam every week in rainy season - Operation ;'eriod - Insignificant impact - Depend on the appropriate - same as above - Mae Klong River drainage system of the basin project Socio-economic - Pre and Construction - Increasing land prices - Announcement of public - Annual time series (over 3-5 yrs) Period - Increasing income outreach program studies should be carried out - Positive local attitude towards - Provision of financial covering the following parameters: the project management consultant for - incidence of crime caused by - Temporary migration of land sellers workforce workforce - Management of labor - job opportunity of local - displaced land-renters camp including opportunity residents for relaxation - land prices - preferential treatment for - life style change of land sellers jobs for land-rentersand - effects on former land-renters locals - effectiveness and accentahilirv of public outreach program - attitude towards the project - Operation Period - Income and employment - Continue and develop - Annual time series studies - Electricity supply public outreach program should be carried out covering - Distribution of social cost - Job training program to the following parameters: and benefit e.g., noise, odor, enable young local to work - local employment landscape change at the plant - land prices - Community development - industry locating near the particularly Ban Phikun Thong plant site - effectiveness and acceptability of public outreach program - attitude toward the social and environmental changes caused by the project Public Health - Construction Period communicable diseases - Provision of adequate - Contractors' compliance with - Camp and environmental health facilities mentioned mitigation measures construction site e.g.; water supply latrine etc. - Onsite health care unit including transferable system to hospital in case of emergency - Operation Period - Respiratory diseases - Establishment of early - Health records on air pollution - Local public health wamning system for air related diseases centers pollution indicators in - Monthly eport of respiratory - Local public health effective communities illness centers - Providing medical - Establishment of health - Community closed collaborate teams between monitoring program concurrently air pollution monitor EGAT and local public health with air pollution monitoring staftons authorities to care all stations appropriately manage to effected people in cases of _______________________ hazardous air pollution expo _s 6-21 Environmental Issucs of Impact Mitigation Monitonng Location o' Aspects to Environment Measurements Program oionttonno Sanitation and waste Handling -Construction Perod Increasing solid waste - Sanitarv disposal svstem - Supervision of EGAT stafT - camp and - Unsanitarv conditions caused of solid waste - Contractors responsibilitv construction site byv wastewater drainage - Appropriate wastewater - Surrounding areas treatment system C)pe a l...- .....- .. Or~aLtJion PcnJ - IInc.casII) sohdU waste - NegotiaLtJionwt acau - Insignificant impact of municipality or private sector wastewater discharged to sanitaniv manage - Provision of laboratorv - Dailv check of'effluent quality - Outlet site facilities Occupational Health and Safety - Construction and - Accident and injurv - Setting up effective - Environmentai montonng - Construction site Operation Period - Occupational diseases occupational heath and safetv program program - Medical monitonng program - Local medical - Setting up fire protective for construction workers examination centers and control system - Medical monitonng program - Local medical - Effective control of alcohol. for specific environmental examination centers drug abuse. gambling and hazard other illegal actions - Stnct control of all related regulations - industna hygiene -.oble - C-cuantional health afetv - Industrial hvgiene monitonng - Power plant and program program - Industrial hygiene program - Medical monitoring program - Local medical - Specific regulations for examination centers health and safetv Public Safetv - Construction Period - Problem of traffic circulation - An otT-the-job committee - Number of vehicles count - The route from from the heavy trucks for should be appointed bv EGAT ever 4 months intersection (Highxwas transporting the construction - The access route should be - Noise measurement even, 4 No.4 and the road to matenal and equipment, traffic upgraded to a standard road months Wat Phikun Thong) to accident and traffic noise - Truck drivers should pass - Number of tratfic accident the construction site hazard the defensive driving training and injunes record throughout course the year Install traffic sign and waming signs in every possible dangerous location - Consider delivering construction materials and heavy equipment bv railroad or by nver - Operation Period - Decreasing the traffic volume - Insignificant impact of noise Archaeology l Construction Period - Insignificant negative impact - Stop and report suspected archaeological evidence related authorities in cases of accidentry uncovering - Operation Period - Insignificant impact - Emission air pollution control Tourism/ Recreation and Aesthetics - Construction Period - Insignificant negative impact - Green area should be created and Operation Period at least 5% of the project area - Small public park, zoo, etc. should be created within the project area - Museum, exhibition hall etc. should be arranged within the project building 6-22