45403 v2 An Agenda for Inclusive and Sustainable Development © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development I The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-4 73-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feed back@worldbank.org This booklet is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. It draws on the 2008 Global Monitoring Report, which was prepared jointly by the staff of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these pages do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund or the governments they represent. Acknowledgments This booklet was written by Kavita Watsa and designed and desktopped by Roula Yazigi of the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency, under the supervision of Zia Qureshi, Sr. Adviser and lead author of Global Monitoring Report 2008: MD Gs and the Environment. Photos Cover: dreamstime.com (hands), Curt Carnemark (river), and Ray Witlin (women carrying water). Inside: Curt Carnemark (man sitting); Arne Hoel (man standing); Alejandro Lipszyc (children eating); Curt Carnemark (men carrying Bamboo stalks); Curt Carnemark (river); Dreamstime.com (mine); Ray Witlin (woman cooking); dreamsrime.com (drought); dreamstime.com (man sitting under a tree); Tomas Sennett (man walking). Halfway to 2015 T his year, 2008, marks the halfway point in the world's efforts to reach the 2015 M illennium Development Goals (MDGs). The high food and energy prices that are in the news every day are a stark reminder of the need to keep the MDGs in focus and to avoid a "development emergency", particularly in the areas of hunger and mal- nutrition. With greater efforts and redoubled commitments by both donors and developing countries, this year could in fact become a turning point for the MDGs, most of which still remain out of reach- though not out of sight-in most developing countries. It is also an important year to build international consensus on climate change, given the start made at a major global Bali conference in December 2007. First the good news. The world is on course to meet the tar- Growth in developing countries has averaged over 7 percent get of reducing extreme poverty by half by 2015, largely due in the past five years, and may slow down only moderately to remarkable world economic growth in recent years. in response to financial turmoil in rich countries. However, progress has been uneven across the developing world, with Sub-Saharan Africa likely to fall seriously short of the pov- At the global level, progress and prospects vary widely erty reduction target. While 18 countries in the region have across MDGs averaged annual growth of about 5.5 percent in the past MDG 1.A: Extreme poverty I decade, about 20 others (many affected by conflict) have MDG 1.8 : Hunger I I been trapped in low growth. MDG 2: Primary education I I Halfway to 2015, about 40 million more children are in MDG 3: Gender parity at school I school; gender disparity in primary and secondary schools MDG 4: Child mortality I I has declined by 60 percent; 3 million more children MDG 5: Maternal mortality I I survive every year; 2 million lives are saved annually by MDG 7.A: Access to safe water I I immunization; and 2 million people now receive HIV/AIDS MDG 7.8: Access to sanitation I I treatment. 0 20 40 60 80 100 % distance to goal Yet about 75 million children of primary school age are still 0 Distance to goal achieved D Distance to goal to be achieved not in school; 10,000 women die every week from treat- by 2005• by 2005• to be on track able complications of pregnancy and childbirth; more than Source: Staff calculations based on World Development Indicators. 190,000 children under the age of five die every week; and Notes: MDG 1.A: Poverty headcount ratio; MDG 1.C: Underweight under-five children; MDG 2: Primary education completion rate; MDG 3: Gender parity in primary and over 33 million people are now infected with HIV. More secondary education; MDG 4: Under-five mortality rate; MDG 5.A: Maternal mortality than 2 million die every year from AIDS and over a million ratio; MDG 7.C: Access to improved water source; MDG 7.C: access to improved from malaria-including a child every 30 seconds. About sanitation facilities. half the developing world lacks basic sanitation. Going by current trends, the human development goals (relating to education and health) are unlikely to be met Reducing malnutrition - the "forgotten MDG" at the global level, with the most serious gaps in child and maternal health. Shortfalls are also likely in nutrition, pri- mary school completion, empowerment of women, and pro- vision of basic sanitation. While some regions will meet some of the human development goals, Sub-Saharan Africa, and in some cases South Asia, are likely to fall seriously short. Most countries are off track on most MDGs, with those in fragile situations fa lling behind most seriously. However, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund's Global Monitoring Report 2008 that monitors progress toward the MDGs says that most of the goals remain achievable for most countries if progress is made more inclusive and imple- While the poverty reduction goal is likely to be met thanks mentation of needed actions, at country and global levels, is to strong global economic growth, there are serious short- expedited. falls in fighting hunger and malnutrition-the "forgotten MDG". Malnutrition is the underlying cause of at least With the world already at the halfway point, recovering 3.5 million deaths a year and accounts for 35 percent of lost ground on some of the goals seems daunting. But rapid the disease burden among children under age five. progress is possible. One such example is Vietnam, where poverty has been reduced from about 58 percent in 1993 to Reducing malnutrition has a "multiplier" effect on other 16 percent in 2006 . goals: maternal health, infant mortality, and education. Better early nutrition boosts children's school perfor- "Greening" development mance and completion rates. And good nutrition during pregnancy lowers the risk of death during childbirth. Links between the environment and development are strong, and so environmental sustainability must be integrated into Improvements that will help reduce malnutrition include core development work. Ensuring environmental sustain- greater food security, better education for mothers, ability is necessary for achieving the MDGs and for long- increased household income, and improved access to term growth. In particular, early action to control green- clean water and basic sanitation. Mechanisms that engage house gas emissions will red uce the cost of mitigation and the private sector and local communities can also help, climate change adaptation in the decades ahead. including innovations such as school feeding programs that buy locally produced food, and conditional cash Developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change transfers to poor fa milies. because they rely heavily on natural resources and agricul- ture. Also, their poverty and lack of development makes it The recent sharp rise in food prices- which is expected to harder for them to adapt to climate change. In the 1990s, affect poor people who are net consumers of food espe- 200 million people per year, on average, were affected by cial hard- highlights the urgent need for integrated, mul- climate-related disasters in developing countries, compared tisectoral action to combat malnutrition and hunger. with just one million in rich countries . An Agenda for Inclusive and Sustainable Development T he drive to reach the MDGs will increasingly be con- • Sound macroeconomic policies centrated in poor countries, especially fragile states. • A hea lthy investment climate for the private sector, in- Middle-income countries with large populations liv- cluding access to key infrastructure ing in poverty will also face challenges in meeting some of • Good governance (and , in fragile states, also better the goals. The new report proposes a six-point agenda to security). help countries reach these goals. In many poor countries, a dynamic agricultural sector is cru- (1) Sustain and broaden economic growth. Strong and cial for strong and inclusive growth. inclusive economic growth is central to achieving the MD Gs. Poor countries need to achieve annual GDP growth of 7 Developing countries face risks to growth arising from the percent or more to make serious dents in poverty. While financial market turmoil and the slowdown in richer econo- growth in Africa has improved, only a third of its popula- mies, as well as from rising food and oil prices. These factors tion lives in countries that have achieved average GDP need careful monitoring and appropriate policy responses. growth in this range in the past decade. @ Achieve better results in health, education, and nu- Specific policy priorities for growth vary across countries, trition. More resources, better governance, stronger ac- but three areas are essential: countability mechanisms, and sound expenditure manage- Responding to high oil and food prices Supply shortages combined with fast-growing demand • Reducing barriers to trade and improving infra- have played a role in rising oil and food prices. Greater structure (which will reduce transportation costs). use of food crops for biofuels has also contributed to • Targeting well-designed social safety net programs high food prices. What is the impact of high food pric- at poor people in response to food price shocks, es on poor people who spend a large share of what avoiding distorting price controls and trade they earn on food? The worst effects are likely to be on restrictions. poor urban residents in poor countries. On the positive • Promoting long-term agricultural growth by in- side, farmers in poor countries may benefit from higher vesting in the generation of better technologies and .. prices for their crops. However, a recent research study improved extension services. shows that, overall, sharp increases in food prices could • Providing access to weather-based index insurance, set the world back considerably in the fight against which can reduce weather risks and cover loans poverty. Rising food prices further compound the necessary to finance new technologies. impact of high oil prices on the most vulnerable sec- • Managing short-term energy demand and boosting tions of society. long-term energy production. • Reducing vulnerability to oil shocks through ener- Steps that developing countries could take in response gy diversification and improved energy efficiency. to this crisis include: ---- ment are essential to improving education and health services Leverage the support of international financial in- and ensuring that they reach people who need them most. stitutions. International financial institutions such as the Policies should take into account the strong links between World Bank, have a crucial role to play in supporting this health and education outcomes, nutrition, and environmen- agenda for sustainable and inclusive development. In a more tal factors-water and sanitation, pollution, and climate complex international financial and development architec- change. ture, the coordination and leveraging role that these institu- tions play will grow more important, even as their direct fi- . . @ Integrate development and environmental sustain- ability. Over the years, countries have increasingly incorpo- nancing role declines . rated aspects of energy access and efficiency, control of pol- lution, better water and sanitation systems, forest resource Delivering on aid commitments and land use management, and preservation of fisheries and biodiversity into their development strategies. The threat of DAC members' net ODA flows and 2010 target global warming now calls for a greater emphasis on inte- 2005 US$ (billions) ODA as % of GNI grating climate change prevention. Developing countries 150 0.40 will need support, through financing and technology trans- 2010 target 0.35 fer, to achieve a transition to climate-resilient and low-car- 120 0.30 bon growth. 90 0.25 @ scale up aid and increase its effectiveness. Sizable 0.20 aid shortfalls loom if current trends in official development 60 - - - - 0.15 assistance (ODA) continue. ODA from the major industrial 0.10 countries declined by 8.4 percent in real terms in 2007 on 30 top of a 5 percent real decline in 2006. This trend must be 0.05 reversed. The aid landscape is changing with emerging new sources and types of aid, including new donors such as Chi- 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 D Core development aid (left axis) na and India, global vertical funds, and a greater role for - Total net ODA (left axis) private donors . This new landscape promises more resources ODA as a % of GNI (right axis) and innovation but also poses new challenges for aid effec- Source: DAC database, OECD 2008a and 2008b, and staff estimates. Data for 2007 are preliminary. tiveness and coherence. Note: Targets are based on DAC members' announced com mitments . "Core development aid" excludes from total aid bilateral debt relief, bilateral emergency assistance, and admission costs . @ Harness trade for strong, inclusive, and sustain- able growth. The global community must achieve a suc- cessful outcome of the Doha round of trade negotiations in The time to deliver on aid commitments to support the 2008. The current high food prices could help break the im- efforts to achieve the MDGs is now. Even as co untries- passe in agricultural trade liberalization. More aid is needed including several in Africa- are now able to use more aid to help poor countries strengthen their trade-related infra- in an effective manner, aid is fa lling. Aid to Sub-Saharan structure and services and enable them to take advantage of Africa has risen but at well short of the ra te that would trade opportunities. And trade policy should aim to help achieve the targeted doubling of aid by 2010 that was set transfer environmentally-friendly technologies by removing at the 2005 Group of Eight summit in Gleneagles. barriers to trade in environmental products and services. How Sustainable Development Underpins the MDGs A chieving environmental sustainability-itself one technologies, as well as reducing reliance on activities such of the Millennium Development Goals-underpins as cutting down forests. progress on many of the other goals. If forests are lost, soils degraded, and water and air polluted, achieve- The cost of finding clean water and energy in developing ments in poverty reduction may not be sustainable. Natural countries is borne mostly by women, depriving them of time resources are a major source of income, especially in very for other market-based activities, and by young children, poor countries, contributing more than 40 percent of house- who have less time to go to school. Also, educational attain- hold income in some rural areas. ment is lower where lack of water, sanitation, and hygiene is a ma jor cause of malnutrition. Environment health risks In fact, environmental sustainability is essential for contin- (such as lack of water and sanitation) are a major cause of ued economic growth and poverty reduction. It also pro- child mortality and a high risk factor for maternal health. motes human development goals, such as improved health, The environmental link to infectious diseases is important. nutrition, and education results. This is a virtuous cycle, as HIV-positive people are particularly at risk from unclean economic development in poor countries can, in turn, con- environments. Malaria can be prevented by controlling tribute to environmental sustainability by broadening access potential breeding grounds for mosquitoes through better to modern energy sources and cleaner and more efficient irrigation systems and drainage. ,_ Reaching the MDGs through environmental actions Goal Environmental actions What governments can do Eradicate extreme poverty Improve natural resources management where Improve land titling and help create markets natural resources account for a large share of family income Educate all children Improve environmental conditions to reduce educa- Improve access to safe water and basic sanitation tion costs of malnutrition Empower women Reduce time spent collecting water and biomass for Improve access to safe water and basic sanitation cooking and heating Provide broader access to electricity Reduce female exposure to pollutants Involve women in environmental and natural resource management Save mothers and children & combat Reduce environmental risk factors affecting people, Improve access to safe water and basic sanitation disease especially pregnant women and chi ldren Broaden access to electricity and reduce indoor air pollution Improve water resource management in mosquito- infested areas. Foster global partnerships Agree on a global plan of action to combat climate Set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions change Help develop and spread new technologies Help develop carbon markets Managing Natural Resources at the Country Level T he policy challenges raised by the environment are as diverse as the natural resource endowments of developing countries. Environmental issues differ across countries, and their rank as policy priorities can vary depending on specific country circumstances. But one thing that developing countries have in common is their typically heavy dependence on natural resources and their collective need to manage these resources sustainably. Forests. Forests are particularly important natural assets because they harbor biodiversity, provide environmental services, and sequester carbon dioxide . Losses from defor- estation, mainly due to conversion to agricultural land, are concentrated in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, with forest land equivalent to the size of Sierra Leone or Panama low critical levels. Underground water extraction is already lost every year. Increasing forest cover in the East Asia and unsustainable in parts of the Middle East and South Asia . Pacific region (mainly due to afforestation in China) masks Countries such as Kuwait, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Indonesia's high deforestation rate. Improved forest gover- and Libya consume more than five times the level of annual nance is critical in many countries. available resources. Water. Pop ulation growth in the Middle East and North Energy and mineral resources. Oil, gas and coal constitute Africa will soon cause per capita water resources to fall be- the dominant source of primary energy, and will probably Making exhaustible resources pay in the long term The general tendency is for big resource-extracting econ- omies to have negative adjusted net savings rates and therefore to be on an unsustainable path. This is true in low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa such as Angola and Nigeria, as well as in middle-income coun- tries such as the Syria, Iran, and Russia. When a country depletes an exhaustible natural resource, On the other hand, Malaysia and Vietnam are examples it is liquidating an asset. So the sustainability of "extrac- of extractive economies that are on a sustainable path. tive" economies is potentially at risk. What matters most Their net savings and investment in education more than for sustainability is whether this income is invested or offset the value of natural resource depletion and envi- consumed, because the resources being used are non- ronmental degradation. renewable. continue to dominate energy supply for the foreseeable future. The US Energy Information Administration notes The health effects of biomass fuels that global energy demand will grow at 1.8 percent a year over the next two decades, largely driven by China and India. These rising energy needs will be met mostly by coal. Coal demand is expected to increase by 73 percent between 2005 and 2030. From the point of view of developing countries that export exhaustible energy and mineral resources, the goal should be to ensure that income from these resources is invested in assets that would sustain longer term growth. Progress in pollution management The concentration of outdoor suspended particulate mat- ter has been declining since 1990, with strong progress (a Lack of access to electricity forces the use of biomass fuels 40 percent decline) in poor countries. However, concentra- such as wood and coal for cooking and warmth, leading tions of major urban air pollutants in poor countries are, to indoor air pollution. Women and young children are on average, nearly three times higher than in rich countries. exposed to serious health risks from this form of pollu- Air pollution, both outdoor and indoor-from burning bio- tion. In poor countries, the share of biomass fuels in total mass fuels for cooking or warmth- causes a wide range of energy has dropped only slightly from 55 percent in 1990 health effects. An estimated 1.5 million deaths occur annu- to 48 percent in 2004. Nine of the top ten biomass-depen- ally because of respiratory infections linked to outdoor dent countries in the world are in Sub-Saharan Africa. or indoor (cooking fuel-related) pollution. China tops the global list of industrial water polluters, emitting over 6 mil- In Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, regions with the lion kg per day of organic water pollutants, followed by the largest burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use, United States, with nearly 1.9 million kg per day. an improved biomass stove is a highly cost-effective investment. The falling value of natural capital in poor countries Deaths and DALYs lost due to solid fuel use Deaths DALYs Total burden In poor countries, the value of natural capital fell from Region (thousands) (thousands) (%) $3,400 per capita in 1995 to $3,100 per capita in 2005. East Asia & Pacific 540 7,087 18.4 This 10 percent drop resulted from population growth, fall- Europe & Central Asia 21 544 1.4 ing agricultural yields, and declining real crop prices. The Latin America & the Caribbean 26 774 2.0 per capita value of agricultural land fell 31 percent in real Middle East & North Afri ca 118 3,572 9.3 terms over the same period. Further, agricultural land val- South Asia 522 14,237 36.9 ues in poor countries are highly vulnerable to the potential Sub-Saharan Africa 392 12,318 32.0 impact of climate change. In Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultur- World 1,619 38,532 100.0 al land accounts for 62 percent of the total natural wealth Source: Bruce and Others 2006. of $3,900 per capita. Note: DALYs denote disability-adjusted life years. Climate Change and the World We Live In limate change will have global impact, but developing C countries will suffer the most. And they are least able to adapt. Action is needed on two fronts: adaptation (to limit and manage climate change impacts) and mitiga- tion (to permit continued economic growth by reducing its carbon content). The UN estimates that by 2030, annual financial flows to developing countries will need to be about $100 billion to finance mitigation and $28 -$67 billion for adaptation. Early action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will significantly reduce these costs. • How human activity affects climate Global warming is ca used by greenhouse gases such as car- bon dioxide which are produced by burning fossil fuels and With increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmo- by deforestation. These gases trap solar radiation, causing sphere, there is greater risk of global warming, and there- the earth's surface temperature to rise. During the past 15 fore of heat waves, heavy precipitation in northern latitudes, years, scientists have reached a consensus that the earth drought in subtropical areas, and melting of snow and ice is warming and that this warming is the result of human cover. Climate change is often seen as a "future" problem, activities. Eleven of the last 12 years are among the warmest but by 2020-29-just 12 years from now-there may be sig- recorded since 18 5 0, and tern per a tures in the Arctic are ris- nificant temperature changes in Africa and Latin America. ing twice as fast as the rest of the world. How climate change affects poor countries The largest agricultural losses due to climate change are World GHG emissions, by sector, 2000 expected to occur in parts of Africa, South Asia, and Lat- Energy in America. Climate change will affect human health both emissions ~---.-- Industry directly-increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease dur- Power 14% ing heat waves and accidental deaths and injuries in climate- 24% related natural disasters-and indirectly-increasing the risk of diarrheal disease in young children, food insecurity and malnutrition, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Transport 14 % With a one-meter rise in sea level, assuming no adaptation, Vietnam could lose 28 percent of its wetlands and Egypt 13 percent of its agricultural land. Developing countries Non-energy will bear the brunt of the increased incidence of extreme emissions weather events, with the likely impact in per capita terms Source: Stern and others 2006. the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Adapting to climate change Weather-index insurance (Wll) For developing countries, the best way to adapt is to devel- op. Achieving the MDG for poverty reduction, improved nutrition, and less child mortality and malaria will facili- tate adaptation to the most adverse health risks of climate change. Economic growth and a shift to manufacturing and services-based employment will reduce the vulnerability of poor people in agricultural economies. In agriculture, adaptation includes selecting the right weath- er-resistant crops. For example, farmers in Orissa, India, grow champeswar rice, which is flood-resistant. Early warn- ings can also help people to adjust to adverse weather. In Mali, the national meteorological service transmits informa- WII can help fa rmers cope with weather shocks and bad tion abo ut rainfall and soil moisture thro ugh a network of weather conditions likely to worsen with climate change. farmers' organizations and local governments. It differs from traditional crop insurance because it is based on a weather index that is used as a proxy for pro- Defensive infrastructure includes sea walls to protect against duction losses. WII was recently introduced in pilot proj- storm surges, irrigation systems that store monsoon rains, ects in Ethiopia, India, Kenya, M alawi, M exico, Morocco, and flood control measures. The Stern Review reports that Nicaragua, Peru, Thailand , Tunisia, and Ukra ine.In Mala- $3 .5 billion spent on flood control in China (1960-2000) wi, policies sold to farmers are based on a rainfall index avoided losses of $12 billion. calibrated to the rainfall needs of the crop. The success of WII depends on the availability of sufficient meteorologi- Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions cal stations, a particular problem in Sub-Sahara n Africa. To stabilize greenhouse gas emissions as countries grow, emissions per unit of GDP must fa ll. For example, there is scope to improve energy efficiency in manufacturing and power in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, China, and Using carbon markets to reduce deforestation India, and to develop renewable energy sources, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America . A new carbon credit program- Reducing Emissions in Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)-under Financing for low-carbon growth could come from a carbon negotiation within the UN Framework Convention on Cli- market in which developing countries sell emission reduc- mate Change (UNFCCC) could provide incentives to avoid tion credits to countries that would fin d it more expensive fores t loss . Clearing a hectare of dense rainforest in the Bra- to reduce carbon emissions themselves. zilian Amazon for crop or pasture land could release 500 tons of C0 2 • The present value of the cleared land is esti- "Win-win" options for improving energy efficiency- ones mated at $100-$200. At a carbon price of even $10/ton of that pay for themselves in fuel savings- may exist if energy co2 , forest worth $5000 is being destroyed for land use tha t consumption and production subsidies are removed . is 1/20th as valuable. Environmental Effects on Health-and Income Environmental risk factors play a role in more than 80 per- Today, roughly two-fifths of global malaria cases can be pre- cent of diseases globally. An estimated 24 percent of the vented through improved environmental management. But global disease burden from all causes is attributed mainly to climate change, which raises malaria incidence, is expected environmental causes. In developing countries, 25 percent to expand the geographical incidence of several vector-borne of all deaths were found to be caused by environmental risk diseases, even extending the transmission season in some factors, compared to 17 percent in developing countries. regions. Even a small increase in temperature could poten- tially cause a relatively large increased risk of malaria. For the poorest countries striving to reach the MDGs, the diseases most attributed to environmental factors include Environmental effects on people's health also affect their diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and malaria. These incomes. The economic burden on society caused by poor diseases also make up the greatest burden on children from environmental health has been estimated at about 1.5 to 4 birth to age 14, and together account for 24 percent of all percent of annual GDP. deaths in children under age 15. About 94 percent of global cases of diarrhea can be attributed to the environment. In developing countries, about 24 percent of upper respiratory infections and 42 percent of lower respiratory infections are attributable to environmental factors such as pollution. Economic burden associated with poor environmental health percentage of GDP Tunisia I I I Lebanon I I I Colombia I I I Peru I I I Guatemala I I I Egypt I I I Nigeria I I I Iran I I I Ghana I I I Pakistan I I I China I I I 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Percentage of GDP O Urban air pollution O Indoor air pollution D Water, sanitation, and hygiene Source: World Bank Country Environmental Analyses, various years, and Baris and Ezzati (2007). Note: The economic burden of health costs are typically measured as costs of poor health in terms of DALYs and adjusted by either hman capital or value of statistical life methods. Since different methodologies and parameters may have been used for estimating costs across countries, these cross-country comparisons are only indicative . • Sustaining and Broadening the Growth Momentum • Achieving Better Results in Human Development • Scaling Up Aid: Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing Aid Architecture • Harnessing Trade for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth • Leveraging through the International Financial Institutions • Ensuring Environmental Sustainability at the National Level • Global Environmental Sustainability: Protecting the Commons The report can be purchased online or downloaded free of cost at: http://www.worldbank.org/gmr2008 GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2008 MDGs and the Environment Agenda for Inclusive and Sustainable Development