SFG2
April 2016
Table of Contents
ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY ...............................................................................................................3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................5
4. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................9
1.1 THE PROJECT .......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 Project Objectives...................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2 Project components .................................................................................................................. 9
4.1.3 Project Interventions ............................................................................................................... 10
1.2 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR FSAPP IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................. 12
1.3 RATIONALE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ............................................... 13
1.4 REVIEW AND CONSULTATION FOR PREPARATION OF THIS ESMF .................................................................... 13
2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE IN THE PROJECT AREAS .............................................. 14
2.1 PROJECT SITES....................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 USE OF FERTILISER AND PESTICIDE AND DISPOSAL OF PACKAGING MATERIALS ................................................... 18
2.3 NATURAL RESOURCES USAGE FOR FARMING ............................................................................................... 18
2.4 REUSE OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................... 19
2.5 IRRIGATION ........................................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 OTHERS................................................................................................................................................ 20
3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ..................................................... 21
3.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ......................................................................................................... 21
3.2 NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGISLATIONS ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1 Environment Assessment Act, 2000: ....................................................................................... 22
3.1.2 Environmental Clearance (EC) Regulation, 2002 .................................................................... 23
3.1.3 Environmental Clearance (EC) ................................................................................................. 23
3.1.4 Social Assessment ................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.5 The Water Act, 2011 ............................................................................................................... 24
3.1.6 Forest and Nature Conservation Act, 1995 ............................................................................. 25
3.3 INTERIM GUIDELINE ON LEASE OF GRF LAND FOR COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE ............................................... 25
4. THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ................................................ 26
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Review of interventions and negative list of attributes .......................................................... 26
4.1.2 EA categorization of the interventions.................................................................................... 27
4.1.3 Anticipated issues, impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures .......................................... 29
4.1.4 Potential mitigation measures for identified impacts and risks ............................................. 39
4.1.5 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ........................................................................ 42
4.2 OBTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE (EC) .......................................................................................... 42
4.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ......................................... 43
5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS, MONITORING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT .................. 44
5.1 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR UNDERTAKING ESS/IESE AND PROCESSING EC ............................................................ 44
5.2 MONITORING ........................................................................................................................................ 46
5.3 CAPACITY BUILDING ............................................................................................................................... 46
1
6. CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ........................................... 48
6.1 CONSULTATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 48
6.2 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................................... 49
6.3 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) ................................................................................................ 49
7. ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................................. 50
ANNEX 1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF ACTIVITIES ............................................................... 50
ANNEX 2: SUGGESTED LIST OF ECOPS FOR CATEGORY 2 INTERVENTIONS ........................................................ 54
ANNEX 3: FORMAT: SAFEGUARD ELIGIBILITY AND INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION ............... 56
ANNEX 4: FORMAT: ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING FORM....................................................... 62
ANNEX 5: LIST OF PERMISSIBLE PESTICIDES IN BHUTAN ................................................................................ 63
ANNEX 6: PROJECT INTERVENTIONS BY COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS................................................ 64
ANNEX 7: SUGGESTED OUTLINE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .............................. 70
2
ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY
Acronyms
AMC Agriculture Machinery Centre
BCC Behaviour Change Communication
BP Bank Policy
CA Competence Authority
CPS Country Partnership Strategy
CRPs Community Resource Persons
DAMC Department of Agricultural Marketing and Cooperatives
DAO District Agriculture Officer
DEC Dzongkhag Environment Committee
DoA Department of Agriculture
DoFPs Department of Forest and Park Services
DRDP Decentralised Rural Development Project
EA Environmental Assessment
EAA Environmental Assessment Act
EC Environmental Clearance
ED Engineering Division
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESCoPS Environmental and Social Code of Practices
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESS Environmental and Social Screening
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
FCBL Food Corporation of Bhutan Limited
FNCA Forest and Nature Conservation Act
FSAPP Food Security and Agricultural Productivity Project
GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms
GRF Government Reserved Forest
GVCDP Gender and Vulnerable Communities Development Plan
IEE Initial Environment Examination
IESE Initial Environmental and Social Examination
ICT Information and Communication technology
LARP Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Plan
MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forests
NECS National Environment Commission Secretariat
NEPA National Environment Protection Act
NSC National Seed Centre
OGTP One Geog Three Product
OP Operational Policy
PAN Project Advisory Network
PAVA Property Assessment and Valuation Authority
PDO Project development Objectives
PMU Project Management Unit
PPD Policy and Planning Division
PSC Project Steering Committee
RGoB Royal Government of Bhutan
3
RNR Renewable Natural Resources
RNRRDCs Renewable Natural Resources Research and Development Centres
RoW Right of Way
RRCDP Remote Rural Communities Development Project
TA Technical Assistance
ToR Terms of Reference
WA Water Act
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
WUAs Water User Associations
Glossary
Chiog A cluster of villages
Dzongkhag District
Geog A block in a District (consisting of several villages)
Gup Elected Administrative Head of the Block
Sokshing Plot of Forest Land Used for Leaf Litter
Mangmi Elected Representative of the Village (Villages)
Pipla Piper species grown in forest
Tshogdu Committee of Elected Representatives
Tshogpa An Elected Representative of Village
Cover Pictures:
Illustrating typical wetland (Paddy) cultivation areas (terraces on sloppy land),
mostly close to the existing state forest (vulnerable to crop destruction by wild
animals). Flat land Paddy cultivation is evident in low foot hill of three districts
(Samtse, Sarpang and Dagana) bordering India, amongst the five project districts.
4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) through the Department of Agriculture (DoA),
Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) is availing World Bank (WB) grant support of
USD 8 million for a Food Security and Agricultural Productivity Project (FSAPP). The
project is to reduce rural poverty and malnutrition through the climate smart
agricultural productivity enhancement for food and nutrition security programme. The
project is targeted to cover twenty four Geogs (blocks) under five Dzongkhags
(Districts) of; Chukha, Dagana, Haa, Samtse and Sarpang.
The project has three main components to implement: 1) Improving Productivity, Food
Security and Nutrition; 2) Linking Farmers to Markets; and 3) Project Management.
This project with the World Bank is classified as a “Category B�? project under OP/BP
4.01, with a partial assessment as the impacts are likely to be small-scale and site
specific; and mitigation measures can be designed more readily. Details on project
interventions by components and sub-components are provided as Annex 6.
The overlay impacts of this project are expected to be positive. However, there are few
potential negative environment and social impacts from project activities. In order to
apprehend the negative impacts and put in place appropriate mitigation measures for
an overall positive impact of the project, adequate exercise of environmental and social
impact studies on subproject activities and design of corresponding measures for
avoidance, minimization and mitigation, is necessary.
The purpose of this environmental and social management framework (ESMF) is to
guide the DoA and its subproject component beneficiary Dzongkhags and Geogs to
undertake Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Initial Environment
and Social Examination (IESE), obtain Environmental Clearances (EC) and implement
the Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the subproject activities for
overall positive impact of the project.
For the preparation of this ESMF, consultations were carried out with stakeholders that
included government officials and the farmers from the project area. One of the
objectives of the consultations was to review the experiences of implementing the ESMF
for the earlier WB projects and to arrive at the nature of ESMF required for this project.
The summary of consultations is included as Volume II of this EMSF.
Environmental and Social Policies and Regulations
Bhutan has its national policy and legislations on environment and social protections.
The Environment Assessment Act (EAA), 2000 and the Regulation for the Environmental
Clearance of Projects and Regulation on Strategic Environmental Assessment, 2002,
usually referred to as “EC Regulations�? are the most relevant policy documents to refer
for environmental and social impact assessment and development of the ESMF for
FSAPP. The other national policies relevant to refer in FSAPP are the Water Act, 2011
and the Forest and Nature Conservation Act (FNCA), 1995. The EAA, 2000, EC
Regulation, 2002 are accessible on the National Environment Commission (NEC)
website: www.nec.gov.bt and the FNCA, 1995 is accessible on Ministry of Agriculture
and Forests (MoAF) website: www.moaf.gov.bt.
The World Bank has environmental and social safeguard policies accessible from the
bank’s website: www.worldbank.org. The Bank’s operational policy OP/BP 4.01:
5
Environment Assessment in particular is applicable to FSAPP in Bhutan. The other
applicable policies for the FSAPP are the Forest, OP 4.36, Involuntary Resettlement, OP
4.12 and Pest Management, OP 4.09.
The Environment Assessment Act, 2000 and its EC Regulations, 2002 consider fully the
social concerns although it is not explicitly spelled out. All the social issues are
considered while obtaining stakeholder clearances for obtaining environment clearance.
Other social issues like inclusiveness of vulnerable families and individuals, gender and
grievances are also discussed and agreements made in the public consultation of the
affected societies.
Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been developed for
mainstreaming environmental and social concerns in the project. It lays out the
following principles for the overall social and environmental management of sub-
projects: (i) activities with severe negative environmental and/or social impacts will not
be supported, and (ii) all eligible subprojects will be screened to identify and assess the
associated environmental and social impacts.
The FSAPP will ensure the following procedures for environmental and social
sustainability of sub-project interventions:
Step 1: Review sub-project interventions
Step 2: Review negative list of attributes
Step 3: Determine EA categorization of interventions
Step 4: Conduct environmental and social screening and develop
Environmental and Social Code of Practices
Step 5: Conduct IEE and prepare Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP), Gender and Vulnerable Communities Development Plan
(GVCDP), and Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Plan (LARP).
Step 6: Implement ESMP, GVDP and LARP
Step 7: Monitor the implementation of ESMP, GVDP, LARP
Although, the specific design and location of sub-projects are yet to be identified, a
tentative list of activities including soft and hard interventions under the three
components has been identified. It is also expected that some of the soft interventions
will not have any negative impacts but nevertheless present opportunities for enhancing
social benefits. In order to prevent any adverse impacts, simplify the process of impact
identification and mitigation, the FSAPP will follow the following process and categorize
the activities in the following manner:
Category 1 (EA not required): Some of the FSAPP interventions for agricultural
productivity promotion are categorically excluded from requirements for an
environmental assessment (EA). These are activities (e.g., trainings, capacity
building activities) do not lead to any adverse environmental impacts but instead
provide positive environmental and social benefits.
Category 2 (Activities Requiring ESCoPs): Subprojects that may have some
minor impacts, not known yet, are grouped under category 2. Activities marked
under Environmental and Social Code of Practices (ESCOPs) may or may not have
environment and social impacts but are possible to be implemented by referring to
available ECOPs. Since the environmental impacts of projects under this category
are not fully known, but assumed to have minor impacts, an Environmental and
6
Social Screening (ESS) has been suggested to be carried out at the planning stage
(Refer to Annex 1).An ESCoP is to be developed and implemented for this category
of interventions. A list of ESCoPs for Category 2 interventions has been provided in
Annex2.
Category 3 (Activities Requiring IESE). Sub-project activities that will have
some minor to moderate impacts on the environment are grouped into category 3
and will require an Initial Environmental and Social Examination (IESE). Activities
marked under this group are more likely to be activities requiring an EC. Under the
FSAPP, it is expected that irrigation sub-projects will primarily require an IESE to
obtain an EC from the Competent Authority. (See Annex 3 for IESE format).
During the implementation of FSAPP, a full scale Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) may be required if the DoA plans to implement a large scale
irrigation scheme. According to EC Regulation, Section 17, a full blown ESIA is
necessary for activities; i) falling within the boundary of a protected area, ii) within 50
meters distance of a public park, human dwelling, hospital, school or a sacred
landscape or site, and iii) any other sensitive area designated by the Secretariat. The
suggested outline for an ESIA process and report has been provided in Annex 7
Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring and Capacity Building
The project will be implemented by the Department of Agriculture. An independent
Project Management Unit (PMU) within the DoA, MoAF will be established that will,
among other things, be responsible for implementation and monitoring of the ESMF.
While processing the EC, the EAA, 2000 has designated the National Environment
Commission Secretariat (NECS) as the apex institution for issuance of the EC to all
developmental activities/projects within the Kingdom. The mandated ESIA/IESE and the
EC also takes into consideration all the social issues. Competent Authorities (CA) are
designated in relevant line agencies and updated periodically as provided for in Annex 2
of the EC Regulations, 2002. List of activities are outlined under each CA for them to
review ESIA/ESIE reports and issue EC. The DoA is the CA for; a) irrigation channels,
and b) activities related to agriculture research and development.
There is Dzongkhag Environment Committee (DEC) in all the 20 Dzongkhags which is
also a designated CA. In case of the FSAPP project activities, except for irrigation
subproject activity, where DoA will be the CA, other activities requiring EC from
screening could be cleared by the respective DEC
With regards to ESS/IESE and EC processing the followings are responsible:
DoA (PMU)/Beneficiary Geog –Beneficiary Geog of a subproject activity with
technical support from the Geog/Dzongkhag RNR Sector and the PMU shall be
responsible for undertaking the screening, scoping (including formulation of draft ToR),
baseline data collection, conducting ESS/ESIA/IESE, and preparing the management
plans, including the ESMP.
DEC – DEC for activities not under its CA jurisdiction will review initially the ToR and
later the ESIA/IESE report for its completeness in terms of documentation and forward
the ToR/report to the relevant CA with its comments/observations and
recommendations. If the activity is within the competency of the DEC, the DEC will first
review and approve the ToR for the ESIA/IESE exercise. On receipt of the appropriate
report, the DEC will review and scrutinize the information provided in the report and
7
ask additional information, if required. When the information is complete and
satisfactory, the EC will be issued with a set of Terms and Conditions. The
proposal/application also can be rejected if the information is incomplete, not
satisfactory or if irreversible impacts are foreseen. When there is no designated CA, the
DEC will forward the ToR/report to the NECS.
CA – When the ToR and the ESIA/IESE report are forwarded to the relevant CA by the
DEC, the CA will exercise the same procedure as mentioned above for the DEC.
NECS – When the cases are referred by the CAs to the NECS, the NECS will assume the
role of CA to review, scrutinize and make decisions to issue EC or reject the
proposal/application.
The ESMF requires regular supervision and monitoring of the impact of the project
on the environment and social aspects. The project will plan and implement the
following environmental monitoring programs to ensure environmental and social
sustainability of livelihood programs: (i) compliance monitoring; (ii) quarterly progress
monitoring; and (iii) third party environmental review/audit. The arrangements for
supervision and monitoring include appointment/designating of an Environment and
Social Focal Points at the PMU and vesting all the environment and social safeguards
supervision and regular monitoring requirements at respective sites. Dzongkhag
Environmental Officer will carry out periodical compliance monitoring. The NECS officials
are expected to conduct adhoc/surprise monitoring. The environmental compliance
monitoring format is provided as Annex 4.
In terms of capacity building, the Project implementing team (PMU, Dzongkhags and
Geog agriculture officers, Dzongkhag and Geog engineers and RNRRDC’s engineers)
have to have awareness, sensitization and skill regarding environmental and social
aspects of the project for necessary sub-project planning and implementation. As such,
an awareness and capacity building training is proposed to be undertaken at the
beginning of the project commencement.
Consultation and Disclosure
During project preparation, a series of consultations were held with important
stakeholders, including government institutions, NGOs, private firms, and youths both
at the local and central levels. The government (Ministry of Agriculture and Forests)
shall disclose the ESMF on its website. The executive summary has been translated into
national language (Dzongkha) and has been uploaded in the MoAF’s website. If the
document is revised, the revised version shall be uploaded. The World Bank shall
disclose the ESMF at the Infoshop.
Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
The GRM for the project is based on Bhutan’s existing dispute resolution mechanisms,
both formal and informal, that relies on mediation and public hearing managed by local
authorities. In addition, a Grievance Redress Committee will be established within the
PMU comprising representatives from the MoAF and PAN to receive complaints
unresolved through the traditional mechanism. Besides the national system, there is
also the option to seek redress through the World Bank’s Grievance Redress System
and the Inspection Panel.
8
4. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Project
The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) through the Department of Agriculture
(DoA), Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) is availing World Bank (WB) grant
support of USD 8 million for the Food Security and Agricultural Productivity Project
(FSAPP) to reduce rural poverty and malnutrition through climate smart agricultural
productivity enhancement for food and nutrition security. The main objective of the
project therefore is to increase farmer’s agriculture productivity, food security and
nutrition and improving access to agricultural markets.
4.1.1 Project Objectives
The project aims at directly benefitting approximately 10,400 household
beneficiaries through its integrated interventions. Through improved home-grown
school feeding programmes, the project aims to target 3,000 school children in 16
schools located in 11 Geogs in 4 Dzongkhags. The achievements of the project
objectives will be measured by the following indicators; a) increase in the
productivity of supported crops by at least 20 percent in the targeted areas, b)
increase in the marketed value of agricultural production by 20 percent in targeted
areas, and c) number of direct project beneficiaries (of which 30% shall be women
beneficiaries).
The proposed FSAPP project is well aligned with the Bank’s Country Partnership
Strategy (CPS), which emphasizes that the commercialization of agriculture has
been one of the key drivers towards overall poverty reduction. It is anticipated to
scale up best practices and build on the gains made through the earlier two
projects: DRDP and RRCDP, by adopting a more integrated and focused approach
and to support the agriculture sector in Bhutan.
4.1.2 Project components
Component 1: Improving Productivity, Food Security and Nutrition – USD
5.57 million
The objective of this component is to improve agricultural productivity vital for
improving food security and nutrition. This component will promote climate smart
agriculture with particular focus on: (a) the productivity enhancement of rice,
vegetables, pulses, and potatoes for improved food security and nutrition, (b)
productivity of key high value crops such as spices (specifically large cardamom and
ginger), vegetables, and citrus for local and export markets, and (c) behaviour
change communication for production and consumption of nutrient rich food. The
approach under this component is holistic and area-specific, providing an integrated
package of interventions based on relevant farming systems and specific crops
appropriate to the priorities of the farmers, farming systems, and overall production
potential in selected areas. This component has three subcomponents:
9
(1) Strengthening Farmers Groups and Nutrition Capacity Building
(2) Provision of Services and Productive Assets
(3) Institutional Support and Improved Technologies
Component 2: Linking Farmers to Markets – USD 1.58 million
The component aims to promote value chains for select high value nutrient-rich
crops and enhanced market linkages. The primary focus will be to: a) strengthen
export led value chains of commercial crops, and b) develop nutrition sensitive
value chains for schools and local markets. The overall commodity selection
strategy will follow the ‘One Geog Three Product (OGTP)’ approach of MoAF that
focuses on top three commodities as per current production scale. The sub-
components are as follows:
(1) Enhancing Capacity to Access Markets
(2) Enhancing Linkage to Markets
(3) Strengthening Market Infrastructure
Component 3: Project Implementation Support – USD 0.845 million
Implementation support to the project will include: (i) Management and
Coordination, (ii) Monitoring and Evaluation, (iii) Technical Assistance, and (iv)
Grievance Redressal System. The expected outcome of this component is an
effective and transparent project management established for coordination;
monitoring, learning and impact evaluation, and quality enhancement.
4.1.3 Project Interventions
All project interventions are pro-poor and have a substantial focus on the capacity
building of farmers, producer groups and farm enterprises. Capacity building in
terms of technical skills, group formation and operations, business development
trainings, market orientation, and other hand-holding support is woven through all
project components. In some cases, the same target groups will be beneficiaries
under all components, and in other cases, their capacity building will be more
focused and narrower depending on their needs and market potential.
A key focus of the project is on improving Bhutan’s nutrition status. Similar to
farmer groups’ capacity building that is spread across all project components, a
clear thread has been woven through the project for identified activities on nutrition
with a focus on two key activity areas: i) diversifying the school meal plate and ii)
improving awareness of food-based nutrition issues, both of which are integral to all
project components. Four entry-points have been identified including: i) increasing
the availability of diverse vegetables, fruits, and legumes; ii) improving access of
farmers to secure markets and the access of school children to diverse produce; iii)
ensuring the sustainability of these linkages by developing diverse locally and
culturally adapted menus to coincide with the seasonal calendar; and iv) creating
Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) materials including the use of ICT to
induce demand and create value for nutrient-rich foods and improve cooking
practices.
10
All project interventions will take gender into consideration and ensure women’s
equal participation in project activities, their representation in farmer groups and
involvement in decision making. This project draws from the lessons learnt through
previous projects and builds on the gains made through prior investments. The lists
of project interventions / activities are as follows:
Increasing agriculture production
Irrigation channel construction
Micro irrigation schemes (drip, / sprinklers for vegetables, citrus and
cardamom)
Agriculture diversification
Support disease-free seedlings / saplings
Electric fencing (wildlife mitigation)
Strengthening farmers group and capacity building
Create new/strengthen existing producers groups /cooperatives
Organize300farmers groups
Capacity building of water user associations
Training of extension agents (on disease management, vermin- composting,
conservation farming, and post-harvest value addition techniques including
branding and marketing, organising and developing producers groups)
Provide cooking training
Capacity building of producers groups (for governance, commercial farm
management, business skills, production planning, sustainable production
and sustainable operational management)
Capacity building and exposure for exporters including facilitation of
knowledge / information exchange
Supporting market linkages
Enhancing linkages between vegetable demand in schools and supply in local
markets
Support revision of school menu
Exposure visits for successful home grown school feeding programs
Conduct social marketing campaigns
Market accessibility and value chain development
Nutrient management practices
use of bio-fertilizers to improve soil fertility
Green house technologies
Provide small farm machineries (power tillers, mini threshers, reapers,
ridgers, and weeders)
Value chain development for high value crops for preservation and
connecting to appropriate markets
Market infrastructure, value addition and ICT
Conduct behaviour change analysis (BCC)
Support value addition (drying technologies, zero energy cooling chambers,
and weighing facilities)
Provide marketing infrastructures (post-harvest, storage and packaging)
Organise production clusters for export led chain
Piloting model farm shops
11
Strengthen access to market information (ICT support)
Business development innovative facility (support innovative technologies
and business development)
Refer Annex 6 for details on project interventions by components and sub-
components.
1.2 Institutional setup for FSAPP implementation
The FSAPP project is to be implemented by a Project Management Unit (PMU)
established at the Head Quarters or the Department of Agriculture or the Policy and
Planning Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forest. A Project Steering
Committee (PSC) chaired by the Director General of the DoA will be established to
guide the PMU in implementation of the project. The Agriculture Extension Officer at
the beneficiary Geog will be focal person at the Geog level to implement the project
under the supervision of the respective Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer. The PMU will
designate or recruit an Environmental Focal Person to monitor and supervise the
ESMF and the ESMP at respective sites.
Figure 1: Organogram of the FSAPP implementation institutional setup
12
1.3 Rationale for the Environment and Social Management Framework
The FSAPP is classified with the World Bank as a “Category B�? project under OP/BP
4.01, with a partial assessment as the impacts are likely to be small-scale and site
specific; and mitigation measures can be designed more readily. The overlay
impacts of this project are expected to be positive. However, there are few
potential negative environment and social impacts from project activities. In order
to apprehend the negative impacts and put in place appropriate mitigation
measures for an overall positive impact of the project, adequate exercise of
environmental and social impact studies on subproject activities and design of
corresponding measures for avoidance, minimization and mitigation, is necessary.
The purpose of this environmental and social management framework (ESMF) is to
guide the DoA and its subproject component beneficiary Dzongkhags and Geogs to
undertake Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Initial
Environment and Social Examination (IESE), obtain Environmental Clearances (EC)
and implement the Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the
subproject activities for overall positive impact of the project. Specifically, the ESMF
serves as a set of guidelines to be used for projects where precise nature, location
and scale of new interventions are little known or unknown in advance. The main
objective of the ESMF is to ensure that adverse environmental and social impacts
are avoided or appropriately mitigated and compensated while acquiring the overall
objectives of the project. The ESMF, as such, is developed based on the World Bank
and the national environmental and social safeguard policies.
1.4 Review and Consultation for preparation of this ESMF
For the preparation of this ESMF, consultations were carried out with stakeholders
that included government officials and the farmers from the project area. One of
the objectives of the consultations was to review the experiences of implementing
the ESMF for the earlier WB projects and to arrive at the nature of ESMF required
for this project. These were done mainly through focus group discussions with the
farmers and consultation with officials. The summary of consultations with
Dzongkhag officials and the farmers for the formulation of this ESMF and for review
of Decentralised Rural Development Project (DRDP) and Remote Rural Communities
Development Project (RRCDP) experiences are included as Volume II of this EMSF.
13
2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE IN THE PROJECT AREAS
2.1 Project Sites
This section provides insight into the project Dzongkhags (Dagana, Samtse,
Sarpang, Haa and Chukha)1. These five project Dzongkhags out of total 20
Dzongkhags in Bhutan are shown in the administrative map of Bhutan (figure 2).
Figure 2: Administrative Map of Bhutan (map not to scale)
Dagana Dzongkhag is situated in the south western part of the country with
Sarpang Dzongkhag to the south, Tsirang to the east, Wangdue Phodrang to the
north and Chhukha to the west. It has one Dungkhag namely Lhamoizingkha and
fourteen Geogs namely Deorali, Dorona, Drujegang, Gesarling, Goshi, Kana,
Khebisa, Lajab, Lhamoizingkha, Nichula, Trashiding, Tsendagang, Tsangkha and
Tseza. It has an area of about 1723 square kilometers with elevation ranging from
600 meters to 3800 meters above the sea level.
Dagana Dzongkhag is one of the poorer Dzongkhag with high levels of poverty
incidence, unemployment and low general literacy. Access to the Dzongkhag is
through the Dagana-Tsirang highway which is often closed during the monsoons
cutting-off the Dzongkhag from the rest of the country. Agriculture farming is the
main source of income for majority of the population. The fertile land and suitable
climatic conditions make Dagana one of the major producers of mandarin and
cardamom in the country. Other crops and vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower,
cabbage, potato, chillies, tomatoes and horticulture crops like banana, passion fruit,
pear and avocado are also grown. The Dzongkhag also has potential for harvesting
1 th
11 Five Year Plans, GNH Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan
14
Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP) such as Pipla, Thysolinia and Cinnamon.
However, the NWFP potential is underutilized thereby not contributing to income of
the households.
Favourable climatic conditions and fertile land provides the opportunity for the
Dzongkhag to enhance agricultural (paddy, vegetables, fruits etc), livestock (dairy
and meat products) and NWFP (Pipla, Thysolinia and Cinnamon) production.
Dagana also has potential for tourism development.
The major challenge faced by the Dzongkhag is the high levels of poverty. Among
the 20 Dzongkhags, Dagana has the third highest level of poverty, almost double
that of the national average of 12 percent in 2012. The high levels of poverty is
attributed to remoteness of the Dzongkhag and poor agricultural productivity due to
human wildlife conflict, farm labour shortages and lack of adequate irrigation,
storage and marketing facilities.
Samtse Dzongkhag is situated in the in south western foothills of the country. It
is bordered by Chukha Dzongkhag in the east, Haa Dzongkhag in the north and
Indian states of West Bengal and Sikkim in the south and west respectively. Samtse
is at an elevation of 600-800m above sea-level and lies in the sub-tropical monsoon
climate zone with good forest cover. There are two Dungkhags namely Dorokha and
Trashichholing and fifteen Geogs namely Norgaygang, Pemaling, Sang Ngag
Chhoeling, Norboogang, Denchukha, Dophuchen, Dungtoed, Namgyelchholing,
Phuntshopelri, Samtse, Trashichholing, Tadhing, Tendruk, Ugyentse and Yoeseltse.
The poverty still remains high and was almost twice the national average of 12
percent in 2012. The high level of poverty is attributed to low levels of literacy in
the Dzongkhag.
Samtse Dzongkhag with its warm climate and rich fertile land has high potential to
increase cash crop production and also has opportunities for double cropping. The
flat arable land is suitable for farm mechanization. Paddy, maize, wheat,
buckwheat, barley and millet are some of the cereal crops grown in Samtse. Among
the cash crop, cardamom, mandarin, areca nut, ginger and wide variety of fruits
and vegetables are grown. The Dzongkhag also has rich forest resources
particularly bamboo, cane and incense plants.
In terms of the challenges, increasing agriculture and livestock productivity is
constrained by human wildlife conflict; farm labour shortages, lack of adequate
irrigation facilities, and lack of storage and marketing facilities. A high level of
illiteracy resulting in low quality of employment and high poverty rates is a major
concern.
Sarpang Dzongkhag is situated in the south-central part of the country and
shares its 200 kilometers southern border with the Indian state of Assam, to its
east is Zhemgang Dzongkhag, to west lies Tsirang and to its north Trongsa
Dzongkhag. Around three quarters of its land is under forest cover mostly
consisting of the broad leaf subtropical evergreen trees. The Dzongkhag is located
15
in the subtropical climatic zone, extending from an elevation of 200 meters to
3,600 metres, from the Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary in the west to the Manas
National Park in the east. The Dzongkhag is supported by 12 Geogs namely
Gelephu, Samtenling, Sershong, Chuzagang, Umling, Tareythang, Jigmecholing,
Gakidling, Dekiling, Sengye, Chhuzergang and Shompangkha, and a Drungkhag
and a Thromde in Gelephu.
Sarpang Dzongkhag’s poverty incidence of 4.2 percent is below the national poverty
incidence of 12 percent in 2012. Paddy, maize wheat and millet are some of the
major crops grown in the Dzongkhag. Orange, areca nut, cardamom and ginger are
the principal cash crops grown by the farmers.
Haa Dzongkhag is situated at an elevation ranging from 1000 to 5600 meters
above sea level. The Dzongkhag is administratively divided into six Geogs namely
Bji, Katsho, Eusu, Samar, Gakeyling and Sombaykha. The Dzongkhag is supported
by one Dungkhag to cover the Geogs of Gakeyling and Sombaykha.
Haa being located at a very high altitude, the cultivatable agricultural land forms
only around 2 percent of the total area of the Dzongkhag. Most of the area
comprises of dry land and pasture land. The people of Haa depend on livestock and
trade for their livelihood. Livestock rearing constitute an important economic
activity, with a majority of the northern Geogs depending on livestock products
such as butter, cheese and yak meat.
While the poverty incidence for the Dzongkhag is reported to be low as compared to
the national average of 12 percent in 2012, there are pocket of settlements where
poverty is high. The Dzongkhag also has potential to enhance agricultural and
livestock production. Wheat is the main cereal crop grown in the Dzongkhag and
other crops include barley and buckwheat. In the south cardamom and ginger
constitutes the principal cash crops while in the north, potato is the main cash crop
with apples and vegetables cultivated on a moderate scale. However, agricultural
and livestock productivity is challenged by human wildlife conflict, shortage of farm
labour and lack of storage and marketing facilities.
Chukha Dzongkhag is located in the south-western part of the country and shares
its borders with the Dzongkhags of Dagana to the east, Samtse and Haa to the
east, Paro and Thimphu to the north and the Indian states of West Bengal to the
south. Due to its strategic location along the bordering towns of the states of West
Bengal, it is the principal Dzongkhag that serves as the main entry and exit point
for most commercial activities. The Dzongkhag is administratively supported by a
Dungkhag, namely Phuentsholing, and eleven Geogs: Chapcha, Bjachho, Bongo,
Getana, Geling, Dungna, Metakha, Lokchina, Darla, Sampheling and Phuentsholing.
It has an area of approximately 1882.38 sq. km, with elevation ranging from 200 m
to 3500 m above sea level. Out of its total land area, about 82.39 % is under forest
cover and 9%, under cultivation.
People of Getana, Dungna, Metakha, Geling, Bongo and Lokchina are relatively poor
as they live in inaccessible remote areas. These communities are geographically cut
16
off by rugged terrain. Conversely the people of Bjachho, Chapcha, Darla, and
Phuentsholing besides farming have access to markets and other means of income.
The majority of the people in the Dzongkhag depend on agriculture, livestock and
horticulture for their livelihood. Their main crops include oranges, potatoes and
cardamom. Livestock rearing is a major occupation and provides opportunities for
processing and trading in dairy products such as butter, cheese and milk because of
the availability of ready markets.
The summary of socio-economic status of the project Dzongkhags are reflected in
table 1.
Table 1: Socio-economic status of the five Dzongkhags of the project area in 2012
Dzongkhag Area No. of Population Agriculture Agriculture Forest
(sq. Geogs/ area area (%) cover
kms.) Chiogs/ (acres) (%)
Households
Chukha 1882.38 11 84,203 9,241.10 4.92 85.77
-
2870
Dagana 1389.00 14 25,070 7,536.70 4.38 87.06
43
-
Haa 1899.20 6 13,330 2,780.9 1.49 65.35
30
1770
Samtse 1309.10 15 60,100 17,366.30 13.31 78.03
76 (2005)
13,027
Sarpang 1655.00 12 37,101 8,295.64 3.99 88.00
61
7346
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2013, National Statistics Bureau (NSB),
Thimphu.
The project is targeted to cover twenty four Geogs (blocks) in five Dzongkhags as
reflected below in table 2.
Table 2: Proposed list of Geogs for focus of project activities
Dzongkhag Proposed Geogs
Chukha Bongo, Dugana, Getana, Metakha, Samphelling
Dagana Drujeygang, Karna, Karmaling, LhamoiDzingkha, Nichula
Haa Gakiling, Usue, Samar, Sangbaykha
Samtse Dorpuchen, Norboogang, SangNgagCholing, Tading,
Tendruk
Sarpang Gakidling, Shompangkha, Dekiling, Samtenling, Tareythang
17
2.2 Use of fertiliser and pesticide and disposal of packaging materials
Use of agrochemicals as shown in Table 3 is minimal in Bhutan. Therefore it shows
that organic farming is predominant in Bhutan. The project also does not support
agrochemical usage in increase of agriculture productivity. Therefore, agrochemical
impact on the society and the environment is not an issue.
Table 3: Chemical Fertilizers distribution (Kg/Ltr.) between 2004-2011
Others
Insect- Fungi-
Period Rodenti-cide Herbi-cide Acaric-ide (Non- Total
icides cide
toxic)
2004 13.07 2.87 0.07 0.87 0.01 10.05 26.94
2005 2.55 2.52 0.04 0.81 0 0.18 6.1
2006 3.04 2.41 0.04 1.02 0.02 10.73 17.26
2007 4.13 4.10 0.04 1.85 0.01 10.04 20.17
2008 3.91 2.70 0.05 2.7 0 0 9.36
2009 3.87 0 0.05 2.7 0 0 6.62
2010 4.90 3.4 0.05 3 0 0 11.35
2011 7.30 5.7 0.08 7.56 0 0 20.64
Total 42.77 23.7 0.42 20.51 0.04 31 118.44
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2013
Farmers’ awareness on occupational health and application of personal protection
when being in close contact with pesticide has been improving with more and more
awareness programmes from the Department of Agriculture on support from the
donor agencies. Awareness on the value of organic farming is also visible which
encourages farmers to stick to consumption of traditional organic fertilizers. As
such, records of improper disposal of agrochemical packaging materials causing
environmental (soil, water and air) pollution is not visible in Bhutan. The DoA, MoAF
has been always attentive in educating and creating awareness on safe disposal of
packaging materials. Therefore, farmers are strictly guided to safe collection and
treatment of packaging materials of fertilizers and pesticides.
2.3 Natural resources usage for farming
Water, leaf-litter for manure, farming tools starting from Ploughs and Bullock Yoke
are all extracted from the nearby forests. Livestock grazing is open in the forest.
Perennial streams are tapped in natural drainage systems for irrigation. Mostly in
the southern Dzongkhags, rain-water is also harvested for irrigation. Water
pumping for irrigation is not so significant. Therefore, natural resources use for
farming is natural and traditional.
Dry leaf in winter is collected for manure-making. Farmers usually have individual
household registered or leased leaf litter collection areas Sokshing. Farmers also
collect dry leaf from other forests when the households do not own a Sokshing.
While registered/leased area is free for leaf collection, any tree felling requires
permit from the Department of Forest and Park Services. The culture of manure-
18
making from leaf-litters mixed with animal Dung is the main reason for not using
high quantity chemical fertilizers.
2.4 Reuse of rice by-products
Rice straw burning happens in small scales and only in some parts of the country.
Due to high fire risk, open burning of bushes and straw in the fields is highly
discouraged by the national policies and laws. The Rice straw normally is consumed
as feedstock for livestock in winter. In southern Dzongkhags like Chukha, Samtse
and Sarpang, straws are also used for organic manure-making and mushroom
farming. Rice husk can be composted for use as fertilizer or soil conditioner. The
use of Rice husk for compost with leaf-littering is common again in the southern
Dzongkhags. This FSAPP should further promote this mushroom farming and
composting options to enhance agriculture productivity and for agriculture waste
management.
2.5 Irrigation
As stated above, perennial streams are usually tapped in natural drainage systems
for irrigation. Soil erosion/land slide, falling tree and boulders on the steep hill
slopes are a common challenge for irrigation schemes especially in monsoon. The
irrigation water tapping points are either washed away or eroded by swollen
monsoon water. The long irrigation canals constructed on the fragile slopes
breakdown or often gets eroded by landslides or fallen trees and boulders. It is also
common the water in the canals get blocked with foreign materials to overflow and
instigate soil erosion down the slope including sliding away of the canal
infrastructure itself. These are common irrigation management challenges besides
the risk of drying away of water resources due to deforestation, climate change or
other unknown factors.
There are also rainfall dependent irrigation systems in many parts of the country,
especially southern Dzongkhags. Samtse, Dagana and Sarpang could have such
irrigation systems dependent on monsoon patterns and vulnerable to climate
change effects. Otherwise, although hydropower development is a major
developmental activity in Bhutan, as of now, there is no record of irrigation water
conflict with hydropower projects. Henceforth, the Water Act 2011 is very clear in
prioritizing water resources usage. Water for energy is only after water for drinking
and sanitation, and water for Agriculture.
Groundwater extraction is not a prominent practice in Bhutan and this project does
not have provisions to support ground water extraction activities. Overwatering and
improper use of agrochemicals could affect surface ground water quality as
overflow surface runoff carrying agricultural chemical residues to water sources,
while part of redundant water also infiltrate into ground water bringing pollutants to
shallow groundwater and artisan aquifers. However, overwatering is not possible
and improper use of agrochemicals is strictly regulated in Bhutan.
19
2.6 Others
Broadly the population in Bhutan is divided into eastern (Sharchop), western
(Ngalop) and southern (Lhotshampa), where Lhotshampas are Nepali origin and
religion predominantly is Hindu. Atmospherically, the population is divided into;
southern foothills, inner himalayas and highlanders. Southern foothills are more
prominent in cash crop farming, horticulture and Rice cultivation. Inner Himalayas
practice both varieties of cereal agriculture and cattle rearing. Potato and apple are
the common cash crops in the inner himalayas. Highlanders predominantly depend
on livestock (Yak) herding. Since 2008, the highlanders are allowed to harvest the
Cordyseps grown naturally in the highland mountain areas for their cash crop. This
project area does not cover the highlanders because the Geogs identified under Haa
Dzongkhag are also in the sub-tropical zone.
By culture, each village community has their unique traditions to celebrate, mostly
in the winter season after the harvests are over. Very remote place cultures like
Doyaps in the Taba-Damti area of Amochhu valley, scattered between
Phuentsholing Dungkhag (sub-district), Chukha Dzongkhag and Dorokha Dungkhag,
Samtse Dzongkhag are given closer attention by the government for cultural
conservation.
All agriculture crops and horticulture in Bhutan are vulnerable to windstorm,
hailstorm, landslides, flash floods, floods and drought. Irrigation channels on the
fragile hill slopes are always prone to soil erosions and landslides. Loss of soil
fertility also is common in a mountain terrain fields. Heat-stress and malaria are
potential issues to be considered in farming, water and work time management in
the lower regions of Chukha, and Sarpang and Samtse Dzongkhags.
Concerns of negative environmental impacts such as dusts, smoke, noise and
workers intervention from the emerging industrial and mining/quarry developments
could be an issue in Sarpang, more so in Chukha and Samtse Dzongkhags. Most
Industrial and mining activities are concentrated in Chukha and Samtse
Dzongkhags.
Traditional agriculture practices increasingly are replaced with use of modern
techniques and machineries. Power-tillers and Tractors are taking over bullock-
draught culture and more and more rice mills, oil mills, flour mills, etc. coming into
the villages. Mainly noise pollution could be an issue. Oil and lubricants spill over for
soil and water pollution could arise to be an issue with increase in Power-tillers and
Tractors. The diesel run generators for mills are increasingly replaced by electric
motors for good.
20
3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
Bhutan has its national policy and legislations on environment and social
protections. The Environment Assessment Act (EAA), 2000 and the Regulation for
the Environmental Clearance of Projects and Regulation on Strategic Environmental
Assessment, 2002, usually referred to as “EC Regulations�? are the most relevant
policy documents to refer for environmental and social impact assessment and
development of the ESMF for FSAPP. The other national policies relevant to refer in
FSAPP are the Water Act, 2011 and the Forest and Nature Conservation Act (FNCA),
1995. The EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002 are accessible on the National
Environment Commission (NEC) website: www.nec.gov.bt and the FNCA, 1995 is
accessible on Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) website: www.moaf.gov.bt.
The World Bank has environmental and social safeguard policies accessible from the
bank’s website: www.worldbank.org. The Bank’s operational policy OP/BP 4.01:
Environment Assessment in particular is applicable to FSAPP in Bhutan. The other
applicable policies for the FSAPP are the Forest, OP 4.36, Involuntary Resettlement,
OP 4.12 and Pest Management, OP 4.09.
3.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies
Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.01, the Environmental Assessment is one
of the 10 environmental, social, and legal Safeguard Policies of the World Bank.
Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and
mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts associated with Bank lending
operations. In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is
to improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are
sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly
consulted. The policy is applied to all elements of World Bank-financed operations.
The policy requires that environmental assessments must be carried out at early
stage of project preparation so as safeguard tools (such as Environmental and
Social Management Framework, Environmental Impacts Assessment, Environmental
Management Plan) can be determined and prepared in a timely manner to avoid or
address potential negative environmental impacts. The Bank would not finance
projects that, in the Bank’s opinion, would cause adverse impacts to the
environment in biologically important areas.
Forest, OP 4.36, Project will not implement any activities inside the forest or
protected forests or no forestry activities are envisaged in the project. However,
some activities such as irrigation schemes, market infrastructure development may
involve some clearing of vegetation. Hence the policy is triggered. The ESMF will
address any issues related to forest.
Pest Management, OP 4.09, The project is expected to have minor use of
nationally approved pesticides and there are no significant issues of pest
management and pesticide use to be addressed in the sub-projects. The
procurement and distribution of pesticides in Bhutan is well controlled through a
21
centralized system and there will be no procurement of pesticides classified as Class
Ia, Ib and II by WHO. However, in anticipation of higher yields, farmers could
expand the use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides more than what is
recommended. Since the proposed FSAPP is expected to promote sustainable
production practices as a part of project design, the above issues are not
considered to be critical in the project. Thus, as a matter of precaution to address
any potential and unforeseen issues of pest and pesticide management, OP 4.09
has been triggered. The ESMF will provide guidelines on safe use of agrochemicals
and promotion of green agriculture technologies such as: (i) Integrated Pest
Management (IPM); (ii) balanced fertilizer use to reduce the dependence on
fertilizers; and (iii) composting.
Involuntary Resettlement, OP 4.12.The policy applies to all World Bank financed
operations. It covers all social impacts as a result of land taking. It emphasizes on
minimizing adverse impacts and, if unavoidable, a develop-oriented approach for
restoration and improvement of livelihood for those affected. It sets out the
objective, principles, planning procedures as well as monitoring requirements for
planning of such efforts. The policy requires participation of the affected
communities in such planning and implementation process, compensation at
replacement cost as well as restoration of livelihoods for those affected.
Indigenous Peoples, OP 4.10. This policy applies to all World Bank financed
operations and is triggered where indigenous peoples as defined in the policy are
impacted by the project, either positively and negatively. It requires that the
dignity, human rights, economy and cultures of indigenous peoples should be fully
respected, that a process of free, prior and informed consultation should be
undertaken with the indigenous people in the project areas regarding any projects
for World Bank financing and that Bank-financed projects should also be designed
to ensure that the indigenous peoples receive social and economic benefits that are
culturally appropriate.
3.2 National policy and legislations
The most relevant national policy to this FSAPP are: Environment Assessment Act
(EAA), 2000; Environmental Clearance (EC) Regulations, 2002; Water Act, 2011 and
the Forest and Nature Conservation Act (FNCA), 1995.
3.1.1 Environment Assessment Act, 2000:
Section 7 - The Royal Government shall ensure that environmental concerns are
fully taken into account when formulating, renewing, modifying and implementing
any policy, plan or program, as per regulations that may be adopted according to
Article 32.2.
Section 8 - The issuance of an environment clearance shall be prerequisite to the
issuance of development consent.
22
Section 9 - A project of the Royal Government that does not require development
consent may commence only after receiving an environmental clearance from the
NEC Secretariat or the designated Competent Authority.
3.1.2 Environmental Clearance (EC) Regulation, 2002
Section 17 – When the location of a proposed project falls within one or more of the
following sensitive areas, the Competent Authority shall require the applicant to
undertake detailed Environment Assessment and acquire the official clearance of
concerned agencies before submitting the application to the secretariat;
17.1 Within the boundary of a protected area,
17.2 Within 50 meters distance of a public park, human dwelling, hospital, school,
or a sacred landscape, or site; and
17.3 Any other sensitive area designated by the Secretariat.
Section 18 – Section 17 shall also apply to projects listed in Annex 2.
Section 29 - If the Secretariat or Competent Authority requires the applicant to
conduct the environmental assessment, the following provisions shall apply;
29.1 – Terms of Reference: the applicant shall draw up terms of reference for the
report,
29.2 – Preparation and submission of the EA report,
29.3 – Public Notice of availability of the EA report, and
29.4 – Time limit for review and response to EA report shall be as specified in
Annex 1.
3.1.3 Environmental Clearance (EC)
The Environment Assessment Act, 2000 and its EC Regulations, 2002 consider fully
the environmental and social concerns. On screening for need of an EC for any
developmental project, a detailed environment impact assessment (EIA), also
referred to as Environment Assessment (EA), or an Initial Environment Examination
(IEE) is mandatory, if an EC is required.
For FSAPP, the predictable potential environmental and social impact concerns are
from the four irrigation subprojects. A detailed EIA or an IEE for each irrigation
subproject activity subjected to screening and scoping outcomes will be necessary.
For other project interventions like marketing infrastructures and micro-irrigation
schemes, it is difficult to determine at this stage the need for an EC. Upon
confirming the location, size and type of infrastructure once the project has been
approved through a preliminary baseline study, the need for EC can be ascertained.
Baseline information on the issues like; need for land acquisition, location of the
activity, size and nature of infrastructure, type of raw materials to be consumed in
the infrastructure development, nature of stakeholders involvement, and so on, will
help screen the subproject activity for determining the need of an EIA, IEE or an
EC.
23
3.1.4 Social Assessment
The Environment Assessment Act, 2000 and its EC Regulations, 2002 consider fully
the social concerns although it is not explicitly spelled out. All the social issues are
considered while obtaining stakeholder clearances for obtaining environment
clearance. EAA, 2000, Section 16 specifically states, “the applicant of the project
shall ensure that the concerned people and organizations are informed and
consulted before submission of the environment assessment documents to the
Competent Authority�?. Social issues of land acquisition, vulnerable groups, gender,
and grievances are discussed and settled during public consultations undertaken
prior to EIA or IEE. Possibilities for acquisition of government land can be
considered in consultation with the Department of Forest and Park Services
(DoFPS), MoAF and by obtaining a Forestry Clearance. Decision on acquisition of
private land is determined during public consultation, especially with affected
people and a “No Objection Certificate/Clearance (NOC)�? is obtained.
Other social issues like inclusiveness of vulnerable families and individuals, gender
and grievances are also discussed and agreements made in the public consultation
of the affected societies. It is mandatory for public consultations
minutes/agreements to be endorsed by the local government leaders; Chiog
Tshogpa (elected village community representative) to the Geog Tshogdu (Geog
Legislative Assembly), Gup or Mangmi (elected leaders) of the Geog Administration
and representatives to the Dzongkhag Tshogdu (District Legislative Assembly) and
finally by the Dzongkhag Administration. Such clearances/agreements are
mandatory prerequisite to EIA/IEE and issuance of the EC. The EIA/IEE in
Bhutanese context therefore is an Environment and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA) or Initial Environmental and Social Examination (IESE).
3.1.5 The Water Act, 2011
Water use priorities
Section 38 (a) - In dealing with applications under preceding sections, the
Commission shall observe the following order of priorities:
1) water for drinking and sanitation;
2) water for agriculture;
3) water for energy;
4) water for industry;
5) water for tourism and recreation; and
6) water for other uses.
Section 39 - Allocation of water shall be done based on the principle that water is a
resource owned by the State and that every citizen has an equal right to these
resources.
Section 40 - Customary practices of water allocation may continue, provided that
these are fair and equitable and do not result in denial of water to any individual or
community, including downstream and upstream needs, and are acknowledged by a
Water Users’ Association or other local beneficiaries’ groups in the area.
24
3.1.6 Forest and Nature Conservation Act, 1995
Extraction of any natural resources from the Government Reserve Forestland (GRF)
is permissible only on obtaining permit from the Department of Forest and Park
Services. The four irrigation infrastructures in particular will be in GRF.
3.3 Interim Guideline on Lease of GRF Land for Commercial Agriculture
a. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) shall encourage developing a long-term
sustainable lease venture with an initial term of 30 years, which is subject to
renewal.
b. Government shall have the exclusive right to take over the “land�? in the interest
of the nation. However, taking over of the land shall be done only under
unavoidable circumstances. Compensation modalities for such acquisition shall be
assessed by competent authority, such as Property Assessment and Valuation
Authority (PAVA).
Table 4: Abstract of relevant national policies to address potential project impacts
Potential impacts National Policy & legislation
Space occupation by infrastructure EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002, and
especially irrigation canals. FNCA, 1995.
Resources use conflict especially EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002, Water
water and land. Act 2011, FNCA, 1995.
Soil erosion/landslide. EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002
Extraction (excessive) of water and EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002, Water
forest resources. Act, 2011 and FNCA, 1995.
Pollution (Land, Water & Air). NEPA, EA Act, WA, and Waste Prevention
and Management Act (WPMA).
Culture conflict between local The Constitution, EAA, 2000, EC
residents and project workers. Regulation, 2002,
Disturbance to wildlife habitat, EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002, and
migration, breeding and pollination. FNCA, 1995.
Human and environment health EAA, 2000, EC Regulation, 2002
degradation from agrochemicals
25
4. THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been developed
for mainstreaming environmental and social concerns in the project. It lays out the
following principles for the overall social and environmental management of sub-
projects: (i) activities with severe negative environmental and/or social impacts will
not be supported, and (ii) all eligible subprojects will be screened to identify and
assess the associated environmental and social impacts.
4.1 Environmental and Social Management Procedure
The FSAPP will ensure the following procedures for environmental and social
sustainability of sub-project interventions:
Step 1: Review sub-project interventions
Step 2: Review negative list of attributes
Step 3: Determine EA categorization of interventions
Step 4: Conduct environmental and social screening and develop
Environmental and Social Code of Practices
Step 5: Conduct IEE and prepare Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP), Gender and Vulnerable Communities Development Plan
(GVCDP), and Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Plan (LARP).
Step 6: Implement ESMP, GVDP and LARP
Step 7: Monitor the implementation of ESMP, GVDP, LARP
4.1.1 Review of interventions and negative list of attributes
The first step of environmental and social management procedure of FSAPP is to
review the sub-project interventions. A tentative list of interventions are provided
in Annex 6.The PMU needs to make sure that it does not fund any sub-projects that
are:
1) Planned to be implemented within the boundary of a protected are (Wildlife
Sanctuaries and National Parks);
2) Involves involuntary resettlement;
3) Within 50 meters distance of a public park, human dwelling, hospital,
school, or a sacred landscape, or site
4) Requires clearing of forest or cutting of large mature trees;
5) Involves Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) that have not been
approved by an independent panel of internationally recognized experts, and
cleared by the World Bank and the RGoB;
6) Involves the use of pesticides under WHO Class Ia, Ib, and Class II.
7) Any other sensitive area designated by the Secretariat.
26
4.1.2 EA categorization of the interventions
Although, the specific design and location of sub-projects are yet to be identified, a
tentative list of activities including soft and hard interventions under the three
components has been identified. It is also expected that some of the soft
interventions will not have any negative impacts but nevertheless present
opportunities for enhancing social benefits. However, as already mentioned earlier,
the sub-projects are expected to be small in size and local in nature inducing minor
to moderate impacts. In order to prevent any adverse impacts, simplify the process
of impact identification and mitigation, the FSAPP will follow the following process
and categorize the activities in the following manner:
Category 1 (EA not required): Some of the FSAPP interventions for
agricultural productivity promotion are categorically excluded from
requirements for an environmental assessment (EA). These are activities (e.g.,
trainings, capacity building activities) do not lead to any adverse
environmental impacts but instead provide positive environmental and social
benefits. Column 1 of Table 5below includes examples of project activities that
can be approved without environmental and social screening. These
interventions do not require an Environmental Clearance from the Competent
Authority.
Category 2 (Activities Requiring ESCoPs): Subprojects that may have
some minor impacts, not known yet, are grouped under category 2. Activities
marked under Environmental and Social Code of Practices (ESCoPs) may or
may not have environment and social impacts but are possible to be
implemented by referring to available ECOPs. Since the environmental impacts
of projects under this category are not fully known, but assumed to have
minor impacts, an Environmental and Social Screening (ESS) has been
suggested to be carried out at the planning stage (Refer to Annex 1). An
ESCoP is to be developed and implemented for this category of interventions.
A list of ESCoPs for Category 2 interventions has been provided in Annex2.
Category 3 (Activities Requiring IESE).Sub-project activities that will have
some minor to moderate impacts on the environment are grouped into
category 3 and will require an Initial Environmental and Social Examination
(IESE). Activities marked under this group are more likely to be activities
requiring an EC. Under the FSAPP, it is expected that irrigation sub-projects
will primarily require an IESE to obtain an EC from the Competent Authority.
The main objective of this exercise is to collect basic information about the
sub-project as well as potential environmental impacts to be generated by the
sub-projects during the sub-project preparation stage (See Annex 3 for IESE
format).
27
Table 5: Screening categorization of the project interventions
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
(Excluded from EA (Environmental Code of (Environmental
Requirement) Practices -ECoPs) Screening )
Increasing agriculture production
Support to irrigation
channel construction
Micro irrigation schemes (drip,
sprinklers)
Agriculture diversification
Support disease free seedlings /
saplings
Electric fencing (wildlife
mitigation)
Strengthening farmers group and capacity building
Strengthen producers groups /
cooperatives
Organizing farmers groups
Capacity building of water user
associations
Training of extension agents
Capacity building of producers
groups
Capacity building and exposure for
exporters including facilitation of
knowledge / information exchange
Supporting market linkages
Enhancing linkages between
vegetable demand in schools and
supply in local markets
Support revision of school menu
Exposure visits to successful home
grown school feeding programs
Conduct social marketing
campaigns
Market accessibility and value chain development
Nutrient management practices
use of bio-fertilizers to
improve soil fertility
Green house technologies
Provide small farm
machineries (power tillers,
mini threshers, reapers,
ridgers, and weeders)
Value chain development for
high value crops like
preservation and connecting to
appropriate markets
28
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
(Excluded from EA (Environmental Code of (Environmental
Requirement) Practices -ECoPs) Screening )
Market infrastructure, value addition and ICT
Conduct behaviour change
analysis
Support value addition (drying
technologies, zero energy
cooling chambers, and
weighing facilities)
Post-harvest, storage and
packaging)
Organise production clusters for
export led chain
Piloting model farm shops
ICT support
Business development innovative
facility
Do not require an Conduct ESS and Conduct IESE and
EA Develop ECoPs develop ESMP
(Annex 1 & 2) (Annex 3)
The IESE is to be filled by the Environment and Social Focal Person (ESFP) who will
be responsible for developing an Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
The ESMP along with the IESE will be attached to the sub-project proposals. During
the implementation stage, Dzongkhags’ Environmental Officer and ESPS will
routinely carry out compliance monitoring of the ESMPs.
Further, the said interventions in these different categories could have social
impacts such as benefit disparity. Therefore, caution need to be taken to ensure
inclusiveness of all the stakeholders irrespective of their influential status.
4.1.3 Anticipated issues, impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures
The environmental and social issues, impacts and risks discussed here is purely
from the perspectives of those potentially derived from project interventions,
particularly physical investments like irrigation and water management and the
marketing infrastructure.
As mentioned earlier, complex and environmental and social impact management
with heavy cost implications are not foreseen under the project. Each subproject
intervention will have its own minor and specific environmental and social impacts.
However, nothing is foreseen to be significant enough to alarm and complicate
ESMP management. Project sub-component 1A, irrigation and water management
will require environment clearance. For other interventions, the requirement for EC
can be determined from screening of the activity with a set of very preliminary
information. However, it is quite likely that many of these activities will not require
EC. Interventions can be implemented either with Dzongkhag/Geog administrative
29
approvals or clearances for the Right of Way (RoW) from the Department of Roads
(DoR) and other stakeholder agencies.
The environmental and social issues, impacts and risks with irrigation interventions
and potentially with the marketing infrastructures include; water use conflict,
depriving environmental flow in the natural drain, instigating soil erosion/landslide,
water resources drying up, removal and disturbance of trees and other forest
resources, disturbance to biodiversity habit and migration path, etc. Irrigation
infrastructure development could also involve land acquisition, equity and equality
issues in water distribution.
Land acquisition
Land space needed for this project primarily is for the irrigation subprojects and
potentially for the marketing infrastructures. Land occupation can be on two types
of land: state forest land/government reserved forest (GRF) and private registered
land. The government land occupation or usage for public purpose is permitted
when the Forestry Clearance is issued by the Department of Forest and Park
Services on assessing the impacts in accordance to the provisions of the Forest and
Nature Conservation Act 1995 and its Regulations.
For privately registered land, acquisition is possible in accordance to the Land Act
2007, Chapter 7 either through land substitution or cash payment or both as
compensation. In the rural communities, it is also possible to make internal
arrangements or agreements to voluntarily donate private land for community
benefit. All such social agreements need to be documented and recorded for
submission to the Competent Authority as part of the public consultation outcome
while obtaining environment clearance for any subproject activities.
Additionally, voluntary land contribution for rural community infrastructure, such as
farm roads and irrigation canals, is a common and long established practice in
Bhutan. World Bank financed projects, completed and ongoing, have followed the
same practice. Implementation experiences so far indicate that this practice is
generally accepted and practiced smoothly. It is expected that FSAPP, with its focus
and support to community infrastructures, will continue to follow the same practice
for its land needs. However, the following criteria and steps will be applied to any
land contribution under FSAPP:
The impacts of land contribution should be marginal (meaning that loss of
productive assets should be no more than 25% of the total owned by the
volunteer. Impacts do not result in displacement of households or cause severe
loss of a household's incomes and livelihoods.
Households making voluntary donations must be direct beneficiaries of the
project
Land donated should be free from any dispute over ownership, or any other
encumbrances.
Consultations with the donating households should be conducted in a free and
transparent manner.
30
An agreement in writing will be required for all land donation transactions
between the project owner and the landowner;
Transaction of the donation process will have to be properly documented;
Assets that remain in the hands of volunteers should not be rendered
economically unviable.
People donating lands to the sub-project schemes should be informed of the
procedures and entitlements laid out in the entitlement policy framework (See
Table 6).
In cases where land is to be acquired, a Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Plan
(LARP) will have to be prepared to guide sub-project planning and implementation
to deal the issue of land taking and possible impacts on structures as well as other
possible damages, such as tree or crop losses. The LARP lays out the objective,
principles to be followed, planning steps and possible approaches in addressing
such impacts under this project.
The objective of the LARP is to assist the affected households losing properties to
the project to restore and improve their livelihoods. To achieve this objective, the
following principles will be followed:
Minimize adverse impacts as much as possible, such as land taking and human
displacement;
Plan and implement necessary mitigation measures to address livelihood
impacts as a result of land-taking
Compensation will be paid at replacement cost and lack of title does not bar
affected households from resettlement benefits;
Consultations with and participation of the affected people should be
mainstreamed in the planning and implementation process;
Give special attention and adequate measures to assist the vulnerable
households;
Follow the prescribed planning procedures and criteria to make sure that land
donation is truly voluntary without any use of pressure or influence;
Put in place grievance and monitoring procedures.
Accordingly, an entitlement policy that is in line with the Land Act of Bhutan 2007
and World Bank OP 4.12 that covers direct livelihood impacts as a result of land
acquisition, will be prepared as part of the LARP. All population thus affected and
recorded in the impact inventory are eligible for and entitled to compensation
and/or livelihood assistance. This is regardless of their legal status, titled or non-
titled to the lands they are cultivating or occupying. Therefore the affected
population could include, but not limited to, property owners, people occupying land
in violation of the laws of RGoB, tenants with tenancy agreements, written or
unwritten. The matrix below outlines generic resettlement entitlements. This matrix
is developed on the basis of relevant government and World Bank policies as well
as anticipated impacts under the proposed programs. It is expected that the project
land needs will be marginal and are expected to be obtained through voluntary
donation by individual households or communities, as practiced in earlier World
Bank projects. However, in the unexpected cases where land donation cannot be
agreed upon and acquisition is required, the following provisions of compensation
and assistance will apply.
31
Table 6: Entitlement Policy Matrix
Type of Entitlement Entitlements
Impact Unit
Loss of Affected HHs Substitute lost lands or cash compensation as
private having per the Land Act of Bhutan 2007.
lands ownership Resettlement allowance in cash equivalent to the
certificate difference between compensation as per the
issued by the Land Act of Bhutan 2007 and full replacement
RGoB value as per current values in the same vicinity,
plus value of all land transaction fees and
charges.
Allotment of replacement land for families who
become landless after acquisition as per
provisions of the Land Act of Bhutan 2007
Affected Additional assistance to be identified most
Vulnerable HHs vulnerable groups to restore livelihoods.
Preferential treatment in employment in project
activities
Skill training and income generation support
Priority in Poverty reduction/social development
programs
Loss of Affected Cash compensation in line with Property
residential person/families Assessment and Valuation Agency (PAVA) Rates
structures To ensure compensation at replacement value,
rehabilitation assistance in cash equivalent to
cover depreciation over and above compensation
determined on the basis of PAVA rates.
Loss of cash Affected HHs Compensation for cash crops and trees
crops calculated as per the Land Act of Bhutan 2007.
2009 (revised rates), including non-title holders.
Loss of Affected Rehabilitation assistance for lost or diminished
income person/ livelihoods.
Families Preferential treatment1 in employment in project
activities
Skill training and income generation support
Priority consideration in poverty reduction/social
development programs
In the case of landless families who suffer partial
or total loss of livelihood, allotment of land free
of cost.
Loss of Affected Compensation for re-establishing or re-
Community institution/ constructing lost community resources such as
Resources community religious and cultural structures or providing
alternatives in consultation with affected
communities.
Temporary Affected Cash compensation/transition allowance
losses person/families
32
Loss due to Donor HHs Preferential employment in sub-project
voluntary2 construction work
land Priority consideration in project assistance
donation programs
Water Pollution, Water User Conflict and Use of Agrochemicals
Water is a scarce resource. As a result, in a fragile mountain ecosystem, water
resources management is often challenging. Multiple water users exist for one
perennial stream or even for spring waters and seasonal ponds. Assessment of
different water users and those with prior mutual agreements in distribution or
share of the water source is therefore essential to avoid post investment conflicts.
Water for agriculture purpose is second in priority following the need of water for
drinking and sanitation according to the Water Act, 2011.
Disparity in water distribution between the haves and have-nots and between the
influential/vocal and the voiceless is likely if prior public consultations do not
address the issue and/or have written agreements. The tendency of land holders
and vocal figures to dominate the others is particularly high in the remote rural
societies. The ESIA must assess this common social drawback and include
comprehensively the needs or concerns of the vulnerable groups in the ESMP and
hold the DoA/PMU and the local governments (Dzongkhag/Geog) responsible to
implement the equity and equality measures outlined in the ESMP.
FSAPP does not support activities that agrochemical-related interventions.
Therefore, water pollution with project supported agrochemicals is not an issue.
However, in the process of undertaking ESIA/IESE, assessment of agrochemical
consumption in the locality, especially the water source catchment areas and
putting in place preventive measures is important. Agrochemical not only affect the
environment but also has the potential to create human health hazards. As such, if
there are any sources of water pollution, it must be immediately brought to the
notice of the polluter or relevant authority to undertake immediate mitigation
measures. Water Act 2011 has 'polluter pays principles' to guide in making
necessary investments to mitigate the prevailing pollutions.
The FSAPP will not finance procurement and distribution of pesticides. In fact, the
project in increasing agriculture productivity and nutrition security will discourage
the use of agrochemicals but promote bio-fertilizers. The “Brand Bhutan Policy�?,
further is stringent on promoting organic farm produces.
2
Voluntary donation is accepted only if AP: (i) is subproject beneficiary and is fully consulted and informed about
rights; (ii) doesn’t fall below poverty line after land donation; (iii) donating up to 25% land holding; and (iv) freely
willing to donate (with an agreement, including a "no coercion" verified by a third party) the remaining land should
not be less than minimum size of plot or land as defined by Land Act of Bhutan 2007. No donation in case of impact
on structure unless the house owner has more than none house in the same village.
33
The use of agrochemical as such is very minimal in Bhutan. The earlier records of
fertilizers/pesticides consumption are evidential as presented in Table 3 in earlier
section.
If necessary to manage agrochemicals, the Waste Prevention and Management Act
2009 of Bhutan in Section 22 (d) designates the Ministry of Agriculture as the
implementing agency for ensuring waste prevention and management with respect
to agriculture sector, and the Water Act 2011 Section 55 (c) states, the NEC may
prescribe limitations to be observed within a water management area, iii) on
application or storage of any chemicals, including pesticides or fertilizers. A list of
permissible agrochemicals in Bhutan has been provided in Annex 5.
Promotion of green agriculture technologies(Bio-fertilizer& Compost)
Bio-fertilizers produced help in reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers.
Bhutanese traditionally collect leaf litters from the forest and retain hay for
producing manure by mixing with cattle dung. Individual households register areas
(Sokshing) for collection of leaf litters. The Land Act 2007 Chapter 11 specifically
makes references relating to availing Sokshing plots.
Besides leaf litters, agriculture residuals, kitchen wastes among others are also
stored in dug pits in the periphery of the fields. Animal dung and water is fed into
the pit to induce decay and fermentation of the leaves and wastes. The bio-manure
thus produced is later spread into the fields prior to ploughing or immediately after
ploughing to fertilize the soil.
Water Resources and Minimum Environmental Flows
Mountain water resources mainly dependent on seasonal precipitations and the
conditions of the catchment area requires ESIA/IESE to predict stability of the
source to avoid mishaps of water source drying up in a short span of the project
investment. A water resource drying up is notably perturbed or accelerated by
climate change and deforestation in the catchment areas.
Water Act, 2011 authorizes NEC to set the minimum environmental flow of water
resources and the Commission currently has set to maintain minimum 30%
environmental flow in the natural water course. This is applicable to all
developmental projects including hydroelectric plants and irrigation. Hence,
consideration of 30% minimum flow in the natural drain has to be secured besides
ensuring equal distribution of the water source to all the rightful users/consumers.
Soil erosion/landslide
Soil erosion/landslides in young Himalayas is common, natural and quite frequent.
Soil erosion often results also from manmade interventions, especially irrigation
channels that are very prone to soil erosions. Whether the soil erosions are
instigated by the monsoon, loose hill slopes and other foreign interventions, they
could affect the irrigation infrastructure. Water overflow due to excessive source
34
intake or blockage along the waterway could erode the downhill slope to wash away
the irrigation infrastructure itself. Soil erosion at the water source tapping point due
to water flow turbulence in monsoon, leading to malfunction of the irrigation
scheme is almost normal in mountainous terrains. Therefore, ESIA/IESE must
consider broad coverage of area stability study for irrigation infrastructure
subprojects. Area stability study is equally important for all other FSAPP physical
infrastructure interventions like micro irrigation scheme and the marketing storage
and outlet infrastructures.
Exploitation of forest resources and Impacts on Biodiversity
Leaf-litter for manure, farming tools like ploughs and bullock yoke, firewood are
always extracted from the nearby forests. Livestock grazing is normally open in the
forestland. Irrigation channels could enhance or open accessibility paths to virgin
forest resource areas for exploitation of endangered biodiversity species.
In reverse, irrigation channels and related infrastructure components could also
block and deprive accessibility passages that local people are always dependent on.
As such, the ESIA/IESE must assess all such potential impacts and put in place
corresponding mitigation measures. Education, awareness and path blockages could
also be some of the remedial measures that could be developed to prevent access
to unprecedented resources. Likewise, constructing alternative path ways to
existing routes blocked by the project intervention infrastructure are some
additional options for consideration.
Encouraging leasing Sokshing for Dry leaf litters and pastureland for grazing from
Department of Forest and Park Services (DoFPS) in accordance to provisions in
Chapter 10 & 11 of the Land Act, 2007 is an alternative option for the farmers to
continue practicing organic farming and livestock rearing.
During construction and more so during the post construction period, irrigation
subprojects in particular will lead to disturbances to biodiversity, habitats and their
movements. The impact will be more on movements of reptiles, insects and
amphibians. Assessment of such potential impacts and consideration of biodiversity
movement paths at interval spans along the irrigation channel length is strongly
recommended.
Conflict of interest, Diseases and Social Conflicts
Influential and vocal personalities could derail the project interventions in part or in
whole for example by diverting irrigation channels to either a totally new place or
by changing the alignment of the irrigation channel to suit their interests. Often,
flagging the challenges caused by the physical/topographical environment can help
justify the choices/options. Regardless, it is important for the ESIA to carefully
consider assessing all such social conflicts.
When the works/infrastructure procurement related to the project is on contract
and the contractors import workers, spread of diseases, commonly sexually
35
transmitted diseases and cultural conflicts are bound to arise. The ESMP must
strongly recommend maximum employment of local people during the construction
period. Employment of local people may be a little more costly in terms of direct
daily wage rates. However, the economic justification of not having to construct
labourers camp, manage electricity and water supply at the site or transport
workers from other places and not having to worry about their waste management
makes it cheaper to employ people from the project locality rather than bring in
outside workers.
Gender Related Impacts and Measures for Mainstreaming Gender Concerns
Owing to the socio-cultural practices such as inheritance of family land by women,
participation of women in agricultural works, planning and meetings; equal access
to productive resources and protection under the laws of the Kingdom, Bhutan
comparatively has good level of gender equality. The Constitution of Bhutan, Local
Government Act (2009), Labour and Employment Act (2007), and the Penal Code of
Bhutan gives equal opportunity to women in education, employment and decision-
making processes. However, disparity and abuse arises when it relates to job
opportunities at the construction sites or in terms of extracting benefits like
irrigated water.
Though the targeted project beneficiaries are the households, as the available
agricultural manpower is mostly women, a Gender and Vulnerable Community
Development Plan (GVCDP) is suggested for the following purposes:
1. Ensure participation of women during planning, implementation and
monitoring of sub-projects
2. Ensure gender-equitable benefits to the households, and
3. Create provision for gender differentiated monitoring and evaluation.
The objective of GVCDP is to mainstream gender-related actions in the ESIA, the
ESMPs and the overall implementation of project activities. As such, some of the
actions to be included in the GVCDP include:
Understanding of gender differences in the activities or sectors concerned;
Adopting gender-friendly, participatory consultations while selecting and
designing the various subprojects. Such consultations with the potential
beneficiaries, both male and female during project preparation and
implementation will enhance the project’s gender equity focus. The project’s
gender sensitivity will be increase by specifying women as direct project
beneficiaries along with men and recognizing women and men as equal actors
in achieving project goals. Already, for the entire project, it is anticipated that
at least 30 percent of the project beneficiaries will be women.
Adopting a participatory planning approach to provide both men and women
opportunities to identify their specific needs and priorities for selecting
community-based infrastructure. This opportunity will provide space for women
to identify and design supplementary investments in social infrastructure and
economic activities which, combined with social mobilization will enable them to
36
better access to markets and services they needed, thereby, reducing their
drudgery and saving their time to involve in economically productive activities.
Actions to empower women, economically and in decision-making by requiring
that women are represented in all exercises of project designing, planning,
implementation and monitoring. They should be represented with decision
making position in the entire project induced community structures (subproject
coordination/user committees, farmer groups, producer groups, irrigation user
committees, water user association and committees, etc) to increasing women’s
access to project management.
Promoting employment of women in construction work, especially as it relates
to irrigation facilities. Women can gain equal opportunities in project-related
investments and work with equal pay in construction sites, but gender
sensitization of project staff and contractors and special clauses in bidding
documents are necessary to promote their employment in infrastructure
projects.
Focusing on the social/community mobilization process to ensure women’s
overall participation by requiring irrigation and other user groups to comprise at
least 40% women members, supporting some women-only groups, and
providing gender sensitization training to all its members and leadership
training for women to support their active participation.
Support for mechanization at the farm level to reduce the burden of labour on
women.
Awareness raising for dietary diversity and nutrition - carried out through a
network of community resource persons, particularly women of reproductive
age who require additional nutrition awareness for their own health and to care
for their children;
Training and capacity building activities on gender for Community Resource
Persons and other project personnel at the central, Dzongkhags and Geog
levels.
Provision for monitoring and evaluation of gender differentiated impact and
participation.
Vulnerable Groups
Vulnerability is a multi-dimensional concept that needs to be defined within the
specific contexts. In the context of FSAPP, vulnerability refers to the affected
households and communities that have considerable difficulties in participating in
the development process due to a series of factors, including geographical,
economic, social and cultural. As it is often true elsewhere, Bhutan does not have
ethnic minority groups that can claim vulnerable or disadvantaged as a
consequence of their identity and ethnicity. Vulnerable households are often
determined and identified in terms of low income, small or no landholding, high
ratio of dependents, recurrent food deficit, and woman as family head due to
death/ illness of husband or divorce. Such households spread across different ethnic
groups and will need special attention to ensure that they benefit from the project
activities and are not adversely impacted. The following categories of people are
recognized as vulnerable households:
37
Poorest of the poor, irrespective of caste/ethnicity, gender and class( based
on local well being ranking)
Women headed poor households
Groups, if any, categorized by RGoB as being vulnerable
Community members who are less able to support themselves without family
and others supports
Landless, squatters and encroachers identified by local government bodies
with genuine reasons
Marginal land owners, landless or very small land holding, agricultural
labourers, and the disabled and elderly.
With regard to vulnerable groups, the purpose of the GVCDP is to guide subproject
planning and implementation to identify and address impacts on vulnerable
communities and make sure that they are consulted and benefit from the project.
The specific objectives of the GVCDP are to:
Ensure the participation of the affected vulnerable groups in the entire
process of preparation, implementation, and monitoring of the project
activities including specific sub-projects,
Guarantee that sub-project benefits will accrue to vulnerable households, and
any adverse impacts will be mitigated,
Principles to be followed and measures to be included in the GVCDP include:
Vulnerable households will be identified during the social screening process
undertaken at an early stage in all sub-projects to identify vulnerable
households and assess any adverse impacts on them and also identify
potential opportunities for their social and economic betterment;
Project information will be shared with the vulnerable households through
free, prior and informed consultations and their inputs would be sought
during project planning and implementation
Mechanisms will be designed to ensure their full participation in the project
planning and implementation process;
Adverse impacts will be avoided as much as possible on vulnerable
households.
38
4.1.4 Potential mitigation measures for identified impacts and risks
Potential environment and social mitigation options against the anticipated impacts of each FSAPP project
intervention are given below in Table 7.
Table 7: Potential mitigation measures against identified impacts & risks
Project Identified impacts Environmental mitigation Social mitigation
Interventions
Support to · Tree cutting/ Forestry · Prevent deforestation in the catchment · Education, awareness,
irrigation Clearance/ areas, Avoid protected area, Plantation. consultations and
channel · Exploitation of forest · Lease Sokshing for Dry leaf litters and accessibility control. Private
construction resources. pastureland for grazing in accordance to land acquisition in
provisions in Chapter 10 & 11 of the accordance to the Land Act
Land Act, 2007. 2007, Chapter 7.
· Water pollution with · Identify agrochemical in the catchment
agrochemicals. areas and bring to the notice of the
polluter and/or relevant authority
· Over extraction of water · Maintain minimum 30% environmental
/water resources drying flow in the natural water course.
up.
· Study stability of the source to avoid
mishaps of water source in a short span
of the project investment.
· Soil erosion/landslide. · Study stability of the area.
· Biodiversity movement · Dev. biodiversity movement paths at
disturbances. interval spans along the irrigation
channels.
· Water user conflict. · Identify water users and set prior mutual
agreements.
39
Project Identified impacts Environmental mitigation Social mitigation
Interventions
· Equity and equality in
water distribution. · Inclusion of needs or
expressions of the
· Conflict of interest. vulnerable groups in the
ESMP for implement.
· Diseases and social
conflict. · Ensure participation of
women in planning, and
· Gender disparity. decision making of
subprojects.
· Vulnerable group · Highlight special needs of
discrimination. the vulnerable groups and
implement measures to
· Land acquisition. address those needs.
· Address conflict of interest
in ESMP.
· Maximum employment of
local people.
Micro irrigation · Water user conflict · Identify water users and set prior mutual · Education, awareness and
schemes (drip, agreements. accessibility control.
/ sprinklers for · Consultations with women
vegetables, · Water pollution · Identify agrochemical in the catchment and other vulnerable groups
citrus and areas and bring to the notice of the during the entire project
cardamom) polluter and/or relevant authority cycle
· Water resources drying · Maintain minimum 30% environmental
up. flow in the natural water course.
· Prevent deforestation in the catchment
areas.
40
Project Identified impacts Environmental mitigation Social mitigation
Interventions
· Equity and equality in · Inclusion of needs or
water distribution expressions of the
vulnerable groups in the
· Conflict of interest. ESMP for implement.
· Diseases and social
conflict. · Address conflict of interest
· Gender disparity in ESMP.
· Vulnerable group · Maximum employment of
discrimination local people.
· Ensure participation of
women in planning, and
decision making of
subprojects.
· Highlight special needs of
the vulnerable groups and
implement.
Agriculture · Land acquisition · Forestry Clearance. · Education, awareness and
diversification · Water user conflict · Private land acquisition. accessibility control.
· Water pollution · Identify water users and set prior mutual · Inclusion of needs or
· Minimum environmental agreements. expressions of the
flow · Identify use of agrochemical and possible vulnerable groups in the
· Water resources drying water pollution and bring to the notice of ESMP for implement.
up. the polluter and/or relevant authority · Address conflict of interest
· Equity and equality in · Maintain minimum 30% environmental in ESMP.
resources distribution flow in the natural water course. · Maximum employment of
· Conflict of interest. · Study stability of the source to avoid local people.
· Diseases and social mishaps of water source in a short span · Ensure participation of
conflict of the project investment. women in planning, and
· Gender disparity · Prevent deforestation in the catchment decision making of
· Vulnerable group areas. subprojects.
discrimination · Study stability of the area. · Highlight special needs of
the vulnerable groups and
implement.
41
4.1.5 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
During the implementation of FSAPP, a full scale Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) may be required if the DoA plans to implement a large scale
irrigation scheme. According to EC Regulation, Section 17, a full blown ESIA is
necessary for activities; i) falling within the boundary of a protected area, ii) within
50 meters distance of a public park, human dwelling, hospital, school or a sacred
landscape or site, and iii) any other sensitive area designated by the Secretariat.
The suggested outline for an ESIA process and report has been provided in Annex 7
4.2 Obtaining Environmental Clearance (EC)
While processing the EC, the EAA, 2000 has designated the National Environment
Commission Secretariat (NECS) as the apex institution for issuance of the EC to all
developmental activities/projects within the Kingdom. The mandated ESIA/IESE
and the EC also takes into consideration all the social issues.
Competent Authorities (CA) are designated in relevant line agencies and updated
periodically as provided for in Annex 2 of the EC Regulations, 2002. List of activities
are outlined under each CA for them to review ESIA/ESIE reports and issue EC. The
DoA is the CA for; a) irrigation channels, and b) activities related to agriculture
research and development. However, in accordance to Section 37 of the EAA, 2000,
when the EC applicant is the CA, NECS will assume the role of the CA to issue EC.
The CA cannot issue EC to itself. In fact, the NECS will be the CA to issue EC for: all
the activities not listed under any of the designated CAs; not listed under the list of
activities not requiring EC; and when the designated CA is not able to make
decisions on an EC application/project proposal.
There is Dzongkhag Environment Committee (DEC) in all the 20 Dzongkhags which
is also a designated CA.
In case of the FSAPP project activities, except for irrigation subproject activity,
where DoA will be the CA, other activities requiring EC from screening could be
cleared by the respective DEC. As such, the beneficiary Geog Administration with
technical backstopping from the Project Management Unit (PMU) and Renewable
Natural Resources (RNR) Sector shall be the EC applicant/project proponent for
such activities. The PMU located at the DoA headquarters cannot be the EC
applicant for irrigation subproject activities, but it can be the applicant for activities
where DEC or NECS will be the CA.
42
Figure 3: An EC application processing flow diagram
Identify the project activity
No
Implement Screening for need of EC
Yes
Assess potential
Yes E&S impacts (IESE)
Formulate
corresponding ESMP
No
Apply for EC to CA
4.3 Implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
The main expected output of an ESIA/IESE is an ESMP that also includes a
monitoring plan and also an appropriate budget outlines for implementation of the
ESMP. The ESMP will provide the reference guide to implement all the mitigation
measures against the negative impacts of the project interventions. A list of
potential mitigation measures against some of the potential negative social and
environmental impacts has already been provided in table 7 in earlier section.
43
5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS, MONITORING AND CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
The project will be implemented by the Department of Agriculture. An independent
Project Management Unit (PMU) within the DoA, MoAF will be established that will,
among other things, be responsible for implementation and monitoring of the ESMF.
The PMU will assign an Environmental and Social Focal Person (ESFP) who will be
responsible for implementing and monitoring the ESMF, more specifically, guiding
and overseeing environmental and social compliance by the workers, contractors,
local government and the PMU officials.
5.1 Responsibilities for undertaking ESS/IESE and processing EC
DoA (PMU)/Beneficiary Geog –Beneficiary geog of a subproject activity with
technical support from the Geog/Dzongkhag RNR Sector and the PMU shall be
responsible for undertaking the screening, scoping (including formulation of draft
ToR), baseline data collection, conducting ESS/ESIA/IESE, and preparing the
management plans, including the ESMP. The PMU/Geog Administration as EC
applicant will submit EC application with the report to the DEC for review and
actions for the way forward. If necessary, the PMU/beneficiary Geog/Dzongkhag will
hire consultants to conduct ESIA/IESE.
DEC – The DEC for activities not under its CA jurisdiction will review initially the
ToR and later the ESIA/IESE report for its completeness in terms of documentation
and forward the ToR/report to the relevant CA with its comments/observations and
recommendations. If the activity is within the competency of the DEC, the DEC will
first review and approve the ToR for the ESIA/IESE exercise. On receipt of the
appropriate report, the DEC will review and scrutinize the information provided in
the report and ask additional information, if required. When the information is
complete and satisfactory, the EC will be issued with a set of Terms and Conditions.
The proposal/application also can be rejected if the information is incomplete, not
satisfactory or if irreversible impacts are foreseen. When there is no designated CA,
the DEC will forward the ToR/report to the NECS.
CA – When the ToR and the ESIA/IESE report are forwarded to the relevant CA by
the DEC, the CA will exercise the same procedure as mentioned above for the DEC.
When the CA is not able to make decisions on an application/proposal, the proposal
will be forwarded to the NECS. For FSAPP activities, the DEC or the DoA will review,
scrutinize and ask additional information or issue EC when it is satisfied with the
information in the report or from the additional information acquired from the
applicant. In case the subproject activity issues are complex and beyond the
capacity of the CA to review or make decisions, the report will be forwarded to the
NECS with observation report and recommendations.
NECS – When the cases are referred by the CAs to the NECS, the NECS will assume
the role of CA to review, scrutinize and make decisions to issue EC or reject the
proposal/application.
44
Key responsibilities for implementation of an ESMF, ESIA and ESMP is outlined in
Table 8.
Table 8: Key responsibilities for sub-project implementation
Project Department of Agriculture Sub-project Applicant Dzongkhag
Phase / Geog
Inform and advise applicants and Assess any potential safeguard issues
other stakeholders of the ESMF early in the preparation process,
procedures. including screening for the presence of
Planning and
Review Letter of Interest and local peoples.
Screening
screen for potential safeguard Describe potential safeguard issues in
issues, and advise applicants the Letter of Interest.
regarding the nature and content
of the safeguard documents and
measures to be prepared. Undertake safeguard required
processes, such as consultations with
Advise applicants on safeguard local communities, environmental
issues, as needed review, and social assessment.
Review sub-project proposal for Submit sub-project proposal with
safeguard impacts and social risks. safeguard measures and documents
Assess the adequacy and feasibility (e.g. social assessment,
of the safeguard assessment and environmental review), if required, to
consultation process, if needed, the competent authority (DoA).
Review and approval of sub-projects
request further steps.
If requested by DoA, take additional
Assess the adequacy and feasibility steps to meet ESMF and safeguard
of the safeguard measures and policy provisions. Re-submit proposal
documents, if needed, request with revised safeguard measures and
appropriate changes to these and documents, as needed.
re-assess prior to final approval.
If local peoples are affected,
ascertain that they have provided
their free, prior and informed
consent to sub-project activities
affecting them. Sub-projects
affecting local peoples cannot be
approved without such agreement.
Assess the capacity of the
applicant to implement safeguard
measures.
If applicable, publicly disclose
safeguard related information on
the web after sub-project
approval.
45
Supervise and review Disclose final safeguard documents if
environmental and social any, to affected communities.
safeguard documents and issues
during sub-project Monitor and document the
implementation. If needed, implementation of safeguard
Implementation
request changes to safeguard measures. When local peoples are
measures and/or implementation affected, include them in participatory
of these. monitoring and evaluation exercises.
Review and approve Plan of Prepare Plan of Actions for sub-
Actions that are required to be projects restricting access to natural
prepared during implementation of resources (as per the PF prepared).
sub-projects restricting access to Monitor and document implementation
natural resources (as will be of these plans.
described in the PF for sub-
projects with potential impacts
from such restrictions).
Ensure inclusion and review of Evaluate the implementation and
environmental and social outcomes of safeguard measures.
safeguard issues and outcomes in When local peoples are affected,
mid-term and final sub-project include them in participatory
Monitoring
evaluation and reporting, including evaluation exercises.
concerning any lessons learned. The affected people will best know the
impacts and the mitigation measures
undertaken. Therefore, the evaluation
of the impacts and mitigation
measures has to start from the
affected societies conducted by
external evaluators.
5.2 Monitoring
The ESMF requires regular supervision and monitoring of the impact of the project
on the environment and social aspects. The project will plan and implement the
following environmental monitoring programs to ensure environmental and social
sustainability of livelihood programs: (i) compliance monitoring; (ii) quarterly
progress monitoring; and (iii) third party environmental review/audit. The
arrangements for supervision and monitoring include appointment/designating of
an Environment and Social Focal Points at the PMU and vesting all the environment
and social safeguards supervision and regular monitoring requirements at
respective sites. Dzongkhag Environmental Officer will carry out periodical
compliance monitoring. The NECS officials are expected to conduct adhoc/surprise
monitoring.
5.3 Capacity Building
The Project implementing team (PMU, Dzongkhags and Geog agriculture officers,
Dzongkhag and Geog engineers and RNRRDC’s engineers) have to have awareness,
sensitization and skill regarding environmental and social aspects of the project for
necessary sub-project planning and implementation. For sustainability of the
46
project benefits, implementation smoothness of the environmental principles and
social safeguards, the implementers need adequate capacity building. As such, an
awareness and capacity building training is proposed to be undertaken at the
beginning of the project commencement.
The Project implementing team (PMU, Dzongkhags and Geog agriculture officers,
Dzongkhag and Geog engineers and RNRRDC’s engineers) have to have awareness,
sensitization and skill regarding environmental and social aspects of the project for
necessary sub-project planning and implementation. Therefore for sustainably
implementation in line with environmental principles and social safeguards, the
implementers need capacity building. Such an awareness and capacity building is
proposed to be undertaken at the beginning of the project commencement.
The objectives of capacity building are:
To orient MoAF officials, PMU officials, RNRRDC’s, Dzongkhags and Geogs
officials (implementers) regarding ESMF and its requirements and
procedures.
To impart knowledge and skills and strengthen capacity of the PMU,
RNRRDC’s, Dzongkhags and Geogs officials to enable them to integrate
sound environmental and social management into the sub-projects.
Training Resources, Trainees and Budget
It is essential that the WB/PMU contracts resource persons (environmental and
social experts) that would deliver the training in line with the project ESMF. The
likely participants along with the likely numbers of trainees are the followings:
1. MoAF officials (from DoA, including engineering division and DAMC including
Dzongkhag Marketing focal persons) – 13 persons
2. PMU officials – 3 persons
3. RNRRDC officials – 9 persons
4. Dzongkhag Agriculture officers including assistants – 10 persons
5. Dzongkhag engineers – 10 persons
6. Geog agriculture extension officers – 24 persons
7. Geog engineers – 24 persons
It is proposed to deliver the training in batches of 6 in different venues: one at
Thimphu for MoAF, PMU and RNRRDC officials, and five others in each Dzongkhag
(for Dzongkhag and Geog officials). Training at districts are proposed to minimise
travel time for the trainees and also to reduce the cost on training. The details of
the proposed training program are as follows:
1. Orientation to ESMF including mitigation plans
2. Preparation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental
social management plan (ESMP)
3. Environmental clearance procedure
4. ESMP implementation
47
The estimated costs for the training are presented in table 9. It includes the costs
for hiring the environmental and social experts (trainers), costs for hiring training
halls, costs for training materials and daily subsistence allowances to the trainees.
Table 9: Proposed Budget for Capacity Building on ESMF
Training Type Training Total No. of Indicative Total
duration training participant unit costs Costs in
for each duration in BTN BTN
batch for all
(Days) batches
(Days)
Hiring of Total duration of 22 10,000 per 440,000
trainers days for each including day for
(environmental travel time to the each
and social Dzongkhags
experts – 2
persons)
Training 50,000 50,000
materials
Logistical 15,000 170,000
support
(training halls
and travel)
Orientation to 0.5 3 93
ESMF
Preparation of 0.5 3 93
EIA and ESMP 8,000 744000
Environmental 0.5 3 93
clearance
procedure
ESMP 0.5 3 93
Implementation
Total 1,404,000
6. CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
6.1 Consultations
During project preparation, a series of consultations were held with important
stakeholders, including government institutions, NGOs, private firms, and youths
both at the local and central levels. During project implementation, a qualitative
assessment will also be carried out to understand the aspirations of women and
men of various age groups. In addition, the PMU will develop a communication and
information dissemination strategy to inform youths about the project. All publicity
48
materials will indicate that the project is a pilot, and based on its success, there is
potential for project funding to be extended to other Dzongkhags in subsequent
phases. With regards to disclosure, the ESMF will be cleared by the Bank and
disclosed in the Bank’s Info shop and also locally with translation of the executive
summary into Dzongkha.
6.2 Information Disclosure
The government (Ministry of Agriculture and Forests) shall disclose the ESMF on its
website. The executive summary has been translated into national language
(Dzongkha) and has been uploaded in the MoAF’s website. If the document is
revised, the revised version shall be uploaded.
The World Bank shall disclose the ESMF at the Infoshop.
6.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
The GRM for the project is based on Bhutan’s existing dispute resolution
mechanisms, both formal and informal, that relies on mediation and public hearing
managed by local authorities. In addition, a Grievance Redress Committee will be
established within the PMU comprising representatives from the MoAF and PAN to
receive complaints unresolved through the traditional mechanism. Besides the
national system, there is also the option to seek redress through the World Bank’s
Grievance Redress System and the Inspection Panel.
DoA/PMU’s representative, Geog Engineer/Agriculture Extension Officer will be
responsible for day-to-day supervision of contractor’s environmental compliance.
The PMU and the Bank will monitor periodically. When there are complaints, the
DoA/PMU site supervisor together with the representative of the contractors will
investigate the issues and agree on the corrective actions if necessary. The team
will then follow up and document the corrective actions until the cases are
completely resolved.
Construction supervisors will certify the environmental mitigation measures carried
out by the Contractors in monthly payment request. The PMU/DoA makes the
payment and can apply bonus/fines in accordance with the compliance framework.
The local community lead by the Chiog Tshogpa will be encouraged to participate in
daily monitoring of contractor’s environmental compliance. Communities can make
complaints to the contractor’s site Engineer, local authority or PMU representative
or via telephone directly to the PMU. The PMU will coordinate with relevant parties
to address the complaints.
49
7. ANNEXURES
Annex 1: Environmental and Social Screening of activities
1. Project Description
Sub-project Name:
Name of the Applicant:
Sub-project Location3: …..
Village………….; Geog ………….; and Dzongkhag……………..
2. ELIGIBILITY SCREENING
Comments/
No. Screening Questions Yes No
Explanation
Would the project activity be?
1. Located or disturb a land area located
within 5 kilometers from any primary
forest, protected areas, national parks,
nature reserve, specialised forest, areas
biologically importance?
2 Located or disturb areas of critical natural
habitats, breeding ground of known
rare/endangered species?
3 Disturb areas having landscape or
historical values?
4 Require relocation of any known physical
cultural resources such as
A Lhakhangs, Chortens, Mani Dungkors
B Duthrues (Cremation grounds)
C Statues, monuments, historical sites,
D Community cultural centre
buildings, sacred trees or objects
E having spiritual values to local
communities
* If all answers are “No�?, project activity is eligible and move to Part 3
* If at least one question answered as “yes�?, the project activity is ineligible and
will be excluded from FSAPP. PMU/DoA can reselect the site of project activity and
do screening again.
3
Attach: i) Topographical map 1:50,000, Google Image and sketch of the subproject area
surroundings (at least 0.5 km around) with subproject location and environmental features,
and ii) photographs of the environmental sensitive sites.
50
3. Environmental Issues and Concerns
Potential environmental risks. Will the sub-project and/ or its Yes/No
activity likely to affect or be affected by the following.
2.1 Would the proposed subproject result in the conversion or
degradation of natural habitat or biodiversity corridor or a critical
wildlife habitat?
2.2 Does the subproject pass through or impact any known route of
wildlife or wild bird movement?
2.3 Would the proposed subprojects pose a risk of introducing
invasive alien species?
2.4Would the proposed subproject pose risk that lead degrading soil,
landslides and erosion prone areas?
2.5Does the project involve natural/primary forest harvesting or
plantation development?
2.6Would the proposed subproject be susceptible to or lead to
increased vulnerability to earthquakes, flood/river cutting, flooding to
low lying area?
2.7Does the subproject pose risk to drying of water source/water
bodies such as pond, Lakes, springs, drinking water sources?
2.8 Does the subproject pose risk of disaster (such as from channel
break, or from fire, or from landslides)?
2.9 Will the proposed subproject involve the application of pesticides
that have a known negative effect on the environment or human
health?
2.10Is the proposed subproject likely to significantly affect the
historical/religious/cultural sites?
2.11Will the proposed subproject significantly pose risk to
aesthetically important places/landscapes
2.12Does the scheme's implementation increase the possibility of
groundwater pollution?
2.13Does the scheme will generate any waste?
2.14Is there any waste management plan for the scheme if it
generates waste? (please include the waste management plan)
2.15 Is there any chance of increase public health problem by
throwing waste into open water bodies?
2.16Will the proposed subproject result in increased health risks as a
result of air and dust pollution in the project/subproject area?
2.17Is there any chance of tree cutting by the implementation of the
scheme? (if yes than please specify the number of three cutting)
4. Social Issues and Concerns
Potential social risks and benefits. Will the sub-project and/ Yes/No
or its activity likely to affect or be affected by the following.
3.1 Will the proposed subprojects have adverse social impact on
vulnerable youths?
3.2 Is the proposed subproject likely to directly or indirectly increase
social inequalities now or in the future?
3.3 Is the proposed subproject likely to negatively affect the income
51
levels or employment opportunities of vulnerable youths?
3.4Does the enterprise have representatives from vulnerable youths
in managerial/staff/decision-making levels?
3.5 Is the proposed subproject likely to increase gender inequality?
3.6 Would the proposed subproject exclude women in employment
opportunities?
3.7Does the enterprise have women in managerial/staff/decision-
making levels?
3.8Does the sub-project seek to benefit/provide employment
opportunities for women and others from vulnerable youths?
3.9 Does the subproject need to acquire lands, houses or other
properties of the people for its improvement?
3.10 Would the proposed sub project result in substantial voluntary
or involuntary resettlement of populations?
3.11 Does the subproject implementation lead to loss of agriculture
lands, private property and local community infrastructures?
3.12Would the proposed subproject lead to displacement of poor
households and deprive their traditional rights on land and natural
resources?
3.13Is the proposed subproject likely to significantly affect land
tenure arrangements and/or traditional cultural ownership patterns?
3.14 Does the sub-project have adequate and effective strategy for
consultation and information dissemination?
Negative Impacts
For any negative impacts identified Suggest Mitigation Measures
above, please summarize the
impacts:
Positive Impacts
For any positive impacts identified Suggest Enhancement Measures
above, please summarize the
impacts:
52
8. Suggested Environmental and Social Code of Practices
Please provide a list of environmental and social code of practices for
enhancement of environmental and social benefits:
53
Annex 2: Suggested List of ECoPs for Category 2 Interventions
Project Environmental Code of Practices -ECoPs
Interventions (
Micro irrigation Do not overdraw water from the original gully. Leave minimum
schemes (drip, / 30% environment flow.
sprinklers for Construct proper outlet drain from the field to prevent overflow and
seepage water from the field disturbing neighbouring fields and
vegetables,
environment down the slope.
citrus and
Do not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the garden/field
cardamom)
where micro irrigation is to be applied.
Ensure there is equal distribution of micro irrigation goods &
facilities to the rightful and deserving beneficiaries.
Agriculture Ensure researched and correct agriculture diversification
diversification supported.
Ensure agriculture varieties are species which are productive,
nutritious and market friendly.
Ensure species are climate and draught resistant.
Ensure equity and equality in distribution of seeds and facilities.
Ensure, project support is not influential interest driven.
Electric fencing The fencing should be risk free to lives of human and animals. It
(wildlife should only scare away the wildlife.
mitigation) For sustainability, the infrastructure should not be too dependent
on imported raw materials.
Electric fencing should not instigate social conflict in the society.
The fencing should ensure to maximise beneficiary, in the sense
the fencing should cover as many beneficiaries as possible.
Ensure equity and equality distribution of materials and facilities to
the rightful beneficiaries.
Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
use of bio- Project should not support chemical fertilizer distribution.
fertilizers to Concentrate in capacity of farmers to produce bio-fertilizers for
improve soil replication & knowledge sharing in other societies.
Ensure equity and equality distribution of materials and facilities to
fertility
the rightful beneficiaries.
Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
Green house The Greenhouse technology for sustainability should not be too
technologies dependent on imported raw materials.
The project should focus on capacity building for replication &
knowledge sharing in other societies.
Ensure equity and equality distribution of materials and facilities to
the rightful beneficiaries.
Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
Provide small For sustainability, the farmers also should be trained in operation
farm machineries and maintenance of the machineries.
Capacity building must include understanding of negative impacts
54
(power tillers, of rampant disposal of oil, lubricants, plastic & metallic
mini threshers, components, especially batteries.
reapers, ridgers, Educate in control of noise, dust gaseous pollutions.
Ensure equity and equality distribution of machineries and facilities
and weeders)
to the rightful beneficiaries.
Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
Support value For sustainability, the farmers also should be trained in operation
addition (drying and maintenance of the facilities.
technologies, Capacity building must include understanding of negative impacts
zero energy of rampant disposal of oil, lubricants, plastic & metallic
components, especially batteries.
cooling
Educate in control of noise, dust gaseous pollutions.
chambers, and
Ensure equity and equality distribution of machineries and facilities
weighing to the rightful beneficiaries.
facilities) Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
Piloting model Ensure land acquisition is either on government land or voluntary
farm shops contribution. Project will not support private land acquisition.
For sustainability, the farmers also should be made responsible for
operation and maintenance of farm shops.
Capacity building must include understanding of negative impacts
of rampant disposal of solid wastes, oil, lubricants, plastic &
metallic components, especially hazardous wastes like batteries
and train them in management of wastes.
Educate in control of noise, dust gaseous pollutions.
Also, educate them in disaster risks like fire, soil
erosion/landslides, windstorm, earthquake and roadside accidents.
Ensure equity and equality distribution of plots, raw materials &
facilities to the rightful beneficiaries.
Avoid influential interest driven support of the project.
55
Annex 3: Format: Safeguard Eligibility and Initial Environmental and
Social Examination
(Category 3 Sub-Projects)
PART 1: BASIC INFORMATION
1 Subproject name
2 Type of construction: New activityRehabilitate �?
Project location:
Chiog/Village :
3
Geog :
Dzongkhag :
4 Design Parameters
(area/length)
5 Preparation period
6 Construction
7 Project completion and operation
8 Is construction carried out in
rainy season?
9 Acquired land area Permanently Within ROW
10 Total investment capital
(Move to Part 2 after filling in all information in the table above)
PART 2: ELIGIBILITY SCREENING
Comments/
No. Screening Questions Yes No
Explanation
Would the project activity be?
1. Located or disturb a land area located
within 5 kilometers from any primary
forest, protected areas, national parks,
nature reserve, specialised forest, areas
biologically importance?
2 Located or disturb areas of critical natural
habitats, breeding ground of known
rare/endangered species?
3 Disturb areas having landscape or
historical values?
4 Require relocation of any known physical
cultural resources such as
A Lhakhangs, Chortens, Mani Dungkors
B Duthrues (Cremation grounds)
C Statues, monuments, historical sites,
D Community cultural centre
56
Comments/
No. Screening Questions Yes No
Explanation
buildings, sacred trees or objects
E having spiritual values to local
communities
* If all answers are “No�?, project activity is eligible and move to Part 3
* If at least one question answered as “yes�?, the project activity is ineligible and
will be excluded from FSAPP. PMU/DoA can reselect the site of project activity and
do screening again.
PART 3: IMPACTS ASSESSMENT
Answer the questions below and follow the guidance to describe the potential
impacts
No.
Yes No Description of the potential impacts
S
1.PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Will the project (the texts below are guidance)
activity..?
1.1 Require Land (Guidance: provide the information below)
acquisition for Total land areas to be acquired:
construction and or Permanently: - Temporarily:
worker’s camp, In which:
construction public land: Private land:
materials loading and
storage, etc.
1.2 Loss or damages to (Guidance: provide the information below)
trees and existing number of trees to be cut down:
vegetation cover due Total land area of vegetation cover removed:
to site clearance,
machinery operation
or disposal of
excavated materials?
57
No.
Yes No Description of the potential impacts
S
2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
2.1 Disturb vegetation observe the area and describe where existing
cover or damage vegetation cover, trees will be affected
trees at during construction phase:
construction sites,
along ROW or
other areas
disturbed during
construction phase
2.2 Cause increased Identify source of dust and noise: loose
level of dust and construction materials, soil, sand blown by
noise? wind.
Assess Level of impacts depends on weather
(wet/dry), number and distance of houses
from sites.
2.3 Generate smoke Identify possible sources: fuel burning ,
and smell vehicle exhausts, toilets, domestic wastes
(cause pollution, from camp kitchen
health impacts) Assess level of impact: consider duration,
intensity of smoke/smell taking into account
wind directions
2.4 Cause ground Identify sources: ground compaction
vibration (roadwork’s, storage, drilling)
(cause nuisance to Level of impacts: intensity of compaction,
community, and strength of existing infrastructure
damages to weak
existing objects
and infrastructure)
2.5 Pollution of soil Identify sources of waste and wastewater
and water sources generation, such as construction site, worker
(from waste and camps and quantify the waste/wastewater
wastewater for assessing the level of impact, taking into
generation, account the distance from source to receptor
excavated soil, (e.g. water bodies).
acid sulphate soil, Leakage of oil stored at the site may also
construction, cause soil and water pollution
packaging
materials,
domestic and
sewerage wastes
generated by the
workers)
58
No.
Yes No Description of the potential impacts
S
2.6 Localised flooding Localised flooding may occur if
related to existing/natural drainage path is blocked or
disturbance to disrupted.
existing drains, consider the issues at construction sites,
changes in ground camps, borrow pits, quarries and disposal
elevation etc. sites.
If materials are bought from existing licensed
borrow pits and quarries, the issues would
not be considered in the project
2.7 Sedimentation in
areas next to
Loose construction materials and excavated
construction site
soil may be blown by wind or washed away
as surface runoff
by surface water runoff and cause
wash away loose
sedimentation in existing drains
materials from
construction sites?
2.8 Damage or If not avoided, some project activities (road
interrupt rehabilitation, construction of large storage
operations of facility) sited in areas where power line,
existing irrigation canals, drains, roads, etc. exist,
infrastructure they may be affected or cause blockage
(drain, powerline,
roads, etc.)
2.9 Cause loss or If not avoided, some activities (road
damage to physical rehabilitation, construction of large storage
cultural resources, facility, etc.) may cause loss or damages to
such as cremation physical cultural resources such as temples,
sites, historical chortens, mani dungkors, Neys, sacred trees,
objects/structures, etc.
temples, religious Construction activities may also cause dust,
sites (Ney), sacred noise, visual impacts to these sites.
trees, objects of
spiritual important
to communities,
etc.
2.10 Disturb farming If construction takes place agriculture area,
activities due to construction materials, waste, wastewater
the presence of and surface runoff from construction sites,
workers and camps may enter rice or plantation nearby
machineries at the disturbed areas and cause loss or harm to
site, damages to plants, trees
crops: The presence and movement of machinery,
construction materials, workers may disrupt
access to or affect farming activities
59
No.
Yes No Description of the potential impacts
S
2.11 Social disturbance Dust, noise, vibration from construction or
due to construction interactions between workers with local
activities and the people may cause nuisance and conflict
presence of between the workers and local community.
workers in the In some cases, workers may also involved in
project area “social evils�? in the project areas such as
gambling, drinking, drugging, etc. to have
bad impacts on local people, particularly
where ethnic minority groups present.
2.12 Safety and health There are some safety risks for workers
risks for workers related to transportation and loading of
(loading and construction materials, working high above
unloading of the ground or in canals where slops are
construction unstable, machinery operations, electrical
materials, uses for office, camp and construction
excavated areas,
fuel storage and
usage, electrical
use, machinery
operations etc,
adequacy of
accommodation
etc.)
2.13 Safety risks for If local people presence at or near
community construction site, they would be exposed to
(related to loading safety risks related to construction
and unloading of
construction
materials,
excavated areas,
fuel storage and
usage, electrical
use, machinery
operations etc,
adequacy of
accommodation
etc.)
2.14 Disturb traffic Rehabilitation of access road to farms may
and/or cause disrupt traffic.
traffic safety risks Transportation of construction materials and
wastes, temporary loading of materials in
other subprojects may also disrupt traffic
and/or cause traffic safety risks
2.15 Others (specify) Identify and describe site-specific and type-
specific issues, concerns, risks, potential
60
No.
Yes No Description of the potential impacts
S
impacts
3. OPERATION PHASE
3.1 Cause dust, noise Dust and noise along access roads
during operation
phase (e.g. from
pumps)
3.2 Safety risks for (considers those related to electrical poles,
community falling into canals, traffic safety etc)
3.3 Water pollution?
Others impacts
(specify)
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Environme Mitigation/ Implementati Monitoring Cost Responsibilit
ntal enhanceme on Schedule Plan y
issues/pro nt (timing/
blems measures/E frequency)
SCoPs
Environmental and Social Competent Authority for the subproject is
Screening prepared by: NEC or PPD MoAF, or
.......................................................
Name: Reviewed and endorsed by (PMU):
Signature Name:
Date Signature:
Approved by (Competent Date:
authority):
Name and organization
Signature:
Date:
61
Annex 4: Format: Environmental Compliance Monitoring Form
Project Activity/Contract package:
Monitoring Officer:
Name: Mobile phone number email
Date reporting:
Description of Mitigation Evaluation
Measures implemented 1=good;
Environmental issues 0 =
acceptable;
-1 = bad
1 Dust, smoke
2 Noise, vibration
3 Disturb vegetation cover,
cut trees
4 Waste generation
5 Water pollution
6 Localised flooding
7 Traffic disturbance
8 Public health and safety
9 Damages or disrupt
operations of existing
infrastructure
10 Disturb Socio economic
activities
11 Social impacts related to
mobilisation of workers
to the site
12 Impacts on physical
cultural objects
Others (specify)
Signature
(Consultant / PMU or Dzongkhas / Geogs)
Name and Designation
62
Annex 5: List of Permissible Pesticides in Bhutan
Insecticide
1. Chlopyrifos 20 EC
2. Cypermethrin 10E
3. Dimethoate 30EC
4. Fevelerate 0.4D
5. Malathion 5D
6. Malathion 50 EC
Fungicide
1. Carboxin 75WP
2. Captan 50WP
3. Carbendazin 50WP
4. Copper Oxychloride 50WP
5. Hexaconazole 5EC
6. Mancozeb 75WP
7. Metalaxyl 8%
8. Propiconazole 25 EC
9. Sulfur 80WP
10. Tricylazole 25 WP
Herbicide
1. Glyphossate 41 SL
2. Metribuzin 70WP
Rodenticides
1. Zinc Phosphate 80W/W
Acaricides
1. Dicofol 18.5 EC
Non Toxic
1. Sticker/spreader (sandovit)
2. Tree spray oil (TSO)
Bio- pesticide
1. Trichodermaviride
Source: National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, MOAF,
Thimphu
63
Annex 6: Project Interventions by Components and Sub-components
Component 1: Strengthening Farmers Groups and Nutrition Capacity
Building– (USD 956,867)
1. The objective of this component is to improve agricultural productivity vital for
improving food security and nutrition. This component will promote climate smart
agriculture through: (a) the productivity enhancement of rice, vegetables, pulses,
and potatoes for improved food security and nutrition, (b) productivity of key high
value crops such as spices (specifically large cardamom and ginger), vegetables,
and citrus for local and export markets, and (c) behavior change communication for
production and consumption of nutrient rich food. Overall, the purpose is to
increase cultivated area, climate smart cropping intensity, improved nutrition
awareness and increased productivity and production for potential commercial
surplus. The approach under this component is holistic and area-specific, providing
an integrated package of interventions based on relevant farming systems and
specific crops appropriate to the priorities of the farmers, farming systems, and
overall production potential in selected area.
2. One of the key constraints to improved agricultural productivity and socio-
economic conditions of farmers is weak farmers’ groups that lack necessary and
relevant skills, knowledge, practices, quality inputs and appropriate technologies.
1.1 Group Formation and Producer Group Strengthening
3. Group Formation: Through a saturation approach the project will reach out to
10,400 farmer households and will work with an estimated 300 farmer groups in 24
selected Geogs. As every farm is essentially a business and should be run profitably
( in which cost of production is low and harvest losses are minimized), farmers’
groups will be strengthened and re-oriented towards an enterprise and business
planning approach in order to realise the best potential from project interventions.
Technical support and training will include quality seed production and distribution,
improved cultivation, aligning the production with seasonal demand, nursery
management, integrated pest management, soil fertility improvement, basic
maintenance and operation of farm equipment, business planning and nutrition
awareness. The project will also build the collective capacity of agriculture
extension agents and district officials on disease management, vermin compost
making, conservation farming, and support them in better integrating nutrition
concerns into the planning of agriculture production.
4. Strengthening Producer Groups: About 1,000 small producers showing
entrepreneurial promise, with a focus on supporting women and youth, will be
organized into approximately 30 producer groups in potential clusters at the chiog
level so that the farmers can achieve improved quantity and quality of production
and improved marketing of produce through a value chain approach where
appropriate. The capacity of project staff, especially extension agents will be
strengthened, through the DAMC and FAO-TA, in group formation, governance,
64
enterprise development and commercial operations. The component will support
the groups in: (a) consolidation of functional producer group clusters through
effective constitutions, governance and operations; (b) strengthening of commercial
farm management and business skills, especially production planning and supplying
to markets, schools and farm shops; and (c) developing marketing skills for
effective engagement with upstream value chain actors and improving their
bargaining power to be able to get better prices for their produce.
1.2 Nutrition Awareness
5. In an effort to ensure that the agricultural production and household income
increases, encouraged through the project, also contribute to improved nutrition,
activities will focus on raising awareness for dietary diversity and nutrition among
farming communities, especially women of reproductive age, youth, and school
children. Beyond imparting messages, the project will follow a behavior
communication change (BCC) strategy including an in-depth diagnostic,
development of materials, community mobilization, and participatory training. To
encourage dietary diversification, the project will support a series of targeted
integrated interventions, based on a thorough BCC analysis, to better understand
what motivates people to change their dietary habits, the information to which they
are receptive, and the skills needed to act on nutrition messages. This diagnostic
will inform the range of mediums and instruments to be deployed for behavior
change, design of materials and complementary activities such as pictures,
infographics, theatre, audio and text messaging, cooking demonstrations,
discussion groups, and/or video. In-line with the Lead Farmer model, this material
will be disseminated through a network of Community Resource Persons (CRPs),
particularly women of reproductive age and youth together with community
leaders.
Component 2: Enhancing Farmer Productivity (USD 4.9 million)
2.1 Farm Services and Management
6. In order for farm production and productivity to increase farmer groups will be
provided with key farm infrastructure, productive assets, training, and extension
services. One of the key constraints to agriculture productivity in Bhutan is the
inadequate supply of water and deficient irrigation facilities. Additionally, labor
shortages, mountainous topography, and human wildlife conflict results in rural
famers needing productive assets such as farm machinery, greenhouses, protective
electric fencing and planting materials. These services and assets will be provided
through the projection a coordinated and integrated package with other project
interventions. Some of the services and assets will be provided on a cost
sharing/matching grant basis in accordance with MoAF norms.
7. Irrigation and water management: Most of the existing irrigation systems are
made of poorly constructed inefficient earthen channels leading to an inadequate
water supply and low agricultural productivity. Under this project, four (4) irrigation
facilities will be further developed in 1346.33 acres (545 ha) of land for the
65
production and productivity increase of cereals, potato, vegetables and oilseeds and
encouraging the planting of secondary and cash crops in the irrigated command
area. To maximize the impact of irrigation, the project will focus on water use
conservation, introduce appropriate technologies, and promote cropping practices
like intercropping and staggered cropping that make the best use of irrigation
water. Based on demand, an additional 250 acres (100 ha) of land will be
provided with high efficiency micro-irrigation (sprinkler, drip) schemes for improved
horticulture and cash crops. The irrigation schemes supported by this project will be
intricately linked to other project activities. As part of overall capacity building and
institutional support, four (4) Water User Associations (WUAs) and about twenty
(20) water user groups will be formed and strengthened in improved agronomic
practices, water use efficiency, and in the operation and maintenance of irrigation
systems. Accordingly, the project staff will be provided with appropriate technical
and capacity development opportunities.
8. The increased use of farm machinery (suitable for small farmers, especially
women in the mountainous terrain of Bhutan) is critical due to the declining farming
population, rising cost of farm labor and the need to make farming more efficient
and cost effective. The migration of male youth has resulted in a significantly
increased work burden for women in farming activities. Therefore, the project will
support micro-machinery to increase farm efficiency and to support the female
labor force on farms. Small and fragmented landholding restricts the use of bigger
farm implements. The project will, therefore, promote smaller farm machineries
and equipment such as power tillers, mini threshers, reapers, ridgers, weeders, rice
transplanters, seed/fertilizer dibblers, mulchers, balers etc. In order to make this
intervention sustainable, the project will support the establishment of one
agricultural machinery sub-service centre. The sub-centre will be provided with
limited financial support to purchase machineries which would be rented out to
farmers. The project will also make matching grant funds available to farmer
groups that have developed good business proposals to purchase farm machineries
and become rental service providers themselves. Training of Trainer courses will be
organized for Agriculture Machinery Centre (AMC) staff, extension agents and
farmers on business management as well as on the operation and maintenance of
machineries so that they could transfer the knowledge and skills to project farmers
including women.
9. Other farm infrastructure and assets such as electric fencing, greenhouses, and
planting material will be provided on a demand driven basis and done in
consultation with the district agriculture extension officer. The use of improved farm
and climate smart technologies for increasing the productivity of staple and high
value crops will be promoted. Such practices will be undertaken in a coordinated
package with other component activities where appropriate conditions and demand
are demonstrated. The selection of crops for the introduction of climate smart
practices and technologies will be based on availability of water, market,
topography, altitude and farmer needs.
66
2.2 Strengthening of Agricultural Institutions
10.This activity aims at providing the needed institutional strengthening and
capacity building support to select agricultural institutions of the MoAF, to sustain
the investments being made by the project. These institutions such as the
Engineering Department within the Department of Agriculture, the Agriculture
Machinery Centre, National Seed Centre, and the National Post-harvest Centre are
critical institutions for the success and sustainability of the project. This sub-
component will also provide the necessary technical assistance for the introduction
of new farming technologies in response to priority farming and production needs of
the farmers.
11.(i) The National Seed Centre (NSC) will be supported to produce and supply
disease free large cardamom and citrus saplings to the farmers. For quicker
multiplication, the project will also support farmer groups in the production of large
cardamom, citrus and vegetable seedlings. Healthy planting materials of large
cardamom will be procured from Sikkim-India, multiplied in government farms and
made available to farmers. The project will also support the National Citrus
Repository at Tsirang for making available citrus saplings at scale and for provision
of technical support in farmer training. (ii) Building the capacity of the DoA
engineers on irrigation scheme design, costing, civil works and contract
management will be an important activity. The DoA/ED will be given the
opportunity to update knowledge and skills through the provision of short training
courses on irrigation (including high efficiency micro-irrigation) and
exposure/institutional visits for the central and RDC-based engineers, and (iii) staff
at the AMC will be provided with Training of Trainer courses.
Component 3: Enhancing Access to Markets – (USD 1.29 million)
12.The component aims to promote value chains for select high value nutrient-rich
crops and enhanced linkages to domestic and export markets. The primary focus
will be to: a) reduce post-harvest losses, b) strengthen nutrition sensitive value
chains of select crops, and c) enhance producers’ knowledge, bargaining power and
access to agri markets. It will include strengthening local producer-consumer
linkages, and establishing productive relationships with public and private market
players, school meal programs, and exporters. The overall commodity selection
strategy will follow the ‘One Geog Three Product (OGTP)’ approach of MoAF that
focuses on top three commodities as per the current production scale. The sub-
components are as follows:
3.1 Post-harvest and Market Infrastructure Support
13.The component will provide guidance, inputs and support to farmers to minimize
post-harvest losses, improve shelf life, enhance product quality, storage and
packaging, and transportation to ensure higher market value. It will include
training, exposure visits, provision of appropriate technologies and tools in line with
the matching grant policy of DoA. The trained lead farmers and community
resource persons, will provide technology services, training and back up to the
67
farmers against a fee, following sound business principles. Producer groups will be
provided training in entrepreneurship, business planning, book keeping, accounting,
and capacity building support for commercial operation and equipment operation
and maintenance for post-project sustainability.
14.Support will be provided to five food processing groups for preparation,
packaging and marketing of hygienically safe nutritious food to domestic markets.
It will include market research, training, exposure visits and skills enhancement in
hygienically safe food preparation, packaging, labelling, pricing and marketing; lab
testing for food composition and food safety; and provision of appropriate
technology, equipment and tools in line with the matching grant policy of DoA.
15.The component will support five farm shops as a pilot for commercially viable
model enterprises. The shops will increase timely availability of quality agri-inputs
to farmers, link small producers to agri markets as well as provide a buy back
facility for select crops. The component will work closely with the DAMC and FCBL
and provide the necessary inputs and technical support to develop and
operationalize these shops as commercially viable enterprises and to incorporate
lessons learnt from this pilot in other farm shops being rolled out.
3.2 Linkage to Domestic and Export Markets
16.Small farmers are constrained by limited information, knowledge and access to
domestic and export agri markets. The existing DAMC managed market information
system (the AgriMarket website and IVR system) remains sub-optimally developed
and under-utilized especially by the small producers. In order for local farmers and
producers to have regular information and update about the demands and prices of
agri produce in local and distant markets, and to help them make informed
decisions to adequately reap market benefits, the component will provide support
to DAMC to assess and upgrade the current system into a user-friendly agri market
information system which producers and other stakeholders are able to easily
access through computer and mobile technology. The purpose is to: (i) improve the
flow of market information from local auction yards and distant markets to
producers; and (ii) systematically improve production planning and management of
commodities. This platform can also be used to support the regular dissemination of
information on agriculture-nutrition linkages as supported in Component 1. In
addition to supporting the DAMC portal, producer linkages, knowledge sharing, and
enhanced interactions with local producers, middle men, traders, and agri markets,
will be strengthened through the use of mobile technology so that producers have
regular knowledge of local market dynamics and prevailing prices.
17.High value export commodities are further constrained by limited access to
international markets and inadequate backward linkages with producers. The
component will: (i) facilitate knowledge and information exchange between
producer groups, traders, exporters and key stakeholders for maximizing foreign
exchange returns – by arranging regular buyer-seller meetings and dissemination
of critical information on production, market, policies, etc and, (ii) inform exporters
68
about international trade practices, trade negotiation, etc. and link them with
producers and intermediaries for efficient value chain functioning.
18.Lack of access roads and inadequate transport facilities is a major barrier for
small farmers in getting agri inputs and taking their produce to the market. The
project will promote an entrepreneurial approach to enhance small producers’
collective bargaining power as a business unit and engage in collective
transportation, selling and buying. Where appropriate, the project will support
producers/individual members/youth to set up transport enterprises for back and
forth transportation of agriculture inputs and produce from farm to market.
19.Linkage to school meal program: In the wake of limited availability of local agri-
produce primarily due to high prices, local preferences, limited seasonal availability
and weak supply chain, the school meal programs - an entitlement of every
boarding student in Bhutan - find it hard to provide a balanced and nutritious diet
to students. Integrated home grown school meal programs can help drive changes
in consumption practices of future buyers by exposing children at a young age to a
balanced diet and concurrently engage the community. The project will facilitate
productive linkages between the producer groups and schools so that the schools
can purchase seasonal vegetables, fruits, and pulses from these groups. The
project will develop capacity of: (i) producer groups in establishing partnerships
with schools and accessing local markets to sell their produce, as needed, (ii)
schools to improve school menus based on the crop calendar to help the PGs plan
supplies accordingly, (iii) school cooks to make use of seasonal foods and increase
nutrient retention, and (iv) arrange exposure visits to successful home-grown
school feeding programs.
Component 4: Project Management (USD 846,521)
20.This component will support all aspects of project management and
implementation including M&E, communications/knowledge management, baseline
studies and policy analysis.
21.The key functions and activities would be to: (i) provide overall governance and
direction to the project; (ii) provide strategic and operational level guidance and
support to the project staff for the achievement of the PDO, outcomes and outputs;
(iii) regularly monitor and analyze the overall and component specific:
implementation progress, budget and expenditures, and address any issues,
bottlenecks and gaps to ensure that project implementation progress is on track;
(iv) conduct a capacity needs assessment of project staff and provide requisite
knowledge, management skills, exposure visits, and specific thematic/technical
training; (v) establish a robust M&E System, including baseline surveys, mid-term
assessment, and end of project evaluation; (vi) strengthen project communication
and knowledge management as well as document, collate and disseminate project
experiences and learning; and (vii)support studies and policy analysis that would
contribute to the long-term agriculture, food security and nutrition policy of the
country.
69
Annex 7: Suggested Outline of an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment
At the implementation of FSAPP, a full scale Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) will be required if the DoA plan to implement a large scale
irrigation scheme. According to EC Regulation, Section 17, a full blown ESIA is
necessary for activities; i) falling within the boundary of a protected area, ii) within
50 meters distance of a public park, human dwelling, hospital, school or a sacred
landscape or site, and iii) any other sensitive area designated by the Secretariat.
The ESIA process comprise of following key steps:
Scoping: This process is to establish the environmental and social priorities and
the tier of the study; whether a full blown ESIA or an IESE or whether the activity
can be implemented by following some ESCOPs. Scoping also sets the boundaries
for the assessment and the magnitude of the study by developing a Terms of
Reference (ToR) be it for the ESIA or IESE. Main component of the ESIA/IESE will
be an Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which includes monitoring
plan, vulnerable community development plan (VCDP) and gender development
plan (GDP), as appropriate.
Baseline data generation: This process is to facilitate assessment of anticipated
environment and social impacts due to the project activities. It is important to have
information on the prevailing status of environmental and social in the subproject
area and the periphery. Data can be both primary and secondary.
Impact assessment: This is the main exercise of the ESIA/IESE to identify,
evaluate and predict the characteristics of potential impacts due to the
planned/programme subproject activity using the baseline information on one hand
and the potential features of the project on the other hand. Normally, impact
assessments are undertaken applying standard methods, technology and models.
At times, it also is important to conduct extensive consultation with local experts
and elders on historical and precedent incidences in the locality to determine
potential impacts.
Researching mitigation of impacts: This is the desired/objective output of the
entire ESIA/IESE assignment in realizing best and possible options of preventive,
remedial and compensatory measures against each identified adverse impact. Local
and indigenous mitigation knowledge again becomes very useful to address certain
impacts if local elders are consulted. There also could be referable national, regional
and international good practices (Environment and Social Code of Practices) in
mitigation actions.
Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP): This part of the process is
to translate recommendations of mitigation measures with monitoring plan and
budget outlines to be adhered to by the project applicant/proponent.
A flow diagram on the process of undertaking an ESIA is given below in figure 4 for
an instant guidance.
70
Figure 4: An ESIA process flow diagram
Proposal Identification
Screening
ESIA Required Initial Environmental No ESIA
Examination
Scoping Public
Involvement
Impact Analysis Public
involvement
typically occurs
Mitigation and at this stage. It
Impact may also occur
Management at any stage of
EIA process
EIA Report
Approved
Review Implementation
Approved and follow up
Decision Making
Not Approved Information from
this process
contributes to
effective future
Resubmit Redesign
EIA
An ESIA and ESMP should include the following:
The environmental and social management plan to be realized during the life
of a project (i.e. pre-construction, construction, operation phases) in order to
enhance benefits and minimize adverse environmental impacts.
Description of the detailed actions needed to achieve these objectives,
including how they will be achieved, by whom, by when, with what
resources, with what monitoring/verification, and to what target or
performance level. Mechanisms must also be provided to address changes in
71
the project implementation, emergencies or unexpected events, and the
associated approval processes.
Clarification of institutional structures, roles, communication and reporting
processes required as part of the implementation of the ESMP.
Description of the link between the ESMP and associated legislated
requirements.
Description of requirements for record keeping, reporting, review, auditing
and updating of the ESMP.
Common Elements of an ESMP and its Contents
A) Introduction: This should provide brief but concise information on:
the ESMP context: describe how the ESMP fits into the overall planning
process of the project, listing project activity environmental studies.
the ESMP’s connection with the ESMF (if relevant) and the project.
the objectives of the ESMP: describe what the ESMP is trying to achieve. The
objective should be project specific, not broad policy statements. The
activity-specific ESMP shall form part of the project contract specifications.
B) Project description
The project/activity objective and description should be provided in sufficient detail
to define the nature and scope of the project. These should include:
project location: site location should be described with location of the
activities provided including location maps showing location in the project
area
Construction/operation activities: the description may include a brief
description of construction and operation processes; employment numbers
and type; the plant and equipment to be used; the location and site facilities
and worker camps; bill of quantities for civil works.
timing and scheduling: anticipated commencement and completion dates
should be indicated. If the project is to be completed in stages then separate
dates for each stage should be provided.
C) Baseline data
This should provide key information on the environmental background of the
project activity as well as its connection with the project area, including maps.
Focus should be given to provide clear data on topography, major land use and
water uses, soil types, flow of water, and water quality/pollution. Brief description
on socioeconomic condition and environment (if relevant) should also be provided.
Photos showing existing conditions of project sites should be included.
72
D) Potential impacts and mitigation measures
An ESMP identifying specific activity potential impacts and corresponding mitigation
measures referring to ECOP, if available, should be developed for this Section.
E) Monitoring
Monitoring of ESMP implementation would encompass environmental compliance
monitoring and environmental monitoring during project implementation as
described in details below:
Environmental and Social compliance monitoring: this should be the
responsibilities of Site supervisors, PMU, DoA, and benefited Dzognkhags, Geogs
and communities.
F) ESMP Implementation arrangements: Institutional Arrangements should
be in line with the ESMF. Discussions should cover the following aspects:
Responsibility for ESMP implementation.
Incorporation of ESMP into detailed technical design and bidding and
contractual document.
Environmental and social compliance framework.
Reporting procedures.
G) Institutional Strengthening Plan:
The institutional strengthening plan (capacity building along with the proposed
budget) is elaborated in subsequent section)
H) Estimated Budget for ESMP Implementation:
Conventionally the costs of implementing ESMP are estimated individually to each
subproject activity on determining need of the ESIA and environment clearance and
also the complexity nature of the activity. When a mitigation measure is
incorporated into engineering design, it becomes easier to estimate the cost of the
ESMP.
I) Consultation, Disclosure of the ESMP:
Describe the consultation and disclosure activities carried out during sub-project
implementation as guided in the ESMF.
73