China: Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project The Third Batch of Subprojects ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Executive Summary APRIL 2021 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................2 3. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................5 3.1 China’s Laws and Regulations ...................................................................................................................5 3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies ..................................................................................................................5 3.3 Applicable Standards ..................................................................................................................................6 4. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION BASELINES .............................................................6 4.1 Surface Water .............................................................................................................................................6 4.2 Soil Quality .................................................................................................................................................6 4.3 Sediments in Irrigation Channels................................................................................................................7 4.4 Rice Quality ................................................................................................................................................7 4.5 Pollution Sources ........................................................................................................................................7 4.6 Environmental and Social Sensitive Receptors ..........................................................................................7 5. IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES .....................................................................7 5.1 Impacts of Civil Works Construction .........................................................................................................8 5.2 Impacts of Upstream Pollution Sources......................................................................................................9 5.3 Impacts of Agronomic Activities................................................................................................................9 5.4 Social Impacts and Risks .......................................................................................................................... 10 5.5 Safety of Dams ......................................................................................................................................... 11 5.6 Prevention and Control of COVID-19 ...................................................................................................... 12 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................. 12 6.1 With/Without Project ................................................................................................................................ 12 6.2 Selection of Batch 3 Subprojects .............................................................................................................. 13 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ......................................................... 13 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ..................................................... 15 8.1 Institutional Arrangements ....................................................................................................................... 15 8.2 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................................. 16 8.3 Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 16 8.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) .................................................................................................... 17 8.5 Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................................................ 17 ANNEX 1 - GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES . 19 ANNEX 2 - SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SENSITIVE RECEPTORS ............................................................................................................................. 21 ANNEX 3 - SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLANS ..................................................... 22 ANNEX 4 - DESCRIPTION OF KEY NATIONAL LAWS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ................ 23 i Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) 1. INTRODUCTION Hunan, the largest rice production province in China, produces about 10 percent of the nation’s rice from only its 3 percent of arable land, making a significant contribution to food security in China. Meanwhile, Hunan is also well-known as a home of nonferrous metal, and its nonferrous metallurgy, chemical, and mining industries contribute more than 80 percent of the province’s industry. Safety of agricultural product area in Hunan, therefore, has been particularly affected by heavy metal contamination, mainly caused by industrial flue gas, wastewater, waste residue, or mine tailings. The quality of soil has further been affected by overuse of agrochemicals and poor farming practices. Recognizing the seriousness of such contamination and the challenges in food safety and agricultural land protection, Hunan Provincial Government issued the Implementation Program for Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Xiang River Basin (2012–2015) which was the first program ratified by the State Council aiming to address heavy metal pollution. Since then, big capital investments have been spent by national and local governments on industrial pollution control and contaminated land remediation within the basin. These extensive domestic efforts have been enhanced by the World Bank Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (hereafter the Project), with a total investment of USD 111.94 million (including World Bank loan of USD100 million). The Project focuses on demonstration of risk-based agricultural land pollution management, agricultural environment monitoring and management, and capacity building and knowledge sharing in 15 selected counties1 in Hunan. Three counties (Yongding, Hengyang and Yongxing) have been chosen as pioneers for pilot as the first batch of areas approved by World Bank (the Bank) in January 2017; and another twelve counties as the second batch were approved in December 2018. The two batches of project areas are currently in the stages of implementation. The Project is classified as Category A in terms of environmental risks due to the significant heavy metal pollution, food safety and public health concerns. An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Pest Management Plan (PMP) have been prepared for the overall Project. Meanwhile, three individual Environmental and Social Impact Assessment reports (ESIAs, one for each county) and an Executive Summary (ES) have been prepared for the first batch of project areas; and subsequently, an integrated ESIA and its ES have been prepared for the second batch. Separate Social Assessment reports (SAs) have also been developed to address the social impacts of the Project, and the key findings and recommendations have been incorporated in the ESIAs. All of these safeguard instruments have been approved by the Bank. Since 2019, the previous two batches of subprojects have been in implementation for two years and a series of project measures have been put in place as scheduled. The sources of industrial pollution have been controlled by shutting down, upgrading or relocating the heavy metal discharging enterprises. Sediments have been removed from the irrigation channels as well as the sources of water by dredging the waterways. Before the irrigation channels, sedimentation tanks have been set up for pretreating the irrigation water. The contaminated soil has received 1 The 15 counties include Yongding, Hengyang, Yongxing, Baojing, Jishou, Yongshun, Huahuan, Cili, Zhongfang, Anhua, Hengnan, Yizhang, Linwu, Lengshuitan and Qiyang, as shown in Figure 2-1. 1 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) remediation by applying a VIP mechanism inclusive of crop Variety adjustment, Irrigation optimization, and pH regulation. In high-risk areas, planting structure has been adjusted by growing non-food crops or low-cadmium (Cd) accumulating food crops instead of rice. At the same time, monitoring to irrigation water, sediments, soil, and crops has been strengthened to track the heavy metals. To prevent the polluted rice from entering the market, local governments have contracted specific grain depots to collect and store the rice and specific breweries to use the rice for making industrial alcohol. With the efforts of the previous two batches of subprojects in the past two years, the Cd level in rice has largely dropped and the rice quality has been qualified with the food standards, though certain heavy metal pollution still exists in the soil requiring sustained endeavor. To further demonstrate and popularize the Project concepts and techniques, and to stimulate safe agricultural production, 28 new areas from the 11 counties2 out of the total 15 are proposed to join the Project as the third batch of subprojects to manage more polluted agricultural land in an integrated risk-based approach. An Environmental Impact Assessment report (EIA) and a Social Assessment report (SA) have been prepared for batch 3 subprojects identified in the 11 counties following the procedures and requirements of the approved ESMF and under the guidance from the Bank’s task team. This ES includes the key findings and main conclusions of the above two safeguard documents. In general, the activities under batch 3 subprojects are about environmental protection, risk reduction and public welfare improvement, so have significant positive environmental and social benefits. There is no land acquisition and resettlement issue, and no indigenous peoples involved. The potential adverse impacts will only relate to dust, noise, wastewater and solid waste from small-scale civil works construction, and health and safety concerns from agricultural activities. Such impacts and risks are small in scale, site-specific, and can be effectively avoided, minimized or mitigated through implementing proper measures developed in the EIA and SA reports. 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The overall project development objective is to demonstrate a risk-based integrated approach to managing heavy metal pollution in agricultural land for safety of agricultural production areas in selected counties in Hunan. Batch 3 subprojects include following components: (1) demonstration of risk-based agricultural land pollution management; (2) strengthening agricultural environmental monitoring and management; (3) capacity building and knowledge distribution; and (4) project management and monitoring and evaluation. The location of the project counties is shown in Figure 2-1, and the detailed activities to be done under batch 3 subprojects are listed in Table 2-1. 2 The 11 counties include Yongding, Jishou, Yongshun, Huahuan, Cili, Hengyang, Anhua, Hengnan, Linwu, Lengshuitan and Qiyang. 2 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Table 2-1: Batch 3 Subprojects Components Activities Budget (RMB1,000) 1. Demonstration of 1.1 Intensive monitoring and risk assessment: monitoring of 5,513.7 risk-based agricultural heavy metal for soil, agricultural products and sediments; land pollution monitoring of irrigation water quality; risk assessment and risk management control plans etc. 1.2 Integrated risk control measures: 88,358.7  Engineering measures: construction and/or renovation of 87.25km irrigation channels, 51 sedimentation tanks, 43.73km tractor access roads, 3000m interception ditches, 32 small water storage tanks, and 1 irrigation pump station.  Agronomic measures: rice species control; optimization of irrigation management; regulation of soil pH; application of organic fertilizer; application of soil passivating agents; straw management etc.  Pest management: cleaner agriculture production; promotion of scientific use of pesticide; green pest control; and promotion of low toxicity/low residue pesticides etc.  Other measures: selection of rice species; procurement of heavy-polluted rice for industrial use; green products certification; brand building and promotion etc. 1.3 Project supervision: supervision of agronomic measures by 3,997.2 professional institutions, as well as local communities 2. Strengthening 2.1 Development of agricultural environmental database and 5,744.6 agricultural early warning system by means sampling vehicles, computers, environment GPS and devices etc. monitoring and 2.2 Development of risk-based agricultural land management management (M&E) tools and risk map 2.3 Development of local policies and standards on agricultural land pollution control and remediation, and implementation in the integrated agricultural land pollution management 2.4 Study of sustainable financing mechanism and eco- compensation mechanism based on the agricultural land pollution control and soil remediation practices 3. Capacity building Training and study tours for government officials; training for 12,229.2 monitoring staff and local farmers; workshops for concepts and techniques popularization; and development of outreach materials 4. Project Technical assistance and training to project management staff; 7,375.1 management and procurement of office equipment; development of MIS; data M&E collection on agricultural environmental quality; and evaluation of project results etc. 3 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Figure 2-1: Location of Project Counties 4 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) 3. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The EIA was conducted in accordance with both China’s environmental laws/regulations and the World Bank safeguards policies. 3.1 China’s Laws and Regulations Main laws, regulations, plans, technical guidelines and standards applied in the EIA are given below, and a brief description of the key laws and regulations is presented in Annex 4 of this ES. • Environmental Protection Law (2014) • Environmental Impact Assessment Law (2018) • Air Pollution Control Law (2016) • Water Pollution Control Law (2017) • Solid Waste Pollution Control Law (2015) • Noise Pollution Control Law (2018) • Land Administration Law (2019) • Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law of the People's Republic of China (2001) • Agricultural Products Quality Safety Law (2018) • Soil Pollution Control Action Plan (2016) • The Twelfth Fiver-Year Plan for Integrated Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Hunan • Implementation Program for Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Xiang River Basin (2012- 2015) • EIA Technical Guidelines (including general guidelines, and specific guidelines for air, surface water, noise, ecology, groundwater and risk assessment etc.) • Technical Guidelines for Investigation of Site Environment (HJ 25.1-2014) • Technical Specification for Monitoring of Site Environment (HJ 25.2-2014) • Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.3-2014) • Technical Guidelines for Soil Restoration of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.4-2014) • Guidelines for Evaluation of Site Environment (DB11/T 656-2009) 3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies All of the activities under batch 3 subprojects will take place in the existing farmland of the project villages in the 11 counties. Construction of small-scale civil works will produce minor nuisance of noise, dust or solid waste; agricultural land operation will induce application of pesticides; and irrigation will link to taking water from existing reservoirs etc. However, as the EIA and SA investigated, there is no natural habitat or important forest involved, no cultural relics protection unit identified, no land acquisition or resettlement needed (as demonstrated similarly in the past two batches of subprojects), and no people falling in the Bank’s definition of Indigenous Peoples in the region (although there are some Tujia and Miao minority groups in 31 project villages of 5 project counties, but these ethnic minority people are well integrated with Han people and won’t be adversely affected by the Project). 5 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Accordingly, of the ten Bank safeguards policies, only the following three are triggered: 1) OP4.01 Environmental Assessment; 2) OP4.09 Pest Management; and 3) OP4.37 Dam Safety. Batch 3 subprojects’ compliance with these policies is described in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Compliance with the Bank Safeguards Policies Bank Policies Project Compliance Environmental • The Project was classified as Category A at project appraisal stage. Assessment • A new SA and a full EIA have been prepared for batch 3 subprojects in line with (OP 4.01) the approved ESMF. • Public consultation and information disclosure have been conducted as per OP4.01 requirements as part of the EIA and SA process. Pest Management • Pest related impacts have been concerned in the EIA report. (OP4.09) • A Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been developed during appraisal for the whole Project following the requirements of OP4.09. Dam Safety • 27 reservoirs would supply irrigation water to the 15 project counties, and dam (OP 4.37) safety has been assessed with detailed dam safety action plans developed during preparing the previous two batches of subprojects. The reservoirs that serve batch 3 subprojects are among the 27 reservoirs, so they will apply the prepared dam safety action plans. 3.3 Applicable Standards The EIA applies Chinese standards for ambient environment, food safety, agricultural products and soil quality, after a comparison between Chinese standards and internationally recognized counterparts (such as EU, Japan, Netherland), to ensure that stringent standards be applied at reasonable costs. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION BASELINES 4.1 Surface Water Surface water quality has been monitored for all irrigation water sources for batch 3 subprojects during May 2019 - December 2020, with pH, CODCr, TP, NH4-N, As, Pb, Cd, Cr6+ and Hg used as the key monitoring parameters. According to the test results, these water sources could meet both the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB5084-2021) and the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002, Class III), except NH4-N and TP exceeding the standards in Linwu and Qiyang counties occasionally. 4.2 Soil Quality Soil quality has also been tested for batch 3 subprojects during June 2019 - December 2020, with Total Cd, As, Pb, and Cr as the key parameters. The test results show that except Linwu and Yiyang, there was a general presence of Cd pollution in all the other 9 counties (exceeding the screening value but below the intervention value of the Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land, GB15618-2018 3 ). As and Hg pollution was 3 Risk screening values are used to indicate the likelihood of pollution in agricultural products, crops and soil when the contaminant concentrations exceed the values, and hance, to request monitoring both soil and products; while intervention values are used to warn the unsafety of agricultural products due to the high risk of pollution in soil, 6 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) occasionally found in such counties as Hengyang and Hengnan, with the contaminant concentrations higher than the screening value but below the intervention one. 4.3 Sediments in Irrigation Channels Taking the Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB15618-2018) as a reference standard, the test results demonstrate that the sediments from the irrigation channels involved in batch 3 subprojects could satisfy the intervention values of this Standard in terms of Cd, As, Pb, and Cr. 4.4 Rice Quality Concentrations of heavy metal in rice products have been tested too, with total 771 samples analyzed. Compared to the National Standards for Food Safety (GB2762-2012) 4, there was a presence of Cd pollution in 10 counties except Huahuan (47.2% of total 771 samples), As pollution in 9 counties (25.8% of samples), and Pb pollution in 4 counties (3.4% of samples). 4.5 Pollution Sources By means of site visits, stakeholder consultation and data analysis, it is concluded that the agricultural land pollution under batch 3 subprojects is mainly due to the waste from metallurgy and mining industries operated in the past. Excessive use of high heavy metal fertilizers and pesticides is another reason for the soil pollution in the region. Extensive efforts have been made by provincial and local governments over years to tackle the industrial pollution, and all these polluting industries have been shut down or upgraded with mine tailings properly treated. The existing industries in the region are clearly identified and are in compliance with domestic environmental requirements. There are no legacy issues of mines, mine tailings or on-site wastes that would cause new pollution to downstream agricultural land. 4.6 Environmental and Social Sensitive Receptors In the field investigation, the main environmental and social sensitive receptors identified in batch 3 subproject areas include irrigation water sources (rivers and reservoirs); forest land and orchards which will receive polluted straws; liquor brewery plants which will receive rice exceeding food safety standards; landfill sites which will receive brewery residues; recycling stations which will receive agricultural packaging materials; and local residents (especially vulnerable groups). Specific protection measures for them have been developed and included in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the EIA. 5. IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES The Project is aiming for environmental protection, pollution mitigation, risk reduction and public health protection, it will, therefore, bring significant benefits to the environment and the society, in terms of improvement of soil environment and food safety, increase of public awareness of and hence, to request stringent interventions. 4 Pb: 0.2mg/kg, As: 0.2mg/kg, Cr: 1.0mg/kg, Hg:0.02mg/kg, Cd: 0.2mg/kg. 7 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) pollution control, upgrades of agricultural infrastructure, enhancement of farmers’ risk-resistance capacity and competitiveness, raise in farmers’ income, and improvement of regional economic development etc. The main negative environmental impacts are mostly related to nuisance from construction of small-scale agricultural infrastructures (e.g., dust, noise, and solid waste etc.), and environmental and health concerns from agricultural activities during project operation (e.g., irrigation, application of lime, fertilizer and soil passivating agents, and disposal of straws etc.). These impacts have been assessed in the EIA and are deemed to be readily mitigated by the measures developed in the ESMP. 5.1 Impacts of Civil Works Construction The civil works to be done under batch 3 subprojects are small-scale construction activities, by building or renovating sedimentation tanks, pump station, water storage tanks, tractor access roads, irrigation channels and interception ditches etc. They are to be undertaken in existing farmland, typically requiring 5-10 people with no camp site needed. There is no land acquisition, resettlement nor indigenous people involved, and no critical or other natural habitats in the vicinity. Wastewater: It will be mainly from irrigation channel excavation, cement mixing, concrete curing, aggregate washing, and construction machines maintenance etc. Such wastewater will be limited in amount and can be adequately tackled with proper treatment measures (e.g., settling tank). Workers are staying in nearby villages, and their sewage will be collected and treated through existing sanitation facilities (typically septic tanks). Dust: Soil excavation, waste loading/unloading and transportation, land leveling, and other construction activities will generate dust. Given the small scale of civil works in each specific site and their scattering distribution in the project areas, such impacts will be limited and can be mitigated with proper construction methods and dust suppression practices (e.g., water-spraying). Noise: It will mainly come from construction equipment and transportation vehicles. Since each construction site is small, the quantity of works is finite, the noise is usually short and intermittent, and construction activities are scheduled in daytime, such impacts will be temporary and limited to immediate vicinity of the site where typically over 200m away from adjacent villages. Solid waste: It includes spoil soil and domestic garbage. As all the civil works are small in scale, the volume of solid waste generated on site is not large and can be properly handled through soil balance and in-situ land leveling. Garbage from workers will be small in amount too and can be collected and disposed through local garbage collection/disposal system in a timely manner. Ecological impacts: The civil works will be done in exiting farmland. Construction activities and material storage may disturb and occupy small pieces of land, causing temporary damage to vegetation and inducing soil erosion. Given the small scale of works and short construction period at each site, such impacts would be minor and site-specific, and vegetation can quickly recover through reclamation and natural restoration after construction. 8 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Physical cultural resources (PCRs): The EIA investigation didn’t find any PCR within or near batch 3 subproject areas. Chance finds might be encountered in civil works construction. Relevant clauses will be included in all bidding documents and construction contracts, and mitigation measures on chance finds management have been produced and included in the ESMP. Mitigation measures: To address above-mentioned environmental impacts, proper mitigation measures have been developed with details included in the Environmental Code of Practice for Small Civil Works (Annex 1 of EIA) and the Environmental Code of Practice for Irrigation Facility Construction (Annex 2 of EIA). 5.2 Impacts of Upstream Pollution Sources The EIA investigation concluded that all the historical pollution sources have been shut down or upgraded, and there is no legacy issue about mining operation, mine tailings or waste disposal in batch 3 subprojects. Existing industrial enterprises are under strict management and operated in compliance with national environmental regulations. To ensure the quality of the irrigation water sources, the following mitigation measures have been developed and incorporated in the project design and the ESMP:  Regular monitoring of irrigation water quality  Renovation and maintenance of irrigation channels  Construction of sedimentation tanks for irrigation channels, monitoring of the sediments as required, and removal of the sediments as needed 5.3 Impacts of Agronomic Activities Potential environmental concerns over agronomic activities during the project operation are related to farmland irrigation, application of chemicals such as lime, fertilizers and soil passivating agents, disposal of polluted straws, and treatment of crops with heavy medal exceeding food safety standards. Flooding irrigation: During a few periods in rice’s life circle, flooding irrigation may require more water. Considering the abundant water resources in the project area, such a water demand is minor in comparison with the sufficient water supply in the region, therefore, the impact of irrigation on water resources is minor. Application of lime: Lime is normally applied in agricultural land to regulate pH of soil and improve soil quality. During application, certain dust might be produced. Such dust is limited in amount and has little impact on adjacent villages. Its influence on workers’ health is a concern, which can be addressed through adequate personal protection equipment (e.g., proper clothes and masks). Application of soil passivating agents: These agents are used to remove heavy metals from soil and recover its ecological environment. Typical agents include clay minerals, phosphorus compounds, silicon-calcium compounds, metal oxides (such as iron oxide, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, goethite, manganese oxide, and manganese potassium), organic compounds, etc. 9 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Application of industrial wastes for the purpose of passivating soil and overuse of soil passivating agents might cause secondary pollution to soil. To ensure safe application, it’s suggested to conduct long-term monitoring of the agents’ stability and effects. Application of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers: Fertilizers with high concentration of heavy metals will bring more heavy metals into farmland soil, causing secondary pollution. Monitoring of heavy metals within organic fertilizers and avoidance of applying high-Cd chemical fertilizers are important to prevent fertilizers from contaminating soil. Application of pesticides: The EIA investigated that over 98 percent of pesticides applied in batch 3 subproject areas were chemical pesticides which have been tested to be qualified and would bring little heavy metal into agricultural land. Even so, use of pesticides in agricultural land may have potential impacts on human health. This requires safe and environmentally sound pest management through implementing the PMP that was developed for the whole Project at the preparation stage. Solid waste from agronomic materials: Plastic membranes and other packaging materials, if not well managed, will have adverse impacts on soil environment and aesthetics. Collection tanks will be established to deal with these materials in batch 3 subproject areas, and Agronomic Material Recycling Stations have been set up in each project county to receive the materials which will be transported to professional facilities for treatment/disposal. Through such an arrangement, the impact of solid waste from agronomic materials can be effectively managed. Mitigation measures: To address agronomic related impacts and concerns, a generic Environmental Code of Practice for Agronomic Activities has been developed (Annex 3 of the EIA). Meanwhile, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) prepared for the whole Project is applicable to batch 3 subprojects on their pest management practice. In addition, specific mitigation measures (summarized in Annex 2 of this ES) have also been identified against specific issues, such as:  Disposal of polluted straws in forest land or orchards  Procurement of polluted rice from farmer cooperatives for liquor production by identified brewery companies, and disposal of brewery residues in local sanitary landfills, with technical assistance provided to the companies for heavy metal testing and residue disposal. 5.4 Social Impacts and Risks The Project is embedded with significant social benefits to local communities in terms of improved agricultural product quality, increased awareness of local people on farmland contamination and producing safe products, improved rural infrastructure, better utilization of farmland, increase of job opportunities and household income etc. All of the batch 3 subprojects are sited within existing village farmland and the improved facilities will be owned and used by villagers, there is no land acquisition, resettlement nor indigenous people involved. Meanwhile, the social assessment has identified following potential social risks and negative impacts that might occur in the Project implementation: 10 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects)  Impacts of construction: Temporary disturbance of traffic, and nuisance of noise and dust during constructing small civil works might have certain impacts on adjacent villagers’ daily life. However, they can be readily addressed through implementing good project management practices and the ESMP measures.  Risks to rural economy: (i) Alternative rice species might fail in meeting food safety standards again, which will influence the rice prices and hence the income; (ii) farmers’ marketing channels for new rice species and other alternative plants are new, which might result in reduction in sales and hence the income; (iii) inadequate labor force might not be enough to meet the increased demand of planting structure adjustment, which might result in reduction in agricultural output and income; and (iv) Replanting alternative crops in 66.7 hectares of heavily polluted areas of demonstration areas may lead to social risks that some farmers need to learn associated new farming knowledge and skills. Such replanting areas include 33.3 hectares in Jishou City and 33.4 hectares in Hengnan County respectively.  Risks to social stability: (i) Local people might have unreasonable judgement of pollution sources, exaggeration of heavy metal pollution, and/or inadequate awareness of environmental protection; (ii) Vulnerable groups such as the local ethnic minorities, low-income individuals, left-behind elderly people and women, and disabled people in batch 3 subproject areas might be adversely affected if they are not provided enough opportunities to participate in and benefit from the Project; and (iii) The right of farmers on land title might be violated if the land transfer is processed without consideration of local conditions and farmer’s rights and benefits. Mitigation measures: To address these potential social risks and impacts, a series of measures have been developed, including:  Development and implementation of Social Action Plans as a part of the ESMP to address potential impacts on farmers’ incomes and livelihood  Development of basic subsidy compensation package for people affected by pollution remediation (e.g., subsidies to compensate the losses due to non-compliance products or planting structure adjustment)  Establishment of village monitoring groups for the project village level implementing activities, and nurturing of farmer cooperatives  Strengthening technical training to farmers  Establishment of accountability mechanism at all levels of governments  Establishment of grievance redress mechanisms, and use of media to educate the public and receive/guide public opinions 5.5 Safety of Dams A total of 36 existing reservoirs have been identified to supply irrigation water to the previous two batches of subprojects in the selected 15 counties. Following the Bank’s OP4.37 Dam Safety policies, dam safety assessment has been conducted for all the dams, with assessment reports and action plans developed accordingly. During the past two years of implementation, senior dam experts, contracted by the PPMO, undertook dam safety examination in accordance with the dam safety action plans and produced annual dam safety reports. Following the advices from the experts, the county PMOs undertook specific rehabilitation and periodical maintenance to the problem 11 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) dams. To date, all of the project-related dams are in good operation with no risk identified to the dam safety. The reservoirs to serve some of the batch 3 subprojects (Hengyang, Cili, Lengshuitan and Yiyang) are among the above-mentioned 36 reservoirs without any new dam identified. Therefore, there is no need to do dam safety assessment this time. The dams involved in batch 3 subprojects will continue applying the prepared dam safety action plans. 5.6 Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Currently, Hunan is a low-risk area for COVID-19; but the likelihood of another spread in the future might still exist. Governments at all levels in Hunan Province have been taking strong measures to control COVID-19 and prevent any likely epidemic from spreading in the future. During the Project implementation, the PPMO and county PMOs have also been making efforts to prevent risks of spreading COVID-19 among staff, workers and farmers: • Establishment of a leading group responding to COVID-19 • Dissemination of knowledge about prevention of COVID-19 to employees and supplying them with protective appliances • Conduction of regular disinfection and sterilization • Inclusion of COVID-19 terms in project-related contracts/ agreements • Supervision of the construction supervision engineers and major contractors over their health and safety performance related to COVID-19 • Training to workers to raise their awareness of COVID-19 prevention • Provision of advice and assistance to workers and/or farmers infected with COVID-19 • Establishment of procedures of accident reporting and investigation 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 6.1 With/Without Project A thorough comparison for With and Without project scenarios have been undertaken in the EIA for batch 3 subprojects. Looking back to the past years, the agricultural land pollution in Hunan became serious and caused risk to food safety and public health. Without the Project, the heavy metal pollution will last long, and the public will continue to bear the risk of intaking polluted food. The rice pollution in Hunan has already had significant impacts on the sales of rice products and hence on the livelihood of local farmers. With the Project, the farmland pollution issues can be addressed, the quality of rice products can be ensured, the income of farmers can be increased, and their lives can be improved. The potential adverse environmental and social impacts related to the Project are site-specific, small in scale and can be mitigated by implementing technically and financially feasible measures developed in the ESMP. Overall, there are much more significant benefits for the “With Project� scenario over the “Without Project� situation. 12 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) 6.2 Selection of Batch 3 Subprojects Following the previous two batches of project activities, the third batch of subprojects are proposed within the approved 15 counties to extend the Project’s outcomes and effects. Alternative counties and areas in the Project area have been considered and compared following a set of systematic principles. Considering the representativeness of poverty alleviation, pollution sources, farmland pollution, sustainability, and social stability, 11 counties out of the approved 15 have been chosen to launch more project activities. Further identification of farmland plots has been carried out within the selected 11 counties considering pollution type and seriousness, organic contents and pH level of soil, and investment and ownership commitments etc. As a result, a total of 28 new areas, as the third batch subprojects of the Project, have been selected from the 11 counties, among which 11 are newly identified areas while the rest 17 are to extend existing areas of the previous two batches. 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE Environmental aspects Two rounds of public consultation and information disclosure have been conducted in the EIA following the national laws and regulations, as well as World Bank OP4.01 Environmental Assessment during March/April 2020 and November/December 2020. The stakeholders that were consulted include farmers, farmer cooperatives, relevant government departments, industrial enterprises (closed or to be relocated), brewery companies receiving polluted rice products, and NGOs etc. The consultation activities were carried out in the project affected villages through public meetings, field interview, telephone interview and questionnaire survey. Information has also been disclosed in the EIA and consultation process, as summarized in Table 7-1. Table 7-1: Summary of Environmental Information Disclosure Time Location Method Contents 1st round of disclosure March/ April Local county and Information Brief introduction of the additional subproject 2020 township governments posters information and key activities nd 2 round of disclosure November/ Villages in batch 3 Information Major environmental impacts and mitigation measures, December subproject areas posters key EIA conclusions, public consultation topics, 2020 contacts of PMOs and EIA consultants, etc. Over 235 people were consulted about environmental concerns over batch 3 subprojects. A broad support has been received from the stakeholders who expressed strong willingness to see the Project’s demonstration effects in promoting agricultural development in the region. Public considerations on construction management, health protection, polluted rice control, and dam safety were introduced and responded in the mitigation measures of the EIA/ESMP, which will be closely supervised in the Project implementation. 13 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) The first round of public consultation The second round of public consultation Social aspects During the social survey from December 16 to 25, 2020, a series of stakeholder participation activities have been conducted by means of workshops, interviews and questionnaires, as summarized in Table 7-2. Table 7-2: Public Participation in Social Concerns Activities Participants Workshops with Participated by officials from PMOs and relevant government departments on social government officials issues and arrangements related to the Project Workshops with Introduction of the project information, expression of project-related issues and risks, farmers and farmer collection of basic information of affection people, and presentation of action plans cooperatives In-depth interviews 60 villagers including 20 women, 20 minorities and 20 low-income individuals to stakeholders 8 leaders from farmer cooperatives and main planting farmers 8 leaders from government at township level and leaders from village committees 10 managers from the project county PMOs Questionnaire 1,100 social assessment questionnaires were distributed in the 11 project counties, and surveys 949 effective feedbacks were received. 500 ethnic identification questionnaires were distributed in 5 project counties inhabited by ethnic minorities, and 365 effective feedbacks were received Over 1400 people took part in the consultation activities about social concerns and gave effective feedbacks. They generally hoped the Project can increase agricultural production, provide more opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship, control heavy metal pollution of farmland, help farmers enhance ability of risk resistance, and improve their income and living standards etc. They also expected the upgrading of agricultural infrastructure, improvement of agricultural product quality, establishment or enhancement of farmer cooperatives, adjustment of cropping structure by increasing cash crops, acquisition of fund support in development of ecological agriculture, establishment of monitoring stations for soil and agricultural products, strengthening of awareness and technical training, and development of reasonable compensation mechanism etc. These concerns and suggestions have been considered in the Social Assessment, the project design, and the ESMP. 14 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 8.1 Institutional Arrangements There has been a comprehensive environmental management system established under the Project during preparing the previous two batches of subprojects, and it is available and applicable for the batch 3, with structuring, staffing and responsibilities clarified in the following figure and table: Figure 8-1: Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Management System Table 8-1: Roles and Responsibilities of Environmental Management Role Organization Responsibilities Staffing Management Provincial Steering Provide general guidance on policies, coordinate tricky - Committee issues; supervise the implementation of the Project; review and clear project proposals, seek counterpart funds, and coordinate inter cooperation for the Project Provincial Project Responsible for overall environmental management of the 2-3 people Management Project to ensure the successful implementation of ESMP: Office (PPMO)  Supervise the implementation of ESMP  Report to the Bank regularly  Supervise county PMOs on their ESMP performance  Coordinate with relevant departments to solve major environmental issues  Hire external monitoring consultant to monitor the environmental and social performance County PMOs Responsible for implementation of the EIA, in terms of: 1-2 people  Supervise the Project implementation in compliance with environmental laws and regulations 15 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Role Organization Responsibilities Staffing  Initiate the EIA preparation and approval process  Ensure the ESMP measures be included in contracts  Ensure supervision engineers to supervise the ESMP implementation  Supervise the contractors’ implementation of mitigation measures  Organize environmental management training  Handle complaints and maintain an archive system  Prepare ESMP implementation reports Supervision Environmental Environmental supervision in the project life cycle, incl: 1 people Protection Bureaus  Examine and approve the EIA reports and the test (EPBs) reports for completion acceptance etc.  Supervise environmental management in the project construction and operation stages Third party  Supervise the project implementation Several supervisors  Assist county PMOs on data collection (villagers) Implementation Civil work  Implement environmental mitigation measures Several contractors,  Receive training on environmental management farmers/  Receive supervision by the PMOs, the EPBs and the cooperatives Bank Consultants EIA team  Prepare the EIA/ESMP at the preparation stage 3  Report the implementation of the ESMP during the project implementation Social team  Conduct social assessment at the preparation stage 2  Incorporate key findings and conclusions in the ESMP Environmental and  Conduct environmental and social monitoring exercises 1-2 social monitoring as per the approved monitoring plans agencies  Submit monitoring and test reports to the PMOs 8.2 Mitigation Measures Comprehensive mitigation measures have been developed specifically for batch 3 subprojects, including generic mitigation measures for common project activities (summarized in Annex 1 of this ES), specific mitigation measures for environmental and social sensitive receptors (summarized in Annex 2 of this ES), and Environmental Codes of Practices (ECOPs, for Small- scale Civil Works Construction, Irrigation Facility Construction, and Agronomic Activities, respectively). The detailed measures are described in the main text and/or Annexes of the EIA and SA for batch 3 subprojects; the dam safety measures are given in the action plans produced in previous ESIAs; and the pest management measures are presented in the Pest Management Plan prepared for the whole Project. 8.3 Monitoring Plan Specific monitoring plans have been prepared to cover main environmental and social concerns over batch 3 subprojects, including irrigation water quality, sediments in irrigation channels, sediments in sedimentation tanks, soil, agricultural products, fertilizers, pesticides, and liquor brewery residues, support to farmer’s cooperative and village monitoring groups, provision of government subsidies for crop restructuring, training for farmers in adapting to new cropping and 16 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) labor development, etc. Relevant national protocols on sampling and testing have been considered in the preparation of the environmental monitoring plans with applicable standards identified for evaluating the test results. County PMOs will report the environmental test results to the PPMO and EPBs. The total cost on environmental monitoring is estimated at RMB 7.55 million, in which RMB 4.93 million is for testing (a summary of the monitoring items is attached as Annex 3 of this ES), and the remaining RMB 2.63 million is on sampling, traveling and miscellaneous expenses. The total cost on social monitoring is estimated at RMB 2.1 million. 8.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) A GRM system has been established in each project county under previous two batches of subprojects, which is available for redressing environmental and social grievances related to batch 3 subprojects. Each county PMO has set up a leading group for grievance redress, headed by PMO leaders and supported by an in-house grievance redress unit (GRU). Contact information (telephone, fax, address, e-mail etc.) has been disclosed to the public through bulletin boards at local villages. The GRU collects and records public complaints on a daily basis. For environmental issues related to the Project, people can express their grievances to the county PMO, and if they are not satisfied with the feedback, they can appeal their complaints to local EPB even to upper level EPBs. For social issues related to the Project, the affected people can express their grievances to the village or neighborhood committee, and if they are not happy with the solutions, they can escalate their cases to each level PMOs, arbitral institutions and court. All grievances and feedbacks/solutions will be recorded. The GRM has been disclosed to local people and is being maintained throughout the project life cycle to deal with any public concerns over environmental and social management under the Project. In addition to the GRM specifically set up for the Project, there are comprehensive GRM systems in China with a dedicated complaint-receiving office established within each government department (such as city/county government, EPB, Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Civil Affair Bureau etc.). With all these together, open channels have been provided to the public to express their opinions. 8.5 Cost Estimate The total cost on environmental and social management for batch 3 subprojects is estimated at RMB 22.9875 million, with details shown in Table 8-2. 17 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Table 8-2: Cost on Environmental and Social Management No. Item Main Mitigation Measures Cost (RMB1,000) 1 Noise Equipment foundations or noise-reduction supports 400.0 2 Air pollution Cover of materials, water spraying etc. 400.0 3 Water pollution Temporary sedimentation tanks, septic tanks, water and soil 3,600.0 conservation etc. 4 Solid waste Transportation of spoil soil, earth backfilling/land leveling; 2,000.0 collection of garbage and disposal in landfills 5 Environmental Monitoring of irrigation water, sediments in channels and 7,550.2 monitoring sedimentation tanks, soil, agricultural products, organic fertilizers, pesticides, brewery residues etc. 6 Rice exceeding food Subsidies for procurement of polluted rice products 4,400.0 safety standards 7 Planting structure Subsidies provision to high-polluted areas 2,537.3 adjustment 8 Social monitoring Monitoring social aspects at project sites 2,100.0 Total 22,987.5 18 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Annex 1 - Generic Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures Factors Main Impacts Mitigation Measures Implemented Supervised by by Impacts of civil works construction Noise Noise from construction equipment  Use advanced and reliable low-noise equipment in construction Contractors, PPMO, EPBs and transportation vehicles as well  Schedule construction activities to avoid noon and night working time County PMOs as construction activities would be a Apply cushion devises with damping material to high noise equipment nuisance to villages in the immediate Schedule transportation time, reduce vehicle amount, control speed limit & horn vicinity  Keep proper and regular maintenance to all construction equipment Air Dust generated from soil excavation,  Avoid soil excavation and backfilling in windy days Contractors, PPMO, EPBs land leveling, waste loading and  Store powder materials with covering and water spraying measures County PMOs transportation, and exhaust emission  Arrange construction works section by section to reduce dust intensity from equipment and vehicles would  Use well maintained equipment and vehicles and keep them in good condition have risk to local air quality  Keep inspection and maintenance to vehicles on the exhaust emission Water Wastewater from cement mixing,  Schedule rehabilitation works of irrigation channels to avoid irrigation seasons, Contractors, PPMO, EPBs aggregate washing, and machine and build temporary by-pass ditches as needed County PMOs maintenance would have pollution  Set up settling tanks to treat construction wastewater for reuse on site risk to soil, groundwater or surface  Provide temporary lavatories for workers and clean away the waste regularly water bodies if they are not managed  Well maintain construction equipment to avoid fuel leakage properly  Prevent soil erosion such as build drainage system at earth stocking areas  Contractors prepare and implement detailed measures to manage wastewater  Provide training to workers on awareness of environmental protection Solid waste Residues from earth excavation and  Use residues from earth excavation for backfilling in ground leveling or tractor Contractors, PPMO, local domestic garbage from workers roads construction in time to reduce land occupation for earth stocking County PMOs urban would disturb landscape, produce  Cover the earth piles to prevent dust in windy days administration dust, or generate infectious disease if  Collect domestic garbage on site and transport them off site to local landfills for bureaus they are not well disposed disposal in a timely manner Physical PCRs encountered unexpectedly in  Include relevant clauses in all bidding documents and construction contracts Contractors, PPMO, local cultural civil works construction might be in  Contractors are responsible for chance finds management County PMOs cultural resources risks if they are not well protected  Contractors should inform county PMO and local cultural authorities authorities immediately once any PCR is found in construction, stop construction, protect the site, and not resume construction until receiving a permit from authorities Social life Disturbance of traffic, and nuisance  Conduct sufficient public consultation prior to construction Contractors, PPMO, local of noise and dust might influence  Implement good project management practices and mitigation measures as per County PMOs governments adjacent villagers’ daily life the ESMP COVID-19 Risk of COVID-19 spread among  Follow government’s instructions, and work with PMOs closely on prevention Contractors, PPMO, local workers and villagers and control of COVID-19 County PMOs governments 19 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Factors Main Impacts Mitigation Measures Implemented Supervised by by Impacts of agronomic activities Water Flooding irrigation may require a  Save water as more as possible Farmers / PMOs, water resources large amount of water  Follow local water resources allocation plans cooperatives bureaus Lime Dust produced in application of lime  Provide adequate personal protection equipment (e.g., proper clothes and Farmers / PMOs, might influence workers’ health masks) to workers cooperatives agricultural bureaus Soil Application of industrial wastes or  Avoid application of industrial wastes for passivating soil Farmers / PMOs, passivatingoverdose application of agents might  Ensure proper dosage and quality of soil passivating agents prior to application cooperatives agricultural agents cause secondary pollution to soil  Conduct long-term monitoring of soil passivating agents’ stability and effects bureaus FertilizersFertilizers with high concentration  Monitoring of heavy metals within organic fertilizers Farmers / PMOs, of heavy metals might bring more  Avoidance of applying high-Cd chemical fertilizers cooperatives agricultural heavy metals into farmland soil, bureaus causing secondary pollution Pesticides Use of pesticides might have  Implement the PMP that was developed for the whole Project at the preparation Farmers / PMOs, potential impacts on human health stage to manage pest in a safe and environmentally sound way cooperatives agricultural bureaus Solid waste Plastic membranes and other  Use the collection tanks for waste collection in each subproject area Farmers / PMOs, urban packaging materials might have  Transport the waste to Agronomic Material Recycling Stations in each county cooperatives administration impacts on soil and aesthetics for professional disposal bureaus Dam safety Dam seepage or failure might cause  Implement the measures produced in the dam safety action plan Farmers / PMOs, water risk to downstream safety cooperatives bureaus Social life Cropping pattern restructuring might  Development and implementation of Social Action Plan to address potential PMOs, PPMO, Local result in reduction in rice price, impacts on farmers’ incomes and livelihood Farmers / governments output, and income; local people  Respect local traditions and customs especially in ethnic minority communities cooperatives might have inadequate awareness of  Protect vulnerable people by providing adequate opportunities, compensation soil and rice pollution to cause and assistance as applicable misunderstandings and social  Fully implement the policy and standard for subsidy compensation to the instability; and vulnerable people affected people might be negatively affected if they  Establishment of village monitoring groups, and nurturing of farmer don’t have enough opportunities to cooperatives participate in and benefit from the  Prepare and implement action plans on training to farmers Project  Enhance capacity of PMOs in project supervision and implementation  Establishment of grievance redress mechanisms, and guidance of public opinions COVID-19 Risk of COVID-19 spread in the  Follow government’s instructions, and work with PMOs closely on prevention Farmers / Local project areas and control of COVID-19 cooperatives governments 20 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Annex 2 - Specific Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Sensitive Receptors Factors Sensitive Receptors Main Impacts Mitigation Measures Implemented Supervised by by Source of Rivers, springs and Farm products will be • Periodical monitoring of water quality and sediments Farmers / PMOs, water irrigation reservoirs that supply unsafe if the irrigation • Prohibition of any activities that would cause the water sources cooperatives bureaus water water to the farmland water is polluted polluted Polluted Forestland and Improper disposal of • Removal of straw from farmland where the Cd level in the Farmers / PMOs, straw orchards that receive the contaminated rice straw is higher than 1.5mg/kg cooperatives agricultural the polluted rice straw straw will cause a • Provision of subsidies to farmers or specialized harvesting bureaus, forest with high Cd series of environmental, cooperatives on the straw removal bureaus health, safety, and • Changing harvest patterns for whole straw removal and social risks. increasing bundled straw • Use of the polluted straws as soil cover in forest land or orchards by a careful balance calculation to prevent the introduction from polluting clean fields • Collection and transportation of the contaminated straw in an environmentally sound and safe way Polluted Brewery companies Improper management • Periodical testing of the agricultural products Farmers / PMOs, local rice that receive the of the polluted rice will • Use of specific grain depots to collect polluted rice (Cd > cooperatives governments, contaminated rice cause risks to people’s 0.2mg/kg), and tracking to prevent it entering the market agricultural health and safety and • Use of specific breweries to consume the polluted rice for bureaus induce social conflicts. making liquor, with subsidies or assistance provided as needed • Testing of heavy metal in their liquor products by the breweries • Disposal of the brewery residues in sanitary landfills, and monitoring of heavy metals in the residues periodically Brewery Landfill sites that Improper disposal of • Collection and transportation of the brewery residues in an Farmers / PMOs, urban residues receive the brewery the brewery residues environmentally sound and safe way cooperatives administration residues will cause risk to the • Implementation of anti-seepage and anticorrosive measures and bureaus environment and leachate treatment facilities in the landfill sites human health Waste Agronomic Material Improper disposal of • Collection and transportation of the packaging materials in an Farmers / PMOs, urban packaging Recycling Stations the packaging waste environmentally sound and safe way cooperatives administration materials that receive the will cause • Disposal or recycling of the packing materials as per domestic bureaus packing waste environmental pollution regulations Planting Affected farmers by Improper adjustment • Implementation of the social action plans and conduction of Farmers / PMOs, Local structure switching crops will negatively impact public participation cooperatives governments adjustment farmers’ sales, income • Provision of subsidies at RMB 6000 per ha, once for annual and living standards crops and continuous for perennial crops until the harvest 21 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Annex 3 - Summary of Environmental Monitoring Plans Index Parameters Frequency Cost (RMB) Yong- Jishou Yong- Cili Hua- Anhua Heng- Heng- Leng- Linwu Yiyang Total ding shun huan yang nan shuitan Irrigation pH, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, 3 times a year @ 1st 56,640 21,800 26,820 86,820 49,920 46,800 31,500 82,500 51,200 9,218 31,660 494,878 water Cr6+, CODCr, NH3-N, TP and 3rd years Sediments pH, total Cd, Pb, As, Twice, one for each 5,760 6,460 8,004 17,504 17,280 4,320 6,000 23,000 8,000 2,553 8,800 107,681 from channels Hg, Cr, Cd* of 1st and last years Sediments pH, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Once a year 15,552 6,164 2,592 2,592 25,920 11,664 32,400 119,000 45,000 3,318 4,018 268,220 from tanks Cd* Soil from pH, Cd* Once a year 60,400 22,400 41,650 76,100 34,650 37,050 62,300 72,000 65,100 26,629 21,480 519,759 project areas Total Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr One for each of 1st 60,400 22,400 41,650 76,100 34,650 37,050 62,300 72,000 65,100 21,480 493,130 and last years Organic matter, CEC Once in the first year 10,067 7,900 7,775 5,600 5,775 6,175 5,900 12,000 5,600 3,580 70,372 Soil from pH, total Cd, As, Pb, Once a year for 33,480 25,110 37,665 37,665 20,925 25,110 11,000 30,750 10,800 / 23,600 256,105 demo plots Hg, Cr, Cd* single crop Agri-products Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr Ditto 212,608 166,848 136,708 118,272 121,968 130,416 398,100 348,300 401,900 43,262 151,220 2,229,602 Compound Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr Once in the first year 500 375 375 375 375 375 2,000 1,000 2,000 1,920 210 9,505 fertilizers & P fertilizers Organic Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr Twice a year 6,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 6,000 6,625 8,000 2,540 51,665 fertilizers Lime, and Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr Once per 6,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 3,500 6,625 5,000 1,773 2,540 47,938 passivating procurement agents Pest Pesticides** Once per year 100,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 15,000 7,500 2,954 8,460 178,914 Products *** Once per crop a year Brewery Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Cr Once per each batch 6,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 3,000 6,525 4,500 1,773 2,540 46,838 residues of residues Special Soil: Cd, As, Pb, Hg, Cr 1 sample @ 1 typical 3,600 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,800 3,950 3,000 1,064 1,520 29,434 research plot, once a year Crops: Cd, As, Pb, Hg, 3~5 samples, once 3,520 2,640 2,640 2,640 2,640 2,640 2,800 3,875 2,600 1,040 1,490 28,525 Cr every crop each year Irrigation water: pH, Cd, 8 samples a year 7,552 5,664 5,664 5,664 5,664 5,664 4,500 8,325 5,600 945 3,190 58,432 Pb, As, Hg, Cr6+, CODCr, NH3-N, TP Atmospheric bulk 1 sample per 3 mons 3,200 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,600 3,525 3,600 9,600 1,350 36,875 deposition a year for 2 years Fertilizers Existing data / / / / / / / / / / / / Total 591,279 313,861 337,643 455,432 345,867 333,364 645,200 815,000 694,500 106,049 289,678 4,927,873 *Cd - available cadmium in soil ** Pesticide types, application times and dosages, pest incidence, pest population, and predator population *** Product output, and pesticide residues 22 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects) Annex 4 - Description of Key National Laws, Regulations and Standards Laws  Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (2014): Article 32 “China will strengthen the protection of air, water, and soil, and establish and improve the system of investigation, monitoring, evaluation and restoration�. Article 42 “The enterprises or other manufacturers that discharge pollutants should take actions to prevent and control waste gas, wastewater, waste residues, medical waste, dust, foul gas, radioactive substances, noise, vibration, optical radiation, and electromagnetic radiation generated in production, construction or other activities from polluting or endangering the environment. The enterprises discharging pollutants should establish an environmental management system and define the environmental management responsibilities of the managers and staff�.  Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's Republic of China (2018): Article 16 “In China, environmental impact assessment (EIA) for construction projects is carried out by categories depending on the extent of impacts on the environment�. Article 25 “A construction project should not start construction if its EIA hasn’t been reviewed and approved by authorities�.  Land Administration Law of the PRC (2019): Article 27 “The State shall establish a land survey system. Governments at or above county level, together with same-level government departments, shall carry out land investigation. Landowners or users should support the investigation and provide required information�. Article 47 “For land acquisition, compensation should be given based on original use of the land�. Article 48 “After the land compensation and resettlement plan is finalized, local government should listen to the opinions of rural collective organizations and farmers through announcement�.  Agricultural Products Quality Safety Law of the PRC (2018): Article 17 “the activities for producing, collecting and fishing agricultural products or establishment of agricultural products production centers shall be prohibited from the areas where the hazardous and toxic substances exceed the applicable standards�. Article 18 “wastewater, solid waste, waste gas or other hazardous and toxic substances shall be prohibited from discharging into the areas for producing agricultural products. Regulations  In June 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) issued the Recommendations on Strengthening Soil Contamination Prevention and Remediation.  In 2011, the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening Key Tasks on Environmental Protection, which requires that environmental assessment and environmentally sound management should be undertaken for contaminated sites before they can be redeveloped. 23 Executive Summary Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project (Batch 3 Subprojects)  In April 2014, the MEP and the Land Resource Ministry jointly issued the Nationwide Soil Contamination Situation Communique, which indicates that the percentage of sampling points exceeding the screening threshold in the whole country is estimated at 16.1%, and that is 19.4% for arable land. More than 80% of the investigated pollution points result from inorganic toxins, with cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) identified as the top three heavy metal contaminants.  In January 2013, the State Council further issued the Work Arrangement on Soil Protection and Comprehensive Treatment in Near Future.  In early 2011, the MEP issued the Integrated Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution 12th Five Year Plan, the first national plan for addressing heavy metal pollution. The primary principle of the Plan is to prevent new pollution and remediate contaminated water and land, focusing on control of pollution sources. It calls for a concept of whole- process prevention and control of pollution, paying attention to both cleaner production and end treatment of soil contamination.  On 31 May 2016, the State Council issued the Soil Contamination Prevention and Control Action Plan. This action plan sets out an ambitious and urgent target for soil contamination control: by the year 2020, the trend of soil contamination will be curbed and the safety of soil used for agricultural and construction developments will be basically guaranteed; and by the year 2030 the nation-wide soil quality will be gradually restored; by the middle of this century, the ambient soil quality will be thoroughly recovered and the sustainable development of ecological environment will be achieved; by the year 2020, over 90% of the contaminated farmland will be used in a safe manner, and by the year 2030, the target is over 95%. The Plan proposes an integrated approach to address the imminent challenge of soil contamination, which is supported by legislation and standards framework, agricultural land categorization, pollution sources monitoring, and relevant studies and research. 24